•« A ^ «*« > 4 *4 %

1
Title No; *57-1 í
Researches
From the work of
Towa
Comité Europeen du Betón
Theory for Str
By HUB
This paper is directed toward
based on a careful study of all
of concrete. The fact that streng
on time is considered. The theo
determination of the behavior of
tinuous load increase at differenf
load. Having derivad stress-straín
loading, other factors were studied
strength, position of neutral axis,
theory developed is primarily a
member?. Sínce simplified assump
lead to simple formulas such as ar
■ fulfílis
RESEARCHthe important
IN THE function
STRUCTURAL of f
uation of
problems of simplified design formula
unusual challenge. W
all new concepts and results of thi
characterized by the abandonment
which can be used for the soluti
plástic theory,
sections and from
ranging by apuré conversi
bend
of concrete
design quality
to ultimate
and the strength
type of
prestressing
persisted for tssome
appliedtime,
or not. the new
among design engineers in some
in part due to the fact that stru
thousand-year tradition, and this t
one. Another reason of equal im
extensive knowledge regarding
in the development and intfoduction of
In recent decades, progress ha
tural design methods disregarding plás
i 9^ \
. A
ACI member Hu^ert Rusch has Julybeen,
1960 since 1945» a professor and director of the A GENERAL
4

w
aIÓÜK NAL OF THE AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE However, strength decreases
Engíneering
rtew unes, Materials
which Laboratory,
represent Technical
actual University,
conclitions to aMunich,
groater Cermany.
dcgree. Dr. Rusch
Numer-'.
has won much promínence in Europa and South AmericaCreep throughofhisthe dcsign and
concrete leads t
tíus
consiruction of outstandingoí situciuial
reinforced OOílCi'tdc ha\‘o hoen
concrete structures. Ho has oouüuotod
played an active
part-
tó in reinforced
several new concrete
design research,
theories and ín
which the deveiopment
genez'ally are extreme
in of shell
good compressive
structures (for
agreement fiher. This resu
which he received the Longstreth Medal prior to Woríd War 10, prestressed concrete,
with
and test results
precast
•»
in the case of puré flexure. However,athese
constructíon. theories’
reduction of the lever arm of the in
start from very different. sometimes even. stress conti'adictory, assumptions
in the reinforcement becomes
♦L
abóut the physical behavior of the componentsideration materials. This
is the is prob-
reduction of concret
ably a inajoi: roason why none of the newmethods has found world-wido Notation «.

sustained
Notation load. This problem
is defined in Fig. 1 and f ha
acceptance, An engineer seeks to analyxe. the true behavior
* ' 4 ’ ♦ «
of struc-
tures! He cannot be convinced by approximately correct years. results ob- ;
tion, some frequently used symbols .
tained
strength
ía on the basis of widely
of concrete failing different assumptions. The agreement
The íüllowing discussion repo
r< O♦✓
T A, = area of concrete compression
betweensustained
under the results
load at of the
various theories in design, was tohowever, study (for
zone is not
effeets at time b
of
symmelricai
time
all ísurprising
days after loading
sihceat oniy the case of under-reinforced beams
ing of ahas often-
rectangular cross
4
of loading. These tests constitute the
an age ofcited
been a daysin comparisons with test data. The tensile forcé tion, Acin= be)the steel
stress in is
/at íailure tensile ulti-^ bv the vield noint: the alever armstress
steel atentirelv
deteñnined of block factor — CfA^j/
mate strength of reinforced — faiJff/f/
the internal
concrete meniber íorces is insensitive to assumptions c C.OJ I c-‘\re^arding
— coeffioients concrete
defined by
✓

stress, Only tests of bver-reinforced members can íurnish a true meas-:

•

''*. *

Eq. (2)
f- in compression steel at
stress , í < *
t

p 1

— average stress in con

ure of the
ultímate strength a flexural theory. Theref avgis a need
validityof of rein~ for a theory
compression zone at ult
forced
whichconcrete member to approximate results in a limited range. Such
is not restricted ✓

strength
k„
I «

ratio
a theoryc/d atmust ultímate strength,on the actual properties of the materials and
be based
/- concreto stress
Eig.
must1, be va lid for ail cases of loading, from puré concrete bending to puré
Jvalué of j at ultímate strength, cylindar strength
compression,
Fig. 1 28-day cylinder strength
>
The .
reason why authors differ so widely in appraising the physical
behavior of concrete in flexure probably lies in the fact that their
knowledge. is based at widely
almost different Solutions.
entirely on beam tests. Only three con-
It isareoníy
ditions latelyfor that
avaiJable attempts ofwere
the evaluation 4
roadotheloequilibrium
such tests: establísh the needed
relationships
condition, thein deformationa direct manner, First and
condítion, ámong these should
Beniouilli's be men-
assumption of
tioned tests onremaining
plañe sections centrally plañe.
and eccentricaliy
As the number loaded prisms conducted;
of unknowns is gen-
by Hognestad,^'*;
erally greater íhan Moenaert,3
the nunzberand Rüseh,^ which
of equations, some led to anassumptions
plausible extensive
clarification
must be madeofin the theevaluation
behavior ofofcertainthe quantities.
compression As the zone in flexure under
required
short'Ümtí
máy thus Í are
quantities loaddosely
only. ijxtonelatcd, it is quite understandable that une
 Í
OO
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L
m
M
enionient
e.
JOURNAL OF
of THE
Ho :: distance AMERICAN
internal
bctween July 1960 ofINSTITUTE
CONCRETE
concrete
centroid A GENERAL

