Energy
- ability to do work or to transfer heat. surroundings
system
- unit is Joule (J)
1 J = 1 kg-m2/s2
1 calorie = 4.184 J boundary
-P V
W = -P can exchange only
* compression of gas energy with its
closed thermometer
force surroundings but not
mass
cannot exchange
mass & energy with
isolated styrofor ice box
gas h its surroundings
note:
Enthalpy of Reaction (or heat of reaction), Hr S(s) + O2(g) SO2(g) ΔHr = -296.9 kJ
- energy released or absorbed as a result of a certain SO2(g) + ½O2(g) SO3(g) ΔHr = -98.3 kJ
reaction SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(l) ΔHr = -130.2 kJ
Hr = Hf products - Hf reactants
Net rxn : S(s) + 3/2O2(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(l)
Standard State of A Substance ΔHr = (-296.9)+(-98.3)+(-130.2)
- pure form of a substance at atmospheric pressure (1 ΔHr = -525.4 kJ
atm) and temperature of 25 C.
Exercises:
Standard Enthalpy of Reaction, Hr 1. Given the following thermochemical equations:
- is the enthalpy change when all reactants & products H2S(g) + 3/2O2 H2O(l) + SO2(g) Hr = -562.6 kJ
are in their standard states. The superscript CS2(l) + 3O2(g) CO2(g) + 2SO2(g) Hr = -1075.2 kJ
indicates standard state conditions. Calculate the value of Hr for the reaction:
CS2(l) + 2H2O(l) CO2(g) + 2H2S(g)
2. Given the following thermochemical equations:
Guidelines in Using Thermochemical Equations: 4NH3(g) + 3O2(g) 2N2(g) + 6H2O(l) ΔHr=-1531 kJ
1. Enthalpy is an extensive property
N2O(g) + H2(g) N2(g) + H2O(l) ΔHr=-367.4 kJ
- H is dependent on the amount of reactant
H2(g) + ½O2(g) H2O(l) ΔHr=-285.9 kJ
consumed in the process.
ex: Calculate the value of ΔHΔHr for the reaction:
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) H = -890 kJ 2NH3(g) + 3N2O(g) 4N2(g) + 3H2O(l)
2CH4(g) + 4O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 4H2O(l) H = -1780 kJ
Measuring H
Direct Method
Hr = nHf(prod) -
-nHf(react)
Exercises:
1. Calculate Hr for the following:
a. C6H6(l) + 15/2O2(g) 6CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
b. NH3(g) + HCl(g) NH4Cl(s)
c. 2H2S(g) + 3O2(g) 2H2O(l) + 2SO2(g)