PROPOSITO
Para Revisión
NOMBRE CONTRATO EPC POR EL SISTEMA DE
PROYECTO DESULFURIZACION DE GASES - FGD - PARA
LA CENTRAL TARAPACÁ Para Aprobación
PROPIETARIO:
CONTRATISTA:
FUEL GAS DESULFURIZACION
FOR TARAPACA POWER PLANT (158MW)
DCTO413-C8-VVT-000-001
Contenido
1. ALCANCE ......................................................................................................................... 3
2. APLICACIONES ................................................................................................................ 3
3. ANTECEDENTES ............................................................................................................... 3
4. CÓDIGOS, ESPECIFICACIONES Y NORMAS ...................................................................... 4
5. DOCUMENTOS ENTREGABLES ........................................................................................ 6
5.1. DISEÑO BÁSICO ........................................................................................................ 8
5.2. DISEÑO DE DETALLES ............................................................................................. 10
6. PARÁMETROS GEOTÉCNICOS PARA EL DISEÑO DE FUNDACIONES ............................. 12
6.1. DISEÑO DE FUNDACIONES PARA ESTRUCTURAS ALTAS ........................................ 12
6.1.1. FUNDACIÓN DIRECTA EN HORIZONTE H2 ...................................................... 12
6.1.2. ANCLAJES DE FUNDACIÓN .............................................................................. 12
6.1.3. CASO ESPECIALE ESTRUCTURAS ALTAS .......................................................... 13
6.2. DISEÑO DE FUNDACIONES PARA ESTRUCTURAS BAJAS ........................................ 13
6.2.1. FUNDACIÓN DIRECTA EN HORIZONTE H1 O H3 ............................................. 13
7. SOLICITACIONES ........................................................................................................... 14
7.1. CARGA MUERTA (D) ............................................................................................... 14
7.2. CARGAS VIVAS (L) ................................................................................................... 14
7.2.1. DENSIDAD MATERIALES .................................................................................. 15
7.3. VIENTO (W) ............................................................................................................ 15
7.4. SISMO (E) ............................................................................................................... 16
7.4.1. ACCIÓN SÍSMICA HORIZONTAL ....................................................................... 16
7.4.2. ACCIÓN SÍSMICA EN LA DIRECCIÓN VERTICAL ............................................... 17
7.4.3. AMORTIGUAMIENTO Y FACTOR R. ................................................................. 18
7.4.4. MÉTODO DE ANÁLISIS .................................................................................... 18
7.4.5. PORCENTAJE DE MASA SÍSMICA DE LAS CARGAS VIVAS ................................ 20
7.4.6. DEFORMACIONES SÍSMICAS ........................................................................... 20
7.4.7. DISEÑO PARTICULAR DE FUNDACIONES DE TRANSFORMADORES ................ 21
7.4.8. DISEÑO PARTICULAR DE MUROS CORTAFUEGO ............................................ 23
7.4.9. DISEÑO PARTICULAR DE ESTANQUES CONTENEDORES DE LÍQUIDOS
APOYADOS EN SUELO ................................................................................................... 24
7.5. EFECTOS DE TEMPERATURA (T) ............................................................................. 25
7.5.1. TEMPERATURA EXTERIOR (Te) ....................................................................... 25
7.5.2. TEMPERATURA DE LOS GASES (Tg) ................................................................ 25
7.6. PRESIÓN DEL FLUIDO (F) ........................................................................................ 25
7.7. FUERZAS DEBIDAS A EQUIPOS MÓVILES ............................................................... 25
7.8. OTRAS SOLICITACIONES ......................................................................................... 26
8. COMBINACIONES DE CARGA ........................................................................................ 27
9. REACCIONES ................................................................................................................. 30
10. APOYOS DESLIZANTES, FIJOS, JUNTAS DE EXPANSIÓN Y DE DILATACIÓN. .................. 30
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11. DISEÑO DE OBRAS DE HORMIGÓN ............................................................................... 31
11.1. GENERAL ............................................................................................................. 31
11.2. CONSIDERACIONES ESPECIALES DE DISEÑO DE OBRAS CIVILES ........................ 32
12. DISEÑO DE ESTRUCTURAS DE ACERO ........................................................................... 34
12.1. GENERAL ............................................................................................................. 34
12.2. MATERIALES ....................................................................................................... 35
12.2.1. ACERO ESTRUCTURAL ..................................................................................... 35
12.2.2. PERNOS DE CONEXIÓN ................................................................................... 36
12.2.3. PERNOS DE ANCLAJE ...................................................................................... 36
12.2.4. SOLDADURA .................................................................................................... 37
12.3. UNIONES ............................................................................................................. 37
12.4. ESBELTECES MÁXIMAS ....................................................................................... 38
12.5. PERFILES MÍNIMOS ............................................................................................ 38
12.6. DEFORMACIONES MÁXIMAS .............................................................................. 38
12.7. PERNOS DE ANCLAJE Y LLAVES DE CORTE ......................................................... 39
13. ESTIPULACIONES DE DISEÑO PARA OTROS MATERIALES O ESTRUCTURAS ................. 40
ANEXO 1: CRITERIOS DE DISEÑO ESPECIFICOS PARA ESTANQUES ...................................... 41
ANEXO 2: CRITERIOS DE DISEÑO ESPECIFICOS PARA SDA ................................................... 59
ANEXO 3: CRITERIOS DE DISEÑO ESPECIFICOS PARA PIPE RACK ....................................... 145
ANEXO 4: CRITERIOS DE DISEÑO ESPECIFICOS SILO DE CAL Y CENIZAS RECICLADAS ........ 195
ANEXO 5: CRITERIOS DE DISEÑO ESPECIFICOS PARA FLY ASH SILO ................................... 247
ANEXO 6: CRITERIOS DE DISEÑO ESPECIFICOS PARA DISEÑO DE DUCTOS ........................ 303
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1. ALCANCE
El objetivo del presente documento es definir los criterios de cálculo, los datos
técnicos, cargas y parámetros de cálculo adoptados para el diseño civil-estructural
de todas las obras, ya sea estructuras metálicas, estructuras de hormigón u otras,
ductos, dampers, juntas de expansión, pasillos, plataformas y escalas, entre otros,
del Sistema de Desulfurización de Gases – FGD – para la Central Tarapacá.
Todas las obras civil-estructurales del proyecto quedan dentro del alcance de este
documento.
2. APLICACIONES
Para los aspectos que se encuentren omitidos en esta especificación, los códigos
o normas especificados en la sección 4 deberán ser adoptados.
El orden jerárquico de aplicación es: en primer lugar esta especificación, luego las
especificaciones técnicas del contrato, seguido de los otros códigos y normas, y
finalmente los Design Criteria particulares de las obras, anexos a este documento
3. ANTECEDENTES
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Se deberán usar las últimas ediciones de los siguientes códigos, normas y ETG a
excepción de aquellas cuya versión se encuentre especificada:
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5. DOCUMENTOS ENTREGABLES
La revisión del proyecto debe contemplar como mínimo los siguientes puntos:
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información que sea relevante para los cálculos contenidos en el documento. Esto
facilita la revisión y agiliza la aprobación.
Se usara el programa SAP 2000 y uso de software como SAFE para análisis /
verificación de Fundaciones.
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El diseño básico debe definir las dimensiones generales de las obras civiles,
estructuras metálicas, y la disposición general de los equipos en relación con ellas.
El Contratista entregará planos de diseño básico de cada una de las obras civiles
y estructuras metálicas, con sus dimensiones y formas, indicando las cargas que
actúan sobre ellas y todas las condiciones que deberán cumplirse al hacer el
diseño de detalles.
Las Memorias de Cálculo deben permitir visualizar con claridad y seguir la forma
en que se han planteado y resuelto los problemas de estabilidad y diseño
estructural.
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Cargas normales.
Cargas eventuales.
Combinaciones de cargas y coeficientes de seguridad.
Normas y Recomendaciones de cálculo.
Criterios de estabilidad y diseño estructural.
Materiales por emplear en los diferentes elementos.
Antecedentes constructivos que condicionaron el diseño (etapas de
concretadura, etapas de excavación, etc.).
Deberán señalarse las cargas originadas (incluido el peso propio) por la operación
normal o eventual de los equipos, ductos (piping) u otros elementos no
estructurales señalando el documento o los cálculos que dan origen a esos datos.
En esta etapa se definirá cuáles apoyos serán de tipo deslizante, fijo o empotrado
y la ubicación de las juntas de expansión, según el punto 10.
Los resultados del cálculo se presentarán en cuadros resumen ilustrados con las
figuras correspondientes.
Consideraciones generales
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El grado de desarrollo de los planos de detalles debe ser tal que permita la
completa construcción de las obras.
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o Planos varios
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Además, cabe señalar que los anclajes proyectados, deben cumplir con los
requerimientos de ensayos establecidos en la cláusula 5.07.02G de las
especificaciones técnicas del contrato, durante su construcción.
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7. SOLICITACIONES
Cada obra deberá ser diseñada para resistir las combinaciones de cargas
indicadas en la cláusula 8, sin exceder las condiciones de resistencia, tensiones
admisibles en el sello de fundación, estabilidad ni deformabilidad prescritas en
estas bases de diseño.
Para el diseño de las estructuras se deben considerar como mínimo las cargas
definidas en el Standard ASCE/SEI 7, modificado o complementado por lo
indicado en las cláusulas7.1 a 7.8 de estas bases de diseño.
De las sobrecargas anteriores; Oficinas, pasillos, escaleras (400 kg/m2) puede ser
reducido en las combinaciones LRFD 3a, 4 y 5 utilizando un factor de mayoración
igual a 0.5, según lo especificado en 9.1.1 a) de la NCh 3171
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Todos los ductos horizontales o con inclinación menor que 45º, con respecto a la
horizontal, deben ser calculados considerando una altura de material (ceniza)
acumulado igual a 30% de la altura interior del ducto. Para el caso de los silos y
tolvas se deben considerar llenos hasta la máxima altura de control. Con respecto
a la acumulación de material al interior del Absorbedor (SDA) el Contratista deberá
considerar la peor situación posible de ocurrir en el proceso y justificarla. El 100%
de estas acumulaciones de materiales se considerará que está presente
simultáneamente con el sismo.
Esta solicitación se refiere a las cargas que se producen debido al efecto del
viento sobre las estructuras.
Además, se considera la exposición de las obras a cima de cerro, por lo que los
valores de la presión básica son incrementados en un 20%.
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Este estado de carga se refiere a la acción sísmica sobre las estructuras. Las
fuerzas sísmicas deben ser calculadas DE MANERA INDEPENDIENTE en tres
direcciones ortogonales, dos horizontales y una vertical. Cuando existan
direcciones principales claras de la estructura estas acciones deberán ser
aplicadas en esas direcciones principales.
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1.0
0.7
0.6
A(T)/g
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
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Estructura ξ% R
SDA – casing 2 4
SDA – estructura de soporte 2 4
Silos metálicos - casing 2 3*
Silos metálicos – estructura de soporte 2 3*
Estanque apoyados directamente en fundación 2 4
Ductos - casing 2 3
Ductos – estructura de soporte 2 3
Fundación transformadores de poder 5 3
Edificio Eléctrico / Control (Hormigón Armado) 5 5
Taller de máquinas (estructura metálica) 3 5
Edificios anexos de hormigón 5 5
Estanques en planta de tratamiento de aguas, 2 4
Contenedores de líquidos apoyados sobre el suelo.
Estructuras de soporte menores no arriostradas 2 3
(postes). Soldadas en general.
Pipe rack 3 5
Muro cortafuego 5 4.5
El análisis debe incluir los suficientes modos de vibrar, de tal forma que se
asegure que la suma de las masas equivalentes, en cada dirección de análisis,
sea igual o superior al 90% de la masa total.
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donde,
S: combinación modal
: razón de amortiguamiento
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Según la sección 6.1 de la NCh 2369, cuando el análisis se hace con las
solicitaciones sísmicas reducidas por el factor R, las deformaciones provenientes
de las combinaciones de carga ASD establecidas en 8, deben ser determinadas
de la siguiente forma:
d=d0+R1 dd
en que:
d= Deformación de la combinación sísmica;
d0= Deformación debida a cargas no sísmicas;
R1= Factor que resulta de multiplicar el valor de R por el cuociente Q0/Qmín.,
siempre que Q0/Qmín. sea menor o igual a 1.0. Sin embargo, para el
cuociente Q0/Qmín. no se debe usar un valor inferior a 0.5. En caso que este
cuociente sea mayor a 1.0, se debe usar R1=R;
dd= Deformación calculada con solicitaciones sísmicas reducidas por el factor
R.
