PLAB

193

"Asherman's Syndrome",which is also referred to as intrauterine adhesions (IUA) or intrauterine

synechiae, is an acquired uterine condition that occurs when scar tissue (adhesions) form inside the
uterus and/or the cervix.

Asherman syndrome is a rare condition. In most cases, it occurs in women who have had several
dilatation and curettage (D&C) procedures. A severe pelvic infection unrelated to surgery may also lead
to Asherman syndrome. Intrauterine adhesions can also form after infection with tuberculosis or
schistosomiasis.
Plummer–Vinson syndrome (PVS), also called Paterson–Brown–Kelly syndrome or sideropenic dysphagia,
is a rare disease characterized by difficulty in swallowing, iron-deficiency anemia, glossitis, cheilosis and
esophageal webs.

444.) Reactive arthritis, REITER’S SYNDROME

Reactive arthritis, formerly known as Reiter's syndrome, is a form of inflammatory arthritis[1] that
develops in response to an infection in another part of the body (cross-reactivity). Coming into contact
with bacteria and developing an infection can trigger the disease.[2] By the time the patient presents
with symptoms, often the "trigger" infection has been cured or is in remission in chronic cases, thus
making determination of the initial cause difficult.

The manifestations of reactive arthritis include the following triad of symptoms:

an inflammatory arthritis of large joints,

inflammation of the eyes in the form of conjunctivitis or uveitis, and

urethritis in men or cervicitis in women.

RF-seronegative, HLA-B27-linked arthritis[6] often precipitated by genitourinary or gastrointestinal

infections. The most common triggers are intestinal infections (with Salmonella, Shigella or
Campylobacter) and sexually transmitted infections (with Chlamydia trachomatis).

Osgood–Schlatter disease (OSD), also known as apophysitis of the tibial tubercle, is inflammation of the
patellar ligament at the tibial tuberosity.[2] It is characterized by a painful bump just below the knee that
is worse with activity and better with rest.[2] Episodes of pain typically last a few months

Symptoms Painful bump just below the knee, worse with activity and better with rest[2]

Usual onset Males between the ages of 10 and 15[2]

Duration Few months[2]

Risk factors Sports that involve running or jumping[2]

Diagnostic method Based on symptoms[2]

Treatment Applying cold, stretching, strengthening exercises[2]

Medication NSAIDs

455.) Churg–Strauss syndrome (CSS) or allergic granulomatosis,[2][3] is an extremely rare autoimmune

condition that causes inflammation of small and medium-sized blood vessels (vasculitis) in persons with
a history of airway allergic hypersensitivity (atopy).

Diagnostic markers include eosinophil granulocytes and granulomas in affected tissue, and
antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) against neutrophil granulocytes. The American College of
Rheumatology 1990 criteria for diagnosis of Churg–Strauss syndrome lists these criteria:
Asthma

Eosinophilia, i.e. eosinophil blood count greater than 500/microliter, or hypereosinophilia, i.e. eosinophil
blood count greater than 1,500/microliter

Presence of mononeuropathy or polyneuropathy

Unfixed pulmonary infiltrates

Presence of paranasal sinus abnormalities

Histological evidence of extravascular eosinophils

For classification purposes, a patient shall be said to have Churg–Strauss syndrome (CSS) if at least four
of these six criteria are positive. The presence of any four or more of the six criteria yields a sensitivity of
85% and a specificity of 99.7%

466.) A urinary tract infection is inflammation of the bladder and/or the kidneys almost always caused by
bacteria that moves up the urethra and into the bladder. If the bacteria stay in the bladder, this is a
bladder infection. If the bacteria go up to the kidneys, it is called a kidney infection or pyelonephritis.

Laurence–Moon syndrome (LMS) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder associated with retinitis
pigmentosa, spastic paraplegia, and mental disabilities.

Signs and symptoms

Intellectual disability, hexadactyly, central diabetes insepidus, blindness (usually by 30 years due to
central retinal degeneration).

Hexadactyly: The presence of an extra digit, a sixth finger or toe, which is a very common congenital
malformation (birth defect).
840.) Adenomyosis is a gynecologic medical condition characterized by the abnormal presence of
endometrial tissue (the inner lining of the uterus) within the myometrium (the thick, muscular layer of
the uterus).[1] In contrast, when endometrial tissue is present entirely outside the uterus.

Smptoms and the estimated percent affected may include:[8]

Chronic pelvic pain (77%)

Heavy menstrual bleeding (40-60%), which is more common with in women with deeper adenomyosis.
Blood loss may be significant enough to cause anemia, with associated symptoms of fatigue, dizziness,
and moodiness.

Abnormal uterine bleeding

Painful cramping menstruation (15-30%)

Painful vaginal intercourse (7%)

A 'bearing' down feeling

Pressure on bladder

Dragging sensation down thighs and legs

Endometriosis is a condition in which the endometrium, the layer of tissue that normally covers the
inside of the uterus, grows outside of it.[7][8] Most often this is on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and
tissue around the uterus and ovaries; however, in rare cases it may also occur in other parts of the body.
[2] The main symptoms are pelvic pain and infertility.[1] Nearly half of those affected have chronic pelvic
pain, while in 70% pain occurs during menstruation.[1] Pain during sexual intercourse is also common.[1]
Infertility occurs in up to half of women affected.[1] Less common symptoms include urinary or bowel
symptoms.

Although they can occur together, endometriosis is when endometrial cells (the lining of the uterus) are
in a location outside of the uterus. Adenomyosis is when these cells exist or grow into the uterine wall.
Although both can cause pain, endometriosis does not always cause heavy bleeding.

541.) Friedreich's ataxia is an autosomal recessive inherited disease that causes progressive damage to
the nervous system. It manifests in initial symptoms of poor coordination such as gait disturbance; it can
also lead to scoliosis, heart disease and diabetes, but does not affect cognitive function.

The ataxia of Friedreich's ataxia results from the degeneration of nervous tissue in the spinal cord

Signs and symptoms

Symptoms typically begin sometime between the ages of 5 to 15 years, but in Late Onset FA may occur in
the 20s or 30s. Symptoms include any combination, but not necessarily all, of the following:

Muscle weakness in the arms and legs

Loss of coordination

Vision impairment

Hearing impairment

Slurred speech

Curvature of the spine (scoliosis)

High plantar arches (pes cavus deformity of the foot)

Diabetes (about 20% of people with Friedreich's ataxia develop carbohydrate intolerance and 10%
develop diabetes mellitus)[2]
Heart disorders (e.g., atrial fibrillation, and resultant tachycardia (fast heart rate) and hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy)

It presents before 22 years of age with progressive staggering or stumbling gait and frequent falling.
Lower extremities are more severely involved. The symptoms are slowly progressing. Long-term
observation shows that many patients reach a plateau in symptoms in the patient's early adulthood. On
average, after 10–15 years with the disease, patients usually need to use wheelchairs and require
assistance with all activities of daily living.[3]

GBS: A condition in which the immune system attacks the nerves. THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

The condition may be triggered by an acute bacterial or viral infection.

Symptoms start as weakness and tingling in the feet and legs that spread to the upper body. Paralysis can
occur.

Special blood treatments (plasma exchange and immunoglobulin therapy) can relieve symptoms.
Physical therapy is needed.

The symptoms of Guillain-Barré include:

tingling or prickly sensations in your fingers and toes.

muscle weakness in your legs that travels to your upper body and gets worse over time.

difficulty walking steadily.

difficulty moving your eyes or face, talking, chewing, or swallowing.

severe lower back pain.

Respiratory failure and autonomic dysfunction

The following physical signs may be detected on physical examination:

Cerebellar: nystagmus, fast saccadic eye movements, truncal ataxia, dysarthria, dysmetria.

Lower motor neuron lesion: absent deep tendon reflexes.

Pyramidal: extensor plantar responses, and distal weakness are commonly found.
Dorsal column: Loss of vibratory and proprioceptive sensation occurs.

Cardiac involvement occurs in 91% of patients, including cardiomegaly (up to dilated cardiomyopathy),
symmetrical hypertrophy, heart murmurs, and conduction defects. Median age of death is 35 years,
while females have better prognosis with a 20-year survival of 100% as compared to 63% in men.[

740.) Foramen ovale: s a small hole located in the septum, which is the wall between the two upper
chambers of the heart (atria).

Before a baby is born, it does not use its lungs to get blood rich in oxygen. Instead, this blood comes
from the mother’s placenta and is delivered through the umbilical cord. The foramen ovale makes it
possible for the blood to go from the veins to the right side of the fetus’ heart, and then directly to the
left side of the heart.

The foramen ovale normally closes as blood pressure rises in the left side of the heart after birth. Once it
is closed, the blood flows to the lungs to get oxygen before it enters the left side of the heart and gets
pumped to the rest of the body.

248.) Huntington's disease (HD), also known as Huntington's chorea, is an inherited disorder that results
in death of brain cells.[4] The earliest symptoms are often subtle problems with mood or mental
abilities.[1] A general lack of coordination and an unsteady gait often follow

Specialty Neurology

Symptoms Problems with mood, mental abilities, coordination, jerky body movements[1][2]

Complications Pneumonia, heart disease, physical injury from falls, suicide[3]

Usual onset 30–50 years old[4]

Duration Long term[4]

Causes Genetic (inherited or new mutation)[4]

Diagnostic method Genetic testing[5]

Differential diagnosis Sydenham's chorea, benign hereditary chorea, lupus, paraneoplastic syndrome,
Wilson's disease[6]

Treatment Supportive care[

742: Propranolol, sold under the brand name Inderal among others, is a medication of the beta blocker
type. It is used to treat high blood pressure, a number of types of irregular heart rate (atrial fibrillation),
thyrotoxicosis, capillary hemangiomas, performance anxiety, and essential tremors.

Methadone, sold under the brand name Dolophine among others, is an opioid used to treat pain and as
maintenance therapy or to help with tapering in people with opioid dependence.

746: Capgras delusion is a psychiatric disorder in which a person holds a delusion that a friend, spouse,
parent, or other close family member (or pet) has been replaced by an identical impostor.

Cotard delusion is a rare mental illness in which the affected person holds the delusional belief that they
are already dead, do not exist, are putrefying, or have lost their blood or internal organs.

Ekbom syndrome, also called delusional parasitosis, is a psychiatric disorder characterized by the
patient's conviction that he or she is infested with parasites.

A tic is a sudden, repetitive, nonrhythmic motor movement or vocalization involving discrete muscle
groups.[1][2] Tics can be invisible to the observer, such as abdominal tensing or toe crunching. Common
motor and phonic tics are, respectively, eye blinking and throat clearing.[3]

Tourette syndrome (TS or simply Tourette's) is a common neuropsychiatric disorder with onset in
childhood,[4] characterized by multiple motor tics and at least one vocal (phonic) tic

747: Mania: mental illness marked by periods of great excitement, euphoria, delusions, and overactivity.

is a state of abnormally elevated arousal, affect, and energy level, or "a state of heightened overall
activation with enhanced affective expression together with lability of affect.

Psychosis is an abnormal condition of the mind that results in difficulties telling what is real and what is
not.

749.)

Addison's disease arises from problems with the adrenal gland such that not enough of the steroid
hormone cortisol and possibly aldosterone are produced,[1] most often due to damage by the body's
own immune system in the developed world and tuberculosis in the developing world.[4] Other causes
include certain medications, sepsis, and bleeding into both adrenal glands.[

755.) Deficiency of vWF can then lead to a reduction in factor VIII levels, which explains the elevation in
PTT.

The main symptoms are:

bruising easily or getting large bruises

frequent or long-lasting nosebleeds

bleeding gums

heavy or long-lasting bleeding from cuts

in women, heavy periods and bleeding during or after labour

heavy or long-lasting bleeding after a tooth removal or surgery

There are three main medicines that can help stop bleeds:

desmopressin – available as a nasal spray or injection

tranexamic acid – available as tablets, a mouthwash or an injection

von Willebrand factor concentrate – available as an injection

Amlodipine: Calcium channel blocker

It can treat high blood pressure and chest pain (angina). coronary artery disease. While not typically
recommended in heart failure, amlodipine may be used if other medications are not sufficient for high
blood pressure or heart-related chest pain.

Atenolol is a selective β₁ receptor antagonist, a drug belonging to the group of beta blockers,

761.) sodium valproate, and valproate semisodium forms, are medications primarily used to treat
epilepsy and bipolar disorder and to prevent migraine headaches. It is useful for the prevention of
seizures in those with absence seizures, partial seizures, and generalized seizures.

762.) α1-antitrypsin deficiency:

Symptoms Shortness of breath, wheezing, yellowish skin[1]

Complications COPD, cirrhosis, neonatal jaundice, panniculitis[1]

Usual onset 20 to 50 years old[1]

Causes Mutation in the SERPINA1 gene[1]

Diagnostic method Based on symptoms, blood tests, genetic tests[2]

Differential diagnosis Asthma[1]

Treatment Medications, lung transplant, liver transplant[2]

Medication Bronchodilators, inhaled steroids, antibiotics, intravenous infusions of A1AT protein[2]

Wilson disease, hepatolenticular degeneration

A brown ring on the edge of the cornea (Kayser–Fleischer ring) is common in Wilson's disease, especially
when neurological symptoms are present

Specialty Endocrinology

Symptoms Swelling of the legs, yellowish skin, personality changes[1]

Usual onset Age 5 to 35[1]

Causes Genetic[1]

Differential diagnosis Chronic liver disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, others[2][3]

Treatment Dietary changes, chelating agents, zinc supplements, liver transplant[1]

764.) Coryza: catarrhal inflammation of the mucous membrane in the nose, caused especially by a cold
or by hay fever.

765.) Doxycycline is an antibiotic that is used in the treatment of a number of types of infections caused
by bacteria and protozoa.[1] It is useful for bacterial pneumonia, acne, chlamydia infections, early Lyme
disease, cholera and syphilis.[1] It is also useful for the treatment of malaria when used with quinine and
for the prevention of malaria

769.) Molluscum contagiosum (MC) is a viral infection that affects the skin. It most commonly affects
children, although it can occur at any age.

Usually, the only symptom of MC is a number of small, firm, raised papules (spots) on the skin with a
characteristic small dimple in the middle. The spots aren't painful, but can be itchy.
The spots may develop in small clusters and can be spread across different parts of the body. They're
most often found in the armpit, behind the knees or on the groin.

MC can affect a person on more than one occasion, but this is uncommon.

the infection usually clears up on its own

liquids, gels or creams that are applied directly to the skin

minor procedures such as cryotherapy (where the spots are removed by freezing them)

770.) Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is a disorder arising from a problem in the inner ear

symptoms Repeated periods of a spinning sensation with movement[1]

ymptoms

Vomiting is common, depending on the strength of the vertigo itself and the causes for this illness.

Nausea is often associated.

Paroxysmal—Sudden onset of episodes with a short duration: lasts only seconds to minutes.

Positional in onset: Can only be induced by a change in position.

Usual onset 50s to 70s[2]

Duration Episodes less than a minute[3]

Risk factors Older age, minor head injury[3]

Diagnostic method Positive Dix–Hallpike test after other possible causes have been ruled out[1]

Differential diagnosis Labyrinthitis, Ménière's disease, stroke, vestibular migraine.

Treatment Epley maneuver or Brandt–Daroff exercises[3][5]

Prognosis Resolves in 1–2 weeks

Labyrinthitis is an inner ear infection.

he most common symptoms of labyrinthitis are:

feeling that you or your surroundings are moving or spinning (vertigo)

feeling or being sick

some hearing loss

These symptoms can vary in severity, with some people feeling that they can't stand upright.

Other symptoms of labyrinthitis may include:

mild headaches

ringing or humming in your ear(s) (tinnitus)

fluid or pus leaking out of your ear(s)

ear pain

changes in vision, such as blurred vision or double vision

The symptoms of labyrinthitis can be quite severe during the first week, but usually get better after a few
weeks.

771.) Esophageal cancer has two main histological types: esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCCs),
which occur in the middle or upper one-third of the esophagus, and esophageal adenocarcinomas
(EACs), which occur in the lower one-third of the esophagus or in the junction of the esophagus and
stomach,.

776.) Total Cholesterol1 (mmol/L), < 5.2, Desirable. 5.2 - 6.1, Borderline high. > 6.1, High. HDL1,2
(mmol/L), > 1.53. LDL1 (mmol/L), < 2.6

788.) Normal range: PaCO2 35–45 mmHg (4.7–6.0 kPa).

PaO2 = measures oxygen in the blood (80-100), 10.6kpa

SaO2 – 96-99, below 90% – hypoxia.

793.) Mallory–Weiss syndrome or gastro-esophageal laceration syndrome refers to bleeding from a

laceration in the mucosa at the junction of the stomach and esophagus. This is usually caused by severe
vomiting because of alcoholism or bulimia,[1] but can be caused by any conditions which causes violent
vomiting and retching such as food poisoning. The syndrome presents with hematemesis.

Definitive diagnosis is by endoscopy.

Treatment is usually supportive as persistent bleeding is uncommon. However cauterization or injection

of epinephrine[5] to stop the bleeding may be undertaken during the index endoscopy procedure. Very
rarely embolization of the arteries.

