A Study of Hand Motions Used in Small Assembly Work

UNIVERSITY OF IO W A
STUDIES IN ENGINEERING
Bulletin 16
A STUDY OF HAND MOTIONS USED IN

SMALL ASSEMBLY WORK
B y
R alph M . B arnes
Professor of Industrial Engineering
and Director of Personnel
College of Engineering
University of Iowa
AND
M a r v in E. M undel
Research Assistant in Mechanical Engineering

College of Engineering
University of Iowa
P U B L IS H E D BY T H E U N IV E R S IT Y
IOWA C ITY, IOWA
Janu ary, 1939
http://ir.uiowa.edu/uisie/16
CONTENTS
I n t r o d u c t io n
pa rt x
A STUDY OF TH E T IM E REQUIRED TO HANDLE

SMALL PARTS
1—A Study of the Time Required to Grasp

I n v e s t ig a t io n N o.
Washers from a Flat Surface Using a “Hook” Grasp and

a “Pinch” Grasp ___________________________________ 10
In v e stig a tio nN o . 2— A Study of the Time Required to Grasp

Various Small Cylinders from a Flat Surface___________ 20
o . 3— A Study of the Time Required to Grasp

I n v e s t ig a t io n N
Machine Screw Nuts and Machine Screws from Various
Types of B i n s ______________________________________ 28
PART I I
A STUDY OF SCREWDRIVER WORK
No. 4 —A Study of the Time Required to Assem

I n v e s t ig a t io n
ble Screws with the Three Different Types of Screwdriver
Bits _______________________________________________ 41
5—A Study of the Time Required to Assem

I n v e s t i g a t i o n N o.
ble Screws Using Three Different Types of Screwdrivers 53
o . 6— A Study o f Screwdriver Work with Vary-

I n v e s t ig a t io n N
. ing Degrees of Pre-positioning of the Screwdriver_______ 60
A STUDY OF HAND MOTIONS USED IN SMALL
ASSEMBLY WORK
I n t r o d u c t io n
Introduction.—Management in industry has been slowly developing

from an art into an applied science. Today industrial managers and
industrial engineers, to an increasing extent, look to the basic sciences
for data to use in solving their practical problems. Since all manual
work consists of various combinations of but eighteen fundamental
motions it has seemed logical to make investigations of some of the
most important of these motions with the purpose of finding funda
mental data that might have wide use.
The studies described in this bulletin are a continuation of investi
gations reported in two previous bulletins.1 The first part of this
bulletin is devoted to some investigations of handling small washers,
cylinders, nuts, and bolts and the second part of the bulletin deals
with three studies of screwdriver work.
Although the data were taken with the most meticulous care, and
with all the accuracy obtainable with the measuring devices that were
used, the point must be noted that certain inevitable variations were
introduced as a result of the fact that the movements being measured
were those of human, as distinct from purely mechanical subjects.
As general conclusions could safely be based only on investigations
of a much broader scope than those reported in this bulletin no such
general statements are presented.
These studies may, therefore, be considered as indicatory in nature,
and the conclusions at the end of each of the several investigations are
based merely on the results of that particular investigation.
The investigations reported in this bulletin were made in the Motion
and Time Study Laboratory2 at the University of Iowa.
iT he first bulletin in this series was “An Investigation of Some H an d Motions

Used, in Factory W ork,” by Ralph M. Barnes, '63 pages, 1936, Bulletin 6, U n i
versity of Iowa Studies in Engineering. The second bulletin was “Study of
H and Motions and R hy thm Appearing in Factory W ork,” by R alph M . Barnes
and M arvin E. Mundel, 62 pages, 1938, Bulletin 12, University of Iow a Studies
in Engineering.
2For a description of the laboratory see: “ The New Emphasis in Time and
M otion Study,” by R alph M . Barnes, Journal o f Engineering Education, Vol. 16,
No. 3, p. 239-248' Nov. 1935.
Definition of Therbligs.— From the analysis of the movements of
the various members of the human body performing many different
kinds of work it has been found that all motions may he divided into
eighteen different well defined classes. These eighteen fundamental
motions or therbligs3 are widely known and will be used in this
bulletin.
The therbligs together with their mnemonic symbols, letter sym
bols, and color designations are shown in Fig. 1. The definitions of
these therbligs are as follows.
1. Search (Sh.)
Search refers to th a t part of the cycle during which the eyes or the hands are
groping or feeling for the object. Search may be performed with either the eyes
or the hands.
2. Find (F.)
Find occurs at the end of the therblig search and represents more of a mental
reaction than a physical movement.
3. Select (St.)
Select refers to the choice of one object from among several. In m any cases it
is difficult if not impossible to determine where the boundaries lie between
these first three therbligs. For this reason it is usually the practice to combine
them, referring to the group as the one therblig select.
Using the broader definition, select then refers to the searching, finding, and
selecting of an object. Select usually occurs between the therblig transport em pty
a n d the therblig grasp. However, there is no therblig select when parts are pre
positioned for in such cases transport em pty is followed directly by grasp.
4. Grasp (G.)
Grasp refers to taking hold of an object, closing the fingers around it pre
paratory to manipulating it, picking it up, or holding it. This therblig begins
when the hand or fingers first make contact with the object being grasped and
ends when the hand or fingers have reached the position necessary for the per
formance of the next therblig.
5. Transport Loaded (T.L.)

Transport loaded requires th a t a change in the location of an object be made.
I t is the moving of an object from one place to another. The object m ay be
carried in the hands or fingers or it m ay be moved from one place to another
by sliding, dragging or pushing it along.
3Therblig is a w ord coined by F ra n k B. Gilbreth to designate the subdivisions

or events th at he thought common to all kinds of work. Although the eighteen
therbligs are not all pure or fundamental elements in the sense th a t they cannot
be further subdivided, they are the best classification of hand motions th a t we
have. Moreover, they are well known and widely used in industry.
HAND m o t io n s u se d i n sm all assem bly w ork 7
T h e rb lig Dixon Eagle

C olo r
Name of Sym bol Explanation-suggested by C olor Pencil Pencil
Sym bol Sym bol
Num ber N um ber
Search Sh. <3> Eye tu rn e d as if s earching Black 33 1 74 7

i
F in d F. <Q> Eye s tr a ig h t as if fixed Cray 399

on object 1 747%
Se le ct St. Reaching f o r object Gray, lig h t 399 734%
Hand open fo r grasping

Grasp G. n Lake red 369 745
object
T ra n sp o rt T .L . A ha nd w ith so m e th in g Green 375 733

loaded in it
Position P. Q
J Object being placed by hand Blue hh : 376 74 1
# Several th in g s p u t Violet,
Assem ble A. 377 742
togeth er heavy
Use U. W ord “ Use” Purple 396 742 %

U
Disassemble f t One part of an assem bly V iolet,

D.A. 377 742
rem oved l ig h t
In s p e c t 1. 0 M agnifyin g lens Burnt x ix 398 7 4 5 '/,

ochre XXX
XXK
A n in e - p in w h ic h is set 394 74 U ' A

P r e p o s it io n P.P. Sky-blue
6 up in a b o w lin g alley
/O n Dro pping c o n te n t out C arm ine

Release load R .L . 370 744
of hand red
T ra n s p o rt I.E . Em pty hand Olive green 391 7 3 9 ‘A

em pty
Rest fo r o v e r R. O ooo 372 737

Man seated as if re sting Orange
c o m in g fatigue °00
A A
Unavoidable U.D. Man b u m p in g his nose, Y ellow A A 373 73G
A A
delay u n in te n tio n a lly ochre A A
A A
Man lying do w n on job Lem on

A v oidable delay A.D. 374 735
vo lu n ta r ily yellow
Man w ith his fin g e rs at a cm

Plan Pn. P Brow n 378 746
his b ro w th in k in g DQO
□ □□
Hold If, n Mag net h o ld in g ir o n bar Gold oc hre 388 736 Vi
Fig. 1. Standard Symbols for Therbligs.
6. Position (P.)
Position consists of turning or locating an object in such a way th a t it will
be properly oriented to fit into the location for which it is intended. It is pos
sible to position an object during the therblig transport loaded. The carpenter,
for example, m ay tu rn the nail into position for using while he is carrying it to
the board into which it will be driven. Position usually follows the therblig
transport loaded and precedes the therblig use.
*Fig. 1 reprinted by permission from “M otion and Time Study’’ by R alph M

Barnes, published by Joh n Wiley & Sons, Inc., N. Y. C.
7. Assemble (A.)
Assemble consists of placing one object into or on another object with which
it becomes an integral part. The therblig begins as the hand starts to move
the p a rt into its place in the assembly. The motion ends when the hand has
completed the assembly and just begins to release the part.
8. Use (U.)
Use m ay refer to an almost infinite num ber of particular cases. I t always con
sists of manipulating a tool, device, or piece of ap p aratus for the purpose for
which it was intended. Use is the most im portant of all therbligs. I t represents
the therblig for which the preceding therbligs have been more or less preparatory
and for which the ones th a t follow are supplementary. Use begins the instant
the hand applies itself in manipulating a device in such a way th a t the device
functions for the purpose it was intended and ends the instant the hand ceases
the application and begins the next therblig.
9. Disassemble (D.A.)
Disassemble consists of separating one object from another of which it is an
integral part. The therblig begins when the hand starts to remove one part
from the assembly. The motion ends when the hand has separated the part
completely from the remainder of the assembly and begins the next therblig.
10. Inspect (I.)

