1. a) The positive-, negative-, and zero-sequence reactances of a 20-MVA, 13.

2kV
synchronous generator are 0.3 p.u, 0.2 p.u, and 0.1 p.u, respectively. The generator is
solidly grounded and is not loaded. A line-to-ground fault occurs on phase a. Neglecting
all the resistances and considering the rated values as base values,
i) Determine the per unit fault current (4 marks)
ii) Determine the actual fault current (3 marks)
iii) Draw the equivalent symmetrical circuit to represent the fault (4 marks)

b) A line-to-line fault occurs at the terminals of the unloaded generator above.

i) Calculate the fault current. (7 marks)

ii) Calculate the line-to-line voltages ( 7 marks)

2. a) Define power system stability. (2 marks)

b) Write short notes on the categories of power system stability. (10 marks)

c) A 50 Hz, four pole turbogenerator rated 100 MVA, 11 kV has an inertia constant of 8.0
MJ/MVA.
i) Find the stored energy in the rotor at synchronous speed. (3 marks)
ii) If the mechanical input is suddenly raised to 80 MW for an electrical load of 50 MW,
find rotor acceleration, neglecting mechanical and electrical losses. (5 marks)
iii) If the acceleration calculated in part (b) is maintained for 10 cycles, find the change in
torque angle and rotor speed in revolutions per minute at the end of this period. (5 marks)

3. a) With the aid of a diagram, explain the components of an HVDC transmission system.
(10 mks)
c) Explain the principle of operation of a 12-pulse converter. (15 Marks)

4. a) Define the following terms (5 marks)

i) Load forecasting
ii) Demand factor
iii) Utilization factor
iv) Load factor
v) Diversity factor

b) A Network planner has to decide between recommending a thermal power plant and a
solar plant to generate 5MW required to supply a given load. Outline the advantages and
disadvantages of each plant. (10 marks)
c) Explain the advantages of transmitting power at high voltage. (6 marks)
 d) Find the optimum transmission voltage required to transmit 2MW of power to a load
centre located 200km away from the power generating plant. (4 marks)

5. a) Explain power flow/ load flow analysis. Which information is obtained from a load
flow analysis? (6 marks)
b) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using Gauss Seidel for load flow
analysis. (6 marks)
c) Describe the different types of buses in a power system. (6 marks)
d) State any 3 ways in which voltage regulation is achieved in a transmission network.
(3 marks)
e) Give two reasons why the tap changer is usually connected to the HV winding of the
transformer rather than to the LV winding. (4 marks)

6. a) Explain the need for load forecasting during generation planning. (2 marks)
b) Write short notes on the three main practical failure mechanisms of solid insulating
materials employed in three phase transformers. (10 marks)
c) Why is SF6 a better insulating medium than air at the same pressure? (2 marks)
d) A power plant supplies the following loads with maximum demand as below:
Type of load Max. demand (MW)
Industries 100
Domestic 15
Commercial 12
Agriculture 20

The maximum demand on the power station is 110MW. The total units generated in
the year are 350GWh.
Calculate:
i) Annual load factor (3 marks)
ii) Diversity factor (3 marks)

e) Consider the daily load data for the power system given below:

Time Load in MW
6:00am to 8:00am 8
8:00am to 11:00am 9
11:00am to 2:00pm 10
2:00pm to 4:00pm 11
4:00pm to 5:00pm 10
5:00pm to 8:00pm 9
8:00pm to 10:00pm 10
10:00pm to 11:00pm 11
11:00pm to 02:00am 10
02:00am to 05:00am 9
05:00am to 06:00am 8

i) Draw a Load duration curve for the system. (3 marks)

ii) Determine the total energy consumption in MWh. (2 marks)