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WiQb
Fi CWi
Wi
i
Tanto las fuerzas de corte como los momentos correspondientes serán los que
resulten de la estática al aplicar Fi.
CV 0.6 C
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Los pernos de anclaje que vinculan el chasis de apoyo del equipo con la caja de
anclaje deberán ser dimensionados para resistir la carga sísmica obtenida del
análisis de verificación sísmica realizado al propio equipo aplicando la ETG 1.020
de ENDESA. Por otra parte, la verificación de resistencia de la caja de anclaje y de
las piezas de fijación de la caja a la fundación se realizará considerando la
solicitación sísmica especificada en esta cláusula.
Las juntas de dilatación entre la pileta y las obras circundantes, se sellarán con un
cordón de polietileno y sello de silicona resistente al aceite (Sikaflex 11 FC o
equivalente). Lo anterior permite garantizar la durabilidad del sello estanco de
silicona. El sistema de sello se indica en la figura N° 2.
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Amortiguamiento: 5%.
Para el cálculo de la distribución en altura de fuerzas sísmicas horizontales
para las diversas secciones en que se dividirá el muro, se utilizará la
siguiente expresión:
Donde
hi = altura del centro de masas por encima del nivel basal, sección i
Wi = peso de la sección i
La geometría del muro cortafuego debe cumplir con los siguientes requerimientos:
El muro debe tener una altura mínima que supere por lo menos en 30 cm el
punto más alto del transformador. En todo caso, la altura del muro no
deberá ser inferior a 1 m sobre el punto más alto del conservador de aceite.
El muro debe tener una longitud mínima igual al largo del lado de la pileta
de captación de aceite paralela al eje del muro.
Sobre los muros cortafuegos no se permite la colocación de equipos
eléctricos.
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Se debe considerar el efecto de las altas temperaturas del flujo de gases del
proceso. El Contratista deberá considerar un aumento de temperatura no menor
que +180 °C, en todos los elementos que estén en contacto con el flujo de gas.
Esta carga se refiere a la presión que genera la circulación de los gases al interior
de los ductos o compartimentos de los equipos. Puede tener valores positivos,
cuando es mayor a la presión atmosférica, o negativos cuando es menor a ella.
Estas cargas deben ser consideradas como cargas vivas (L) y se refieren a las
acciones dinámicas provenientes del uso de equipos móviles. De acuerdo con
esta definición se debe incluir bajo este ítem:
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Salvo que el análisis indique fuerzas mayores, se deberán usar como mínimo las
cargas de impacto indicadas en la norma ASCE/SEI 7.
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8. COMBINACIONES DE CARGA
Todas las combinaciones deben ser verificadas con el efecto de variación térmica.
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Siendo:
D: Cargas permanentes
E: Cargas sísmicas, correspondiente a la combinación de dos direcciones
horizontales como se indica en 7.4.1 y la dirección vertical de 7.4.2.
F: Cargas debido a fluidos con presiones bien definidas.
L: Cargas vivas.
Lr: Carga viva de techo sin transito.
T: Cargas por efectos acumulados por variación de temperatura, retracción o
asentamientos diferenciales
W: Cargas de viento
(D + F + T) + L_EM
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Las cargas de los fenómenos accidentales de proceso que son independientes del
sismo deben aplicarse en las combinaciones LRFD N° 1 y 2 y ASD N° 1 y 2, con
los factores de mayoración de F, T y L, según corresponda.
Para los casos en que existen ∆T, se consideraran los siguientes estados de
cargas:
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9. REACCIONES
Las reacciones se presentarán desagregadas por estado de carga sin aplicar los
factores de las combinaciones de carga, tal que se puedan calcular con esos
datos, tanto las combinaciones ASD como LRFD.
Para diseñar los apoyos fijos se deberá considerar que en los apoyos móviles no
se ejerce roce que disminuya los esfuerzos de los primeros. Por su parte, para
diseñar los apoyos deslizantes y las partes de estructura asociadas a ellos, se
considerará la solicitación transferida por fuerza de roce.
Las juntas de expansión deben ser diseñadas de tal manera que permitan
desarrollar deformaciones superiores a las provenientes de las combinaciones de
cargas ASD definidas en 8, con la debida consideración del cálculo de
deformaciones por carga sísmica como se indica en 7.4.6.
Debe tenerse especial atención al analizar las direcciones en que pueden ocurrir
los desplazamientos. En el caso de los originados por carga sísmica debe
considerarse que ellos ocurren en cualquier sentido horizontal o vertical e incluso
en sentidos opuestos en estructuras dilatadas entre sí.
Las separaciones entre estructuras deben cumplir con los valores mínimos
indicados en la cláusula 6.2.1 de la NCh 2369.
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11.1. GENERAL
El diseño de las obras de hormigón se hará de acuerdo con la norma ACI 318-08
"Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete". Además se aplicarán las
modificaciones al ACI 318-08 indicadas en Decreto N° 60 del MINVU ”Aprueba
reglamento que fija los requisitos de diseño y cálculo para el hormigón armado y
deroga decreto nº 118, de 2010”.
Se deberán considerar las disposiciones del capítulo 21 del ACI 318-08 tomando
en cuenta las disposiciones del Decreto N° 60 del MINVU ”Aprueba reglamento
que fija los requisitos de diseño y cálculo para el hormigón armado y deroga
decreto nº 118, de 2010”
Como mínimo se usará hormigón grado H30 de acuerdo a la norma INN NCh 170.
La resistencia especificada a la compresión es la siguiente:
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Se usará acero de refuerzo grado A630-420H (según NCh 204) cuya tensión de
fluencia es 4200 kgf/cm2.
Las barras de refuerzo para hormigón armado deben ser de acero aprobado
para su uso en Chile. Todos los miembros estructurales de una estructura
particular deben ser diseñados y construidos utilizando barras de refuerzo de la
misma calidad
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12.1. GENERAL
Los perfiles de plancha plegada deben cumplir con lo indicado en "Specification for
the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members” del AISI, última edición.
Cláusula 8.3.6. El esfuerzo sísmico que debe ser menor al 80% de la capacidad
resistente de las diagonales comprimidas, debe considerarse como el esfuerzo
axial que se obtiene de las combinaciones que incluyen la carga sísmica.
Clausula 8.5.2. Las conexiones de las diagonales símicas se deben diseñar para
resistir el 100% e la capacidad en tracción de la sección bruta de estas. Todo
elemento que sea parte del mismo sistema sismo resistente deberá disponer en
sus conexiones una capacidad mayor o igual a la capacidad de la diagonal más
solicitada. Las conexiones de Vigas o elementos horizontales (Vigas puntales) del
sistema de arriostramiento sísmico vertical podrán calcularse considerando el 100
% de su capacidad axial, pero con un límite superior igual al 100% de la capacidad
axial en tracción del arriostramiento o diagonal vertical que controla el diseño de
dicho eje estructural. De cualquier forma dicha viga puntal deberá conectarse al
menos para el 50% de su propia capacidad axial en tracción
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12.2. MATERIALES
12.2.1.ACERO ESTRUCTURAL
Para perfiles y planchas se aceptará el uso de hasta dos calidades de acero por
estructura.
El acero estructural cumplirá con la siguiente norma JIS G 3101 y JIS 3106.
Todos los perfiles ángulo deberán ser laminados, otros perfiles podrán ser
soldados, laminados o de plancha plegada.
El acero estructural de perfiles y planchas debe tener como mínimo una tenacidad
de 27 J a 20°C en ensayo de impacto Charpy V-Notch de acuerdo a la norma
ASTM A370, con una frecuencia tipo H, según la norma ASTM A673.
El acero debe cumplir en especial los requisitos impuestos en la NCh 2369 punto
8.2.1, incluyendo los requerimientos de soldabilidad de la NCh 203 anexo A, sin
perjuicio de los otros requerimientos estipulados.
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Estos valores están de acuerdo a norma ASME 2010 (Table Y-1 and Table
TM-1)
12.2.2.PERNOS DE CONEXIÓN
Los pernos estructurales deben ser de alta resistencia según ASTM A325 o A490
con golilla plana endurecida, según ASTM F436. Alternativamente se permite el
uso del acero KS B 1010 F10T.
12.2.3.PERNOS DE ANCLAJE
El acero de los pernos de anclaje debe cumplir con la norma ASTM A193 tipo B7,
ASTM A1554, ASTM A36 o JIS G 3101 SS400.
El acero para pernos de anclaje debe tener grano fino y uniforme y tenacidad de
27 Joules a 0°C en ensayo de impacto Charpy V-Notch de acuerdo a la norma
ASTM A370, con una frecuencia tipo H, según la norma ASTM A673.
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12.2.4.SOLDADURA
12.3. UNIONES
En general las uniones en taller serán soldadas. Las uniones de terreno serán de
preferencia apernadas. En casos especiales se aceptará soldadura en terreno,
debiéndose prever pernos adicionales para el montaje.
Las uniones con pernos de alta resistencia se diseñarán tipo fricción con
coeficiente de fricción 0.35. Además deberán verificarse como tipo aplastamiento.
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kl/r
Columnas 1,5π√ (E/Fy)
Otros elementos en compresión 1,5π√ (E/Fy)
Elementos en tracción 240
Arriostramiento que resista carga sísmica 1,5π√ (E/Fy)
Donde:
l: largo real entre arriostramientos
k: coeficiente de longitud efectiva
r: radio de giro
Los perfiles mínimos que se deberán usar en los marcos de las estructuras serán
los siguientes:
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– Paneles metálicos
Vertical: 1/240 de la luz.
1/960 de la luz con un máximo de
10mm en el caso de paneles
vidriados.
Horizontal: 1/180 de la luz.
1/360 de la luz con un máximo de
35mm en el caso de paneles
vidriados.
– Enrejados: 1/700 de la luz.
– Columnas: Según NCh 2369 para cargas
sísmicas o viento.
Las columnas sometidas a carga sísmica deben diseñarse con doble placa base
según lo estipulado en el punto 8.6.2 de la norma chilena NCh 2369.
Las llaves de corte se deben disponer en las placas bases de las columnas. Las
llaves de corte deben resistir la totalidad del esfuerzo de corte basal. El hormigón y
las armaduras de los pedestales de las fundaciones deben proporcionar una
resistencia mayor a la de los pernos de anclaje y llaves de corte.
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Pernos:
Llave de corte:
- Capacidad del cono de falla del hormigón (según Design Guide #1 de AISC)
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TOTAL 17 HOJAS
DESIGN CRITERIA FOR TANK
(Incluyendo Portada)
PROPOSITO
Para Revisión
NOMBRE CONTRATO EPC POR EL SISTEMA DE
PROYECTO DESULFURIZACION DE GASES - FGD - PARA
LA CENTRAL TARAPACÁ Para Aprobación
PROPIETARIO:
CONTRATISTA:
FUEL GAS DESULFURIZACION
FOR TARAPACA POWER PLANT (158MW)
DCTO413-C8-VVT-000-002
Rev. F
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Contents
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Location
1.2 Weather
1.3 Scope
3 DESIGN LOADS
3.1 Dead Load
3.2 Live Load
3.3 Thermal Load
3.4 Wind Load
3.5 Earthquake Load
3.6 Load Combination
4 CALCULATION NOTE
4.1 Tank Design
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Location
The Tarapacá Thermal Power Plant (158 MW), henceforth the Power Plant, owned by Compañía
Eléctrica Tarapacá S.A., hereinafter CELTA S.A or CELTA, is located on the I Region of Chile,
approximately 60km south of Iquique, by the coast, on the area known as Punta Patache.
1.2 Weather
Weather conditions in the sector are as follows:
Barometric Pressure(Average): 1,015 millibars
Ambient Temperature: Maximum 31.3℃, Minimum 8℃
Relative Humidity(Mean): 78%
1.3 Scope
This is design criteria for Tank.
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2.2 Materials
Tensile Modulus of
Standard Symbol Yield Strength Remarks
Strength Elasticity
Structural Steel /
KS D 3503 235 MPa (t ≤ 40mm)
SS 400 400 MPa 200,000 MPa Anchor Bolt / Duct
JIS G 3101 215 MPa (t > 40mm)
Casing
KS D 3515 315 MPa (t ≤ 40mm)
SS 490 490 MPa 200,000 MPa Structural Steel
JIS G 3106 295 MPa (t > 40mm)
ASTM A36 250 MPa 400 MPa 200,000 MPa Anchor Bolt
Friction Coefficent 0.35 : Class A Surface (unpainted clean mill scale steel surface or surface
with Class A coatings blast-cleaned steel and hot-dipped galvanized and roughened surfaces)
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Modulus of
Symbol Yield Strength Tensile Strength Remarks
Elasticity
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3. DESIGN LOADS
* All tanks should be verified for water test condition (Density : 1.0 ton/m3, Height : Full)
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Where,
α = 1.2×10-5 /℃, coefficient of thermal expansion
∆T = ±25℃ (Steel exposed to ambient)
∆T = +50℃ (In case of Lime Slurry Storage Tank)
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Structures located in open country, facing the ocean, or locations under similar conditions, in the
judgment of the Reviewing Authority
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• 11.8 (General Philosophy): When this point forward spectrum or (horizontal) seismic coefficient
NCh2369 item 5, you must use the specter of ETG1015.
