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(a) Method of Teaching Beginning Reading Skills

Reading is most requirements in studies, also in working. Someone could not read, it is
difficult to them to search any information either when they are travelling, could not read
the sign. But, reading is has a skill to be a good reader which include;
i. Styles of reading
ii. Active reading
iii. A tip for speeding up your active reading
iv. Spotting authors' navigation aids
v. Words and vocabulary.
These five tips will help to improve the reading skill. In school, reading is most
important to students. It is because students have to read and understand what are they
learn in class. Teacher always ask their student to read their note before come to
school. It will help the students to understand and remember the topic. In kindergarten,
students will follow what the teacher say to improve their speaking skill also in their
reading skills. That is why people always said method of teaching is beginning with
reading skills.

Developing Reading Skills in Young Children

Dr. Reid Lyon is a research psychologist and serves as Chief of the Child Development
and Behavior Branch at the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
(NICHD) within the National Institutes of Health (NIH). He also serves as the Director of
Research Programs in Reading Development and Disorders, Learning Disabilities,
Language Development and Disorders, and Cognitive Neuroscience. Dr. Lyon delivered
this lecture on February 20, 1999 in San Francisco.
Approximately 20 to 30 percent of school-age children have difficulties learning to
read. About 15 million youngsters do not have access to the wonders of books and
other kinds of texts for learning and enjoyment. Almost as many girls as boys
experience difficulties learning to read. Boys seem to be identified as reading disabled

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more readily because they tend to be more active and boisterous than their female
agemates. While these estimates are alarming, they are on the conservative side.
If you observe children with reading difficulties, many negative effects become
apparent. During the early grades, their difficulties are quite embarrassing to them. This
humiliation leads to a predictable decrease in motivation and self-esteem. Children are
easily frustrated and ashamed of their difficulties once they notice that many of their
classmates read so effortlessly. As the youngsters mature, many of them drop out of
school, and of those who manage to graduate from high school, less than two percent
attend a four-year college.
Skilled reading requires the integration of several skills and abilities. You cannot
learn to read an alphabetic language like English unless you understand that the words
that you hear contain smaller sounds called "phonemes." Phonemes cannot actually be
"heard" by the ear because when we speak, the sounds in each syllable and word are
folded into one sound to permit rapid communication. Thus, when speaking the word
/cat/, the ear hears one sound, not three as in /c/ /a/ /t/. Many readers must be taught
"phoneme awareness" if it does not come easily to them.
Understanding that spoken words are composed of phonemes is critical because
in beginning reading, new words are decoded by linking the phonemes to the letter
symbols. Once children learn how to apply sounds to letter symbols, they must practice
the process to ensure that their reading becomes rapid and fluent. Reading requires
phoneme awareness, phonics, reading fluency, and comprehension skills. Each of
these skills is necessary and none are sufficient in their own right. They must be
integrated and applied in text through consistent and frequent practice. Learning to read
is not a natural process - it requires systematic and well-informed instruction.
Most reading problems can be observed when the child attempts to read out
loud. You will notice a labored approach to decoding or "sounding out" unknown or
unfamiliar words. Reading is typically hesitant and characterized by frequent starts and
stops. If asked about the meaning of what was just read, the individual frequently has
little to say. Not because he or she isn't smart enough: in fact, many people with reading

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problems are very bright. Poor comprehension occurs because they take too long to
read the words, leaving little energy for remembering and understanding what was read.

Teaching Your Child to Read

Reading aloud is to our children. Reading to children increases their knowledge
of the world, their vocabulary, and their interest in reading. From being read to
repeatedly, children learn that reading is enjoyable, that pictures provide clues to the
story, that stories have a beginning and an end. By listening, watching, and asking
questions, they add to their vocabulary and increase their comprehension. Repeated
reading aloud not only helps children learn to read but also has an impact on school
success. Lifelong enjoyment of reading is directly related to daily reading.
Some basic reading aloud "techniques." The suggestions are broken down by
age level. There are;

Birth-Age 2
i. Reading aloud is an intimate moment that you and your child have together.
Snuggle close and share books that can easily be held while your child is in your
lap. Read aloud often.
ii. Find books with large, bright and colorful pictures, exciting sounds, and rhyming
patterns in the text (i.e., Mother Goose rhymes). To reinforce the rhyme, sing or
recite the stories during the day.
iii. When your child is a baby, choose books that help him learn the names of all the
objects that surround him. Point to the objects in the pictures and call them by
name.
iv. Choose sturdy board books and place them anywhere your child will be, like the
highchair, the car seat, the stroller, and the toy room.
v. As your child learns how to turn pages, don't be concerned that this often seems
like the only way he is interested in interacting with a book. Promote an early
appreciation of books by modeling how to handle them with care.

