Fireware Essentials - Student Guide - (En US) - v12 1 PDF

Fireware v12.
1 Training
Fireware Essentials Student Guide
WatchGuard Fireboxes
Guide Revised For: Fireware v12.1.1

Revision Date: April 2018
About the Fireware Essentials Student Guide
Disclaimer
Information in this guide is subject to change without notice. Companies, names, and data used in examples herein are
fictitious unless otherwise noted. No part of this guide may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, for any purpose, without the express written permission of WatchGuard Technologies, Inc.
Copyright and Patent Information

Copyright © 2018 WatchGuard Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved.
WatchGuard, Firebox, Fireware, LiveSecurity, and spamBlocker are either registered trademarks or trademarks of
WatchGuard Technologies, Inc. in the United States and other countries. This product is covered by one or more
pending patent applications.
All other trademarks and trade names are the property of their respective owners.
Complete copyright, trademark, and licensing information can be found in the Copyright and Licensing Guide, available
online at http://www.watchguard.com/wgrd-help/documentation/overview.
Printed in the United States.
Fireware Essentials Student Guide i

Contents
Course Introduction 1
About This Course 1
Prerequisites 1
WatchGuard Certified Training Partners 2
Necessary Equipment & Software 2
Training Scenario & Network 3
Additional Resources 6
Notes 7
Getting Started 8
What You Will Learn 8
Firebox Management Tools 8
Set Up A New Firebox 10
Getting Started Exercises 14
Notes 26
Administration 27
Manage Configuration Files and Device Properties 27
Manage Users and Roles on Your Firebox 29
Administration Exercises 30
Test Your Knowledge 43
Network Settings 46
Interface Properties 46
Routes 52
IPv6 55
IPv4 Frequently Asked Questions 56
Other Firebox Networking Features 56
Network Settings Exercises 57
Fireware Essentials Student Guide ii

Notes 70
Set Up Logging & Servers 71
Setup Process Overview 72
Logging and Notification 73
Log Server 74
Log Messages 75
Log Files 76
Set Up Logging & Servers Exercises 76
Notes 95
Monitor Your Firewall 96
Monitoring Tools 97
Monitor Your Firewall Exercises 99
Notes 126
NAT 127
NAT Overview 127
NAT Exercises 134
Notes 144
Threat Protection 145
Intrusion Prevention Overview 145
Default Packet Handling 146
Blocked Sites Exceptions 148
Geolocation 149
Threat Protection Exercises 151
Notes 158
Fireware Essentials Student Guide iii

Policies 159
Policies are Rules for Your Network Traffic 159
Policy Properties 160
Policies Exercises 164
Notes 183
Proxy Policies 184
Proxy Policies and ALGs 184
About the DNS Proxy 185
About the FTP Proxy 185
About H.323 and SIP ALGs 188
About the TCP-UDP Proxy 188
Proxy Policies Exercises 189
Notes 201
Email Proxies and Blocking Spam 202
Control the Flow of Email In and Out of Your Network 203
Stop Unwanted Email at the Network Edge 204
Email Proxies Exercises 207
Notes 230
Web Traffic 231
HTTP Proxies 232
HTTP Proxy Actions 232
HTTPS Proxy 238
HTTP Content Actions 238
Quotas 240
Restrict Web Access with WebBlocker 240
Fireware Essentials Student Guide iv

Reputation Enabled Defense 243
Web Traffic Exercises 246
Notes 270
Signature Services & APT Blocker 271
Overview 272
Gateway AntiVirus Scans User Traffic for Threats 274
Block Advanced Malware with APT Blocker 275
Use DLP to Control the Loss of Sensitive Data 277
Use IPS to Block Direct Attacks 280
Control and Monitor Application Usage on Your Network 282
Block Access to Botnet Sites with Botnet Detection 284
Use DNSWatch to Protect Your Network 285
Use TDR to Protect Network Endpoints 286
Signature Services & APT Blocker Exercises 287
Notes 309
Authentication 310
Monitor and Control Network Traffic by User 311
Authentication Methods Available with Fireware 312
Use the Firebox Authentication Server 312
Use a Third-Party Authentication Server 312
Authentication Exercises 314
Notes 329
Logging & Reporting 330
Review Log Messages 331
Build Reports from Log Messages 333
Logging & Reporting Exercises 337
Fireware Essentials Student Guide v