Inspect consists of testing or examining some property of an object. Inspect
is predominantly a mental reaction and m ay occur simultaneously with other
therbligs.
11. Pre-position (P.P.)

This therblig is the same as position with the added qualification th a t pre
position refers to positioning an object in a predetermined place in such a way
th a t it m ay be grasped in the position in which it is to be held when it is needed,
This eliminates the therblig position which would otherwise bfe’ necessary after
the object was grasped. Usually a holder, bracket, or special container of some
kind is used for holding the object in a way th at permits it to be grasped easily
in the position in which it will be used. Pre-position is the abbreviated term
used for pre-position for the next operation.
12. Release Load (R.L.)

Release Load refers to th a t p a rt of the cycle during which the hand is letting
go of the object grasped—letting it slip out of the hand. T his therblig begins
when the object starts to leave the hand and ends as the object has been com-
• pletely separated from the hand or fingers.
13. Transport E m pty (T.E.)
Transport E m p ty consists of moving the em pty hand in reaching for an object.

This therblig usually begins the instant the hand begins to reach for an object
and ends the instant a p a rt of the hand comes-in contact with the object to be
grasped.
14. Rest for Overcoming Fatigue (R.)
to permit the worker to recover from the fatigue incurred by his work.
R est for overcoming fatigue is a fatigue or delay factor or allowance provided
15. Unavoidable Delay (U.D.)

Unavoidable delay m ay result from either of the following causes:
(A) A failure or interruption in the process.
(B) A delay caused by an arrangement of the operation which prevents one
part of the body from working while other members are busy.
16. Avoidable Delay (A.D.)

Avoidable delay refers to any delay of the operator for which he is responsible
and over which he has control. I t refers to delays which the operator may avoid
if he wishes.
(A) This therblig is assigned in most cases where there is an avoidable stopping
of all motions of the hand.
(B) A delay is avoidable when it occurs in w ork th at requires no delay.
17. Plan (Pn.)

Plan refers to a m ental reaction which precedes the physical movement, th at
is, deciding how to proceed with the work.
18. Hold (H.)

The therblig hold has been used by some as a separate and distinct element.
Strictly speaking, it is a form of grasp and was considered as such by Gilbreth.
Hold denotes the retention of the object after it has been grasped, no movement
of the object taking place.
Acknowledgments.—The writers wish to express their indebtedness

to D r . M a r y T. H a s l e y , W i l l o u g h b y A. L e e , and to J o h n f .
S a n d o v a l who analyzed the data and tabulated the results of the
studies presented in this bulletin.
Likewise, special thanks are due to R o b e r t E. B ox who prepared
all the drawings and read the proof for this bulletin.
I n v e s t ig a t io n No. 1: A Study of the T im e R e q u ir e d to G rasp
W ashers from a F lat Su r f a c e U s in g a “H ook” G rasp
and a “P in c h ” G rasp
Object.—The object of this investigation was to determine the effect

of washer thickness and manner of grasp upon the time required for
grasp, transport loaded, position, release load, and transport empty,
when moving washers from one flat surface to a second flat surface
approximately five inches closer to the operator.
Parts Used.—The washers used were circular, inch in diameter with
a Y& inch hole in the center. The following four washer thicknesses
were used: YS2, % , Ya , and Yz inch.
The flat surfaces or grids were made of eight brass bars % inch
wide, J4 inch thick, and 3 inches long. Fiber spacers, % inch wide,
were used to insulate each brass bar electrically from the others. The
bars and the spacers were glued together and firmly screwed to a
base support as shown in Fig. 2. The top surface of this assembled
Fig. 2. Examples of grasp.

T op: Pinch or pressure grasp being used to pick up a brass washer % in. thicK.
Bottom : Hook or lip grasp being used to pick up a brass washer % in. thick.
plate was milled smooth and the spacers were undercut 1/32 of an
inch so that the washers would make good contact with the brass
bars. The bottom surfaces of all washers and the upper faces of the
grids were coated with mercury to further insure good contact at all
times between the washers and the grids.
Equipment Used in Making the Study.—Two flat surfaces, similar in
construction to those shown in Fig. 2, were securely fastened on to the
table top and directly in front of the operator. Each of the bars of
the “grasp” grid was directly connected by a wire to the bar of the
“release” grid immediately opposite it (See Fig. 3). Seven washers
were placed along the edge of the “grasp” grid, each directly over a
fiber strip. (See Fig 2.) Since each washer connected two of the bars
electrically it was possible to pass a current from one end of the flat
surface to the other end. However, as soon as one of the washers was
removed from the surface of the “grasp” grid the circuit was opened.
As soon as the washer was placed across the corresponding spacer of
the “release” grid the circuit was closed. Since a potential of only 6
volts was used, the operator was unable to feel the flow of current. A
relay was used to boost the voltage and operate the solenoid which
moved the pencil on the kymograph.
A beam of light was passed across the “grasp” grid and fell on a
photoelectric cell at the end of the row of bars. (See Fig. 3.) This cell
manipulated a solenoid operated pencil on the kymograph. The beam
Fig. 3. Wiring diagram for grasp studies.
of light was arbitrarily placed five-eights of an inch above the top
surface of the grid and remained at this height for all washers.
The operator was seated at a table with the two grids directly in
front of him, one (the “grasp” grid) being approximately five inches
farther away than the other (the “release” grid). The seven washers
were placed on the “grasp” grid. The operator grasped the washers,
one at a time, and carried them to the “release” grid and placed them
directly above the corresponding fiber spacers. As the operator reached
down to grasp a washer the fingers interrupted the beam of light which
moved the pencil on the kymograph and made a jog on the moving
strip of paper passing under the pencil. Fig. 4 is a reproduction of
the record made by the pencils on the kymograph.
Fig. 4. Reproduction of record made by solenoid operated pencils on kymograph.
The first jog on line B was made as the beam of light was interrupted.
This represents the end of the transport empty and the beginning of
the grasp therblig. After the thumb and index finger grasped the
washer and just as it left the grid the flow of current through the
grid and through the washer was interrupted which marked the end
of the grasp therblig and another pencil on the kymograph made a
jog on the moving paper. (See first jog in line A in Fig. 4.) Therefore,
the distance between the jogs on line A and line B indicates the time
for grasp. The operator carried the washer to the “release” grid near
est him and placed it on the corresponding spacer. As the washer
touched the two adjacent bars it closed the circuit and moved the
pencil on the kymograph making the second jog in line A. This was a
measure of the time for transport loaded and position. The operator
then reached for the next washer on the “grasp” grid and as he inter
rupted the beam of light the second cycle was started. The time for
release load and transport empty is shown on Fig. 4.
The sequence of therbligs for one cycle of the task was as follows:
Steps Used in Perform - N am e of Time for Ther-
ing one Cycle. Therblig b lig in F ig . 4
1. Pick up one washer from Grasp x
“grasp” grid.
2. Carry washer to second T ransport loaded ^
grid and position over fiber Position T .L .+ P .
spacer.
3. Release washer on second Release load
grid a n d return to “grasp” T ran sp o rt em pty R .L .+ T .E .
grid.
Procedure.— Five male operators and five female operators were stud
ied. The procedure was the same for both groups.
The operators were instructed to grasp one washer at a time in
the following ways: (1) Hook Grasp (Lip)— the operator placed his
index finger on top of the washer and his thumb either slightly under
or against the edge of the grid and drew the washer toward his thumb
with his index finger, grasping it between the balls of the two fingers
as the washer came over the edge of the surface; and (2) Pinch
Grasp (Pressure)— the operator placed both his thumb and index finger
in contact with the washer and lifted it off the grid.
During the runs for which data were taken the operators were in
structed to do the task as rapidly as possible. Previous to the record
ing of the data each operator practiced 28 cycles with each washer
using each method of grasping. He first practiced with washer No. 1,
(1/32 inch thick) using a hook grasp performing 28 cycles and then
practised 28 cycles with the same washer using a pinch grasp. He
repeated this procedure with washer No. 2 (y i inch thick), washer
No. 3 (yb inch thick) and washer No. 4 (^2 inch thick.) All of this
practice took place previous to the recording of any data. The opera
tor then again practiced 7 cycles using a hook grasp with washer No. 1
and then data were recorded for the next 7 cycles. In a like manner
data were recorded for washers Nos. 2, 3, and 4 using the hook grasp.
Then, using a pinch grasp for washers Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, again with 4,
-3, 2, and 1 during these eight runs, (and in these cases practicing with
the manner of grasp for which data were recorded), and then again
with washers Nos. 4, 3, 2, and 1 using the hook grasp (after practic
ing with this manner of grasp in these cases). Data were recorded in
the order of enumeration given above.
The data from 5 consecutive cycles were analyzed from each of the
two sets of seven cycles for each washer using each manner of per
forming the grasp.
1200
noo
1000
900
O
z
o
TIME FOR R.L.* T.E.

