Carbon Calculator v3 2

Aim of the calculator
The carbon calculator measures the greenhouse gas impacts of construction activities in terms of carbon dioxide
equivalency (CO2e). It does this by calculating the embodied CO2e of materials plus the CO2e associated with
their transportation. It also considers personnel travel, site energy use and waste management.
The tool can be used to assess and compare the sustainability performance of different design and management
choices at the options appraisal stage. It helps highlight where you can make big carbon savings on specific
construction projects. It can also be used to help calculate your organisation’s overall carbon footprint from
construction and identify ways of reducing it.
The Environment Agency developed the carbon calculator because it has a broad interest in the environmental
impacts associated with construction, being itself a significant construction client (its construction spend (£200
million for 2007-08) accounts for approximately 3% of the construction civil engineering sector).
The tool was developed with the Environment Agency’s construction activities in mind; predominantly fluvial and © Environment Agency
coastal construction projects. However, other construction clients, contractors and consultants may find it useful copyright and/or database right 2007
when assessing their own activities. All rights reserved
Carbon reduction tips User Guide

• Focus on the materials with the highest contribution to the carbon footprint as identified in the 'Report' sheet
and seek to: 1. The main sheets required are those with a blue tab. Data can be entered in light blue cells.
i. Eliminate the need for the material (without substituting it for a material of a similarly high impact) a. The 'Project information' sheet records basic information about the project. This sheet contains a box where
ii. Replace the material with a less carbon intensive alternative the user can record measures taken to reduce the overall footprint of the project.
iii. Reduce the need for larger quantities of the material by using it as efficiently as possible
In general, larger projects warrant a more detailed assessment. b. The 'Construction Input' sheet estimates the carbon footprint from construction materials and activities on site:
- For each construction material used, enter the tonnage, transport distance and mode of transport;
• Prioritise efforts on reducing the areas of high impact. For example, on many projects personnel travel will have - For some materials it is optional to enter further details (e.g. the type of cement used in a concrete mix). A
a much lower impact than the use of concrete. Personnel travel calculations should therefore receive default value will be used if nothing is specified.
comparatively minor attention.
- For personnel travel, a calculation method is provided based on the project size.
c. The 'Report' sheet presents the results in a standard form. Press the 'Click here to complete calculation' button
to see the completed results and their ranking. Reduction tips are also included for carbon-intensive materials.
Always remember to press the 'Click here to complete calculation' button in the Report sheet when making any
changes
• The carbon footprint of concrete is comparatively high and can often be reduced by replacing some of the cement or primary in the construction
aggregates input sheet.
in the concrete mix with recycled or secondary materials. Such materials include recycled concrete from construction & demolition waste, pulverised fuel ash (PFA) or blast furnace slags. Note that the minimum cement content in a mix is not necessarily
2. The 'Optioneering' sheet allows for comparison of the base option (termed the 'optioneering baseline') against two
alternative scenarios by varying the material components which comprise >5% of the total emissions.
3. The 'Data' sheet shows the background figures that the calculations are based on and allows users to override those
figures if they have more accurate data. This can be done using the blue cells in the columns marked 'own data' in the Data
• It may be possible to connect to the grid rather than using fuel oil in order to reduce the carbon impact of site sheet.
accommodation and some equipment.
More accurate data, for example in accordance with standards prescribed by the European Committee for Standardisation
(CEN), can come from suppliers / manufacturers. When entering own data make sure that the input data and the
corresponding carbon factor are expressed in the same unit.
4. Emissions from all staff travel related to the project can be calculated through one of three ways. A quick calculation
based on the size of the project is contained towards the bottom of the Construction Input sheet. This is likely to be
• In relation to aggregates - recycled concrete can be used as a replacement for crushed stone in some concrete applications. The quality of concrete with recycled concrete aggregate depends on the quality of the recycled material used (see http://www.cement.org/tech/cct_aggregates_recycled.asp for more details). However note that replacing natural aggregates with crushed recycled c
adequate for most projects. More detailed approaches can be found in the 'Personnel Travel Input-OPTIONAL' sheet.
Guidance is provided within the sheet; it is however noted that staff-related travel typically constitutes a low percentage of
the total carbon footprint of a project.
5. The remaining sheets provide further information as well as space for relevant background calculations - but they are not
actively involved in the report. Refer to the 'Further guidance' sheet for more details and a list of assumptions.
• Emissions attributed to the transport of materials may be reduced by using locally sourced materials and local
suppliers. In relation to aggregates specifically, sourcing locally is key to their economic viability as well as their
embodied carbon: recycled aggregate will have a lower footprint only when used close to the point of production.
The following website contains a searchable directory of recycled aggregate suppliers to enable local suppliers to
be identified: http://aggregain.wrap.org.uk/supplier_directory/index.html
• Consider the potential for efficient use of new materials and the minimisation of waste to be sent to landfill by:
- Reducing complexity within the design; Further Information Sources
- Procuring materials supplied pre-cut to size;
- Procuring building elements manufactured off-site;
- Careful specification of materials to avoid wastage;
- Avoiding changes to the design, by setting clear objectives at the outset;
- Reusing existing building elements and materials;
- Avoiding damage to materials during transport, storage and fit-out; and
- Effective communication between the design team and contractors to support efficient procurement.
• Consider the potential for efficient use of new materials and the minimisation of waste to be sent to landfill by:
- Reducing complexity within the design;
- Procuring materials supplied pre-cut to size;
- Procuring building elements manufactured off-site;
- Careful specification of materials to avoid wastage;
- Avoiding changes to the design, by setting clear objectives at the outset;
- Reusing existing building elements and materials;
- Avoiding damage to materials during transport, storage and fit-out; and WRAP (Waste & Resources Action Programme) – Works with local authorities, business and households to prevent waste,
- Effective communication between the design team and contractors to support efficient procurement. increase recycling and develop markets for recycled and sustainable products - www.wrap.org.uk
`
AggRegain – Sustainable aggregates information service provided by WRAP. The link provides a very useful tool to find out
• Use materials with high recycled content where possible. Refer to WRAP's recycled content in construction database
where
which
recycled
details
andproduct,
secondary
supplier
aggregates
and recycled
can becontent:
used in http://rcproducts.wrap.org.uk/
a variety of construction applications, as well as a relevant
supplier directory - www.aggregain.org.uk/opportunities/applications/index.html
• Consider using timber as a substitute for more carbon-intensive materials where appropriate. Timber is to be
sourced from sustainable sources only.
In discussion with WRAP it was concluded that albeit using secondary rather than primary materials is generally better practice, there are certain conditions which apply, mainly related to the haulage of the material to its point of use. More information and links to relevant tools
• There is no net benefit to ordering 100% recycled steel; the amount of steel recycled globally is finite so no
overall benefit is obtained. Consider using reclaimed steel where possible.
• The disposal of wood to landfill should be avoided as it is a material of high recycling / reuse potential.
CIRIA (Construction Industry Research and Information Association) Compliance Plus – Guidance on environmental good practice in construction – www.ciria.org/complianceplus
There is currently a move towards restricting the landfilling of wood: according to the 2011 Government Review of
Waste policy, a restriction on landfilling is due to be consulted upon in 2012.
• The disposal of plasterboard to landfill is a waste of a valuable gypsum source and can cause environmental problems.
Envirowise
For more
– Offers
information
UK businesses
about alternative
free, independent,
disposal methods
confidential
of plasterboard
advice and support
see http://www.wrap.org.uk/recycling_industry/information_by_material/plasterboard/
on practical ways to increase profits, minimise waste and reduce environmental impact - www.envirowise.gov.uk
Overview of the tool

Construction input sheet Data sheet Report sheet
Materials quantity
(tonnes)
Data (embodied carbon per

tonne of each material)
Waste disposal
Embodied carbon
equivalents
Plant and
equipment
Data (user-defined
figures (if known) for
embodied energy and Total carbon
transport carbon) footprint of project
Site accommodation
Transport
Transport of carbon
materials equivalents
to site (km);
mode of transport
Data (carbon equivalents
per tonne.km for each
mode of transport)
Personnel travel
Key: User iput

Calculator
Basic Project Information
Project title:
Client:
Designer:
Contractor:
Project ID / reference number:
Description of activity:
(new build, refurbishment, maintenance, demolition)
Current scheme status:

(feasibility, outline design, detailed design, construction)
Estimated construction cost (£k): © Environment Agency

copyright and/or database right 2007
Date of assessment: All rights reserved
Name of assessor:
Version:
Summary of actions / measures identified for the reduction of the total carbon footprint
-
-
Title of project: 0
Project stage: 0
Construction Cost: 0
Total Carbon Footprint: 0 tonnes fossil CO2e
Miles Kilometres
Conversion (miles to km)
0.0
Material quantities should be entered in tonnes (except where noted)

The conversion column will help users to calculate tonnage, but it is up to users to make the calculation and enter the tonnage themselves.
Distance between source of

supply and site (km)
Embodied © Environment Agency
Mode of transport
tCO2e per
Quantity (tonnes)
Unit Conversion copyright and/or database right 2007
Category Construction material
or Density tonne of
material All rights reserved
Footprint (tonnes fossil CO2e)

Embodied Transport Sum
Quarried aggregate 2.0 tonnes/m3 0.005 0.000 0.000 0.000

Recycled aggregate 2.0 tonnes/m3 0.005 0.000 0.000 0.000
Marine aggregate 2.0 tonnes/m3 0.008 0.000 0.000 0.000
Asphalt, 4% (bitumen) binder
1.7 tonnes/m3 0.066 0.000 0.000 0.000
content (by mass)
1.7 tonnes/m3 0.071 0.000 0.000 0.000
content
1.7 tonnes/m3 0.076 0.000 0.000 0.000
content
1.7 tonnes/m3 0.081 0.000 0.000 0.000
content
1.7 tonnes/m3 0.086 0.000 0.000 0.000
content
Bitumen 2.4 tonnes/m3 0.490 0.000 0.000 0.000
Bricks 1.9 tonnes/m3 0.240 0.000 0.000 0.000
Clay: general (simple baked
1.9 tonnes/m3 0.240 0.000 0.000 0.000
Quarried products)
Material Clay tile 2.4 tonnes/m3 0.480 0.000 0.000 0.000
Vitrified clay pipe DN 100 & DN
2.4 tonnes/m3 0.460 0.000 0.000 0.000
150
Vitrified clay pipe DN 200 & DN
2.4 tonnes/m3 0.500 0.000 0.000 0.000
300
Vitrified clay pipe DN 500 2.4 tonnes/m3 0.550 0.000 0.000 0.000
Ceramics: general 1.9 tonnes/m3 0.700 0.000 0.000 0.000
Ceramics: Tiles and Cladding
2.2 tonnes/m3 0.780 0.000 0.000 0.000
Panels
Sand 1.2 tonnes/m3 0.005 0.000 0.000 0.000
Soil - general / rammed soil 1.7 tonnes/m3 0.024 0.000 0.000 0.000
Stone: general 2.0 tonnes/m3 0.079 0.000 0.000 0.000
Granite 2.9 tonnes/m3 0.700 0.000 0.000 0.000
Limestone 2.2 tonnes/m3 0.090 0.000 0.000 0.000
Sandstone 2.2 tonnes/m3 0.060 0.000 0.000 0.000
Shale 2.7 tonnes/m3 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000
Slate 2.7 tonnes/m3 0.035 0.000 0.000 0.000
Sub-total 0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Timber: general 0.5 tonnes/m3 0.310 0.000 0.000 0.000