L
M,
4 »

forcé
momentabout
tensile centroid
reinforcoment
of externa! for of ten-
and cen-
sile reaiforcement;
iroidto centroid
with respect of cross-section
atof ultímate (for
strength
E,
cross Af
section =
synimelric loading of rectan-
relative gular
internal c, — d — t/2)
sectionresisting mo-
P
e«
externa! axial forcé acting ín

600
ment r of
concrete
conci strain
ete compression
«the centroid of croas section
zone =defined
concreteby strain
Eq. (1),in atextreme
ultímatefiber
strength m -- mu
RATE OF LOADING EFFECTS
r concrete strain in extreme
4

Standardfi of some
fibor at ultímate coünlries require that in tests of materials’lhe
strength III

load ; Lensile
be appliedstrain inat a certain constant rate. However, this requirement
reinforcement

Oi
O
cannot be satisfied
: tensile strain in atreinforcement
high loads for materiaLs exhibiting applied
concentrically an olasto-
load is n
plastic atbehavior,
nltimate strength
For exainple, in testing steol the
in test
the spccinicn.
yield rango,
To theeliminato
rate of deformation would become extremely high. in Fig. Even2 wasif our huilttesting
into the t
machines could satisfy this requirement, such ment testingof would still have
the loaded test spec
to be ruled out because it leads-to completely misleading theresalís.
forcé axis. Al all load leve
Rg, 2 ■Test arrangement and center
The above-mentioned requirement has another adjusted by lateral Under
disadvantage. displacemon
Left—Front v
constant rate of loading, the stress-strain diagram can be specimen
recorded onlyat midheight remain
up to a stress, after which furthercomes difticult isatnovery
load increaso loiigerfast rat
possible. Tn this .study, \ve vvish lo examine at the very
portioii
slowof rates.
the stress-
This difíic
strain curve beyond maxinnun stre.ss, since it developed has a considerable
in Ihe Munich offect labo
on the stxesses produced in a concrete structuie. grammed Controls and aiitoma
For these reasons, the requirement contained ventional in testing machines are
some standards
specifying a constant rate of loading musí be applymodiíied
a givenforload to the tes
research
purposes. It should be roplaced by a more raíional deformation. With namcly
requirement, the new m
specimen to a predetermined d
1

that all tests of maíeriais be carried out under

This was specially pointed out by Rasch^ who studied this effect on constant rate of strain.
One can then determine the descending load.
portion
three differenl qualíty classes of concrete at strain ratos írom 0.001 The
of thebuilt-in prograrnrricd
stress-strain
cur\'e as the deformation continúes to increase the deformation
further under
per min to 0.001 per 70 days under concentric load in the Munich at a
decreasing constant
load after the máximum
* * *

stress is reached. matically the desired stress-strain di

Materials Laboratory.
Fig. 4 shows examples oí
With increasing duration of loading,
In carrying out these tests the compressive as mentionedforcé earlier, strength
method for was regulated
concretes of a 30ü
drops and deformation increases. Henee,
mánually in such a way that strain increasedafter the magnitude
at casting. of
the desíred the selected
constant show
The deformations
rate
rate.of
Duestrain hasheterogeneous
to the a strong effectnature
on theofshape of thestrain
concrete, stress-strain
under a curve.
 0004•rafes of0005 0.004 •)
O
lí ^

'O
o
Ui
i

J0.002
^
Concrete
7 iy
Hotío o A
0.002 strain, GENERAL
I 4

m
0.002
O
0.003
OOI
sfrain concentríc0.006
loading 0007 Concrete C

H
w6W~\

nm
tn
O

O
rm curves such as thoseofshown in

m
>
Fig, 5—Deferminatibn sfress-sfr

z
. 5

n
%

Concrett stroin, t o
Sfrain, C %
(left) Stress-strain
However, they curves
will for foll
always con
:(right) Stress-strain relationship for ecce
which characterizes a predominating
at co

s
STRESS-STRAIN R
Seeking to establish the distr
pression zone in flexure, it shou
in this zone undergoes strain
sections remain plañe, the rate of str
distance from the neutral axis. Furth » •

bution depends on the na ture

#n )
cO

O.
O s o o

ñ
A
O

3S
34
9

o
£
O
v(

at which the load is increased

3
o

o
0

loading.
In his papor,' Hasch propo
-PWfc*
^ fijy* <
o

^o;I Sí

^oo O
ti05njc

2dio

-»->u< t/3
...»

c
o; T3 <

o
o
;
G
;
o

o o
L c c
-SCO
^+J

compression zone in ílexure b

C co - wT
10

Jl:
P
r

^
O
C
O s
c o;
.