CO HOOK (U P ) GRASP ..........................°
x 500
..
------ -- PINCh
PINCH GRASP
Z>
O
F 400
''Q. . a— ~ H 00K ( u p ) GRASP

\ »X \ TIM E FOR T.L.+ P.
300
-~o— _ _ _ _ __ _ —O
KPINCH GRASP
\
0_ _ _ V g - ________ _____i_H 00K (U P ) GRASP
200
~ - -o------£ PINCH GRASP"
TIME FOR G ." '

>o
100 '
babiorm 9*i9w kieI H 9 f U
v io i b a b ic 919W GIF,; -
© © ©
M Big r fo n iq j i j r-«i 1
I has ,S
I
32 8 ■ 2 mnnm ^rl‘
WASHER THICKNESS IN INCHES
If,G (k 98 bd 929 (li n i q sB ig io l a n n s m siriJ ri)iw jgni

Fig. 5. Curves showing averages of median values (selected by to ta l of time
for grasp, transport loaded, position, release load, and transport em pty) of five
male operators.
Fig. 6. Curves showing averages of median values (selected by to ta l of time
for grasp, transport loaded, position, release load, and transport empty) of five
female operators.
Results.—The data were all taken from the paper passing under the
solenoid operated pencils of the kymograph. Measurements were made
to the nearest thousandth of a second and the data tabulated. The
median value of the time required by each operator grasping each
washer, with each type of grasp, was selected by the total cycle time.
Since there were ten analyzed cycles for each operator with each
x
£2 TIME FOR R.L.+ T.E.
« •..H O O K (U P)G R A SP*. ^ ................................. -----o
O - " * * • ............................ '¿ PINCH GRASP
! 400
r ' < HOOK (U P ) GRASP

jJTIME FOR T.L.+P.
p 3 00
^P IN C H GRASP °
_ o _ _ _ H O O K jU P ) GRASP
200
TIME FOR G.
100 PINCH GRASP
©
-L
32
i.
8
J.
4
J-
2
WASHER THICKNESS IN INCHES
Fig. 7. Curves showing averages of median values (selected by total of time

for grasp, transport loaded, position, release load, and tran sp o rt em pty) of five
male and five female operators.
washer for each type of grasp, this necessitated averaging two cycles
to obtain the median. The time for the individual therbligs or smaller
groups of therbligs of these two selected cycles were averaged to give
the subdivisions of the median. The median value was used in prefer
ence to the average because the operators were only partly skilled and
the median would be less affected than the average by isolated extremely
high or low values. Tables I and II give a summary of these data for
the male and female group respectively, and the curves in Figs. 5 and
6 show these results graphically. A summary of both groups taken
together is shown graphically in Fig. 7.
Conclusions.— (Based on the results of both the male and female
operators).
1. Using the hook grasp (lip) the total cycle time tended to in
crease with increasing washer thicknesses.
2. Using the pinch grasp the total cycle time tended to decrease
hyperbolicly with increasing washer thicknesses, tending to ap
proach a constant value as the washer thickness approached one-
half inch.
3. The total cycle time curves intersect between % inch and 3/ic>
inch washer thickness, indicating that for washer thicknesses be
low this range the hook grasp is more efficient and for sizes above
this range the pinch grasp is more efficient.
4. The time for grasp using a hook grasp tended to increase slightly
as the washer thickness increased.
5. The time for grasp using a pinch grasp decreased markedly as
the washer thickness increased.
6. The time for transport loaded and position using a hook grasp
increased markedly as the washer thickness increased.
7. The time for transport loaded and position using a pinch grasp
decreased markedly as the washer thickness increased.
8. The time for transport loaded and position using either type
of grasp tended to vary in a straight line relationship with the
washer thickness.
9. The time for release load and transport empty, using either type
of grasp tended to increase very slightly as the washer thickness
increased.
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I n v e s t ig a t io n No. 2: A Study of the T im e R e q u ir e d to G rasp
V a r io u s S m a l l C y l in d e r s from a F lat Su rfa ce
Object.-—The object of this investigation was to determine the effect

of the weight of small cylinders upon the time required for grasp,
transport loaded, position, assemble (insert between two copper
springs), release load, and transport empty. Two additional types of
cylinders, requiring careful handling, were also studied to determine
the effect of this requirement upon the time for the therbligs in the
cycle.
Parts Used.—The five different types of cylinders studied were:
No. 1—A hollow brass cylinder weighing .184 ounces (.0115 lbs.)
No. 2—A solid brass cylinder weighing 1.92 ounces (.12 lbs.)
No. 3—A hollow steel cylinder, filled with mercury and sealed,
weighing 3.12 ounces (.195 lbs.)
(These were the three cylinders used to study the effect of
weight).
No. 4—A glass walled cylinder with a thin brass disc over the bot
tom, open at the top, and filled to within one-eighth of an
inch of its brim with diluted red ink, weighing .485 ounces
(.0305 lbs.)
No. 5—A solid brass cylinder weighing 1.92 ounces (.12 lbs.) stud
ded with 5 needle points at the upper end and when in posi
tion to be grasped, surrounded by needle points projecting
one-half of the height of the cylinder.
The outside dimensions of all the cylinders were the same and were
23/32 inch in diameter and one inch in height. The needle points
on No. 5 were arranged as follows: One in the center of the top and
the others arranged around it, ninety degrees from each other one-
eighth of an inch in from the periphery of the top and projecting one-
eighth of an inch up from the top of the cylinder. The projection of
these needle points was not included in the dimensions of the cylinder,
so with the exception of these projections, cylinder No. 5 was identi
cal with cylinder No. 2.
Equipment used in Making the Study.—Much the same equipment
was used in making this study as in Investigation No. 1. The beam
of light which was used to determine the beginning of the grasp time
was so arranged that its path to the photoelectric cell was interrupted
when the operator’s index finger came within % inch of the top of
the cylinder. The “grasp” grid was the same as the one used in the
preceding study. However it was covered with a fiber guide which is
shown in Fig. 8. A guide with needle points was used in connection
with cylinder No. 5 and the positions of the needle points are indicated
in Fig. 8 by dots. A “release” grid composed of 7 pairs of copper
springs between which the cylinders were inserted was substituted for
the “release” grid used in Investigation No. 1. This new “release”
grid is shown in Fig. 9. It was connected and operated in the same
manner as the previous “release” grid and the method of recording
data as well as the form and method of analysis were the same as in
the preceding study, with the following exception. Because of the
copper springs that were used-in this studv the therbligs T D T
K .L .-f-l.E .
in Investigation No. 1 became T . , „ T , _ „ The distance between
A .- f R .L .+ T .E .
Fig. 8. Fiber guide which was placed on top of the “grasp” grid. D ots m ark
the locations of needle points. Guide with needle points was used with needle
point studded, cylinders (No. 5).. ,,
Fig. 9. “Release” grid with copper springs which was substituted for the plain
“release” grid used in Investigation No. 1.
the “grasp” and “release” grid was the same as in Investigation No. 1,
i.e., approximately 5 inches.
<0 5 0 0 - T,ME F0R A.* R.L.-* T.E.
£ 4 00 -
TIME FOR a * T .L ’ P.
TIME FOR T.L.* R
I 2 3 4 5
CYLINDER NUMBER
Fig. 10. Curves showing averages of median values (selected by total of time
for grasp, transport loaded, position, assemble, release load, and transport em pty)
of five male operators.
Procedure.— Five male operators and five female operators were

studied. The procedure was the same for both groups.
The operators were instructed to grasp the cylinders by pinching
them with the thumb and index finger. During the runs for which
data were taken the operators were instructed to do the task as rapidly
as possible. Previous to the recording of the data each operator prac
ticed 28 cycles with each cylinder. He first practiced with cylinder
No. 1, then No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, and No. S, in that order.
The operator then practiced 7 cycles with cylinder No. 1 and dkta
were recorded for the next 7 cycles. In a like manner data were re-
TIME FOR A.*R.L*T.E.
I 400
Q
Z
S TIME FOR G.»T.L*P s
3 s
¿E 4 o o ' A .
TIME FOR T.L.* P.
I 2 3 4 5
CYLINDER NUMBER
Fig. 11. Curves showing averages of median values (selected by total time
for grasp, transport loaded, position, assemble, release load, and transport em pty)
of five female operators.
corded for cylinders Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, again with 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1, in

that order. The data from 5 consecutive cycles were analyzed from
each of the two sets of seven cycles for each of the five types of cylin
ders.
Results.—The data were all taken from the paper passing under
the solenoid operated pencils of the kymograph. Measurements were
made to the nearest thousandth of a second and the data tabulated.
The median value of the time required by each operator with each
cylinder was selected by the total cycle time. Since there were ten
analyzed cycles for each operator with each cylinder this necessitated
averaging two cycles to obtain the median. The time for the individual
therbligs, or smaller groups of therbligs, of these two selected cycles
I 2 3 4 5
CYLINDER NUMBER
Fig. 12. Curves showing averages of median values (selected by total time for
grasp, transport loaded, position, assemble, release load, and transport empty)
of five male and five female operators.
were averaged to give the subdivisions of the median. The median

