GMR Institute of Technology

Rajam, Andhra Pradesh

(An Autonomous Institution Affiliated to JNTUK, AP)

Cohesive Teaching – Learning Practices (CTLP)

Class 5th Sem. - B.Tech Department: ECE
Course Linear IC Applications Course Code 16EC503
Prepared by Mr. Krishna Kishore, Mr. M. Bala Krishna, Mrs. Smrutilekha Samanta
Op-amp Block Diagram, Differential Amplifier- DC analysis of Dual input
Lecture Topic
balanced output Configuration
Course Outcome (s) CEC317.1 Program Outcome (s) PO2, PO3
Duration 100 Min Lecture 1,2 of 45 Unit I
Pre-requisite (s) Common emitter amplifier

1. Objective

 To study the Op-amp and Q point of Dual input balanced output Differential
Amplifier

2. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)

At the end of this session the students will able to:

A.Recall the operation of Op-amp

B.Compare differential amplifiers
C. Implement the function of Difference amplifier

3. 2D Mapping of ILOs with Knowledge Dimension and Cognitive Learning Levels

of RBT

Cognitive Learning Levels

Knowledge
Remember Understand Apply Analyze Evaluate Create
Dimension
Factual A
Conceptual B C
Procedural
Meta Cognitive

4. Teaching Methodology

 Chalk & Board, Visual Presentation

5. Evocation

6. Deliverables

Working

The input stage is a differential amplifier. The differential amplifier used as an

input stage provides differential inputs and a frequency response down to d.c. Special
techniques are used to provide the high input impedance necessary for the operational
amplifier. The second stage is a high-gain voltage amplifier. This stage may be made from
several transistors to provide high gain. A typical operational amplifier could have a
voltage gain of 200,000. Most of this gain comes from the voltage amplifier stage .The final
stage of the OP AMP is an output amplifier. The output amplifier provides low output
impedance. The actual circuit used could be an emitter follower.

Circuit Diagram of Differential Amp

 Dual input, balanced output differential amplifier
Dual input, unbalanced output differential amplifier.

Fig 4: (C) Fig 4: (D)

Single input balanced output differential amplifier.
Single input unbalanced output differential amplifier.

DC equivalent circuit of Dual input-balanced output difference amplifier

The output stage should allow theoperational amplifier to deliver several milli
amperes to a load. Notice that the operational amplifier has a positive power supply
(+VCC) and a negative powersupply ( VEE). This arrangement enables the operational
amplifier to produce either a positive or anegative output.The two input terminals are
labeled "inverting input" ( ) and "non inverting input" (+). Theoperational amplifier can
be used with three different input conditions (modes). With differential inputs(first
mode), both input terminals are used and two input signals which are 180 degrees out of
phase witheach other are used.
This produces an output signal that is in phase with the signal on the non inverting
input. If the non inverting input is grounded and a signal is applied to the inverting input
(second mode), the output signal will be 180 degrees out of phase with the input signal
(and one-half the amplitude of thefirst mode output). If the inverting input is grounded
and a signal is applied to the non inverting input (third mode), the output signal will be
in phase with the input signal (and one-half the amplitude of thefirst mode output).
Ideal and practical Op-amp specifications:
In practice, none of these ideals can be realized, and various shortcomings and
compromises have to be accepted. Depending on the parameters of interest, a real op-
amp may be modeled to take account of some of the non-infinite or non-zero parameters
using equivalent resistors and capacitors in the op-amp model. The designer can then
include the effects of these undesirable, but real, effects into the overall performance of
the final circuit. Some parameters may turn out to have negligible effect on the final
design while others represent actual limitations of the final performance that must be
evaluated

An ideal op-amp is usually considered to have the following properties, and they are
considered to hold for all input voltages:

Differential Amplifiers:

Differential amplifier is a basic building block of an op-amp. The function of a

differential amplifier is to amplify the difference between two input signals.

How the differential amplifier is developed? Let us consider two emitter-biased circuits
as shown in Fig.

The two transistors Q1 and Q2 have identical characteristics. The resistances of the
circuits are equal, i.e. RE1 = R E2, RC1 = R C2 and the magnitude of +VCC is equal to the
magnitude of VEE. These voltages are measured with respect to ground.