C o
o
.C 3‘ S
^<S
’

^w 'tí tjo

tained from concentrically load

tic
-

• V

C
9
o
p

illustrated scheinatically below

o
ccs 5

c IS
2
*
rtí »-
>Gi
tüO
tr ft^

U1 ^

co
o fH
^til

tí o
tJÜ
í:!;)
3

P°ím
oQ

-
oO

constant rate of strain. The str

s;
sx
E-
H

C
O S ^
P

a basis.
Fig. 5 shows schematically
o»
c tionship in the concrete compr
« by the requirement that the str
cylmder

J:
------ ^ ------- ------------------ - . I
( pression zone is attained in the
>
♦
O
%
example. The stress correspond
4

ID selected from that stress-strain

to

x a deformation rate of 0.001 per

>
stress

c and 0.005 are obtained from the stre

b)

O
.• o •

U
S
oncrete
trength

>s
Cylínder Strength
4
of'c = 3000 psi
at. 56 days
* ♦
 ▼ •^II

r
I
k s
>
Concrete
s:
O.OOl
4

COMPRESSIVE A GENE
S
small —as proven by comparativa tests — and do not sub-
transverse
be negleqted
i %

I •
Fiq. 7—Resisting moment as I ’ • ^

a tunction of strdín:andquestion
An important time mus
stantially change any derived t

individual case, what are the

fnvnr nf a svstematic studv of the tim
» 3000 PS( extreme fibers according to the
» A

>C ,, &6 dóys'

'v*- ■'i';,’ * .' A

question
'

has a simple answer

4‘
*V
'•V >' '

t • r,t » 1
; ^5
V »
extreme fibers is always thnt
.'V.:>;7-;;!^' moment. The ultímate load is that c
^■v-, -i".
«*
*

attainable valué pf the internal mom

y».. ..

;'•'
- VI*

A, » >.»«

••7 Fig. 7 demonstrates how th

^

‘ • 'I s vrv.. 'j

' . I►v t r l . S • # ' S 1 > V ' » ■ .

- * '■

0.002 _ . .
5v' . i
0,005
SI

0.003. 0004 0.006 aspect in mind. For a definite

Concrete strajn, G in flexure and a ichosen posit • I

Rg. 6-t-Sfres$-strdin rejíaiionships for eccenfric compressionaaffer rectangular cross section an

various durations
plotted as a function of the s
of loading at consfant sfrain rafes
the magnitude of the internal A II

mined at strain rates of 0.003 and 0.005 per hr, the respectively.
coefficient ?C 2 aretheused to
When
stress valúes determined in this manner are plotted the concrete
against compressive
the corre- forcé
¿Iponding strains, the stress distribution for any
the
Several relationships are presentad in Fig. 6, obtained in the above assumed
compression valué
zonéSc of
in the
flexura is obtained. This apolles for all loadintí rUoSriKii+inne
conditions
manner for various loading durations. All curves apply to the case attained sbnwn io Fíp. 6. Th
hr
of* 3000
fe load
p5í increasing at constant strain rate and for an average concrete
magnitude
strain. oí
atstrength
56 doys of 3000 psi at 56 days. These curves show clearly how important
j 'í

rithe
magnitude
efféct of time is on the behavior of the compression zone in flexure.
With decreasing rate of straining, the valué of máximum stress de-
breases gradually. The effect of creep, however, causes a rise of the
descending faranch of the stress-strain curves.
The described proposal for the determination of a basic law of stress w I

distribution pre-supposes that, for each rate of strain in the various

^ . I

fibers of the flexura! compression zone, there appear the same stresses
• * I

as in corresponding fibers of a concentrically loaded prism. This need

not be strictly true in reality, beeause a mutual interaction of the
♦

varioüsly deformed fibers of the compression zone in flexure mav

>•J *%• f . k *}é
>•
daNeutral
hd2
M
m 1
lOV^
0£KDI~f fc:
DF
Entreme'
10
8—Ulfirriate
300(
0002
0003 d
Axis
AMERICAN
fiber CONCRETE
concrete
0004 July
strain, 1960
Ej*.
0005 at ultímate strength Fig.
1 9- Strain i
andístress STRAa
(1distribution
)the extrem
shoWs
ípaonienta ofclearly-defined
the compressionmáximum
zone about in Fíg. 7 of
the ceritroid fortheeach
the degree
tensile Steel,
loading
to which
represent the case where the p duration *41 i *

which máximum corresponda to the ultímate at moment,

ultimate Mu.
strengthThe corre-
depend J these
on
of the tensión stéel, the open circles
sponding
bending strain in the extreme fibeirs is the ultímate straín, E U .
the'üpper edgeof
Examples thecross
of the results of
section.
Fig. 7 further shows that the stress distributíons
between It showsapplyíng to different
extreme fiber strains
loa^ng durations lead to different valúes ofcross two ultímate
sectionsmoment
extreme after 1 and
positions. hrFig.of 8loas
iiltitnate strain. Joining the varíous ultímateof moments
3000 has
section psi atby
a 56 a days.
curveeffect
decisiye The tw
^oym as a heavy line in Fig. 7, the dependencé of of neutral
the the ultímate
triangular axis were
compression nioment
considered.
zone, a
pn duratíón of loading is seen. This curveof usually columns,shows a clear strain
the ultimate
minmum. Henee, assuming that load is increased in such a manner
neutral axis is lócated at the centroid
that; the rates of strain in the varíous fibers remain constant with time,
ihete existsOFaPOSITION
EFFECT definite OF
dufatioíi of loading
THE NEUTRAL AXIS which
AND OFleadsSHAPE to the low^st
^ f

i
r

ultímate moment. OF CROSS SECTION ON ULTIMATE STRAIN

kudThe
d
r and' to a rectangular
t .