Notes 357
Branch Office VPN 358
Benefits of a Branch Office VPN 358
Fireware BOVPN Types 359
IPSec VPN Algorithms and Protocols 362
Policies and VPN Traffic 363
VPN Negotiations 364
Global VPN Settings 368
VPN Monitoring and Troubleshooting 369
Branch Office VPN Exercises 377
Notes 402
Mobile VPN 403
Mobile VPN Overview 403
Select the Mobile VPN Type 406
Setup Overview 409
Client Configuration Files 410
Network and Resource Settings 412
Mobile VPN Policies 413
Mobile VPN Exercises 415
Notes 444
Fireware Web UI 445
Fireware Web UI Overview 445
Connect to Fireware Web UI 446
Device Management Users and Settings 449
Navigate Fireware Web UI 454
Control Connections to the Web UI 456
Fireware Essentials Student Guide vi

Fireware Web UI Exercises 460
Notes 471
Fireware Essentials Student Guide vii

Course Introduction
Fireware Essentials v12.1
Devices WatchGuard Fireboxes
Device OS versions Fireware® v12.1
Management software versions WatchGuard® System Manager v12.1
About This Course

This course covers a core set of skills and knowledge required to set up and manage a Firebox.
The content and exercises in this course are designed to help you learn how to:
n Set up a new Firebox with default security settings

n Configure network, policy, and security service settings to protect your network
n Configure logging and reporting
n Use management tools to monitor network activity
n Configure site-to-site and mobile user VPNs
Prerequisites
Fireware Essentials is intended for moderately experienced network administrators. A basic understanding of TCP/IP
networking is required. No previous experience with network security, WatchGuard System Manager, or WatchGuard
hardware devices is required.

Course Introduction
WatchGuard Certified Training Partners

If you use Fireware OS and WatchGuard System Manager (WSM) for your Firebox, you can sign up for training with a
WatchGuard Certified Training Partner (WCTP). WatchGuard maintains a worldwide network of certified training
partners who offer regular training courses.
To find a WCTP in your region, go to http://www.watchguard.com/training/partners_locate.asp.
Necessary Equipment & Software

For the majority of the training modules, you only need a default WatchGuard Fireware configuration file that you view
and modify locally. You do not need to connect to a device to complete most of the exercises. The few modules that
require additional hardware include instructions on what is needed and how to set it up.
In some training modules, you will connect to one or more Fireboxes or a Management Server. If you take this course
with a WatchGuard Certified Training Partner, your instructor will provide the IP address and passphrases for devices
used in the exercises. For self-instruction, you can safely connect to a Firebox or Management Server on a production
network.
To complete the majority of the training modules, you must have this hardware and software:
Management computer
Your management computer must be a personal computer with the Microsoft® Windows 7, 8, 8.1, or 10
operating system installed. For more information about management computer system requirements for WSM
and Fireware v12.1, see the Fireware Release Notes.
WSM software and Fireware OS

If you have a WatchGuard Support service account, you can download the WatchGuard System Manager
software and Fireware OS from the WatchGuard website through the Software Downloads page. The software is
also available from your instructor during classes delivered by WatchGuard Certified Training Partners.
Firewall configuration file

During the training exercises, you will open, modify, and save device configuration files. You can use Policy
Manager to create new configuration files. You can also open the configuration file of your production Firebox and
save it to your local hard drive. We recommend that you do not save any configuration files you make during the
training exercises to a device in use on your network.
Firebox (required for some exercises)

For some exercises, particularly the exercises which introduce logging, monitoring, and reporting, it is useful to
connect to a real Firebox on a production network. You do not need to change the configuration properties of this
device. You can complete the exercises without access to a Firebox installed on a production network, but it is
much easier to grasp some concepts when you can see log messages and information from a real network. For
the branch office VPN and Mobile VPN exercises, to configure and demonstrate a working VPN tunnel, you
must have access to Fireboxes.
2 WatchGuard Technologies, Inc.

Course Introduction
If you choose to connect to a Firebox, you can connect to any Firebox that supports Fireware OS v11.7 and
higher. You cannot use an XTM 21, XTM 22, or XTM 23 device (these models only support Fireware OS v11.7 or
lower).
For most exercises in the Fireware Essentials courses you must use WatchGuard System Manager and Policy
Manager.
You can use Fireware Web UI (Web UI) and the WatchGuard Command Line Interface (CLI) to complete many of the
same tasks that you perform in WatchGuard System Manager and Policy Manager. Some advanced configuration
options and features are not available with Fireware Web UI or the Command Line Interface.
Because not all configuration options are available in the Web UI and CLI, and because the Web UI and CLI are online
configuration tools (you need a network connection to a Firebox to use them), most of the exercises in the training
modules for this course do not use the Web UI, and none use the CLI.
Training Scenario & Network