value was used in preference to the average because the operators
were only partly skilled and the median would be less affected than
the average by isolated extremely high or low values. Tables III and
IV give a summary of these data for the male and female groups re
spectively, and the curves in Figs. 10 and 11 show these results graph
ically. Fig.’12 shows a summary of both groups taken together.
Conclusions.— (Based on the results of both the male and the fe
male operators).
1. The total cycle time tended to increase with decreasing cylinder
h a n d m o tio n s u s e d i n s m a ll a s s e m b ly work 25
TABLE III
R E SU L T SH E E T
Medians selected on the basis of total cycle time (i.e., total time for grasp,
tran sp o rt loaded, position, assemble, release load, and transport em pty)
for five male operators.
Time in T housandths of a Second
Cylinder Operator T T T T*
No. No. t g. T .L .+ P . G .+ T . L . + P . A .+ R . L . + T .E .
„„_,...._ 1 69 284 353 480 833
2 130 ' 343 473 477 950
1 3 90 • 337 427 522 949
4 53 282 335 410 745
5 49 342 391 514 90S
Av. 78 318 396 481 876
1 75 224 299 522 821
2 184 ■ 341 525 447 972
2 3 105 323 428 480 90S
4 69 301 370 368 738
5 88 339 427 462 889
Av. 104 306 410 456 866
1 38 ... 229 267 464 731
2 168 352 520 483 1003
3 3 88 299 387 513 900
4 57 254 311 401 712
5 48 395 443 456 899
Av. 80 306 386 463 849
.---- 52- - : 351 403 529 932
2" ' 155 412 567 511 1078
4 3 68 375 443 620 1063
4 73 272 345 396 741
5 75 361 ' ' 436 533 969
Av. 85 354 439 518 957
1 54 236 290 441 731
2 166 362 528 485 1013
■ 5 3 72 353 425 492 917
4 64 ■ 280 344 418 762
5 66 365 431 510 941
Av. 84 319 404 469 873
weight, the change, however, was only 6.8% for the entire range
of weight studied. (Cylinders Nos. 1, 2, and 3.)
2. The total cycle time tended to increase when additional care

was required in handling the cylinders. Considering the solid
brass cylinder (No. 2) as standard, the addition of the needle
points increased the total cycle time only 1.9% while the ink
filled cylinder required 10.6% more time than the solid brass
cylinder.
TA B L E IV
R E SU L T SH E E T
Medians selected on the basis of total cycle time (i.e., total lime for grasp,
transport loaded, position, assemble, release load, and transport empty)
for five female operators.

Cylinder Operator T T T T *
No. No. t g. T.L.+P. G.+T.L.+P. A.+R.I..+T.E.
FI 73 281 354 514 868
F2 88 434 522 409 931
1 F3 54 325 379 438 817
F4 88 364 452 516 968
F5 79 299 378 416 794
Av. 76 341 417 459 876
FI 77 251 328 438 766
F2 120 311 431 421 852
2 F3 55 364 419 373 792
F4 89 477 566 363 929
FS 48 303 351 399 7S0
Av. 78 341 419 399 818
Fl 86 187 273 472 745
F2 89 290 379 387 766
3 F3 82 348 430 398 828
F4 54 387 441 476 917
F5 48 286 334 368 702
Av. 72 300 372 420 792
Fl 20 420 440 474 914
F2 30 408 438 470 908
4 F3 54 426 480 416 896
F4 85 462 547 436 983
FS 99 300 399 422 821
Av. 58 403 461 443 904
Fl 79 427 506 431 937
F2 89 309 398 429 827
5 F3 21 304 325 411 736
F4 106 411 517 442 959
FS 58 281 339 418 757
Av. 71 346 417 426 843
T*=T +T 4-T
G. T . L . + P . ~ A .+ R . L . + T .E .
3. The time for grasp tended to remain constant for all the cylin
ders except the solid brass one, which produced a 25% increase;
but the time for assemble, release load, and transport empty was
a minimum for this cylinder.
4. The time for transport loaded plus position tended tp increase
with decreasing weight; increased markedly for the ink filled
cylinder, while the needle point studded cylinder required only
slightly more time than the solid brass one of the same weight.
hand m o t io n s u s e d i n sm all assem bly w ork 27
5. The greatest change due to the needle points was in the group
of therbligs including the transport empty, probably due to
the more careful approach prior to grasping.
6. The ink fillings most affected the transport loaded and position,
probably due to the requirement of holding the cylinder vertical
during transport and during positioning. The assemble, release
load and transport empty group, also showed marked effects
probably due to the same reason given in conclusion No. 5.
In v e stig a tio n N o. 3: A S tu d y o f th e T im e R e q u ir e d to G rasp
M a c h in e S crew N u ts and M a c h in e S crew s fro m
V a rio u s T y p e s of B in s : :
Object.—The object of this investigation was to determine the

effect of the shape of the bin upon the time for the grasp and upon
the time for the preceding transport empty and the subsequent trans
port loaded therbligs when the following small parts were taken from
the bins: A, bright hexagonal machine screw nuts; and B, bright
machine screws.
Parts Used.—Hexagonal machine screw nuts, for machine screw
sizes A.N.S. (American National Standard) 2 , 4, 8 , and 12 were used
in the first part of the study; and bright machine screws Y\ inch
long sizes (A.N.S.) 2, 4, 8, and 12 with slotted round heads were
used in the second part of the study. Three different type bins were
used: (1) a hopper type bin, (2) an ordinary rectangular bin resem
bling a box open at the top, and ( 3 ) a bin with tray attached. The
three bins are shown in Fig. 1 3 .
Equipment used in Making this Study.-—Beams of light impinging
on photoelectric cells connected through relays to solenoid operated
pencils on the kymograph were used to time all the therbligs. Fig. 14
shows the arrangement of the work place and Fig. IS shows a wiring
Fig. 13. Types of bins. No. 1—hopper type bin; No. 2— ordinary rectangular
bin; No. 3—bin with tray attached-
diagram of the set-up. The distance from the bin from which the
operator grasped the nut to the hole in the table top through which
he released it, was approximately five inches in all cases.
Fig. 14. Arrangement of the w ork place for the study of bins. A— bin con
taining parts to be grasped; B— photoelectric cell to measure time for grasp;
C—photoelectric cell to measure time for release load; D—hole in table top for
disposal of parts; E & F —sources of light for photoelectric cells.
IIPV______________
Ught Source (j | Bin | y

M elegroph Key p h o to c e lls ^
Light S o u r c e O Q*"""1
t
Hole in table
into which nut
110 V is dropped
Fig. 15. Wiring diagram for the study of bins,
Fig. 16. Reproduction of record made by solenoid operated pencils on kymograph.
As the operator reached into bin A for a nut his fingers interrupted
a beam of light falling on a photoelectric cell B (see Fig. 14). This
caused the first jog shown in line B in Fig. 16 which is a reproduction
of one cycle of the record obtained from the moving paper of the
kymograph passing under the points of the solenoid operated pencils.
At the same time the operator grasped the nut, the experimenter press
ed a telegraph key, thus making the first jog in line A of Fig. 16.
No measurements were made from the jogs in line A as these jogs
merely differentiated the jogs in line B, which were made when the
light beam across the bin was interrupted, from those made when the
light beam across the release hole was interrupted. When the oper
ator’s fingers had reached the position necessary to control one nut
(select and grasp) he withdrew his hand with the nut from the bin
and moved it toward the “release” hole five inches closer to him. As
he withdrew his hand from the bin the beam of light again fell on the
photoelectric cell, and the cell, acting through its relays, ended the
first jog in line B. This marked the end of the grasp and the begin
ning of the transport loaded. The total length of the first jog repre
sented the time that the operator’s hand was in the bin, that is, grasp
time, and is labelled T in Fig. 16. As the operator positioned the nut
G.
over the release hole, which was one inch in diameter, he interrupted
a second beam of light, thus making the beginning of the second jog
in line B and marking the end of the transport loaded and the be
ginning of the release load. He then dropped the nut through the
hole and started back toward the bin. As he moved away from the
release hole, the beam of light again fell on the photoelectric cell and
the second jog in line B was ended denoting the end of the release load
and the beginning of the transport empty. The transport empty ended
when the operator again thrust his fingers into the bin for another
nut.
Steps Used in Performing Nam e of Therblig Time for Therblig
One Cycle in Fig. 16
1— Grasp part (nut or screw) Grasp T

G.
2—M ove p a rt tow ard “ release” hole in

table top. T ransport loaded T,
T.L.
3—-Drop p a rt into hole in table top. Release load T
R.L.
4—Move hand to bin for next part. T ransport empty T,
T .E.
Procedure.—In part A of the experiment five male operators and

