Strategies for Safety Evaluation of Road Intersection to

have Sustainable Development

* ** ***
AB Khan , PK Agarwal , S Chaki
Abstract

Intersection is an area shared by two or more roads. This area is designated

for the vehicles to turn to different directions to reach their desired
destinations. Its main function is to guide vehicles to their respective
directions. Intersections are complex locations on any road. Compared with
other urban intersections usually generate more traffic crashes because of
considerable conflicts in motorized traffic, as well as conflicts among non-
motorized traffic, and pedestrians. According to recent statistics,
approximately 55% of total traffic crashes and 23% of crashes with fatalities
in urban areas in the USA occur at intersections. In India, approximately 32%
of urban traffic crashes take place at intersections. These statistical data
indicate that intersections are places of significant safety concern. Therefore
there is an urgent need for safety improvement at highway intersection.
Literature review indicated that the theories lacks in providing complete
scientific explanation of the accidents. Each theory presents incomplete
perspective that offers an incomplete explanation of the intersection
fatalities. Almost all the theories are about accident causation have been
proposed as means of accidents, rather than out of intellectual curiosity. In
this study strategies are illustrated to predict the number of accidents. This
study is designed to analyze and quantify the traffic safety scenario at
intersections in urban cities the total harm caused by crashes can be
substantially and readily reduced. The study will focus on an aspects of
intersection safety in urban cities i.e. identification of road intersection
safety factor conditions. This study discusses about the development of
strategies for safety improvement of road intersections in urban cities.
Illustrations of strategies were carried out by two case studies of Bhopal City.
Various strategies are considered to illustrate the sensitivity of proposed
study. The accidents at intersections are determined using JUNCTIONS 8
software keeping in mind the simplicity and uniformity. The graphs were also
plotted for illustration of different strategies.
*
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Smt S.R. Patel Engineering College, Unjha 384170,
**
Gujarat. Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal
462051, Gujarat, India.
***
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Smt S.R. Patel Engineering College, Unjha 384170,
Gujarat. Correspondence to: Mr. A.B. Khan, Department of Civil Engineering, Smt S.R. Patel Engineering
College, Unjha-384170, Gujarat, India. E-mail Id: Abkamu4@gmail.com

© ADR Journals 2017. All Rights Reserved.

J. Adv. Res. Auto. Tech. Transp. Sys. 2017; 1(1&2) Khan AB et al.

Theoretical models suggest that the number of fatalities in urban cities is

not likely to decline for many years to come unless new policies are
established and Implemented. Thus, it is expected that this study will be
useful in improving safety at highway intersections.

Keywords: Intersection safety, Junctions 8, Safety improvement, Strategies,

Fatalities.

Introduction

According to documented statistics, crossing streets. The different approach and

intersections are among the most hazardous
locations on roadway systems. Thus safety
evaluation of a road intersection is a
determinant problem in order to establish a
relation for maintenance and to make right
design choices for the enhancement of new
infrastructures. Road intersections that have
accident potential or have high numbers of
accidents called hazardous intersections. By
identifying the reasons that make the
intersection hazardous it is possible to improve
its safety more effectively. This study is
designed to analyze and quantify the traffic
safety scenario at intersections in Bhopal city.
The study focuses on an aspects of intersection
safety in India i.e. identification of road
intersection safety factor conditions. Based on
the Indian Road Congress IRC checklist and
based on various established study aspects,
some exemplary strategies are discussed to
evaluate the number of accidents at existing
intersections. The proposed strategy will
provide an analytical and numerical
perspective of accident predicted per year by
modification of Intersection safety factors. The
accidents at intersections are predicted using
Junctions 8 keeping in mind the simplicity and
uniformity. The main objective of this study is
development of strategies for safety
improvement at highway intersections using
Junctions 8. The functional area of an
intersection extends upstream and
downstream from the physical area of the
crossing movements by motorists, bicyclists and
pedestrians make at-grade intersections one of the
most complex traffic situations that people
encounter. Figure 1 and Figure 2 respectively shows
aerial view of four legged Pragati Petrol Pump and
10 Number Market T-Intersections at Bhopal city
showing all users at intersections primarily due to
the ever-increasing growth of motor vehicles and
the inadequacy of the road system to cope with the
saturated traffic flow. The intersections as shown in
Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 respectively are uncontrolled
intersections. Neither of the intersections has
rotary for controlling the traffic movement. At some
approaching lanes there are no proper pavement
markings, physical dividers like medians,
channelizing islands, traffic signals and no
pedestrian facilities like footpath, cross walk etc.
The situation is worsened by the encroachments
and temporary vendors like tea stalls at the
intersection. All these factors have an adverse
impact on road user’s behavior which enhances the
possibility of accidents. Therefore it became
imperative to develop strategies for safety
improvement at intersections for smoother and
safer traffic movement.
A critical review of literature indicated that
china has first ranked in the world in the
number of road accidents and fatalities, in
which approximately 30% of occurred at urban
intersections. Therefore, measuring