Glue laminated timber 0.5 tonnes/m3 0.420 0.000 0.000 0.000
Hardboard 26.0 kg/m2*20mm 0.580 0.000 0.000 0.000
MDF 14 kg/m2*20mm 0.390 0.000 0.000 0.000
Oriented Strand Board (OSB) 1 tonnes/m3 0.450 0.000 0.000 0.000
Timber
Particle Board 6 kg/m2*20mm 0.540 0.000 0.000 0.000
Plywood 11 kg/m2*20mm 0.450 0.000 0.000 0.000
Reclaimed timber 1 tonnes/m3 0.031 0.000 0.000 0.000
Sawn Hardwood 0.6 tonnes/m3 0.240 0.000 0.000 0.000
Sawn Softwood 0.5 tonnes/m3 0.200 0.000 0.000 0.000
Sub-total 0 0.0 0.0 0.0
tCO2e/t or Tonnage
Conversion Distance Mode
unit or unit
Copper: EU Tube & Sheet 8.9 tonnes/m3 2.71 0.000 0.000 0.000
Copper: Reused copper 8.9 tonnes/m3 0.27 0.000 0.000 0.000
Iron 7.87 tonnes/m3 2.03 0.000 0.000 0.000
Lead 11.34 tonnes/m3 1.67 0.000 0.000 0.000
Steel: General - UK (EU) Average
7.8 tonnes/m3 1.46 0.000 0.000 0.000
Recycled Content
Steel: Bar & rod - UK (EU) Average
7.8 tonnes/m3 1.40 0.000 0.000 0.000
Recycled Content
Steel: Coil (Sheet), Galvanised -
UK (EU) Average Recycled 7.8 tonnes/m3 1.54 0.000 0.000 0.000
Content
Steel: Engineering steel - Recycled 7.8 tonnes/m3 0.72 0.000 0.000 0.000
Steel: Pipe- UK (EU) Average

7.8 tonnes/m3 1.45 0.000 0.000 0.000
Recycled Content
Steel: Plate- UK (EU) Average
7.8 tonnes/m3 1.66 0.000 0.000 0.000
Recycled Content
Steel: Sections - UK (EU) Average
7.8 tonnes/m3 1.53 0.000 0.000 0.000
Recycled Content
Metals Steel: Wire - Virgin 7.8 tonnes/m3 3.02 0.000 0.000 0.000
Steel: Stainless 8 tonnes/m3 6.15 0.000 0.000 0.000
Steel: Reused steel 7.8 tonnes/m3 0.15 0.000 0.000 0.000
Aluminium: General 2.7 tonnes/m3 9.16 0.000 0.000 0.000
Aluminium: Extruded 2.7 tonnes/m3 9.08 0.000 0.000 0.000
Aluminium: Rolled 2.7 tonnes/m3 9.18 0.000 0.000 0.000
Handrail: galvanised with fittings 0.0115 tonnes/m 0.02 0.000 0.000 0.000
Handrail: stainless steel with
0.0115 tonnes/m 0.09 0.000 0.000 0.000
fittings
Handrail: stainless steel welded 0.0105 tonnes/m 0.08 0.000 0.000 0.000
Sheet piling: light use 0.1 tonnes/m2 0.12 0.000 0.000 0.000
Sheet piling: medium use 0.13 tonnes/m2 0.15 0.000 0.000 0.000
Sheet piling: heavy use 0.19 tonnes/m2 0.20 0.000 0.000 0.000
Flap valves: DN 100 & DN 150 0.008 tonnes/1 0.01 0.000 0.000 0.000
Flap valves: DN 200 & DN 300 0.02 tonnes/1 0.02 0.000 0.000 0.000
Flap valves: DN 500 0.06 tonnes/1 0.06 0.000 0.000 0.000
Sub-total 0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Plastics: general 0.96 tonnes/m3 3.31 0.000 0.000 0.000
Polyethylene: general 1.05 tonnes/m3 2.54 0.000 0.000 0.000
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
1.05 tonnes/m3 1.93 0.000 0.000 0.000
Resin
HDPE Pipe 1.05 tonnes/m3 2.52 0.000 0.000 0.000
Plastics
Expanded Polystyrene 1.05 tonnes/m3 3.29 0.000 0.000 0.000
General Purpose Polystyrene 1.38 tonnes/m3 3.43 0.000 0.000 0.000
High Impact Polystyrene 1.41 tonnes/m3 3.42 0.000 0.000 0.000
PVC: general tonnes/m3 3.10 0.000 0.000 0.000
PVC pipe 0.83 tonnes/m3 3.23 0.000 0.000 0.000
Sub-total 0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Primary glass 2.5 tonnes/m3 0.91 0.000 0.000 0.000

Secondary glass 2.5 tonnes/m3 0.59 0.000 0.000 0.000
Glass
Fibreglass (glasswool) 0.024 tonnes/m3 1.54 0.000 0.000 0.000
Toughened glass 2.5 tonnes/m3 1.35 0.000 0.000 0.000
Sub-total 0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Paint: general 1.225 tonnes/m3 2.91 0.000 0.000 0.000

Finishings, Waterborne paint 1.25 tonnes/m3 2.54 0.000 0.000 0.000
coatings &
adhesives Solventborne paint 1.2 tonnes/m3 3.76 0.000 0.000 0.000
Epoxide resin 1.19 tonnes/m3 5.70 0.000 0.000 0.000
Sub-total 0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Damp Proof Course/Membrane 0.0009 tonnes/m2 4.20 0.000 0.000 0.000

Rubber 1.5 tonnes/m3 2.85 0.000 0.000 0.000
Grit 2 tonnes/m3 0.01 0.000 0.000 0.000
Ground limestone 0.945089338796644 0.03 0.000 0.000 0.000
Glass Reinforced Plastic - GRP -
1.74 tonnes/m3 8.10 0.000 0.000 0.000
Fibreglass
Miscellaneous Insulation: general 0.04 tonnes/m3 1.86 0.000 0.000 0.000
Insulation: fibreglass (glasswool) 0.045 tonnes/m3 1.35 0.000 0.000 0.000
Insulation: polystyrene 0.037 tonnes/m3 3.43 0.000 0.000 0.000

Insulation: polyurethane 0.03 tonnes/m3 4.84 0.000 0.000 0.000
Plaster: general (Gypsum) 1.3 tonnes/m3 0.13 0.000 0.000 0.000
Plasterboard 0.92 tonnes/m3 0.39 0.000 0.000 0.000
Sub-total 0 0.0 0.0 0.0
tCO2e/t or Tonnage
Conversion Distance Mode Cement type
unit or unit
Block - 8MPa Compressive
1.05 tonnes/m3 0.06 n/a 0.000 0.000 0.000
Strength
Block - 10 Mpa Compressive
1.15 tonnes/m3 0.08 n/a 0.000 0.000 0.000
Strength
Concrete blocks 1.25 tonnes/m3 0.09 n/a 0.000 0.000 0.000
Strength
1.35 tonnes/m3 0.11 n/a 0.000 0.000 0.000
Strength
Autoclaved Aerated Blocks (AACs) 0.8 tonnes/m3 0.31 n/a 0.000 0.000 0.000
Mortar (1:3 cement:sand mix) 2.2 tonnes/m3 0.22 0.000 0.000 0.000
Mortars Mortar (1:½:4½ cement:lime:sand
2.2 tonnes/m3 0.21 0.000 0.000 0.000
mix)
Mortar (1:1:6 cement:lime:sand
2.2 tonnes/m3 0.17 0.000 0.000 0.000
mix)
Mortar (1:2:9 cement:lime:sand
2.2 tonnes/m3 0.16 0.000 0.000 0.000
mix)
Average CEM I Portland Cement,
1.5 tonnes/m3 0.95 0.000 0.000 0.000
94% Clinker
Ground Granulated Blastfurnace
1.5 tonnes/m3 0.08 0.000 0.000 0.000
Slag (GGBS)
Fly Ash 1.5 tonnes/m3 0.01 0.000 0.000 0.000
Cement: unknown type 1.5 tonnes/m3 0.88 0.000 0.000 0.000
Portland Limestone Cement, CEM
1.5 tonnes/m3 0.75 0.000 0.000 0.000
II/A-LL or L (20% limestone)
1.5 tonnes/m3 0.82 0.000 0.000 0.000
1.5 tonnes/m3 0.88 0.000 0.000 0.000
Portland Fly Ash Cement, CEM
1.5 tonnes/m3 0.75 0.000 0.000 0.000
II/A-V (20% Fly Ash)
1.5 tonnes/m3 0.81 0.000 0.000 0.000
II/A-V (13% Fly Ash)
1.5 tonnes/m3 0.87 0.000 0.000 0.000
II/A-V (6% Fly Ash)
1.5 tonnes/m3 0.61 0.000 0.000 0.000
II/B-V (35% Fly Ash)
1.5 tonnes/m3 0.67 0.000 0.000 0.000
1.5 tonnes/m3 0.73 0.000 0.000 0.000
Portland Slag Cement, CEM II/B-S
1.5 tonnes/m3 0.62 0.000 0.000 0.000
(35% GGBS)
1.5 tonnes/m3 0.68 0.000 0.000 0.000
(28% GGBS)
1.5 tonnes/m3 0.74 0.000 0.000 0.000
(21% GGBS)
Cements
(do not enter Blastfurnace Cement, CEM III/A
1.5 tonnes/m3 0.36 0.000 0.000 0.000
cement used in (65% GGBS)
concretes and
mortars – that is Blastfurnace Cement, CEM III/A
1.5 tonnes/m3 0.48 0.000 0.000 0.000
calculated in (50.5% GGBS)
those sections) Blastfurnace Cement, CEM III/A
1.5 tonnes/m3 0.61 0.000 0.000 0.000
(36% GGBS)
Blastfurnace Cement, CEM III/B
1.5 tonnes/m3 0.23 0.000 0.000 0.000
(80% GGBS)
1.5 tonnes/m3 0.29 0.000 0.000 0.000
(73% GGBS)
1.5 tonnes/m3 0.34 0.000 0.000 0.000
(66% GGBS)
Pozzolanic (Siliceous Fly Ash)

