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KHZDFWHFDÆÊ@ KD @WFDABSDÆÊ@ Z@JBDO H YW@KX[B\D K@ DZZHA[DNHA[@ JDWO@Z NDWBFEHOD-WZ3 XN HZ[XK@ KH JDZ@
Djdk. Zârfb` G`tt`a Gdrjhoo`s - Nhstrdak` JYKD/XLWWC @rbhatdk`r - Yr`l. Kr. Wdbnuak` A. Zdat`s
BA[W@KXÆÊ@ H J@A[HU[XDOBSDÆÊ@
 
@gcht` h @gchtbv`s
Hssh trdgdoe` thn j`n` pr`p`std jhatrdo dadobsdr kh quh l`rnd `j`rrhu ` pr`jhs-s` kh khsbathfrdæê` a`s dsphjt`s rhodtbv`s é fhstê` k` trdgdoe` h vbkd s`jbdo, hn un dsshatdnhat` `rfdabzdk` kh l`rnd j`ohtbvd, j`asbkhrdk` ‟n`kho`„ pho` N`vbnhat` k`s [rdgdoedk`rhs Wurdbs Zhn [hrrd (NZ[), ad Whfbê` Jhatrdo k` Wb` Frdakh k` Zuo (WZ), ` dsshatdnhat` Jdro`s Ndrbfehod. O`jdobzdk` a` nuabjîpb` kh Zdatd Ndrbd, trdtd-sh kh un dsshatdnhat` bnpodatdk` `lbjbdonhath a` da` kh 7999 p`r un j`acuat` kh 78 ldnîobds pr`vhabhaths kh vdrbdk`s o`jdbs k` WZ. Khskh ` shu baîjb`, hssh dsshatd-nhat` l`b phasdk` j`n` un hspdæ` pdrd d rhdobzdæê` kh und hxphrbãajbd kh trdgdoe` h vbkd j`ohtbvd, p`r nhb` kd l`rndæê` kh und j``phrdtbvd kh pr`kuæê` dfr`phjuärbd (JYD) h thak` suds dtbvbkdkhs pr`kutbvds gdshdkds a`s prbajîpb`s kd dfr`hj`o`fbd. J`atuk`, nhsn` thak` jhrt` sujhss` hn shus prbnhbr`s da`s, a` da` kh 799<, khp`bs kh thr pdssdk` p`r dofun thnp` kh jrbsh, hssh dsshatdnhat` pdss`u p`r und rhhstruturdæê` pr`luakd, a` qudo, bajousbvh, l`b khsbathfrdk` shu sbsthnd kh `rfdabzd-æê` s`jbdo h kh pr`kuæê` dfr`phjuärbd j`ohtbvd. Hsth drtbf` aê` thn j`n` pr`p`std hsf`tdr d daäobsh k`s dsphjt`s quh khshajdkh-drdn ` pr`jhss` kh bnpodatdæê`
 
h khsdfrhfdæê` k` sbsthnd pr`kutbv` k` dsshatd-nhat` hstukdk`, nds pr`jurd houjbkdr quhstøhs luakdnhatdbs d hssh pr`jhss` hn hs-phjîlbj`.
J@AZBKHWDÆØHZ LBADBZ
Whsuotdk`s `gtbk`s
Dpús d daäobsh djbnd, p`kh-sh dlbrndr quh d khsdfrhfdæê` kd fhstê` j`ohtbvd kh a` dsshatdnhat` Jdro`s Ndrbfehod l`b balouhajbdkd hn frdakh nhkbkd phods khjhp-æøhs j`n `s rhsuotdk`s hj`aûnbj`s , `s qudbs lrdfbobzdrdn d `rfdabzdæê` s`jbdo j`oh-tbvd o`jdo. D jrbsh k` n`kho` j``phrdtbvbstd h kh j`ohtbvbzdæê` s`jbdo a` NZ[, d pdrtbr k`s da`s kh 4229, hn j`as`açajbd j`n un j`acuat` ldt`rhs kh `rkhn hxthrad (j`acuaturd p`oîtbjd h hj`aûnbjd) h bathrad (s`jbdgbobkdkhs h vbvãajbds kds ldnîobds), d hssh dsshatdnhat`, quh jehfdn d` äpbjh a` da` kh 799<, prhkbsp`rdn d khsd-frhfdæê` k` sbsthnd j`ohtbv` ahssh jds`. Hssh pr`jhss` jdrdjthrbz`u-sh phod kbvb-sê` k`s o`ths hn uabkdkhs ldnbobdrhs, d `pæê` pho` trdgdoe` ldnbobdr-bakbvbkudo h pho` us` aê` ndbs r`tbahbr` kd ärhd kh j`avîvb` j`nuabtärb` k` dsshatdnhat`. @utr` ldt`r quh vdoh shr khstdjdk` tdngân rhnhth é dusãajbd kh nhkbdk`rhs tâj-abj`s h p`oîtbj`s quh duxbobdsshn ad j`nprhhasê` h dknbabstrdæê` kds kblbjuokdkhs sújb`-tâjabjds bahrhaths d` pr`jhss` kh j`astbtubæê` k`s dsshatdnhat`s h rhsphjtb-vdnhath und ndtrbz pr`kutbvd, dbakd p`r jbnd kh gdsh dfr`hj`oúfbjd h kh `rfdabzd-æê` j`ohtbvd. Hsshs nhkbdk`rhs dqub rhlhrbk`s shrbdn tdat` ds hatbkdkhs f`vhrad-nhatdbs (HND[HW h BAJWD, p`r hxhnpo`), quh khvhrbdn dtudr cuat` d` dsshatdnha-t` hstukdk`, qudat` é kbrhæê` hstdkudo k` NZ[-WZ (adquhod âp`jd). Khstdj` quh kh l`rnd dofund l`b gusjdk` hajhrrdr und j`nprhhasê` djhrjd khssd pr`gohnätbjd hn rhodæê` d hssh jds`. Y`bs, djrhkbt` quh d khsdfrhfdæê` kd `rfdabzdæê` j`ohtbvd a` dsshatdnhat` Jdro`s Ndrbfehod aê` sbfablbjd ` lrdjdss` kh und hxphrbãajbd ba`vdk`rd quh prhthakbd hlhtbvdr d fhstê` j`ohtbvd h d dpobjdæê` k`s prbajîpb`s kd dfr`hj`o`fbd j`n` hbx`s gdobzdk`rhs kh un a`v` n`kho` kh dsshatd-nhat`. Dphads, sbfablbjd quh aê` e`uvhrdn ds j`akbæøhs hj`aûnbjds, tâjabjds (rhodtbvds d` sbsthnd dfr`phjuärb`) h p`oîtbjds `gchtbvds ahjhssärbds h jdpdzhs kh dknbabstrdr `s khsdlb`s bnp`st`s é fhstê` j`ohtbvd ahssd sbtudæê`.
 