65
Khan AB et al.
intersection safety factors is essential to achieve
effective correction countermeasures (Zhou et al,
2013). It was observed that intersection collision
figure in Japan are even more devastating, with
more than 58 percent of all traffic crashes reported
at intersection. Intersection related fatalities in
Japan are approximately 30 percent of all Japanese
traffic accidents (Salim, 2008). Likewise important
strategies involve education and enforcement.
Quite often, it is a mixture of these strategies that is
needed to truly solve a problem related to
intersection safety (Agarwal et al, 2016). Efficiency
and user safety are the two primary goals of
transportation engineering and play an important
role in traffic accident occurrence. The first is
related to the geometric design of roads and the
second is road user characteristics (Mohamed et al,
1999).
Figure 1.An Aerial View of a Pragati Petrol Pump Four Legged Intersection Showing All Users
J. Adv. Res. Auto. Tech. Transp. Sys. 2017; 1(1&2)
Environmental and weather condition also an
important part which affected the intersection
safety (Shankar et al, 1994). The dynamic behavior
of simulation techniques has the potential to
provide a highly useful platform for short-term
safety analysis (Milam and Choa, 2000). It was
observed from the past studies various researchers
had been widely used the microscopic simulation
techniques for understand and establish good
relation between road accident trends and
responsible elements for future traffic control and
operations. Based on the literature review, some of
the important deficiencies in the present state of
art are that the theories lacks in providing complete
scientific explanation of the accidents. Each theory
presents incomplete perspective that offers an
incomplete explanation of the intersection
fatalities.
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J. Adv. Res. Auto. Tech. Transp. Sys. 2017; 1(1&2)
Figure 2.An Aerial View of a 10 Number Market T-intersection Showing All Users
Strategies for Intersection Safety
Improvement Using Junctions 8
General
The main objective of this study is
development of strategies for safety
improvement at highway intersections using
Junctions 8.This section gives the details of
the strategies developed. The strategy is first
to determine the predicted number of
accidents per year using Junctions 8. The
proposed study is designed to analyze and
quantify the traffic safety scenario at
intersections in urban cities. The study will
focus on an aspects of intersection safety in
urban cities i.e. identification of road
intersection safety by predicting number of
accidents per year. Proposed study discusses
about the development of strategies for
safety improvement of road intersections in
urban cities.
The accidents at prioritized intersections are
predicted using Junctions 8 software keeping
in mind the simplicity and uniformity. As
explained earlier, the strategy consists of the
Strategy for safety evaluation at intersection
by predicting number of accidents per year.
67
Khan AB et al.
Strategies for Safety Improvement at
Highway Intersections
Strategy for Predicting the Number of
Accidents
This strategy is designed to analyze and
quantify the traffic safety scenario at four
legged Pragati petrol pump and 10 number
market T-intersections in Bhopal City. It will
focus on aspects of intersection safety i.e.
determination of accidents occurring at Pragati
petrol pump and 10 number market
intersection. The accidents at intersections are
predicted using Junctions 8 software keeping
in mind the simplicity and uniformity.
A Case Study for Safety Improvement of
Bhopal Intersections
General
The main objective of this study is
development of strategies for safety
improvement at highway intersections using
Junctions 8. The illustration of and working of
strategies is presented by calculations and
results using Junctions 8. Further, this section
presents input data required for analysis of the
Khan AB et al. J. Adv. Res. Auto. Tech. Transp. Sys. 2017; 1(1&2)

