6.1 INTRODUCTION
In the Unit 5, you were introduced to the notion of a real sequence and its convergence to a
limit. It was also stated that one of the main aims of discussing the real sequences and its
convergenceewasto find a method of obtaining the sum of an infinite number of real
numbers. In other words, we have to give a meaning to the infinite sums of the forms
1 + - 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 +.............
where the ' ....,.............' is interpreted to indicate the remainiiig infifiite number of
additions which have to be performed. The clear explanation of this concept will, then, lead
us to conclude that it is possible to achieve the addition of an infinite number of real
numbers, by using the limiting process of the real sequences.
To give a satisfactory meaning toathesllmmation of the infinite number of the terms of a
sequence, we have to d@ne a summation which is popularly known as an infinite series.
The infinite series have been classified mainly into two categories - the positive term
series and the general Series. What are, then, the positive term series and
the general series? We shall try to find answers for these questions, T h e
summation of an infinite series of real numbers is directly connected with the convergence of
the associated real sequences. We shall, therefore, give a meaning to the term
associated sequence for an infinite series and hence its convergence which
will lead us ultimately. to find the sum of an infinite series.
L
Although the famous Greek philosopher and mathematician, Archimedes had summed up the
well-known Geometric Series, yet other results on infinite series did not appear in Europe
until the 14th century when Nicole Oresme [I 330-1382] showed that the Harmonic series
diverges. Since then, a lbt of work has been going on in this direction. There is evidence that
this type of work was known in lndia also as early as in 1550. Indeed, even modem work has
shown evidence of the discovery of a number of mathematical ideas pertaining to the infinite
series in China, India and Persia much before they came to be known in Europe. In the 17th
century, there seemed to be little concern for the convergence of the,infinite series. But
during the 18th century, two ~rench*mathematicians D'Alethbert and Cauchy devised
, remarkable tests for the convergence of infinite series under certain conditions which we shall
discuss in this unit. Also, we shall discuss, in this unit, a few more tests for the
Sequences and Series , convergence of the infinite series when these two basic tests fail to help us in knowing the
convergence of the Infinite Series.
' Objectives
Therefore, after studying this unit, you should be able to
* define an infinite series as well as a positive term series .
I.. define the associated sequence of partial sums associated with an infinite series and
hence its convergence
* use the Ratio and Root Tests to determine the convergence of infinite series
I.. apply Integral Test and few more tests to discuss convergence of positive term series.
.- - - -- 1
1
n ). Such an
which is nothing but a summation of the infinite number of terms of ( -
expresiion is known as an infinite series.
In general, we define an inf~niteseries as follows:
DEFINITION 1: INFINITE SERIES
If ( un ) be r sequence of real numbers, then the expression
We find the sum of first renn, first two terms, first three terins, ...........,first n terms of the
series and denote them by,s,, 3, s,, ........ s, respectively. Then, we have
s1 = l (sum of the f"st term)
30
Positive Term G x - i ~ @
1
s2= 14-z (sirn~of the first two terms)
, ,
1 1 1
sn = 1 + - + - + .. + suit^ of the first n ternls)
2 4
Then the sequence ( s n ) = (s,, s,, ...) is called the sequence of partial sum o r (simply
associated sequence) of ihc series C I I ~where
, s, is calIed the first partial sum, s, tile
2nd partial sum, s, the 3 r d partial sum, ...,
sn the nth partiaI sullr and so on.
-
f
I
For instance, in case of scries C (-1)"" = 1-l+l-I-t .... s, 1, s, = 0 (sum of first two
I 02 l
I
I
1 However, if we consider the series C (-1)"
nt 1
- -I+l-1.1-!-I+ .... thed
otherwise
. .
Now, you try the following exercise.
EXERCISE 1
Find the sequence of partial sums of the following series:
i) l t T 1+ T + 1. . . ; ii) 1 +2+3+...
-
-,-
I
Having defined a sequence associated with a series, we are in a position to define
convergence of a scries and then, give a meaning to the phrase 'surn of an infinite series'.