five female operators were studied. In part B of the experiment only
five male operators were studied. The procedure for both parts and
for all operators was identical.
The operators first practiced grasping 25 No. 2 nuts from the
hopper type bin, then 25 No. 4 nuts, 25 No. 8 nuts, and then 25 No.
12 nuts from the same bin, all in that order. Only one size of nut
was put into the bin at a time. The operator practiced grasping the
same number of each size of nut in the same order from the rectangu
lar bin and then from the bin with tray.
The operators then practiced grasping 15 No. 2 nuts from the
hopper type bin and data for the next 20 grasps were recorded. In
a like manner data were recorded for Nos. 4, 8, and 12 nuts being
grasped from the hopper type bin, then Nos. 2, 4, 8, and 12 nuts
from the rectangular bin, then Nos. 2, 4, 8, and 12 nuts from the
bin with tray, then Nos. 12, 8, 4, and 2 nuts from the bin with tray,
then Nos. 12, 8, 4, and 2 nuts from the rectangular bin, then Nos. 12,
8, 4, and 2 nuts from the hopper type bin, in the order given. The
data from 15 consecutive cycles from each run with each size of nut
with each bin were analyzed.
Part B of the study was carried out for the four sizes of machine
screws in exactly the same manner as for the nuts. Five male oper
ators were used for this part of the study.
Results.—The data were all taken from the paper passing under
the solenoid operated pencils of the kymograph. Measurements were
made to the nearest thousandth of a second and the data tabulated.
The median value of the time required by each operator working with
each size of nut with each bin was selected by the total cycle time.
Since there were 30 analyzed cycles for each operator with each size
of nut with each bin this necessitated averaging two cycles to obtain
the median. The time for the individual therbligs of these two
selected cycles were averaged to give the sub-divisions of the medians.
The median value was used in preference to the average because the
operators were only partly skilled and the median would be less affect
ed than the average by isolated extremely high or low values. Tables
V and VI give the summary of these data for the male and female
group (Part A) respectively, Tables V and VI are shown graphically
in Figs. 17 and 18, and the average of both groups is presented
graphically in Fig. 19.
Table VII gives the summary of the data for the male group in
part B of the study. These data are shown graphically in Fig. 20.
Conclusions.—Part A. (For Machine Screw Nuts)
1. The bin with tray produced the fastest grasp throughout the
entire range of nut size studied. The hopper type bin required,
on the average, 51% more time for grasp, and the rectangular
bin required, on the average, 58% more time for grasp.
2. The bin with tray produced the shortest total cycle time through
out the entire range of nut size studied. The hopper type bin
required, on the average, 21% more time for a complete cycle,
and the rectangular bin required, on the average, 28% more
tiirxf.
3. The time for grasp, with the bin with tray, tended to remain
constant independent of the size of the nut. The time for grasp,
for the hopper and rectangular bins, decreased 19% as the size
of the nut increased from No. 2 to No. 12.
4. The time for the transport loaded, following the grasp, tended
to be at a minimum with the hopper type bin throughout the
entire range of nut size studied. With the bin with tray, the
transport loaded required, on the average, 6% more time, and
with the rectangular bin, on the average, 22% more time.
5. The transport empty, preceding the grasp, required the least
time with the hopper type bin throughout the entire range of nut
size studied. With the bin with tray, the transport empty re
quired, on the average, 30% more time, and with the rectangu
lar bin the transport empty required, on the average, 54%
more time.
Conclusions.—Part B (For Machine Screws).
1. The bin with tray tended to produce the fastest grasp through
out the entire range of screw size studied. The hopper type bin
required, on the average, 26% more time for grasp, and the
rectangular bin required, on the average, 16% more time for
grasp.
2. The bin with tray produced the shortest total cycle time through
out the entire range of screw size studied. The hopper type bin
required, on the average, 10% more time for a complete cycle,
and the rectangular bin required, on the average, 13% more
time.
3. The time for grasp, with the bin with tray, decreased 15%
as the size of the screw increased from No. 2 to No. 12. The
time for grasp with the hopper type bin also decreased 8%
for the same range of size while the time for grasp, for the
rectangular bin increased 15% as the size of the screw increased
from No. 2 to No. 12.
4. The time for the transport loaded, following the grasp, tended
to be at a minimum with the bin with tray throughout the
entire range of screw size studied. With the hopper type bin,
the transport loaded required, on the average, 6% more time,
and with the rectangular bin, on the average, 32% more time.
5. The transport empty, preceeding the grasp, required the least
time with the hopper type bin throughout the entire range of
screw size studied. With the bin with tray, the transport empty
required, on the average, 5% more time, and with the rectangu
lar bin the transport empty required, on the average, 25%
more time.
SIZE OF NUT
Fig. 17. Curves showing the averages of m edian values selected on basis of
total cycle times for five male operators in P a rt A of the study (machine screw
n u ts).
A SECOND
OF
IN THOUSANDTHS
TIME
SIZE OF NUT
total cycle times for five female operators in P a rt A of the study (machine
screw n uts).
A SECOND
OF
IN THOUSANDTHS
TIME
SIZE OF NUT
Fig. 19. Curves showing the averages of median values selected on basis of
total cycle time for five male and five fem ale operators in P a rt A of the study
(machine screw nuts).
SIZE OF MACHINE SCREW
total cycle time for five male operators in P a rt B of the study (machine screw s).
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I n v e s t ig a t io n N o. 4: A Study of t h e T im e R e q u ir e d T o A ssem ble
Screw s W ith T hree D iffe r e n t T y p e s of S c r ew d r iv er B it s
Object.— The object of this investigation was to determine the rela

tive efficiencies of different types of screwdriver bits in a quick-
return spiral ratchet screwdriver; A— when used on screws th at had
already been started; and B— when used on screws that had not been
started.
Parts Used.— Three different screwdriver bits (See Fig. 21) were
tested; A— special bit to fit No. 8 round head machine screws with
recessed head; B— ordinary blade bit with self-centering attachment
(See Fig. 22 ); and C— ordinary blade bit. Both bits B and C fit No.
8 slotted round head machine screws.
Fig. 21. Three types of screwdriver bits tested. A— special bit for use with
screws with recessed head; B— ordinary blade bit with self-centering attachm ent;
C— ordinary blade bit.
Fig. 22. Cross section of ordinary blade bit w ith self-centering attachm ent.
New steel machine screws with the following specifications were
used in the study: No. 8-32, Y\ inch long, coarse threads, round head,
bright finish with slotted heads and with recessed heads.
A quick-return spiral ratchet screwdriver, Model No. 135, 13J-2
inches long when extended, was used with each of the three different
bits. The same screwdriver was used for all of the studies.
Equipment used in making the study— Part A .— The workplace is

shown in Fig. 23. Before the operator started working, the screws
were screwed one-quarter inch into nuts permanently set into the
wheel, A. This wheel was mounted edgewise to the operator. By
means of the slide B, with its projecting pin, and the holes C in the
side of the wheel, the operator was able to index the wheel so that
each screw he worked on would be standing vertically. The position-
Fig. 23. Arrangem ent of the work place for the study of screwdriver bits.
A— wheel m ounted with 12 steel nuts for No. 8 machine screws; B—slide for in
dexing wheel; C— holes in side of wheel for indexing pin; D —photoelectric cell;
E— holder for screwdriver; F— arm rest; G—supply of screws; H — light source
for photoelectric cell.
ing time (the time to line the screwdriver bit up with the slot or
recess in the head of the screw) was determined by means of a beam
of light, projecting across the head of the screw (standing vertically)
and impinging upon a photoelectric cell, D. While the operator was
indexing the wheel, he p ut the screwdriver into the holder, E. The
screwdriver was attached to one side of a six-volt circuit leading through
a relay controlling one of the solenoid operated pencils of the kymo
graph used to record data. The electrical connections of the workplace
to the electrical recording kymograph are shown in Fig. 24. When
KYMOGRAPH
Fig. 24. Wiring diagram for study of screwdriver bits.
the screwdriver was in its holder, the weight of the screwdriver closed
a circuit under the holder and actuated the solenoid operated pencil
which was making line A on the kymograph, as shown in Fig. 24. A
complete analysed cycle of the record obtained from the kymograph
is shown in Fig. 25.
Fig. 25. Reproduction of record made by solenoid operated pencils on kym ograph.
W hen the operator had finished indexing the wheel, he grasped the
screwdriver with his right hand and lifted it out of the holder. The
lifting of the screwdriver opened the circuit of the solenoid operated
pencil making line A and ended the first jog in line A shown in Fig.
25. This point marked the beginning of the transport loaded (screw
driver toward the screw) and was also considered as the beginning
of the cycle. The operator then carried the screwdriver toward the
screw and brought it down vertically upon the screw. W hen the point
of the screwdriver bit was 7 /1 6 inch above the head of the screw
standing vertically, the screwdriver bit interrupted the beam of light
falling on the photoelectric cell and the cell through its relays closed
the circuit of the solenoid operated pencil making the first jog in line
B shown in Fig. 25. This was the end of the transport loaded and
the beginning of the positioning time. The operator then inserted the
bit into the slot or recess in the head of the screw and when he touched
the screw with the screwdriver bit, he closed the six volt circuit, which
caused a six volt relay to close the circuit of the solenoid operated
pencil making line C of Figs. 24 and 25. This caused the first jog in
line C in Fig. 25 and this marked the end of the position and assem
ble and the beginning of the use therblig.
T he operator then ran the screw down tight and disengaged the
screwdriver. As long as the screwdriver bit was in contact with the
screw the jog in line C continued but with the removal of the screw
driver (disassemble) the jog in line C ended and the operator began
the transport loaded toward the screwdriver holder over which he
pre-positioned the screwdriver and into which he p u t it. As soon as
he p ut the screwdriver into the holder, the weight of the screwdriver
closed the circuit operating the solenoid operated pencil, making line
A, causing the second jog in this line and marking the end of the
transport loaded (toward holder) and pre-position and the begin
ning of the release load, (let go of screwdriver) and the indexing of
the wheel. When the operator again grasped the screwdriver and
lifted it, the jog in line A was ended marking the end of the release
load and index wheel.
The operator grasped the screwdriver head with his right hand and
used his left hand for a bottom guide in positioning and using the
screwdriver and used both hands to ih'clex the wTheel, the left hand
drawing back the slide and the right hand turning the wheel.
Steps Used in Perform ing Nam e of Therblig Time for Therblig
One Cycle in Fig. 25
1. Carry screwdriver to within 7/16 T ransport loaded
T t .l .
inch of head of screw.
2. Position and insert screwdriver bit Position
t p .+ a .
into slot or recess in head of screw. Assemble
3. R u n screw dow n tight and disen- Use
t u . + d .a .
gage screwdriver from screw. Disassemble
4. C arry screwdriver to holder and T ransport loaded
t .l . + p .p .
pre-position. Pre-position
5. Release screwdriver into holder, Release load, etc.
R.L. etc.
index wheel, return for screwdriver
and grasp it.
Equipment used in making the study— Part B .— The equipment

used in making P art B of the study was identical with th a t used in
P a rt A with the exception that a bin was provided (see G in Fig. 23)
for the screws. The operator grasped a screw from the bin with the
left hand while the right hand grasped the screwdriver. The left hand
positioned the screw directly above the nut while the screwdriver bit
was being assembled into the screw slot.
The main difference was th at in this study the operator had to start
the screw into the hole as well as run it down tight.
The method of analysis of the data was the same as in P a rt A, how
ever, in this case the order of therbligs and recordings was as follows:
Steps Used in Perform ing N am e of Therblig Time for Therblig