case studies and analysis and results using
Junctions 8 was presented here.
Analysis and Results Using Junctions 8
The section is designed to analyze and quantify
the traffic safety scenario at intersections in
urban cities, and to identify the
countermeasures for intersection fatalities, the
total harm caused by crashes can be
substantially and readily reduced. The study
will focus on an aspects of intersection safety
in urban cities i.e. identification of road
intersection safety factor conditions. The
analysis and results of study is present in this
section. Analysis and results is illustrated with
the help of two case studies. Case studies were
done on four legged Pragati Petrol Pump and
10 number market T-intersections of Bhopal
City. The accidents at intersections are
predicted using Junctions 8 software keeping
in mind the simplicity and uniformity.
Case Study-I: Four Legged Unsignalised
(Pragati Petrol Pump Intersection)
Input Data
The determination of predicted number of
accidents at Pragati Petrol Pump in Bhopal City
was done using Junction 8 software. This cross
road was selected because it was found to be
the most dangerous intersection of Bhopal City
and moreover it is situated at a location which
is said to be the heart of Bhopal City as more
than 80% of corporate offices are situated
here. The traffic survey was carried out for the
peak hour duration i.e. from 6:00 pm to 7:00
pm and the various other. This is un-signalized
intersection and the traffic behavior here was
in a haphazard manner. The details of units of
different input and output parameters of
Junction-8 are presented in Table 1.

Table 1.Details of Units of Different Inputs and Outputs of Junctions-8

Distance Speed Traffic Traffic Flow Average Total Rate of
units units units units units delay units delay delay units
input results units
M KMPH PCU PCU per hour S -min per min

Table 2 shows the details of conditions during which the analysis was carried out.

Table 2.Details of Conditions during Analysis for Pragati Petrol Pump Intersection
Name Junction Major Arm Driving Lighting Major Minor
Type Road Order Side Arms Arms
Direction
Pragati Petrol Crossroads Two-way A, B, C, Left Normal/ A, C B, D
Pump D unknown

The road heading towards Habibganj railway
station was assigned Major Arm-A, the road
towards 6 No Market was given Minor Arm-
B, the road towards DB mall was Major Arm-
C, and the road towards Pragati Petrol Pump
was given Minor Arm-D.
Analysis and Results for Pragati Petrol
Pump intersection
The various measured input data of Major
Arm geometry is presented in Table 3.

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J. Adv. Res. Auto. Tech. Transp. Sys. 2017; 1(1&2) Khan AB et al.

Table 3.Details of Input Data of Major Arm Geometry of Pragati Petrol Pump Intersection
Arm Width of Has kerbed Has Width for Visibility for Pedestrian
carriageway central right right turn right turn (m) crossing type
(m) reserve turn bay (m)
A 19.50 No No 2.20 70.00 Zebra
C 19.50 No No 2.20 100.00 Zebra

The various measured input data of minor Arm geometry is presented in Table 3.

Table 4.Details of Input Data of Minor Arm Geometry of Pragati Petrol Pump Intersection
Arm Minor Lane Lane Lane Visibility to Visibility to Pedestrian
arm type width Width Width left (m) right (m) crossing type
(m) left (m) right (m)
B One lane 5.00 - - 15 150 None
D Two lanes - 5.00 5.00 10 25 None

The various measured input data details of Zebra Crossings are given in Table 5.