4
%
SHAPE OF

‘y
I
> i
j *

i* * * »

k.>0
* k

4 \
•iV' k..d
ku -1.0 ku=0
, j/V .
t. k . '
\ i o»
4k
• ¿

ku =
Neutral
J «
íi Axis LO
A
i
STRES
0.0038 .0048
3000days 0.0022
óu
« i

p»reínforcemenf percentage
» ' < f».

k 4

ku' 'd
l^i

k..»0 uhrmate strength ku = 0

♦
k
í.

k„ =
: . . í 'i .

-k„kuH.O
= I.O ( See al80 Fíg. 9)
k- \. 4 4
w ' .
kud
f i i

i
Cylinder Strength f',‘¡n psi
4 *

0
AMERICAN
12
20004000 July
6000
qualitatively underctood by tho 1960 stress dlstributlonThe shown valúesin Fig. ff. AFor
reproduced in F
GENERA
thc idealized T croas sectioh, most of the strength compression oí 3000zone psi areaand is a ra
Fig. 8 also shows that the position of the neutral
coinpressivG
place
JÍocated in the upper fJange, so that máximum internal moment occurs in axis
1 hr. is
In of
torce.
s^ite marked
ofInthisa rectan
limitati
influence. This efíect is least for T^beams and
for that extreme fiber strain which gives máximum stress in theangreatest
neutral
in the axis
extremefor
stiJ] ahas
fiber triangular
appreclablc
Varíes
flange. from a
compression zone, whJch can be understood as follows. In an idealized
, *

For the triangular cros^ section, however, strengths a major and portion otherof ratesthe of
Tcompression
croas section, the magnitude oí the
zone is located closer to the tensiónlever arm of the
steeL Henee,
pronounced internal
differences forcea
máximummay be exp
isintemal
almost moment
independent of the position of the
occurs for a relatively largeA extreme neutral axis. Thus,
fiber strain at 4

very important point is

Ultímate load, the strain in the extreme
giving máximum stress at some distance belowdesign fibers is always
the apex cióse to
of theadvanced tltat
triangle. here
which yields the máximum internal compressive forcé.theories
Conditions are
This theoretícal deduction was coníirmed by tests. that the stress distribution in the flex
different for a triangular compression: zone. The magnitude of the 4 0

the
ultímate moment is strohgly affected by the length of the lever EFFECT valué of ultímate armstrain, OF
of the intémal forces as weU as by the magnitude of the concrete
internal strength. In reality, howeve
This discussion has
4

tities are affected not only by concre so far d

by a constánt raté oí strain. E
degree by the rate o/ loading,
0.010 máximum load exists only for a very
shape of the cross section.
method is cióse to
This qualitatively explains t conditions
specimens. The loading
ultímate strain arrived at on of actu
more unfavorable
by various authors, as shown manner. In s
tively quickly and is
all these reported valúes, thouthen held constá
The side-by-side.
oceur difference between They were these
illustrated
conditions, in andFig. 11. The curv
the fundamental erro
4

to loadings at constánt strain

failure after 1 hr, 1 day, and 3
*4

correspond to loads applied in

It is seen.that, for íaiiure after
:
O

loads lead to somewhat lower

O

^.004 strain rates. The investigatidns

E
of these phenomena. .
3 For some years the Munich
.002 of the effect of; sustained loa
concrete.®’'^'® Difficulties in keepi
•7Cenferin
V
• : »•
• J the
0«• •t p- ',^' >A « » •
'■ ; ».
*y,-
• t

í ■

• L
^

.. :

o
•,>A • ♦ T< *04 9^m

1000
l.ood
Fast
}C
15 min.
yJAL
Qpplícation
appiietl
OF THE
o» constont
AMERICAN
ortd susloine^i
stroin
CONCRETE
rote
load
July 1960
INSTITUTE underAsustained
CENERAL
doys
70 dayS yF

%
10 min.
♦ VV 0♦ ♦

breaking, Fig, 13—Sfrains lo

«

callad
determined
loading. The
In sustained
th load strength. In addition, one observed increases i.e,,in

*
..
deformation, creep under
lOO

•
4

4
•

> t
^

*
g L09 7ü0of min,
high degrees of loading. (concentric
Fig. 13'l
.iT-
k 1
/

fim©
specimen
Device ddy wiU <
I ^>1 ^ I a I I

♦ «

14 show selected results of these

• *
-

J .
. v->.' ^ .

vestigations for concentric load

.

I
.o--* - • ^
•' .

and concrete of a .5000 psi aver

• '\l..
•"

• - •
min strength

' . t

strength. The eccentricity of l

V,.' '

^
•'
!■ I

was varied in othór tests series.

,

-í.-
»
A W
V
?

Rubber %
♦
: > 5- '
. ♦

• l
,

/
20tylíndér

Fig. 13 shows the influence

t >

Foiluré ofter 3 months

V %
Capsule 4
• A'

* ♦

>
.

the degree of loading on the de

.
- •‘•-i*'.'* ' -■

H y
.

o / mation and time elapsed up to f

-

oHer to r -':

T ure, All specimens were concen

y*.