The exercises in the Fireware Essentials courses are the same exercises used in the Fireware Essentials instructor-led
training. These exercises use the training scenario and network settings described below. We provide the information
about the training network here as a resource in case you want to set up a training network on your own.
You can complete most exercises without access to the training network.
Training Scenario
Throughout these training modules, we refer to the fictional company, Successful Company. Each module in this
course builds on a story of configuring a firewall and network for Successful Company, but you can complete many of
the exercises using examples from your own network or a set of addresses and situations provided by your
WatchGuard Certified Training instructor. Any resemblance between the situations described for Successful Company
and a real company are purely coincidental.
Training Network Configuration

The exercises and examples in this course are designed for a specific training environment. Most exercises in this
courseware use the IP addresses defined in RFC 5737 to represent public network IP addresses. The networking and
VPN exercises assume this network configuration:
Fireware Essentials Student Guide 3

Course Introduction
To support all of the exercises in this course, your training environment must include this network equipment:
n One Firebox per student, and one for the instructor.

n One network hub or switch with enough interfaces to connect the instructor and all of the student Fireboxes.
n A management computer for each student and for the instructor.
To complete these exercises outside of a network training environment:
n Change the IP addresses as appropriate for your network.

n For IP addresses that require a student number, use the number 10 in the private IP addresses.
To set up a local network training environment, use the information below to configure and connect the student and
instructor Fireboxes.
Student Firebox IP Addresses

In instructor-led training, students may be assigned a number (10, 20, 30, etc.) to identify the last IP address octet for
their external addresses, and the third octet for internal addresses in relation to their Fireboxes. This allows for similar
configuration among devices and prevents IP address conflicts and subnet overlap.
Each student will configure a device with these addresses, where X is the student number:
n Eth0–External — 203.0.113.X/24, Default Gateway 203.0.113.1

n Eth1–Trusted — 10.0.X.1/24
In exercises related to network and VPN configuration, your external interface and trusted interface IP addresses are
determined by your student number. Replace the X in the exercises with your student number.
If you are not in a classroom environment, replace the X in the exercises with the number 10.

Course Introduction
Instructor Firebox IP Addresses

Eth1 of the instructor Firebox must be connected to the switch and configured to act as the default gateway for the
external network for student Fireboxes. The instructor Firebox must be configured with these addresses:
n Eth0 (External) — Use appropriate addressing for a training environment with an Internet connection. (This is
optional. Internet access is not required for these exercises.)
n Eth1 (Trusted) — 203.0.113.1/24
This is the default gateway for the primary external interface on student Fireboxes.
To allow DNS to operate from the training environment, you must also configure a DNS server, in the
Network > Configuration > WINS/DNS tab.
For DNS to function for students, the student devices and computers must also be configured to use
the DNS server.
Configuration Changes for the Instructor Firebox

To make the training network functional for these exercises, the instructor must make two more configuration changes
to the instructor’s device.
1. Create an Any policy to allow traffic between the trusted interfaces.

Course Introduction
2. To enable access to the Internet, update the settings in Network > NAT > Dynamic NAT to add a dynamic
entry for Any-Trusted-Any-External.
Or, you can add dynamic NAT rules from RFC 5737 addresses to Any-External (for example, add a dynamic
NAT rule for 203.0.113.0/24 – Any-External)
Additional Resources
For more information about how to install and configure a Firebox and WatchGuard System Manager see these
resources:
Fireware Help
You can launch the Help system from your management computer after you install WSM. To view more
information about the features in a dialog box or application window, click Help or press the F1 key. A topic that
describes the features you see and provides links to additional information appears in your default web browser.
For the most up to date information, browse to http://www.watchguard.com/help/documentation/ and launch

Fireware Help. You can also download the Help system for offline use.
WatchGuard Technical Search

Browse to http://watchguardsupport.force.com/SupportSearch.

Notes

Getting Started
Set Up Your Firebox and Management Computer
What You Will Learn

WatchGuard System Manager is the primary management software application used to monitor and manage Fireboxes
and WatchGuard servers. In addition to the many management and monitoring tools available in WatchGuard System
Manager, you can use WatchGuard Dimension to monitor your Firebox and see deep into the activity on your network.
In this training module, you learn how to:
n Use the Web Setup Wizard to configure a Firebox

n Quick Setup Wizard to make a basic Firebox configuration file
n Start WatchGuard System Manager and connect to Fireboxes and servers
n Start Policy Manager and open a device configuration file
Before you begin the exercises in this module, make sure you complete the Course Introduction module.
Firebox Management Tools

For all of your Fireboxes, you can use the rich suite of management, configuration, monitoring, and visibility tools
available from WatchGuard. This includes WatchGuard System Manager (WSM) and all the WSM tools, WatchGuard
Server Center and the WSM servers, and the many WatchGuard Dimension tools. These tools are described in the
subsequent sections.