One Cycle
1. C arry screw with left hand to hole T ransport loaded
T.L.
(nut in wheel) and a t the same time
w ith right hand carry screwdriver
tow ard screw.
2. Position screw over hole and screw Position
P.+A .
driver over screw and insert bit in Assemble
slot or recess.
3. R un screw down into hole tight Use
U.+D.A.
with driver and remove driver from Disassemble
slot or recess in screw.
4. C arry screwdriver to holder and T ransport loaded
T .L .+ P .P .
pre-position. Preposition
5. Release screwdriver into holder, in Release load
R.L. etc.
dex wheel, return for screwdriver T ransport empty
and grasp it with right hand and Grasp, Position
grasp a screw w ith the left hand. Release load
T ran sp o rt em pty
Grasp
Procedure— The operators first practiced running down 12 screws,
(the total number on the wheel) with bit A, then twelve screws with
bit B, and finally twelve screws with the ordinary blade b it C. In
P art A the screws were always all started prior to the operator’s
working on them and always required one-half inch of running down
to be made tight. In P art B the screws were not previously started.
Recessed head screws were used with the special bit A and slotted
screws were used with the other two bits. After this practice, the
operator ran down twenty-four screws with the ordinary blade bit C,
the data for the last twelve being recorded. The operator then ran
down twenty-four screws with the blade bit B with the self-centering
attachm ent, the data for the last twelve again being recorded. In a
like manner data were recorded for a similar number of screws with
the special bit A, again with the special bit A, then with bit B, and
finally with the ordinary blade bit C, all in that order.
T he operators rested for about three minutes after each twelve
screws while the set-up was being made ready for the next run. The
operators were all male college students, familiar with the use of com
mon tools and all right-handed.
Residts .— The data were all taken from the strip of paper moving
at uniform velocity under the solenoid operated pencils of the electrical
recording kymograph. Ten consecutive cycles from each run with each
screwdriver bit with each operator were analyzed and tabulated.
Measurements were made to a thousandth of a second. The median
value of the time required, by each operator, working with each bit,
to carry the screwdriver to the screw, position and assemble it to the
screw, run the screw down, and disengage the screwdriver was com
puted on the basis of the time required for the total of these ther-
bligs. The median value of the time for the total cycle was computed
on the basis of the total cycle time.
The median values were used in preference to the averages because
the operators were only partly skilled and the medians would be less
affected than the averages by isolated extremely high or low values.
Since there were tw enty analyzed cycles for each operator working
with each bit this necessitated averaging two cycles to obtain the
median. The times for the individual elements of these two selected
cycles were averaged to obtain the breakdown of the median. These
medians are tabulated for the five operators in Tables V III and IX
and the averages of the five medians are presented graphically in Figs.
26 and 27.
Conclusions— Part A .— (Screwdriver bits used on screws that had
already been started).
The following conclusions are based on the results of the tests con
ducted in the manner described on the preceding pages. No general
statements with regard to the superiority of one screwdriver bit or
type of screw over another is intended.
1. I t appears th at both the special bit A (for use with recessed
head screws) and the ordinary blade bit B with a self-centering
attachm ent are considerably superior to the ordinary blade bit
C for use on work of this type.
2. The time to carry the screwdriver toward the screw, position it
over the screw, assemble it to the screw, run the screw down one-
half inch (till tight), and disengage the screwdriver, (tran s
port loaded, position, assemble, use and disassemble) was a t a
minimum when the blade bit with the self-centering attachm ent
was used. When the recessed head screws and bit A were used
this group of therbligs required 1 0 % more time; and when the
ordinary blade bit C was used, 24% more time was required
than with the blade bit B with the self-centering attachm ent.
3. The time to move the screwdriver toward the screw, from the
holder to within 7/16 inch of the head of the screw (transport
loaded), was at a minimum when the blade bit with the self-
centering attachm ent was used. When the special screws and
bit A were used the transport loaded required 33% more time;
and when the ordinary blade bit was used, 28% more time was
required than with the blade bit with the self-centering attach
ment.
4. The time between the instant the end of the screwdriver bit was
7/16 inch from the head of the screw and the instant the bit
made contact with the screw, (position and assemble), was at
a minimum when the blade bit with the self-centering attach
ment was used. When the special screws and b it A were used
the position and assemble required 90% more time, and when
the ordinary blade bit C was used 194% more time was required
5. The time required to run the screw down tight, (one-half inch),
and disengage the screwdriver from the screw, (use and dis
assemble), was at a minimum when the blade bit B with the
self-centering attachm ent was used. W ith the special screws and
O
o TIME FOR
T.L. + P .+ A . + U.+ D.A.
< 2800
O 2600
TIME FOR U .+JX A .______ *
2
rz 700
TIME FOR T.L.

(to w a rd s c re w )
500
2 00
TIME FOR P.+A.
100
0
B A C
J- I I
B L AD E B IT W IT H S P E C IA L ORDIN ARY
S E L F -C E N T E R IN G B IT B L A D E B IT
ATTACHMENT
TYPE OF B IT USED
Fig. 26. Curves showing averages of median values of five male operators
w orking with quick-return spiral ratchet screwdriver on pre-started No. 8 machine
screws. M edians were selected on the basis of the sum of the therbligs transport
loaded, position, assemble, use and disassemble w ith the exception of the median
values of the time for a total cycle which were selected by the total cycle time.
bit A 3% more time was required for the use and disassemble;
and with the ordinary blade bit C 17% more time was required
Conclusions— Part B .— (Screwdriver bits used on screws th at had

not been started).
TIME FOR P.+A.+U .+ D.A.
<n 5000 TIME FOR U. + D.A.

3O
BLADE S I T W ITH S P E C IA L ORDIN ARY

S E L F -C E N T E R IN S B IT BLAD E BIT
ATTACHMENT
TYPE OF B IT USED
Fig. 27. Curves showing averages of m edian values of five m ale operators
working with quick-return spiral ratchet screwdriver on No. 8 machine screws
th at were not previously started. M edians were selected on the basis of the sum
of the therbligs position, assemble, use and disassemble, w ith th e exception of
the median values of the tim e for a total cycle which were selected by th e total
cycle time.
The following conclusions are based on the results of the tests

conducted in the manner described on the preceding pages. No gen
eral statements with regard to the superiority of one screwdriver bit or
type of screw over another is intended.
1. I t appears that both the special bit A (for use with recessed
head screws) and the ordinary blade bit B with a self-center
ing attachm ent are considerably superior to the ordinary blade
bit C for use on work of this type.
The time to position the screw over the n ut in the wheel and
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111
position the screwdriver over the screw, assemble it to the screw,
run the screw down tight, and disengage the screwdriver, (posi
tion, assemble, use, and disassemble), was at a minimum when
either the blade bit B with the self-centering attachm ent or the
special bit A was used. (T he averages of the median values for
the five operators tested shows less than one percent difference
between the time required with these two bits). When the ordi
nary blade bit C was used, 21% more time was required for
performing these therbligs.
3. The time between the instant the end of the screw was brought
over the nut on the wheel and the instant the bit made contact
with the screw standing over the hole in the nut (position and
assemble) was at a minimum when the blade bit with the self-
centering attachm ent was used. When the ordinary blade bit C
was used, the position and assemble required 5% more time,
and when the special bit A and screws were used, 9% more time
was required than with the blade bit B with the self-centering
attachm ent.
4. The time required to run the screw down tight (three-quarters
of an inch), and disengage the screwdriver from the screw, (use
and disassemble), was at a minimum when the special b it A was
used. With the blade bit B with the self-centering attachment,
2% more time was required for use and disassemble; and with
the ordinary blade bit C, 27% more time was required than
with the special bit A and screws.
I n v e s tig a tio n N o. S: A S t u d y o f t h e T i m e R e q u i r e d t o A s s e m b l e
S c r e w s U s in g T h r e e D i f f e r e n t T y p e s o f S c r e w d r iv e r s
Object.— The object of this experiment was to determine the rela

tive efficiencies of A, a spiral ratchet screwdriver; B, a hand drill with
a screwdriver bit; and C, a power screwdriver, when these screw
drivers were used with blade bits with self-centering attachments on
screws which had already been started down.
Fig. 28. Three types of screwdrivers tested. A— spiral ratchet screwdriver;