• 11.8.2: API 650 is used.
• 11.8.5: The determination of the hydrodynamic masses and periods associated with the impulsive
and convective modes of response must be made as specified in API650 design standards.
• 11.8.8: Spectral seismic design acceleration or impulsively coefficient for horizontal seismic action
set should equal the ETG1015 spectrum multiplied by 0.8, for ξ = 0.02 in the case of steel tanks, and
ξ = 0.03 in the case of concrete tanks (for example, in the case of steel would be 1.37 * 0.8 / R).
Spectral or seismic design acceleration mode convective coefficient for horizontal seismic action
should be determined according to the equation of the hyperbola of the ETG 1015, multiplied by 0.8,
whereas a ratio of damping ξ = 0.005; in any case this value cannot be less than 0.10 Ao / g (0.10 *
0.4 / g).
According to point 11.8.9 NCh 2369, 2/3 of the impulsive mode coefficient.
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4. CALCULATION NOTE
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4.1.3 Verification (Only by Hand Calculation according to API 650, ETG1015, NCh 432, ACI318-
08)
1) Thickness of Bottom Plate
- Bottom Plate Thickness ≥ Min. Thickness + Corrosion Allowance
2) Requirement of Wind Stiffener
- H1 = 9.47 x t x √(t/D)3 > H : Stiffener does not required.
3) Roof Rafter Design
- Maximum Rafter Spacing l = 0.6 π
- Minimum Number of Rafter Nmin = (π x D) / l
- Roof Plate Thickness ≥ Min. Thickness + Corrosion Allowance
- Bending Stress of Rafter Mmax / σall < Zi......(OK)
- Displacement δ < L/300......(OK)
4) Design for Wind Load
- Design Wind Load Fw = Max (q × D0 × Hm(NCh 432), 87.76 × (V / 160)2 × D0 × Hm (API650))
- Overturning Moment Mw = Fw x Hm / 2
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DESIGN CRITERIA FOR SDA SUPPORT TOTAL 85 HOJAS
STRUCTURE AND CASING (Incluyendo Portada)
PROPOSITO
Para Revisión
NOMBRE CONTRATO EPC POR EL SISTEMA DE
PROYECTO DESULFURIZACION DE GASES - FGD - PARA
LA CENTRAL TARAPACÁ Para Aprobación
PROPIETARIO:
CONTRATISTA:
FUEL GAS DESULFURIZACION
FOR TARAPACA POWER PLANT (158MW)
DCTO413-C8-VVT-000-003
Rev. F
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Contents
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Location
1.2 Weather
1.3 Scope
3 DESIGN LOADS
3.1 Dead Load
3.2 Live Load
3.3 Thermal Load
3.4 Pressure Load
3.5 Wind Load
3.6 Earthquake Load
3.7 Load Combination
4 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
4.1 Structural System and Analysis Condition
4.2 Base Plate and Anchor System
5 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
5.1 Base Shear and Equivalent Mass
5.2 Natural Vibration Mode
5.3 Support Reaction
5.4 Displacement
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6 MEMBER DESIGN
6.1 Column Design
6.2 Beam and Girder Design
6.3 Brace Design
6.4 Connection Design
6.5 Base Plate and Anchor Bolt Design
6.6 Connection between SDA and Structure
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Location
The Tarapacá Thermal Power Plant (158 MW), henceforth the Power Plant, owned by Compañía
Eléctrica Tarapacá S.A., hereinafter CELTA S.A or CELTA, is located on the I Region of Chile,
approximately 60km south of Iquique, by the coast, on the area known as Punta Patache.
1.2 Weather
Weather conditions in the sector are as follows:
Barometric Pressure(Average): 1,015 millibars
Ambient Temperature: Maximum 31.3℃, Minimum 8℃
Relative Humidity(Mean): 78%
1.3 Scope
This is design criteria for SDA support structure and casing.
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2.2 Materials
Tensile Modulus of
Standard Symbol Yield Strength Remarks
Strength Elasticity
Structural Steel /
KS D 3503 235 MPa (t ≤ 40mm)
SS 400 400 MPa 200,000 MPa Anchor Bolt / SDA
JIS G 3101 215 MPa (t > 40mm)
Casing
KS D 3515 315 MPa (t ≤ 40mm)
SM490 490 MPa 200,000 MPa Structural Steel
JIS G 3106 295 MPa (t > 40mm)
ASTM A36 250 MPa 400 MPa 200,000 MPa Anchor Bolt
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* Friction Coefficient 0.35 : Class A surface ( unpainted clean mill scale steel surfaces or surfaces with
Class A coatings on blast-cleaned steel and hot-dipped galvanized and roughened surfaces)
Material properties in operation temperature (180℃) (ASME 2010 U, Y-1, TM-1)
Modulus of
Symbol Yield Strength Tensile Strength Remarks
Elasticity
z 204 MPa 400 MPa 193,200 MPa SA-36
The material properties for determine the required strength of element and connection are included
KBC 2009 (Korean Building Code 2009) section 0713.6.2.
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(2) The design strength ФRn should be at least the required strength. When estimate the nominal
Strength Rn for fracture and yield state, the expected tensile strength Rt Fu and expected yield
Strength Ry Fy can be used instead of Fu and Fy.
(3) The values of Ry and Rt are in the table 0713.6.1.
Application Ry Rt
KS SS400, SSC400, SWH400,
KS STK400, STK490, SPSR400, SPSR490, 1.3 1.2
Structural Rolled Shapes STKN400, STKN490
Steel and Cold Formed
Steel KS SM400, SM490, SM520
KS SPAR295, SPAP235, SPAP325, 1.2 1.2
SCW490-CF
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3. DESIGN LOADS
3.1 Dead Load (D)
Dead load is the load due to the permanent weight of all structural and nonstructural components of a
construction, including thermal insulation, ladders and others.
It shall be included in this load category, the content of tanks, silos, hoppers, ducting, mobile and
transient loads and weight of people, equipment and tools, and other material agglomerations.
Live load is calculated according to Technical Specification.
The material Properties of Ash with Lime (according to the EN 1991-4 Eurocode 1 – Actions on
Structures – Part4 : Silo and Tanks)
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Where,
α = 1.2×10-5 /℃, coefficient of thermal expansion
∆T = ±25℃ (Steel exposed to ambient)
∆T = +180℃ (Casing which contacts with gas)
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Structures located in open country, facing the ocean, or locations under similar conditions, in the
judgment of the Reviewing Authority
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ζ T1 T2 A/g
0.005 0.113 0.451 1.472
0.01 0.115 0.461 1.284
0.02 0.119 0.474 1.096
0.03 0.121 0.485 0.984
0.05 0.125 0.499 0.848
0.07 0.128 0.512 0.756
0.10 0.134 0.535 0.656
0.20 0.148 0.591 0.468
Equation of hyperbolic branch:
(T2<=T<=2.5 s)
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Where,
S Modal combination
Si , Sj Maximum values of mode contributions i and j
ζ Damping ratio
Ti, Tj Period of mode i and j
Point 5.1.2 of NCh-2369 clearly indicates that it is not necessary to combine the horizontal
components of the seismic action, ie can be analyzed separately for earthquake acting in both
directions considered analysis and design with the unfavorable situation.
Exceptions to this rule structures that have significant torsional irregularities, for which it requires rigid
diaphragms own buildings. The situation is important to consider in the corner columns orthogonal
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building rigid frames that share these corner columns. In cases like this should be at 100% overlap in
a direction analysis 30% of the analyzes in the other direction and the same for the other direction
relative to the first. This exception should be applied to irregular structured buildings preferably those
based on rigid frames.
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321 sLCB321 (D + F)
322 sLCB322 (D + F) + L + L_
323 sLCB323 (D + F) + Lr
324 sLCB324 (D + F) + 0.75L + 0.75L_ + 0.75Lr
325 sLCB325 (D + F) + WX
326 sLCB326 (D + F) - WX
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327 sLCB327 (D + F) + WY
328 sLCB328 (D + F) - WY
329 sLCB329 (D + F) + EX + 0.3EY + EZ
330 sLCB330 (D + F) + EX + 0.3EY – EZ
331 sLCB331 (D + F) + EX - 0.3EY + EZ
332 sLCB332 (D + F) + EX - 0.3EY – EZ
333 sLCB333 (D + F) - EX + 0.3EY + EZ
334 sLCB334 (D + F) - EX + 0.3EY – EZ
335 sLCB335 (D + F) - EX - 0.3EY + EZ
336 sLCB336 (D + F) - EX - 0.3EY – EZ
337 sLCB337 (D + F) + 0.3EX + EY + EZ
338 sLCB338 (D + F) + 0.3EX + EY – EZ
339 sLCB339 (D + F) + 0.3EX - EY + EZ
340 sLCB340 (D + F) + 0.3EX - EY – EZ
341 sLCB341 (D + F) - 0.3EX + EY + EZ
342 sLCB342 (D + F) - 0.3EX + EY – EZ
343 sLCB343 (D + F) - 0.3EX - EY + EZ
344 sLCB344 (D + F) - 0.3EX - EY – EZ
345 sLCB345 (D + F) + 0.75WX + 0.75L+ 0.75L_ + 0.75Lr
346 sLCB346 (D + F) - 0.75WX + 0.75L+ 0.75L_ + 0.75Lr
347 sLCB347 (D + F) + 0.75WY + 0.75L+ 0.75L_ + 0.75Lr
348 sLCB348 (D + F) - 0.75WY + 0.75L+ 0.75L_ + 0.75Lr
349 sLCB349 (D + F) + 0.75(EX + 0.3EY + EZ) + 0.75L+ 0.75L_
350 sLCB350 (D + F) + 0.75(EX + 0.3EY - EZ) + 0.75L+ 0.75L_
351 sLCB351 (D + F) + 0.75(EX - 0.3EY + EZ) + 0.75L+ 0.75L_
352 sLCB352 (D + F) + 0.75(EX - 0.3EY - EZ) + 0.75L+ 0.75L_
353 sLCB353 (D + F) + 0.75(-EX + 0.3EY + EZ) + 0.75L+ 0.75L_
354 sLCB354 (D + F) + 0.75(-EX + 0.3EY - EZ) + 0.75L+ 0.75L_
355 sLCB355 (D + F) + 0.75(-EX - 0.3EY + EZ) + 0.75L+ 0.75L_
356 sLCB356 (D + F) + 0.75(-EX - 0.3EY - EZ) + 0.75L+ 0.75L_
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Note: Due the Silo's double symmetry, it's not necessary to consider the seismic 30% combination
rule for the plate allowable stresses checking.
Note 2: It's allowed to not consider the seismic 30% combination for structure and foundations design,
if a more detailed seismic directionality analysis show that this effect is irrelevant.
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4. STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
4.1 Structural System and Analysis Condition
The seismic force-resisting system is Concentrically Braced Frame (CBF). A braced frame is
subjected primarily to axial forces.
Structural analysis program use SAP2000. It’s performed to analyze three dimension structural
systems for checking serviceability of this structure on lateral load, designing column, beam and
brace.
4.1.1 Boundary Conditions
The boundary condition of column at ground level will be defined as a pinned connection in all the
Concetrical Braced Frames Structures.
If Necessary to define a Moment Frame Structure to Comply the Process Requirements, the boundary
condition of column at ground level will be defines as a semi-rigid moment connection in both
horizontal translational degrees of freedoms.
The semi – rigid condition is defined as a rotational spring with an associated rotational stiffness
according to the base plate and anchor bolts configuration, in order to determine this value it will be
necessary to build a detailed model of the column base and the anchor configuration.
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Column reaction resulting from the structural analysis shall be used for the design of base plates and
anchor bolts. Column base plate and anchor bolts shall be designed as per ACI 318-08 and AISC
360-05.
Base plate is made to transfer the column loads and moments to the footings and foundations. Anchor
rods are designed to provide the required resistance to loads which result from load combination
stipulated in Section 3.7.