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Ages 2-4
i. Keep books handy everywhere (in your bag, in the car, a little box in most rooms
of the house) and integrate them in with toys so that children are just as likely to
pick up a book as they are to pick up some blocks or a stuffed animal.
ii. Set a special routine time and comfortable location for reading. Bedtime, while
dinner is in the oven, or while a younger sibling is sleeping are some
suggestions.
iii. Demonstrate to your child that reading occurs anytime, any place. Read
everything around you such as store signs, road signs, and magazine covers.
Create grocery lists and lists of things to do and read them aloud.
iv. Read the same books over and over. Let your child participate in the story
reading by lifting flaps, turning pages, pointing to pictures, and repeating words
or phrases that he remembers.
v. Always choose a few books to read aloud that are a few levels above their
current vocabulary to introduce new words and concepts and build listening
skills.

Ages 5-7
i. Choose books with patterns, rhymes and repetitive phrases. Emphasize the
rhythmic pattern as you read aloud and encourage your child to "fill in the blank"
by pausing before you reach the end of the rhyming line or repeated phrase.
ii. Try reading a familiar book by covering up the words and telling a story just from
the pictures. This shows your child how to use the illustrations to tell a story.
iii. Sit in a way that your child can see the text while you read aloud. Help your child
to recognize that the words you read follow the words on the page by underlining

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the words with your finger as you read. You can also ask your child to find
individual words based on their beginning sounds. These types of "direct
learning" activities fit in better when your child has heard the story often.
iv. Set aside time for assisted reading as your child begins to learn how to read. You
read a page to him and then he reads the next page to you.
v. Choose a variety of books that include fairy tales; folk tales from different
countries; non-fictional books about animals; fictional stories that touch on early
science concepts like the seasons, weather, and animal habits; characters that
learn lessons about friendship and feelings and look at the world through a child's
eyes.
vi. Often, your child will want to revisit the book by himself after you've read it a few
times. Encourage him to read it silently instead of asking him to read it back to
you; in this way, you're encouraging silent reading for enjoyment. Grab a silent
reading book for yourself and curl up next to him to share a few moments of
"shared silent reading."

Ages 7-9
i. Continue to read aloud to your child even though he has already learned to read
on his own. Children learn a lot about the flow of language, their vocabulary
grows, and they get many opportunities to hear what good reading sounds like.
ii. Good choices at this age are chapter books, sports stories, riddles and jokes,
word-plays and poetry. Encourage your child's interest by reading aloud books in
the same series or by the same poet.
iii. Subscribe to a child's magazine that focuses on particular subjects like Sports
Illustrated for Kids, Ranger Rick, or Time for Kids. Visit the library to read aloud
from reference books about things that your child may discover in the real world
like insects, flowers, and snakes.
iv. Read aloud the description of various entries in a recipe book and choose a
recipe to make together. Choose a particular craft from a craft book and read
aloud as you follow the directions together.

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v. Chapter books (slightly longer children's stories divided into chapters and having
fewer illustrations) are a wonderful way to foster longer attention spans,
increased vocabularies and a more vivid imagination. Share these books during
read-aloud sessions now. When your child gets a little older he will likely revisit
these same books to read by himself.

Ages 10-12
i. At this age, children begin to develop an appreciation for mysteries, informational
books, tall tales, adventures with real heroes, biographies, and interactive
choose-your-own adventure stories. They are often involved in active sports, and
developing best friends. Try to select books from these categories so that your
child will be given access to a broad range of age-appropriate topics and various
literary styles.
ii. Visit the library and make time for books in between the sports practices,
homework assignments, and social activities that your child is involved in. Entice
older children by reading the beginning of the book aloud. Just as the tension in
the story builds, leave off, and often, children will want to finish the book by
reading it themselves.
iii. If you plan on reading an entire book aloud to a child of this age, choose a book
with a reading level a few years higher than your child's current level. This will
build his vocabulary and improve his listening skills.
iv. Find interesting bits of news to read aloud from the newspaper or news
magazines. Introduce your child to current events, important social and political
figures, new geographic regions and different cultural practices and beliefs.