B—hand drill w ith screwdriver b i t ; C—power screwdriver.
Parts Used.— All of the screwdrivers were used with a blade bit
with a self-centering attachm ent as shown in Figs. 21 and 22 of the
preceeding study, on No. 8-32 round head, coarse threads, steel m a
chine screws which required one-half inch of driving to be made tight.
T he spiral ratchet screwdriver used was of the self-return type Model
No. 135, 133/2 inches long when extended (including bit.) The hand
drill used was 13J4 inches long, weighed 1.1 lbs., and had a gear ratio
of 4 to 1. T he power screwdriver operated at approximately 1320
R.P.M . and was adjusted to give proper tension to the driven screws.
Fig. 29. Reproduction of record made by solenoid operated pencils on kym o
graph with power driven screwdriver.
Equipment Used in Making the Study .— The equipment used in

making the study was the same as that used in making the previous
study (Investigation No. 4) with the exception th a t with the hand
operated screwdrivers the holder shown in Fig. 30 was substituted for
the cup-shaped holder previously used. Since, the power screwdriver
was suspended directly over the point of use the transport loaded
toward the screw and the transport loaded away from the screw were
eliminated. When the operator grasped the handpiece of the screw
driver he immediately began the positioning therblig and when the
screw was tight he merely released the screwdriver, the counterweight
on the head removing the bit from the point of application. The
method of analysis of the data for this screwdriver is shown in Fig.
29. As with the hand-operated screwdrivers, line B is controlled by
the light passing over the screw head and line C is controlled by the
six-volt circuit which is closed when the screwdriver touches the screw.
The method of timing, the sequence of operations, and the analysis
of data, with the above exceptions, were the same as in the previous
study. A picture of the work place is shown in Fig. 30.
Procedure.— The operators first practiced running down twelve

screws, (the total number on the wheel) with the spiral ratchet screw
driver, then twelve screws with the hand drill with the screwdriver bit,
then twelve screws with the power screwdriver. The screws were al
ways all started prior to the operator’s working on them and always
required one-half inch of running down to be made tight. After this
practice, the operators ran down twenty-four screws with the power
screwdriver and the data for the last twelve screws were recorded. The
operator then ran down twenty-four screws with the hand drill with
the screwdriver bit and the data for the last twelve screws were re
corded. In a like manner data were recorded with the spiral ratchet
Fig. 30. Arrangem ent of the w ork place for the study of the three different
types of screwdrivers. A— wheel m ounted w ith 12 steel nuts for No. 8-32 m a
chine screws; B— slide for indexing wheel; D— photoelectric cell; F— arm rest;
G— power screwdriver.
screwdriver, again with the spiral ratchet screwdriver, then with the
hand drill and finally with the power screwdriver in that order. The
operators rested for three minutes after each twelve screws, while the
screws were being withdrawn. The operators were all male college
students familiar with the use of common tools and all right-handed.
Results .— The data were all taken from the strip of paper moving al
uniform velocity under the solenoid operated pencils of the electrical
recording kymograph. Ten consecutive cycles, from each run, with
each screwdriver, with each operator, were analyzed and tabulated.
Measurements were made to a thousandth of a second. The median
value of the time required, by each operator, working with each screw
driver, to carry the screwdriver to the screw, position and assemble it
to the screw, run the screw down and disengage the screwdriver was
computed on the basis of the time required for the total of these ther-
bligs. (W ith the power screwdriver these medians were computed on
the basis of the time for position, assemble, use, and disassemble, as
there was no transport loaded toward the screw.) Since there were
twenty analyzed cycles for each operator working with each screwdriver
this necessitated averaging two cycles to obtain the median. The times
for the individual elements of these two selected cycles were averaged
to obtain the breakdown of the median. T he median total cycle time
was computed on the basis of the time for the total cycle. The median
values were used in preference to the averages because the operators
were only partly skilled and the medians would be less affected than
the averages by isolated, extremely high or low values. These medians
are tabulated for the five operators in Table X and the averages ol
the five medians are presented graphically in Fig. 31.
Conclusions.—
1. T he total cycle time was at a minimum when the power screw
driver was used. The hand drill with the screwdriver bit re
quired on the average 37% more time and the spiral ratchet
required on the average 54% more time for a complete cycle than
did the power screwdriver.
2. The total of time required for transport loaded (bring screw
driver to screw), position (position over screw), assemble (assem
ble to screw), use (run screw down), and disassemble (remove
screwdriver from screw) was a t a minimum when the power
screwdriver was used. The hand drill with the screwdriver bit
required on the average 47% more time and the spiral ratchet
required on the average 91% more time for the performance of
these therbligs. I t is to be noted th at there was no transport
loaded with the power screwdriver as the bit was prepositioned
directly over the screw and that this accounts for 35% of the
savings over the hand drill with the screwdriver bit and 27%
of the savings over the spiral ratchet screwdriver indicating that
considerable time may be saved with full prepositioning of tools.
(This is the subject of Investigation No. 6 .)
3. A comparison of the two hand screwdrivers tested indicates that

the time for transport loaded, position, assemble and use, and
POWER DRIVEN HAND DR IL L SP IR A L

SCREWDRIVER WITH SCREWDRIVER B IT RATCHET SCREWDRIVER
TYPE OF SCREWDRIVER USEO
Fig. 31. Curves showing averages of median values of tim e for transport
loaded, position, assemble, use, and disassemble selected on the basis of the
total of time required for these therbligs. The average of the median total cycle
times is also shown. This m edian was selected on the basis of the total cycle
time. (There was no transport loaded in the cycle with the power screwdriver.)
disassemble was at a minimum when the hand drill with the
screwdriver bit was used. The spiral ratchet screwdriver re
quired, on the average, 30% more time for the performance of
these therbligs.
4. A comparison of the time required for transport loaded with

the hand tools indicates that the time required for this therblig
was a t a minimum when the hand drill with the screwdriver bit
was used. The spiral ratchet screwdriver required on the aver
age 50% more time for this therblig.
5. The time required for position and assemble was at a minimum

when the spiral ratchet screwdriver was used. The hand drill
with the screwdriver bit required on the average 7% more time
and the power screwdriver required on the average 60% more
time for the performance of these therbligs.
6. T he total of time required for use (run screw down) and dis
assemble (remove screwdriver from screw), was at a minimum
when the power screwdriver was used. The hand drill with the
screwdriver bit required on the average 48% more time and the
spiral ratchet screwdriver required on the average 95% more
time to perform these therbligs.
7. A comparison between the two hand screwdrivers shows th a t the

total of time required for use and disassemble was at a minimum
when the hand drill with the screwdriver bit was used. The
spiral ratchet screwdriver required on the average 32% more
time than the hand drill to perform >hese therbligs.
TABLE X
RE SU L T SH E E T
M edian values selected on the basis of the total of tim e required for transport
loaded, position, assemble, use and disassemble with the exception of the total
cycle time which was selected on the basis of the time for the total cycle. (There
was no transport loaded in the cycle w ith the power driven screwdriver.)
Power Driven Screwdriver
Operator T T x*
No. P .+ A U.+D.A. T otal
1 241 1150 1391 3227
2 318 1293 1611 3293
3 369 1190 1559 3234
4 291 1422 1713 3151
5 538 1118 1656 3474
Av. 351 1235 1586 3276
H and Drill w ith Screwdriver Bit
Operator T T T x*
No. T.L. P.+A. U.+D.A. Total
1 274 376 1653 2303 4486
2 359 183 1753 2295 4637
3 369 167 1794 2330 4298
4 88 362 1879 2329 4262
3 227 88 2074 2389 4738
Av 263 235 1831 2329 4484
Spiral R atchet Screwdriver
Operator T T T x*
No. T.L. P.+A. U +D.A. Total
1 294 284 2819 3397 5502
2 458 119 2652 3229 5341
3 358 155 2148 2661 4659
4 533 481 2039 3053 5093
5 330 60 2404 2794 4599
Av. 395 220 2412 3027 5039
In v e s tig a tio n No. 6 : A S tu d y o f S c r e w d r iv e r W o r k w i t h V ary
in g D e g r e e s o f P r e -p o sitio n in g o f t h e S c r e w d r iv e r
Object.— The object of this study was to determine the relative

value of time required for the therbligs involved in running down m a
chine screws which were already started, when the spiral ratchet screw
driver used was, A, completely prepositioned; B, partially prepositioned;
and C, not prepositioned a t all.
Complete prepositioning refers to having the screwdriver, during
that p a rt of the cycle when it is not in use, held by some mechanical
means in the position and directly over the location where it is to be
used; partial prepositioning refers to having the screwdriver, during
th a t p a rt of the cycle when it is not in use, held by some mechanical
means in the position in which it is to be used but not over the loca
tion, while not prepositioned refers to having the screwdriver, during
th a t p a rt of the cycle when it is not in use, in neither the position
nor over the location in which it is to be used.
Parts Used .— The screwdriver used in this study was a self-return

spiral ratchet screwdriver, Model No. 135, 13^2 inches long when
extended (including b it), and was fitted with a blade bit with a self-
centering attachm ent as is shown in Fig. 22. The screws used were
round head, machine screws, No. 8-32, coarse fit. The,screw s were
already started before the operator worked on them and always re
quired one-half inch of driving to be made tight.
Equipment Used in Making this Study .— Essentially the same equip

ment was used in making this study as was used in the two previous
screwdriver studies. A mercury switch on the screwdriver holder, when
one was used, a beam of light across the top of the Screw, and a six-
volt potential between the screwdriver and the screw to be driven (all
of these were in separate circuits actuating different solenoid operated
pencils on the kymograph) served to time the various parts of the
operation, as was done in previous studies.
The screwdriver, when used completely prepositioned was suspended
by an elastic from a simple support so th a t during th at p a rt of the
cycle when it was not in use it hung directly over the location of appli
cation, and the tip of the bit was one-eighth of an inch above the top
of the beam of light passing over the head of the screw to be run down,
as shown in Fig. 32. After the operator finished running down the
screw he released the screwdriver with no intervening transport.
Fig. 32. Arrangem ent of the w ork place. A— wheel m ounted w ith 12 steel
nuts for No. 8-32 machine screws; B— slide for indexing wheel; C—photoelectric
cell; D— arm rest; E—support for fully pre-positioned screwdriver; F —holder
for partially pre-positioned screwdriver; G— tilting board for head of screw
driver when not pre-positioned at all; H — light for photoelectric cell.
The screwdriver when used partially prepositioned was placed, dur

ing that p art of the cycle when it was not in use, in a holder, which
is shown in Fig. 32. This holder was equipped with a mercury switch
to indicate on the kymograph record when the screwdriver was taken
from and returned to the holder.
The screwdriver, when not prepositioned a t all, was during th a t p art
of the cycle when it was not in use, laid down on the table on the
right hand side of the indexing wheel, with the head of the driver
away from the operator and resting on a tilting board four inches
wide, which actuated a mercury switch to indicate on the kymograph
record when the screwdriver was picked up from, or laid down on the
table.
Procedure.— The operators first practiced running down twelve screws