The requirement that anchor bolts of columns shall have a projection of at least eight diameters and
no less than 250 mm measured from the base plates (according to Section 8.6.2 of NCh 2369),
provides adequate anchor bolts length to eventually allow for yielding of the anchor bolt under severe
earthquake loading.
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5. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
5.1 Base Shear and Equivalent Mass
These results are calculated by the analysis model for earthquake load.
If the base shear force is lower than the minimum base shear (0.12 X total weight), the scale-up factor
(12% of total weight / base shear) should be applied for earthquake load according to the Section
5.4.5 of NCh 2369 of 2003.
Since the earthquake load was computed trough a Response Spectrum Analysis, its reactions are
absolute values. In order to design the foundations of this structure it is necessary to assign the sign
for each reaction according to the predominant modal shapes in the respective direction.
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5.4 Displacement
The displacement for earthquake load can verified according to the Section 6.1 and 6.3.
d = d0 + R1dd
Where,
d = Seismic Deformation
dd = Deformation due to non-seismic service loads
R1 = Factor resulting from multiplying the R factor derived from Table 5.6 of NCh 2369 of 2003 by the
quotient Q0/Qmin provided that Q0/Qmin ne lower or equal to 1.0. However, for the quotient
Q0/Qmin a value under 0.5 shall not be used. If this quotient is higher than 1.0, R1 =R shall be
used.
The separation between structures is calculated based on section 6.2 of NCh 2369. The purpose of
preventing impacts between adjoining structures, their separation shall be bigger than the highest of
the following values:
Where, ddi, ddj : Deformation calculated with R-factor reduced earthquake load of the structures i and j
d0i, d0j : Deformation due to non-seismic service loads
R1i ,R1j : Response modification factors R1 used for the design of the structures i and j
hi, hj : Height at the considered level of the structures I and j measured from their respective
base levels
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6. MEMBER DESIGN
The design of steel structures shall comply with “Earthquake-Resistant Design of Industrial Structures
and Facilities NCh 2369” and “Specification for Structural Steel Buildings AISC 360-05”.
The maximum slenderness can be considered in the design:
Element kl / r
Columns 1.5π√(E/Fy)
Other Elements in Compression 1.5π√(E/Fy)
Element in Traction 240
Bracing Resisting Seismic Load 1.5π√(E/Fy)
Member design was checked about all members of column, beam and brace and so on. On this
report, attached calculation note is about what the worst case of the load combination cases each
member.
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Where,
λps : Limiting Width-Thickness Ratio
Pc : Design Compressive Strength
Mc : Design Flexural Strength
Vc : Design Shear Strength
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Where,
λps : Limiting Width-Thickness Ratio
Pc : Design Compressive Strength
Mc : Design Flexural Strength
Vc : Design Shear Strength
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Where,
λps : Limiting Width-Thickness Ratio
Pc : Design Compressive Strength
Mc : Design Flexural Strength
Vc : Design Shear Strength
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- fv = Huc / 2β
- fa = Vuc / 2β
- fb = 0
- fpeak = √[fv2 + (fa + fb)2]
- favg = (1/2) × {√[(fa - fb)2 + fv2] +√[(fa + fb)2+ fv2]}
- fr = 1.25 X favg (If fpeak / favg < 1.25)
- fr = fpeak (If fpeak / favg ≥ 1.25)
- s ≥ fr / (0.7 (0.9) (0.6) Fy (2))......(OK)
- tmin (=2 (0.9) (0.6) Fy 0.7s / (0.75 (0.6) Fu) < thickness of gusset plate......(OK)
2) Yielding of Gusset Plate
- ΦRn (=Φ Fy t) > MAX.(fv,fa)......(OK)
3) Column Web Yielding
- ΦRn (=Φ Fy tw) > fr......(OK)
4) Column Web Crippling
- ΦRn = Φ 0.8 tw2 [1 + 3(N / d) (tw / tf)1.5] √(E Fyw tf / tw) > Huc......(OK)
5) Design the Weld at the Gusset-Beam Interface (In Tension and Compression)
- fv = Hub / 2α
- fa = Vub / 2α
- fb = Mub / Sw (Sw = (2α)2 / 6)
- fpeak = √[fv2 + (fa + fb)2]
- favg = (1/2) × {√[(fa - fb)2 + fv2] +√[(fa + fb)2+ fv2]}
- fr = 1.25 X favg (If fpeak / favg < 1.25)
- fr = fpeak (If fpeak / favg ≥ 1.25)
- s ≥ fr / (0.7 (0.9) (0.6) Fy (2))......(OK)
- tmin (=2 (0.9) (0.6) Fy 0.7s / (0.75 (0.6) Fu) < thickness of gusset plate......(OK)
6) Yielding of Gusset Plate
- ΦRn (=Φ Fy t) > MAX.(fv,fa)......(OK)
7) Beam Web Yielding
- ΦRn (=Φ Fy tw) > fr......(OK)
8) Beam Web Local Yielding (if the brace connection is located in center of girder)
- ft = fa + fb
- fc = fa – fb
- Lt = [ft / (ft + tc)] / Lg
- Ru = (1/2) Lt ft
- ΦRn = (5k + N) Fyw tw
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- Ru < ΦRn......(OK)
9) Beam Web Crippling
- Ru = [Mub / (N2 / 4)] (N / 2) + Vub = 2Mub / N + Vub
- ΦRn = Φ 0.4 tw2 [1 + 3(N / d) (tw / tf)1.5] √(E Fyw tf / tw) (N/d ≤ 0.2)
- ΦRn = Φ 0.4 tw2 [1 + (4N / d - 0.2) (tw / tf)1.5] √(E Fyw tf / tw) (N/d > 0.2)
- Ru < ΦRn......(OK)
10) Beam Web Crippling (if the brace connection is located in center of girder)
- Ru = (1/2) (Lg - Lt) fc
- ΦRn = Φ 0.8 tw2 [1 + 3(N / d) (tw / tf)1.5] √(E Fyw tf / tw)
- Ru < ΦRn......(OK)
11) Compression Buckling of Gusset Plate
- Φc Fcr Ag > Pu......(OK) (The Ag should be considered whitmore section)
12) Tensile Yielding of Gusset Plate
- Φt Fy Ag > Tu X Ratio of Resisting Bolt......(OK) (The Ag should be considered whitmore section)
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available gap of bolt hole, the analysis model should be modified only for earthquake load case as
fixed support.
3) Bearing Strength of Sliding Pad
- 0.9 fc A > Pu......(OK)
4) Beam Web Crippling
- ΦRn = Φ 0.8 tw2 [1 + 3(N / d) (tw / tf)1.5] √(E Fyw tf / tw) > Pu......(OK)
5) Beam Web Local Yielding
- ΦRn = (5k + N) Fyw tw > Pu......(OK)
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145 de 392
Revisión F
DESIGN CRITERIA FOR PIPE RACK TOTAL 49 HOJAS
SUPPORT STRUCTURE (Incluyendo Portada)
PROPOSITO
Para Revisión
NOMBRE CONTRATO EPC POR EL SISTEMA DE
PROYECTO DESULFURIZACION DE GASES - FGD - PARA
LA CENTRAL TARAPACÁ Para Aprobación
PROPIETARIO:
CONTRATISTA:
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Rev. F
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Contents
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Location
1.2 Weather
1.3 Scope
3 DESIGN LOADS
3.1 Dead Load
3.2 Live Load
3.3 Thermal Load
3.4 Wind Load
3.5 Earthquake Load
3.6 Load Combination
4 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
4.1 Structural System and Analysis Condition
4.2 Base Plate and Anchor System
5 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
5.1 Base Shear and Equivalent Mass
5.2 Natural Vibration Mode
5.3 Support Reaction
5.4 Displacement
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6 MEMBER DESIGN
6.1 Column Design
6.2 Beam and Girder Design
6.3 Brace Design
6.4 Connection Design
6.5 Base Plate and Anchor Bolt Design
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Location
The Tarapacá Thermal Power Plant (158 MW), henceforth the Power Plant, owned by Compañía Eléctrica
Tarapacá S.A., hereinafter CELTA S.A or CELTA, is located on the I Region of Chile, approximately 60km
south of Iquique, by the coast, on the area known as Punta Patache.
1.2 Weather
Weather conditions in the sector are as follows:
Barometric Pressure(Average): 1,015 millibars
Ambient Temperature: Maximum 31.3℃, Minimum 8℃
Relative Humidity(Mean): 78%
1.3 Scope
This is design criteria for pipe rack support structure.
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2.2 Materials
Tensile Modulus of
Standard Symbol Yield Strength Remarks
Strength Elasticity
KS D 3503 235 MPa (t ≤ 40mm) Structural Steel /
SS 400 400 MPa 200,000 MPa
JIS G 3101 215 MPa (t > 40mm) Anchor Bolt
KS D 3515 315 MPa (t ≤ 40mm)
SM490 490 MPa 200,000 MPa Structural Steel
JIS G 3106 295 MPa (t > 40mm)
ASTM A36 250 MPa 400 MPa 200,000 MPa Anchor Bolt
* Friction Coefficient 0.35 : Class A surface ( unpainted clean mill scale steel surfaces or surfaces with
Class A coatings on blast-cleaned steel and hot-dipped galvanized and roughened surfaces)
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Modulus of
Symbol Yield Strength Tensile Strength Remarks
Elasticity
SS 400 204 MPa 400 MPa 193,200 MPa SA-36
The material properties for determine the required strength of element and connection are included KBC
2009 (Korean Building Code 2009) section 0713.6.2.
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(2) The design strength ФRn should be at least the required strength. When estimate the nominal
Strength Rn for fracture and yield state, the expected tensile strength Rt Fu and expected yield
Strength Ry Fy can be used instead of Fu and Fy.
(3) The values of Ry and Rt are in the table 0713.6.1.
Application Ry Rt
KS SS400, SSC400, SWH400,
Structural Rolled Shapes KS STK400, STK490, SPSR400, SPSR490, 1.3 1.2
Steel and Cold Formed STKN400, STKN490
Steel
KS SM400, SM490, SM520 1.2 1.2
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3. DESIGN LOADS
3.1 Dead Load (D)
Dead load is the load due to the permanent weight of all structural and nonstructural components of a
construction, including thermal insulation, ladders and others.
It shall be included in this load category, the content of tanks, silos, hoppers, ducting, mobile and transient
loads and weight of people, equipment and tools, and other material agglomerations.
Live load is calculated according to Technical Specification.
Where,
α = 1.2×10-5 /℃, coefficient of thermal expansion
∆T = ±25℃ (Steel exposed to ambient)
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Structures located in open country, facing the ocean, or locations under similar conditions, in the
judgment of the Reviewing Authority
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ζ T1 T2 A/g
0.005 0.113 0.451 1.472
0.01 0.115 0.461 1.284
0.02 0.119 0.474 1.096
0.03 0.121 0.485 0.984
0.05 0.125 0.499 0.848
0.07 0.128 0.512 0.756
0.10 0.134 0.535 0.656
0.20 0.148 0.591 0.468
Equation of hyperbolic branch:
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(T2<=T<=2.5 s)
Where,
S Modal combination
Si, Sj Maximum values of mode contributions i and j
ζ Damping ratio
Ti, Tj Period of mode i and j
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Point 5.1.2 of NCh-2369 clearly indicates that it is not necessary to combine the horizontal components of
the seismic action, ie can be analyzed separately for earthquake acting in both directions considered
analysis and design with the unfavorable situation.
Exceptions to this rule structures that have significant torsional irregularities, for which it requires rigid
diaphragms own buildings. The situation is important to consider in the corner columns orthogonal
building rigid frames that share these corner columns. In cases like this should be at 100% overlap in a
direction analysis 30% of the analyzes in the other direction and the same for the other direction relative
to the first. This exception should be applied to irregular structured buildings preferably those based on
rigid frames.
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4. STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
4.1 Structural System and Analysis Condition
The seismic force-resisting system is Concentrically Braced Frame (CBF). A braced frame is subjected
primarily to axial forces.
Structural analysis program use SAP2000. It’s performed to analyze three dimension structural systems
for checking serviceability of this structure on lateral load, designing column, beam and brace.
If Necessary to define a Moment Frame Structure to Comply the Process Requirements, the boundary
condition of column at ground level will be defines as a semi-rigid moment connection in both horizontal
translational degrees of freedoms.
The semi – rigid condition is defined as a rotational spring with an associated rotational stiffness
according to the base plate and anchor bolts configuration, in order to determine this value it will be
necessary to build a detailed model of the column base and the anchor configuration.
Revisión F 173
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5. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
5.1 Base Shear and Equivalent Mass
These results are calculated by the analysis model for earthquake load.