Getting Started
Start with WatchGuard System Manager

Most of the procedures you complete in this training module start from WatchGuard System Manager (WSM), which is
the primary software application you use to manage all the Fireboxes and WatchGuard servers in your network.
You can use WSM to connect to any

WatchGuard Firebox. This includes all
Firebox and XTM device models. In this
training module, we use only the latest
Firebox models.
WSM Components
WatchGuard System Manager (WSM)
includes several monitoring and
configuration tools, including Policy
Manager, Firebox System Manager,
HostWatch, Log Manager, Report
Manager, and CA Manager. You can start
these tools after you open WSM.
WatchGuard Server Center is the
application you use to set up, configure,
and manage the five WatchGuard servers,
as well as configure users and groups for
role-based administration.
This diagram shows the components of

WatchGuard System Manager and how you can get access to them.
If you take this course with a training partner, the servers are installed on the management computer.

Getting Started
You install the WSM management software on a computer running Microsoft Windows 7 or higher. We refer to this
computer as your management computer. When you install WSM on your management computer, you have the option
to install any or all of the WatchGuard System Manager servers. When you select to install any of the servers,
WatchGuard Server Center is automatically installed.
n Management Server — Manages multiple Fireboxes at the same time and creates virtual private network (VPN)
tunnels with a simple drag-and-drop method.
n Log Server — Collects log messages from Fireboxes and servers.
n Report Server — Periodically consolidates data collected by your WSM Log Servers and uses this data to
generate the reports that you select.
n Quarantine Server — Collects and isolates SMTP email confirmed as spam by spamBlocker, or confirmed to
have a virus by Gateway AntiVirus or by spamBlocker’s Virus Outbreak Detection feature.
n WebBlocker Server — Provides information for an HTTP-proxy to deny user access to specified categories of
websites.
You can install these servers on your management computer, or you can install them on other computers on your
network that are dedicated to these tasks. Each server has different requirements and may need to be able to connect
to other servers, the Firebox, or the management computer.
WatchGuard WebCenter is the web UI that is installed with your WSM servers, where you can view Log Manager,
Report Manager, and CA Manager. When you install the Log Server, Report Server, or Management Server,
WatchGuard WebCenter is automatically available at the IP address where each server is installed. You can connect to
WebCenter at the IP address of your Log Server, Report Server, or Management Server, over port 4130.
For more information, see the training module related to each server.
WatchGuard Dimension
WatchGuard Dimension™ is a virtual solution you can use to capture the log data from your Fireboxes, FireClusters,
and WatchGuard servers, generate reports of that data, and to manage your Fireboxes and FireClusters. You can use
Dimension to see log data in real-time, track it across your network, view the source and destination of the traffic, view
log message details of the traffic, monitor threats to your network, and view or generate reports of the traffic. From
Dimension, you can open Fireware Web UI for Fireboxes and FireClusters that are managed by Dimension, take action
on the information you see in the log messages, tools, and reports available in Dimension, and create managed hub-
and-spoke VPN tunnels between the Fireboxes managed by Dimension.
After you install Dimension, you run the WatchGuard Dimension Setup wizard to complete the initial configuration of
Dimension. Then, you configure your Fireboxes and WatchGuard servers to send log messages to Dimension and add
Fireboxes to Dimension for management.
In this training course, we only discuss the logging and reporting aspects of Dimension. For more information, see
Logging & Reporting, on page 330.
Set Up A New Firebox

To set up a new Firebox, you must activate the Firebox. Then you use a setup wizard to create a basic configuration.