03
.Let XU,, be an infinite series a n d (sn) be its sequence of partial sum i.e., sn= rr, + u, t
n=l
... t
u,, V n 2 I. If the sequence ( s n ) converges to s, wc say that the series C usconverges Note t h ~ when
t
03 ra m
I to s and we write 2 s, = s. The11 Is' is called the sum of series C un. u, = converge, the symbol
k=1
11*1
11=1 '
1 31
Sequences cYr Scries However, if the associated sequence ( s w )diverges, we say that the ,
CO
series C
11x1 u,, diverges. If the sequence ( s n ) diverges to +* o r -*, we write
a
un = +m or Z un = - m, respectively.
II=I n-l
As'you have seen above, for the series x (-I)"", the associated sequence is (1, 0, 1, 0.
n 21
.....), which does not converges. Thus the series C (-1)"" is divergent. However, it
n 21
neither diverges to + a, nor to - 0 3 .
EXAMINE 2: Examine the convergence of the following infinite series:
Im
" 1
ii) n=l
n; . iii) 'x[l+(-l)"+'l.
n=l
k
SOL TION ': (i) Consider the series C l i. Here sn =
--,
n=l 2
I + --j-
2
1 + ... + 1 .
Using, simple induction arguements, it is easy to see that
" O 1
Since ( s,, ) converges to I , the series C
n=12
converges to I (by above definition) and
CO
The sequence ( s n ) is unbounded and, so, is divergent. Thus the series En is divergent.
n=I
m
iii) Consider the series. C[1 + (-1)"+']. As before, ( sn) is 2 or 0 according as n is
n= I
odd or even. Thus, ( s n )= (2, 0, 2, 0, ...) is divergent. Therefore, the series is divergent.
Note that the following results follow immediately froin the definition of convergence of
the series.
I. The addition, omission or change of a finite number of terms of a series does not
affect its behaviour regarding its convergence or divergence.
11. Multiplying the terms of a series by a non-zero uumber does not affect its
behaviour as regards its convergence or divergence.
EXERCISE 2 .
i) Let a t (a+d) + (a+2d) + ......... = x (a+ (n-1)d) be an arithmetic series. Prove
m
n= l
that the series diverges to +* o r -* according as d 5 0 or d < 0. What can
you say if d = O?
ii) If a series u, + ......... converges to s, then prove that u, + u, + u, +
........
m 1
iii) Prove that the series
I
C
"=I n(n+l)
converges to the sum 1.
-
i) x ( u n + vn) converges to s+t; and
n=I
ro
-
We know that, lim (sll 1- tll) = !im sll+ li~ntll = si-t. I-Jence (un+ vll) converges to s+t.
n+r n-,* n-P r 11-1
z
This proves (i).
m
For (ii), observe that the n'll partial sum of the series cun is
11" 1
"0,
Since 1i1-n (csn) = c lirn s,] = CS,therefore the series cun converges to cs.
n+m 11-m 11=1
In the following theorem, we have shown that if the series is convergent, then all the
terms after some stage must beco~nearbitrary small.
THEOREM 2: If z u,,is
93
n= l
a convergent series, then lirn un = 0.
113'
m
PROOF: Suppose 21 un = s.
11-
l'hen lim sll = s, where ( s n ) is the sequence of partial sums
n.+r
u3
of tlie series C
n-l
un. Now. since l i ~ nsn = s, therefore lini s
n-) r 11-P~C
~ =- s~as well. Also,
ul, = sn- sn-, implies that l i ~ nun = lirn ( sn - sn-[) = lirn sn - l i ~ nso_,= s - s = 0.
n-1 n-P c n-r~j n- bm
m
Thus, linl un = 0 is a necessary co~lditionfor un to converge.
n-tx nzl
At times, this little result is very useful. We would suggest you to make use of this
result as a tool while tesing the colivergence or divergence of a series. So, if for a series
un, you are able to show that l i ~ nun s 0, then it is easy to deduce that
n->'c
00
I
I
series 2 un does not converge. For example, using Theorem 2, you can quickly deduce
n= 1
00
~ n
that the series - is not convergent becausc lint --
n+= n f 1
n = I + 0 in.this case.
n-w n+l
-
I
I However, the converse of tlie above heorem is not true i.e., the condition lirn un 0 is
n+x
I
m
I not a sufficient condition for the convergence of x u n . In other words, tliere are divergent
,.
n;.l '
m
' . series 1 un with
n=I
un = 0. For cxnmple, lim
n+x
.& = 0, but the sequence of partial sums
.of the series Cx1 is known to be a divergent series. (see pp.16-17 of the block)
r
1
In Unit 5, you have learnt the Caucliy criterion for the convergence of a sequence.