Expanding Your Child's Vocabulary Promotes Skilled Readingu

Deanna Mascle said that Learning to read is not like climbing a mountain. You do not
simply lead your child over a peak and they then become a skilled reader. Instead there

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are a series of skills and building blocks that children gradually acquire and then
continue to build on for years before they become truly proficient readers.
One of those essential skills is vocabulary. Vocabulary refers to the words we
must know to communicate effectively by listening, speaking, reading, and writing.
Vocabulary plays an important part in learning to read. Children use words in their oral
vocabulary to make sense of the words they see in print. Vocabulary is also important in
reading comprehension. Readers cannot understand what they are reading unless they
know what most of the words mean.
While vocabulary is essential to reading children begin building their vocabulary
long before they begin learning to read and continue building their vocabulary long after
they have mastered the basics of reading. In fact, for most people, vocabulary building
continues as a lifelong endeavor.
Children can be taught vocabulary both indirectly and directly. Children learn the
meanings of most words indirectly, through everyday experiences with oral and written
language. We teach children the meaning of words as we talk to them and explain the
world around them. We expand vocabulary through reading to our children and
eventually our children will add to their vocabulary by reading extensively on their own.
Children learn vocabulary directly when they are explicitly taught both individual
words and word-learning strategies. It is useful to teach children specific words before
reading because it helps both vocabulary learning and reading comprehension.
Repeatedly exposing children to vocabulary words in a variety of contexts brings greater
depth to their understanding of the word as well as recognition. It is also important that
children learn how to use dictionaries and other reference aids to learn word meanings
and to deepen knowledge of word meanings.
Children who are learning to expand their reading vocabulary also must learn
how to use information about word parts (such as affixes, base words, word roots) to
figure out the meanings of words in text through structural analysis or how to use
context clues to determine word meanings.
If you want to expand your child's vocabulary there are two additional strategies
you can employ. First, don't talk down to them. Use the same vocabulary you would use

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with an adult. They will learn some words from simple contextual clues you provide but
they will also ask what a word means offering you the chance to add that word to their
vocabulary. The second strategy is to expand your own vocabulary. Making learning
new words (and adding them to conversation) a game or fun activity for the whole
family.
The more books and conversation are a part of your child's life then the more
their vocabulary will continue to grow.

Benefits Of Reading To Children

Here Are Some of the Reasons Why Reading Is So Important for Children
We're always telling children that books and reading are good for them, but have
we ever really thought about why that's true? Exactly what do older children get out of
reading novels? What do younger kids get from being read to? Does reading matter?
The purpose of this article is to say that, yes, it's true, reading really is important,
and that there are some solid reasons why that is so. Let's begin with the practical
benefits and then move on to the less tangible rewards of a life filled with reading.

i. Books Help Children Develop Vital Language Skills

Reading is an important skill that needs to be developed in children. Not only is it
necessary for survival in the world of schools and (later on) universities, but in adult life
as well. The ability to learn about new subjects and find helpful information on anything
from health problems and consumer protection to more academic research into science
or the arts depends on the ability to read.
Futurologists used to predict the death of the printed word but, ironically, Internet
has made reading more and more a part of people's daily lives. The paperless society is
a myth. The computer's ability to process and analyze data means that endless
variations on reports and other types of documents can be and are generated. Internet,
itself an enormous new source of information and recreation, is based on the humble

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written word. To effectively utilize the web and judge the authenticity and value of what
is found there, both reading and critical thinking skills are of prime importance.
The more children read, the better they become at reading. It's as simple as that.
The more enjoyable the things they read are, the more they'll stick with them and
develop the reading skills that they'll need for full access to information in their adult
lives. Reading should be viewed as a pleasurable activity - as a source of entertaining
tales and useful and interesting factual information.