V
cbncr^fe stress

jTesting arrangement for sus- cally loaded 5.6 days after casting.
V • V U

tained load tests The failurc in a conventional short- ^ 4

time test oceurs in about 20 min at

'**..'4'

an ultímate strain of about 0.0025,

10
100 1000 lOpOO
Log of tfme, hrs. For specimens subjected to a sus-
tained load with degree of loading I , , I

FIg. 1——Influence of type of loading on ulfimafe sfrengfh (schematic behavior

II I I É less than one,
t
two families of
of concentrícally loaded concrefe prisms) curves with different characteris-
♦A S » i

period
t tics are
008
obtained. As long as the Rg»
;

------------------ -------------- TT

Overeóme by the development of a hydraulic degree

loading of loading
arrangement is higher than
such
- • t

capsule which is connected to a constant pressure

that
as is shown diagrammatically in. Fig. 12. The pistón rests on a rubbercorresponding
load source.
strength, Pistón
to the sustained
the leakage
deformations
f*
, I
I
\

is eliminated, and the load can be kept constant

: ,‘u,
failure.
.00 For loadingwithout
practically below the
7
áttendance. Eccentricity of loading can be varied curves
.005
become
by the stabilized
hand and
crank appro
I

arrangement shown, thus displacing the specimen.00 laterally with respect

to the forcé axis. Deformation was measured by mechanical 6
.004 strain gages.
Concrete
strain, G

A climate-controlled testing laboratory was used, in which a number

of test
magnitude specimens
of load were
was subjocted
varied for to load
individual
.003
simultaneously.
specim k- In these tests
r;«5000 fe at ‘')S «Joya
leseveral
4 ^
*
ns« identical
ultiinate load inspecimens
p were
a short-time
Its ratiosubjected
test was to concentric
designated sustained
,002
001
load. r •^ ^ ^ ’
:of «•ction,
r.'

m
T7
j ' ^
Pig.
OP'THE
-4..i
í- xt/00.04
,0
.?
\
-Effoct 006
C
of occaafricity
AME^feAN CONCRETEJu|y 19)61^
INSTITUTE 1.4 T A CENFRAi- F

o
oo
co .
V' A'
eCcentficiíy ♦<>
RoMo
— of
depth '
on strength
. V s ♦

>
¥
4
A

é
1 *\
4/V

» • -- i

u>
. •' '1
Age oí loed . i
•

. .'íi«.v «V « f ' :s .'

^
7^-
4

• « •
•

.. .. r-^ ,;.v.-:^ •:.-•;v * . .

< . '
V•
V *
oppi¡catíon 20 doys
•

'
<r

,
G
ff
C

4
4
.4
4
^

, - ' t . í ..c.,' :'

.* V •
= o 56 II

O
.

4 .
'• ‘ »/' * i A * ' ’ * ' •* • : ^

^
•
4
. *á.-
^ 1. • f

*
r S ^ , 0
^

iV ' I s í , , ■
•
.

s^

s^
^ ^ ♦i ♦ 4

\ «Ti
•
O

O
'* • 4

»
<

4 i ♦
» t

• 4
'V*

C
n

L
e
« * 4er'.

♦ • ♦
*

\
¿^160 "

•
v.^'óV'‘r''.v.::";;
-,<w
'« I

j w ¿ V ’ •

448 '•
\.1 ^ uV

d
cu
>* * \\ %
•',Vl
j4. Í.* . r
-

•
'•
4

f .'
« I
.'-'' V. • •- 0
.
•/
^

•J

*
' ■ *•! ■' ■ I fi m i ^ ,,ii I

000¿ ‘ 0.00 0,008

dQyS'28 dayS'3mos íyr. ■
04

0,010
6 10 min. I hr. 6

o
I l.

Concrete stroin, 6 Time, log t f

14—Iníluence
1 i

Fig. 15*—Et
same -wr 4. *

load vemis strain with time aíter loading at application an age of of 56 sustained
days as aload.
jíafameter. It can be expected-that the limitingcreases Une on withthe left
time of the
after casting
tb condítions
diagram after 100cióse
will become min toanda after 7 days,
straight Une hasrespectively.
for extremely Theshort Umiting
dura-
Unes of the diagram described above, endose a
all pronoimced
possible effect on
relationships the absolu
tibns of loading, untU finally it will coincide with fhe elastic straight
between stress and strain.
line relationshíp denoted Ec in the figure. strength. On the lower right the
tional hardening becomes predo
• / 4

díagram Ls limited by the creep

The Munich tesis have shown that sustainednant deforrnations Concrete
load loaded
corresponding shortly
to
strength Inofcontrasl
a con- an after
theroai'ler. to this,
infinite duration
centrically of loadine.
loaded At the
concrete specimen amountsiseffeets.
ton. the dia^ram to at The
UmileH bv strength
fhf»
least 75 porcent, reduction c to

shows for a very oíd concrete which

and on the averagc to about 80 percent of by the the strength
strength increasein with t
determined
The reached practically íts full stren
a short-time test The short-time strength sustained is then loadingdefined is particularly
as the prono
before it is loaded, failure un
strength oí an identically cast and identicallyX' --- oíd- specimen, which
sustained load may oceur after v
remains without load and is tested in a standard only short-time
during the test
first oídays a
10 long periods of loading. This ef
about 10 min duration at the time when the load twin specimen
application. The underof addi-
effect
of age at loading can be appr
sustained load has collapsed. This short-time strength depends on age
mately expressed by the following
I

artd storage condítions and is üsually greater than the strength at the • , V

'time
i'-*;’ '•
of loading which is used as a basls in Fig. 13 and 14.relation, set up dn the basis oí
a>
1oefficie

test findings
The ratio of sustained-load strength to short-time strength is, according
■ . É '< ■ shown in Fig. 15 and
;
' t' ^C)^
»A
í
'

16. The strength of a concrete

ir-,'*.

