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Telephone network

T-110.300
Jouni Karvo, Raimo Kantola, Timo Kiravuo
Telephone network

• Background
• Topology
• Reference connection
• End systems
• Access network
• Transmission
• Switching & Signaling
• Layers
• User-Network interaction
• Liberalization
• Business roles
• Telephone numbers
Background

• World's largest machine; extends to all countries


• Huge economic and social importance
• Specialized in voice transmission
• Other applications have been created: fax, data etc.
• Basic service: full-duplex voice transmission
• Small end-to-end delays, small delay variation (more than
150ms delay disturbs discussion --note satellites!)
• Call admission control, and accepted calls will complete
• Grows all the time, now mostly growth of mobile networks
• Although most traffic in the telecom networks is now data,
most of the money comes from voice
Background cont.

• Telephones are addressed by telephone


numbers, that are unique
• There are special numbers or area codes that
need translation
• The network formed by the end systems
(telephones, faxes, modems etc.) and the
hierarchic switching and transmission systems is
called Public Switched Telephone Network
(PSTN) or informally as Plain Old Telephone
System (POTS).
Topology

• Basic structure is tree-like


• The core network more fully connected
• Direct links for some special busy routes
Reference connection

• ITU-T E.830
• The longest possible international telephone connection
model
• LE = Local Exchange, ISC = International Switching Center
• Delay of more than 20ms requires echo cancellation
End systems

• Telephones: Voice-electrical signal transducers


(microphone+earphone), dialer, ringer, switch
hook
• A single twisted pair is used for signal
transmission for both directions ? echo
• Dialing+ringing: either pulses or tones
The Access Network

• a) distribution panel • i) PCM multiplex


• b) subscriber terminal • e) concentrator
equipment • f) telephone exchange
• c) radio link for emergency • g) fiber link
traffic (112, 911 etc.) • h) subscriber lines
• d) fiber link,
The Access Network

• The distribution panel connects operator's cables to


subscriber lines
– E.g. a thick cable of 30 pairs to individual lines to apartments
– Usually located in customer premises (building)
– The subscriber lines to the apartments are often the
responsibility of the building owner (Finland)
– The cable to the telephone network is the responsibility of the
telco operator
• The concentrator collect a group of subscriber lines
– I/O cards for subscriber lines.
– A/D and D/A circuitry for the analog lines
– Fiber link or twisted pairs carrying PDH/SDH towards the
telephone exchange
– May have a radio link for emergency calls (if the main link fails)
The Access Network

• Static concentrators have PCM streams flowing constantly


for each subscriber (even if there is no call going on).
• Dynamic concentrators generate a PCM stream only when
necessary, using PDH/SDH towards the telephone
exchanges.
• Concentrators do not switch. If a subscriber (A) wants to
make a call to subscriber (B) connected to the same
concentrator, the call goes through the nearest telephone
exchange.
• The only switching type action is routing emergency calls
through the radio link in case of failure in the fiber link.
Transmission

• The network elements are connected with transmission links


• Link metrics: capacity (usually measured in 64kbps
channels), and delay.
• For digital transmission, signal distortion is usually not a
problem, but ITU-T has defined signal quality assessment
methods, originally for analog transmission
• Delay can be a problem for digital transmission, too;
normally delays over 0.1-0.2s irritate people discussing
• Multiplexing techniques (PDH, SDH) are used to reduce the
number of individual lines in cables
• Link costs dominated by installation labor and rights of way
• Technologies: twisted pair, coaxial, terrestrial microwave,
satellite microwave, optical fiber
Switching & Signaling

• The way to connect a subscriber to another --- no need for a


fully connected topology
• Switch hardware carries the voice
• Switch controller controls the hardware
• Signaling is the means for switches to communicate control
information with each other
• In PSTN, control and data are separated in different
networks
• The control network is called signaling network
• The signaling network is a packet switched network, and
uses common channel signaling, i.e. signaling for all users
uses the same signaling channels.
Layers

• [7] IN services; answering machines


– Need to differentiate, new services, billing
• [3] switches, exchanges
– Dimensioning, routing
• [2] transmission
– Coverage, capacity, radio design
• [1] twisted pair, coaxial, fiber, radio
– Rights of way, re-use, natural monopoly
• Different parts of the system have internally
protocols of any layer
User-Network Interaction

• The users of the telephone network act randomly, and


generate load that varies through the day.
• The stochastic nature of load leads to the use of probability
theory for defining performance properties of the system.
• ITU-T has defined the so-called Grade-of-Service
parameters for telephone systems.
• As an example, the standard ITU-T E.543 defines the
following GoS parameters for telephone exchanges:

Parameter Normal load High load


Incoming response delay (X>0.5s) <= 5% (X>1s) <= 5%
Exchange call setup delay (X>0.5s) <= 5% (X>1s) <= 5%
Through connection delay (X>0.5s) <= 5% (X>1s) <= 5%
Internal loss probability 0.002 0.01
Liberalization

• Providing telecommunications services has traditionally


been a government or private monopoly
– In Finland, local telcos ("puhelinyhdistys'') private
– Government long distance monopoly (Tele)
• Liberalization opened the market in the 90's:
– Several long distance national and international carriers
– Several GSM networks
– Local network owners have to provide for other operators
– Local loop still often like a monopoly in practice
• Liberalization is supposed to lower prices, improve customer
service and introduce new telecom services
• Current regulation sets requirements for technology and
critical services
Business roles

• The model is an idealistic view


• In practice, few independent service providers
• ISP:s (Internet Service Provider) are service
providers, but the telcos are regaining their
business
Telephone numbers (ITU-T
E.164)
• A telephone number can point to a subscriber or to a service
• A telephone number of a subscriber is also an address for
routing of the call
– Area code, city areas
• Number portability breaks this connection
• Service numbers are "logical'' and require number
translation for use as routing addresses
– 112, 118 etc.
• The user must be able to deduce the expected cost of the
call from the telephone number. Thus, the number allocation
is tied to geography and network topology

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