Boerhaave syndrome: Esophageal rupture is a rupture of the esophageal wall. Iatrogenic causes account
for approximately 56% of esophageal perforations, usually due to medical instrumentation such as an
endoscopy or paraesophageal surgery.[1] In contrast, the term Boerhaave syndrome is reserved for the
10% of esophageal perforations which occur due to vomiting.[2]

Spontaneous perforation of the esophagus most commonly results from a full-thickness tear in the
esophageal wall due to a sudden increase in intraesophageal pressure combined with relatively negative
intrathoracic pressure caused by straining or vomiting (effort rupture of the esophagus or Boerhaave's
syndrome). Other causes of spontaneous perforation include caustic ingestion, pill esophagitis, Barrett's
esophagus, infectious ulcers in patients with AIDS, and following dilation of esophageal strictures

698.) Adrenal crisis (also known as Addisonian crisis and acute adrenal insufficiency) is a medical
emergency and potentially life-threatening situation requiring immediate emergency treatment. It is a
constellation of symptoms that indicate severe adrenal insufficiency caused by insufficient levels of the
hormone cortisol.

Characteristic symptoms are:[2]

Sudden penetrating pain in the legs, lower back or abdomen

Confusion, psychosis, slurred speech

Severe lethargy

Convulsions

Fever

Hyperkalemia (elevated potassium level in the blood)

Hypercalcemia (elevated calcium level in the blood): the cause of hypercalcemia is a combination of
increased calcium input into the extracellular space and reduced calcium removal by the kidney, this last
caused by decreased glomerular filtration and increased tubular calcium reabsorption. Both renal factors
are secondary to volume depletion and, in fact, improve rapidly during rehydration with saline infusion.
[3]

Hypoglycemia (reduced level of blood glucose)

Hyponatremia (low sodium level in the blood)

Hypotension (low blood pressure)

Hypothyroid (low T4 level)

Severe vomiting and diarrhea, resulting in dehydration

Syncope (loss of consciousness and ability to stand)

803.) Radiculopathy is a condition due to a compressed nerve in the spine that can cause pain,
numbness, tingling, or weakness along the course of the nerve. Radiculopathy can occur in any part of
the spine, but it is most common in the lower back (lumbar radiculopathy) and in the neck (cervical
radiculopathy).

A disease of the root of a nerve, such as from a pinched nerve or a tumor.

Spondylosis: A general term for age-related wear and tear of the spinal disks.

Spondylolisthesis: A spinal disorder in which a bone (vertebra) slips forward onto the bone below it.

Criteria Sensorineural hearing loss Conductive hearing loss

Anatomical site Inner ear, cranial nerve VIII, or
central processing centers
Weber test Sound localizes to normal ear in
unilateral SNHL
Rinne test Positive Rinne; air conduction >
bone conduction (both air and
bone conduction are decreased
equally, but the difference
between them is unchanged).
Middle ear (ossicular chain),
tympanic membrane, or
external ear
Sound localizes to affected ear
(ear with conductive loss) in
unilateral cases
Negative Rinne; bone
conduction > air conduction
(bone/air gap)

810.) excessive or inappropriate production of milk.

814.) Achalasia lower esophageal sphincter

821.) Holosystolic (pansystolic) murmurs start at S1 and extend up to S2. They are usually due to
regurgitation in cases such as mitral regurgitation, tricuspid regurgitation, or ventricular septal defect
(VSD).

823.) Lyme disease is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi and is transmitted to humans
through the bite of infected blacklegged ticks. Typical symptoms include fever, headache, fatigue, and a
characteristic skin rash called erythema migrans.

Trigeminal nerve

Grant 1962 654.png

Schematic illustration of the trigeminal nerve and the organs (or structures) it supplies

Brain human normal inferior view with labels en.svg

Inferior view of the human brain, with cranial nerves labelled

Details

To Ophthalmic nerve

Maxillary nerve

Mandibular nerve

Identifiers
Latin Nervus trigeminus

MeSH D014276

NeuroNames 549

TA A14.2.01.012

FMA 50866

Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy

[edit on Wikidata]

Cranial nerves

CN 0 – Terminal

CN I – Olfactory

CN II – Optic

CN III – Oculomotor

CN IV – Trochlear

CN V – Trigeminal

CN VI – Abducens

CN VII – Facial

CN VIII – Vestibulocochlear

CN IX – Glossopharyngeal

CN X – Vagus

CN XI – Accessory

CN XII – Hypoglossal

837.) The trigeminal nerve (the fifth cranial nerve, or simply CN V) is a nerve responsible for sensation in
the face and motor functions such as biting and chewing; it is the largest of the cranial nerves. Its name
("trigeminal" = tri-, or three, and - geminus, or twin: thrice-twinned) derives from the fact that each of
the two nerves (one on each side of the pons) has three major branches: the ophthalmic nerve (V1), the
maxillary nerve (V2), and the mandibular nerve (V3).

844.) Pheochromocytoma (PCC) is a neuroendocrine tumor of the medulla of the adrenal glands
(originating in the chromaffin cells), or extra-adrenal chromaffin tissue that failed to involute after birth,
[1] that secretes high amounts of catecholamines, mostly norepinephrine, plus epinephrine to a lesser
extent.
848.) A dinner fork deformity, also known as a bayonet deformity, occurs as the result of a malunited
distal radial fracture, usually a Colles fracture.

Colles' fracture is a type of fracture of the distal forearm in which the broken end of the radius is bent
backwards.[2] Symptoms may include pain, swelling, deformity, and bruising.[2] Complications may
include damage to the median nerve.

Gamekeeper's thumb

Game keepers.png

Avulsion fractures of the ulnar base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb ( Gamekeeper's fracture )

Specialty Hand surgery, orthopedics

Gamekeeper's thumb (also known as skier's thumb or UCL tear) is a type of injury to the ulnar collateral
ligament (UCL) of the thumb. The UCL may be torn, damaged or in some cases avulsed from its insertion
site into the proximal phalanx of the thumb in the vast majority (approximately 90%) of cases.[1] This
condition is commonly observed among gamekeepers and Scottish fowl hunters, as well as athletes (such
as volleyballers). It also occurs among people who sustain a fall onto an outstretched hand, frequently
skiers.

Symptoms of gamekeeper's thumb are instability of the MCP joint of the thumb, accompanied by pain
and weakness of the pinch grasp.

Mallet finger is an extensor tendon injury at the farthest away finger joint.[1] This results in the inability
to extend the finger tip without pushing it.[2] There is generally pain and bruising at the back side of the
farthest away finger joint.

Symptoms Inability to extend the finger tip, pain and bruising of the finger

Causes Trauma resulting in over bending of the finger tip

Treatment is generally with a splint that holds the finger straight continuously for 8 weeks.

Cubitus varus (varus means a deformity of a limb in which part of it is deviated towards the midline of
the body) is a common deformity in which the extended forearm is deviated towards midline of the
body. Cubitus varus is often referred to as "Gunstock deformity", due to the crooked nature of the
healing.

extra-articular palmarly displaced distal radius frx; - volar angulation of frx is referred to as "Garden
Spade" deformity (reversed Colles Fracture); - hand & wrist are displaced forward or volarly w/ respect
to forearm; - frx may be extra articular, intra articular, or be part of frx dislocation of wrist; -
854.) Normal capillary refill time is usually less than 2 seconds. In newborn infants, capillary refill time
can be measured by pressing on the sternum for five seconds with a finger or thumb, and noting the
time needed for the color to return once the pressure is released.

855.) Vesico-ureteric reflux (VUR)

869.) Gout is a common and complex form of arthritis that can affect anyone. It's characterized by
sudden, severe attacks of pain, swelling, redness and tenderness in the joints, often the joint at the base
of the big toe. An attack of gout can occur suddenly, often waking you up in the middle of the night ...

870.) Mydriasis is the dilation of the pupil.

871.) Amaurosis fugax: is a painless temporary loss of vision in one or both eyes.

Cause: embolic, hemodynamic, ocular, neurologic, and idiopathic

Pontine haemorrhage, a form of intracranial haemorrhage, is most commonly due to long standing
poorly-controlled chronic hypertension.

Diagnostic Triad of Pontine Hemorrhage... 1)Pyrexia(High rise of Temp) 2)Pin point pupil 3)Quadriplagia
paralysis of all four limbs; tetraplegia.

UC

Symptoms Abdominal pain, diarrhea mixed with blood, weight loss, fever, anemia

Complications Megacolon, inflammation of the eye, joints, or liver, colon cancer

Usual onset 15–30 years or > 60 years

Causes Unknown

Diagnostic method Colonoscopy with tissue biopsies

Differential diagnosis Dysentery, Crohn's disease, ischemic colitis

Treatment Dietary changes, medication, surgery

Medication Sulfasalazine, mesalazine, steroids, immunosuppressants such as azathioprine, biological

therapy
Crohn’s disease

Risk factor: Smoking

Medication: Corticosteriods, methotrexate.

873.) A hydrocele is an accumulation of serous fluid in a body cavity. A hydrocele testis is the
accumulation of fluids around a testicle. It is often caused by fluid secreted from a remnant piece of
peritoneum wrapped around the testicle, called the tunica vaginalis. Provided there is no hernia present,
hydrocoeles below the age of 1 year usually resolve spontaneously. Primary hydrocoeles may develop in
adulthood, particularly in the elderly and in hot countries.

A primary hydrocele is described as having the following characteristics:

Transillumination positive

Fluctuation positive

Impulse on coughing negative (positive in congenital hydrocele)

Reducibility absent
Testis cannot be palpated separately. (exception - funicular hydrocele, encysted hydrocele)kuth

Can get above the swelling.

There are two types:

Noncommunicating hydrocele happens when the sac closes like normal, but the boy’s body doesn’t
absorb the fluid inside it.

Communicating hydrocele happens when the sac doesn’t seal. With this type, his scrotum may swell
more over time.

An epididymal cyst is a fluid-filled sac which grows at the top end of the testicle.

Epididymis: a highly convoluted duct behind the testis, along which sperm passes to the vas deferens.

Edidymo-orchitis

Pain and swelling in the testicle are common.

People may experience:

Pain areas: in the testicle

Pain circumstances: can occur during urination

Groin: discharge from penis or swollen lymph nodes in the groin

Urinary: frequent urge to urinate or frequent urination

Also common: painful ejaculation

Pharynx:the membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the esophagus.
Larynx: the hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal cords in
humans and other mammals; the voice box. the hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the
lungs and holding the vocal cords in humans and other mammals; the voice box.

The pharynx is the body cavity that connects the nasal and oral cavities with the larynx and esophagus. It
is commonly referred to as the throat.

The pharynx is part of both the digestive and respiratory systems. For the digestive system, its muscular
walls function in the process of swallowing, and it serves as a pathway for the movement of food from
the mouth to the esophagus. As part of the respiratory system, it allows for the movement of air from
the nose and mouth to the larynx in the process of breathing

Epiphora: excessive watering of the eye

Otalgia: earache

877.) Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is a type of soft tissue sarcoma. Soft tissue sarcomas can develop in muscle,
fat, blood vessels, or any of the other tissues that support, surround and protect the organs of the body.
Leiomyosarcoma is one of the more common types of soft tissue sarcoma to develop in adults.

They are most commonly found in the uterus,[5] stomach,[6] small intestine and retroperitoneum.[

An exostosis (plural: exostoses) or bone spur, is the formation of new bone on the surface of a bone.[1]
Exostoses can cause chronic pain ranging from mild to debilitatingly severe, depending on the shape,
size, and location of the lesion. It is most commonly found in places like the ribs, where small bone
growths form, but sometimes larger growths can grow on places like the ankles, knees, shoulders,
elbows and hips. Very rarely are they on the skull.

Exostoses are sometimes shaped like spurs, such as calcaneal spurs.

Osteomyelitis, a bone infection, may leave the adjacent bone with exostosis formation. Charcot foot, the
neuropathic breakdown of the feet seen primarily in diabetics, can also leave bone spurs that may then
become symptomatic.

878.) Paget's disease of bone disrupts the normal cycle of bone renewal, causing bones to become
weakened and possibly deformed. It's rare in people under 50 years of age.

Symptoms can include:

constant, dull bone pain

joint pain, stiffness and swelling

a shooting pain that travels along or across the body, numbness and tingling, or loss of movement in part
of the body.

The first clinical manifestation of Paget's disease is usually an elevated alkaline phosphatase in the
blood.[5]

Paget's disease may be diagnosed using one or more of the following tests:

Pagetic bone has a characteristic appearance on X-rays. A skeletal survey is therefore indicated.

An elevated level of alkaline phosphatase in the blood in combination with normal calcium, phosphate,
and aminotransferase levels in an elderly patient are suggestive of Paget's disease.

Markers of bone turnover in urine eg. Pyridinoline

Elevated levels of serum and urinary hydroxyproline are also found.

Bone scans are useful in determining the extent and activity of the condition. If a bone scan suggests
Paget's disease, the affected bone(s) should be X-rayed to confirm the diagnosis.

Ankylosing spondylitis

A 6th-century skeleton showing fused vertebrae, a sign of severe ankylosing spondylitis.

Specialty Rheumatology

Symptoms Back pain, joint stiffness

Usual onset Young adulthood

Causes Unknown
Diagnostic method Symptom based, medical imaging, blood tests

Treatment Medication, exercise, and surgery

Medication NSAIDs, steroids, DMARDs

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a type of arthritis in which there is long term inflammation of the joints of
the spine. Typically the joints where the spine joins the pelvis are also affected. Occasionally other joints
such as the shoulders or hips are involved. Eye and bowel problems may also occur. Back pain is a
characteristic symptom of AS, and it often comes and goes. Stiffness of the affected joints generally
worsens over time.

These diagnostic criteria include:

Inflammatory back pain:

Chronic, inflammatory back pain is defined when at least four out of five of the following parameters are
present: (1) Age of onset below 40 years old, (2) insidious onset, (3) improvement with exercise, (4) no
improvement with rest, and (5) pain at night (with improvement upon getting up)

Past history of inflammation in the joints, heels, or tendon-bone attachments

Family history for axial spondyloarthritis

Positive for the biomarker HLA-B27

Good response to treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

Signs of elevated inflammation (C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate)

Manifestation of psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, or inflammation of the eye (uveitis)

If these criteria still do not give a compelling diagnosis magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be useful.
MRI can show inflammation of the sacroiliac joint.

Spondylosis

Spondylosis is a broad term meaning degeneration of the spinal column from any cause.

There are multiple techniques used in the diagnosis of spondylosis, these are;

Cervical Compression Test, a variant of Spurling's test, is performed by laterally flexing the patient's head
and placing downward pressure on it. Neck or shoulder pain on the ipsilateral side (i.e. the side to which
the head is flexed) indicates a positive result for this test. A positive test result is not necessarily a
positive result for spondylosis and as such additional testing is required.

Lhermitte sign: feeling of electrical shock with patient neck flexion.

Reduced range of motion of the neck, the most frequent objective finding on physical examination.
MRI and CT scans are helpful for pain diagnosis but generally are not definitive and must be considered
together with physical examinations and history.

881.) Goodpasture syndrome (GPS) is a rare autoimmune disease in which antibodies attack the
basement membrane in lungs and kidneys, leading to bleeding from the lungs and kidney failure. It is
thought to attack the alpha-3 subunit of type IV collagen, which has therefore been referred to as
Goodpasture's antigen.

The major mainstay of treatment for GPS is plasmapheresis, a procedure in which the affected person's
blood is sent through a centrifuge and the various components separated based on weight.

MOTOR NEURON DISEASE

The internal capsule which can be tracked to the motor cortex, consistent with the diagnosis of ALS

Symptoms Stiff muscles, muscle twitching, gradually worsening weakness

Complications Difficulty in speaking, swallowing, breathing

Usual onset 50s–60s

Causes Unknown (most), inherited (few)

Diagnostic method Based on symptoms

Treatment Non-invasive ventilation

Medication Riluzole, edaravone

Prognosis Life expectancy 2–4 years

886.) Coxa vara is a deformity of the hip, whereby the angle between the head and the shaft of the
femur is reduced to less than 120 degrees. This results in the leg being shortened, and the development
of a limp. It is commonly caused by injury, such as a fracture.

Mallet finger is an injury to the thin tendon that straightens the end joint of a finger or thumb. Although
it is also known as "baseball finger," this injury can happen to anyone when an unyielding object (like a
ball) strikes the tip of a finger or thumb and forces it to bend further than it is intended to go.

The extensor tendon is damaged

Cubitus valgus is a medical deformity in which the forearm is angled away from the body to a greater
degree than normal when fully extended. A small degree of cubitus valgus (known as the carrying angle)
is acceptable and occurs in the general population.
SMITH’S FRACTURE Smith described a similar fracture about 20 years later. However, in this injury the
distal fragment is displaced anteriorly (which is why it is sometimes called a ‘reversed Colles’),It is caused
by a fall on the back of the hand.

Clinical features The patient presents with a wrist injury, but there is no dinner-fork deformity. Instead,
there is a ‘garden spade’ deformity.

X-ray There is a fracture through the distal radial metaphysis; a lateral view shows that the distal
fragment is displaced and tilted anteriorly – the opposite of a Colles’ fracture.

COLLES’ FRACTURE A transverse fracture of the radius just above the wrist, with dorsal displacement of
the distal fragment. It is the most common of all fractures in older people, the high incidence being
related to the onset of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Thus the patient is usually an older woman who
gives a history of falling on her outstretched hand.