Closely connected with this. is Cauchy's Pri~lcipleof convergence of infinite series. We
?
I state and prove this theorem as follows.
I
(1
Sequences & Scrics THEOREM 3: CAUCHY PRINCIPLE OF CONVERGENCE
m
The series 1 un converges if and only if, given E > 0, there exists m E N
n=l
such that
:1 1
C
+,.
ur < G, whenever n, k 3 m (n > k).
PROOF: Let ( s n) be the sequence of partial sums of the series C un. By Cauchy's
principle of convergence of sequence, (s,) is convergent iff, given F, > 0, there exists
m E 1
N such that 1s" - sk < 6, for n, k > m, (n > k). But sn - sk = i: u,, and since
r=k+l
convergence of the sequence (sn) implies the convergence of C u , it follows that C un
is convergent iff, given E > 0, tilere exists m EN such that
Let us use Cauchy's principle of convergence to test the convergence of the harrnoriic
series.
1 1
EXAMPLE 3: Test the convergence of the series 1 + - + - + ...
2 3
1
But L.H.S. > - + -+1 1 m-
....... 4- 2m
-= 1 =-1
2m 2m 2m 2 '
1
This will lead to a contradiction, if we choose E < - . Hence, the series
2
converge.
EXERCISE 3
00 OD 00
iii) Prove that if C un converges and C vn diverges, then C (un + vn) diverges.
n=l n=l n=l
ca
iv) Give an example of a series C un such that
riel
(u, + u,) + (u, + u,) i- ... converges, but.u, + u, + u, + u, + ... does not
converge.
The infinite series series have been divided into two major classes: The positive term
series and the series with arbitrary terms both positive and negative t e n s , called the
-general series. We shall study the positive term series in this unit while the series with
arbitrary terms (general series) will be discussed in Unit 7. .
~ o s i t i v c ' ~ e ~Series
.m
4.3 SERIES OF POSITIVE TERMS
A series u,,, where u,, ,0 for all n, is called a series of positive terms or a positive
term series.
THEOREM 4: Let C II,, be a series of positive terms with associated sequence (s,,).
n=l
UJ m
Then C 11" converges if ( st,) is bounded, and C 11" diverges to +a if ( s n ) is
n=l n=l
unbounded.
s -s
8
S21;
=
1
--+ -
6
I
1
1
4- -
7
--
1 1 . 1
+ -- > - ; and, in general,
8
1
- S2k-l= 2L-1+1 f 2 -1- + ... + -
2
2k
5.
-
1 -. -
7k-I -- -
'
1
,
2k
,,
G
.
and so,
-,
I
This shows that ( sn) is itself unbounded. Hence the series 15'1 divergers to + oo,
a,
Next, we consider another important series C x n, called the geometric series with
n= I
n=l
1
1-x
, if 0 < x < 1,
and diverges to cc, if x 2 1.
SOLUTlON ; If x>l, tlleli the sequence ( sll) associated with the series
1
I 5 rn
n=!
~f positiva tenns is unbounded, Indeed
1 But (n) is unbounded and hellce divs@ent. Thercforc ( s n ) is divergent and hence the
giver! series is divergent for x 2 I .
From Exercise 4 (i), it follows that the behaviour of a series of non-negalive terms is
determined by that of a series of positive terms. In other words, the convergence or
divergence of the positive term series and the non-negative term series is same.
Now, let us study some tests of convergence of the positive term series. In Section 6.4, we
discuss some general tests and in Section 6.5, we shall study some special tests of
convergence.
THEOREM 5: Let x u,
n=1
and x v,
n=l
be any two series of positive terms.
un V
111) Suppose there exists a positive integer m such that-2 - for
11
"n+1 v n - i ~
n 2 m. Then if Cv, is convergent, xu,, is convergent and if Cu, i s .
divergent, Cv, is diverge*>+
.e=-.
PNOOF:I. since' u, < kv, for all n, therefore
Suppose C vn is convergent.