Table 5.Details of Input Data of Zebra Crossings at Pragati Petrol Pump Intersection
Arm Space Space Vehicles Crossing Crossing Crossing Crossing Crossing
Between between queuing Data length time length time
crossing crossing on exit Type (entry (entry (exit (exit
and and (PCU) side) (m) side) (s) side) (m) side) (s)
junction junction
entry entry
(Left) (Right)
(PCU) (PCU)
A 0.00 0.00 4.00 Distance 11.50 8.21 11.50 8.21
C 0.00 0.00 5.00 Distance 11.50 8.21 11.50 8.21

Most of input data presented in above Tables very less traffic. Table 6 shows the details of
i.e. Table 3, 4, 5 were measured early in the input data that was taken at Pragati Petrol
morning at the time when there was no or Pump intersection.
Table 6.Details of Various Inputs of Accident Parameters
Arm Kerbed Gradient Angle to S.S.D. Radius of Number Visibility Visibility
island (%) next arm (m) entry ahead to left to right
present (degree) corner (m) lanes (m) (m)
A No 0.00 90.00 25.00 5.00 2 - A
B No 0.00 90.00 15.00 - - 15.00 150.00
C No 0.00 90.00 25.00 5.00 2 - -
D No 0.00 90.00 15.00 - -- 10.00 25.00

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Khan AB et al. J. Adv. Res. Auto. Tech. Transp. Sys. 2017; 1(1&2)

The video graphic survey that was done at shows the pedestrian flow movement at
intersection was used to resolve the pedestrian Pragati Petrol Pump intersection.
flow movement at the intersection. Table 7
Table 7.Pedestrian Flows for Determining Accident Prediction
No. Arms Pedestrian flow (peds x 1000)
1 A 2.304
2 B 1.408
3 C 2.880
4 D 1.728

A video graphic survey was carried out from a movements. This peak hour traffic was then
nearby high rise building at Pragati Petrol converted to AADT by using the conception
Pump (Bhopal City) intersection during the that the peak hour flow is 2 times the
peak hour traffic i.e. 6:00 pm-7:00 pm was normal flow. This turning movement flow
used to determine the details of traffic turning has been shown in tabular form in Table 8.
Table 8.Input Data Table Shows Detailed Flow of Traffic for Predicting Accidents
Arm To Light (AADT x Medium (AADT Heavy (AADT Buses (AADT Cycles (AADT
arm 1000) x 1000) x 1000) x 1000) x 1000)
A A 0.420 0.408 0.000 0.000 0.000
A B 1.290 0.768 0.000 0.000 0.000
A C 11.712 9.016 0.264 2.376 0.000
A D 6.144 2.928 0.000 0.000 0.000
B A 2.772 1.424 0.000 0.000 0.000
B B 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
B C 2.460 1.728 0.000 0.000 0.000
B D 6.264 4.440 0.000 0.000 0.000
C A 11.562 9.064 0.264 2.376 0.000
C B 1.824 1.824 0.000 0.000 0.000
C C 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C D 3.804 2.216 0.000 0.000 0.000
D A 5.712 4.248 0.000 0.000 0.000
D B 4.566 1.512 0.000 0.000 0.000
D C 4.464 2.496 0.000 0.000 0.000
D D 0.426 0.312 0.000 0.000 0.000

After collecting all the relevant information of intersection. Table 9 shows the results
input data at the intersection the model was generated after operating the model for
run to generate results of predicted number of accidents prediction.
accidents at four legged Pragati Petrol Pump

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J. Adv. Res. Auto. Tech. Transp. Sys. 2017; 1(1&2) Khan AB et al.