Clinical features We can recognize this fracture (as Colles did long before radiography was invented) by
the ‘dinner-fork’ deformity, with prominence on the back of the wrist and a depression infront. In
patients with less deformity there may only be local tenderness ,swelling and pain on wrist movements.

888.) Symptoms: Confusion, seeing or hearing things others do not, shaking, shivering, irregular heart
rate, sweating.

Complications: Very high body temperature, seizures

Differential diagnosis: Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome, barbiturate withdrawal

Treatment: Intensive care unit, benzodiazepines, thiamine

892.) There really is a sixth sense: it's called proprioception. It is the sense of position and movement.

Is the sense of the relative position of one's own parts of the body and strength of effort being employed
in movement.

Brown-Séquard syndrome or spinal hemiparaplegia) is caused by damage to one half of the spinal cord,
resulting in paralysis and loss of proprioception on the same (or ipsilateral) side as the injury or lesion,
and loss of pain and temperature sensation on the opposite (or contralateral) side as the lesion.

893.) Deterioration of the patients' condition following a major abdominal surgery should raise a
suspicion of gastric dilatation, especially in cases of distended abdomen, oliguria and increased airway
pressures. Postoperative untreated gastric dilatation may cause abdominal compartment syndrome.
Measurement of IAP should be done promptly in these patients. When increased IAP is present, the
correct placement of the nasogastric tube must be carefully confirmed to avoid unnecessary surgery.

Acute and rapid elevation in intra-abdominal pressure exceeding 12 mmHg is considered to be

pathologically elevated and has been termed intra-abdominal hypertension [10]. IAH is graded as
follows: grade I: IAP 12–15 mmHg, Grade II: IAP 16–20 mmHg, Grade III: IAP 21–25 mmHg, and grade IV:
IAP > 25 mmHg.

ACS is defiened as a sustained IAP > 20 mmHg (with or without an APP < 60 mmHg) that is associated
with new organ dysfunction or failure. Abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) is defined as an
increased intra-abdominal pressure (IAP > 20 mmHg) in combination with single or multiple organ
dysfunction which was not previously present.
894.) Loop diuretics are diuretics that act at the ascending limb of the loop of Henle in the kidney. They
are primarily used in medicine to treat hypertension and edema often due to congestive heart failure or
renal insufficiency. While thiazide diuretics are more effective in patients with normal kidney function,
loop diuretics are more effective in patients with impaired kidney function.

he most common adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are dose-related and arise from the effect of loop
diuretics on diuresis and electrolyte balance.

Common ADRs include: hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, dehydration, hyperuricemia,

gout, dizziness, postural hypotension, syncope.[12] The loss of magnesium as a result of loop diuretics
has also been suggested as a possible cause of pseudogout (chondrocalcinosis)[13]

Infrequent ADRs include: dyslipidemia, increased serum creatinine concentration, hypocalcemia, rash.
Metabolic alkalosis may also be seen with loop diuretic use.

Ototoxicity (damage to the inner ear) is a serious, but rare ADR associated with use of loop diuretics. This
may be limited to tinnitus and vertigo, but may result in deafness in serious cases.

Loop diuretics may also precipitate kidney failure in patients concurrently taking an NSAID and an ACE
inhibitor—the so-called "triple whammy" effect.[14]

Because furosemide, torsemide and bumetanide are technically sulfa drugs, there is a theoretical risk
that patients sensitive to sulfonamides may be sensitive to these loop diuretics.

Ethacrynic acid is the only medication of this class that is not a sulfonamide. It has a distinct complication
of being associated with gastrointestinal toxicity.

Amlodipine belongs to a class of drugs known as calcium channel blockers

Atenolol is a selective β₁ receptor antagonist

Nifedipine, is a medication used to manage angina, high blood pressure, Raynaud's phenomenon, and
premature labor. It is one of the treatments of choice for Prinzmetal angina. It may be used to treat
severe high blood pressure in pregnancy. Its use in preterm labor may allow more time for steroids to
improve the baby's lungs and time to transfer the mother to a well qualified medical facility before
delivery.

Nifedipine is a calcium channel blocker

895.) Honeymoon palsy from another individual sleeping on and compressing one's arm overnight.

Saturday night palsy from falling asleep with one's arm hanging over the arm rest of a chair, compressing
the radial nerve.

Squash palsy, from traction forces associated with the sport squash, happens to squash players during
periods between matches.

901.) NGT – Nasogastric tube.

903.) COPD can be diagnosed only if FEV1 <80% predicted and FEV1/FVC <0.7 (70%)
The severity of the airflow obstruction in COPD is indicated by the extent of FEV1 reduction

• Asthma may show the same abnormalities on spirometry as COPD – if there is diagnostic

doubt spirometry following reversibility testing may be used to identify asthma

A reversibility test is made to distinguish asthma from other causes of obstructive lung disease

In case of asthma, a significant improvement in FEV1 will be seen after the intake of the bronchodilator.
A significant rise in FEV1 is diagnostic for asthma.

If FEV1 has not risen significantly after the intake of the bronchodilator, the obstruction is likely to be
caused by another pathology (like COPD) and other tests will be necessary to make a definite diagnosis.
Asthma is still possible though!

A significant rise in FEV1 is interpreted differently in different parts of the world. Most commonly used is
a rise of at least 12% and at least 200 mL compared to the pre-bronchodilator test. Others say FEV1
needs to rise at least 15%.

904.) Intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (IPPV)

Doxapram is an analeptic agent (a stimulant of the central nervous system). The respiratory stimulant
action is manifested by an increase in tidal volume associated with a slight increase in respiratory rate.

Indication

For use as a temporary measure in hospitalized patients with acute respiratory insufficiency
superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
910.) cromoglicate) is traditionally described as a mast cell stabilizer. This drug prevents the release of
inflammatory chemicals such as histamine from mast cells. Because of their convenience (and perceived
safety), leukotriene receptor antagonists have largely replaced it as the non-corticosteroid treatment of
choice in the treatment of asthma. Cromoglicic acid requires administration four times daily, and does
not provide additive benefit in combination with inhaled corticosteroids.

OHCM – Asthma stepwise treatment.

916.) The main actions of theophylline involve:

relaxing bronchial smooth muscle

increasing heart muscle contractility and efficiency; as a positive inotrope

increasing heart rate: (positive chronotropic)[2]

increasing blood pressure

increasing renal blood flow

anti-inflammatory effects

central nervous system stimulatory effect mainly on the medullary respiratory center.

The main therapeutic uses of theophylline are aimed at:

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

asthma

infant apnea

Blocks the action of adenosine; an inhibitory neurotransmitter that induces sleep, contracts the smooth
muscles and relaxes the cardiac muscle.
Salbutamol: β2 receptors agonist.

Salbutamol is typically used to treat bronchospasm (due to any cause – allergic asthma or exercise-
induced), as well as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.[6] It is also one of the most common
medicines used in rescue inhalers (short-term bronchodilators to alleviate asthma attacks).[14]

As a β2 agonist, salbutamol also has use in obstetrics. Intravenous salbutamol can be used as a tocolytic
to relax the uterine smooth muscle to delay premature labor. While preferred over agents such as
atosiban and ritodrine, its role has largely been replaced by the calcium channel blocker nifedipine,
which is more effective, better tolerated, and administered orally.

Salbutamol has been used to treat acute hyperkalemia, as it stimulates potassium flow into cells, thus
lowering the potassium in the blood.

Ipratromium bromide: anticholinergic: Bronchodilator

Salmeterol is a long-acting β2 adrenergic receptor agonist (LABA) used in the maintenance and
prevention of asthma symptoms and maintenance of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
symptoms.

Theophylline is an oral long-acting bronchodilator that prevents asthma episodes.

934.) The forearm is the region of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist.

938.) Cataracts may cause a variety of complaints and visual changes, including blurred vision, difficulty
with glare (often with bright sun or automobile headlights while driving at night), dulled color vision,
increased nearsightedness accompanied by frequent changes in eyeglass prescription, and occasionally
double vision
Clouded, blurred or dim vision

Increasing difficulty with vision at night

Sensitivity to light and glare

Need for brighter light for reading and other activities

Seeing "halos" around lights

Frequent changes in eyeglass or contact lens prescription

Fading or yellowing of colors

Double vision in a single eye

The red reflex is considered abnormal if there is any asymmetry between the eyes, dark sports, or white
reflex (Leukocoria).

943.) Symptoms of a UTI include:

needing to pee suddenly or more often than usual

pain or a burning sensation when peeing

smelly or cloudy pee

blood in your pee

pain in your lower tummy

feeling tired and unwell

in older people, changes in behaviour such as severe confusion or agitation

845.) Pheochromocytoma (PCC) is a neuroendocrine tumor of the medulla of the adrenal glands
(originating in the chromaffin cells), or extra-adrenal chromaffin tissue that failed to involute after birth,
that secretes high amounts of catecholamines, mostly norepinephrine, plus epinephrine to a lesser
extent.

episodic and sudden onset of severe headaches.

sweating.

abdominal pain.

high blood pressure that may be resistant to conventional medications.

rapid heart rate.

irritability and anxiety.

A diagnosis of a pheochromocytoma is made if the laboratory studies confirm elevated levels of

catecholamines in the urine or blood. Once the diagnosis is confirmed on laboratory studies then further
are aimed at localizing (finding) the tumor. The following the studies are available to find the tumor: CT
scan.

951.) Abnormal levels of ALP in your blood most often indicate a problem with your liver, gallbladder, or
bones. normal range is 44 to 147 international units per liter (IU/L)

normal AST is reported between 10 to 40 units per liter and ALT between 7 to 56 units per liter.

serum CK level : 22 to 198 U/L

ESR: 0-22 mm/hr for men and 0-29 mm/hr for women.

Polymyalgia rheumatica is an inflammatory disorder that causes muscle pain and stiffness in various
parts of the body. It most commonly affects the: shoulders. neck. Arms.

Polymyalgia rheumatica is often seen in association with temporal arteritis.[

People who have polymyalgia rheumatica may also have temporal arteritis, an inflammation of blood
vessels in the face which can cause blindness if not treated quickly

The classic symptoms include:

Pain and stiffness (moderate to severe) in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, thighs, and hips, which
inhibits activity, especially in the morning/after sleeping. Pain can also occur in the groin area and in the
buttocks. The pain can be limited to one of these areas as well. It is a disease of the "girdles" meaning
shoulder girdle or pelvic girdle.

Fatigue and lack of appetite (possibly leading to weight loss) are also indicative of polymyalgia
rheumatica.

Anemia

An overall feeling of illness or flu-like symptoms.

Low-grade (mild) fever[10] or abnormal temperature is sometimes present.

In most people, it is characterized by constant fatigue, weakness and sometimes exhaustion.

About 15% of people who are diagnosed with polymyalgia rheumatica also have temporal arteritis, and
about 50% of people with temporal arteritis have polymyalgia rheumatica. Some symptoms of temporal
arteritis include headaches, scalp tenderness, jaw or facial soreness, distorted vision, or aching in the
limbs caused by decreased blood flow, and fatigue.[1]

Increased ESR and CRP.

Temporal arteritis is a condition in which the temporal arteries, which supply blood to the head and
brain, become inflamed or damaged. It is also known as cranial arteritis or giant cell arteritis.
952.) Telangiectasia is a condition in which widened venules (tiny blood vessels) cause threadlike red
lines or patterns on the skin

Keratoacanthoma (KA) is a common low-grade (unlikely to metastasize or invade) skin tumour that is
believed to originate from the neck of the hair follicle.[1]

The defining characteristic of KA is that it is dome-shaped, symmetrical, surrounded by a smooth wall of

inflamed skin, and capped with keratin scales and debris. It grows rapidly, reaching a large size within
days or weeks, and if untreated for months will almost always starve itself of nourishment, necrose (die),
slough, and heal with scarring. KA is commonly found on sun-exposed skin, often face, forearms and
hands.

Actinic keratosis (AK) is a pre-cancerous[2] patch of thick, scaly, or crusty skin.[3][4] These growths are
more common in fair-skinned people and those who are frequently in the sun.[5] They usually form
when skin gets damaged by ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or indoor tanning beds. AKs are
considered potentially pre-cancerous; left untreated, they may turn into a type of cancer called
squamous cell skin cancer.

Squamous-cell skin cancer, also known as cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma (cSCC), is one of the main
types of skin cancer along with basal cell cancer, and melanoma.[10] It usually presents as a hard lump
with a scaly top but can also form an ulcer.[1] Onset is often over months.[4] Squamous-cell skin cancer
is more likely to spread to distant areas than basal cell cancer.

The greatest risk factor is high total exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.[2] Other risks include
prior scars, chronic wounds, actinic keratosis, lighter skin, Bowen's disease, arsenic exposure, radiation
therapy, poor immune system function, previous basal cell carcinoma, and HPV infection.

Bowen's disease, also known as squamous cell carcinoma in situ[1] is a neoplastic skin disease. It can be
considered as an early stage or intraepidermal form of squamous cell carcinoma

Bowen's disease typically presents as a gradually enlarging, well-demarcated red colored plaque with an
irregular border and surface crusting or scaling. Bowen's disease may occur at any age in adults, but is
rare before the age of 30 years; most patients are aged over 60.

953.) Alteplase is a thrombolytic drug, used to treat acute myocardial infarctions and other severe
conditions caused by blood clotting by breaking up the blood clots that cause them. It is a tissue
plasminogen activator

955.) Partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2): 75 to 100 mm Hg (10.5 to 13.5 kPa) Partial pressure of carbon
dioxide (PaCO2): 38 to 42 mm Hg (5.1 to 5.6 kPa) Arterial blood pH: 7.38 to 7.42. Oxygen saturation
(SaO2): 94% to 100%
956.)
957.) Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) is a category of otherwise unrelated drugs
defined by their use in rheumatoid arthritis to slow down disease progression.

962.)Raloxifene is a medication which is used in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in

postmenopausal women and to reduce the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women with
osteoporosis or at high risk for breast cancer. It is taken by mouth.

Side effects of raloxifene include hot flashes, leg cramps, and an increased risk of blood clots and other
cardiovascular events such as stroke. The drug is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) and
hence is a mixed agonist–antagonist of the estrogen receptor (ER), the biological target of estrogens like
estradiol. It has estrogenic effects in bone and the liver and antiestrogenic effects in the breasts and
uterus.

Evening primrose oil is the oil from the seed of the evening primrose plant. Evening primrose oil is used
for skin disorders such as eczema, psoriasis, and acne. It is also used for rheumatoid arthritis, weak
bones (osteoporosis), Raynaud’s syndrome, multiple sclerosis (MS), Sjogren’s syndrome, cancer, high
cholesterol, heart disease, a movement disorder in children called dyspraxia, leg pain due to blocked
blood vessels (intermittent claudication), alcoholism, Alzheimer’s disease, and schizophrenia.

Clonidine: is a medication used to treat high blood pressure, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,
anxiety disorders, tic disorders, withdrawal (from either alcohol, opioids, or smoking), migraine,
menopausal flushing, diarrhea, and certain pain conditions.[4] It is classified as a centrally acting α2
adrenergic agonist and imidazoline receptor agonist

963.) In thoracoscopy, a thin, flexible viewing tube (called a thoracoscope) is inserted through a small
incision in the chest. Fiberoptic cables permit the surgeon to visually inspect the lungs, mediastinum (the
area between the lungs), and pleura (the membrane covering the lungs and lining the chest cavity). In
addition, surgical instruments may be inserted through other small incisions in the chest, to perform
both diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.
Acute renal failure

Symptoms include decreased urinary output, swelling due to fluid retention, nausea, fatigue, and
shortness of breath. Sometimes symptoms may be subtle or may not appear at all.

Can have no symptoms, but people may experience:

Whole body: water-electrolyte imbalance or fatigue

Urinary: insufficient urine production or urinary retention

Also common: shortness of breath, swelling, or too much acid in blood and tissues

Results of laboratory tests may also show abnormal values, which are new and different from baseline
levels. Some of these tests include:

blood urea nitrogen (BUN): 7 to 20 mg/dL (2.5 to 7.1 mmol/L)

serum potassium:

serum sodium

estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)

urinalysis

creatinine clearance: 88–128 mL/min for healthy women and 97–137 mL/min for healthy men.

serum creatinine: 0.5 to 1.0 mg/dL (about 45–90 μmol/L) for women and 0.7 to 1.2 mg/dL (60–110
μmol/L) for men.

An ultrasound is the preferred method for diagnosing acute kidney failure. However, abdominal X-ray,
abdominal CT scan, and abdominal MRI can help your doctor determine if there’s a blockage in your
urinary tract.

Nifedipine: Calcium channel blocker and antihypertensive drug

It can treat high blood pressure and chest pain (angina), Raynaud’s phenomenon, a medical condition in
which spasm of arteries cause episodes of reduced blood flow. Typically the fingers, and less commonly
the toes, are involved.

969.) ECT: Electroconvulsive Therapy

Tamoxifen (TMX), sold under the brand name Nolvadex among others, is a medication that is used to
prevent breast cancer in women and treat breast cancer in women and men. It is also being studied for
other types of cancer.[3] It has been used for Albright syndrome. Tamoxifen is typically taken daily by
mouth for five years for breast cancer.
Serious side effects include a small increased risk of uterine cancer, stroke, vision problems, and
pulmonary embolism. Common side effects include irregular periods, weight loss, and hot flashes. It may
cause harm to the baby if taken during pregnancy or breastfeeding. It is a selective estrogen-receptor
modulator (SERM).