Since X v, converges, there musoexis1 a positive number A such that
Sinlilarly you can show that C u, is divergent implies that 2 v,is divergent.
U"
which implies that !2--
V"
2 0.
such that
Consider
Using (I),it follows that if 2 v, converges. u,, also converges. Further if 2 u, diverges,
then vn also diverges.
ID) Putting n=m, m+l, m-e2, m+3, . . . . n-2, n-1 in the given inequality, we get
Sequences and Series Multiplying the correspop2ing sides of the above inequalities, we get
L, L Vn>m
U" V"
U" V Vn>m
i.e. -< -
um Vrn
"
"m
is a positive fixed number. Let %= k, where k is a fixed positive number. Then
vm
obviously, by using I, it follows that if C v, converges, then C u, converges
and if 1 u, diverges, then v, diverges.
This completes the proof of the theorem.
EXAMPLE 5: Test the convergence of the following series:
1
Clearly 2"-'+ p for each n. That is, each term of the first series is less than the
corresponding term of the second series. Hence, by *theComparison Test (I) the given series
converges.
1 1 1
ii) Consider the series 1 + -+ - + ........+- +- : . . .
4-5 43 &
Let us compare this series with the Harmonic Series
I
I --
1 1 <
1 -- 1
- ?,,-I , and so on.
n!-n(n-1) ... 3.2 2 x 2 .~. . x 2
1 1 1
- + - + - + ... converges. Hence, by Comparison Test (I), the given
We also know that 2 22 23 . -
1 1 1 1
series converges. This series 1 + - + - + - + ............ + 7 + ......... is a very
l! 2! 31 n.
important series. The number to which it converges, is denoted by e, which, as you know,
is called the exponential number o r transcendental number.
You would have !~otedthat, in order to use the Colnparison Test I, you must liave a large
number of known convergent and divergent series.
8 Let us now discuss important series which is frequently used for the Colnparisoi~Tests.
1 1 1 1
This is known as the p-series namely 7 + - + - + ......... + - + ............
1 2P 3P nP
I where p is a positive real number. Let us investigate the behaviour of the p-series for
different values of p.
The p-series is one of most important series. Its behaviour changes from divergence to .
convergence as we go from p=l to p'> 1.
We state and prove the following theorem known as p-test for its convergence which depends
upon the values of p.
THEOREM 5 : ( p-Test)
Case 1: Let p = 1. The series is just the Harmonic Series, which has already been shown to
be divergent.
Case 2: Let p < 1.
1 1
, Since p < 1, np 5 n and hence - 2 -for each n. In other words, each term of the series is
nP n
1 1 1
greater than the corresponding term of the divergent scries 1 + 5 + + ... + - +
n
5 ....
Hence, in this case also, p-series diverges.
Case 3 : Let p r 1.
To'consider this case, we use the following series for comparison:
2
which is a geometric series with common ratio --< 1.
2p
Thus this series converges. Hence by Comparison Test I, the p-series also converges.
This completes the proof of the theorem.
EXERCISE 5 ,
In the proof of Theoren] 5, we have grouped some terms of the series of positive
terms. Prove that such grouping does 180: affect the nature of thr. series.
-
To see how p-tests works, let us discuss a case in.Lhe following example.
I1 tl 1
SOLUTION : For large values of n, -2
n + I
behaves like
: '
n-
i.e. - So, for comparison,
n
n 1
So, w e take un = ---
n2+ I
and vn= -, then
n
u n2
Iim = liln - - 1 , which is non-zero and finite.
n->m Vn n - t r n2 +l
Hence by the Comparison Test (JI), it follows that the given series diverges.
Try the following exercises.
EXERCISE 6
Determine whether the foHowing series are convergent ?
EXERCISE 7
m
Show that if the series C u,,of positive terms converges,
11-1
then the series
1
5 $ also converges. Hence, deduce that the series
II=~
-
d n- diverges.
Let
hold.
if. urnbe a series of positive terms such that lim - = L. Tllcn the following
n-1 n-tm
uII+~
Un
I
I
i) If L < 1, then bn
converges.
n=l
Positive Tcr~nSeries
ii) If L > 1, then un diverges.
11=1
iii) If L = 1, the test fails to give any definite information about the convergence
of the series.