Table 9.Results of Predicted Accidents per Year at Pragati Petrol Pump Intersection
Total vehicle accidents Total pedestrian accidents Total accident rate
(Accidents/ year) (Accidents/ year) (Accidents/ year)
23.227 2.373 25.600

Table 9 shows that the predicted number of 21. So it can be over and done with that the
total accidents per year is coming out to be methodology presented in this work to
25.6. To legalize the methodology accident determine the number of accidents per year
record was also collected from Habibganj using Junction8 is logical and realistic.
Police station and it was found from the
Table 10 shows detailed results of predicted
documentation of Habibganj Police that the
number of accidents obtained after
total number of accidents that take place at
operating Junctions-8.
Pragati Petrol Pump intersection in 2015 was
Table 10.Detailed Results (Accidents/Year) of Accident Prediction for
Pragati Petrol Pump Intersection
No. Accidents/ Year Prediction
1 VA1: Single vehicle accidents on major arm 0.478
2 VA2: Rear shunt and lane-changing on major arm 5.496
3 VA3: Right-angle accidents: major arm with previous minor 0.765
4 VA4: Right-angle accidents: major arm with next minor 0.336
5 VA5: Right-turn from major with own ahead 0.126
6 VA6: Right-turn from minor with next ahead 7.237
7 VA7: Right-turn from major with opposite ahead 0.306
8 VA8: Right-turn from minor with previous ahead 3.336
9 VA9: Other right-turn from minor arm 3.761
10 VA10: Left-turn from minor with previous ahead 0.134
11 VA11: Head-on/U-turn/parked/parking accidents on major 0.088
12 VA12: Other vehicle-only accidents on major arm 0.489
13 VA13: Other vehicle-only accidents on minor arm 0.674
14 PA1: Pedestrian with vehicle entering on major arm 1.124
15 PA2: Pedestrian with vehicle exiting on major arm 0.057
16 PA3: Other pedestrian accidents on major arm 0.167
17 PA4: Pedestrian accidents on minor arm 1.025
Total Accidents rate (Per year) 25.6

The various types of collisions that can occur at Pedestrian with vehicle exiting on major arm.
different major and minor lanes are also shown in
Table 10. It can be accomplished from the Table 10
These obtained results seem to be appropriate
that the maximum number of predicted accidents is
as the traffic on the major arms are
approaching the intersection in high speed and
7.237 i.e. VA6: Right-turn from minor with next
the minor arm traffic visibility to right or left is
ahead and the minimum number of predicted
quite less due to existence of some
accidents is 0.057 i.e. PA2:
obstructions. Further the minimum numbers of

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Khan AB et al. J. Adv. Res. Auto. Tech. Transp. Sys. 2017; 1(1&2)

accidents i.e. Pedestrian with vehicle exiting because it was found to be the most
on major arm are also logical due to presence dangerous intersection of Bhopal City and
of pedestrian crossings at the major arm. moreover it is an important market area of
Bhopal City. The traffic survey was carried
Case Study-II: Unsignalised T- out for the peak hour duration i.e. from 6:00
Intersection at 10 Number Market pm to 7:00 pm and the various other. This is
un-signalized priority T-intersection and
Input Data
none of the arm having zebra crossing. Due
The determination of predicted number of to the market area the number of pedestrian
accidents at 10 number market intersections crossing at intersection is high. The details of
in Bhopal City was done using Junction 8 units of different input & output parameters
software. This T-intersection was selected of junction-8 are presented in Table 11.
Table 11.Details of units of different inputs and outputs of Junctions-8 for T intersection
Distance Speed Traffic Traffic Flow Average Total Rate of
units units units units units delay units delay delay
input results units units
M KMPH PCU PCU per S -min per min
hour

Table 12 shows the details of conditions during which the analysis was carried out.
Table 12.Details of Conditions during Analysis for T intersection
Name Junction Major road Arm Driving Lighting Major Minor
type direction order side arms arms
10 No. T Two-way A,B,C Left Normal A,C B
Market intersection