Getting Started
Activate Your Firebox

You must activate your Firebox on the WatchGuard website before you can configure some Firebox features. When you
activate the Firebox, you start the Support subscription for the Firebox. The Support subscription provides alerts, threat
responses, and expert advice to help you keep your network secure and up-to-date. When you subscribe to Support,
you also get the ability to install the latest software upgrades to your Firebox.
If you take this course with a training partner, your Firebox will already be activated and include the
feature keys you need for the course.
To activate the Firebox, you must have:
n An account on the WatchGuard website

n The Firebox serial number
To create a new WatchGuard account, go to:
https://login.watchguard.com/AccountManager/Login/StartRegistration
To activate your Firebox with an existing WatchGuard account, log in to the WatchGuard website. In the WatchGuard
Support Center, click Activate Products.
Configure Your Firebox

Your Firebox ships with factory-default settings that enable you connect to it for initial configuration, and for the Firebox
to connect to the Internet to download its feature key. You connect to the Firebox and run a setup wizard to configure the
Firebox with network settings and administrative passphrases you choose. If the Firebox runs Fireware v11.12 or
higher, the setup wizards also add proxy policies and enable most security services with recommended settings.
About Factory-Default Settings

Before you set up your new Firebox, it uses factory-default settings. You can also reset a Firebox to factory-default
settings. When a Firebox has factory-default settings, these interfaces are active:
Interface 0 (Eth0)
Interface 0 is configured as an External interface, and is configured to use DHCP to request an IP address. If you
use the Web Setup Wizard to configure a device, we recommend that you connect Interface 0 to a network that
has a DHCP server and Internet access, so the Firebox can connect to WatchGuard to download the Firebox
feature key.
To use RapidDeploy to configure your Firebox, you must connect Interface 0 to a network with
Internet access. For more information about RapidDeploy, see Fireware Help.

Getting Started
Interface 1 (Eth1)
Interface 1 is configured as a Trusted interface, with the IP address 10.0.1.1. It has a DHCP Server enabled, and
is configured to assign IP addresses on the 10.0.1.0/24 subnet. You must connect your computer to interface 1
or to a network connected to Interface 1 when you run the Web Setup Wizard or Quick Setup Wizard.
To connect to the device when you use either setup wizard, your computer must have an IP address on the
10.0.1.0/24 subnet. If your computer uses DHCP, it will get a new IP address automatically after you connect to
interface 1. If your computer does not use DHCP, you must change the IP address to an IP address on the same
subnet as the IP address of Interface 1. For example, 10.0.1.2.
Interface 32 (Eth32) — Firebox M5600 only

The Firebox M5600 has only one built-in interface, interface 32. Interface 32 is configured as a Trusted interface
with the IP address 10.0.32.1. This interface has a DHCP Server enabled, and is configured to assign
IP addresses on the 10.0.32.0/24 subnet. You must connect your computer to interface 32 or to a network
connected to interface 32 when you run the Web Setup Wizard or Quick Setup Wizard to configure a Firebox
M5600.

Getting Started
About Setup Wizards

There are two setup wizards you can use to quickly create a functional configuration for your Firebox. To use either
setup wizard, you must connect your management computer to the trusted interface of the Firebox.
Web Setup Wizard

When a Firebox is started with factory-default settings, you can connect to the Firebox and run the Web Setup
Wizard to set up the Firebox. You can run the Web Setup wizard to set up a Firebox from any computer that has
a web browser. To start the Web Setup Wizard, in a web browser, type https://10.0.1.1:8080.
The Web Setup wizard can activate the Firebox and download the required feature key, if the external interface is
connected to a network with Internet access.
Quick Setup Wizard

The Quick Setup Wizard is a component of WatchGuard System Manager that you can use to discover and set
up your Firebox. To start the Quick Setup Wizard, in WatchGuard System Manager, select Tools > Quick
Setup Wizard.
The Quick Setup Wizard does not help you with device activation, but does provide a couple of additional
network configuration options (drop-in mode and optional interface configuration) that are not supported by the
Web Setup Wizard.
Both setup wizards help you to set up your device with a secure policy configuration and basic network settings. The
default policies and services that the setup wizards configure depend on the version of Fireware installed on the
Firebox.
Setup Wizard Default Policies and Services

In Fireware v11.12 and higher, the Web Setup Wizard creates proxy policies and automatically enables most licensed
subscription services with recommended settings.
The setup wizards automatically configure these policies and services:

Default Policies
n FTP-proxy
n HTTP-proxy
n HTTPS-proxy
n WatchGuard Web UI
n Ping
n DNS
n WatchGuard
n Outgoing
Services (if licensed in the feature key)

n WebBlocker
n Gateway AntiVirus
n Intrusion Prevention
n Application Control
n Reputation Enabled Defense
n APT Blocker

Getting Started
Proxy Actions used by default policies to enable recommended settings and services
n Default-FTP-Client
n Default-HTTP-Client
n Default-HTTPS-Client
For all Fireware versions, the default policies allow outgoing FTP, Ping, TCP and UDP connections, and do not allow
incoming connections. With Fireware v11.12 or higher, the default FTP, HTTP, and HTTPS proxy actions enable
services and enable logging for reports.
When you set up a new Firebox manufactured with Fireware v11.11.x or lower, the setup wizards do
not enable subscription services, even if they are licensed in the feature key. To enable the security
services and proxy policies with recommended settings, upgrade the Firebox to Fireware v11.12 or
higher, reset it to factory-default settings, and then run the setup wizard again.
Getting Started Exercises