L1n+ 1
PROOF: Case (i) ~ e t , / E-= L < 1.
I-et r be a real number Such that L < r < 1. Choose a number E> 0 such that L+E = r.
un+1
Since lim - = L, there exists a positive integer III such that
. n- U,
u"tl
i.e. L-E < - < L + E for n 1 m
4
un -
Thus
That is, u,,, > u, for all n 2 m. This means that fi5u, # 0.
n=l
m.
Case (iii) L = 1. The test fails because the series may converge or may diverge. The reason is
Ilial there are convergent scries of positive terms with
I .-.-.
and there are divergent series of positive terms with lim
n.+=
- = 1.
"n+~
Un
"0 I
For instance
n=i
-
n
diverges. Here un = n , so that
1
On tlie other hand, n=I conveizes by p-test. Here II,, =--n2 SO that
112
linl VEL = lim -- = I .
n-+x uII n ill,
Note tllal i t . 111 the st:iternent of the D'Alernbert's Test, had we taken !i!n -- = L then
Clll I I
w
211- 1 :!n+ l
SOLUTION: Here u, = --
2"
.S O lhat u , + ~= 2"+1 .
",+I
Since nlim
-ko
--
11,
= 2 < 1. the series converges.
-..- --- ---
EXERCISE 8
1 1 1
i) Show, using the Ratio Test, that the series e = l + --
I! + +-
3! + 2i ...........
converges.
You have seen that D'Alembert's Ratio Test fails to give any definite information about thc
convergence or divergence or the series in some situations. In such cases, sometimes
Cauchy's Root Test is helpful. But mostly Cauchy's Root Test is more suitable for those
. series whose nth term contains n, n2 etc. in the exponent. In the Root Test, the convergerlce
of a given series is based on the behaviour ol: the sequence formed by taking the nth root of
the terms of the given series. Let us state and prove this test as the following thcclrern:
Since c
P is a gedmetric series wit11 common ratio r, wt~icliis less than I . so it is
convergent. Thus by Co~nparisonTest, it follows that un is Convergent.
Case (ii) Let L > 1. Choose a real number s such that L > s > 1:
Let E > 0 be a number such tliat L-E = S.
Since lirn (un)lA= L, there exists in E N such :iiaL, for n 2 m.
Casc (iii) Let L, -- 1. In this case, the test fails to f~irnishany definite infornlation about
the convergence or divergence of the series. For exahple, consider the convetLont series
1
;
;i and the divergent series 2 ;r1 . In both tlic cases
n=l
lirn (u,)lh = 1.
n ,I
i n = + < 1, I
I
11 -.- l l , ~ / ~ ~!1+'
11 211-1
)- ,
I ~ I I I .!.!\?I isC+
11 +" LI,,
43
I
Sequences Sr Series
which is certainly not easy. Now we take an example where the Ratio Test fails, but the
Roor Test gives a definite answer.
DO
( 2-""IT;if n i s o d d
un =I 2-n36" i f n i s e v e n
SOLUTION: .Let us try the Ratio Test.
Hence ,lz %
, kn+l
- = 0.
%+I
In ,otherwords, the sequence-does not have a limit.
u,
Thus, the ratio test is not applicable in this case. However, the root test is applicable as is
evident from the following:
-
I -I+- 1 1
For ( uln )a = 2 '6 SO that lim
,
n+- ( uznlrn = 2
-
-1-4- - 1
and (uzn+, =2 &+I so that E
! (u2n+l)zn+1
-- -2
root test. In other woids, if = L then it is true that lim (un)Ih= L. But
n->m
converse may not be true as.is clear from the above example. Thus the root test is more
powerful than the ratio test.
EXERCISE 9
Sometimes to discuss the nature of a series, we associate an iategral to the series and
discuss its convergence which is easier. This method is given by Cauchy's Integral Test .
which we now discuss.
i
Before introducing the integral test, you may recall some prel; e
improper Integrals.
Let f be a.real valued function with domain [a, .o [. ' Positive Term Series
t
suppose that f(x) is such that if(x) dx has a meaning for every t 2 a.
d
Then we.write
If lim 4 (t) exists, then we say that the integral [f(x) dx is convergent or that it exists. In
13-
B
that case, we write
If lim $(t) does not exist, then it follows that jf(x) dx does not exist.