If the base shear force is lower than the minimum base shear (0.12 X total weight), the scale-up factor
(12% of total weight / base shear) should be applied for earthquake load according to the Section 5.4.5 of
NCh 2369 of 2003.
Since the earthquake load was computed trough a Response Spectrum Analysis, its reactions are
absolute values. In order to design the foundations of this structure it is necessary to assign the sign for
each reaction according to the predominant modal shapes in the respective direction.
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5.4 Displacement
The displacement for earthquake load can verified according to the Section 6.1 and 6.3.
d = d0 + R1dd
Where,
d = Seismic Deformation
dd = Deformation due to non-seismic service loads
R1 = Factor resulting from multiplying the R factor derived from Table 5.6 of NCh 2369 of 2003 by the
quotient Q0/Qmin provided that Q0/Qmin ne lower or equal to 1.0. However, for the quotient Q0/Qmin a
value under 0.5 shall not be used. If this quotient is higher than 1.0, R1 =R shall be used.
The separation between structures is calculated based on section 6.2 of NCh 2369. The purpose of
preventing impacts between adjoining structures, their separation shall be bigger than the highest of the
following values:
Where, ddi, ddj : Deformation calculated with R-factor reduced earthquake load of the structures i and j
d0i, d0j : Deformation due to non-seismic service loads
R1i ,R1j : Response modification factors R1 used for the design of the structures i and j
hi, hj : Height at the considered level of the structures I and j measured from their respective base
levels
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6. MEMBER DESIGN
The design of steel structures shall comply with “Earthquake-Resistant Design of Industrial Structures and
Facilities NCh 2369” and “Specification for Structural Steel Buildings AISC 360-05”.
The maximum slenderness can be considered in the design:
Element kl / r
Columns 1.5π√(E/Fy)
Other Elements in Compression 1.5π√(E/Fy)
Element in Traction 240
Bracing Resisting Seismic Load 1.5π√(E/Fy)
Member design was checked about all members of column, beam and brace and so on. On this report,
attached calculation note is about what the worst case of the load combination cases each member.
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Where,
λps : Limiting Width-Thickness Ratio
Pc : Design Compressive Strength
Mc : Design Flexural Strength
Vc : Design Shear Strength
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Where,
λps : Limiting Width-Thickness Ratio
Pc : Design Compressive Strength
Mc : Design Flexural Strength
Vc : Design Shear Strength
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Where,
λps : Limiting Width-Thickness Ratio
Pc : Design Compressive Strength
Mc : Design Flexural Strength
Vc : Design Shear Strength
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Revisión F 185
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- ft = fa + fb
- fc = fa – fb
- Lt = [ft / (ft + tc)] / Lg
- Ru = (1/2) Lt ft
- ΦRn = (5k + N) Fyw tw
- Ru < ΦRn......(OK)
9) Beam Web Crippling
- Ru = [Mub / (N2 / 4)] (N / 2) + Vub = 2Mub / N + Vub
- ΦRn = Φ 0.4 tw2 [1 + 3(N / d) (tw / tf)1.5] √(E Fyw tf / tw) (N/d ≤ 0.2)
- ΦRn = Φ 0.4 tw2 [1 + (4N / d - 0.2) (tw / tf)1.5] √(E Fyw tf / tw) (N/d > 0.2)
- Ru < ΦRn......(OK)
10) Beam Web Crippling (if the brace connection is located in center of girder)
- Ru = (1/2) (Lg - Lt) fc
- ΦRn = Φ 0.8 tw2 [1 + 3(N / d) (tw / tf)1.5] √(E Fyw tf / tw)
- Ru < ΦRn......(OK)
11) Compression Buckling of Gusset Plate
- Φc Fcr Ag > Pu......(OK) (The Ag should be considered whitmore section)
12) Tensile Yielding of Gusset Plate
- Φt Fy Ag > Tu X Ratio of Resisting Bolt......(OK) (The Ag should be considered whitmore section)
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195 de 392
Revisión F
DESIGN CRITERIA FOR LIME STORAGE, TOTAL 51 HOJAS
RECYCLE ASH STORAGE SILO (Incluyendo Portada)
PROPOSITO
Para Revisión
NOMBRE CONTRATO EPC POR EL SISTEMA DE
PROYECTO DESULFURIZACION DE GASES - FGD - PARA
LA CENTRAL TARAPACÁ Para Aprobación
PROPIETARIO:
CONTRATISTA:
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Rev. F
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Contents
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Location
1.2 Weather
1.3 Scope
3 DESIGN LOADS
3.1 Dead Load
3.2 Live Load
3.3 Thermal Load
3.4 Wind Load
3.5 Earthquake Load
3.6 Load Combination
4 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
4.1 Structural System and Analysis Condition
4.2 Base Plate and Anchor System
5 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
5.1 Base Shear and Equivalent Mass
5.2 Natural Vibration Mode
5.3 Support Reaction
5.4 Displacement
6 MEMBER DESIGN
6.1 Column Design
6.2 Beam and Girder Design
6.3 Brace Design
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Location
The Tarapacá Thermal Power Plant (158 MW), henceforth the Power Plant, owned by Compañía
Eléctrica Tarapacá S.A., hereinafter CELTA S.A or CELTA, is located on the I Region of Chile,
approximately 60km south of Iquique, by the coast, on the area known as Punta Patache.
1.2 Weather
Weather conditions in the sector are as follows:
Barometric Pressure(Average): 1,015 millibars
Ambient Temperature: Maximum 31.3℃, Minimum 8℃
Relative Humidity(Mean): 78%
1.3 Scope
This is design criteria for Lime Storage, Recycle Ash Storage Silo support structure and casing.
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2.2 Materials
Tensile Modulus of
Standard Symbol Yield Strength Remarks
Strength Elasticity
Structural Steel /
KS D 3503 235 MPa (t ≤ 40mm)
SS 400 400 MPa 200,000 MPa Anchor Bolt / SILO
JIS G 3101 215 MPa (t > 40mm)
Casing
KS D 3515 315 MPa (t ≤ 40mm)
SM490 490 MPa 200,000 MPa Structural Steel
JIS G 3106 295 MPa (t > 40mm)
ASTM A36 250 MPa 400 MPa 200,000 MPa Anchor Bolt
* Friction Coefficient 0.35 : Class A surface ( unpainted clean mill scale steel surfaces or surfaces with
Class A coatings on blast-cleaned steel and hot-dipped galvanized and roughened surfaces)
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The material properties for determine the required strength of element and connection are included
KBC 2009 (Korean Building Code 2009) section 0713.6.2.
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(2) The design strength ФRn should be at least the required strength. When estimate the nominal
Strength Rn for fracture and yield state, the expected tensile strength Rt Fu and expected yield
Strength Ry Fy can be used instead of Fu and Fy.
(3) The values of Ry and Rt are in the table 0713.6.1.
Application Ry Rt
KS SS400, SSC400, SWH400,
KS STK400, STK490, SPSR400, SPSR490, 1.3 1.2
STKN400, STKN490
Structural Rolled Shapes
Steel and Cold Formed KS SM400, SM490, SM520
Steel KS SPAR295, SPAP235, SPAP325, 1.2 1.2
SCW490-CF
KS SHN400, SHN490 1.1 1.1
KS SS400 1.3 1.2
KS SM490, SM490TMC, SM520,
SM520TMC, SM570, SM570TMC, 1.2 1.2
Plate KS SMA400, SMA490, SMA570
KS SN400, SN490 1.1 1.1
HSA800 1.1 1.1
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3. DESIGN LOADS
3.1 Dead Load (D)
Dead load is the load due to the permanent weight of all structural and nonstructural components of a
construction, including thermal insulation, ladders and others.
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The material Properties of Lime and Ash with Lime (according to the EN 1991-4 Eurocode 1 – Actions
on Structures – Part4: Silo and Tanks)
Where,
α = 1.2×10-5 /℃, coefficient of thermal expansion
∆T = ±25℃
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Structures located in open country, facing the ocean, or locations under similar conditions, in the
judgment of the Reviewing Authority
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ζ T1 T2 A/g
0.005 0.113 0.451 1.472
0.01 0.115 0.461 1.284
0.02 0.119 0.474 1.096
0.03 0.121 0.485 0.984
0.05 0.125 0.499 0.848
0.07 0.128 0.512 0.756
0.10 0.134 0.535 0.656
0.20 0.148 0.591 0.468
Equation of hyperbolic branch:
(T2<=T<=2.5 s)
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Where,
S Modal combination
Si , Sj Maximum values of mode contributions i and j
ζ Damping ratio
Ti, Tj Period of mode i and j
Point 5.1.2 of NCh-2369 clearly indicates that it is not necessary to combine the horizontal
components of the seismic action, ie can be analyzed separately for earthquake acting in both
directions considered analysis and design with the unfavorable situation.
Exceptions to this rule structures that have significant torsional irregularities, for which it requires rigid
diaphragms own buildings. The situation is important to consider in the corner columns orthogonal
building rigid frames that share these corner columns. In cases like this should be at 100% overlap in
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a direction analysis 30% of the analyzes in the other direction and the same for the other direction
relative to the first. This exception should be applied to irregular structured buildings preferably those
based on rigid frames.
Silos 100
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3.6.3 ASD Load Combination (for SILO Casing and Platforms Structures)
The ASD load combinations shall take into account the earthquake load in Technical Specification.
Technical Specification considered a nominal load, so it must be amplified by a factor 1.0.
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90 sLCB90 D - WX
91 sLCB91 D + WY
92 sLCB92 D - WY
93 sLCB93 D + EX + EZ
94 sLCB94 D + EX - EZ
95 sLCB95 D - EX + EZ
96 sLCB96 D - EX - EZ
97 sLCB97 D + EY + EZ
98 sLCB98 D + EY - EZ
99 sLCB99 D – EY + EZ
100 sLCB100 D - EY - EZ
101 sLCB101 D + 0.75WX + 0.75L + 0.75L_ + 0.75Lr
102 sLCB102 D - 0.75WX + 0.75L + 0.75L_ + 0.75Lr
103 sLCB103 D + 0.75WY + 0.75L + 0.75L_ + 0.75Lr
104 sLCB104 D - 0.75WY + 0.75L + 0.75L_ + 0.75Lr
105 sLCB105 D + 0.75(EX + EZ) + 0.75L + 0.75L_
106 sLCB106 D + 0.75(EX - EZ) + 0.75L + 0.75L_
107 sLCB107 D + 0.75(-EX + EZ) + 0.75L + 0.75L_
108 sLCB108 D + 0.75(-EX - EZ) + 0.75L + 0.75L_
109 sLCB109 D + 0.75(EY + EZ) + 0.75L + 0.75L_
110 sLCB110 D + 0.75(EY - EZ) + 0.75L + 0.75L_
111 sLCB111 D + 0.75(-EY + EZ) + 0.75L + 0.75L_
112 sLCB112 D + 0.75(-EY - EZ) + 0.75L + 0.75L_
113 sLCB113 0.6D + WX
114 sLCB114 0.6D - WX
115 sLCB115 0.6D + WY
116 sLCB116 0.6D - WY
117 sLCB117 0.6D + EX + EZ
118 sLCB118 0.6D + EX - EZ
119 sLCB119 0.6D - EX + EZ
120 sLCB120 0.6D - EX - EZ
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4 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
If Necessary to define a Moment Frame Structure to Comply the Process Requirements, the boundary
condition of column at ground level will be defines as a semi-rigid moment connection in both
horizontal translational degrees of freedoms.
The semi – rigid condition is defined as a rotational spring with an associated rotational stiffness
according to the base plate and anchor bolts configuration, in order to determine this value it will be
necessary to build a detailed model of the column base and the anchor configuration.
The connection between Silo and it Support Structure will be a sliding support with the gap length
defined according to the Thermal Loads displacements.
After that, the gap length will be checked for the earthquake loads displacements, if these
displacements are larger than the gap length the entire seismic load of the Casing will be transferred
to the support structure so the structure must be design as if the connection with de Silo were a fixed
(Non Sliding) connection.
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Column reaction resulting from the structural analysis shall be used for the design of base plates and
anchor bolts. Column base plate and anchor bolts shall be designed as per ACI 318-08 and AISC
360-05.
Base plate is made to transfer the column loads and moments to the footings and foundations. Anchor
rods are designed to provide the required resistance to loads which result from load combination
stipulated in Section 3.7.
The requirement that anchor bolts of columns shall have a projection of at least eight diameters and
no less than 250 mm measured from the base plates (according to Section 8.6.2 of NCh 2369),
provides adequate anchor bolts length to eventually allow for yielding of the anchor bolt under severe
earthquake loading.