To make a differential amplifier, the two circuits are connected as shown in Fig.
The two +VCC and VEE supply terminals are made common because they are same. The
two emitters are also connected and the parallel combination of RE1 and RE2 is replaced
by a resistance RE. The two input signals v1& v2 are applied at the base of Q1 and at the
base of Q2. The output voltage is taken between two collectors. The collector resistances
are equal and therefore denoted by RC = RC1 = RC2.
 Ideally, the output voltage is zero when the two inputs are equal. When v1 is
greater then v2 the output voltage with the polarity shown appears. When v1 is less than
v2, the output voltage has the opposite polarity. The differential amplifiers are of different
configurations. The four differential amplifier configurations are following:

1. Dual input, balanced output differential amplifier.

2. Dual input, unbalanced output differential amplifier.
3. Single input balanced output differential amplifier.
4. Single input unbalanced output differential amplifier.

These configurations are shown inFig., and are defined by number of input signals
used and the way an output voltage is measured. If use two input signals, the
configuration is said to be dual input, otherwise it is a single input configuration. On the
other hand, if the output voltage is measured between two collectors, it is referred to as
a balanced output because both the collectors are at the same dc potential w.r.t. ground.
If the output is measured at one of the collectors w.r.t. ground, the configuration is called
an unbalanced output.

DC analysis of Dual-Input, Balanced-Output DifferentialAmplifier:

In a dual-input, balanced-output differential amplifier the two input signals (dual

input), Vin 1 and Vin 2, are applied to the bases B1 and B2 of transistors Q1 and Q2.
The output V0 is measured between the two collectors, C1 and C2, which are at the
same dc potential. Because of ' the equal dc potential at the two collectors with respect
to ground, the output is referred to as a balanced output.

To determine the operating point values (ICQ and VCEQ) for the differential
amplifier of Fig1.6 we need to obtain a de equivalent circuit. The dc equivalent circuit
can be obtained simply by reducing the input signals Vin 1 and Vin 2 to zero. The dc
equivalent circuit thus obtained is shown .in Fig.5. Note that the internal resistances
of the input signals are denoted by Rin because Rin 1 = Rin 2. Since both emitter-
biased sections of the differential amplifier are symmetrical (matched in all
respects), we need to determine the operating point' collector current ICQ and
 collector-to-emitter voltage VCEQ for qnly one section. We shall determine the ICQ and
VCEQ values for transistor Q1 only. These ICQ and VCEQ values can then be used for
transistor Q) also.

Advantages of Op-Amp

 Infinite open-loop gain

 Infinite voltage range available at the output (vout) (in practice the voltages
available from the output are limited by the supply voltages and )
 Infinite bandwidth (i.e., the frequency magnitude response is considered to be
flat everywhere with zero phase shift).
 Infinite input impedance (so, in the diagram, , and zero current flows
from to )
 Zero input current (i.e., there is assumed to be no leakage or bias current into the
device)
 Zero input offset voltage (i.e., when the input terminals are shorted so that
, the output is a virtual ground or vout = 0).
 Infinite slew rate (i.e., the rate of change of the output voltage is unbounded) and
power bandwidth (full output voltage and current available at all frequencies).
 Zero output impedance (i.e., Rout = 0, so that output voltage does not vary with
output current)
 Zero noise
 Infinité Common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR)
 Infinite Power supply rejection ratio for both power supply rails.

7.Keywords

 Balanced ,Unbalanced
 Differential Amplifier
 Dual-Input,Single-Input
 Operating Point

8.Sample Questions (Populate two questions under each learning level as indicated)

Remember
 1. List the functions of Op-amp Block Diagram.
2. Define Differential Amplifier

Understand

3. Illustrate the Operating Point of Dual-Input Balanced-Output Differential

Amplifier
4. Classify the different Differential Amplifiers

Apply

5. Execute the DC analysis of Dual-Input, Balanced-Output DifferentialAmplifier:

6. Find the advantages of OPAmp

9.Stimulating Question (s)

Draw the DC equivalent circuit of Dual-Input Balanced-Output Differential Amplifier and

explain .

10.Mind Map

11. Student Summary

At the end of this session, the facilitator (Teacher) shall randomly pick-up few
students to summarize the deliverables.

12. Reading Materials

  Op- Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits By Ramakant A.Gayakwad PHI
publications, 2002, Page no-2-7

13.Scope for Mini Project

------