(the total number on the wheel) with the screwdriver completely pre
positioned, then twelve screws with the screwdriver partially preposi
tioned, and finally twelve screws with the screwdriver not prepositioned
at all. T he screws were always all started prior to the operator’s
working on them and always required one-half inch of running down
to be made tight. After this practice the operator ran down twenty-
four screws with the screwdriver completely prepositioned and the
data for the last twelve were recorded. The operator then ran down
twenty-four screws with the screwdriver partially prepositioned and
the data for the last twelve were recorded. In a like manner data
were recorded with the screwdriver not prepositioned a t all, again with
the screwdriver not prepositioned, partially prepositioned, and com
pletely prepositioned all in that order. The operators rested for about
three minutes after each twelve screws while the screws were being
withdrawn. T he operators were all male college students, familiar with
the use of common tools and all right-handed.
Results .— The data were all taken from the strip of paper moving
a t uniform velocity under the solenoid operated pencils of the electrical
recording kymograph. Ten consecutive cycles from each run with each
screwdriver bit with each operator were analysed and tabulated. M eas
urements were made to a thousandth of a second. The median value
of the time required by each operator to perform the cycle of motions
involved was selected on the basis of the total of time required for
transport loaded (bring screwdriver to screw), position (position over
screw), assemble (fit screwdriver to screw), use (run screw down
tight), and disassemble (remove screwdriver from screw.) Since there
were twenty analysed cycles for each operator working with each of
the three different arrangements, this necessitated averaging two cycles
to obtain the median. The times for the individual elements of these
two selected cycles were averaged to obtain the breakdown of the
median. T he medians were used rather than average values because
the operators were only partly skilled and the average would be in
fluenced more than the median by isolated extremely high or low
values. These medians are tabulated for the five operators in Table
X I and the averages of the medians are presented graphically in Fig.
33.
Conclusions.—
1. The total of time of screwdriver usage, (the time between the
instant the hand grasped the screwdriver till the instant it re
leased it after running down a screw), was a t a minimum when
the completely prepositioned screwdriver was used. The partially
prepositioned screwdriver required on the average 23% more
time, and the screwdriver, when not prepositioned a t all required
46% more time for this p art of the total cycle. T h a t p art of the
cycle not included in this “ total of time of screwdriver usage,”
was “ index wheel.” This did not affect the other data because
no change was introduced at any time in the manner or difficulty
of this operation.
In other words, sixteen per cent of the total time of screw
driver usage may be saved by partially prepositioning the screw
driver and 32% of the total time of screwdriver usage m ay be
saved by completely prepositioning the screwdriver, taking the
time required when the screwdriver is not prepositioned at all
as the base time.
DECREE OF PREPOSITION I NO
Fig. 33. Curves showing averages of median values of five operators using a
screwdriver w ith varying degrees of prepositioning. These medians were selected
on the basis of the total of time required for transport loaded (tow ard screw),
position, assemble, use, and disassemble.
TA B L E X I
R E SU L T SH E E T
M edian values of time required by five operators using a spiral ratchet screw
driver on screws already started down, medians selected on the basis of the total
of the tim e required for transport loaded (tow ard screw), position, assemble,
use and disassemble.
Screwdriver Completely Prepositioned
Oper Total of time
ator T T T* of screwdriver
P.+A . U.+D.A.
No. usage
1 154 2421 2575 2575
2 227 2101 2329 2329
3 212 2193 2405 2405
4 531 2382 2913 2913
S 478 1810 2288 2288
Av. 320 2182 2502 2502
Screwdriver Partially Prepositioned
Oper T otal of time
ator T F T* of screwdriver
J T.L. P.+A . U.+D.A. T t .l .+ P .+ A .+ R .L .
No. usage
1 436 170 2552 3158 354 3512
2 291 534 1770 2595 511 3106
3 492 359 1563 2414 389 2803
4 379 305 2373 3057 543 3600
5 410 408 1570 2388 447 2835
Av. 402 355 1966 2722 449 3071
Screwdriver N ot Prepositioned at All
Oper Total of time
ator T T 1
S '. L . P .+A . U.+D.A T .L .+ P .+ A + R.I.. of screwdriver
No. usage
1 636 240 2436 3312 604 3916
2 583 93 2068 2744 613 3357
3 667 149 2024 2840 715 3555
4 695 317 2562 3574 612 4186
5 570 160 1868 2598 675 3273
Av. 630 192 2192 3014 644 3657
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A Study of Hand Motions Used in Small Assembly Work

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A Study of Hand Motions Used in Small Assembly Work

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UNIVERSITY OF IO W A

A STUDY OF HAND MOTIONS USED IN

Research Assistant in Mechanical Engineering

A STUDY OF TH E T IM E REQUIRED TO HANDLE

1—A Study of the Time Required to Grasp

Washers from a Flat Surface Using a “Hook” Grasp and

In v e stig a tio nN o . 2— A Study of the Time Required to Grasp

o . 3— A Study of the Time Required to Grasp

A STUDY OF SCREWDRIVER WORK

No. 4 —A Study of the Time Required to Assem­

5—A Study of the Time Required to Assem­

o . 6— A Study o f Screwdriver Work with Vary-

Introduction.—Management in industry has been slowly developing

iT he first bulletin in this series was “An Investigation of Some H an d Motions

5. Transport Loaded (T.L.)

3Therblig is a w ord coined by F ra n k B. Gilbreth to designate the subdivisions

T h e rb lig Dixon Eagle

Search Sh. <3> Eye tu rn e d as if s earching Black 33 1 74 7

F in d F. <Q> Eye s tr a ig h t as if fixed Cray 399

Se le ct St. Reaching f o r object Gray, lig h t 399 734%

Hand open fo r grasping

T ra n sp o rt T .L . A ha nd w ith so m e th in g Green 375 733

Use U. W ord “ Use” Purple 396 742 %

Disassemble f t One part of an assem bly V iolet,

In s p e c t 1. 0 M agnifyin g lens Burnt x ix 398 7 4 5 '/,

A n in e - p in w h ic h is set 394 74 U ' A

/O n Dro pping c o n te n t out C arm ine

T ra n s p o rt I.E . Em pty hand Olive green 391 7 3 9 ‘A

Rest fo r o v e r ­ R. O ooo 372 737

Man lying do w n on job Lem on

Man w ith his fin g e rs at a cm

Hold If, n Mag net h o ld in g ir o n bar Gold oc hre 388 736 Vi

Fig. 1. Standard Symbols for Therbligs.

*Fig. 1 reprinted by permission from “M otion and Time Study’’ by R alph M

10. Inspect (I.)

11. Pre-position (P.P.)

12. Release Load (R.L.)

Transport E m p ty consists of moving the em pty hand in reaching for an object.

15. Unavoidable Delay (U.D.)

16. Avoidable Delay (A.D.)

17. Plan (Pn.)

18. Hold (H.)

Acknowledgments.—The writers wish to express their indebtedness

Object.—The object of this investigation was to determine the effect

Fig. 2. Examples of grasp.

Fig. 3. Wiring diagram for grasp studies.

Fig. 4. Reproduction of record made by solenoid operated pencils on kymograph.

TIME FOR R.L.* T.E.

''Q. . a— ~ H 00K ( u p ) GRASP

TIME FOR G ." '

If,G (k 98 bd 929 (li n i q sB ig io l a n n s m siriJ ri)iw jgni

r ' < HOOK (U P ) GRASP

100 PINCH GRASP

Fig. 7. Curves showing averages of median values (selected by total of time

N 0"O^ONCO 0O0 CO-t fN

PO O' PJ ' O N O' PO O ' N O N N O' ’t 't I O H h O O O CO N rt

3 vO H N M O h oo»n o o n m VO ^ VO rj- CO N "t O <N 10 00 CO

H O cO 'd- O' cO CO'O N O ' O H IO N H 00 VO H

•00 V) H O' CO O' VO CM 00 O' CO vO 00 VO CM H 00 CO

Object.-—The object of this investigation was to determine the effect

<0 5 0 0 - T,ME F0R A.* R.L.-* T.E.

TIME FOR T.L.* R

Procedure.— Five male operators and five female operators were

TIME FOR T.L.* P.

No. 4 —A Study of the Time Required to Assem

5—A Study of the Time Required to Assem

Rest fo r o v e r R. O ooo 372 737

00 CN rj- O ' t o CS| C N IO ^ H N -< t". 1- O N- to

Object.— The object of this investigation was to determine the rela

Object.— The object of this experiment was to determine the rela

Equipment Used in Making this Study .— Essentially the same equip

The screwdriver when used partially prepositioned was placed, dur

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