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5. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
5.1 Base Shear and Equivalent Mass
These results are calculated by the analysis model for earthquake load.
If the base shear force is lower than the minimum base shear (0.12 X total weight), the scale-up factor
(12% of total weight / base shear) should be applied for earthquake load according to the Section
5.4.5 of NCh 2369 of 2003.
Silos 100
Since the earthquake load was computed trough a Response Spectrum Analysis, its reactions are
absolute values. In order to design the foundations of this structure it is necessary to assign the sign
for each reaction according to the predominant modal shapes in the respective direction.
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5.4 Displacement
The displacement for earthquake load can verified according to the Section 6.1 and 6.3.
d = d0 + R1dd
Where,
d = Seismic Deformation
dd = Deformation due to non-seismic service loads
R1 = Factor resulting from multiplying the R factor derived from Table 5.6 of NCh 2369 of 2003 by the
quotient Q0/Qmin provided that Q0/Qmin ne lower or equal to 1.0. However, for the quotient
Q0/Qmin a value under 0.5 shall not be used. If this quotient is higher than 1.0, R1 =R shall be
used.
The separation between structures is calculated based on section 6.2 of NCh 2369. The purpose of
preventing impacts between adjoining structures, their separation shall be bigger than the highest of
the following values:
Where, ddi, ddj : Deformation calculated with R-factor reduced earthquake load of the structures i and j
d0i, d0j : Deformation due to non-seismic service loads
R1i ,R1j : Response modification factors R1 used for the design of the structures i and j
hi, hj : Height at the considered level of the structures I and j measured from their respective
base levels
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6. MEMBER DESIGN
The design of steel structures shall comply with “Earthquake-Resistant Design of Industrial Structures
and Facilities NCh 2369” and “Specification for Structural Steel Buildings AISC 360-05”.
The maximum slenderness can be considered in the design:
Element kl / r
Columns 1.5π√(E/Fy)
Other Elements in Compression 1.5π√(E/Fy)
Element in Traction 240
Bracing Resisting Seismic Load 1.5π√(E/Fy)
Member design was checked about all members of column, beam and brace and so on. On this
report, attached calculation note is about what the worst case of the load combination cases each
member.
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Where,
λps : Limiting Width-Thickness Ratio
Pc : Design Compressive Strength
Mc : Design Flexural Strength
Vc : Design Shear Strength
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Where,
λps : Limiting Width-Thickness Ratio
Pc : Design Compressive Strength
Mc : Design Flexural Strength
Vc : Design Shear Strength
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Where,
λps : Limiting Width-Thickness Ratio
Pc : Design Compressive Strength
Mc : Design Flexural Strength
Vc : Design Shear Strength
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- fa = Vuc / 2β
- fb = 0
- fpeak = √[fv2 + (fa + fb)2]
- favg = (1/2) × {√[(fa - fb)2 + fv2] +√[(fa + fb)2+ fv2]}
- fr = 1.25 X favg (If fpeak / favg < 1.25)
- fr = fpeak (If fpeak / favg ≥ 1.25)
- s ≥ fr / (0.7 (0.9) (0.6) Fy (2))......(OK)
- tmin (=2 (0.9) (0.6) Fy 0.7s / (0.75 (0.6) Fu) < thickness of gusset plate......(OK)
2) Yielding of Gusset Plate
- ΦRn (=Φ Fy t) > MAX.(fv,fa)......(OK)
3) Column Web Yielding
- ΦRn (=Φ Fy tw) > fr......(OK)
4) Column Web Crippling
- ΦRn = Φ 0.8 tw2 [1 + 3(N / d) (tw / tf)1.5] √(E Fyw tf / tw) > Huc......(OK)
5) Design the Weld at the Gusset-Beam Interface (In Tension and Compression)
- fv = Hub / 2α
- fa = Vub / 2α
- fb = Mub / Sw (Sw = (2α)2 / 6)
- fpeak = √[fv2 + (fa + fb)2]
- favg = (1/2) × {√[(fa - fb)2 + fv2] +√[(fa + fb)2+ fv2]}
- fr = 1.25 X favg (If fpeak / favg < 1.25)
- fr = fpeak (If fpeak / favg ≥ 1.25)
- s ≥ fr / (0.7 (0.9) (0.6) Fy (2))......(OK)
- tmin (=2 (0.9) (0.6) Fy 0.7s / (0.75 (0.6) Fu) < thickness of gusset plate......(OK)
6) Yielding of Gusset Plate
- ΦRn (=Φ Fy t) > MAX.(fv,fa)......(OK)
7) Beam Web Yielding
- ΦRn (=Φ Fy tw) > fr......(OK)
8) Beam Web Local Yielding (if the brace connection is located in center of girder)
- ft = fa + fb
- fc = fa – fb
- Lt = [ft / (ft + tc)] / Lg
- Ru = (1/2) Lt ft
- ΦRn = (5k + N) Fyw tw
- Ru < ΦRn......(OK)
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available gap of bolt hole, the analysis model should be modified only for earthquake load case as
fixed support.
3) Bearing Strength of Sliding Pad
- 0.9 fc A > Pu......(OK)
4) Beam Web Crippling
- ΦRn = Φ 0.8 tw2 [1 + 3(N / d) (tw / tf)1.5] √(E Fyw tf / tw) > Pu......(OK)
5) Beam Web Local Yielding
- ΦRn = (5k + N) Fyw tw > Pu......(OK)
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247 de 392
Revisión F
DESIGN CRITERIA FOR FLY ASH SILO TOTAL 55 HOJAS
SUPPORT STRUCTURE AND CASING (Incluyendo Portada)
PROPOSITO
Para Revisión
NOMBRE CONTRATO EPC POR EL SISTEMA DE
PROYECTO DESULFURIZACION DE GASES - FGD - PARA
LA CENTRAL TARAPACÁ Para Aprobación
PROPIETARIO:
CONTRATISTA:
FUEL GAS DESULFURIZACION
FOR TARAPACA POWER PLANT (158MW)
DCTO413-C8-VVT-000-006
Rev. F
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Contents
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Location
1.2 Weather
1.3 Scope
3 DESIGN LOADS
3.1 Dead Load
3.2 Live Load
3.3 Thermal Load
3.4 Wind Load
3.5 Earthquake Load
3.6 Load Combination
4 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
4.1 Structural System and Analysis Condition
4.2 Base Plate and Anchor System
5 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
5.1 Base Shear and Equivalent Mass
5.2 Natural Vibration Mode
5.3 Support Reaction
5.4 Displacement
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6 MEMBER DESIGN
6.1 Column Design
6.2 Beam and Girder Design
6.3 Brace Design
6.4 Connection Design
6.5 Base Plate and Anchor Bolt Design
6.6 Connection between SILO and Structure
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Location
The Tarapacá Thermal Power Plant (158 MW), henceforth the Power Plant, owned by Compañía
Eléctrica Tarapacá S.A., hereinafter CELTA S.A or CELTA, is located on the I Region of Chile,
approximately 60km south of Iquique, by the coast, on the area known as Punta Patache.
1.2 Weather
Weather conditions in the sector are as follows:
Barometric Pressure(Average): 1,015 millibars
Ambient Temperature: Maximum 31.3℃, Minimum 8℃
Relative Humidity(Mean): 78%
1.3 Scope
This is design criteria for Fly Ash Silo support structure and casing.
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2.2 Materials
Tensile Modulus of
Standard Symbol Yield Strength Remarks
Strength Elasticity
Structural Steel /
KS D 3503 235 MPa (t ≤ 40mm)
SS 400 400 MPa 200,000 MPa Anchor Bolt / SILO
JIS G 3101 215 MPa (t > 40mm)
Casing
KS D 3515 315 MPa (t ≤ 40mm)
SM490 490 MPa 200,000 MPa Structural Steel
JIS G 3106 295 MPa (t > 40mm)
ASTM A36 250 MPa 400 MPa 200,000 MPa Anchor Bolt
* Friction Coefficient 0.35 : Class A surface ( unpainted clean mill scale steel surfaces or surfaces with
Class A coatings on blast-cleaned steel and hot-dipped galvanized and roughened surfaces)
Material properties in operation temperature (180℃) (ASME 2010 U, Y-1, TM-1)
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Modulus of
Symbol Yield Strength Tensile Strength Remarks
Elasticity
SS 400 204 MPa 400 MPa 193,200 MPa SA-36
The material properties for determine the required strength of element and connection are included
KBC 2009 (Korean Building Code 2009) section 0713.6.2.
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(2) The design strength ФRn should be at least the required strength. When estimate the nominal
Strength Rn for fracture and yield state, the expected tensile strength Rt Fu and expected yield
Strength Ry Fy can be used instead of Fu and Fy.
(3) The values of Ry and Rt are in the table 0713.6.1.
Application Ry Rt
KS SS400, SSC400, SWH400,
KS STK400, STK490, SPSR400, SPSR490, 1.3 1.2
STKN400, STKN490
Structural Rolled Shapes
Steel and Cold Formed KS SM400, SM490, SM520
Steel KS SPAR295, SPAP235, SPAP325, 1.2 1.2
SCW490-CF
KS SHN400, SHN490 1.1 1.1
KS SS400 1.3 1.2
KS SM490, SM490TMC, SM520,
SM520TMC, SM570, SM570TMC, 1.2 1.2
Plate KS SMA400, SMA490, SMA570
KS SN400, SN490 1.1 1.1
HSA800 1.1 1.1
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3. DESIGN LOADS
3.1 Dead Load (D)
Dead load is the load due to the permanent weight of all structural and nonstructural components of a
construction, including thermal insulation, ladders and others.
The material Properties of Ash with Lime (according to the EN 1991-4 Eurocode 1 – Actions on
Structures – Part4 : Silo and Tanks)
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Where,
α = 1.2×10-5 /℃, coefficient of thermal expansion
∆T = ±25℃ (Steel exposed o ambient)
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Structures located in open country, facing the ocean, or locations under similar conditions, in the
judgment of the Reviewing Authority
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ζ T1 T2 A/g
0.005 0.113 0.451 1.472
0.01 0.115 0.461 1.284
0.02 0.119 0.474 1.096
0.03 0.121 0.485 0.984
0.05 0.125 0.499 0.848
0.07 0.128 0.512 0.756
0.10 0.134 0.535 0.656
0.20 0.148 0.591 0.468
Equation of hyperbolic branch:
(T2<=T<=2.5 s)
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In order to compute the forces and displacements in a given structural system when subjected to the
earthquake action, a response spectrum analysis shell be performed.
Where,
S Modal combination
Si , Sj Maximum values of mode contributions i and j
ζ Damping ratio
Ti, Tj Period of mode i and j
Point 5.1.2 of NCh-2369 clearly indicates that it is not necessary to combine the horizontal
components of the seismic action, ie can be analyzed separately for earthquake acting in both
directions considered analysis and design with the unfavorable situation.
Exceptions to this rule structures that have significant torsional irregularities, for which it requires rigid
diaphragms own buildings. The situation is important to consider in the corner columns orthogonal
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building rigid frames that share these corner columns. In cases like this should be at 100% overlap in
a direction analysis 30% of the analyzes in the other direction and the same for the other direction
relative to the first. This exception should be applied to irregular structured buildings preferably those
based on rigid frames.
Silos 100
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Note: Due the Silo's double symmetry, it's not necessary to consider the seismic 30% combination
rule for the plate allowable stresses checking.
Note 2: It's allowed to not consider the seismic 30% combination for structure and foundations design,
if a more detailed seismic directionality analysis show that this effect is irrelevant.
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4. STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
4.1 Structural System and Analysis Condition
The seismic force-resisting system is Concentrically Braced Frame (CBF). A braced frame is
subjected primarily to axial forces.
Structural analysis program use SAP 2000. It’s performed to analyze three dimension structural
systems for checking serviceability of this structure on lateral load, designing column, beam and
brace.
4.1.1 Boundary Conditions
The boundary condition of column at ground level will be defined as a pinned connection in all the
Concetrical Braced Frames Structures.
If Necessary to define a Moment Frame Structure to Comply the Process Requirements, the boundary
condition of column at ground level will be defines as a semi-rigid moment connection in both
horizontal translational degrees of freedoms.
The semi – rigid condition is defined as a rotational spring with an associated rotational stiffness
according to the base plate and anchor bolts configuration, in order to determine this value it will be
necessary to build a detailed model of the column base and the anchor configuration.
After that, the gap length will be checked for the earthquake loads displacements, if these
displacements are larger than the gap length the entire seismic load of the Casing will be transferred
to the support structure so the structure must be design as if the connection with de Silo were a fixed
(Non Sliding) connection.
