REFERENCES

1. Barratt CL. Semen analysis is the cornerstone of investigation for male

infertility. Practitioner. 2007;251:8. [PubMed]

2. World Health Organization. 5th ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010.
WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human
Semen.

3. World Health Organization. 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press;

1999. WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination of Human Semen and
Sperm-cervical Mucus Interaction.

4. Nallella KP, Sharma RK, Aziz N, Agarwal A. Significance of sperm

characteristics in the evaluation of male infertility. Fertil Steril. 2006;85:629–
34. [PubMed]

5. Jequier AM. Semen analysis: a new manual and its application to the
understanding of semen and its pathology. Asian J Androl. 2010;12:11–
3. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

6. Guzick DS, Overstreet JW, Factor-Litvak P, Brazil CK, Nakajima ST, Coutifaris C,
et al. Sperm morphology, motility, and concentration in fertile and infertile
men. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1388–93.[PubMed]

7. Brazil C. Practical semen analysis: from A to Z. Asian J Androl. 2010;12:14–

20. [PMC free article][PubMed]

8. Eliasson R. Semen analysis with regard to sperm number, sperm morphology

and functional aspects. Asian J Androl. 2010;12:26–32. [PMC free
article] [PubMed]

1
9. Lamb DJ. Semen analysis in 21st century medicine: the need for sperm
function testing. Asian J Androl. 2010;12:64–70. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

10. Sharlip ID, Jarow JP, Belker AM, Lipshultz LI, Sigman M, Thomas AJ, et al. Best
practice policies for male infertility. Fertil Steril. 2002;77:873–82. doi:
10.1016/S0015-0282(02)03105-9. [PubMed][Cross Ref]

11. Matetakufa SN. Infertility: Our Own Gift. New Internationalist.

1998. http://newint.org/features/1998/07/05/infertility/ Accessed 17
December 2014.

12. Mascarenhas MN, Flaxman SR, Boerma T, Vanderpoel S, Stevens GA. National,
regional, and global trends in infertility prevalence since 1990: a systematic
analysis of 277 health surveys. PLoS Med. 2012;9:e1001356. doi:
10.1371/journal.pmed.1001356. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]

13. Mascarenhas MN, Cheung H, Mathers CD, Stevens GA. Measuring infertility in
populations: Constructing a standard definition for use with demographic
and reproductive health surveys. Popul Health Metr. 2012;10:17. [PMC free
article] [PubMed]

14. Boivin J, Bunting L, Collins JA, Nygren KG. International estimates of infertility
prevalence and treatment-seeking: Potential need and demand for infertility
medical care. Hum Reprod. 2007;22:1506–12.[PubMed]

15. Calverton, Maryland, USA: ORC Macro and the World Health Organization;
2004. World Health Organization. Infecundity, Infertility, and Childlessness in
Developing Countries. DHS Comparative Reports No 9.

16. Sciarra J. Infertility: An international health problem. Int J Gynaecol

Obstet. 1994;46:155–63. [PubMed]

2
17. Population Council. New Delhi: Population Council; 2004. Infertility. Looking
Back, Looking Forward: A Profile of Sexual and Reproductive Health in India;
pp. 67–72.

18. Van Balen F, Gerrits T. Quality of infertility care in poor-resource areas and
the introduction of new reproductive technologies. Hum
Reprod. 2001;16:215–9. [PubMed]

19. Stephen EH, Chandra A. Declining estimates of infertility in the United States:
1982-2002. Fertil Steril. 2006;86:516–23. [PubMed]

20. Stephen EH, Chandra A. Updated projections of infertility in the United States:
1995-2025. Fertil Steril. 1998;70:30–4. [PubMed]

21. Chandra A, Copen CE, Stephen EH. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health
Statistics; 2013. Infertility and impaired fecundity in the United States, 1982-
2010: Data from the National Survey of Family Growth. National Health
Statistics Reports; No 67 . [PubMed]

22. Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Sutton PD, Ventura SJ, Menacker F, Kirmeyer S. Births:
Final data for 2004. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2006;55:1–101. [PubMed]

23. Talwar PP, Go OP, Murali IN. New Delhi: National Institute of Health and
Family Welfare and Indian Council of Medical Research; 1986. Prevalence of
infertility in different population groups in India and its determinants.
Statistics and Demography.