1.5 tonnes/m3 0.42 0.000 0.000 0.000
Cement, CEM IV/B-V (55% GGBS)

Cement, CEM IV/B-V (45.5% 1.5 tonnes/m3 0.51 0.000 0.000 0.000
GGBS)
1.5 tonnes/m3 0.59 0.000 0.000 0.000
Cement, CEM IV/B-V (36% GGBS)
Cement: General 1.86 tonnes/m3 0.74 0.000 0.000 0.000

6-20% Fly Ash (CEM II/A-V) 1.5 tonnes/m3 0.83 0.000 0.000 0.000
21-35% Fly Ash (CEM II/B-V) 1.5 tonnes/m3 0.69 0.000 0.000 0.000
21-35% GGBS (CEM II/B-S) 1.5 tonnes/m3 0.71 0.000 0.000 0.000
36-65% GGBS (CEM III/A) 1.5 tonnes/m3 0.52 0.000 0.000 0.000
66-80% GGBS (CEM III/B) 1.5 tonnes/m3 0.32 0.000 0.000 0.000
Fibre Cement Panels - Uncoated 1.8 tonnes/m3 1.09 0.000 0.000 0.000
Fibre Cement Panels - (Colour)
1.8 tonnes/m3 1.28 0.000 0.000 0.000
Coated
Cement stabilised soil @ 5% 1.46 tonnes/m3 0.06 0.000 0.000 0.000
Cement stabilised soil @ 8% 1.46 tonnes/m3 0.08 0.000 0.000 0.000
GGBS stabilised soil 1.46 tonnes/m3 0.05 0.000 0.000 0.000
Fly ash stabilised soil 1.46 tonnes/m3 0.04 0.000 0.000 0.000
Sub-total 0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Other materials:
1. The table below allows you to include materials not covered by the tool, for which you have emissions data.
2. The tables above (and in the concrete, waste and plant emissions sections) allow only one source of the material/mode of transport. A second source/mode of transport can be recorded here by:
- Entering, in the original row above, the distance and mode of transport details for only the first source/mode of transport
- Enter the name of the material as it is written above but so it can be differentiated i.e. Bricks (Source B), into a row of the "Other materials" table
- Entering tCO2e/t, tonnage, distance, mode of transport (for the second mode of transport) and the category. You can also use the 'Data' sheet as a source of emissions factors for a range of common
construction materials.
Results (figures will be added to sub-

Enter name of material tCO2e/t for material Tonnage Distance Mode Choose category totals above when the category is
chosen)
0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000
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0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
Other materials / 0.000 0.000 0.000
Alternative 0.000 0.000 0.000
disposal sites
for waste 0.000 0.000 0.000
removal 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
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Concretes by exposure class

Concretes are presented below by exposure class.
For each exposure class, a default embodied carbon factor has been calculated, based on the minimum cement content and water:cement ratio laid out in BS EN 206-1.
Note that the minimum cement content is not necessarily the typical / average content for a given type of concrete mix. It would be beneficial to use the actual cement content of the mix.
Users can modify the default value in several ways, if necessary:
- As the cement content is only a minimum, an "Override Cement" cell has been added so that users can override the default, whenever more cement is used.
- The type of cement, the proportion of aggregate and steel that is recycled, and the amount of reinforcement all significantly affect the embodied carbon and can be specified.
- The water:cement ratio cannot be changed by users, but has a very small effect on the embodied carbon.
Steel and cement are the most energy-intensive ingredients of concrete - so concretes with less steel and cement will have lower carbon footprints.

Exposure Class BS EN 206-1 recommendations Composition m3 Distance Mode
Embodied Transport Sum
Recommended Class: C12/15 Cement type: 2.4

Concrete: X0
Minimum Cement (kg/m3): 200 Steel source: Steel: General - UK (EU) Average Recycled Content 0
0.000 0.000 0.000
Override Cement (kg/m3): Reinforcement: % steel by volume 200
No exposure to
Concrete density (incl. steel): 2.4 tonnes/m3 Aggregate source: % recycled 0.1
corrosion
Embodied tCO2e/t concrete: 0.083 88% of embodied CO2e from cement 0

Concrete: XC1
0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
Freshwater -
permanently dry Concrete density (incl. steel): 2.4 tonnes/m3 Aggregate source: % recycled 0.1
or wet Embodied tCO2e/t concrete: 0.105 90% of embodied CO2e from cement 0

Concrete: XC2
0.000 0.000 0.000
Freshwater - wet,
rarely dry

Concrete: XC3
0.000 0.000 0.000
Freshwater -
moderate Concrete density (incl. steel): 2.4 tonnes/m3 Aggregate source: % recycled 0.1
humidity Embodied tCO2e/t concrete: 0.113 91% of embodied CO2e from cement 0

Concrete: XC4
0.000 0.000 0.000
Freshwater - Override Cement (kg/m3): Reinforcement: % steel by volume 300
cyclic wet and Concrete density (incl. steel): 2.4 tonnes/m3 Aggregate source: % recycled 0.1
dry Embodied tCO2e/t concrete: 0.120 92% of embodied CO2e from cement 0

Concrete: XS1
0.000 0.000 0.000
Saline - no direct
seawater contact

Concrete: XS2
0.000 0.000 0.000
Saline -
submerged

Concrete: XS3
0.000 0.000 0.000
Saline -
tidal splash zone
0.0 0.0 0.0
Waste removal (i.e. mass balancing site derived material):

The table below uses life cycle conversion factors for waste disposal. Enter tonnes of waste in the appropriate blue cells. The total must add up to the total volume of waste generated.
Only transport emissions will be taken into account in relation to waste which is being reused or recycled. Office accommodation-related waste should be included under Mixed municipal waste.
The potential for energy recovery through combustion or anaerobic digestion and composting are excluded from this calculation.
Distance
Type of waste Waste treatment method Tonnage Mode Embodied Transport Sum
(km)
Reuse / Recycling* 0.000 0.000

Aggregates (Rubble) Landfill 0.000 0.000
Landfill (potential aggregate) 0.000 0.000
Batteries (Post Consumer Non Reuse / Recycling* 0.000 0.000
Automotive) Landfill 0.000 0.000 0.000
Glass Landfill 0.000 0.000 0.000
Landfill (potential aggregate) 0.000 0.000 0.000
Metal: Scrap Metal
Landfill 0.000 0.000 0.000
Mineral Oil
Landfill 0.000 0.000
Mixed commercial and industrial
Landfill 0.000 0.000 0.000
waste
Landfill (potential aggregate) 0.000 0.000 0.000
Mixed municipal waste
Landfill 0.000 0.000 0.000
Organic Waste: Garden Waste
Landfill 0.000 0.000 0.000
Paper and board: Board (Av. board: Reuse / Recycling* 0.000 0.000
78% corrugate, 22% cartonboard) Landfill 0.000 0.000 0.000
Plasterboard
Landfill 0.000 0.000 0.000
Plastics: Average plastics
Landfill 0.000 0.000 0.000
Silt / Soil
Landfill 0.000 0.000 0.000
Wood
Landfill 0.000 0.000 0.000
Sub-total 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
* Transport of waste included only
Emissions from plant and equipment:

Enter fuel consumption by type of fuel and indicate the distance the fuel is transported to site.
The factors listed below are for pure fuels; to account for fuel blends enter the proportion of the volume of fuel used by type of fuel.
Fuel consumption may need to be split between the plant and equipment and site accommodation tables (e.g. diesel may power mobile plant as well as a generator for site offices).
Input unit tCO2e/unit Units Distance Mode
Diesel litres 0.0031761 0.000 0.000 0.000

Biodiesel litres 0.0013674 0.000 0.000 0.000
Emissions from Gas oil litres 0.0035865 0.000 0.000 0.000
plant and
equipment Grid electricity kWh 0.00059368 0.000 n/a 0.000
Gas m3 0.002217 0.000 n/a 0.000
Water litres 0.00000034 0.000 n/a 0.000
Sub-total 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Emissions from site accommodation:

Note that there is the potential to reduce carbon impact by connecting to the grid vs. using fuel oil for site accommodation.
Input unit tCO2e/unit Units Distance Mode
Diesel litres 0.0031761 0.000 0.000 0.000

Biodiesel litres 0.0013674 0.000 0.000 0.000
Emissions from Gas oil litres 0.0035865 0.000 0.000 0.000
site
accommodation Grid electricity kWh 0.00059368 0.000 n/a 0.000
Gas m3 0.002217 0.000 n/a 0.000
Water litres 0.00000034 0.000 n/a 0.000
Sub-total 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Personnel travel input:

There are three ways of calculating emissions from Personnel Travel, depending on the data you have available and the information you want.
Only one of the three methods should be used for any one project.
The table below calculates a rough estimate of travel emissions, based on the size and duration of the project.
You can either use the table below (1) for a quick calculation or go to the "Personnel travel input-OPTIONAL" sheet if you want to do a more detailed calculation. It is noted however that personnel travel -
related emissions generally account for a very small proportion of the overall carbon footprint of a construction project; and the effort of using the methods listed in the "Personnel travel input-OPTIONAL"
sheet may not be considered proportionate, depending on the type of project.
This option calculates a rough estimate of travel emissions, based on the

(1) size and duration of the project.
Enter the duration of the project in the relevant row, depending on the size of the project
kgCO2e per Total