44

lo our evidonce, ihdependent of concrete strength. In accordance willi

•

>.“í
o
W. >, •4 f

* * •
. T.

V.

failing under sustained load at the

<- L *
u
■

\ f4.
♦«•' Sí•»•K éJ ^ • 1 >
O

d
j
ccv

Jl
U
a
S* . I «

IOF

<

U
o
1 THE AMERICAN CONCRETE ÍNSTITUTE

<
July 1960 I min. lOmin. Ihr. 6h

TI
r Time from lo

; I
f. Fig. 18—Influence of time on strength u
I T k . J • • I J.’ . 1 . ^ .4 < ♦ . ’
X
^ ^ i !i - ’ ’ / ♦ 4

^ y:^ 'í-' • •;
% A
. Sí '
♦'
♦ Mí ,
4 « S
*

0.4
* \4.4 «
4
. k * ^

Age ot load apptícotion

'. • • . - ................... . . . . \ ¿y 4 «i »

’.w ■•. ■ ‘
■ ...,v;.,,. . . ’;; ..i* - -/í

i,*’ * -fX*
iB«tO days'*-'^í'• ' year
a*l
02* '•
% •
"* i ' - i' : ; - ■ • - . > • ' . ■ " ' • ' > ■ . ;.V' - ' M ' • • ’ í - v k I

V.; ^ i -.days afteir loading at an. age of a days is:

« * é
• ..>*•: , f '5

1tiine
.4

•; 3- ií'’'
:■' ••• • •. •• •c ■' ' -i ■
4 h
14 N -

•i
S

I 4
‘ > •
.:
é»* V.
i

” /*«•
r¿ >

. U
Ó
^ f^csH Cfa 4 t ) ................ C t Cj^ í

to 09
•l . ♦ •

D- <
too
(Odoys
doys
>* . ít

28 cJoyi 4 4
^ •
! yr. A*
1000
V

ii3 which
Tíme J'e28 represents
from cosling the(att)
to failure, log cojicreíe
* * ♦ *
strength at the age of 28usefulness.
of practical day$;
,

a denotes
Kg, 17—Effect the age of concrete at the beginning of these
Under sustained load appli-
circumstánces it is suitab
cátion; t is duration of load after the full sider load (applied in a period of
, ^

a State of deformation whic

20 rain) has been reached; is the short-time concrete strength
in various ways, for example, c)n at
áh age of <a + t) days; and X is the relative at theeccentricity
onset of of
its the load
rapid increase
(2) of continued hardening and of
í.rae/t. In this - manner, the effects
4 4 The writer feels that a suitable •

eccentricity of load are expressed by the coefficients and cx, duration

exists at one-half oí the loading
which can bé obtalned directly from experimental data. The valúes
of the coeffident Cí, expressing the influence1.4 of the sustained load,
were derived by means pf Eq. (2) from sustained load test data. The
cui’ve to the right in Fig. 15 shows the effect, c.a+t)» of continued curing
on short-time strength for a concrete with a 28-day strength of 4300
psi. The fíat curve beginning to the left expresses the effect of sustained
o

loading, Cí, and was detérmined for sustained loadings applied from 20
to 448 days after casting, Fig. 16 shows the effect, cx, of eccentricity
1
H

'v*' ..< I'."

Age at load app
on: the average compresslve stress at failure. The tests Indicafed
C(a*t)C

00
P

-. ,; l r , ,

thut ^*4 ♦ k ^ 4
»

C)

Cv^is independent of the duration of loading. Henee, valúes determined

P

with particular care in short-timé tests were used to develop the

rélationship shown in Fig. 16. ' ’
o
i

•> :
•and
:\ V

í* AV o —Average
2019—S+raín
4

21
tm
*C
|0 0.002
05 S6* ®000 Fíg,
Fíg. psi
ÍRNAL OF
*00 InTH£stress
extremeat
AMERICAN the
Fig.
ship —
corresponding
21
CONCRETE
between time
load A GENERAL
INSTITUTE
average
Stress-strain rela- valué
éccentricity FLE
-0.2L-
P o
O 002 CX)0
5
ultímate
fibers undereccentric sustained
sustained load -0002
tionship from eccentric load
1 t

OfO 004 0.06

J u l9fy Mellon.
lWu K 008 a duration of loading of 70 days c
4 MCvmifftty If ffffti
load X
Rofio o f ecceníricity.to depih óf sección,
causing failure after 70 days u
tests at one-half failure tíme
I

Concrft« straln. It was attempted to derive a

applied 56 days after casting.
€ correlate
are shown inthese test
Fig. 20 for re.sults. To ot
load duration
another possíbilíty defprmations'to be used in design could be
the tW9 edge deformations was
obtained by a test, in which the degree of loading isThe
below the sustained
area and center of gravity
, say 90 per cent. measured valúes. As a first attem
~ t L to discus!# the advantagesboundaries
and disadvantages
were of parabolic. The b
such possibililies here, This would be worlhwhile only
ratherif suíficient
well into a cOnlinitous stre
experimental data. were available, so that the relativo merits
better of thecan be lound as m
curves
yarious methods could be evalüated. Ih the following,
remaining thereíore,
deviations will beonly
tolerable a
the basic concepts of thp new appi'oach willto be presentad.scatter
unavoidable The ofprincipal
test results.
reason for selecting the deformation at one-half Fig. the22 time to failure
presents is
the derived st
that. suffícient experimental data were available from sustained
one-half the load
load duration in tests
between after 70 days’ duration of sustained loa
19'and
“T 1.0
prisms
t Compression
* 9 ♦
* 4

\ V

the
V
presejit
n Tensión
formulation of flexural theory. Fig. 19 shows the relation-
^156+551 *5200 pSÍ,.;, _, -

•!