24. Unisa S. Childlessness in Andhra Pradesh, India: Treatment-seeking and

consequences. Reprod Health Matters. 1999;7:54–64.

3
25. Zargar AH, Wani AI, Masoodi SR, Laway BA, Salahuddin M. Epidemiologic and
etiologic aspects of primary infertility in the Kashmir region of India. Fertil
Steril. 1997;68:637–43. [PubMed]

26. Kumar D. Prevalence of female infertility and its socio-economic factors in

tribal communities of Central India. Rural Remote
Health. 2007;7:456. [PubMed]

27. Sadock BJ, Sadock VA. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins;
2003. Kaplans and Sadocks Symptoms of Psychiatry Behavioral Sciences
Clinical Psychiatry; pp. 872–4.

28. World Health Organization. Towards more objectivity in diagnosis and

management of male infertility. Int J Androl. 1987;7:1–53.

29. Kumar TCA. Fertility and in-vitro fertilization in India. Curr

Sci. 2004;86:254–6.

30. Evaluation and assessment of semen for IVF/ICSI. Asian J Androl. 2002
Dec;4(4):281-5

31. Carlsen E, Giwercman A, Keiding N, Skakkebaek NE. Evidence for decreasing

quality of semen during past 50 years. BMJ. 1992;305:609–13 [PMC free
article] [PubMed]

32. Auger J, Kunstmann JM, Czyglik F, Jouannet P. Decline in semen quality among
fertile men in Paris during the past 20 years. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:281–
5. [PubMed]

33. Lackner J, Schatzl G, Waldhoö r T, Resch K, Kratzik C, Marberger M. Constant

decline in sperm concentration in infertile males in an urban population:
Experience over 18 years. Fertil Steril. 2005;84:1657–61. [PubMed]

4
34. Marimuthu P, Kapilashrami MC, Misro MM, Singh G. Evaluation of trend in
semen analysis for 11 years in subjects attending a fertility clinic in
India. Asian J Androl. 2003;5:221–5. [PubMed]

35. Fisch H, Goluboff ET, Olson JH, Feldshuh J, Broder SJ, Barad DH. Semen
analyses in 1,283 men from the United States over a 25-year period: No
decline in quality. Fertil Steril. 1996;65:1009–14. [PubMed]

36. Auger J, Jouannet P. Evidence for regional differences of semen quality among
fertile French men. Feé deé ration Francaise des Centres d’Etude et de
Conservation des Oeufs et du Sperme humains. Hum Reprod. 1997;12:740–
5. [PubMed]

37. Jørgensen N, Andersen AG, Eustache F, Irvine DS, Suominen J, Petersen JH, et
al. Regional differences in semen quality in Europe. Hum
Reprod. 2001;16:1012–9. [PubMed]

38. Swan SH. Semen quality in fertile US men in relation to geographical area and
pesticide exposure. Int J Androl. 2006;29:62–8. [PubMed]

39. Fisch H, Goluboff ET. Geographic variations in sperm counts: A potential

cause of bias in studies of semen quality. Fertil Steril. 1996;65:1044–
6. [PubMed]

40. Giwercman A, Skakkebaek NE. The human testis – An organ at risk? Int J
Androl. 1992;15:373–5.[PubMed]

41. Bussen S, Suö tterlin M, Steck T, Dietl J. Semen parameters in patients with
unilateral testicular cancer compared to patients with other
malignancies. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2004;269:196–8. [PubMed]

42. Menkveld R, Van Zyl JA, Kotze TJ, Joubert G. Possible changes in male fertility
over a 15-year period. Arch Androl. 1986;17:143–4. [PubMed]

43. Murature DA, Tang SY, Steinhardt G, Dougherty RC. Phthalate esters and
semen quality parameters. Biomed Environ Mass Spectrom. 1987;14:473–
7. [PubMed]

5
44. Osser S, Liedholm P, Ranstam J. Depressed semen quality: A study over two
decades. Arch Androl. 1984;12:113–6. [PubMed]

45. Swan SH, Elkin EP, Fenster L. The question of declining sperm density
revisited: An analysis of 101 studies published 1934-1996. Environ Health
Perspect. 2000;108:961–6. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