Size of project Project duration (weeks) tCO2e
week
Very large (construction cost more

than £10 million, more than 25 people 1879 0
permanently on site)
Large (construction cost £5 to £10
million, between 16 & 25 people 1252 0
Medium (construction cost £1.5 to
£5million, between 9 & 15 people 751 0
Small (construction cost less than
£1.5million, fewer than 8 people 313 0
Estimates are based on 400km/week/person travel, in a diesel car / small van.
Title of project: 0
Construction cost: -
Total Carbon Footprint: 0.0 tonnes fossil CO2e
We would like to hear from you:

We would like to build a database of case studies on the EA website to share knowledge, emission
reduction ideas and lessons learnt.
Please send your completed examples to ccc@environment-agency.gov.uk. Do not forget to include a
short description of the actions / measures you have identified for the reduction of the total carbon footprint
in the Project Information page.
1.0
© Environment Agency
All rights reserved
0.9
Sub-totals tonnes CO2e %

Quarried Material 0.0 n/a
Timber 0.0 n/a
0.8 Concrete, Mortars & Cement 0.0 n/a
Metals 0.0 n/a
Plastics 0.0 n/a
Glass 0.0 n/a
Miscellaneous 0.0 n/a
0.7
Finishings, coatings & adhesives 0.0 n/a
Plant and equipment emissions 0.0 n/a
Waste Removal 0.0 n/a
Portable site accommodation 0.0 n/a
Tonnes CO2e
0.6 Material transport 0.0 n/a

Personnel travel 0.0 n/a
0.5
Significant materials (figures include transport to site)
0.4
Site accommodation - Gas oil 0.000 tonnes CO2e
0.3 Plant and equipment - Gas oil 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Site accommodation - Diesel 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Plant and equipment - Diesel 0.000 tonnes CO2e

0.2
Site accommodation - Gas 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Plant and equipment - Gas 0.000 tonnes CO2e
0.1 Site accommodation - Biodiesel 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Plant and equipment - Biodiesel 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Site accommodation - Grid electricity 0.000 tonnes CO2e

0.0 Plant and equipment - Grid electricity 0.000 tonnes CO2e
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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Site accommodation - Water 0.000 tonnes CO2e

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Plant and equipment - Water 0.000 tonnes CO2e

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Waste removal - Wood - Landfill 0.000 tonnes CO2e

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Waste removal - Paper and board: Board - Landfill 0.000 tonnes CO2e
an
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nt
C
Po
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Waste removal - Mixed municipal waste - Landfill 0.000 tonnes CO2e

a
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Pl
Fi
Waste removal - Organic Waste: Garden Waste - Landfill 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Waste removal - Mixed commercial and industrial waste - Lanfill (potential
0.000 tonnes CO2e
aggregate)
0 tonnes of potential aggregate have been landfilled Waste removal - Mixed commercial and industrial waste - Lanfill 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Waste removal - Batteries (Post Consumer Non Automotive) - Landfill 0.000 tonnes CO2e
The accuracy of individual values is unlikely to be better than +/-5%. As a consequence of using default factors Waste removal - Plasterboard - Landfill 0.000 tonnes CO2e
and estimated tonnages, carbon footprints obtained from this calculator might be expected to be within +/-25%
of the true value. Given the range of values associated with certain materials (cements for example), default Waste removal - Plastics: Average plastics - Landfill 0.000 tonnes CO2e
values may give results that are out by 100% or more. Local data should be used where available.
Waste removal - Glass - Landfill (potential aggregate) 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Waste removal - Glass - Landfill 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Waste removal - Silt / Soil - Landfill 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Waste removal - Metal: Scrap Metal - Landfill 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Waste removal - Wood - Reuse/Recycling 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Waste removal - Aggregates (Rubble) - Reuse/Recycling 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Waste removal - Aggregates (Rubble) - Landfill (potential aggregate) 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Waste removal - Aggregates (Rubble) - Landfill 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Waste removal - Plasterboard - Reuse/Recycling 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Waste removal - Silt/Soil - Reuse/Recycling 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Waste removal - Plastics: Average plastics - Reuse/Recycling 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Waste removal - Mixed municipal waste - Reuse/Recycling 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Waste removal - Paper and board: Board - Reuse/Recycling 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Waste removal - Organic Waste: Garden Waste - Reuse/Recycling 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Waste removal - Metal: Scrap Metal - Reuse/Recycling 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Waste removal - Glass - Reuse/Recycling 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Waste removal - Mixed commercial and industrial waste - Reuse/Recycling 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Waste removal - Batteries (Post Consumer Non Automotive) - Reuse/Recycling 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Waste removal - Mineral Oil - Landfill 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Waste removal - Mineral Oil - Reuse/Recycling 0.000 tonnes CO2e
0 0.000 tonnes CO2e

Epoxide resin 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Solventborne paint 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Paint: general 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Waterborne paint 0.000 tonnes CO2e
General Purpose Polystyrene 0.000 tonnes CO2e

High Impact Polystyrene 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Plastics: general 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Expanded Polystyrene 0.000 tonnes CO2e
PVC pipe 0.000 tonnes CO2e
PVC: general 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Polyethylene: general 0.000 tonnes CO2e
HDPE Pipe 0.000 tonnes CO2e
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Resin 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Aluminium: Rolled 0.000 tonnes CO2e

Aluminium: General 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Aluminium: Extruded 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Steel: Stainless 0.000 tonnes CO2e

Steel: Wire - Virgin 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Copper: EU Tube & Sheet 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Iron 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Lead 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Steel: Plate- UK (EU) Average Recycled Content 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Steel: Coil (Sheet), Galvanised - UK (EU) Average Recycled Content 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Steel: Sections - UK (EU) Average Recycled Content 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Steel: General - UK (EU) Average Recycled Content 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Steel: Pipe- UK (EU) Average Recycled Content 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Steel: Bar & rod - UK (EU) Average Recycled Content 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Steel: Engineering steel - Recycled 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Copper: Reused copper 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Sheet piling: heavy use 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Sheet piling: medium use 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Steel: Reused steel 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Sheet piling: light use 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Handrail: stainless steel with fittings 0.000 tonnes CO2e

Handrail: stainless steel welded 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Flap valves: DN 500 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Handrail: galvanised with fittings 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Flap valves: DN 200 & DN 300 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Flap valves: DN 100 & DN 150 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Hardboard 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Particle Board 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Oriented Strand Board (OSB) 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Plywood 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Glue laminated timber 0.000 tonnes CO2e
MDF 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Timber: general 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Sawn Hardwood 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Sawn Softwood 0.000 tonnes CO2e

Reclaimed timber 0.000 tonnes CO2e
Ceramics: Tiles and Cladding Panels 0.000 tonnes CO2e
0 0 0 0.000 Quarried aggregate 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Recycled aggregate 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Marine aggregate 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Asphalt, 4% (bitumen) binder content (by mass) 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Asphalt, 5% (bitumen) binder content 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Bitumen 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Bricks 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Clay: general (simple baked products) 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Clay tile 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Vitrified clay pipe DN 100 & DN 150 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Vitrified clay pipe DN 200 & DN 300 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Vitrified clay pipe DN 500 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Ceramics: general 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Ceramics: Tiles and Cladding Panels 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Sand 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Soil - general / rammed soil 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Stone: general 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Granite 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Limestone 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Sandstone 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Shale 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Slate 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Timber: general 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Glue laminated timber 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Hardboard 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 MDF 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Oriented Strand Board (OSB) 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Particle Board 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Plywood 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Reclaimed timber 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Sawn Hardwood 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Sawn Softwood 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Copper: EU Tube & Sheet 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Copper: Reused copper 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Iron 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Lead 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000

0 0 0 0.000 Steel: General - UK (EU) Average Recycled Content 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Steel: Bar & rod - UK (EU) Average Recycled Content 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Steel: Coil (Sheet), Galvanised - UK (EU) Average Recycled Content 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Steel: Engineering steel - Recycled 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Steel: Pipe- UK (EU) Average Recycled Content 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Steel: Plate- UK (EU) Average Recycled Content 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Steel: Sections - UK (EU) Average Recycled Content 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Steel: Wire - Virgin 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Steel: Stainless 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Steel: Reused steel 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Aluminium: General 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Aluminium: Extruded 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Aluminium: Rolled 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Handrail: galvanised with fittings 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Handrail: stainless steel with fittings 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Handrail: stainless steel welded 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Sheet piling: light use 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Sheet piling: medium use 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Sheet piling: heavy use 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Flap valves: DN 100 & DN 150 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Flap valves: DN 200 & DN 300 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Flap valves: DN 500 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Plastics: general 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Polyethylene: general 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Resin 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 HDPE Pipe 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Expanded Polystyrene 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 General Purpose Polystyrene 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 High Impact Polystyrene 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 PVC: general 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 PVC pipe 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Primary glass 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Secondary glass 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Fibreglass (glasswool) 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Toughened glass 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Paint: general 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Waterborne paint 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Solventborne paint 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Epoxide resin 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000

0 0 0 0.000 Damp Proof Course/Membrane 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Rubber 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Grit 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Ground limestone 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Glass Reinforced Plastic - GRP - Fibreglass 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Insulation: general 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Insulation: fibreglass (glasswool) 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Insulation: polystyrene 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Insulation: polyurethane 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Plaster: general (Gypsum) 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Plasterboard 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Block - 8MPa Compressive Strength 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Block - 10 MPa Compressive Strength 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Block - 12 Mpa Compressive Strength 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000

