Wind Energy
• Wind Energy is a manifestation of the solar Energy
• Wind is the air-in-motion
Origin of Wind
1. Planetary Winds
Daily rotation
Unequal temperature between polar
and equatorial regions
2. Local Winds
Unequal heating and cooling of ground surface and
ocean/lake surface during day and night
Wind Energy
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Wind Energy
Applications of Wind Energy
• Agricultural and Rural
– Grinding flour
– Wood cutting saw
– Stone crushers
– Water pumping
– Mixtures
• Ocean Transport
Based on capacity
– Very small 0.5-1.0kW
– Small 1-15kW
– Medium 15-250kW
– Large 250-1000kW
– Very large >1MW
Wind Machines
Horizontal Axis Wind Machines
Horizontal Axis Wind Machines
Vertical Axis Wind Machines
Accepts wind from any direction without adjustment.
Gearing and generators can be directly coupled to the axis at ground level.
H-Darrieus-Rotor
Giromill
Vertical Axis Wind Machines
Vertical Axis Wind Machines
Horizontal Axis Wind Machines(Propeller Type)
Horizontal Axis Wind Machines
Horizontal Axis Wind Machines(Lift force)
Axis of rotation is parallel to the air stream.
Lift
Wind Energy Conversion System
Power in Wind (Linear Momentum and basic theory)
Where:
m= mass of air entering
= density (ρ) x volume (Area x distance)
= ρ x A1x d
uo = velocity of air
A1
uo
d
Power in the Wind
Power Po = Work / t
= Kinetic Energy/ t R
= ½muo2/t = ½(ρA1d)uo2/t
= ½ρA1uo2(d/t) d/t = uo
d/t = V
= ½ρA1uo3 Swept Area – A = πR2 (m2)
Area of the circle swept by the rotor.
ρ = air density –its about 1-kg/m3
Power in the Wind
A typical value of
Po = 600 W/m2
A2 is positioned at the
A2 A1 Ao minimum wind speed
before the wind front
reforms downwind.
Power in the Wind
Betz model for expanding airstream
The force or thrust on the turbine is the reduction in
momentum per unit time from the air mass flow rate m:
F = muo-mu2 (2)
Hence
u1 = ½ (uo+ u2) (6)
Thus, the air speed through the actuator disk cannot be less
than half the unperturbed wind speed.
Power in the Wind (Betz model for expanding airstream)
PT = ρA1u12[uo-(2u1- uo)]
= 2ρA1u12(uo-u1) (9)
Power in the Wind (Betz model for expanding airstream)
α = (uo-u2)/2uo
Power in the Wind (Betz model for expanding airstream)
From (11) substituting for u1 in (9)
PT = 2ρA1 (1- α)2 uo2[uo- (1- α) uo]
PT = Po CP (13)
Betz' law states that only less than 16/27(or 59%) of the
wind power can be converted into mechanical power
using a wind turbine.
= CF (½ ρA1uo2 ) (20)
= CF Famax
Axial Force Coefficient CF = 4α (1- α)
Thrust on Turbines
2010
.
1980
150 m2
1985
250 m2 1990
2005
800 m2 1995
2000
1,800 m2
A= 12,000 m2
3,700 m2
Stalling of Wind Turbine
The following methods are used to stall the wind turbine:
1. To turn the turbine out of the wind.
2. To lessen power extraction and hence thrust by rotating the airfoils or
extending spoil flaps.
3. To design fixed blades so they become extremely inefficient and self-stalling
in high wind speed.
4. To stop the rotation by braking.
Method (3) is best, giving failsafe operation at low cost without severe stresses on
the machinery.
Self-stalling blades may have a low power coefficient and not give optimum power
extraction in normal conditions.
Lift STALL
ωR
Torque
The torque causes rotational shaft power. R
Au R
2
Tmax 1 o
2
For a working machine
T = CT Tmax
where CT is torque coefficient
ωR
Torque
Tip Speed Ratio:
ω rotational frequency
A u (uo Po
2
Tmax 1 o
2
The shaft power is the power derived from the turbine(PT)
PT = T ω
Also PT = Cp Po
Therefore
Cp Po = CT Tmax ω
Cp Po = CT Po λ
0.2
0.1
0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Tip Speed Ratio
Blade Planform - Solidity
Blade planform is the shape of the
flatwise blade surface
Solidity = 3a/A
High solidity (>0.80) = low speed, high torque
Solidity and Tip speed ratio
Characteristics of Practical Turbines
SOLIDITY: described by giving the number of blades.
• High solidity turbines operate at low values of tip speed ratio and
have high starting torque, but soon reach maximum power at low
rotational frequency (water pumping).
• Low solidity machines have low starting torque and may indeed not
be self-starting, but reach maximum power at high rotational
frequency.
uo2
Pmax
2
For a flap, the max. drag force is
A(uo v) 2
Fmax
2
Where A is c/s area of the flap
v is speed of the flap
17-m Darrieus blade during fabrication
Drag Machines
The actual drag force departs from ideal drag force.
CD A(uo v) 2
FD
2
Where CD is drag coefficient
CD Auo v) v 2
PD FD v
2
Pmax with respect to v
Drag Machines
This is a maximum with respect to v when v = uo/3
so
4 Auo3
PD max CD
27 2
The Power Coefficient for drag machines is defined as:
Auo3
PD max C p
2
So Cpmax = 4/27 CD
CD 0 for a pointed object
1.5(max.)for a concave shape as used in strd. Anemometers
The max. power coefficient for a drag machine is
Cpmax = 4/27 CD = 4/27(1.5) = 22%
Drag Machines
tw is the time between the disturbed wind moving past that position
and the normal airstreams becoming re-established.
It varies with size and shape of the blades and inversely as the
wind speed.
2
tb
n
Dynamic Matching
tw = d/uo
A1
uo
d
Maximum Power extraction occurs when tw~ tb at the blade tips,
where maximum incremental area is swept by the blades.
Therefore,
n 2
uo d
Multiplying by R each side of this,
n R 2 R 2 R
n
uo d d
2
o
kn
Practical results show that k ~ ½, so for an n-bladed turbine
4
o
n
For a 2-bladed turbine Cpmax occurs for λo = 6
a 4-bladed turbine Cpmax occurs for λo = 3
Two-bladed wind turbine designs have the advantage of saving the cost of
one rotor blade and its weight.
But
•They require higher rotational speed to yield the same energy output.
Most modern wind turbines are three-bladed designs with the rotor position
maintained upwind (on the windy side of the tower) using electrical motors in
their Yaw Mechanism.
The wind turbine yaw
mechanism
Airfoil Behavior
α = low
• The Lift Force is
perpendicular to the
direction of motion. We
want to make this force
α = medium
BIG.
<10 degrees
Siting Procedure for small machine involves evaluation of the wind characteristics and
finding the best acceptable site within the location
Large Machines
This model gives the probability that the wind velocity is grater than a selected
value U for a locality where the mean wind velocity u is known
( u / Cr ) Kr
P(ui u) e
Where,
P(ui>u) = probability that incoming wind velocity exceeds a value u at reference height
Kr = 1.09+ 0.2u
u
Cr m/ s
1 1 / K r
= gamma function
Weibull Distribution
o 1 o o
log uo Hr
T 2 u 0
Most machines do not cut out in high wind speeds, but continue to
operate at greatly reduced efficiency yet at reasonably high
power
4. Between uci and uR
The turbine power output PT will depend on the operating
conditions and type of machine.
For many machines
PT ~ auo3-b PR
where a and b are constants