Introduction to A&P Anatomy & Physiology = study of

(Chapter 1) characteristics
Common Characteristics Of Living Things:
Lecture Materials
1. Organization: pattern that differs from
for environment, involves regulation of
internal conditions within limits
Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.
2. Responsiveness: (irritability), responding to
Suffolk County Community College changes in environment.
Adaptation = long term response
Eastern Campus
3. Growth and Differentiation
Growth = increase in size/cell number
Primary Sources for figures and content: Differentiation = specialization of cells to
Marieb, E. N. Human Anatomy & Physiology 6th ed. San Francisco: Pearson Benjamin
Cummings, 2004. perform particular functions
Martini, F. H. Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology 6th ed. San Francisco: Pearson
Benjamin Cummings, 2004.
4. Reproduction
5. Movement
Internal –transport substances in body
External – move around environment
6. Metabolism and Excretion
Metabolism = all chemical processes in
the body (building and breaking
molecules)

“Form Follows Function” Levels of Organization

the shape of a structure is related to its use (on handout)

Anatomy = study of internal and external

structures of body and their relationships
to each other: “Form”
Gross Anatomy = macroscopic, see by eye
Microscopic Anatomy = cell and molecule
level, need microscope
Cytology = study of cells
Histology = study of tissues (groups of
specialized cells that work together
to perform functions)

Physiology = study of how organism perform

functions: (“Function”) The pattern of organization at the lower levels
determines both the characteristics and
Human Anatomy and Physiology = the study functions at the higher levels
of the form and function of the human
body

Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 1 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Notes

Homeostasis = “unchanging sameness”, the Homeostatic Regulation Mechanism:
maintenance of a relatively constant 1. Receptor - sensor that detects
internal environment, essential to life stimulus (change)
2. Control/Integration Center - receives
Homeostatic Regulation and processes info from receptor
(keeping within set limits) 3. Effector - cell/organ that responds to
1. Autoregulation (Intrinsic Regulation) – direction from control center to
activities of a cell/tissue/organ/system oppose or enhance the stimulus
adjust automatically in response to
environmental change.
2. Extrinsic Regulation – results from
activities of nervous or endocrine systems
-Nervous system: directs rapid, short term,
specific responses
-Endocrine system: works through
hormones, slow to act but long lasting
effects

Negative Feedback Positive Feedback

-oscillations around a set point -effectors respond by exaggerating or
-effector activated by control center enhancing the stimulus
opposes stimulus -typically used to deal with threat or stress
-most common homeostatic e.g.
regulation blood clotting: clotting causes more
too much X = ! X clotting until wound is plugged
too little X = " X birth: contractions promote more
e.g. body temperature: contractions until delivery
too hot, sweat to cool
too cold, shiver to heat

Homeostasis use requires coordinated efforts

of multiple organ systems: human body
integrated to support life

“Normal” runs a range, no absolute

Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 2 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Notes

Anatomical Terms -Femoral region= thigh
-Crural region= front of leg
Anatomical position -Sural region=calf
supine = face up -Tarsal region= ankle
prone = face down -Pedal region= top of foot
-Plantar region= sole of foot
Body Regions:
(on handout)
-Cephalic region = head
-Cervical region = neck
-Thoracic region = chest
-Brachial region = arm
-Antebrachial region = forearm
-Carpal region = wrist
-Manual region = hand
-Abdominal region = belly
-Lumbar region = lower back
-Gluteal region = butt
-Pelvic region = hips
-Pubic region = anterior pelvis
-Inguinal region = groin

Abdominopelvic region = trunk of body, Anatomist recognize 9 abdominopelvic regions:

contains most of the organs
Clinicians divide it into 4 regions: Right
hypochondriac
region Epigastric

Right lumbar Umbilical

region
Right inguinal Hypogastric
region

Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 3 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Notes

Directional Terms: Planes of Section
(handout) (handout)
-Anterior = front 1. Transverse plane =
-Posterior = back (behind) -cross section
-Ventral = belly -right angle to long axis
-Dorsal = back (spine) -superior and
-Cranial/Cephalic = head inferior sections
Transverse
-Caudal = tail result
-Superior = above (hyper) 2. Frontal/Coronal plane
-Inferior = below (hypo) -parallel to long axis
-Medial = toward the center -anterior and posterior
-Lateral = away from center, sections result
peripheral 3. Sagittal plane
-Proximal = near the point -parallel to long axis
of attachment -right and left sections
-Distal = away from the result
point of attachment
-Superficial = at the surface
-Deep = farther from the
surface

Body Cavities Ventral Body Cavity:

Vital organs suspended in chambers called divided by diaphragm into:
body cavities 1. Thoracic cavity-
Functions: -heart and lungs
1. Protect organs 2. Abdominopelvic cavity-
2. Permit changes in size & shape of organs -”guts” (viscera)

Two Major cavities:

(handout)
1. Dorsal body cavity
2.Ventral body cavity
-Organs in ventral cavity are called viscera
Dorsal body cavity -Surrounded by serous membrane called
divided into: serosa:
1. Cranial cavity--brain -Visceral serosa surrounds organ
2. Spinal cavity--spinal cord -Parietal serosa lines cavity

Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 4 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Notes

Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity
1. Right and most also peritoneal cavity =
Left Pleural cavities anything contained in peritoneum
-contain lungs (serosa of peritoneal cavity)
-serosa = pleura: if outside peritoneum = retroperitoneal
visceral pleura covers lung 1. Abdominal cavity
parietal pleura lines cavity Peritoneal:
2. Pericardial cavity -liver,
-contains heart -stomach,
-serosa = pericardium: -spleen,
visceral pericardium covers heart -small intestine,
parietal pericardium lines cavity -most of large
3. Mediastinum intestine
-division between pleural cavities Retroperitoneal:
-contains: -kidneys
pericardial cavity (heart) -pancreas
esophagus,
trachea, thymus

2. Pelvic cavity
Retroperitoneal:
-inferior large
intestine,
-inferior urinary
bladder,
-some reproductive
organs
Peritoneal:
-superior urinary
bladder,
-ovaries,
-uterus

Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 5 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Notes