0 0 0 0.000 Block - 13 MPa Compressive Strength 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Autoclaved Aerated Blocks (AACs) 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Mortar (1:3 cement:sand mix) 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Mortar (1:½:4½ cement:lime:sand mix) 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Mortar (1:1:6 cement:lime:sand mix) 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Mortar (1:2:9 cement:lime:sand mix) 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Average CEM I Portland Cement, 94% Clinker 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Ground Granulated Blastfurnace Slag (GGBS) 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Fly Ash 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Cement: unknown type 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Portland Limestone Cement, CEM II/A-LL or L (20% limestone) 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Portland Fly Ash Cement, CEM II/A-V (20% Fly Ash) 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Portland Fly Ash Cement, CEM II/B-V (35% Fly Ash) 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Portland Slag Cement, CEM II/B-S (35% GGBS) 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Blastfurnace Cement, CEM III/A (65% GGBS) 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Blastfurnace Cement, CEM III/A (50.5% GGBS) 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Blastfurnace Cement, CEM III/A (36% GGBS) 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Blastfurnace Cement, CEM III/B (80% GGBS) 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Pozzolanic (Siliceous Fly Ash) Cement, CEM IV/B-V (55% GGBS) 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Pozzolanic (Siliceous Fly Ash) Cement, CEM IV/B-V (45.5% GGBS) 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Pozzolanic (Siliceous Fly Ash) Cement, CEM IV/B-V (36% GGBS) 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Cement: General 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 6-20% Fly Ash (CEM II/A-V) 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 21-35% Fly Ash (CEM II/B-V) 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 21-35% GGBS (CEM II/B-S) 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 36-65% GGBS (CEM III/A) 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 66-80% GGBS (CEM III/B) 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Fibre Cement Panels - Uncoated 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Fibre Cement Panels - (Colour) Coated 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Cement stabilised soil @ 5% 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Cement stabilised soil @ 8% 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 GGBS stabilised soil 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Fly ash stabilised soil 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Concrete: X0 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Concrete: XC1 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Concrete: XC2 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Concrete: XC3 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Concrete: XC4 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Concrete: XS1 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Concrete: XS2 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
0 0 0 0.000 Concrete: XS3 0 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 0.000
Own data: density of Base data: density of
Category Specific material
material material
Quarried aggregate tonnes/m3 2.0 tonnes/m3

Recycled aggregate tonnes/m3 2.0 tonnes/m3
Marine aggregate tonnes/m3 2.0 tonnes/m3
Asphalt, 4% (bitumen) binder content (by mass) tonnes/m3 1.7 tonnes/m3
Asphalt, 5% (bitumen) binder content tonnes/m3 1.7 tonnes/m3
Bitumen tonnes/m3 2.4 tonnes/m3
Bricks tonnes/m3 1.9 tonnes/m3
Clay: general (simple baked products) tonnes/m3 1.9 tonnes/m3
Clay tile tonnes/m3 1.9 tonnes/m3
Vitrified clay pipe DN 100 & DN 150 tonnes/m3 2.4 tonnes/m3
Quarried Material
Vitrified clay pipe DN 200 & DN 300 tonnes/m3 2.4 tonnes/m3
Vitrified clay pipe DN 500 tonnes/m3 2.4 tonnes/m3
Ceramics: general tonnes/m3 2.4 tonnes/m3
Ceramics: Tiles and Cladding Panels tonnes/m3 1.9 tonnes/m3
Sand tonnes/m3 2.24 tonnes/m3
Lime tonnes/m3 1.2 tonnes/m3
Soil - general / rammed soil tonnes/m3 1.7 tonnes/m3
Stone: general tonnes/m3 2.0 tonnes/m3
Granite tonnes/m3 2.9 tonnes/m3
Limestone tonnes/m3 2.2 tonnes/m3
Sandstone tonnes/m3 2.2 tonnes/m3
Shale tonnes/m3 2.7 tonnes/m3
Slate tonnes/m3 2.7 tonnes/m3
Timber: general tonnes/m3 0.5 tonnes/m3
Glue laminated timber tonnes/m3 0.5 tonnes/m3
Hardboard tonnes/m2 26 kg/m2*20mm
MDF tonnes/m2 14 kg/m2*20mm
Oriented Strand Board (OSB) tonnes/m3 0.6 tonnes/m3
Timber
Particle Board tonnes/m2 6 kg/m2*20mm
Plywood tonnes/m2 11 kg/m2*20mm
Reclaimed timber tonnes/m3 0.7 tonnes/m3
Sawn Hardwood tonnes/m3 0.6 tonnes/m3
Sawn Softwood tonnes/m3 0.5 tonnes/m3
Mortar (1:3 cement:sand mix) tonnes/m3 2.2 tonnes/m3
Mortars Mortar (1:6 cement:sand mix) tonnes/m3 2.2 tonnes/m3
Mortar (1:½:4½ Cement:Lime:Sand mix) tonnes/m3 2.2 tonnes/m3
Mortar (1:1:6 Cement:Lime:Sand mix) tonnes/m3 2.2 tonnes/m3
Mortar (1:2:9 Cement:Lime:Sand mix) tonnes/m3 2.2 tonnes/m3
Average CEM I Portland Cement, 94% Clinker tonnes/m3 1.5 tonnes/m3
Ground Granulated Blastfurnace Slag (GGBS) tonnes/m3 1.5 tonnes/m3
Fly Ash tonnes/m3 1.5 tonnes/m3
Cement: unknown type tonnes/m3 1.5 tonnes/m3
Portland Limestone Cement, CEM II/A-LL or L (20% limestone) tonnes/m3 1.5 tonnes/m3
Portland Fly Ash Cement, CEM II/A-V (20% Fly Ash) tonnes/m3 1.5 tonnes/m3
Portland Fly Ash Cement, CEM II/B-V (35% Fly Ash) tonnes/m3 1.5 tonnes/m3
Portland Slag Cement, CEM II/B-S (35% GGBS) tonnes/m3 1.5 tonnes/m3
Blastfurnace Cement, CEM III/A (65% GGBS) tonnes/m3 1.5 tonnes/m3
Blastfurnace Cement, CEM III/A (50.5% GGBS) tonnes/m3 1.5 tonnes/m3
Cement Blastfurnace Cement, CEM III/A (36% GGBS) tonnes/m3 1.5 tonnes/m3
Blastfurnace Cement, CEM III/B (80% GGBS) tonnes/m3 1.5 tonnes/m3
Cement

Pozzolanic (Siliceous Fly Ash) Cement, CEM IV/B-V (55% GGBS) tonnes/m3 1.5 tonnes/m3
Pozzolanic (Siliceous Fly Ash) Cement, CEM IV/B-V (45.5% GGBS) tonnes/m3 1.5 tonnes/m3
Pozzolanic (Siliceous Fly Ash) Cement, CEM IV/B-V (36% GGBS) tonnes/m3 1.5 tonnes/m3
Cement: General tonnes/m3 1.86 tonnes/m3
6-20% Fly Ash (CEM II/A-V) tonnes/m3 1.5 tonnes/m3
21-35% Fly Ash (CEM II/B-V) tonnes/m3 1.5 tonnes/m3
21-35% GGBS (CEM II/B-S) tonnes/m3 1.5 tonnes/m3
36-65% GGBS (CEM III/A) tonnes/m3 1.5 tonnes/m3
66-80% GGBS (CEM III/B) tonnes/m3 1.5 tonnes/m3
Fibre Cement Panels - Uncoated tonnes/m3 1.8 tonnes/m3
Fibre Cement Panels - (Colour) Coated tonnes/m3 1.8 tonnes/m3
Cement stabilised soil @ 5% tonnes/m3 1.5 tonnes/m3
Cement stabilised soil @ 8% tonnes/m3 1.5 tonnes/m3
GGBS stabilised soil tonnes/m3 1.5 tonnes/m3
Fly ash stabilised soil tonnes/m3 1.5 tonnes/m3
Block - 8MPa Compressive Strength tonnes/m3 1.1 tonnes/m3
Block - 10 Mpa Compressive Strength tonnes/m3 1.2 tonnes/m3
Concrete blocks Block - 12 Mpa Compressive Strength tonnes/m3 1.3 tonnes/m3
Block - 13 Mpa Compressive Strength tonnes/m3 1.4 tonnes/m3
Autoclaved Aerated Blocks (AACs) tonnes/m3 0.8 tonnes/m3
Copper: EU Tube & Sheet tonnes/m3 8.9 tonnes/m3
Copper: Reused copper tonnes/m3 8.9 tonnes/m3
Iron tonnes/m3 7.9 tonnes/m3
Lead tonnes/m3 11.3 tonnes/m3
Steel: General - UK (EU) Average Recycled Content tonnes/m3 7.8 tonnes/m3
Steel: Bar & rod - UK (EU) Average Recycled Content tonnes/m3 7.8 tonnes/m3
Steel: Coil (Sheet) - UK (EU) Average Recycled Content tonnes/m3 7.8 tonnes/m3
Steel: Coil (Sheet), Galvanised - UK (EU) Average Recycled Content tonnes/m3 7.8 tonnes/m3
Steel: Engineering steel - Recycled tonnes/m3 7.8 tonnes/m3
Steel: Pipe- UK (EU) Average Recycled Content tonnes/m3 7.8 tonnes/m3
Steel: Plate- UK (EU) Average Recycled Content tonnes/m3 7.8 tonnes/m3
Steel: Sections - UK (EU) Average Recycled Content tonnes/m3 7.8 tonnes/m3
Steel: Wire - Virgin tonnes/m3 7.8 tonnes/m3
Steel: Stainless tonnes/m3 8.0 tonnes/m3
Metals
Steel: Reused steel tonnes/m3 7.8 tonnes/m3
Aluminium: General tonnes/m3 2.7 tonnes/m3
Aluminium: Cast Products tonnes/m3 2.7 tonnes/m3
Aluminium: Extruded tonnes/m3 2.7 tonnes/m3
Aluminium: Rolled tonnes/m3 2.7 tonnes/m3
Handrail: galvanised with fittings tonnes/m 0.012 tonnes/m
Handrail: stainless steel with fittings tonnes/m 0.012 tonnes/m
Handrail: stainless steel welded tonnes/m 0.011 tonnes/m
Sheet piling: light use tonnes/m2 0.10 tonnes/m2
Sheet piling: medium use tonnes/m2 0.13 tonnes/m2
Sheet piling: heavy use tonnes/m2 0.19 tonnes/m2
Flap valves: DN 100 & DN 150 tonnes/1 0.008 tonnes/1
Flap valves: DN 200 & DN 300 tonnes/1 0.020 tonnes/1
Flap valves: DN 500 tonnes/1 0.060 tonnes/1
Primary glass tonnes/m3 2.5 tonnes/m3
Secondary glass tonnes/m3 2.5 tonnes/m3
Glass
Fibreglass (glasswool) tonnes/m3 0.024 tonnes/m3
Toughened glass tonnes/m3 2.5 tonnes/m3
Paint: general tonnes/m3 1.2 tonnes/m3
Fihishings, coatings & Waterborne paint tonnes/m3 1.3 tonnes/m3
adhesives Solventborne paint tonnes/m3 1.2 tonnes/m3
Epoxide resin tonnes/m3 1.2 tonnes/m3
Damp Proof Course/Membrane tonnes/m2 0.0009 tonnes/m2
Rubber tonnes/m3 1.5 tonnes/m3
Grit tonnes/m3 2.0 tonnes/m3
Ground limestone tonnes/m3 0.9 tonnes/m3
Glass Reinforced Plastic - GRP - Fibreglass tonnes/m3 1.7 tonnes/m3
Insulation: general tonnes/m3 0.04 tonnes/m3
Miscellaneous Insulation: fibreglass (glasswool) tonnes/m3 0.05 tonnes/m3
Insulation: polystyrene tonnes/m3 0.04 tonnes/m3
Miscellaneous
Insulation: polyurethane tonnes/m3 0.03 tonnes/m3