To complete the exercises in this module, you need:
n A feature key — You receive the feature key when you activate your Firebox on the WatchGuard website. Each
feature key is unique to the serial number of the Firebox. Save a copy of the feature key to the management
computer before you start either setup wizard. You can finish the wizard without the feature key, but the feature
key is required to enable all device functionality. If the Firebox does not have a feature key, it allows only one
connection to the Internet. For this exercise it is best to use a feature key with Total Security Suite so that the
setup wizards can configure security services .
It is important to have the feature key before you run the setup wizards if your Firebox has licensed
subscription services. The setup wizards do not configure licensed subscription services if there is no
feature key that enables them.
n WSM and Fireware OS on the management computer — WSM is the software installed on the management
computer and WatchGuard servers. Fireware is the operating system (OS) installed with a configuration file on
the Firebox. Download the latest versions the software and Fireware OS from the WatchGuard Portal. WSM and
Fireware are separate software downloads. You must download and install both packages on your management
computer. The management computer must be on the same network subnet as the device.
n Your network information — At a minimum, you must know the IP address of your gateway router and the IP
addresses to give to the external and trusted interfaces of the Firebox. For the training environment, use
203.0.113.1 as the default gateway.
n A Firebox — You need a Firebox that has factory-default settings. This can be a new Firebox, or a Firebox that
has been reset to factory-default settings.

Getting Started
To avoid IP address conflicts in a classroom environment, some exercises instruct you to use your
student number as a component of an IP address. If you complete these exercises outside of a
classroom environment, replace X in the IP addresses with the number 10.
Exercise 1 — Use the Web Setup Wizard

In this exercise, you use the Web Setup Wizard to set up a new Firebox. This is the procedure recommended in the
printed Quick Start Guide that ships with every Firebox. For this exercise, the Firebox must be in a factory-default state.
The steps to reset a Firebox vary by device model. For information about reset steps for your Firebox model, see
Fireware Help. Make sure your computer is configured to get an IP address through DHCP.
To run the Web Setup Wizard:
1. Connect interface 0 of the Firebox to a network with Internet access.

2. Power on the Firebox.
The Firebox attempts to contact WatchGuard to download its feature key.
3. Connect your computer to interface 1 of the Firebox.
The DHCP server on the Firebox assigns your computer an IP address on the 10.0.1.0/24 subnet.
4. In a web browser, type https://10.0.1.1:8080.
The Fireware Web UI Login page appears.
5. Type the default administrator credentials for the Firebox
n User name — admin
n Passphrase — readwrite
6. On the Welcome page, click Next to create a new device configuration.

The License Agreement page appears.

Getting Started
7. Accept the License Agreement and click Next.
8. Select Static to configure the External interface with a static IP address. Click Next.
9. Configure the external interface with these settings. Replace X with your student number.
n IP Address: 203.0.113.X/24
n Gateway: 203.0.113.1

Getting Started
10. Click Next.

The DNS and WINS settings appear.
11. Because this Firebox uses a static IP address, it is important to specify at least one DNS server. Type the
IP address of a DNS server in the DNS Servers text box. Click Next.
The trusted interface settings appear.
12. Configure the trusted interface, with these settings: Replace X with your student number.
n IP address — 10.0.X.1/24
n DHCP enabled, address pool — 10.0.X.2–10.0.X.254

Getting Started
13. Click Next.

14. Set the passphrases for the status and admin default user accounts on your Firebox. click Next.
The Enable Remote Management page appears.
15. For this exercise, do not enable remote management. Click Next.
The contact information and device feedback settings appear.
16. For this exercise, click Next to accept the default settings.
The time zone setting appears.
17. Select the time zone for this Firebox. Click Next.
If the Firebox does not have a feature key, the Online Acfivation page provides options to get a feature key.
If the Firebox was already activated and successfully downloaded the feature key from WatchGuard,
the wizard skips the feature key steps and goes to the Subscription Services page. If the Feature
key does not include services, it goes directly to the Summary page.
18. For this exercise, the Firebox is already activated and you have a feature key to manually add in the wizard. To
manually paste in the feature key, select Skip Online Activation.
19. Select Add the feature key and click Next.
The Add the feature key page appears.