973.)Schizoid personality disorder: is a personality disorder characterized by a lack of interest in social

relationships, a tendency towards a solitary or sheltered lifestyle, secretiveness, emotional coldness,
detachment, and apathy.

Borderline personality disorder (BPD), also known as emotionally unstable personality disorder (EUPD),
is a long-term pattern of abnormal behavior characterized by unstable relationships with other people,
unstable sense of self, and unstable emotions.

Paranoia is an instinct or thought process believed to be heavily influenced by anxiety or fear, often to
the point of delusion and irrationality.[1] Paranoid thinking typically includes persecutory, or beliefs of
conspiracy concerning a perceived threat towards oneself (e.g. the American colloquial
phrase,"Everyone is out to get me"). Paranoia is distinct from phobias, which also involve irrational fear,
but usually no blame. Making false accusations and the general distrust of others also frequently
accompany paranoia. For example, an incident most people would view as an accident or coincidence, a
paranoid person might believe was intentional. Paranoia is a central symptom of psychosis

974.) Asbestosis: patchy infiltrates, pleural thickening and pleural effusion.

979.) Pelvic inflammatory disease, or PID, is an infection of the organs of a women's reproductive
system. They include the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, and cervix. It's usually caused by a sexually
transmitted infection (STI), like chlamydia or gonorrhea, and is treated with antibiotics.

Chlamydia treatment: Azithromycin, Doxycycline, Erythromycin

Gonorrhea treatment: ceftriaxone — given as an injection — in combination with either azithromycin

(Zithromax, Zmax) or doxycycline

a mass of enlarged lymphatic tissue between the back of the nose and the throat, often hindering
speaking and breathing in young children.
Soft tissue masses , like lymph node tissues

984.) Cyclizine is a piperazine derivative with histamine H1-receptor antagonist (antihistamine) activity. is
a medication used to treat and prevent nausea, vomiting and dizziness due to motion sickness or vertigo.
[2] It may also be used for nausea after general anaesthesia or that which developed from opioid use.

985.) Mirena: Intrauterine device with progestogen, sold under the brand name Mirena among others, is
a intrauterine device that releases the hormone levonorgestrel.

986.) Placenta praevia is when the placenta attaches inside the uterus but near or over the cervical ...
Women with placenta previa often present with painless, bright red vaginal bleeding. This commonly
occurs around 32 weeks of gestation.

Placenta accreta is a serious pregnancy condition that occurs when blood vessels and other parts of the
placenta grow too deeply into the uterine wall. Typically, the placenta detaches from the uterine wall
after childbirth. With placenta accreta, part or all of the placenta remains firmly attached.

The common causes of bleeding during pregnancy are cervical ectropion, vaginal infection, placental
edge bleed, placenta praevia or placental abruption.

987.) Down syndrome: Trisomy 21

Klinefelter syndrome (KS) also known as 47,XXY or XXY, is the set of symptoms that result from two or
more X chromosomes in males. The primary features are sterility and small testicles. Often, symptoms
may be subtle and many people do not realize they are affected. Less body hair and breast enlargement.

Turner syndrome (TS), also known as 45,X or 45,X0, is a condition in which a female is partly or
completely missing an X chromosome. The most common feature of Turner syndrome is short stature,
which becomes evident by about age 5. An early loss of ovarian function (ovarian hypofunction or
premature ovarian failure) is also very common.

Causes: Missing X chromosome Complications: Heart defects, diabetes, low thyroid hormone.

Symptoms: Webbed neck, short stature

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a genetic disorder.[1] Symptoms often include mild to moderate intellectual
disability.[1] Physical features may include a long and narrow face, large ears, flexible fingers, and large
testicles.[1] About a third of those affected have features of autism such as problems with social
interactions and delayed speech.[1] Hyperactivity is common and seizures occur in about 10%.[1] Males
are usually more affected than females.

988.) Menorrhagia is a menstrual period with excessively heavy flow and falls under the larger category
of abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB).

991.) "normal" random glucose test in an average adult are 79–160 mg/dl (4.4–7.8 mmol/l).

992.) Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

Acute loin pain

Haematuria

Ballotable kidneys

Sub arachnoid hemorrhage(berry aneurysm)

Hypertension

Associated liver cyst

Uremia due to renal failure

Anemia due to CKD

Increase RBC or erythropoeitin secretion

1008.) Nystagmus: a condition of involuntary (or voluntary, in rare cases) eye movement.

1011.) Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is a medication used to treat pain, fever, or
inflammation. Specific inflammatory conditions in which aspirin is used include Kawasaki disease,
pericarditis, and rheumatic fever. Aspirin given shortly after a heart attack decreases the risk of death.
Aspirin is also used long-term to help prevent heart attacks, ischaemic strokes, and blood clots in people
at high risk. It may also decrease the risk of certain types of cancer, particularly colorectal cancer. For
pain or fever, effects typically begin within 30 minutes. Aspirin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
(NSAID) and works similar to other NSAIDs but also suppresses the normal functioning of platelets.

One common adverse effect is an upset stomach. More significant side effects include stomach ulcers,
stomach bleeding, and worsening asthma. Bleeding risk is greater among those who are older, drink
alcohol, take other NSAIDs, or are on other blood thinners. Aspirin is not recommended in the last part
of pregnancy. It is not generally recommended in children with infections because of the risk of Reye
syndrome. High doses may result in ringing in the ears.

There are two classes of antithrombotic drugs: anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs. Anticoagulants
slow down clotting, thereby reducing fibrin formation and preventing clots from forming and growing.
Antiplatelet agents prevent platelets from clumping and also prevent clots from forming and growing.
The anticoagulants heparin and dicumarol. Heparin was first discovered in 1916 by a medical student at
The Johns Hopkins University who was investigating a clotting product from extracts of dog liver and
heart.

Antiplatelet Drugs

Blood platelets are inactive until damage to blood vessels or blood coagulation causes them to explode
into sticky irregular cells that clump together and form a thrombus. The first antiplatelet drug was
aspirin, scientists showed that aspirin prevented platelets from clumping, and subsequent clinical trials
showed that it reduces the risk of stroke and heart attack.

We now have more potent drugs, such as clopidogrel, dipyridamole, and abciximab. These drugs are
used with aspirin and effectively prevent heart attack and stroke; they also prolong the lives of patients
who have already had a heart attack.

1021.) Radiculopathy is a condition due to a compressed nerve in the spine that can cause pain,
numbness, tingling, or weakness along the course of the nerve. Radiculopathy can occur in any part of
the spine, but it is most common in the lower back (lumbar radiculopathy) and in the neck (cervical
radiculopathy).

Wernicke encephalopathy (WE) also Wernicke's encephalopathy[1] is the presence of neurological

symptoms caused by biochemical lesions of the central nervous system after exhaustion of B-vitamin
reserves, in particular thiamine (vitamin B1). The condition is part of a larger group of thiamine
deficiency disorders, that includes beriberi in all its forms, and alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome. When
Wernicke encephalopathy occurs simultaneously with alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome it is known as
Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome.[2][3]

Classically, Wernicke encephalopathy is characterised by the triad – ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and

confusion. Alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome

Alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome (AKS), Korsakoff syndrome[1] is an amnestic disorder caused by thiamine
deficiency associated with prolonged ingestion of alcohol.

Haemochromatosis is an inherited condition in which iron levels in the body slowly build up over many
years.

1024.) Paresthesia refers to a burning or prickling sensation that is usually felt in the hands, arms, legs, or
feet, but can also occur in other parts of the body.

1026.) Lyme disease is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi and is transmitted to humans
through the bite of infected blacklegged ticks. Typical symptoms include fever, headache, fatigue, and a
characteristic skin rash called erythema migrans. Bacterial infection

1028.) HELLP" is an abbreviation of the three main features of the syndrome: Hemolysis, Elevated Liver
enzymes, and Low Platelet count.

1030.) Paraplegia: paralysis of the legs and lower body, typically caused by spinal injury, brain or disease.
Organic brain syndrome (OBS) is a term describing impaired mental function from a medical condition
other than psychiatric illness.

1031.) Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is the more advanced form of the disease. At this stage,
new fragile blood vessels can begin to grow in the retina and into the vitreous, the gel-like fluid that fills
the back of the eye. The new blood vessel may leak blood into the vitreous, clouding vision.

1032.) Haloperidol is a typical antipsychotic medication. Haloperidol is used in the treatment of

schizophrenia, tics in Tourette syndrome, mania in bipolar disorder, nausea and vomiting, delirium,
agitation, acute psychosis, and hallucinations in alcohol withdrawal.

Albumin: The normal range is 3.5 to 5.5 g/dL or 35-55 g/liter.

1036.) Octreotide is an octapeptide that mimics natural somatostatin pharmacologically, though it is a

more potent inhibitor of growth hormone, glucagon, and insulin than the natural hormone.

Octreotide is used for the treatment of growth hormone producing tumors (acromegaly and gigantism),
when surgery is contraindicated, pituitary tumors that secrete thyroid stimulating hormone
(thyrotropinoma), diarrhea and flushing episodes associated with carcinoid syndrome, and diarrhea in
people with vasoactive intestinal peptide-secreting tumors (VIPomas).

1043.) Hemianopsia or hemianopia is a visual field loss on the left or right side of the vertical midline. It
can affect one eye but usually affects both eyes. Homonymous hemianopsia, or homonymous
hemianopia, is hemianopic visual field loss on the same side of both eyes. Homonymous hemianopsia
occurs because the right half of the brain has visual pathways for the left hemifield of both eyes, and the
left half of the brain has visual pathways for the right hemifield of both eyes. When one of these
pathways is damaged, the corresponding visual field is lost.

Bitemporal hemianopsia, also known as bitemporal heteronymous hemianopsia or bitemporal

hemianopia, is the medical description of a type of partial blindness where vision is missing in the outer
half of both the right and left visual field. It is usually associated with lesions of the optic chiasm, the
area where the optic nerves from the right and left eyes cross near the pituitary gland.

binasal hemianopia) is the medical description of a type of partial blindness where vision is missing in
the inner half of both the right and left visual field. It is associated with certain lesions of the eye and of
the central nervous system, such as congenital hydrocephalus.

Information from the nasal visual field falls on the temporal (lateral) retina. Those lateral retinal nerve
fibers do not cross in the optic chiasm. Calcification of the internal carotid arteries can impinge the
uncrossed, lateral retinal fibers leading to loss of vision in the nasal field.

A lesion affecting one side of the temporal lobe may cause damage to the inferior optic radiations
(known as the temporal pathway or Meyer's loop) which can lead to superior quadrantanopia on the
contralateral side of both eyes (colloquially referred to as "pie in the sky"); if the superior optic radiations
(parietal pathway) are lesioned, the visual loss occurs on the inferior contralateral side of both eyes and
is referred to as an inferior quadrantanopia.

Parietal lobe function

he parietal lobe plays important roles in integrating sensory information from various parts of the body,
knowledge of numbers and their relations, and in the manipulation of objects. Its function also includes
processing information relating to the sense of touch.

1045.) Injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerves can result in a weakened voice (hoarseness) or loss of
voice (aphonia) and cause problems in the respiratory tract.

The recurrent laryngeal nerves may be injured as a result of trauma, during surgery, as a result of tumour
spread, or due to other means.[16]:12 Injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerves can result in a weakened
voice (hoarseness) or loss of voice (aphonia) and cause problems in the respiratory tract.[16]:11–12
Injury to the nerve may paralyze the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle on the same side. This is the sole
muscle responsible for opening the vocal cords, and paralysis may cause difficulty breathing (dyspnea)
during physical activity.[18] Injury to both the right and left nerve may result in more serious damage,
such as the inability to speak.

(RLN) is a branch of the vagus nerve

TORCH (Toxoplasma, others, rubella, cytomegalovirus [CMV], herpes)

1051.) Capgras syndrome is a psychological condition. It's also known as “imposter syndrome” or
“Capgras delusion.” People who experience this syndrome will have an irrational belief that someone
they know or recognize has been replaced by an imposter.

Cotard delusion is a rare mental illness in which the affected person holds the delusional belief that they
are already dead, do not exist, are putrefying, or have lost their blood or internal organs.

Munchausen syndrome is a factitious disorder, a mental disorder in which a person repeatedly and
deliberately acts as if he or she has a physical or mental illness when he or she is not really sick.
Munchausen syndrome is considered a mental illness because it is associated with severe emotional
difficulties.

1054.) Damage to the basal ganglia cells may cause problems controlling speech, movement, and
posture. This combination of symptoms is called parkinsonism. A person with basal ganglia dysfunction
may have difficulty starting, stopping, or sustaining movement.

Brain stem injury: Heartbeat and breathing can cease, causing death. The brain-stem can become
compressed due to swelling, leading to hemorrhaging and stroke. This may result in speech impairment,
breathing difficulties, including sleep apnea and difficulty swallowing. In acute cases, there may be
personality changes and memory loss.

The cerebral cortex is responsible for many higher-order brain functions such as sensation, perception,
memory, association, thought, and voluntary physical action.

Trigeminal neuralgia is a nerve disorder of the face. It causes abrupt, searing facial pain, especially in the
lower face and jaw and around the nose, ears, eyes, or lips.

Also known as tic douloureaux,it is thought to be one of the most painful human conditions.
1056.) Band keratopathy is a corneal disease derived from the appearance of calcium on the central
cornea. This is an example of metastatic calcification, which by definition, occurs in the presence of
hypercalcemia.

Terrien's marginal degeneration is an uncommon but distinct variety of marginal thinning of the
cornea. ... Corneal thinning can be localized or involve extensive proportions of the peripheral cornea

Cornea: the transparent layer forming the front of the eye.

Keratoconus is a progressive eye disease in which the normally round cornea thins and begins to bulge
into a cone-like shape. This cone shape deflects light as it enters the eye on its way to the light-sensitive
retina, causing distorted vision.

1057.) Coryza: catarrhal inflammation of the mucous membrane in the nose, caused especially by a cold
or by hay fever.

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's granulomatosis)

(GPA) is a rare condition in which the blood vessels become inflamed. It mainly affects the ears, nose,
sinuses, kidneys and lungs.

Symptoms of GPA
GPA can cause a range of symptoms depending on which parts of the body are affected.

general symptoms such as tiredness, a high temperature (fever), weakness, loss of appetite, weight loss
and joint pain

ear, nose and throat problems such as a blocked or runny nose, nosebleeds, crusts around the nostrils,
face pain (sinusitis), earache and hearing loss

lung problems such as a cough that doesn't go away, shortness of breath, wheezing and chest pain

kidney problems such as blood in pee, high blood pressure and inflammation of the kidneys
(glomerulonephritis)

skin problems such as rashes, lumps and small purple spots

eye problems such as irritated eyes (conjunctivitis), swollen eyelids and double vision

gut problems such as tummy pain, diarrhoea and blood in poo

The diagnosis of GPA is established by clinical and laboratory findings such as the ANCA blood test, other
blood and urine tests, x-rays, and tissue biopsy, if needed.

Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA) is an abnormal protein. ANCA is part of a large family of
molecules called immunoglobulins, (including antibodies)

IgA nephropathy is a disease of the kidney (or nephropathy); specifically it is a form of

glomerulonephritis or an inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney.

Primary IgA nephropathy is characterized by deposition of the IgA antibody in the glomerulus. There are
other diseases associated with glomerular IgA deposits, the most common being IgA vasculitis (formerly
known as Henoch–Schönlein purpura [HSP]), which is considered by many to be a systemic form of IgA
nephropathy.[2] IgA vasculitis presents with a characteristic purpuric skin rash, arthritis, and abdominal
pain and occurs more commonly in young adults (16–35 years old). HSP is associated with a more benign
prognosis than IgA nephropathy

The classic presentation (in 40–50% of the cases) is episodic hematuria, which usually starts within a day
or two of a non-specific upper respiratory tract infection (hence synpharyngitic), as opposed to post-
streptococcal glomerulonephritis, which occurs some time (weeks) after initial infection. Less commonly
gastrointestinal or urinary infection can be the inciting agent.

The biopsy specimen shows proliferation of the mesangium, with IgA deposits on immunofluorescence
and electron microscopy.
1060.)

Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis

Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS) or allergic granulomatosis[2][3], is an extremely rare autoimmune

condition that causes inflammation of small and medium-sized blood vessels (vasculitis) in persons with
a history of airway allergic hypersensitivity (atopy).

Allergic stage

The prodromal stage is characterized by allergy.

Eosinophilic stage

The second stage is characterized by an abnormally high level of eosinophils

Vasculitic stage

The third and final stage, and hallmark of EGPA, is inflammation of the blood vessels

Diagnostic markers include eosinophil granulocytes and granulomas in affected tissue, and
antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) against neutrophil granulocytes. The American College of
Rheumatology 1990 criteria for diagnosis of Churg–Strauss syndrome lists these criteria:

Asthma
Eosinophilia, i.e. eosinophil blood count greater than 500/microliter, or hypereosinophilia, i.e. eosinophil
blood count greater than 1,500/microliter

Presence of mononeuropathy or polyneuropathy

Unfixed pulmonary infiltrates

Presence of paranasal sinus abnormalities

Histological evidence of extravascular eosinophils

For classification purposes, a patient shall be said to have Churg–Strauss syndrome (CSS) if at least four
of these six criteria are positive. The presence of any four or more of the six criteria yields a sensitivity of
85% and a specificity of 99.7%

Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP) also known as bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia
(BOOP, not to be confused with bronchiolitis obliterans) is a form of non-infectious pneumonia; more
specifically, COP is an inflammation of the bronchioles (bronchiolitis[1]) and surrounding tissue in the
lungs.[2] It is often a complication of an existing chronic inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid
arthritis, dermatomyositis, or it can be a side effect of certain medications such as amiodarone.