Plaster: general (Gypsum) tonnes/m3 1.3 tonnes/m3
Plasterboard tonnes/m3 1.0 tonnes/m3
Plastics: general tonnes/m3 1.38 tonnes/m3

Polyethylene: general tonnes/m3 0.92 tonnes/m3
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Resin tonnes/m3 0.96 tonnes/m3
HDPE Pipe tonnes/m3 1.05 tonnes/m3
Plastics Expanded Polystyrene tonnes/m3 1.05 tonnes/m3
General Purpose Polystyrene tonnes/m3 1.05 tonnes/m3
High Impact Polystyrene tonnes/m3 1.05 tonnes/m3
PVC: general tonnes/m3 1.38 tonnes/m3
PVC Pipe tonnes/m3 1.41 tonnes/m3
Ref no. Full Reference Link
Inventory of Carbon and Energy (ICE) Version 2.0. Sustainable Energy Research
1 http://www.bath.ac.uk/mech-eng/sert/embodied/
Team (SERT), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, UK
Hammond G & Jones C (2006) Cement, Mortar & Concrete model V1. Department
2 people.bath.ac.uk/cj219/
of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath.
AggRegain CO2e emissions estimator tool v2.0 (2010) Centre for Sustainability
3 http://aggregain.wrap.org.uk/sustainability/try_a_sustainability_tool/co2_emissions.html
(C4S) at TRL Limited, Taylor Woodrow Technology & Costain Limited - for WRAP.
4 Mineral Products Association; Summary Sustainable Development Report 2010 http://www.mineralproducts.org/sustainability/reports.html
5 Jacobs UK calculation based on constituent materials -
British Cement Association (BCA, 2009); Fact Sheet 18 [P1] Embodied CO2 of UK
6 - © Environment Agency
cement, additions and cementitious material
British Cement Association (BCA, 2009); Fact Sheet 18 [P2] Embodied CO2 of
7 - copyright and/or database right 2007
factory-made cements and combinations
Defra (2011); Guidelines to Defra / DECC's Greenhouse Gas Conversion Factors

8 http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/economy/business-efficiency/reporting/
All rights reserved
for Company Reporting, v1.1, 08/08/2011
Strength from the depths; British Marine Aggregate Producers Association

9 (BMAPA); Fourth sustainable development report for the British marine aggregate http://www.bmapa.org/downloads/BMAPA_SD_Report2010.pdf
industry; December 2010
User Calculations
Title of project: 0
Construction Cost:
Total Carbon Footprint: 0 tonnes fossil CO2e
Blank sheet to be used for the recording of workings and assumptions.
All rights reserved
Using the calculator © Environment Agency
All rights reserved
Basis of calculation
The calculation in the sheet is a multiplication of the tonnage of materials (plus unit of distance travelled etc) by the emissions factor associated with that
material (unit) to give the CO2e or ‘carbon footprint’ associated with it.
Project information sheet

The 'Project information' sheet records basic information about the project. This is also where the user can record measures taken to reduce the overall
footprint of the project.
Construction Sheet
Materials used in construction should be entered in the construction input sheet in tonnes, in the light blue cells. This sheet also shows the emission
factors in tCO2e /t material next to it, for ready comparison. If an alternative emissions factor is found for a material in the sheet, it should be entered in the
light blue cell in the Data sheet. This will over-ride the factors already in the sheet. Data may be obtained from estimates for projects already constructed
or from materials inventories.
The distance that the material is to be transported should be entered in the sheet, along with the method of transport. The method of transport can be
chosen from road, rail and water. The distance inputted should be a single journey from the source of supply to the site and not the cumulative total of all
the journeys. If the material is sourced from more than one location or by a second mode of transport, the proportion of the material that is sourced from
elsewhere can be added in the 'other materials' table on the Construction input tab. This will be picked up under the sum of the respective materials group.
Recycled component options are available for concretes and should be used where known. As a default, the calculator assumes no recycling except in the
cases of steel, aluminium and copper, where the market is dominated by partially recycled products and a market average figure is used.
The user can enter other materials that are not listed on the construction input sheet in the table provided within the sheet for other materials. A category
for each of these must be selected (e.g. metals). The resulting calculation is already linked to the sub-total for that category.
Report Sheet
Emissions are tabulated in tonnes of CO2e per tonne of material for each sub-set of materials and activities. Pressing the button under the table allows the
complete results to be viewed for each individual item, in order of magnitude. A bar chart gives a visualisation of the results.
Data Sheet
The data sheet lists carbon factors for each material, in CO2e, from referenced sources. For certain materials CO2 factors only were available; these are
listed in the assumptions below. Factors will change over time, as processes change, but are likely to remain in the same order of magnitude.
Where users have their own emissions factors, this should be entered in the light blue cells; this will over-ride the factor already in the sheet in the
calculation.
Optioneering Sheet
This provides the user with the opportunity to vary the material components of an option in order to compare the total emissions against two alternative
scenarios. The data first entered into the construction input sheet becomes the 'optioneering baseline'. Those materials which comprise >5% of the total
emissions footprint of the 'optioneering baseline' are selected for variation in Alternative 1 and Alternative 2. The user can increase or decrease the
quantity of these materials, as well as select up to 4 new materials from the full list.
If the user decides to select Alternative 1, he or she can click the 'Choose Alternative 1' button which repopulates the construction input sheet and the
report as per the choices selected in Alternative 1. The same applies for Alternative 2. Clicking the 'Back to Baseline' button reverses this and re-inputs the
original 'optioneering baseline' data.
This feature is not intended to compare different scheme options - e.g. an earth bund versus aggregate gabions. Rather, it is intended to compare
variations within similar alternative designs - e.g. aggregate gabions constructed from recycled versus virgin aggregate. See further information on Options
Appraisal below.
Note - If selecting concrete as a new material, the emissions factor applied will be calculated by default using the information specified in the construction
input sheet. For example, if concrete type XC1 is selected as a new material, the cement type and content, steel source, percentage steel by volume and
source of aggregate will be included in the emissions factor as they are entered in the construction input sheet. If these are left blank in the construction
input sheet, default values will be incorporated.
Notes on Materials, Mobile Plant, Fuel and Electricity

Cement
It is reported(2) that approximately 50% of the carbon footprint attributable to construction is associated with cement. Cement is ordinarily produced by
calcining (cooking) CaCO3 to drive off CO2 leaving CaO, which is then reacted in clinker with iron and silicates to form calcium alumino-silicates. This
requires heating to 1400 °C, normally with coal, also a source of considerable fossil CO2. Typically in the UK nearly one tonne of CO2 is emitted in making
one tonne of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). OPC can be replaced to a certain extent with cementitious materials that are by-products from the iron and
coal power generation industries such as Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) and Pulverised Fuel Ash (PFA). These materials have a low
embodied carbon content, so make a huge difference to the carbon factor. For this reason, a large portion of the calculator is devoted to different
compositions of cement in different concretes, since this is the area where the greatest differences (and potential savings) lie. GGBS in the UK is used in
cement, road fill, or as aggregate, among other uses, but approximately 2 million tonnes per year of PFA is landfilled(3). 12 million tonnes of OPC are
made in the UK each year.
In the construction sheet of the calculator, the user can select the type of cement used, either on its own or to make concrete in one of the specifications
provided. The default value is assumed to be for a wet-kiln OPC. The proportion of recycled aggregate can also be selected for each concrete.
Project managers can specify to contractors in concrete specifications the amount of GGBS and PFA to be used. This can be reported on the design mix
sheets from the ready-mix concrete suppliers, as can the source of the cement. In this way, fuller carbon auditing can be carried out.
Timber
Environment Agency policy stipulates that all timber used should be sourced from sustainable forests. It is worth noting that some research (for example
that associated with the Construction Emissions Community of Practice) points to the possibility of sustainable timber generally having a considerably
lower footprint to that indicated in the ICE. Such research takes particular account of the CO2 sequestration properties of wood; the avoided land based
CO2 release often associated with deforestation (from un-sustainable forestry); and the potential for energy from wood waste to offset grid electricity at
end of life.
Diesel/Petrol
Biodiesel can be substituted entirely for ultra low sulphur diesel (ULSD) and is much less toxic in the aquatic environment, as well as having not much
more than a quarter of the CO2e footprint(4).
E85 is a ‘low-carbon’ substitute for traditional petrol. It is an ethanol fuel blend comprising up to 85% bioethanol.
Mobile Plant
Estimates of mobile plant fuel mass consumption can be derived by multiplying the hours of operation by the kW rating of the engine and by the
appropriate fuel mass consumption rates below.
Diesel Cycle 0.24 kg/kWh