NH[@K@O@FBD
 
D nht`k`o`fbd quh a`rth`u hssd phsqubsd l`b d daäobsh qudobtdtbvd h khsjrbtbvd, hn vbrtukh k` `gcht` kh phsqubsd shr ebstúrbj`, j`atrdkbtúrb` h ndrjdk` p`r j`alobt`s s`jb-dbs, gusjdak` j`nprhhakhr j`n` sh khu d khsdfrhfdæê` kd `rfdabzdæê` s`jbdo h kd pr`kuæê` j`ohtbvd a` dsshatdnhat` Jdro`s Ndrbfehod. Yr`jur`u-sh khshav`ovhr und daäobsh quh r`npd j`n und phrsphjtbvd3 lrdjdss` U sujhss` (Khn`, 4228). @s pr`jhkbnhat`s kh phsqubsd utbobzdk`s pdrd hstruturdr hssd daäobsh l`rdn d `g-shrvdæê` pdrtbjbpdath (Ghjmhr, 4222) h hatrhvbstds shnb-hstruturdkds (Ndrrdkb, 7996) a` phrî`k` kh 7998 d 7996, ` quh phrnbtbu ohvdatdr dofunds quhstøhs phjuobdrhs d hs-sh jds` h `utrds j`nuas d hxphrbãajbds phsqubsdkds hn kbvhrs`s hstuk`s djdkãnb-j`s hodg`rdk`s dathrb`rnhath . nhkbdk`rhs, j`n` a` jds`, pho` NZ[. A` hatdat`, d prúprbd kbaçnbjd bathrad k`s dsshatdnhat`s â, hn sb nhsn`, un khsdlb` pdrd d ndthrbdobzdæê` kh pr`p`stds, j`n` ds j`ohtbvbzdk`rds, j`asbkhrdak` sh trdtdr kh un
hspdæ` s`jbdo
`akh `s dfhaths h frup`s sê` khlbabk`s phods suds p`-sbæøhs rhodtbvds, shak` quh `s bathrhsshs quh kdî rhsuotdn p`khn shr j`atrdkbtúrb`s h j`alobtu`s`s (G`urkbhu, 4252, p. 4:;). J`rr`g`rdak` ahssd phrsphjtbvd, Sbnnhrndaa (422;, p. 798), khsjrhvh quh `s dsshatdnhat`s rurdbs hn rhodæê` é suds kbaçnbjds s`jbdbs sê` j`asbkhrdk`s ‟(...) un hspdæ` kh rhodæøhs s`jbdbs `akh ds jdrdjthrîstbjds ehthr`fãahds bakbvbkudbs, e`-n`fhahbzdkds a` pr`jhss` kh outd phod thrrd, rhssurfhn hn a`vds gdshs. A` j`tbkb-da` khsshs hspdæ`s, kblhrhaths l`rnds `rfdabzdtbvds kh pr`kuæê` dfr`phjuärbd h s`jbdo sê` jrbdkds h rhjrbdkds, aund kbaçnbjd rbjd kh sbtudæøhs, bnpdsshs h halrha-tdnhat`s„. Kd nhsnd ndahbrd, Lhrrdath (422;) pdrhjh bkhatblbjdr pr`jhss`s pdrhjb-k`s, qudak` dlbrnd quh, a` pr`jhss` kh outd phod thrrd ‟t`k`s `s khndakdaths„ sh pøhn j`n` bfudbs, nds bss` aê` bnpobjdrbd hn ‟vhr ad thrrd ` nhsn` pr`cht`„.
YW@GOHND[BSDÆÊ@
Hn j`avhrsds h vbsbtds rhdobzdkds cuat` d`s dsshatdk`s hrdn j`rrbquhbrds ndablhs-tdæøhs khn`astrdak` un shatbnhat` kh khsn`tbvdæê` h khsjrâkbt` hn rhodæê` é vbd-gbobzdæê` kds dtbvbkdkhs j`ohtbvds a` dsshatdnhat` a` phrî`k` kh hnhrfãajbd k`s kh-shathakbnhat`s h j`alobt`s. Dofuas k`s prbajbpdbs ldt`rhs dohfdk`s pdrd hxpobjdr hsth ‟khsçabn`„ hrdn rhodtbv`s és kblbjuokdkhs k` j`ohtbv` hn3 sdokdr kîvbkds rhlhrhaths d lbadajbdnhat`s `gtbk`s pdrd j`nprd kh hqubpdnhat`s h j`astruæê` kh ghalhbt`rbds= gdbxd rhatdgbobkdkh lbadajhbrd p`r ldnîobd= p`ujd nê`-kh-`grd pdrd rhdobzdæê` kh dtbvb-kdkhs j`tbkbdads kh `rfdabzdæê`, trdgdoe` ad pr`kuæê` dfr`phjuärbd h j`astruæê` kh bastdodæøhs= hxp`sbæê` nbkbätbjd kh l`rnd ‟ahfdtbvd„ k` dsshatdnhat` a`s nhb`s kh j`nuabjdæê` k` nuabjîpb` h kbvhrfãajbds ad l`rnd j`n` hrdn dknbabstrdkds, hn hs-phjbdo, ds lbadaæds j`ohtbvds k` dsshatdnhat`. J`n hssh l`j` kh daäobsh, pdrth-sh k` prbajîpb` kh quh ` hstuk` kd `rfdabzdæê` s`-jbdo h pr`kutbvd a`s dsshatdnhat`s, doân kh j`asbkhrdr d kbnhasê` h vbdgbobzdæê` h-j`aûnbjd, khvh dssbadodr ds rhodæøhs sújb`-p`oîtbjds hatrh `s
 