Getting Started
20. Paste the feature key for your Firebox. Click Next.
If the feature key includes subscription services, the Subscription Services page appears.
21. Click Next to continue.

If the feature key includes a WebBlocker subscription, the WebBlocker Settings page appears.

Getting Started
22. Select the WebBlocker categories to block. Recommended categories are selected by default. Click Next.
The Summary page appears with a summary of the configuration settings and enabled subscription services.
23. Click Next to save this configuration.

The Setup is Complete page appears, with a link to log in to Fireware Web UI.

Getting Started
When you are finished with the wizard, the Firebox allows all FTP, Ping, TCP, and UDP connections from the trusted
network to the external network and blocks connections from the external network to the protected networks. If licensed
in the feature key, Gateway AntiVirus, WebBlocker, Intrusion Prevention, Application Control, Reputation Enabled
Defense, and APT Blocker are all enabled and configured.
Because you changed the IP address of the trusted interface, the DHCP server on the Firebox will assign your
computer a new IP address in the DHCP address pool you configured. It may take a few minutes for your computer to
get a new IP address on the right network so that you can connect to Fireware Web UI.
Log in to Fireware Web UI
1. To log in to Fireware Web UI, click the link at the bottom of the last page of the Wizard.
Or, in your browser, type https://10.0.1.1:8080.
If you changed the IP address of the trusted interface, replace 10.0.1.1 with the IP address you specified.
2. Type the user name admin and the password you configured in the wizard.
Exercise 2 — Use the Quick Setup Wizard

In this exercise you use the Quick Setup Wizard, which is part of WatchGuard System Manager to set up a new
Firebox. This results in a similar configuration to Exercise 1.
Before You Begin

If you previously used the Web Setup Wizard to set up the Firebox, reset the Firebox to factory-default settings before
you start this exercise. The steps to reset a Firebox vary by device model. For information about reset steps for your
Firebox model, see Fireware Help.
Run the Quick Setup Wizard

1. Connect your computer to interface 1 of the Firebox.
2. From the Windows desktop, select Start > All Programs > WatchGuard System Manager > Quick Setup
Wizard.
You can also click the Quick Setup Wizard icon on the WatchGuard System Manager toolbar.
The Quick Setup Wizard starts and attempts to detect a Firebox on the same network as your computer.

Getting Started
3. From the list of devices, select the Firebox that you are using for this training session.
4. Configure the device name, location, and contact person.
5. Configure the external interface, Eth0, with these settings. Replace X with your student number.
IP address — 203.0.113.X/24
Default Gateway — 203.0.113.1
6. Configure the trusted interface, Eth1, with these settings. Replace X with your student number.
IP address — 10.0.X.1/24
DHCP enabled, address pool — 10.0.X.2 - 10.0.X.254
7. In the Activate the software step, browse to the feature key file saved on your computer.
8. The Security Services page shows the security services in the feature key that the wizard will configure.
9. On the WebBlocker Settings page, select the WebBlocker categories to block.
10. Set the Status and Configuration passphrases for your Firebox.
You use the Status passphrase to connect to the device with the default Device Monitor user account, status.
You use the Configuration passphrase to connect to the device with the default Device Management user
account, admin.
When you are finished with the wizard, you will have a Firebox which allows all traffic from the trusted and optional
networks to the external network but blocks everything from the external network to the protected networks.
Because you changed the IP address of the trusted interface, the DHCP server on the device will assign your computer
a new IP address in the DHCP address pool you configured. It may take a few minutes for your computer to get a new
IP address.
Exercise 3 — Open WSM and Connect to a Firebox

When you open WatchGuard System Manager (WSM), you are not automatically connected to a Firebox. You must
manually connect to a Firebox or to a Management Server to use many WSM features. You can connect to many
Fireboxes and Management Servers at the same time.
Before you start this exercise use the steps in Exercise 1 or Exercise 2 to configure your Firebox
To connect to a Firebox in WSM:
1. From the Windows Start menu, select WatchGuard System Manager > WatchGuard System Manager.
WatchGuard System Manager opens.
2. On the main toolbar, click .
Or, select File > Connect To Device.