Otto-Compound engine 0.23 kg/kWh
Turbocharged Diesel 0.23 kg/kWh
Turbocharged & Intercooled Diesel 0.22 kg/kWh
Diesel-Compound engine 0.21 kg/kWh
Source: http://www.diracdelta.co.uk/science/source/s/p/specific%20fuel%20consumption/source.html
Mains Electricity
Mains electricity is converted from the factor used by the Carbon Trust for the UK’s current energy mix in electricity generation. Conversion of heat energy
to electrical energy in the UK’s fossil-fuelled power stations varies from the mid-30’s to c.55%, and transmission losses in the grid are in the region of
6.5%. For example, this means that space heating by natural gas is always more carbon-efficient than heating by electricity. For the operation of plant
equipment, the efficiency of the motors converting mains electrical energy to mechanical energy needs to be substantially greater than the diesel-driven
equivalent for the carbon emission to be less.
Miscellaneous
Options Appraisal
Project appraisal is an iterative process where identified options go through a cycle of assessment and refinement, from large-scale planning through
strategy development (multiple schemes) to individual scheme appraisal.
With its focus on individual material inputs, this calculator is designed primarily for use at the project appraisal level where sufficient information on
material quantities is typically available. However, it is important to note that the calculator can also be used at the strategy level.
For example, the development of a coastal defence strategy for a particular stretch of coastline is likely to involve consideration of a range of options, from
adaptive responses, through soft engineering to hard engineering solutions. It should be possible to make reasonable estimates of the tonnages of the
Diesel Cycle 0.24 kg/kWh
Otto-Compound engine 0.23 kg/kWh
Turbocharged Diesel 0.23 kg/kWh
Turbocharged & Intercooled Diesel 0.22 kg/kWh
Diesel-Compound engine 0.21 kg/kWh
Source: http://www.diracdelta.co.uk/science/source/s/p/specific%20fuel%20consumption/source.html
Mains Electricity
Mains electricity is converted from the factor used by the Carbon Trust for the UK’s current energy mix in electricity generation. Conversion of heat energy
to electrical energy in the UK’s fossil-fuelled power stations varies from the mid-30’s to c.55%, and transmission losses in the grid are in the region of
6.5%. For example, this means that space heating by natural gas is always more carbon-efficient than heating by electricity. For the operation of plant
equipment, the efficiency of the motors converting mains electrical energy to mechanical energy needs to be substantially greater than the diesel-driven
equivalent for the carbon emission to be less.
Miscellaneous
Options Appraisal
Project appraisal is an iterative process where identified options go through a cycle of assessment and refinement, from large-scale planning through
strategy development (multiple schemes) to individual scheme appraisal.
With its focus on individual material inputs, this calculator is designed primarily for use at the project appraisal level where sufficient information on
material quantities is typically available. However, it is important to note that the calculator can also be used at the strategy level.
For example, the development of a coastal defence strategy for a particular stretch of coastline is likely to involve consideration of a range of options, from
adaptive responses, through soft engineering to hard engineering solutions. It should be possible to make reasonable estimates of the tonnages of the
predominant materials to be used for each of the options. These estimates will be informed by an understanding of the physical environment (e.g. beach
profile, tidal range, wave characteristics) and the anticipated profile of the engineering solution (e.g. sea wall profile, groyne length etc.). These estimated
figures can be entered into the calculator and the approximate carbon footprint calculated for that option. At the strategy level it may also be appropriate to
pro rata the carbon footprint of the different options per length of coastline, to aid comparison.
Further detail on the Project Appraisal process is available in Defra’s Flood and Coastal Defence Project Appraisal Guidance (FCDPAG) series available at
www.defra.gov.uk
Work Packages
It may be helpful to break down a project into work packages and to estimate the carbon footprint of each e.g. planning & design, site clearance,
groundworks, construction, maintenance etc
Uncertainty and assumptions

The uncertainty of individual factors for carbon LCAs of the type used in this calculator is unlikely to be better than the range +/-5%. As a consequence of
using default factors and estimated tonnages, carbon footprints obtained from this calculator might be expected to be within +/-25% of the true value.
Given the range of values associated with certain materials (cements for example) it is quite feasible that using default values may give results that are out
by 100% or more. However, the calculator will provide a good indication of the relative magnitude of the impact caused by each component material used
in a construction project. Double-counting of carbon emissions is quite likely to occur to a small extent because of the way boundary conditions are
defined. With care it should be avoidable; and should be avoided. The footprint of the aggregate in a concrete mix for example is included in that concrete
so that aggregate should not be entered separately.
Assumptions
• For the purposes of concrete reinforcement, steel has a density of 7.7 tonnes/m3.
• The non-steel portion of concrete is assumed to have a density of 2.4 tonnes/m3.
• The water:cement ratio in cements of different exposure class is fixed at the figure recommended by BS EN 206-1.
• Emissions/km for cars and vans are fixed, regardless of the number of passengers.
• Several of the Bath Inventory figures are for cradle-to-site emissions, so there will be overcounting once we add our own transport emission calculations.
• All of the concrete mix travels the same distance (so even if some of the aggregate is recycled, it is assumed to have travelled with the rest)
• Emissions/tonne.km for haulage are fixed for each mode of transport.
• The calculation of emissions related to road transport uses the factor for "All articulated lorries", UK average gross vehicle weight, at a 60% average
payload from the 2011 Defra/DECC guidelines (Ref. 8 in References sheet).
• The calculation of emissions related to water freight transport uses the factor for "General Cargo: Average" from the 2011 Defra/DECC guidelines (Ref. 8
in References sheet).
• Reclaimed timber and reused steel and copper are added at 10% the carbon footprint per tonne of general timber, steel and copper respectively, to
account for energy required for re-processing.
• Vehicle emission rates were taken from a subjective assessment of cars considered typical of each category.
• The Personnel Travel Estimator assumes an average travel of 400km/week per staff member, using a small car/van. The number of staff is assumed to
be at the middle of the range for the small, medium and large options and 32 for the very large option. No car sharing is assumed.
• Embodied CO2e figures for flap valves, handrails and sheet piles did not exist; a carbon factor has been calculated based on the embodied CO2e figures
of their constituent materials.
• In some instances, where a range of carbon factors was provided for one material, the average of these factors was used in the Data sheet of the
calculator.
• Research shows that the carbon factor for aggregate can range from 2-7 kgCO2e/tonne of material. After consultation with the Waste & Resources
Action Programme (WRAP), the factor selected for use in the tool for both recycled and quarried aggregate is 5kgCO2e/tonne of aggregate. This is taken
from the Aggregain (2010) tool. Please note that although choosing recycled over quarried aggregate is generally considered good practice, its actual
comparative carbon footprint performance is sensitive to a number of factors such as haulage distance to point of use or processing efficiency. For an in-
depth discussion and relevant tools on the Life Cycle Analysis of aggregates see
http://aggregain.wrap.org.uk/sustainability/sustainability_tools_and_approaches/aggregates_lca.html
• Carbon factors in the data sheet that are sourced from the ICE database refer to CO2e; however there were some materials for which a CO2 factor was
provided only; this is the factor entered in the Data sheet. The materials with a carbon factor of CO2 as opposed to CO2e are: autoclave aerated blocks;
fibre cement panels; GGBS; stainless steel; fibreglass; epoxide resin; damp proof course membrane; grit; general insulation; glasswool.
References:
1. BRE Design of Normal Concrete Mixes, 2nd Ed, p. 25
2. CIA/DETR Report
3. Pers. Comm.. Lindon Sear, UKQAA
4. DEFRA Evaluation of Biodiesel
Guidance
There are three ways of calculating emissions from Personnel Travel, depending on the data you have available and the information you need to obtain for
your project.
It is noted that emissions related to personnel travel generally account for a very small proportion of the overall carbon footprint of a construction project;
and the effort of using methods (2) and (3) may not be considered appropriate, depending on the type of project.
If the distance that has been or will be travelled is unknown, use the first option. This calculates a rough estimate of travel
(1) emissions, based on the size and duration of the project. GO TO: CONSTRUCTION INPUT
(2) If the distance and vehicles used are known, and you want to estimate emissions quickly, use the second option.
If the distance and vehicles used are known, the third option will help you to analyse the data further - it will show you which means
(3) of transport, and which journeys are most efficient, so that you can alter travel patterns and reduce emissions
All rights reserved
Only use one of these three options
(2) For use when travel distances have been estimated, and no further analysis is needed.
Enter the total number of kilometres travelled:
- for private transport, enter the number of kilometres that the vehicle has travelled (e.g.. for two people travelling 100km in one car, enter 100km; in two cars, enter 200km)
- for public transport, enter the number of kilometres that the passengers have travelled (e.g.. for two people travelling 100km by train, enter 200km)
Spare rows are available for users to enter names and emissions of vehicles not covered by the standard options.
Conversion Miles km
(miles to km) 0.00
Mode of transport CO2e (g/km) Vehicle kilometres Total CO2e (tonnes)

Small petrol car, up to 1.4 litre 201.49 0
Small diesel car, up to 1.7 litre 172.52 0
Medium petrol car, from 1.4 to 2.0 litre 249.78 0
Medium diesel car, 1.7 to 2.0 litres 215.34 0
Medium petrol hybrid car 139.12 0
Medium LPG car 215.26 0
Medium CNG car 195.58 0
Large petrol car, above 2.0 litres 352.28 0
Large diesel car, above 2.0 litres 289.64 0
Large petrol hybrid car 247.9 0
Large LPG car 303.34 0
Private transport
Large CNG car 275.36 0
MPV: petrol 272.62 0
MPV: diesel 245.65 0
Petrol van up to 3.5 tonne 256.11 0
Diesel van up to 3.5 tonne 300.27 0
LPG van up to 3.5 tonne 298.63 0
CNG van up to 3.5 tonne 276.87 0
Average van up to 3.5 tonne 297.53 0
0
0
0
0
Mode of transport CO2e (g/km/passenger) Passenger kilometres Total CO2e (tonnes)

Train 64.64 0
Underground 83.33 0
Bus 177.1 0
Domestic flight (Average) 195.18 0
Short-haul international (Average) 114.67 0
Short-haul international (Economy class) 109.28 0
Short-haul international (Business class) 163.92 0
Public transport Long-haul international (Average) 131.99 0
Long-haul international (Economy class) 96.35 0
Long-haul international (Premium economy class) 154.16 0
Long-haul international (Business class) 279.41 0
Long-haul international (First class) 385.4 0
0
0
0
0
Private transport CO2e 0

Public transport CO2e 0
Total travel CO2e (t) 0

(3) For use when travel distances have been estimated, for further analysis.
Enter the names and lengths of all types of journey in the blue cells of Table (b) - e.g.. "Return Journey from Office to Site", 40km
Each row of Table (c) represents a different occasion - e.g.. one return trip from office to site
Select the journey type
Note how many people travelled on this occasion
Select a vehicle type
Note whether the journey was on public transport (public transport includes aeroplanes)
There are up to 500 rows available in Table (c) - more will appear when the existing ones are filled up
Spare rows are available in Table (a) for users to enter names and emissions of vehicles not covered by the standard options.
Once data have been entered into Table (c), the right-hand columns of Tables (a) and (b) will display how many km passengers have travelled, and the total emissions
Conversion Miles km
(miles to km) 0.00
Table (a): Vehicle Details Table (b): Journey Details