BOOP

aka: Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia, COP, cryptogenic organizing pneumonia,

pneumonia-like (acute, cough, fever, SOB) with wt loss, but no sputum and doesn't respond to
antibiotics

acute onset of cough, SOB, fever, looks like pneumonia but doesn't respond to antibiotics

crackles, O2 sat↓

CXR (infiltrates, bilateral, patchy), but sputum culture is negative and don't respond to antibiotics, lavage
(lymphocyte↑, PMN↑), DLCO↓, restrictive PFTs, biopsy shows fibroblast in alveoli and bronchiole

fibroblasts/granulation tissue plugs up alveoli and bronchiole

steroid

xtrinsic allergic alveolitis, EAA) is an inflammation of the alveoli within the lung caused by
hypersensitivity to inhaled organic dusts. Sufferers are commonly exposed to the dust by their
occupation or hobbies.

Acute

In the acute form of HP, symptoms may develop 4–6 hours following heavy exposure to the provoking
antigen. Symptoms include fever, chills, malaise, cough, chest tightness, dyspnea, rash, swelling and
headache. Symptoms resolve within 12 hours to several days upon cessation of exposure.[2]
Acute HP is characterized by poorly formed noncaseating interstitial granulomas and mononuclear cell
infiltration in a peribronchial distribution with prominent giant cells.

The diagnosis is based upon a history of symptoms after exposure to the allergen and clinical tests. A
physician may take blood tests, seeking signs of inflammation, a chest X-ray and lung function tests. The
sufferer shows a restrictive loss of lung function.

The ImmunoCAP technology has replaced this time consuming, labor-intensive method with their
automated CAP assays and FEIA (Fluorescence enzyme immunoassay) that can detect IgG antibodies
against Aspergillus fumigatus (Farmer's lung or for ABPA) or avian antigens (Bird Fancier's Lung)

Molluscum Contagiosum is a common viral infection (poxvirus) of the skin that causes small flesh-
colored bumps that are painless. The virus is not harmful, however it can be easily spread among
children through skin-to-skin contact. As the name implies, molluscum contagiosum is contagious. Most
often appear on the trunk, face, arms and genital area with potentially a rash that is red, scaly, dry or
itchy around the bumps.

Can also be spread by sexual contact. The incubation period is 2-6 weeks.

Paget’s disease of the bone: is a condition involving cellular remodeling and deformity of one or more
bones. The affected bones show signs of dysregulated bone remodeling at the microscopic level,
specifically excessive bone breakdown and subsequent disorganized new bone formation.

medications (bisphosphonates and calcitonin) can help control the disorder and lessen pain and other
symptoms.

Paget's disease may affect any one or multiple bones of the body (most commonly pelvis, femur, and
lumbar vertebrae, and skull), but never the entire skeleton
Osteoporosis may be confused with osteomalacia, but in osteoporosis, the bones are porous and brittle,
whereas in osteomalacia the bones are soft. This difference in bone consistency is related to the ratio of
mineral to organic material. .

1077.) Dyskaryosis: Abnormal cytologic changes of squamous epithelial cells characterized by

hyperchromatic nuclei and/or irregular nuclear chromatin. May be followed by the development of a
malignant neoplasm.

1081.) Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by the dengue virus. Symptoms
typically begin three to fourteen days after infection. This may include a high fever, headache, vomiting,
muscle and joint pains, and a characteristic skin rash.

1119.) Mirena — an intrauterine device that contains the hormone progestin — offers one option for
long-acting, reversible birth control.

1123.) CF: Cystic fibrosis

1125.) Lower segment Cesarian section (LSCS)

1126.) Cervical ectropion (or cervical eversion) is a condition in which the cells from the 'inside' of the
cervical canal, known as glandular cells (or columnar epithelium), are present on the 'outside' of the
vaginal portion of the cervix. The cells on the 'outside' of the cervix are called squamous epithelial cells.

1129.) Gestational hypertension is usually defined as having a blood pressure higher than 140/90
measured on two separate occasions, more than 6 hours apart, without the presence of protein in the
urine and diagnosed after 20 weeks of gestation.
1132.) Red blood cell breakdown (also known as hemolysis) in G6PD deficiency can manifest in a number
of ways, including the following:

Prolonged neonatal jaundice, possibly leading to kernicterus (arguably the most serious complication of
G6PD deficiency)

Hemolytic crises in response to:

Illness (especially infections)

Certain drugs (see below)

Certain foods, most notably broad beans from which the word favism derives

Certain chemicals

Diabetic ketoacidosis

Very severe crises can cause acute kidney failure

Favism may be formally defined as a hemolytic response to the consumption of fava beans, also known
as broad beans. Important to note is that all individuals with favism show G6PD deficiency, but not all
individuals with G6PD deficiency show favism.

Kernicterus is a bilirubin-induced brain dysfunction.

1132.) menorrhagia: abnormally heavy bleeding at menstruation.

Intrauterine Contraceptive Device (IUCD)

1133.) The combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP), often referred to as the birth control pill or
colloquially as "the pill", is a type of birth control that is designed to be taken orally by women. It
includes a combination of an estrogen (usually ethinylestradiol) and a progestogen (specifically a
progestin). When taken correctly, it alters the menstrual cycle to eliminate ovulation and prevent
pregnancy.

Progestogen-only pills or progestin-only pills (POP) are contraceptive pills that contain only synthetic
progestogens (progestins) and do not contain estrogen. They are colloquially known as mini pills.

1136.) Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), sold under the brand name Depo-Provera among others, is
a hormonal medication of the progestin type.[8][3] It is used as a method of birth control and as a part
of menopausal hormone therapy.[8][3] It is also used to treat endometriosis, abnormal uterine bleeding,
abnormal sexuality in males, and certain types of cancer, among other indications.[8] The medication is
available both alone and in combination with an estrogen.[9][10] It is taken by mouth or by injection into
a muscle or under the skin.

1139.) Methotrexate, formerly known as amethopterin, is a chemotherapy agent and immune system
suppressant. It is used to treat cancer, autoimmune diseases, ectopic pregnancy, and for medical
abortions.

Naproxen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug of the propionic acid class that relieves pain, fever,
swelling, and stiffness. It is a nonselective COX inhibitor,
1140.) Ewing's sarcoma or Ewing sarcoma (/ˈjuːɪŋ/) is a malignant small, round, blue cell tumor. It is a
rare disease in which cancer cells are found in the bone or in soft tissue. The most common areas in
which it occurs are the pelvis, the femur, the humerus, the ribs and clavicle (collar bone).

Ewing's sarcoma is a small-blue-round-cell tumor that typically has a clear cytoplasm on H&E staining,
due to glycogen. The presence of the glycogen can be demonstrated with positive PAS staining and
negative PAS diastase staining. The characteristic immunostain is CD99, which diffusely marks the cell
membrane.

1142.) Sometimes called degenerative joint disease or “wear and tear” arthritis, osteoarthritis (OA) is the
most common chronic condition of the joints. It occurs when the cartilage or cushion between joints
breaks down leading to pain, stiffness and swelling.

1146.) Culture and Sensitivity: C&S

1152.) Sialadenitis is an infection of the salivary glands. It is usually caused by a virus or bacteria . The
parotid (in front of the ear) and submandibular (under the chin) glands are most commonly affected.
Sialadenitis may be associated with pain, tenderness, redness, and gradual, localized swelling of the
affected area.

Sarcoidosis is a rare condition that causes small patches of red and swollen tissue, called granulomas, to
develop in the organs of the body. It usually affects the lungs and skin.

The symptoms of sarcoidosis depend on which organs are affected, but typically include:

tender, red bumps on the skin

shortness of breath

a persistent cough

Other symptoms

If other organs are affected, you may also have some of the following symptoms:
tender and swollen glands in the face, neck, armpits or groin

tiredness and a general feeling of being unwell

painful joints

red or sore eyes

an abnormal heart rhythm

a blocked or stuffy nose

pain in the bones

kidney stones

headache

1155.) Infectious mononucleosis (IM, mono), also known as glandular fever, is an infection usually
caused by the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV).[3][2] Most people are infected by the virus as children, when the
disease produces few or no symptoms.[2] In young adults, the disease often results in fever, sore throat,
enlarged lymph nodes in the neck, and tiredness.[2] Most people get better in two to four weeks;
however, feeling tired may last for months.[2] The liver or spleen may also become swollen,[3] and in
less than one percent of cases splenic rupture may occur.

1156.) Drugs that may trigger asthma: Aspirin and other painkillers. Approximately 10% to 20% of adults
with asthma have sensitivity to aspirin or a group of painkillers called non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs -- or NSAIDS -- such as ibuprofen ( Motrin , Advil) and naproxen ( Aleve , Naprosyn ). These drugs
are frequently used to treat pain and reduce fevers.

Aspirin Sensitivity, Asthma, and Nasal Polyps. Some people with asthma cannot take aspirin or NSAIDs
because of what’s known as Samter’s triad -- a combination of asthma, aspirin sensitivity, and nasal
polyps. Nasal polyps are small growths that form inside the nasal cavity.

This aspirin sensitivity occurs in about 30% to 40% of those who have asthma and nasal polyps. Many
people with Samter's triad have nasal symptoms, such as runny nose, postnasal drip , and congestion,
along with asthma symptoms, such as wheezing, cough, and shortness of breath.

Beta-blockers. Beta-blockers are commonly prescribed medications used to treat numerous conditions
including heart conditions, high blood pressure , migraine headache , and, in eye drop form, glaucoma .

ACE inhibitors . These are other types of medications used to treat heart disease and high blood pressure
. These drugs can cause coughs in about 10% of the patients who use them. This cough is not necessarily
asthma. But, it can be confused with asthma or, in the case of unstable airways, may trigger asthma
symptoms.

1158.) Huntington's chorea, is an inherited disorder that results in death of brain cells.

Symptoms Problems with mood, mental abilities, coordination, jerky body movements[1][2]
Complications Pneumonia, heart disease, physical injury from falls, suicide[3]

Usual onset 30–50 years old

Causes Genetic (inherited or new mutation)[4]

Diagnostic method Genetic testing[5]

Differential diagnosis Sydenham's chorea, benign hereditary chorea, lupus, paraneoplastic syndrome,
Wilson's disease[6]

Treatment Supportive care[2]

Medication Tetrabenazine[3]

Gene testing: HTT gene

CT: Atrophy of the caudate nuclei

1159.) Plummer–Vinson syndrome (PVS), also called Paterson–Brown–Kelly syndrome or sideropenic

dysphagia, is a rare disease characterized by difficulty in swallowing, iron-deficiency anemia, glossitis,
cheilosis and esophageal webs.

Cheilosis is a painful inflammation and cracking of the corners of the mouth. It also is called cheilitis. It
sometimes occurs on only one side of the mouth, but usually involves both sides. Cheilosis is caused by a
yeast (Candida) infection.

1161.)

1162.) Fibrin and fibrinogen degradation product (FDP) testing is commonly used to diagnose
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). The reference range of FDP levels is less than 10 mcg/mL
(conventional units) or less than 10 mg/L (SI units). An FDP level of more than 40 mg/mL is considered
critical.
1167.) cholangitis, is an infection of the bile duct (cholangitis), usually caused by bacteria ascending from
its junction with the duodenum (first part of the small intestine). It tends to occur if the bile duct is
already partially obstructed by gallstones.

Cholangitis can be life-threatening, and is regarded as a medical emergency. Characteristic symptoms

include yellow discoloration of the skin or whites of the eyes, fever, abdominal pain, and in severe cases,
low blood pressure and confusion. Initial treatment is with intravenous fluids and antibiotics.

1171.) Delirium tremens (DTs) is the most severe form of ethanol withdrawal manifested by altered
mental status (global confusion) and sympathetic overdrive (autonomic hyperactivity), which can
progress to cardiovascular collapse.

1172.) Somatization disorder (also Briquet's syndrome) is a mental disorder characterized by recurring,
multiple, and current, clinically significant complaints about somatic symptoms, although it is no longer
considered a clinical diagnosis.

Dissociative disorders involve problems with memory, identity, emotion, perception, behavior and sense
of self.

Examples of dissociative symptoms include the experience of detachment or feeling as if one is outside
one’s body, and loss of memory or amnesia. Dissociative disorders are frequently associated with
previous experience of trauma.

There are three types of dissociative disorders:

Dissociative identity disorder

Dissociative amnesia

Depersonalization/derealization disorder

1173.)
Long-acting Beta-agonist Bronchodilators. The long-acting inhaled beta-agonist bronchodilators,
salmeterol (Serevent, Advair) and formoterol (Foradil)

1174.) Mesothelioma is a rare, aggressive form of cancer that develops in the lining of the lungs,
abdomen, or heart. Caused by asbestos
1175.) Total Cholesterol1 (mmol/L), < 5.2

1178.) Mirtazapine has antihistamine, α2-blocker, and antiserotonergic activity.

1186.) AFB: Acid fast bacillus

11887.)

1189.) The ICD-10 defines hypochondriasis as follows:

A. Either one of the following:

A persistent belief, of at least six months' duration, of the presence of a minimum of two serious physical
diseases (of which at least one must be specifically named by the patient).

A persistent preoccupation with a presumed deformity or disfigurement (body dysmorphic disorder).

B. Preoccupation with the belief and the symptoms causes persistent distress or interference with
personal functioning in daily living, and leads the patient to seek medical treatment or investigations (or
equivalent help from local healers).

C. Persistent refusal to accept medical advice that there is no adequate physical cause for the symptoms
or physical abnormality, except for short periods of up to a few weeks at a time immediately after or
during medical investigations.

D. Most commonly used exclusion criteria: not occurring only during any of the schizophrenia and
related disorders (F20-F29, particularly F22) or any of the mood disorders (F30-F39).

The DSM-IV defines hypochondriasis according to the following criteria:[5]

A. Preoccupation with fears of having, or the idea that one has, a serious disease based on the person's
misinterpretation of bodily symptoms.

B. The preoccupation persists despite appropriate medical evaluation and reassurance.

C. The belief in Criterion A is not of delusional intensity (as in Delusional Disorder, Somatic Type) and is
not restricted to a circumscribed concern about appearance (as in Body Dysmorphic Disorder).

D. The preoccupation causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other
important areas of functioning.

E. The duration of the disturbance is at least 6 months.

F. The preoccupation is not better accounted for by Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive
Disorder, Panic Disorder, a Major Depressive Episode, Separation Anxiety, or another Somatoform
Disorder.

Malingering is the fabricating of symptoms of mental or physical disorders for a variety of reasons such
as financial compensation (often tied to fraud); avoiding school, work or military service; obtaining
drugs; or as a mitigating factor for sentencing in criminal cases.

1196.) Capgras syndrome is the delusional belief that a friend, family member, etc., has been replaced by
a twin impostor. Fregoli syndrome is the delusional belief that different people are in fact a single person
who is in disguise.

Cotard delusion is a rare mental illness in which the affected person holds the delusional belief that they
are already dead, do not exist, are putrefying, or have lost their blood or internal organs.

Ekbom syndrome, also called delusional parasitosis, is a psychiatric disorder characterized by the
patient's conviction that he or she is infested with parasites.

1214.) Wernicke encephalopathy is characterised by the triad – ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and confusion.
However, only 10% of patients exhibit all three features.
1123.) In the Romberg test, the standing patient is asked to close his or her eyes. An increase loss of
balance is interpreted as a positive Romberg's test.

1230.) Plummer–Vinson syndrome (PVS), also called Paterson–Brown–Kelly syndrome or sideropenic

dysphagia, is a rare disease characterized by difficulty in swallowing, iron-deficiency anemia, glossitis,
cheilosis and esophageal webs.[1] Treatment with iron supplementation and mechanical widening of the
esophagus generally provides an excellent outcome.

It generally occurs in postmenopausal women. Its identification and follow-up is considered relevant due
to increased risk of squamous cell carcinomas of the esophagus and pharynx.

1232.) Addison's disease, also known as primary adrenal insufficiency and hypocortisolism, is a long-
term endocrine disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce enough steroid hormones.[1]
Symptoms generally come on slowly and may include abdominal pain, weakness, and weight loss.[1]
Darkening of the skin in certain areas may also occur.[1] Under certain circumstances, an adrenal crisis
may occur with low blood pressure, vomiting, lower back pain, and loss of consciousness.[1] An adrenal
crisis can be triggered by stress, such as from an injury, surgery, or infection.

Addison's disease arises from problems with the adrenal gland such that not enough of the steroid
hormone cortisol and possibly aldosterone are produced,[1] most often due to damage by the body's
own immune system in the developed world and tuberculosis in the developing world.