13- a
If fi~
$ (t) = then the integral 1I(x) dx is said to be divergent.
w,
a
For example, let f(x) = -$be a function defined on the interval J l . 00 [: Then, we have
c4
1
Let f(x) = - be another function defined on the interval [ I , m[.
x4
Then, we have
In this case, we say that I f(x) dx is convergent and that its value is j.1
, a
I
i) f(x) 2 0, V x 2 1 (f is non-negative)
1:
ii) x c y + f(x) r f (y), (f is a monotonically decreasing function)
i i i ) f(x) be integrable for x > 1 such that f(n) = u, i.e.' f (n) is associated
: with the series I: u,.
t 45
i
Ei
/-
m
Sequences & Serifs
Then Z f(n) is convergent if m d only if I/f(x)dxis convergent and % f(u) is
divergent if and only if
. a
/f(x) dx is divergent.
I
n
i.e. f(n) I
n-l
I f(x) dx 5 f(n--1) for n = 2. 3 .........
Thus,
But,
Therefore, for n 2 2,
n II n- 1 n
where (s, ) denotes the sequence of partial surns of the series C u,. Therefore,
n
If we write A, = s" - I f(x) dx, we have I
n+ l
a
= u, - (f(x)dxS 0
Now
I n
S, = A,
1
+ I f(x) dx
The convergence of ( A, ) implies that ( s, ) and
DD
i f(x) dx ) converge or diverge together.
Fie. 1
You may note that if t h e co~iditionsof Cauchy's Integral Test are satisfied for x 2 k ( a
Od 00
positive inleger), then x u n and J f(x) dx converge or diverge together. This can be seen
n=k k
from the following example:
m 4
= i-,
OQ
log x if p = 1
x ' - ~-1
ifp+ 1
ifO<pS 1 .
4I1
I;
as x-+a, I
Therefore $,j
(I)
6x1 dx converges for p > 1 and diverges for 0 < p S' 1 and hence the series "7
ff
lt
1
e ;,
,=I
'
nQ
converges for p > I and diverges for 0 < p < 1.
47
-,
*? 5
ti
Sequences and Series oa
1" j
EXAMPLE 11: Test the 'convergence of the seriesx y
n=2 n (log nIp
where p > 8.
If p > 0,then f is a positive, decreasing, integrable function on [2, -1. Hence by Cauchy's
I x (log x)P
converge or diverge together.
EXERCISE 10
Discuss the convergence of the series
Ihc test.
un 2n+5
lim
n+
- = lim -= 1.
un+, n-- 2n+4
EXERCISE 11
Test the convergence of the series
x- un
. .
Let be a series of positive terms. Suppose
Then:
i) u, converges, if a > 1
n=I
I
1 v '
(4
u, diverges, if 'a = 1, b 5 1
1 . n.1 49
I
Grqwcnces i31 bcrics E%A4MPH,i3 K3: Test the eoraverl,renc~of the series
:'
Flt.fr.{*I.,, .-- -.
,:j
1
.I- A ) ~ \ S : ( ~ Sof -.L
?I
'1.1121 :f<:i.e. j !;; ! is i~ bcralnrfcd srrlui7:rlce. Sirucc ttne coe ltii:i~..ntc.f
In this unii, yt1i.i have bcco ir~kroduredto th.? ~ ? c r i ~ of m an infinite scrie:; :tnd the concept of
c.:~nvcrg":cc of u ! irifir~itc
~ scries. Series of positive tennr;..iGc.rc.tiiki:~lip for r:onsider.ation,
itlrt! v:tr.ric:bus tesis of conve:.gi.ilcc 1.1fitcrirs!; of positive fer!ns were c2iscussed.
n
- [ 2 a + ( n - l ) d ] , n . = l , 2 , 3 ,...
=I, --2
If d =i 0, then s, = na.
If a ;t:0, then (s,) = (na) is divergent.
If a = 0,then(sn)= (0) and it converges to 0.
If d ='0. the series diverges if a + 0
and converges if a = 0.
Now suppose d > 0.Let k > 0 be given.
n
s, > k if 5 [2a+(n-l.)d] > k
Hence s, > k if 2a + (n-1) d > k.