>«0
•X* 0.017
X * 0.035 ^
X = 0050 -
 N
«

CU O 4)

0
es

A
V
'

Ql Q;
.i

|3 July 1960^ A GENERAL FLE

3 íi40

A
explain
constant

e
ÍA
2 S-o

a ^ cr
failure<a)
beíng 10 min
theto values
1 year.í^
muIn addit

IÍ
Because ~ M

I
39
TI
i

o -n*
o
#
'
lected as abscissae,!f this diagram

^
well as to the case of combined f
m« valúes correspond to puré bending, an
flexure and compression.
(b) The lowest éoefficient ín th
internal torces is j« i: CONCLUDINC
0.50. The res
then is at the center of the cross section, t
% % *

This paper presents only

centrically loaded column.
an outline o
author is well aware that
(c) The coefficients ÍCu and whic
this w
conclusión,
axis and the andlever
thatarmtlieof piopose
the int
a tion
completed
oí loading.solution. Thus, for k.,e
The Coefflcient
asloading,
to theaince the strength
selection of thereduction
loadi
lowering of the nctitral axis.
forming the basis for sustained load de This
of the internal force.s, oxpressed by a redu
The Naturally it is unthinkable that t

(d) The strain in tensile reínfor

This curve establishes another basic law ofeffect stress
of distribution
duration of Avhich loading in de
by duration of loading.
permits Study of strength in the compression bezone much of too
structural members
laboríous, but ít mu
as a function o í shape of cross section and itposition cannot ofbethe neutral ataxis.
foreseen all what
This can be carried out in the same manner beascalled described
upon toincarry the during
presentits lifetim
paper for stress-strain curves derived for constant rates oí deformation.
Under these circumstances one is for
The curve of Fig, 22 applies pnly to an age at loading of 56 days and
a duration to failure under sustained load of 70 days. In the same d
manner one can, of course, by further experiments above permit findus tocurves
reatizewhich
clearly that t
would apply to other ages, loadings, and load durations. oceur under long-time action of a cons
í The safety of reinforced concr
the neutrar axisPRESENTATION
(/c„=r::c/d), the lever
OF THEarmRESULTS
of the internal forces
their DIACRAM
IN A strength at 28 days. Accord
— «íid also the strnin in tensilo rcinforcement.
paper, failure under sustained lo
The author suggested in 1950» plotted the valúes required in ultímate
■ Fig. 23 diows the valúes of these coefficients at first
ultímate strength canlong
4

during the
Strength dcsign of rectangular cross sections as a function of the redueed few days, as
for a case of rectangular cross section andFurthermore,
___ ______________ ^ average concretethe casestrength
of young c
4

moment
pf 5000 psi
reínforcementat 400 days for constant straiii
Two coefficients are plottedrate, and at
is 56 days
possible for
in sustained
most structurés due to so-
Joad. The diagram also tákes into accoimt effects of time. Several cases of
ordinates
loading at constant rate of strain were onnsíHorinrí *Mn is Internal moment of concrete for
mate strength: Mo is moment of externai
^S
M24.'•!
QJ OURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CONCRETE
Fig# 23'^Vd1u9s of k, /, dnd £| dtIultiniate
Mo-*-
^ L _____
ÍNSTITUTE Fig. 24—Probable ulfimafe )uiy
A GENERAL
strengfh
sirength of rectdnguldr cross socHons FLFXU
design ch
\ , J7
I *

0.50
* u

PPoat
QQS i
4 I

mem
Therefore,
“bTir
bd^ic the requirement to design all
Fig.structural
24, units
although for
only a
íor low
an avera
age at loading, such as 28 days, is not unreasonable.
OOK? 28 days. The final design chart s
{.0
In this manner, it appears possible to each replaceof theseveral concrete
families of curves qualities.
fO min cióse togetheronly
that they
0,009 h
in Fig. 23 by a new design diagram, which presenta one can be replaced
curve for b
fiách of the three quantities needed in design, fc„, ju , and e,„. Tests
Such
QOlO a diagram appears09 to offer
which could be used in estabhshing these incurves a simple form all
are lacking the results
at present.
08
However, by interpolating tests for other here. ages atNaturally,
loading, itthere are many
is possible
quantities
td estímate the probable shape of these curves. This needed
is presentad in in everyday
07 desi

8O
00
simplified empirical formulas. ««

The adyantage of a design ae i chart

O
in its general scopc of application. It emb
0.5 í
0.006 o
Vaiues of ku.and i

00041- I tOmin, o>

0.4 ^
s o
0003
w 0.004
s Steel strain, £su 03’
o4Q002^
0.2
/
>
00011-
0.1 0.002
0
7 ; O
■ • . . ! ' ■ ■ ■

• . I 'ns!' ...............,

0
. 'i -t'

-r0002 ^ . -t *rote
Consfant straín
*• • \* ! ;
‘ 70 doy suMolned
- toad ^

.
-0003 ir •í**»*‘ ' *'
0.002
I ^
f- . r
i.
rOOOS
'5000 p$í,at. 400 days.for constont rote, ! ♦ ^ ♦ V '