Cortisol can help control blood sugar levels, regulate metabolism, help reduce inflammation, and assist
with memory formulation. It has a controlling effect on salt and water balance and helps control blood
pressure. ... All of these functions make cortisol a crucial hormone to protect overall health and well-
being.
1234.) Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by abnormal social behavior and failure to
understand reality. Common symptoms include false beliefs, unclear or confused thinking, hearing voices
that others do not, reduced social engagement and emotional expression, and a lack of motivation.

1237.) Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccine is a vaccine primarily used against tuberculosis. In countries
where tuberculosis or leprosy is common, one dose is recommended in healthy babies as close to the
time of birth as possible.

1238.) Central DI (CDI) is due to a lack of the hormone vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone (ADH)).[1] This
can be due to damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary gland or genetics.[1] Nephrogenic diabetes
insipidus (NDI) occurs when the kidneys do not respond properly to vasopressin.

Symptoms Large amounts of dilute urine, increased thirst[1]

Complications Dehydration, seizures[1]

Usual onset Any age[2][3]

Types Central, nephrogenic, dipsogenic, gestational[1]

Causes Depends on the type[1]

Diagnostic method Urine tests, blood tests, fluid deprivation test[1]

Differential diagnosis Diabetes mellitus[1]

Treatment Drinking sufficient fluids[1]

Medication Desmopressin, thiazides, aspirin

1243.) peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) is a person's maximum speed of expiration: 80 to 100 percent of
the usual or normal peak flow readings are clear.

1259.) etronidazole, marketed under the brand name Flagyl among others, is an antibiotic and
antiprotozoal medication.[3] It is used either alone or with other antibiotics to treat pelvic inflammatory
disease, endocarditis, and bacterial vaginosis.[3] It is effective for dracunculiasis, giardiasis,
trichomoniasis, and amebiasis.[3] It is an option for a first episode of mild-to-moderate Clostridium
difficile colitis if vancomycin or fidaxomicin is unavailable.

(PID) is an infection of the upper part of the female reproductive system namely the uterus, fallopian
tubes, and ovaries, and inside of the pelvis.[5][2] Often there may be no symptoms.[1] Signs and
symptoms, when present may include lower abdominal pain, vaginal discharge, fever, burning with
urination, pain with sex, or irregular menstruation.[1] Untreated PID can result in long term
complications including infertility, ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain, and cancer.

Rhesus D hemolytic disease of the newborn or RhD HDN) is a type of hemolytic disease of the newborn
(HDN). The disease ranges from mild to severe, and typically occurs only in some second or subsequent
pregnancies of Rh negative women where the fetus's father is Rh positive, leading to a Rh+ pregnancy.
During birth, the mother may be exposed to the infant's blood, and this causes the development of
antibodies, which may affect the health of subsequent Rh+ pregnancies. In mild cases, the fetus may
have mild anaemia with reticulocytosis. In moderate or severe cases the fetus may have a more marked
anaemia and erythroblastosis fetalis (hemolytic disease of the newborn). When the disease is very
severe it may cause hydrops fetalis or stillbirth.

Rh disease is generally preventable by treating the mother during pregnancy or soon after delivery with
an intramuscular injection of anti-RhD immunoglobulin (Rho(D) immune globulin). The RhD protein is
coded by the RHD gene.

Rh incompatibility is a condition that occurs during pregnancy if a woman has Rh-negative blood and her
baby has Rh-positive blood. "Rh-negative" and "Rh-positive" refer to whether your blood has Rh factor.
Rh factor is a protein on red blood cells. If you have Rh factor, you're Rh-positive.

Rh incompatibility rarely causes complications in a first pregnancy and does not affect the health of the
mother. But if Rh antibodies develop, they could be dangerous to a fetus during later pregnancies. Rh
disease can cause severe anemia, jaundice, brain damage, and heart failure in a newborn.

1264.) You can be given an antiviral drug called aciclovir within 24 hours of the chickenpox rash
appearing. This will reduce fever and symptoms. Aciclovir is only recommended when you are more than
20 weeks pregnant.
If exposed give IVIg, don’t give vaccine as it is live attenuated.

1267.) Cardiotocography (CTG) is a technical means of recording the fetal heartbeat and the uterine
contractions during pregnancy.

1268.) Ganser syndrome is a type of factitious disorder, a mental illness in which a person deliberately
and consciously acts as if he or she has a physical or mental illness when he or she is not really sick.
People with Ganser syndrome mimic behavior that is typical of a mental illness, such as schizophrenia.

pseudo (psychosis), which means false, is not a form of psychosis, but instead, pseudo psychosis is when
someone is convinced that they are suffering from psychosis when they are not.

Stockholm syndrome is a condition that causes hostages to develop a psychological alliance with their
captors as a survival strategy during captivity.

Paris syndrome (French: Syndrome de Paris, Japanese: パリ症候群, Pari shōkōgun) is a transient mental
disorder exhibited by some individuals when visiting or going on vacation to Paris, as a result of extreme
shock derived from their discovery that Paris is not what they had expected it to be.

1269.) Salpingectomy is the surgical removal of a fallopian tube. Salpingectomy is different from
salpingostomy (also called neosalpingostomy). Salpingostomy is the creation of an opening into the
fallopian tube, but the tube itself is not removed in this procedure.
Salpingectomy is different from and predates both salpingostomy and salpingotomy. The latter two
terms are often used interchangeably and refer to creating an opening into the tube (e.g. to remove an
ectopic pregnancy), but the tube itself is not removed.

1275.) Fetal scalp blood testing is a technique used in obstetrics during labor to confirm whether fetal
oxygenation is sufficient.

1286.) Uterine artery embolization (UAE

1291.) Most babies born between 37 and 40 weeks weigh somewhere between 5 pounds, 8 ounces
(2,500 grams) and 8 pounds, 13 ounces (4,000 grams).

1292.) DKA: Occurs in type 1 diabetes. Because the cells cannot receive sugar for energy, the body begins
to break down fat and muscle for energy. When this happens, ketones, or fatty acids, are produced and
enter the bloodstream, causing the chemical imbalance (metabolic acidosis) called diabetic ketoacidosis.

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious condition that can lead to diabetic coma. May be caused by
hyperglycemia (high blood glucose) or hypoglycemia (low blood glucose) in people with diabetes.X
(passing out for a long time) or even death.

The more ketones in the blood, the more ill a person with diabetic ketoacidosis will become. Left
untreated, diabetic ketoacidosis can cause potentially fatal complications, such as severe dehydration,
coma and swelling of the brain.

Symptoms include thirst, frequent urination, nausea, abdominal pain, weakness, fruity-scented breath,
and confusion.

1293.) OCP: Oral contraceptive pill

A number of cutaneous conditions are associated with gastric cancer. A condition of darkened
hyperplasia of the skin, frequently of the axilla and groin, known as acanthosis nigricans, is associated
with intra-abdominal cancers such as gastric cancer.

1300.) Presbycusis (also spelled presbyacusis, from Greek presbys "old" + akousis "hearing"), or age-
related hearing loss, is the cumulative effect of aging on hearing.

Pneumoconiosis is an occupational lung disease and a restrictive lung disease caused by the inhalation of
dust, often in mines and from agriculture.

1305.) Upper GI endoscopy – UGI

Triple therapy: In areas of low clarithromycin resistance, including the United States, a 14-day course of
"triple therapy" with an oral proton pump inhibitor, clarithromycin 500 mg, and amoxicillin 1 g (or, if
penicillin allergic, metronidazole 500 mg), all given twice daily for 14 days, is still recommended for first-
line therapy.

1306.) A Meckel's diverticulum, a true congenital diverticulum, is a slight bulge in the small intestine
present at birth and a vestigial remnant of the omphalomesenteric duct (also called the vitelline duct or
yolk stalk).
1309.) (ALS), also known as motor neurone disease (MND), and Lou Gehrig's disease, is a specific disease
which causes the death of neurons controlling voluntary muscles.[3][5][11] Some also use the term
motor neuron disease for a group of conditions of which ALS is the most common.[2] ALS is
characterized by stiff muscles, muscle twitching, and gradually worsening weakness due to muscles
decreasing in size.[2] This results in difficulty speaking, swallowing, and eventually breathing.[2][3]

MYASTHENIA GRAVIS

a long-term neuromuscular disease that leads to varying degrees of skeletal muscle weakness.[1] The
most commonly affected muscles are those of the eyes, face, and swallowing

Symptoms Varying degrees muscle weakness, double vision, drooping eyelids, trouble talking,
trouble walking[1]

Usual onset Women under 40, men over 60[1]

Causes Autoimmune disease[1]

Diagnostic method Blood tests for specific antibodies, edrophonium test, nerve conduction
studies[1]

Differential diagnosis Guillain-Barre syndrome, botulism, organophosphate poisoning, brainstem

stroke[2]

Treatment Medications, surgical removal of the thymus, plasmapheresis

Medication Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (neostigmine, pyridostigmine), immunosuppressants

GULIAN BARRE SYNDROME (GBS) is a rapid-onset muscle weakness caused by the immune system
damaging the peripheral nervous system.[2] The initial symptoms are typically changes in sensation or
pain along with muscle weakness, beginning in the feet and hands.[2] This often spreads to the arms and
upper body, with both sides being involved.[2] The symptoms develop over hours to a few weeks.[2]
During the acute phase, the disorder can be life-threatening, with about 15% developing weakness of
the breathing muscles requiring mechanical ventilation.[1] Some are affected by changes in the function
of the autonomic nervous system, which can lead to dangerous abnormalities in heart rate and blood
pressure

LEMS) is a rare autoimmune disorder characterized by muscle weakness of the limbs. It is the result of an
autoimmune reaction in which antibodies are formed against presynaptic voltage-gated calcium
channels.

Around 60% of those with LEMS have an underlying malignancy, most commonly small-cell lung cancer;
it is therefore regarded as a paraneoplastic syndrome (a condition that arises as a result of cancer
elsewhere in the body).

The weakness from LEMS typically involves the muscles of the proximal arms and legs (the muscles
closer to the trunk). In contrast to myasthenia gravis, the weakness affects the legs more than the arms.
This leads to difficulties climbing stairs and rising from a sitting position. Weakness is often relieved
temporarily after exertion or physical exercise. High temperatures can worsen the symptoms. Weakness
of the bulbar muscles (muscles of the mouth and throat) is occasionally encountered.[1] Weakness of
the eye muscles is uncommon. Some may have double vision, drooping of the eyelids and difficulty
swallowing,[1] but generally only together with leg weakness; this too distinguishes LEMS from
myasthenia gravis, in which eye signs are much more common.[3] In the advanced stages of the
disease, weakness of the respiratory muscles may occur.[1] Some may also experience problems with
coordination (ataxia).

1313.) Huntington's disease (HD), also known as Huntington's chorea, is an inherited disorder that
results in death of brain cells. The earliest symptoms are often subtle problems with mood or mental
abilities. A general lack of coordination and an unsteady gait often follow.

Huntington’s Disease

Symptoms Problems with mood, mental abilities, coordination, jerky body movements

Complications Pneumonia, heart disease, physical injury from falls, suicide

Usual onset 30–50 years old

Causes Genetic (inherited or new mutation)

Diagnostic method Genetic testing

Differential diagnosis Sydenham's chorea, benign hereditary chorea, lupus, paraneoplastic syndrome,
Wilson's disease[6]

Treatment Supportive care[

Medication Tetrabenazine

1318.) Hypertensive kidney disease

Hypertensive kidney disease is a medical condition referring to damage to the kidney due to chronic high
blood pressure. HN can be divided into two types: benign and malignant. Benign nephrosclerosis is
common in individuals over the age of 60 where malignant nephrosclerosis is uncommon and affects 1-
5% of individuals with high blood pressure, that have diastolic blood pressure passing 130 mm Hg.[1] It
should be distinguished from renovascular hypertension, which is a form of secondary hypertension.

Renovascular hypertension (or "renal hypertension") is a condition in which high blood pressure is
caused by the kidneys' hormonal response to narrowing of the arteries supplying the kidneys.[1] When
functioning properly this hormonal axis regulates blood pressure. Due to low local blood flow, the
kidneys mistakenly increases blood pressure of the entire circulatory system. It is a form of secondary
hypertension - a form of hypertension whose cause is identifiable.

The cause of renovascular hypertension is consistent with any narrowing/blockage of blood supply to the
renal organ (renal artery stenosis). As a consequence of this action the renal organs release hormones
that indicate to the body to maintain a higher amount of sodium and water, which in turn causes blood
pressure to rise. Factors that may contribute are: diabetes, high cholesterol and advanced age,[1] also of
importance is that a unilateral condition is sufficient to cause renovascular hypertension.

1319.) Haloperidol, marketed under the trade name Haldol among others, is a typical antipsychotic
medication.[3] Haloperidol is used in the treatment of schizophrenia, tics in Tourette syndrome, mania in
bipolar disorder, nausea and vomiting, delirium, agitation, acute psychosis, and hallucinations in alcohol
withdrawal.

1320.) Sacroiliitis (say-kroe-il-e-I-tis) is an inflammation of one or both of your sacroiliac joints —

situated where your lower spine and pelvis connect.

Onycholysis is the painless separation of the nail from the nail bed.

Reiter's syndrome, also known as reactive arthritis, is the classic triad of conjunctivitis, urethritis, and
arthritis occurring after an infection, particularly those in the urogenital or gastrointestinal tract.

1321.) Cellulitis is a bacterial infection involving the inner layers of the skin.[1] It specifically affects the
dermis and subcutaneous fat.[1] Signs and symptoms include an area of redness which increases in size
over a few days.[1] The borders of the area of redness are generally not sharp and the skin may be
swollen.[1] While the redness often turns white when pressure is applied, this is not always the case.[1]
The area of infection is usually painful.[1] Lymphatic vessels may occasionally be involved,[1][3] and the
person may have a fever and feel tired.[2]

The legs and face are the most common sites involved, though cellulitis can occur on any part of the
body.[1] The leg is typically affected following a break in the skin.

Symptoms Red, hot, painful area of skin, fever[1][2]

Duration 7–10 days[2]

Causes Bacteria: Staphylococcus and Streptococcus

Risk factors Break in the skin, obesity, leg swelling, old age[1]

Differential diagnosis Deep vein thrombosis, stasis dermatitis, erysipelas, necrotizing fasciitis[1][3]

Treatment Elevation of the affected area[3]

Medication Antibiotics such as cephalexin

Erysipelas is an acute infection typically with a skin rash, usually on any of the legs and toes, face, arms,
and fingers.[1] It is an infection of the upper dermis and superficial lymphatics, usually caused by beta-
hemolytic group A Streptococcus bacteria on scratches or otherwise infected areas.[2] Erysipelas is more
superficial than cellulitis, and is typically more raised and demarcated
Dyshidrotic eczema, or dyshidrosis, is a skin condition in which blisters develop on the soles of your feet
and/or the palms of your hands. The blisters are usually itchy and may be filled with fluid. Blisters
normally last for about two to four weeks and may be related to seasonal allergies or stress

1328.) Koilonychea also known as spoon nails, is a nail disease that can be a sign of hypochromic anemia,
especially iron-deficiency anemia. " It refers to abnormally thin nails (usually of the hand) which have
lost their convexity, becoming flat or even concave in shape.

1334.) Hypochondriasis: The belief and fear of serious illness which lasts for six months, beyond and
despite medical reassurance.

(CD) is a diagnostic category used in some psychiatric classification systems. It is sometimes applied to
patients who present with neurological symptoms, such as numbness, blindness, paralysis, or fits, which
are not consistent with a well-established organic cause, which cause significant distress, and can be
traced back to a psychological trigger. It is thought that these symptoms arise in response to stressful
situations affecting a patient's mental health or an ongoing mental health condition such as depression.

1344.) Cryptosporidium is a genus of apicomplexan parasitic alveolates that can cause a respiratory and
gastrointestinal illness that primarily involves watery diarrhea with or without a persistent cough in both
immunocompetent and immunodeficient humans.

1345.) LUTS (lower urinary tract symptoms) is a term used to describe a range of symptoms related to
problems of the lower urinary tract (bladder, prostate and urethra). LUTS are broadly grouped into
voiding (obstructive) symptoms or storage (irritative) symptoms.

1356.) Hemarthrosis (or haemarthrosis) is a bleeding into joint spaces. It is a common feature of
Hemophilia.

1361.) Budd–Chiari syndrome is a very rare condition, affecting one in a million adults. The condition is
caused by occlusion of the hepatic veins that drain the liver. It presents with the classical triad of
abdominal pain, ascites, and liver enlargement.

The cause can be found in more than 80% of patients.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]

Primary Budd–Chiari syndrome (75%): thrombosis of the hepatic vein

Hepatic vein thrombosis is associated with the following in decreasing order of frequency:

Polycythemia vera

Pregnancy

Postpartum state

Use of oral contraceptives

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

Hepatocellular carcinoma
Lupus anticoagulants

Secondary Budd–Chiari syndrome (25%): compression of the hepatic vein by an outside structure (e.g. a
tumor)

When Budd–Chiari syndrome is suspected, measurements are made of liver enzyme levels and other
organ markers (creatinine, urea, electrolytes, LDH).

Budd–Chiari syndrome is most commonly diagnosed using ultrasound studies of the abdomen and
retrograde angiography. Ultrasound may show obliteration of hepatic veins, thrombosis or stenosis,
spiderweb vessels, large collateral vessels, or a hyperechoic cord replacing a normal vein.