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Column reaction resulting from the structural analysis shall be used for the design of base plates and
anchor bolts. Column base plate and anchor bolts shall be designed as per ACI 318-08 and AISC
360-05.
Base plate is made to transfer the column loads and moments to the footings and foundations. Anchor
rods are designed to provide the required resistance to loads which result from load combination
stipulated in Section 3.7.
The requirement that anchor bolts of columns shall have a projection of at least eight diameters and
no less than 250 mm measured from the base plates (according to Section 8.6.2 of NCh 2369),
provides adequate anchor bolts length to eventually allow for yielding of the anchor bolt under severe
earthquake loading.
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5. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
5.1 Base Shear and Equivalent Mass
These results are calculated by the analysis model for earthquake load.
If the base shear force is lower than the minimum base shear (0.12 X total weight), the scale-up factor
(12% of total weight / base shear) should be applied for earthquake load according to the Section
5.4.5 of NCh 2369 of 2003.
Silos 100
Since the earthquake load was computed trough a Response Spectrum Analysis, its reactions are
absolute values. In order to design the foundations of this structure it is necessary to assign the sign
for each reaction according to the predominant modal shapes in the respective direction.
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5.4 Displacement
The displacement for earthquake load can verified according to the Section 6.1 and 6.3.
d = d0 + R1dd
Where,
d = Seismic Deformation
dd = Deformation due to non-seismic service loads
R1 = Factor resulting from multiplying the R factor derived from Table 5.6 of NCh 2369 of 2003 by the
quotient Q0/Qmin provided that Q0/Qmin ne lower or equal to 1.0. However, for the quotient
Q0/Qmin a value under 0.5 shall not be used. If this quotient is higher than 1.0, R1 =R shall be
used.
The separation between structures is calculated based on section 6.2 of NCh 2369. The purpose of
preventing impacts between adjoining structures, their separation shall be bigger than the highest of
the following values:
Where, ddi, ddj : Deformation calculated with R-factor reduced earthquake load of the structures i and j
d0i, d0j : Deformation due to non-seismic service loads
R1i ,R1j : Response modification factors R1 used for the design of the structures i and j
hi, hj : Height at the considered level of the structures I and j measured from their respective
base levels
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6. MEMBER DESIGN
The design of steel structures shall comply with “Earthquake-Resistant Design of Industrial Structures
and Facilities NCh 2369” and “Specification for Structural Steel Buildings AISC 360-05”.
The maximum slenderness can be considered in the design:
Element kl / r
Columns 1.5π√(E/Fy)
Other Elements in Compression 1.5π√(E/Fy)
Element in Traction 240
Bracing Resisting Seismic Load 1.5π√(E/Fy)
Member design was checked about all members of column, beam and brace and so on. On this
report, attached calculation note is about what the worst case of the load combination cases each
member.
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Where,
λps : Limiting Width-Thickness Ratio
Pc : Design Compressive Strength
Mc : Design Flexural Strength
Vc : Design Shear Strength
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Where,
λps : Limiting Width-Thickness Ratio
Pc : Design Compressive Strength
Mc : Design Flexural Strength
Vc : Design Shear Strength
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Where,
λps : Limiting Width-Thickness Ratio
Pc : Design Compressive Strength
Mc : Design Flexural Strength
Vc : Design Shear Strength
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- fv = Huc / 2β
- fa = Vuc / 2β
- fb = 0
- fpeak = √[fv2 + (fa + fb)2]
- favg = (1/2) × {√[(fa - fb)2 + fv2] +√[(fa + fb)2+ fv2]}
- fr = 1.25 X favg (If fpeak / favg < 1.25)
- fr = fpeak (If fpeak / favg ≥ 1.25)
- s ≥ fr / (0.7 (0.9) (0.6) Fy (2))......(OK)
- tmin (=2 (0.9) (0.6) Fy 0.7s / (0.75 (0.6) Fu) < thickness of gusset plate......(OK)
2) Yielding of Gusset Plate
- ΦRn (=Φ Fy t) > MAX.(fv,fa)......(OK)
3) Column Web Yielding
- ΦRn (=Φ Fy tw) > fr......(OK)
4) Column Web Crippling
- ΦRn = Φ 0.8 tw2 [1 + 3(N / d) (tw / tf)1.5] √(E Fyw tf / tw) > Huc......(OK)
5) Design the Weld at the Gusset-Beam Interface (In Tension and Compression)
- fv = Hub / 2α
- fa = Vub / 2α
- fb = Mub / Sw (Sw = (2α)2 / 6)
- fpeak = √[fv2 + (fa + fb)2]
- favg = (1/2) × {√[(fa - fb)2 + fv2] +√[(fa + fb)2+ fv2]}
- fr = 1.25 X favg (If fpeak / favg < 1.25)
- fr = fpeak (If fpeak / favg ≥ 1.25)
- s ≥ fr / (0.7 (0.9) (0.6) Fy (2))......(OK)
- tmin (=2 (0.9) (0.6) Fy 0.7s / (0.75 (0.6) Fu) < thickness of gusset plate......(OK)
6) Yielding of Gusset Plate
- ΦRn (=Φ Fy t) > MAX.(fv,fa)......(OK)
7) Beam Web Yielding
- ΦRn (=Φ Fy tw) > fr......(OK)
8) Beam Web Local Yielding (if the brace connection is located in center of girder)
- ft = fa + fb
- fc = fa – fb
- Lt = [ft / (ft + tc)] / Lg
- Ru = (1/2) Lt ft
- ΦRn = (5k + N) Fyw tw
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- Ru < ΦRn......(OK)
9) Beam Web Crippling
- Ru = [Mub / (N2 / 4)] (N / 2) + Vub = 2Mub / N + Vub
- ΦRn = Φ 0.4 tw2 [1 + 3(N / d) (tw / tf)1.5] √(E Fyw tf / tw) (N/d ≤ 0.2)
- ΦRn = Φ 0.4 tw2 [1 + (4N / d - 0.2) (tw / tf)1.5] √(E Fyw tf / tw) (N/d > 0.2)
- Ru < ΦRn......(OK)
10) Beam Web Crippling (if the brace connection is located in center of girder)
- Ru = (1/2) (Lg - Lt) fc
- ΦRn = Φ 0.8 tw2 [1 + 3(N / d) (tw / tf)1.5] √(E Fyw tf / tw)
- Ru < ΦRn......(OK)
11) Compression Buckling of Gusset Plate
- Φc Fcr Ag > Pu......(OK) (The Ag should be considered whitmore section)
12) Tensile Yielding of Gusset Plate
- Φt Fy Ag > Tu X Ratio of Resisting Bolt......(OK) (The Ag should be considered whitmore section)
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available gap of bolt hole, the analysis model should be modified only for earthquake load case as
fixed support.
3) Bearing Strength of Sliding Pad
- 0.9 fc A > Pu......(OK)
4) Beam Web Crippling
- ΦRn = Φ 0.8 tw2 [1 + 3(N / d) (tw / tf)1.5] √(E Fyw tf / tw) > Pu......(OK)
5) Beam Web Local Yielding
- ΦRn = (5k + N) Fyw tw > Pu......(OK)
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DESIGN CRITERIA FOR DUCT SUPPORT TOTAL 89 HOJAS
STRUCTURE AND CASING (Incluyendo Portada)
PROPOSITO
Para Revisión
NOMBRE CONTRATO EPC POR EL SISTEMA DE
PROYECTO DESULFURIZACION DE GASES - FGD - PARA
LA CENTRAL TARAPACÁ Para Aprobación
PROPIETARIO:
CONTRATISTA:
FUEL GAS DESULFURIZACION
FOR TARAPACA POWER PLANT (158MW)
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Rev. F
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Contents
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Location
1.2 Weather
1.3 Scope
3 DESIGN LOADS
3.1 Dead Load
3.2 Live Load
3.3 Thermal Load
3.4 Pressure Load
3.5 Wind Load
3.6 Earthquake Load
3.7 Load Combination
4 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
4.1 Structural System and Analysis Condition
4.2 Base Plate and Anchor System
5 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
5.1 Base Shear and Equivalent Mass
5.2 Natural Vibration Mode
5.3 Support Reaction
5.4 Displacement
5.5 Displacement of Sliding Support
5.6 Expansion Joint
6 MEMBER DESIGN
6.1 Column Design
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Location
The Tarapacá Thermal Power Plant (158 MW), henceforth the Power Plant, owned by Compañía
Eléctrica Tarapacá S.A., hereinafter CELTA S.A or CELTA, is located on the I Region of Chile,
approximately 60km south of Iquique, by the coast, on the area known as Punta Patache.
1.2 Weather
Weather conditions in the sector are as follows:
Barometric Pressure(Average): 1,015 millibars
Ambient Temperature: Maximum 31.3℃, Minimum 8℃
Relative Humidity(Mean): 78%
1.3 Scope
This is design criteria for Duct support structure and casing.
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2.2 Materials
Tensile Modulus of
Standard Symbol Yield Strength Remarks
Strength Elasticity
Structural Steel /
KS D 3503 235 MPa (t ≤ 40mm)
SS 400 400 MPa 200,000 MPa Anchor Bolt / Duct
JIS G 3101 215 MPa (t > 40mm)
Casing
KS D 3515 315 MPa (t ≤ 40mm)
SM490 490 MPa 200,000 MPa Structural Steel
JIS G 3106 295 MPa (t > 40mm)
ASTM A36 250 MPa 400 MPa 200,000 MPa Anchor Bolt
* Friction Coefficient 0.35 : Class A surface ( unpainted clean mill scale steel surfaces or surfaces with
Class A coatings on blast-cleaned steel and hot-dipped galvanized and roughened surfaces)
Material properties in operation temperature (180℃) (ASME 2010 U, Y-1, TM-1)
Modulus of
Symbol Yield Strength Tensile Strength Remarks
Elasticity
SS 400 204 MPa 400 MPa 193,200 MPa SA-36
The material properties for determine the required strength of element and connection are included
KBC 2009 (Korean Building Code 2009) section 0713.6.2.
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0713.6.2 Material Properties for determine the required strength of member and connection
(1) When estimate the required strength of each member (member or connection) by the provision of
this section, the required strength should be calculated based on the expected yield strength Ry Fy
of connected member. In here, Fy is the minimum yield strength of connected member and Ry is
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(2) The design strength ФRn should be at least the required strength. When estimate the nominal
Strength Rn for fracture and yield state, the expected tensile strength Rt Fu and expected yield
Strength Ry Fy can be used instead of Fu and Fy.
(3) The values of Ry and Rt are in the table 0713.6.1.
Application Ry Rt
KS SS400, SSC400, SWH400,
KS STK400, STK490, SPSR400, SPSR490, 1.3 1.2
STKN400, STKN490
Structural Rolled Shapes
Steel and Cold Formed KS SM400, SM490, SM520
Steel KS SPAR295, SPAP235, SPAP325, 1.2 1.2
SCW490-CF
KS SHN400, SHN490 1.1 1.1
KS SS400 1.3 1.2
KS SM490, SM490TMC, SM520,
SM520TMC, SM570, SM570TMC, 1.2 1.2
Plate KS SMA400, SMA490, SMA570
KS SN400, SN490 1.1 1.1
HSA800 1.1 1.1
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3. DESIGN LOADS
3.1 Dead Load (D)
Dead load is the load due to the permanent weight of all structural and nonstructural components of a
construction, including thermal insulation, ladders and others.
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Where,
α = 1.2×10-5 /℃, coefficient of thermal expansion
∆T = ±25℃ (Steel exposed to ambient)
∆T = +180℃ (Casing which contacts with gas)
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Structures located in open country, facing the ocean, or locations under similar conditions, in the
judgment of the Reviewing Authority
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ζ T1 T2 A/g
0.005 0.113 0.451 1.472
0.01 0.115 0.461 1.284
0.02 0.119 0.474 1.096
0.03 0.121 0.485 0.984
0.05 0.125 0.499 0.848
0.07 0.128 0.512 0.756
0.10 0.134 0.535 0.656
0.20 0.148 0.591 0.468
Equation of hyperbolic branch:
(T2<=T<=2.5 s)
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Where,
S Modal combination
Si , Sj Maximum values of mode contributions i and j
ζ Damping ratio
Ti, Tj Period of mode i and j
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Point 5.1.2 of NCh-2369 clearly indicates that it is not necessary to combine the horizontal
components of the seismic action, ie can be analyzed separately for earthquake acting in both
directions considered analysis and design with the unfavorable situation.