The road heading towards Basant Kunj was Analysis and Results for 10 No. Market
assigned Major Arm-A, the road towards intersection
Bitthan market was given Minor Arm-B, the
road towards 7 number market was Major The various measured input data of Major
Arm-C. and Minor Arm geometry is presented in
Table 13 and Table 14 respectively.
Table 13.Details of Input Data of Major Arm Geometry of 10 no market T intersection
Arm Width of Has kerbed Has Width for Visibility for Pedestrian
carriageway central right right turn right turn (m) crossing type
(m) reserve turn bay (m)
C 9.10 No No 2.20 60.00 None

Table 14.Details of Input Data of Minor Arm Geometry of 10 no market T intersection

Arm Minor Lane width Lane width Visibility to Visibility to Pedestrian
arm type left (m) right (m) left (m) right (m) crossing type
B Two lane 4.70 4.70 12 39 None

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J. Adv. Res. Auto. Tech. Transp. Sys. 2017; 1(1&2) Khan AB et al.

Most of input data presented in above Tables less traffic. Table 15 shows the details of
i.e., Table 13, 14 were measured early in the input data that was taken at 10 number
morning at the time when there was no or very market intersections.
Table 15.Details of Various Inputs of Accident Parameters for T Intersection
Arm Kerbed Gradient Angle to Stopping Hatching Number Retail
island (%) next arm sight width at of entry land use
present (deg) distance junction lanes
(m) center (m)
A No 0.00 90.00 15.00 0.00 1 Yes
B No 0.00 90.00 20.00 0.00 - -
C No 0.00 180.00 15.00 0.00 1 Yes

A video graphic survey was carried out from a converted to AADT by using the conception
nearby high rise building at 10 number market that the peak hour flow is 2-2.5 times the
(Bhopal City) intersection during the peak hour normal flow. In the present case we
traffic i.e. 6:00 pm-7:00 pm was used to assumed that peak hour flow is 2 times the
determine the details of traffic turning normal flow. This turning movement flow
movements. This peak hour traffic was then has been shown in tabular form in Table 16.
Table 16.Input Data Table Shows Detailed Flow of Traffic for Predicting Accidents at T Intersection
Arm To arm Light (AADT Medium Heavy Buses Cycles
x 1000) (AADT x 1000) (AADT x 1000) (AADT x 1000) (AADT x 1000)
A A 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
A B 4.650 3.528 0.000 0.000 0.200
A C 9.990 6.096 0.000 0.000 0.300
B A 3.039 3.280 0.000 0.000 0.240
B B 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
B C 4.134 3.096 0.000 0.000 0.340
C A 9.462 4.840 0.000 0.000 0.440
C B 6.828 4.328 0.000 0.000 0.220
C C 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

The video graphic survey that was done at Table 17 shows the pedestrian flow movement
intersection was also used to resolve the at 10 number market intersections.
pedestrian flow movement at the intersection.
Table 17.Pedestrian Flows for Determining Accident Prediction
Arm Pedestrian Flow (peds x 1000)
A 2.496
B 3.456
C 2.016

After collecting all the relevant information of run to generate results of predicted number of
input data at the intersection the model was accidents at 10 number market intersections.

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Table 18 shows the results generated after accidents per year. It can also be seen from the
operating the model for accidents prediction. table that vehicle accidents and pedestrian
The results obtained are in number of accidents are obtained separately.
Table 18.Results of Predicted Accidents per Year for 10 no Market T intersection
Total vehicle accidents Total pedestrian accidents Total accident rate
(Accidents/year) (Accidents/year) (Accidents/year)
2.930 1.175 4.105