1363.) Lyme disease is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi and is transmitted to humans
through the bite of infected blacklegged ticks. Typical symptoms include fever, headache, fatigue, and a
characteristic skin rash called erythema migrans.

If diagnosed in the early stages, Lyme disease can be cured with antibiotics. Without treatment,
complications involving the joints, heart, and nervous system can occur. But these symptoms are still
treatable and curable.

Tx: Doxycycline

1384.) Odynophagia is a long word that sounds intimidating. But you'll be happy to know, it's just the
medical term for painful swallowing! Sometimes it gets confused with the condition called dysphagia,
which is difficult swallowing.

1387.) A boil, also called a furuncle, is a deep folliculitis, infection of the hair follicle. It is most commonly
caused by infection by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, resulting in a painful swollen area on the
skin caused by an accumulation of pus and dead tissue.

A carbuncle is a red, swollen, and painful cluster of boils that are connected to each other under the
skin.

1388.) Scopolamine

Postoperative nausea and vomiting and sea sickness, leading to its use by scuba divers[12][13]

Motion sickness (where it is often applied as a transdermal patch behind the ear)

Gastrointestinal spasms

Renal or biliary spasms

Aid in gastrointestinal radiology and endoscopy

Irritable bowel syndrome

Clozapine-induced hypersalivation (drooling)

Bowel colic
Eye inflammation

It is sometimes used as a premedication (especially to reduce respiratory tract secretions) to surgery,

mostly commonly by injection.

Pilocarpine is a medication used to treat increased pressure inside the eye and dry mouth.[3] As eye
drops it is used for angle closure glaucoma until surgery can be performed, ocular hypertension, open
angle glaucoma, and to bring about constriction of the pupil following their dilation.

This medication is used to treat symptoms of dry mouth due to a certain immune disease (Sjogren's
syndrome) or from saliva gland damage due to radiation treatments of the head/neck for cancer.
Pilocarpine belongs to a class of drugs known as cholinergic agonists.

1390.) Proptosis: abnormal protrusion or displacement of an eyeball or other body part.

1391.) Lilliputian hallucination: An hallucination in which things, people, or animals seem smaller than
they would be in real life. Lilliputian refers to the "little people" who lived (fictionally) on the island of
Lilliput in Jonathan Swift's 1726 masterpiece Gulliver's Travels.

Somatic hallucination a hallucination involving the perception of a physical experience occurring within
the body.

1392.) Cotard delusion is a rare mental illness in which the affected person holds the delusional belief
that they are already dead, do not exist, are putrefying, or have lost their blood or internal organs.

1393.) Valproate (VPA), and its valproic acid, sodium valproate, and valproate semisodium forms, are
medications primarily used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder and to prevent migraine headaches.

1401.) Heinz bodies (also referred to as "Heinz-Ehrlich bodies") are inclusions with in red blood cells
composed of denatured hemoglobin.

There are several pathways leading to the hemoglobin damage.

NADPH deficiency can cause a dysfunction in glutathione peroxidase which is an enzyme that converts
hydrogen peroxide (a reactive oxygen species) into water.

G6PD (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) deficiency exacerbated by administration of oxidant drugs

(e.g., primaquine, dapsone, quinidine) can also result in Heinz bodies. G6PD deficient red cells in
combination with high levels of oxidants causes a cross-linking of sulfhydryl groups on globin chains
which causes a denaturing and formation of Heinz body precipitates.[8]

Heinz bodies can also be found in chronic liver disease.[9]

Alpha-thalassemia. Normal adult hemoglobin is composed of two alpha and two beta chains. Alpha
thalassemia patients have partial or complete defects in alpha globin production, leading to a relative
abundance of beta globin chains in the cell. These excess beta globin chains aggregate to form HbH,
which has decreased solubility and precipitates in the red blood cell cytoplasm.[10] This is not direct
damage to hemoglobin per se, but rather a perturbation in the quaternary structure of hemoglobin.
The presence of Heinz bodies may also be a feature of hyposplenism or asplenia, when a damaged or
absent spleen cannot remove these damaged cells from circulation.

1403.) The esophagus is the tube that connects your throat to your stomach. Mallory-Weiss syndrome
(MWS) is a condition marked by a tear in the mucous membrane, or inner lining, where the esophagus
meets the stomach. Most tears heal within 7 to 10 days without treatment, but Mallory-Weiss tears can
cause significant bleeding.

Causes

It is often associated with alcoholism[2] and eating disorders and there is some evidence that presence
of a hiatal hernia is a predisposing condition. Forceful vomiting causes tearing of the mucosa at the
junction. NSAID abuse is also a rare association.[citation needed]

The tear involves the mucosa and submucosa but not the muscular layer (contrast to Boerhaave
syndrome which involves all the layers).[3] The mean age is more than 60 and 80% are men.[citation
needed] Hyperemesis gravidarum, which is severe morning sickness associated with vomiting and
retching in pregnancy, is also a known cause of Mallory-Weiss tear.

Treatment is usually supportive as persistent bleeding is uncommon. However cauterization or injection

of epinephrine[5] to stop the bleeding may be undertaken during the index endoscopy procedure. Very
rarely embolization of the arteries.

1412.)

1418.) These are the cells that the HIV virus kills. As HIV infection progresses, the number of these cells
declines. When the CD4 count drops below 200, a person is diagnosed with AIDS. A normal range for
CD4 cells is about 500-1,500.
1423.) Huntington’s chorea: An inherited condition in which nerve cells in the brain break down over
time.

It typically starts in a person's 30s or 40s.

Usually, Huntington's disease results in progressive movement, thinking (cognitive), and psychiatric
symptoms.

Basal ganglia is affected

Involuntary movements

Medication: Tetrabenzine

1229.) Primary aldosteronism, also known as primary hyperaldosteronism or Conn's syndrome, refers to
the excess production of the hormone aldosterone from the adrenal glands, resulting in low renin levels.
[1] This abnormality is caused by hyperplasia or tumors.

Specialty Endocrinology

Symptoms High blood pressure, poor vision, headaches, muscular weakness, muscle spasms[1][2]

Complications Stroke, myocardial infarction, kidney failure, abnormal heart rhythms[3][4]

Usual onset 30 to 50 years old

Causes Enlargement of both adrenal glands, adrenal adenoma, adrenal cancer, familial
hyperaldosteronism[6][1]

Diagnostic method Blood test for aldosterone-to-renin ratio[1]

Treatment Surgery, spironolactone, eplerenone, low salt diet[1]

1230.) nihilism Type of: delusion, psychotic belief. (psychology) an erroneous belief that is held in the
face of evidence to the contrary. A nihilistic delusion is one which denies existence in whole or part.

nihilistic delusion - the delusion that things (or everything, including the self) do not exist; a sense that
everything is unreal.

Clang associations are groupings of words, usually rhyming words, that are based on similar-sounding
sounds, even though the words themselves don't have any logical reason to be grouped together. A
person who is speaking this way may be showing signs of psychosis in bipolar disorder or in
schizophrenia.

1433.) Psoriasis is a skin condition that causes red, flaky, crusty patches of skin covered with silvery
scales. These patches normally appear on your elbows, knees, scalp and lower back, but can appear
anywhere on your body. Most people are only affected with small patches. In some cases, the patches
can be itchy or sore.

The first treatment used will be a topical treatment, such as vitamin D analogues or topical
corticosteroids. Topical treatments are creams and ointments applied to the skin.
Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) is a chronic blistering skin condition, characterised by blisters filled with a
watery fluid. Despite its name, DH is neither related to nor caused by herpes virus: the name means that
it is a skin inflammation having an appearance similar to herpes.

Lichen planus (LP) is a disease characterized by itchy reddish-purple polygon-shaped skin lesions on the
lower back, wrists, and ankles.[1] It may also present with a burning sensation in the mouth, and a
lattice-like network of white lines near sites of erosion (Wickham striae) - LACY WHITE PATTERN

is an inflammatory condition that can affect the skin, hair, nails and mucous membranes. On the skin,
lichen planus usually appears as purplish, often itchy, flat-topped bumps, developing over several weeks.

Scabies, also known as the seven-year itch, is a contagious skin infestation by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei.
[3][1] The most common symptoms are severe itchiness and a pimple-like rash.

Specialty Infectious disease, dermatology

Symptoms itchiness, pimple-like rash[2]

Usual onset 2–6 weeks (first infection), ~1 day (subsequent infections)[2]

Causes Sarcoptes scabiei mite spread by close contact[3]

Risk factors Crowded living conditions (child care facilities, group homes, prisons), lack of access to
water[3][4]

Diagnostic method Based on symptoms[5]

Differential diagnosis Seborrheic dermatitis, dermatitis herpetiformis, pediculosis, atopic dermatitis.

Medication Permethrin, crotamiton, lindane, ivermectin

1454.) Ewing's sarcoma or Ewing sarcoma (/ˈjuːɪŋ/) is a malignant small, round, blue cell tumor. It is a
rare disease in which cancer cells are found in the bone or in soft tissue. The most common areas in
which it occurs are the pelvis, the femur, the humerus, the ribs and clavicle (collar bone).

Signs and symptoms include: intermittent fevers, anemia, leukocytosis, increased sedimentation rate,
and other symptoms of inflammatory systemic illness.

Ewing's sarcoma is a small-blue-round-cell tumor that typically has a clear cytoplasm on H&E staining,
due to glycogen. The presence of the glycogen can be demonstrated with positive PAS staining and
negative PAS diastase staining. The characteristic immunostain is CD99,

On conventional radiographs, the most common osseous presentation is a permeative lytic lesion with
periosteal reaction. The classic description of lamellated or "onion-skin" type periosteal reaction is often
associated with this lesion.
An osteosarcoma (OS) or osteogenic sarcoma (OGS) is a cancerous tumor in a bone. Specifically, it is an
aggressive malignant neoplasm that arises from primitive transformed cells of mesenchymal origin (and
thus a sarcoma).

Signs and symptoms

Many patients first complain of pain that may be worse at night, may be intermittent and of varying
intensity and may have been occurring for some time. Teenagers who are active in sports often complain
of pain in the lower femur, or immediately below the knee. If the tumor is large, it can present as overt
localised swelling. Sometimes a sudden fracture is the first symptom, because affected bone is not as
strong as normal bone and may fracture abnormally with minor trauma. In cases of more deep-seated
tumors that are not as close to the skin, such as those originating in the pelvis, localised swelling may not
be apparent.

The route to osteosarcoma diagnosis usually begins with an X-ray, continues with a combination of scans
(CT scan, PET scan, bone scan, MRI) and ends with a surgical biopsy.

A characteristic often seen in an X-ray is Codman's triangle, which is basically a subperiosteal lesion
formed when the periosteum is raised due to the tumor. Films are suggestive, but bone biopsy is the only
definitive method to determine whether a tumor is malignant or benign.

1457.) Cornea: the transparent layer forming the front of the eye.

The sclera, also known as the white of the eye, is the opaque, fibrous, protective, outer layer of the eye
containing mainly collagen and some elastic fiber.
Conjunctiva: the mucous membrane that covers the front of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelids.

1458.) The radius is the larger of the two bones of the forearm. The end toward the wrist is called the
distal end.
Garden spade deformity- reverse colles fracture
Cubitus varus (varus means a deformity of a limb in which part of it is deviated towards the midline of
the body) is a common deformity in which the extended forearm is deviated towards midline of the
body. Cubitus varus is often referred to as "Gunstock deformity", due to the crooked nature of the
healing.

Genu valgum, commonly called "knock-knee", is a condition in which the knees angle in and touch each
other when the legs are straightened. Individuals with severe valgus deformities are typically unable to
touch their feet together while simultaneously straightening the legs.
Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is a medical imaging technique that uses
magnetic resonance imaging to visualize the biliary and pancreatic ducts in a non-invasive manner. This
procedure can be used to determine if gallstones are lodged in any of the ducts surrounding the
gallbladder.

In addition to gallstones, cholecystitis can be due to:

infection of the CBD drainage system.

a CBD blockage.

excess cholesterol in the gallbladder, which can happen during pregnancy or after rapid weight loss.
decreased blood supply to the gallbladder because of diabetes.

tumors in the liver or pancreas.

holangitis, is an infection of the bile duct (cholangitis), usually caused by bacteria ascending from its
junction with the duodenum (first part of the small intestine). It tends to occur if the bile duct is already
partially obstructed by gallstones.[1][2]

Cholangitis can be life-threatening, and is regarded as a medical emergency.[1] Characteristic symptoms

include yellow discoloration of the skin or whites of the eyes, fever, abdominal pain, and in severe cases,
low blood pressure and confusion. Initial treatment is with intravenous fluids and antibiotics, but there is
often an underlying problem (such as gallstones or narrowing in the bile duct) for which further tests and
treatments may be necessary, usually in the form of endoscopy to relieve obstruction of the bile duct.

1467.) Mefloquine is used as a treatment for chloroquine-sensitive or resistant Plasmodium falciparum

malaria.

1478.) Sarcoidosis is a disease involving abnormal collections of inflammatory cells that form lumps
known as granulomas. The disease usually begins in the lungs, skin, or lymph nodes. Less commonly
affected are the eyes, liver, heart, and brain. Any organ, however, can be affected.

1482.)
1486.) Extracampine Hallucinations are the hallucinations which are outside the limit of sensory
apparatus means when a person can hear sounds of another person who is in another city without any
medium like phone or internet etc. This is actually a auditory hallucination here.

Lilliputian hallucination: An hallucination in which things, people, or animals seem smaller than they
would be in real life.

Alice in Wonderland syndrome is a disorienting neuropsychological condition that affects perception.

People experience size distortion such as micropsia, macropsia, pelopsia, or teleopsia. Size distortion
may occur of other sensory modalities.

It is often associated with migraines, and the use of psychoactive drugs. It can also be the initial
symptom of the Epstein–Barr virus (see mononucleosis).[2] AiWS can be caused by abnormal amounts of
electrical activity causing abnormal blood flow in the parts of the brain that process visual perception
and texture.[3]

Anecdotal reports suggest that the symptoms are common in childhood,[4] with many people growing
out of them in their teens. It appears that AiWS is also a common experience at sleep onset,[5] and has
been known to commonly arise due to a lack of sleep.

Hypnagogic or hypnopompic hallucinations are visual, tactile, auditory, or other sensory events, usually
brief but occasionally prolonged, that occur at the transition from wakefulness to sleep (hypnagogic) or
from sleep to wakefulness (hypnopompic).
A hypnagogic hallucination is a vivid, dream-like sensation that an individual hears, sees, feels or even
smells and that occurs near the onset of sleep. As the individual falls asleep, for example, he experiences
intense hypnagogic hallucinations and imagines that there are other people in his room.

1490.) Women under age 50 should have an ESR under 20 mm/hr.

The normal range is 0-22 mm/hr for men and 0-29 mm/hr for women.

1493.) In medicine, a truss is a kind of surgical appliance, particularly one used for hernia patients. A
truss provides support for the herniated area, using a pad and belt

Inguinal hernia repairs are of the following three general types: Herniotomy (removal of the hernial sac
only) Herniorrhaphy (herniotomy plus repair of the posterior wall of the inguinal canal) Hernioplasty
(herniotomy plus reinforcement of the posterior wall of the inguinal canal with a synthetic mesh).

1495.) The normal values for prolactin are: Males: less than 20 ng/dL (425 mIU/L ) Nonpregnant females:
5 to 40 ng/dL (106 to 850 mIU/L) Pregnant women: 80 to 400 ng/dL (1,700 to 8,500 mIU/L)
1498.) Gardenella: Methods of antibiotic treatment include metronidazole[10] and clindamycin,[11][12]
[13] in both oral and vaginal gel/cream forms.

G. vaginalis is associated with bacterial vaginosis,[14] which may be asymptomatic,[15] or may have
symptoms including vaginal discharge, vaginal irritation, and a "fish-like" odor. In the amine whiff test,
10% KOH is added to the discharge; a positive result is indicated if a fishy smell is produced. This and
other tests can be used to distinguish between vaginal symptoms related to G. vaginalis and those
caused by other organisms, such as Trichomonas and Candida albicans, which are similar and may
require different treatment. Trichomonas vaginalis and G. vaginalis have similar clinical presentations
and can cause a frothy gray or yellow-green vaginal discharge, pruritus, and produce a positive "whiff-
test". The two can be distinguished using a wet-mount slide, where a swab of the vaginal epithelium is
diluted and then placed onto a slide for observation under a microscope. Gardnerella reveals a classic
"clue cell" under the microscope, showing bacteria adhering to the surface of squamous epithelial
cells.

1500.) The Romberg test is a test of the body's sense of positioning (proprioception), which requires
healthy functioning of the dorsal columns of the spinal cord. The Romberg test is used to investigate the
cause of loss of motor coordination (ataxia).

exam of neurological function for balance, and also as a test for driving under the influence of an
intoxicant.

The Trendelenburg Test or Brodie-Trendelenburg test is a test which can be carried out as part of a
physical examination to determine the competency of the valves in the superficial and deep veins of the
legs in patients with varicose veins.

Trendelenburg's sign: Not to be confused with Trendelenburg test.

Trendelenburg's sign is found in people with weak or paralyzed abductor muscles of the hip, namely
gluteus medius and gluteus minimus.

An inability to perform this motion in a relatively rapid cadence is abnormal. The heel to shin test is a
measure of coordination and may be abnormal if there is loss of motor strength, proprioception or a
cerebellar lesion.