• -0.004
' j .
A .-I-, . .•

• • :’
,•■.*'/ - ■ '

k'» í -

ond
-0006 ot '56
* days for susfained toad. I
^ p * * 0.004
^1 .
04 í A .,

,'OMgNAk
Example
Puré OF
No.
stíessbending;THB
1 AMERICAN
M» = 2620
conditions CONCRETE
puréJuly
in.-kips
fróin INSTITUTE
i;96U
bending to Fig.
, A-l—Design
Material:
concentric
Moment cross sec-
compression.
about tensile AItCliNnRAU-
can FLEX
k„ = 0.80; c
Reinforced
be used
Design concrete; f/ — 4300 REFERENCES
psi; coid workedtion and
de- stress-strain
reinforcement:
load: fot all concrete strengths and Steel qualities and applies
• •
curves
' to
A-1)"A Study of Combined Bendingfor and reinforcing steol
« 4

forrned
r, bars (see Fig.E.,
Hognestad, Axial
Material:
teinforced concrete as well as prestressed concrete. EstimatedThe ofLoad applies,
diagram
position in Rein-

i*
íorted Concrete,Menibers.'* BuUcffn No. Univer.sity
neutral
however, only to rectangular cro.ss sections, although similar diagramaof Illinois
axis: Engineoriug
Experiiuent Statíon, 1951, 128 pp. ,
4.1
u

fcan be plotted for other cross soctional sbnpes, The general applicubility
2. Hognestad, E.; Hanson. N, W.; and McHenry. D.. “Concrete Stress Distri-
*

U
ofbution
such aiiidiagram is illustrated in the appendix.
Ullimate Slrength Dcsigu," ACÍ JOUKNAL, V. 27, Ño. 4, Dec. 1955
(Proceedíngs V. 52), pp. 455-479.
3. Moenaert, P., “Élude Expérimentale de la Rupture d’nne Piéce Longue en
0004
'■.
Bétpn
Sisal s Armé Sollicitée par Flexión Plañe Composéé non Déviée,” (Experimental
^ Study
4 4i of Failure. in ReinfoVeed Qoncrete Members Subject to Combined Axial
• •

2620
'Load and Flexnre), Imprímerie G.I.C., Brussels, 1953, 162 pp.
0.211 M. =
12,420 Kolaiive nioment:
4. Rüsch, H., “Versuche zur Festigkeil dor Biegetiruckzone/’ (Tests on thebd* /
T T X u ^ '
Sirength of the Flexural Compression Zone). Daí/cíin No. 120,
Internal moment arm: Dentscher j„d :-rz 0.832
Ana-
schu
59.8 fiir Stahlbetonban
(Steel yielding) (Berlín), 1955, 94 pp,
»u 5. ksi Steel stress:
Rasch, C-, “Stress-Strain Diagi’ams of Concrete Obtained by Cpnstant Rates for p AH
0.0
=of Strain,”
2.77 sq in. jRILEM Symposium on the Inñuence of TimeA,onrequired:
é * * ♦
the Strength and _
i
Deformation of Concrete, Munich,•'1958. ü d AU 15
^

6. Rüseh, H., “Der Einfluss der Zeit auf Festigkeit und Verformung,” f (The U
4

Influence of Time on Strength and'Deformation), Final Example No. 2a

Roport, Fourth Congress,
International Aíisocmtion for Bridge and Structural Engineering, Cambridge Bending and a
Design load:
and London, 1952.
^ I
M. r_ 2620 in.
7. Rüsch, H.. “Versuche zur HesUmmung dos Einflusses der Zeit auf Same Fostig-as in Exa
Material:
keit und Verformung,” (Experimental Determination of the Effect of the Dui’a-
t/2)
tion oí2620 4 156 (líon
Loading - 10)Strength and Deformation),Moment
-

Final about Mu M. +
tensileFifth Congress,
Report, -

International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering, Portugal, 1957.

reinforcement:
8. Rüsch, H.; Sel!, R.; Rasch, C,; and Stdckl, S., “investigations on the Strength “4024 4024
of Concrete under Sustained Load,“ BXLEM Symposium on tho Influence uf j n
Relative moment: Tizne
M - 12,42
bn the Strength and Deformation of Concrete, Munich, 1958. ju d ^ 0
Internal moment arm:
/ 9. Rüsch, H-, “Bruchlast und Bruchsicherhoitsnaohweis .bei Biegungsbean-0.690 X
46.5
9% ksV
spruchung von Stahlbelon unter besonderer Berücksichtigung Steel stress: for
der Vorspannung,” E-« — 0.00
Bending an
i \

(Strength
.3.25
156 in. and Safety in Bending óf Reinforced Concrete with Consideration
1 sq/4024 4 9
4
1
Af. fM
of
= u ' in.
3500
Prestressing),
46.5 \ 13.1
The Betón ündbelow
four examples StahJbeton
appiy (Berlín),
to a rectangular Ai9,required:
V. 45, No. 1950, pp.
cross 215-220.
section LiiV
with dimensions
as shown in Fig- A-l. The quantities k.i, j«, £.« needed in design are taken Same ju d
froni as Exat
A.' 0.80 s
4

tho
DESICNdesign EXAMPLES
APPENDIX
♦ ^
diagram in Fig.,24. II should be emphasized nguin
i ,
that the intcrnal
Example No. 2b
and external forres given in tlie examples of Design this load;
appendix correspond= 3500 to + 150