Table 18 shows that the predicted number of total number of accidents that take place at
total accidents per year is coming out to be 10 number market intersection in 2015 was
4.105 To legalize the strategy accident 2. So it can be over and done with that the
record was also collected from Habibganj strategy presented in this work to determine
Police station and it was found from the the number of accidents per year using
documentation of Habibganj Police that the Junction-8 is logical and realistic.
Table 19.Detailed Results (accidents/year) of Accident Prediction for 10
Number Market Intersection
No. VA 1: Single vehicle accidents from Arm C 0.025
1. VA 2: Single vehicle accidents from Arm A 0.035
2. VA 3: Rear shunt/lane changing from Arm C 0.341
3. VA 4: Rear shunt/lane changing from Arm A 0.274
4. VA 5: C-B interacting with C-A 0.020
5. VA 6: B-A interacting with C-A 0.095
6. VA 7: C-B interacting with A-C 0.363
7. VA 8: B-A interacting with A-C 0.431
8. VA 9: B-C interacting with A-C 0.936
9. VA10: Head-on and U-turn on major arm 0.033
10. VA11: Other vehicle accidents 0.376
11. PA1: Pedestrian with vehicle entering on Arm C 0.180
12. PA2: Pedestrian with vehicle entering on Arm A 0.244
13. PA3: Pedestrian with vehicle exiting on Arm C 0.259
14. PA4: Pedestrian with vehicle exiting on Arm A 0.092
15. PA5: Other pedestrian accidents 0.400
Total 4.105

Table 19 shows detailed results of predicted
number of accidents obtained after
operating Junctions-8. The various types of
collisions that can occur at different major
and minor lanes are also shown in Table 19.
0.936 i.e. VA9: B-C interacting with A-C and
the minimum number of predicted accidents
is 0.020 i.e. VA5: C-B interacting with C-A.
Conclusions

It can be accomplished from the Table 19 that the The main objective of this study was
maximum number of predicted accidents is development of strategies for safety

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J. Adv. Res. Auto. Tech. Transp. Sys. 2017; 1(1&2)
improvement at highway intersections using
JUNCTIONS 8. The following conclusion may
be drawn based on the study:
Safety on intersection has severely
degraded due to increase in road accidents
every year worldwide. Though, India has
only 1 % of total vehicle across globally but
it has 10 percent of total deaths.
Therefore, there is need to improve the
intersection safety conditions by
identifying the factors responsible for it
amending suitable measures to reduce the
chances of accidents to improve safety.
The peak hour traffic volume of the four
legged and three legged Intersection was
found out to be 2000 PCU per hour and
1200 PCU per hour respectively. This
traffic intensity and other intersection
characteristics in its present situation
require traffic engineering measures for
the safe operation of traffic at the
intersection.
The improvement in the road safety can be
done by decreasing the number of
accidents at intersections. The accident can
be reduced by providing improvement to
the intersection by applying certain
engineering measures. Further, all the
remedial measures cannot be applied, as
the developing countries have the limited
resources (fund, man power, money,
skilled equipment).
According to recent statistics,
approximately 55% of total traffic crashes
and 23% of crashes with fatalities in urban
areas in the USA occur at intersections. In
India, approximately 32% of urban traffic
crashes take place at intersections. These
statistical data indicate that intersections
are places of significant safety concern.
According to documented statistics,
intersections are among the most
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Khan AB et al.
hazardous locations on roadway systems.
In this study the predicted numbers of
accidents per year are determined using
JUNCTIONS 8. To validate the work some
intersections locations in Bhopal City and
their present condition was taken .This
study shows that the predicted number of
total accidents per year at Pragati Petrol
Pump and 10 number market T-junction
after operating Junctions-8 are 25.6 and
4.105 respectively. To legalize the strategy
accident record was also collected from M.
P. Nagar and Habibganj Police station and
it was found from the documentation of
Police that the total number of accidents
that take place at Pragati Petrol Pump
intersection in 2015 was 21 and total
number of accidents at 10 no Market T
junction in 2015 was 2.So it can be over
and done with that the proposed study is
logical and realistic.
The main contribution of this study is
that it helps to predict the number of the
accidents per year occurring at four
legged and T junction of Bhopal City.
It is expected that this study will be
useful to improve safety at intersections
by predicting the number of accidents
per year and thereby help in improving
safety at intersections.
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