The more young children are read to, the greater their interest in mastering reading.
Reading out loud exposes children to proper grammar and phrasing. It enhances the
development of their spoken language skills, their ability to express themselves verbally.
Reading, by way of books, magazines or websites, exposes kids to new
vocabulary. Even when they don't understand every new word, they absorb something
from the context that may deepen their understanding of it the next time the word is
encountered. When parents read aloud to children, the children also hear correct
pronunciation as they see the words on the page, even if they can't yet read the words
on their own.

ii. Reading Can Open Up New Worlds and Enrich Children's Lives
As mentioned above, reading opens doors - doors to factual information about any
subject on earth, practical or theoretical. Given the wealth of available resources such
as Internet, libraries, schools and bookstores, if children can read well and if they see
reading as a source of information, then for the rest of their lives they will have access
to all of the accumulated knowledge of mankind, access to all of the great minds and
ideas of the past and present. It truly is magic.
Through books, children can also learn about people and places from other parts
of the world, improving their understanding of and concern for all of humanity. This, in
turn, contributes towards our sense that we truly live in a "global village" and may help
us bring about a more peaceful future for everyone. This can happen through nonfiction
but, perhaps even more importantly, reading novels that are set in other places and time

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periods can give children a deeper understanding of others through identification with
individual characters and their plights.
Through stories and novels children can vicariously try out new experiences and
test new ideas, with no negative consequences in their real lives. They can meet
characters who they'll enjoy returning to for comforting and satisfying visits when they
reread a cherished book or discover a sequel. Books also give kids the opportunity to
flex their critical thinking skills in such areas as problem solving, the concepts of cause
and effect, conflict resolution, and acceptance of responsibility for one's actions.
Mysteries allow children to follow clues to their logical conclusions and to try to
outguess the author. Even for very young children, a simple story with a repetitive
refrain or a simple mystery to solve gives a confidence boost. Children can predict the
patterns and successfully solve the riddles.
Children are influenced by and imitate the world around them. While a steady
diet of violent cartoons may have a detrimental effect on children's development,
carefully chosen stories and books can have a positive influence on children, sensitizing
them to the needs of others. For example, books can encourage children to be more
cooperative, to share with others, to be kind to animals, or to respect the natural
environment.

iii. Reading Can Enhance Children's Social Skills

Although reading is thought of as the quintessential solitary activity, in certain
circumstances reading can be a socializing activity. For example, a parent or
grandparent reading a story aloud, whether from a traditional printed book or from an
ebook, can be a great opportunity for adult and child to share some quiet, relaxed
quality time together away from the rush and stresses of the business of daily living.
They share a few minutes of precious time, plus they share the ideas that are contained
in the story. In addition, older children can be encouraged to read aloud to younger
ones as a means of enhancing their relationship.
At school or at a library story hour, books can bring children together and can be
part of a positive shared experience. For some preschoolers this may be their primary

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opportunity to socialize and to learn how to behave around other children or how to sit
quietly for a group activity. Make the most of this experience by encouraging children to
talk about what they've read or heard.

iv. Reading Can Improve Hand-Eye Coordination

It may sound funny, but ebooks can be a way for children to improve their fine motor
skills and their hand-eye coordination, as they click around a childfriendly website or
click the backward and forward buttons of online story pages. They may also be picking
up valuable computer skills that they'll need in school and later in life.

v. Reading Can Provide Children with Plenty of Good, Clean Fun

I've saved the most important point for last. Reading can provide children with endless
hours of fun and entertainment. All of the pragmatic reasons above aren't at all
necessary to justify reading's place in children's lives. Stories can free up imaginations
and open up exciting new worlds of fantasy or reality. They allow children to dream and
may give them a good start on the road to viewing reading as a lifelong source of
pleasure; so read to your young children every day.
Inspire your older children to read. Give them access to plenty of reading
material that they'll enjoy and discuss it with them. Sample everything - traditional
printed books and ebooks on Internet, classic children's novels and fairy tales, as well
as more modern stories.
If a child wants to hear the same story over and over again, don't worry about it.
Children take comfort from the familiarity and predictability of a beloved story that they
know by heart. There's no harm in that. Reread old favorites and, at the same time,
introduce your children to new stories. Your child's mind and heart have room for both.
There are so many ways in which reading continues to be both a vital skill for
children to master, and an important source of knowledge and pleasure that can last a
lifetime. Nurture it in your children. Make the most of all the resources that are available
and waiting for you: printed books, online books, magazines and so forth. Encourage
follow-up activities involving creative writing skills and the arts, as well, so that your

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children can reflect upon or expand on what they've absorbed and, at the same time,
develop their own creativity. As you help your kids appreciate the magic of reading,
you'll find that there's a whole wonderful world full of children's literature out there that
YOU can enjoy too.

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References

Dokumen Standard: Prasekolah. Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia

University of Southampton. Reading Skills.

http://www.ncbe.gwu.edu/databases/ERIC_Digests/ed321619.html

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