This happens whenever (n-1) d > k -2a,
that is, :.hencvrrr n :> k+d-2a
" 1
Hence, the series converges to I.
11% 1
n(n.r-1)
Sequences B6 Series
1
Hence t h i series 1 -
4
+ 16 - -
64
+ ..........converges to 45-.
[Recall from LJnit 5 that l i ~ n x h 0 if -1 < x < I].
n3-
P+ 1 n+ l
ii) Here un =- 1h-t un = lim - = 1 + 0,
n+2 and n-i-
n+- n+2
P)
s,, = 1
f l ifnisodd
0 if n i s even.
Hence (s,,) is not convergent. Thus the.series 1-!+I-l+ ..........is not convergent
Howcver the series (1-1) + (1-1) + (1-1) + .......... is the series O+O+O+.............
which, clearly, coverges to 0. , . .
IE(s, ) and (t, ) are the sequences associated with the series u, -c u, +........... and
u , + o + u , + o + ..'...........,
s,if n = 2m
you can see that t, =
s, if n = 2x11-1
That is, the sequence (tl, t2 , 5 ..............) is
(sl, s,, s,, s2, s3, s3 ..........). It is easy to see that
. (s,, st, s2, 3,s3, s3,...........) also converges to s.
* 1 . 1
ii) Here, s, =log (l+l)+ log (li-5)+ ..............+ log (I+-n ) .
3 4
= log (2) $ log ( ;r ) + log ( ) + 5 ........ log
(59 .
= log [2, 5
' .5
3 4 ............n+ 1
- 1= log (nt 1).
n
Jim s,, = log (lim (n+l)) = m,
n-rm n4m
cd
1
Hence the series log ( It;; ) diverges to w.
IF1
E5) In E 3 (iv) you saw that grouping terms of a series attered its behaviour. Po9itive Term Scrirn
FIowever, such a thing will not happen in case of a series of positive terms. I :I
make this point clear, is the purpose of the exercise.
cd
Suppose u,, is a convergent series of positive terms. Hence Is, !is an increasing
n=l
sequence of positive terrns bounded above, where
Also z v,, =
n=l
"
n= 1
1
;diverges.
1
Hence, -
3n+ diverges.
n=l
E 7) Since 2
n=l
u, converges, biz u, = 0.
Hen'ce, there is M E N such that u, < 1 for n 2 M.
2
S O , for nl M, un < u, .
ca
1
Hence,
n=l
-
n!
converges.
* '-'"+I
Hence bm = . lirn
I61
' n
diverges.
It remains to consider the case x = 1 because then ratio test fails. When x = I , the
" I
series kcornes - , the.haqnonic series, which diverges.
$,=I 11
ms
xn
Thus, finally, - converges if 0 < x < 1
1-1
and diverges if x 2 1.
iii) Here un= n xW-',un+,= (n+I) xn.
1
Hel~ce (log
--
-- n)n converges.
n=l
lirn
n+ 'n
. I
= lim - = 0.
n-m 11
J
1
Hence, - converges.
,i=l n"
1
lo) Let f(x)=x lag x [log log x)p
X
( 1% (log (Inp x) 1- log (log (log 3 ) )
i
i f p == 1
--. dx --
x log x [.log (log x)]P
-- 1-P
Hence the integral converges when p > 1 atld diverges when pS1. Hence, also, the
given series converges when p > 1 and diverges whe11 p 5 1.
lim n
n.+m
(k -1) =
1
and so the rerics diverges by Rsaba'r Test.
-
Un = - -- --1 -
(n-kl)(yt-n)
(a + n) (P + n) x
n2+(y+I)n+y 1 1
n2 + (or + P) n-kaP
---
-_
U"+l
lirn .U,!h
n-+-
=~ -SO by Katio Test, series converges for x < 1 arid diverges for
x and
For ,, =, , %""+I
+ =a-PL!'ily-aB)
n 2 + ( at-P)n + alp
:= 1-I- -
- ) +5k r so~nehoundai s e q a e n c e s,,.
n n
By Gauss' Test, the given series converges if
PI-a-P r 1 i,e. y z a -t- I3 and diverges when yc I --cc--p~l.
i,e. y S a+p .