Exceptions to this rule structures that have significant torsional irregularities, for which it requires rigid
diaphragms own buildings. The situation is important to consider in the corner columns orthogonal
building rigid frames that share these corner columns. In cases like this should be at 100% overlap in
a direction analysis 30% of the analyzes in the other direction and the same for the other direction
relative to the first. This exception should be applied to irregular structured buildings preferably those
based on rigid frames.
Ducting 100
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321 sLCB321 (D + F)
322 sLCB322 (D + F) + L + L_
323 sLCB323 (D + F) + Lr
324 sLCB324 (D + F) + 0.75L + 0.75L_ + 0.75Lr
325 sLCB325 (D + F) + WX
326 sLCB326 (D + F) - WX
327 sLCB327 (D + F) + WY
328 sLCB328 (D + F) - WY
329 sLCB329 (D + F) + EX + 0.3EY + EZ
330 sLCB330 (D + F) + EX + 0.3EY – EZ
331 sLCB331 (D + F) + EX - 0.3EY + EZ
332 sLCB332 (D + F) + EX - 0.3EY – EZ
333 sLCB333 (D + F) - EX + 0.3EY + EZ
334 sLCB334 (D + F) - EX + 0.3EY – EZ
335 sLCB335 (D + F) - EX - 0.3EY + EZ
336 sLCB336 (D + F) - EX - 0.3EY – EZ
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4. STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
4.1 Structural System and Analysis Condition
The seismic force-resisting system is Concentrically Braced Frame (CBF). A braced frame is
subjected primarily to axial forces.
Structural analysis program use SAP 2000. It’s performed to analyze three dimension structural
systems for checking serviceability of this structure on lateral load, designing column, beam and
brace.
If Necessary to define a Moment Frame Structure to Comply the Process Requirements, the boundary
condition of column at ground level will be defines as a semi-rigid moment connection in both
horizontal translational degrees of freedoms.
The semi – rigid condition is defined as a rotational spring with an associated rotational stiffness
according to the base plate and anchor bolts configuration, in order to determine this value it will be
necessary to build a detailed model of the column base and the anchor configuration.
For confined supports, which reduces the transfer of heat loads to the structure particularly in ducts
with revised L-shaped
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5. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
5.1 Base Shear and Equivalent Mass
These results are calculated by the analysis model for earthquake load.
If the base shear force is lower than the minimum base shear (0.12 X total weight), the scale-up factor
(12% of total weight / base shear) should be applied for earthquake load according to the Section
5.4.5 of NCh 2369 of 2003.
Ducting 100
Since the earthquake load was computed trough a Response Spectrum Analysis, its reactions are
absolute values. In order to design the foundations of this structure it is necessary to assign the sign
for each reaction according to the predominant modal shapes in the respective direction.
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5.4 Displacement
The displacement for earthquake load can verified according to the Section 6.1 and 6.3.
d = d0 + R1dd
Where,
d = Seismic Deformation
dd = Deformation due to non-seismic service loads
R1 = Factor resulting from multiplying the R factor derived from Table 5.6 of NCh 2369 of 2003 by the
quotient Q0/Qmin provided that Q0/Qmin ne lower or equal to 1.0. However, for the quotient
Q0/Qmin a value under 0.5 shall not be used. If this quotient is higher than 1.0, R1 =R shall be
used.
The separation between structures is calculated based on section 6.2 of NCh 2369. The purpose of
preventing impacts between adjoining structures, their separation shall be bigger than the highest of
the following values:
Where, ddi, ddj : Deformation calculated with R-factor reduced earthquake load of the structures i and j
d0i, d0j : Deformation due to non-seismic service loads
R1i ,R1j : Response modification factors R1 used for the design of the structures i and j
hi, hj : Height at the considered level of the structures I and j measured from their respective
base levels
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Gap of the Sliding Support should be define according to the maximum displacement for all load
combinations.
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6. MEMBER DESIGN
The design of steel structures shall comply with “Earthquake-Resistant Design of Industrial Structures
and Facilities NCh 2369” and “Specification for Structural Steel Buildings AISC 360-05”.
The maximum slenderness can be considered in the design:
Element kl / r
Columns 1.5π√(E/Fy)
Other Elements in Compression 1.5π√(E/Fy)
Element in Traction 240
Bracing Resisting Seismic Load 1.5π√(E/Fy)
Member design was checked about all members of column, beam and brace and so on. On this
report, attached calculation note is about what the worst case of the load combination cases each
member.
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Where,
λps : Limiting Width-Thickness Ratio
Pc : Design Compressive Strength
Mc : Design Flexural Strength
Vc : Design Shear Strength
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Where,
λps : Limiting Width-Thickness Ratio
Pc : Design Compressive Strength
Mc : Design Flexural Strength
Vc : Design Shear Strength
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Where,
λps : Limiting Width-Thickness Ratio
Pc : Design Compressive Strength
Mc : Design Flexural Strength
Vc : Design Shear Strength
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- fv = Huc / 2β
- fa = Vuc / 2β
- fb = 0
- fpeak = √[fv2 + (fa + fb)2]
- favg = (1/2) × {√[(fa - fb)2 + fv2] +√[(fa + fb)2+ fv2]}
- fr = 1.25 X favg (If fpeak / favg < 1.25)
- fr = fpeak (If fpeak / favg ≥ 1.25)
- s ≥ fr / (0.7 (0.9) (0.6) Fy (2))......(OK)
- tmin (=2 (0.9) (0.6) Fy 0.7s / (0.75 (0.6) Fu) < thickness of gusset plate......(OK)
2) Yielding of Gusset Plate
- ΦRn (=Φ Fy t) > MAX.(fv,fa)......(OK)
3) Column Web Yielding
- ΦRn (=Φ Fy tw) > fr......(OK)
4) Column Web Crippling
- ΦRn = Φ 0.8 tw2 [1 + 3(N / d) (tw / tf)1.5] √(E Fyw tf / tw) > Huc......(OK)
5) Design the Weld at the Gusset-Beam Interface (In Tension and Compression)
- fv = Hub / 2α
- fa = Vub / 2α
- fb = Mub / Sw (Sw = (2α)2 / 6)
- fpeak = √[fv2 + (fa + fb)2]
- favg = (1/2) × {√[(fa - fb)2 + fv2] +√[(fa + fb)2+ fv2]}
- fr = 1.25 X favg (If fpeak / favg < 1.25)
- fr = fpeak (If fpeak / favg ≥ 1.25)
- s ≥ fr / (0.7 (0.9) (0.6) Fy (2))......(OK)
- tmin (=2 (0.9) (0.6) Fy 0.7s / (0.75 (0.6) Fu) < thickness of gusset plate......(OK)
6) Yielding of Gusset Plate
- ΦRn (=Φ Fy t) > MAX.(fv,fa)......(OK)
7) Beam Web Yielding
- ΦRn (=Φ Fy tw) > fr......(OK)
8) Beam Web Local Yielding (if the brace connection is located in center of girder)
- ft = fa + fb
- fc = fa – fb
- Lt = [ft / (ft + tc)] / Lg
- Ru = (1/2) Lt ft
- ΦRn = (5k + N) Fyw tw
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- Ru < ΦRn......(OK)
9) Beam Web Crippling
- Ru = [Mub / (N2 / 4)] (N / 2) + Vub = 2Mub / N + Vub
- ΦRn = Φ 0.4 tw2 [1 + 3(N / d) (tw / tf)1.5] √(E Fyw tf / tw) (N/d ≤ 0.2)
- ΦRn = Φ 0.4 tw2 [1 + (4N / d - 0.2) (tw / tf)1.5] √(E Fyw tf / tw) (N/d > 0.2)
- Ru < ΦRn......(OK)
10) Beam Web Crippling (if the brace connection is located in center of girder)
- Ru = (1/2) (Lg - Lt) fc
- ΦRn = Φ 0.8 tw2 [1 + 3(N / d) (tw / tf)1.5] √(E Fyw tf / tw)
- Ru < ΦRn......(OK)
11) Compression Buckling of Gusset Plate
- Φc Fcr Ag > Pu......(OK) (The Ag should be considered whitmore section)
12) Tensile Yielding of Gusset Plate
- Φt Fy Ag > Tu X Ratio of Resisting Bolt......(OK) (The Ag should be considered whitmore section)
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FOR TARAPACA POWER PLANT (158MW)
DCTO413-C8-VVT-000-007
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FUEL GAS DESULFURIZACION
FOR TARAPACA POWER PLANT (158MW)
DCTO413-C8-VVT-000-007
7.1.3 Verification
The Duct designs is governed by the Nch. 2369 Of. 2003, American Petroleum Institute and ASME
codes. Although these codes set design requirements for the service loads, the structural design for
flue gas ducts for power plants is not governed by any design code.
The structural behavior of the ducts is defined according the flexure of the duct plate between its
supports, wich has no difference with the standard beam design according to the AISC or AISI design
codes.
Although the duct design must satisfy the Steel Structure Design Codes and the Design Basis of CTT
Project, the following criterias must be considered.
1. Every duct connected to structures must be supported separately, in order to avoid eventual
impacts with the connected structures. According to the above, the separation between
structure and duct and the expansion joint will be defined to avoid the contact between theirs
for the seismic loads displacements. The separation length between the structure and the duct
will be defined according to the Nch. 2369 Of. 2003, section 6.
2. If it’s neccesary, sliding support, separation or gaps will be provided in order to avoid the
hammer effect between structure.
3. The duct supports will be distributed in order to allow thermal expansion of the ducts and
simultaneously provide structural links necessary to withstand seismic forces. To comply these
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Revisión F
FUEL GAS DESULFURIZACION
FOR TARAPACA POWER PLANT (158MW)
DCTO413-C8-VVT-000-007
4. When a large duct is supported in different elevations of a structure, all the necessary
provisions in order to avoid the interaction with the structure must be considered, otherwise the
seismic analysis must consider the mass and the inertial forces due the additional degrees of
freedom of the duct.
5. The heavy hanger elements which need free vertical or horizontal displacement for thermal
expansion or another operational reasons, must be fixed to the support structure so as to avoid
the oscillations due collisions of one another during an earthquake. The joint elements, whether
hangers or sliding support must be capable to transfer the seismic forces without restrain the
thermal displacement.
6. Duct horizontal forces should be transferred to the structures trough supports designed for this
function. These supports must not restrain the differential displacements between the duct and
the structure.
7. The Ducts must be consult corrosion protection as necessary. The external protection to the
duct will comply with the manufacturer requirements and the ASTM corresponding code. In
case that galvanized outer protection was specified, it will be executed according with the AST
A123 code.
8. The seismic action will be considered acting simultaneously in the most unfavorable operation
status (Open or Closed Valves, Hot or Cold Temperature). The duct weight must consider the
Duct weight, its content, insulation and lining.
For desing purpose, it is neccesary to differentiate between rectangular and rounded ducts, special
design criteria for each kind of duct are detailed below.
1. In this case, the plates that make up the duct must act jointly with structural elements that stiffen
the plate, in which case the plate is supported between said members. The boundary elements
that make up the duct must be designed to withstand the load from duct plates.
2. It’s allowed to consider in the design the collaborative action of the plate – stiffener, in which
case the collaborative plate width must be considered in an 12t extension from each side of the
stiffener. By the way, the collaborative width mustn't be overlapped with the collaborative width of
another stiffener. Finally to consider this collaborativa action the plate - stiffener connection must
be trough a continous welding.
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FUEL GAS DESULFURIZACION
FOR TARAPACA POWER PLANT (158MW)
DCTO413-C8-VVT-000-007
3. The analysis of the rectangular section duct plates can be made trough a finite elements model
or the classic theory of plates.
4. It’s necessary to check the local buckling for the plate section.
1. In this case, to build the analysis model the gross area of the duct must be considered as the
effective area.
2. In case of duct subject high axial loads, the allowable tension for elastic buckling is defined by
the following expression:
E t
adm 0,174 where: adm ≤ 0,375·Fy
D
where:
t : Plate Thickness
D : Diameter of Duct
adm : Elastic Buckling Allowable Stress
E : Elasticity Modulus
Fy : Yield Strength o
3. In the inelastic buckling zone ( adm ≥ 3/8·Fy = 0,375·Fy) is allowed to considera a linear variation
of the allowable tension stress between 0,6·Fy y 3/8·Fy, while D/t varies from 0 to 0.464 E/Fy.
4. The duct only will change of direction in right angles, so that during an earthquake the axial
displacements of the duct will not be restrained for rigid points. It is possible to do some
exceptions in case of operational requirements; in these cases, the system flexibility should be
analyzed in detail. Unusually is allowed to place flexible joint on the direction changes.
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