Vehicle Type CO2e (g/km) Total passenger km Total CO2e (tonnes) Name of journey Length of journey (km) Total passenger km Total CO2e (tonnes)
Small petrol car, up to
201.49 0 - 0 0
1.4 litre
Small diesel car, up to
172.52 0 - 0 0
1.7 litre
Medium petrol car, from
249.78 0 - 0 0
1.4 to 2.0 litre
Medium diesel car, 1.7
215.34 0 - 0 0
to 2.0 litres
Medium petrol hybrid
139.12 0 - 0 0
car
Medium LPG car 215.26 0 - 0 0
Medium CNG car 195.58 - 0 0
Large petrol car, above
352.28 0 - 0 0
2.0 litres
Large diesel car, above
289.64 0 - 0 0
2.0 litres
Large petrol hybrid car 247.9 0 - 0 0
Large LPG car 303.34 0 - 0 0

Large CNG car 275.36 - 0 0
MPV: petrol 272.62 0 - 0 0
MPV: diesel 245.65 0 - 0 0
Petrol van up to 3.5
256.11 0 - 0 0
tonne
Diesel van up to 3.5
300.27 0 - 0 0
tonne
LPG van up to 3.5 tonne 298.63 0 - 0 0
CNG van up to 3.5

276.87 - 0 0
tonne
Average van up to 3.5
297.53 0 - 0 0
tonne
Train 64.64 0 - 0 0
Underground 83.33 0 - 0 0
Bus 177.1 0 - 0 0
Domestic flight
195.18 0 - 0 0
(Average)
Short-haul international
114.67 0 - 0 0
(Average)
109.28 0 - 0 0
(Economy class)
163.92 0 - 0 0
(Business class)
Long-haul international
131.99 0 - 0 0
(Average)
96.35 0 - 0 0
(Economy class)
(Premium economy 154.16 0 - 0 0
class)
279.41 0 - 0 0
(Business class)
385.4 0 - 0 0
(First class)
Total from all travel: 0 0

Journey Number of people travelling Vehicle Public transport? Passenger km CO2e (kg)
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Contains revisions to
Version no. Issue date
Presentation
3.2 3/6/2012 No change
The User Guide has been amended to include emissions reduction tips; further information
sources; and a flow chart providing an overview of the tool. The Personnel Travel sheet has
3.2 10/3/2011 been moved to the back and a simple calculation for personnel travel (method 1) moved to
the construction sheet. Tabs have been colour coded and column / row numbers have been
removed. A sheet to record basic project information and lessons learnt has been added.
3.1.2 12/9/2010 Extra guidance regarding transport added to the 'Further Guidance' tab
3.1.1 10/22/2009
9/30/2009
3.1
The data sheet has been updated to reflect the June 2009 update to the Guidelines to Defra
9/16/2009
/ DECC's GHG Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.
The data sheet has been updated to retain cement emissions factors from the ICE database
v1.6 for reference/information although the default figures used in the calculator are now
sourced from the British Concrete Association.
The 'Further Guidance' tab has been updated to include advice on the use of sustainable
timber including sequestration, factors to estimate fuel consumption of mobile plant, and
3.0 3/19/2009 advice on suing work packages. Further explanation of the biodiesel emissions factor is
also provided.
2.1 11/2/2007
Bulk of guidance moved from User Guide, and spread throughout tool.
Concrete presented by exposure class, rather than composition.
Density information added, to aid calculation of tonnage.
Data sheet presents BS 8500 and BS EN 206-1 concrete composition recommendations

2 10/12/2007
Cell added for users to specify construction cost.
Text included on each worksheet, noting version number.
1.4 BETA 8/10/2007
Wording changed on “User guide” and “Construction Input” sheets to emphasise that the
1.3 BETA 7/13/2007 km transport input should be the distance between the source of supply and the site.
“Site accommodation” has been relabelled to a clearer description.
Where the Report sheet lists the materials used, the list stops after 36 materials. This list
has thus been renamed “Significant materials” from “All materials used”. As this list includes
both embodied energy and transport emissions for materials, it is now noted that transport
emissions are included.
1.2 BETA 6/7/2007 It has been made clearer that emissions from “Other Materials” (those which users can
input figures for, despite their not featuring in the basic calculator) are added to the sub-
totals of the relevant categories; so that emissions for Zinc are added to the Metals sub-
total, for example.
The Data sheet holds the CO2 factors of several materials which are not presented in the
Construction Input sheet. These data have been left in so that users can quickly look up
reliable figures for the “Other Materials” section, should they need them. A note to this effect
has been added to this section.
© Environment Agency copyright and/or database right 2007. All rights reserved.
Contains revisions to
Content
Amendments to waste section of the construction input tab; report tab; optioneering tab.
Carbon factors amended in accordance with changes to Bath Inventory of Carbon and
Energy and Defra/DECC updated guidelines (see references). Carbon factors inserted
account for other GHGs apart from CO2 (CO2e). New materials were added. The methods
for the calculation of emissions from waste; site accommodation; plant and equipment have
been modified. Emission reduction tips have been added to the 'User guide' and the
'Report' page. An email address is provided in the report page where users can send
completed workbooks for the collection of case studies. Guidance in the 'Further Guidance
tab has been modified in line with changes.
Embodied tCO2 per tonne of Clay amended as the Inventory of Carbon and Energy (ICE)
v1.6a figures refered to Baked Clay products and not excavated Clay
Amendments to accommodate the protection of the workbook and its current functionality.
Corrections in macros associated with the 'Report' tab.
Formatting, data validation and other minor adjustments made to improve functionality.
The conversion factors for diesel, biodiesel, electricity, natural gas, water and personnel
transport have been updated according to the new guidelines.
The conversion factor for biodiesel has been replaced with the average of the conversion
factors for "Biodiesel / Methyl Ester - (ME)" and "Biodiesel / Hydtrotreated Vegetable Oil -
(HVO)".
References have been updated accordingly.
Additional worksheet added for optioneering based on components which comprise >5% of
the total baseline footprint; guidance updated accordingly.
Row added under 'Title of Option' on Construction Input tab to enter project stage (e.g.
design input stage)
Emissions factor data has been updated according to the latest issue of the ICE database
(v1.6). Cement figures and categories have been updated according data published by the
British Concrete Association. Transport figures and categories have been updated
according to Defra (2008).
Correction of cell locking
Allowing the use of recycled metals to be taken into account for hand-railing and sheet
piling
Inclusion of cement with a 40-55% slag content
Rewording of Environment Agency copyright text

Additional worksheet added for User Calculations
Additional transport categories added: transit van & smaller van
Concrete section allows users to stipulate % reinforcement, steel source, % aggregate

recycled and cement content.
Site Emissions and Personnel Travel Estimators added
Other Materials section expanded
The “Road and Pavement Asphalt” category has been deleted, as it included maintenance
costs for the road across a 40-year lifespan. The “Standard asphalt” category has been
renamed “Asphalt”, and should be used for all asphalt calculations.

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Aim of the calculator

Carbon reduction tips User Guide

Overview of the tool

Data (embodied carbon per

Key: User iput

Current scheme status:

Estimated construction cost (£k): © Environment Agency

Material quantities should be entered in tonnes (except where noted)

Distance between source of

Footprint (tonnes fossil CO2e)

Quarried aggregate 2.0 tonnes/m3 0.005 0.000 0.000 0.000

Timber: general 0.5 tonnes/m3 0.310 0.000 0.000 0.000

Steel: Pipe- UK (EU) Average

Primary glass 2.5 tonnes/m3 0.91 0.000 0.000 0.000

Paint: general 1.225 tonnes/m3 2.91 0.000 0.000 0.000

Damp Proof Course/Membrane 0.0009 tonnes/m2 4.20 0.000 0.000 0.000

Insulation: fibreglass (glasswool) 0.045 tonnes/m3 1.35 0.000 0.000 0.000

Insulation: polystyrene 0.037 tonnes/m3 3.43 0.000 0.000 0.000

Pozzolanic (Siliceous Fly Ash)

Pozzolanic (Siliceous Fly Ash)

Cement: General 1.86 tonnes/m3 0.74 0.000 0.000 0.000

Results (figures will be added to sub-

0.000 0.000 0.000

Concretes by exposure class

Footprint (tonnes fossil CO2e)

Recommended Class: C12/15 Cement type: 2.4

Recommended Class: C20/25 Cement type: 2.4

Recommended Class: C25/30 Cement type: 2.4

Recommended Class: C30/37 Cement type: 2.4

Recommended Class: C30/37 Cement type: 2.4

Recommended Class: C30/37 Cement type: 2.4

Recommended Class: C35/45 Cement type: 2.4

Recommended Class: C35/45 Cement type: 2.4

Waste removal (i.e. mass balancing site derived material):

Reuse / Recycling* 0.000 0.000

Emissions from plant and equipment:

Input unit tCO2e/unit Units Distance Mode

Diesel litres 0.0031761 0.000 0.000 0.000

Emissions from site accommodation:

Diesel litres 0.0031761 0.000 0.000 0.000

Personnel travel input:

This option calculates a rough estimate of travel emissions, based on the

kgCO2e per Total

Very large (construction cost more

Total Carbon Footprint: 0.0 tonnes fossil CO2e

We would like to hear from you:

Sub-totals tonnes CO2e %

0.6 Material transport 0.0 n/a

Significant materials (figures include transport to site)

0.3 Plant and equipment - Gas oil 0.000 tonnes CO2e

Site accommodation - Diesel 0.000 tonnes CO2e

Plant and equipment - Diesel 0.000 tonnes CO2e

Plant and equipment - Gas 0.000 tonnes CO2e

0.1 Site accommodation - Biodiesel 0.000 tonnes CO2e

Plant and equipment - Biodiesel 0.000 tonnes CO2e

Site accommodation - Grid electricity 0.000 tonnes CO2e

Site accommodation - Water 0.000 tonnes CO2e

Plant and equipment - Water 0.000 tonnes CO2e

Waste removal - Wood - Landfill 0.000 tonnes CO2e

Waste removal - Mixed municipal waste - Landfill 0.000 tonnes CO2e

Waste removal - Wood - Reuse/Recycling 0.000 tonnes CO2e

Waste removal - Aggregates (Rubble) - Reuse/Recycling 0.000 tonnes CO2e

Waste removal - Plasterboard - Reuse/Recycling 0.000 tonnes CO2e

Waste removal - Silt/Soil - Reuse/Recycling 0.000 tonnes CO2e