1503.) Addison's disease, also known as primary adrenal insufficiency and hypocortisolism, is a long-
term endocrine disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce enough steroid hormones.
Symptoms generally come on slowly and may include abdominal pain, weakness, and weight loss.

1505.) It is often a sign of myocardial ischemia, of which coronary insufficiency is a major cause. Other
ischemic heart diseases causing ST depression include: Subendocardial ischemia or even infarction.
Subendocardial means non full thickness ischemia.

Simvastatin, marketed under the trade name Zocor among others, is a lipid-lowering medication. It is
used along with exercise, diet, and weight loss to decrease elevated lipid levels.
1506.)

Melena occurs in DU and vomiting occurs in GU

Malignancy is associated with GU

1510.) Meningitis: A classic symptom of meningitis is a blotchy rash that doesn't fade when a glass is
rolled over it, but this doesn't appear in many cases.

skin

If a rash doesn't fade under a glass, it's a sign of blood poisoning (septicaemia) caused by meningitis and
you should get medical advice right away.

The rash can be harder to see on dark skin. Check for spots on paler areas like the palms of the hands,
soles of the feet, the tummy, inside the eyelids, and the roof of the mouth.

a high temperature (fever) of 38C (100.4F) or above

feeling and being sick

irritability and a lack of energy

a headache

aching muscles and joints

breathing quickly

cold hands and feet

pale, mottled skin

a stiff neck

confusion

a dislike of bright lights

drowsiness

fits (seizures)

Spinal tap (lumbar puncture). For a definitive diagnosis of meningitis, you'll need a spinal tap to collect
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In people with meningitis, the CSF often shows a low sugar (glucose) level
along with an increased white blood cell count and increased protein.

Commonly used meningitis treatments include a class of antibiotics called cephalosporins, especially
Claforan (cefotaxime) and Rocephin (ceftriaxone). Various penicillin-type antibiotics, aminoglycoside
drugs such as gentamicin, and others, are also used.

1512.) Pick's disease is a term that can be used in two different ways. It has traditionally been used as a
term for a group of neurodegenerative diseases with symptoms attributable to frontal and temporal lobe
dysfunction. Common symptoms that are noticed early are personality and emotional changes, as well
as deterioration of language.

The symptoms of Pick's disease include difficulty in language and thinking, efforts to dissociate from
family, behavioral changes, unwarranted anxiety, irrational fears, CBD (Compulsive buying disorder, or
oniomania), impaired regulation of social conduct (e.g., breaches of etiquette, vulgar language,
tactlessness, disinhibition, misperception), passivity, low motivation (aboulia), inertia, over-activity,
pacing and wandering.[2] It is a characteristic of Pick’s disease that dysfunctional, argumentative, or
hostile social conduct is initially exhibited towards family members and not initially exhibited in a
workplace or neutral environment.[citation needed] The changes in personality allow doctors to
distinguish between Pick's disease and Alzheimer's disease.[3] Pick's disease is one of the causes of the
clinical syndrome of frontotemporal lobar degeneration which has three subtypes. Pick's disease
pathology is associated more with the frontotemporal dementia and progressive nonfluent aphasia
subtypes than the semantic dementia subtype.

1515.) Alzheimer's disease (AD), also referred to simply as Alzheimer's, is a chronic neurodegenerative
disease that usually starts slowly and worsens over time.[1][2] It is the cause of 60–70% of cases of
dementia.[1][2] The most common early symptom is difficulty in remembering recent events (short-term
memory loss).[1] As the disease advances, symptoms can include problems with language, disorientation
(including easily getting lost), mood swings, loss of motivation, not managing self care, and behavioural
issues.[1][2] As a person's condition declines, they often withdraw from family and society.[1] Gradually,
bodily functions are lost, ultimately leading to death.[10] Although the speed of progression can vary,
the typical life expectancy following diagnosis is three to nine years.

1516.) Dysmenorrhea, also known as painful periods, or menstrual cramps, is pain during menstruation.

Menorrhagia: abnormally heavy bleeding at menstruation.

1519.) Anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody (anti-tTG), IgA: detects antibodies to tissue

transglutaminase, an enzyme that causes the crosslinking of certain proteins. Anti-tTG, IgA is the most
sensitive and specific blood test for celiac disease.

1520.)

Homonymous hemianopia

1534.) Sarcoidosis is a disease involving abnormal collections of inflammatory cells that form lumps
known as granulomas.[2] The disease usually begins in the lungs, skin, or lymph nodes.[2] Less
commonly affected are the eyes, liver, heart, and brain.[2] Any organ, however, can be affected.[2] The
signs and symptoms depend on the organ involved.[2] Often there are no, or only mild, symptoms.[2]
When it affects the lungs there may be wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or chest pain.[3] Some
may have Löfgren syndrome in which there is fever, large lymph nodes, arthritis, and a rash known as
erythema nodosum.

Specialty Rheumatology

Symptoms Depends on the organ involved[2]

Lungs: wheezing, cough, shortness of breath, chest pain[3]

Skin: lumps, ulcers, discolored skin[3]

Children: weight loss, bone pain, feeling tired[3]

Usual onset 20–50 year old women[4]

Risk factors Family history[4]

Diagnostic method Based on symptoms and tissue biopsy[6]

Differential diagnosis Tuberculosis, lymphoma, infectious mononucleosis,

pulmonary eosinophilia[7]

Treatment Ibuprofen, prednisone, methotrexate[8][9]

Wilms tumor, also known as nephroblastoma, is a cancer of the kidneys that typically occurs in children,
rarely in adults.

Typical signs and symptoms of Wilms tumor include the following:

a painless, palpable abdominal mass

loss of appetite

abdominal pain

fever

nausea and vomiting

blood in the urine (in about 20% of cases)

high blood pressure in some cases (especially if synchronous or metachronous bilateral kidney
involvement)

Rarely as varicocoele

Amyloidosis is a group of diseases in which abnormal protein, known as amyloid fibrils, builds up in
tissue.[4] Symptoms depend on the type and are often variable.[2] They may include diarrhea, weight
loss, feeling tired, enlargement of the tongue, bleeding, numbness, feeling faint with standing, swelling
of the legs, or enlargement of the spleen

Diagnosis: Tissue Biopsy

1535.) CA 153 Breast Cancer

CA 199 Pancreatic Cancer

carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a tumor marker used in colon cancer

1538.) Mirena – Progestin IUD

1539.) Primary aldosteronism, also sometimes called Conn syndrome, is an endocrine disorder
characterized by excessive secretion of the hormone aldosterone from the adrenal glands. This
overproduction leads to the retention of sodium and loss of potassium in the body, resulting in high
blood pressure

1540.) By definition, xanthochromia is the yellow discoloration indicating the presence of bilirubin in the
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and is used by some to differentiate in vivo hemorrhage from a traumatic LP.

The test is performed to try and identify patients who have had a subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) but
in whom the CT scan is negative. After SAH, haemolysis of erythrocytes releases haemoglobin, which is
converted to bilirubin. Bilirubin concentration reaches a maximum at about 48 hours and may last for 2
to 4 weeks after extensive bleeding. Because the formation of bilirubin after haemorrhage is a time-
dependent process, CSF must be sampled at least 12 hours after a suspected event.

1544.) delusions of reference describe the phenomenon of an individual's experiencing innocuous

events or mere coincidences and believing they have strong personal significance.

1547.) Venous statis ulcer: Edema and fibrinous exudate leads to fibrosis of subcutaneous tissues with
localized pigment loss and dilation of capillary loops. This is called atrophic blanche. This can occur
around ankles and gives an appearance of inverted champagne bottle to legs. Large ulcers may encircle
the leg. Lymphedema results from obliteration of superficial lymphatics. There is hypertrophy of
overlying epidermis giving polypoid appearance, known as lipodermatosclerosis.

Neuropathic ulcers form as a result of peripheral neuropathy, typically in diabetic patients. Local
paresthesias, or lack of sensation, over pressure points on the foot leads to extended microtrauma,
breakdown of overlying tissue, and eventual ulceration.

Bedsores — also called pressure ulcers and decubitus ulcers — are injuries to skin and underlying tissue
resulting from prolonged pressure on the skin. Bedsores most often develop on skin that covers bony
areas of the body, such as the heels, ankles, hips and tailbone

HHT: is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder that leads to abnormal blood vessel formation in the
skin, mucous membranes, and often in organs such as the lungs, liver, and brain.[1][2]
It may lead to nosebleeds, acute and chronic digestive tract bleeding, and various problems due to the
involvement of other organs. Treatment focuses on reducing bleeding from blood vessel lesions, and
sometimes surgery or other targeted interventions to remove arteriovenous malformations in organs.
Chronic bleeding often requires iron supplements and sometimes blood transfusions.

The diagnosis can be made depending on the presence of four criteria, known as the "Curaçao criteria".
[15] If three or four are met, a patient has "definite HHT", while two gives "possible HHT":

Spontaneous recurrent epistaxis

Multiple telangiectasias in typical locations (see above)

Proven visceral AVM (lung, liver, brain, spine)

First-degree family member with HHT

1553.) Scotoma: is an area of partial alteration in the field of vision consisting of a partially diminished or
entirely degenerated visual acuity that is surrounded by a field of normal – or relatively well-preserved –
vision.

tunnel vision. 1 : constriction of the visual field resulting in loss of peripheral vision

1558.) Koilonychia It refers to abnormally thin nails (usually of the hand) which have lost their convexity,
becoming flat or even concave in shape.
1559:
1560.) Amoxicillin, is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections.[3] It is the
first line treatment for middle ear infections.[3] It may also be used for strep throat, pneumonia, skin
infections, and urinary tract infections among others.[3] It is taken by mouth, or less commonly by
injection.
Cephalosporins

Overview

bactericidal

Mechanism

disrupts the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls

does so through competitive inhibition on PCB (penicllin binding proteins)

peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity.

same mechanicsm of action as beta-lactam antibiotics (such as penicillins)

Subclassification and tested examples

first generation cefazolin (Ancef, Kefzol)

second generation cefaclor (Ceclor)

third generationcefriazone (Rocephin)

fourth generationcefepime (Maxipime)

Penicillins

Mechanism interfer with bacterial cell wall synthesis

Fluoroquinolones

Mechanismblocks DNA replication via inhibition of DNA gyrase

Side effects

inhibit early fracture healing through toxic effects on chondrocytes

Aminoglycosides

Mechanism bactericidal -inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis

Vancomycin

Coveragegram-positive bacteria

Mechanism bactericidal- an inhibitor of cell wall synthesis

Rifampin

Most effective against intracellular phagocytized Staphylococcus aureus in macrophages

Linezolid

Linezolid binds to the 23S portion of the 50S subunit and acts by preventing the formation of the
initiation complex between the the 30S and 50S subunits of the ribosome.

1570.) Lower segment Caesarean section (LSCS)

1571.) A varicocele (VAR-ih-koe-seel) is an enlargement of the veins within the loose bag of skin that
holds your testicles (scrotum).
1576.)

1579.) he inability to "reduce", or place the bulge back into the abdomen usually means the hernia is
'incarcerated' which requires emergency surgery.

Significant pain is suggestive of strangulated bowel (an incarcerated indirect inguinal hernia).

1589.) Sulfathiazole is a short-acting sulfonamide antibiotic.

1591.) Myasthenia Gravis

Specialty Neurology

Symptoms Varying degrees muscle weakness, double vision,

drooping eyelids, trouble talking, trouble walking[1]

Usual onset Women under 40, men over 60[1]

Duration Long term[1]

Causes Autoimmune disease[1]

Diagnostic method Blood tests for specific antibodies, edrophonium

test, nerve conduction studies[1]

Differential diagnosis Guillain-Barre syndrome, botulism,

organophosphate poisoning, brainstem stroke[2]

Treatment Medications, surgical removal of the thymus,

plasmapheresis[1]

Medication Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (neostigmine,

pyridostigmine), immunosuppressants[1]
1592.) A child showing the characteristic "strawberry tongue" seen in Kawasaki disease[3]

Symptoms Fever > 5 days, large lymph nodes, rash, sore

throat, diarrhea[1]

Complications Coronary artery aneurysms[1]

Usual onset < 5 years old[1]

Duration ~ 3 weeks[1]

Causes Unknown[1]

Diagnostic method Based on symptoms, ultrasound of the heart[1]

Differential diagnosis Scarlet fever, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis[1]

Medication Aspirin, immunoglobulin[1]

Early stages include a rash and fever. Symptoms include high fever and peeling skin. In late stages, there
may be inflammation of medium size blood vessels (vasculitis).

a disease in which blood vessels throughout the body become inflamed.

The human parvovirus B19 causes parvovirus infection.

1593.) Parvovirus infection is a common and highly contagious childhood ailment — sometimes called
slapped-cheek disease because of the distinctive face rash that develops.

Human parvovirus infection is most common among elementary school-age children during outbreaks in
the winter and spring months, but anyone can become ill with it anytime of the year. It spreads from
person to person, just like a cold, often through respiratory secretions and hand-to-hand contact.

Parvovirus infection can also spread through blood. A pregnant woman who is infected can pass the virus
to her baby.

The illness is contagious in the week before the rash appears. Once the rash appears, the person with
the illness is no longer considered contagious and doesn't need to be isolated.

Parvovirus symptoms in children

Early signs and symptoms of parvovirus infection in children may include:

Fever

Upset stomach

Headache
Runny nose

1595.) Beneficence refers to actions that promote the well being of others. In the medical context, this
means taking actions that serve the best interests of patients and their families.

1607.) Raynaud syndrome, also known as Raynaud's phenomenon, is a medical condition in which spasm
of arteries cause episodes of reduced blood flow.[1] Typically the fingers, and less commonly the toes,
are involved.[1] Rarely, the nose, ears, or lips are affected.[1] The episodes result in the affected part
turning white and then blue.[2] Often, there is numbness or pain.[2] As blood flow returns, the area
turns red and burns.[2] The episodes typically last minutes, but can last up to several hours.[2]

Episodes are often triggered by cold or emotional stress.[2] There are two main types: primary
Raynaud's, when the cause is unknown, and secondary Raynaud's, which occurs as a result of another
condition.[3] Secondary Raynaud's can occur due to a connective tissue disorder, such as scleroderma or
lupus, injuries to the hands, prolonged vibration, smoking, thyroid problems, and certain medications,
such as birth control pills.[6] Diagnosis is typically based on the symptoms

Symptoms An affected part turning white, then blue, then red,

burning[2]

Complications skin sores, gangrene[2]

Usual onset 15–30 year old, typically females[3][4]

Duration Up to several hours per episode[2]

Risk factors Cold, emotional stress[2]

Diagnostic method Based on the symptoms[3]

Differential diagnosis Causalgia, erythromelalgia[5]

Treatment Avoiding cold, calcium channel blockers, iloprost.

Telangiectasia is a condition in which widened venules (tiny blood vessels) cause threadlike red lines or
patterns on the skin. These patterns, or telangiectases, form gradually and often in clusters. They're
sometimes known as “spider veins” because of their fine and weblike appearance.
Scleroderma is a group of autoimmune diseases that may result in changes to the skin, blood vessels,
muscles, and internal organs.[2][6] The disease can be either localized to the skin or involve other organs
in addition to the skin.[2] Symptoms may include areas of thickened skin, stiffness, feeling tired, and
poor blood flow to the fingers or toes with cold exposure.[1] One form of the condition, known as CREST
syndrome, classically results in calcium deposits, Raynaud's syndrome, esophageal problems, thickening
of the skin of the fingers and toes, and areas of small dilated blood vessels.

1615.) Endometrial ablation is an outpatient medical procedure that is used to remove (ablate) or
destroy the endometrial lining of the uterus in women who have heavy menstrual bleeding. Endometrial
ablation should never be performed on women who wish to have children.

1629.) Lewy body dementia:

Symptoms Dementia, abnormal behavior during REM sleep,

fluctuations in alertness, visual hallucinations,
slowness of movement[1]

Usual onset After the age of 50[2]

Diagnostic method Based on symptoms and biomarkers[1]

Differential diagnosis Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease, Parkinson's

disease dementia, or certain mental illnesses, vascular dementia[4][5]

Medication Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors such as donepezil

and rivastigmine,[1] melatonin[6]

Prognosis Average survival 8 years from diagnosis

169.) Signs and symptoms of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

The symptoms of CAH vary depending upon the form of CAH and the sex of the patient. Symptoms can
include:

Due to inadequate mineralocorticoids:

vomiting due to salt-wasting leading to dehydration and death

Due to excess androgens:

functional and average sized penis in cases involving extreme virilization (but no sperm)

ambiguous genitalia, in some females, such that it can be initially difficult to identify external genitalia as
"male" or "female".

early pubic hair and rapid growth in childhood

precocious puberty or failure of puberty to occur (sexual infantilism: absent or delayed puberty)

excessive facial hair, virilization, and/or menstrual irregularity in adolescence

infertility due to anovulation

clitoromegaly, enlarged clitoris and shallow vagina[3]

Due to insufficient androgens and estrogens:[citation needed]

Undervirilization in XY males, which can result in apparently female external genitalia

In females, hypogonadism can cause sexual infantilism or abnormal pubertal development, infertility,
and other reproductive system abnormalities

174.) G-CSF (granulocyte-colony stimulating factor)

1569.)