46. Jørgensen N, Vierula M, Jacobsen R, Pukkala E, Perheentupa A, Virtanen HE, et

al. Recent adverse trends in semen quality and testis cancer incidence among
Finnish men. Int J Androl. 2011;34(4 Pt 2):e37–48. [PMC free
article] [PubMed]

47. Feki NC, Abid N, Rebai A, Sellami A, Ayed BB, Guermazi M, et al. Semen quality
decline among men in infertile relationships: Experience over 12 years in the
South of Tunisia. J Androl. 2009;30:541–7.[PubMed]

48. Molina RI, Martini AC, Tissera A, Olmedo J, Senestrari D, de Cuneo MF, et al.
Semen quality and aging: Analysis of 9.168 samples in Cordoba. Argentina
Arch Esp Urol. 2010;63:214–22. [PubMed]

49. Geoffroy-Siraudin C, Loundou AD, Romain F, Achard V, Courbieè re B, Perrard

MH, et al. Decline of semen quality among 10 932 males consulting for couple
infertility over a 20-year period in Marseille, France. Asian J
Androl. 2012;14:584–90. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

50. Jørgensen N, Joensen UN, Jensen TK, Jensen MB, Almstrup K, Olesen IA, et al.
Human semen quality in the new millennium: A prospective cross-sectional
population-based study of 4867 men. BMJ Open. 2012;2:pii–E000990. [PMC
free article] [PubMed]

51. Axelsson J, Rylander L, Rignell-Hydbom A, Giwercman A. No secular trend

over the last decade in sperm counts among Swedish men from the general
population. Hum Reprod. 2011;26:1012–6. [PubMed]

52. Pal PC, Rajalakshmi M, Manocha M, Sharma RS, Mittal S, Rao DN. Semen
quality and sperm functional parameters in fertile Indian
men. Andrologia. 2006;38:20–5. [PubMed]

6
53. Adiga SK, Jayaraman V, Kalthur G, Upadhya D, Kumar P. Declining semen
quality among South Indian infertile men: A retrospective study. J Hum
Reprod Sci. 2008;1:15–8. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

54. Sharpe RM. Declining sperm counts in men – Is there an endocrine cause? J
Endocrinol. 1993;136:357–60. [PubMed]

55. Sengupta P. Challenge of infertility: How protective the yoga therapy is? Anc
Sci Life. 2012;32:61–2.[PMC free article] [PubMed]

56. Sengupta P. Environmental and occupational exposure of metals and their

role in male reproductive functions. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2013;36:353–
68. [PubMed]

57. Mukhopadhyay D, Varghese AC, Pal M, Banerjee SK, Bhattacharyya AK,

Sharma RK, et al. Semen quality and age-specific changes: A study between
two decades on 3,729 male partners of couples with normal sperm count and
attending an andrology laboratory for infertility-related problems in an
Indian city. Fertil Steril. 2010;93:2247–54. [PubMed]

58. Magnusdottir EV, Thorsteinsson T, Thorsteinsdottir S, Heimisdottir M,

Olafsdottir K. Persistent organochlorines, sedentary occupation, obesity and
human male subfertility. Hum Reprod. 2005;20:208–15. [PubMed]

59. Sasano N, Ichijo S. Vascular patterns of the human testis with special
reference to its senile changes. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1969;99:269–
80. [PubMed]

60. Andolz P, Bielsa MA, Vila J. Evolution of semen quality in North-Eastern Spain:
A study in 22,759 infertile men over a 36 year period. Hum
Reprod. 1999;14:731–5. [PubMed]

61. Harris ID, Fronczak C, Roth L, Meacham RB. Fertility and the aging male. Rev
Urol. 2011;13:e184–90. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

62. Sanger W.G., Olson J.H., Sherman J.K. Semen cryobanking for men with cancer
—criteria change. Fertil Steril. 1992;58:1024–1027. [PubMed]

7
63. Anger J.T., Gilbert B.R., Goldstein M. Cryopreservation of sperm: indications,
methods and results. J Urol. 2003;170:1079–1084. [PubMed]

64. Jensen J.R., Morbeck D.E., Coddington C.C., III Fertility preservation. Mayo
Clin Proc. 2011;86:45–49.[PubMed]