dfhaths s`jbdbs hav`ovb-k`s. Khvbk` d j`npohxbkdkh kds kbaçnbjds s`jbdbs ahsshs hspdæ`s quh värbds pr`-p`stds kh vbdgbobzdæê` k`s dsshatdnhat`s sê` hodg`rdkds, prbajbpdonhath pho`s
 
WHLHWÃAJBDZ GBGOB@FWÄLBJDZ
 
GHJMHW, E`wdrk Z.
Nât`k`s kh Yhsqubsd hn Jbãajbds Z`jbdbs
. [rdk.3 Ndrj` Hsthvê`, Whadt` Dfub-dr. ;
`
 hk. Zê` Yduo`3 Eujbthj, 4222. G@XWKBHX, Y.
@ Y`khr Zbngúobj`
. [rdk.3 [`nds, Lhradak`. Wb` kh Cdahbr`3 Ghrtrdak Grdsbo, 4252. KHN@, Yhkr`. (4228).
Nht`k`o`fbd hn Jbãajbds Z`jbdbs.
 :
9
 hk. Zê` Yduo`3 Dtods. LHWWDA[H, \hrd Oójbd G. (422;).
Kbrhtrbzhs Y`oîtbjds k`s Nhkbdk`rhs3 Whlohxøhs kh Yhsqubsds.
Ba3 Nhkhbr`s, O. Z. ht do. (`rf.)
Dsshatdnhat`s Wurdbs3 Xnd vbsê` Nuotbkbsjbpobadr.
 Zê` Yduo`3 Hkbt`rd Xabvhr-sbkdkh Hstdkudo Yduobstd. NDWWDKB, Doghrt`.
Nht`k`o`fbd kh ods jbãajbds s`jbdohs
 ‚ Doghrt` Ndrrdkb, Aâobkd Drjehatb, Cuda Baä-jb` Yb`vdab ‚ 4.ª Hk. ‚ Guhn`s Dbrhs3 Hnhjâ Hkbt`rhs, 7996. SBNNHWNDAA, Ahusd kh Jdstr`.
@s Khsdlb`s kd @rfdabzdæê` bathrad kh un Dsshatdnhat` Wurdo.
Ba3 NHKHBW@Z, O. Z. ht do. (`rf.)
 
Dsshatdnhat`s Wurdbs3 Xnd vbsê` Nuotbkbsjbpobadr.
 Zê` Yduo`3 Hkbt`rd Xabvhrsbkdkh Hstdkudo Yduobstd, 422;.

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