Getting Started
3. In the IP Address or Name text box, type the trusted IP address of your Firebox.
To connect to a Firebox with read-only privileges, you use a Device Monitor user account. You can
use the default status Device Monitor user account for this purpose. If you save the configuration file
or add the Firebox to the Management Server as a managed device, you are prompted to type the
credentials for a user account with Device Administrator privileges. The default Device Administrator
user account for your device is the admin user account.
4. In the User Name and Passphrase text boxes, type the credentials for a Device Management user account
with a Device Monitor (read-only) role on your Firebox. The default status account is specified by default.
5. From the Authentication Server drop-down list, select the authentication server for the user you specified. If
you select an Active Directory server, you must also specify the Domain for the server you selected.
6. If necessary, change the value in the Timeout text box.
This value sets the amount of time (in seconds) that WSM waits for an answer from the Firebox before WSM shows a
message that it cannot connect. If you have a slow network or Internet connection to the device, you can increase the
timeout value. If you decrease the value, you decrease the time you must wait for a time out message if you try to
connect to a device that is not available.
7. Click Login.
WSM connects to the Firebox and shows the status of the Firebox.
8. On the Device Status tab, click the plus sign (+) to expand the Firebox entry.
Information about the Firebox appears.

Getting Started
From WSM, you can launch Policy Manager, Firebox System Manager, and other tools to manage your Firebox.
Exercise 4 — Start Policy Manager

Policy Manager is the WSM tool you use to build the security rules your Firebox uses to protect your network. You use
Policy Manager to configure policies, set up VPNs, change Device Management user account passphrases, and
configure logging and notification options.
A policy is a set of rules that defines how the device manages packets that come to its interfaces. The policy identifies
the source and destination of the packets. It also specifies the protocol and ports of the traffic that the policy controls. It
includes instructions for the device about how to identify the packet and whether to allow, deny, drop, or block the
connection. Policy Manager displays each policy as a group of rules, or a ruleset. You can view these policies in a list
with detailed information about each policy, or as icons.
In WatchGuard System Manager:
1. On the Device Status tab, select your Firebox.

If there is no device visible in WSM, select File > Connect To Device, and then connect to your device.

Getting Started
2. Click .
Or, select Tools > Policy Manager.
Policy Manager opens in Details view by default.
3. Select Setup > OS Compatibility.

The OS Compatibility dialog box appears.
4. Make sure that the selected version is 12.0 or higher.
If you open the configuration file from a device, the OS Compatibility version is automatically set to match the
OS version on the device. If you use Policy Manager to create a new configuration file, you must configure this
setting before you can configure features that require a specific OS version.
5. Click OK.

Notes

Administration
Manage the Firebox Configuration
What You Will Learn

After you install the Firebox in your network and use the Quick Setup Wizard to give it a basic configuration file, you can
add custom configuration settings to meet the needs of your organization. You can save configuration files in a variety
of locations.
n Open and save configuration files

n Configure the Firebox for remote administration
n Add Device Management user accounts
n Add feature keys to the Firebox
n Back up and restore the device configuration
n Add Firebox identification information
Manage Configuration Files and Device Properties

A device configuration file includes all configuration data, options, IP addresses, and other information for the Firebox.
On the Firebox, the configuration file works with the OS to control the flow of traffic through the Firebox. The file
extension for a device configuration file is .xml.
Policy Manager is a WatchGuard® software tool that you can use to create, change, and save configuration files. When
you use Policy Manager, you see a version of your configuration file that is easy to examine and modify.

Administration
Policy Manager is an offline configuration tool. When you connect to a Firebox and open the device configuration file
with Policy Manager, you are editing a local copy of the configuration file. Changes you make in Policy Manager have no
effect on Firebox operation until you save them to the Firebox.
About the OS Compatibility Version

Policy Manager can manage Fireboxes that use different versions of Fireware OS. Each device configuration has an OS
Compatibility setting that controls which configuration options are available for some features.
n If you connect to a Firebox and use Policy Manager to open the configuration file for the Firebox, the Fireware OS
version in the file is automatically set based on the OS version the Firebox uses.
n If you use Policy Manager to create a new configuration file, you must select the Fireware OS version before you
can configure some features, such as network settings and Traffic Management.
To set the OS Compatibility version, in Policy Manager select Setup > OS Compatibility.
About the Feature Key

When you activate a Firebox or activate add-on services or features for a Firebox, a feature key is generated to enable
features on your Firebox. You can download the feature key from the WatchGuard website when you activate your
Firebox. You can then add this feature key to your Firebox from the Quick Setup Wizard, Web Setup Wizard, Policy
Manager, or the Fireware Web UI. If you use the Web Setup Wizard, the Firebox can download the feature key
automatically.
You must install a feature key on your Firebox to enable full functionality. If your Firebox does not have a feature key, it
allows only one user to connect to the Internet. The feature key contains a list of licensed features and capacities for
your Firebox. For WatchGuard Support, and security services, the feature key contains the service expiration date. For
you to install updates to Fireware OS, the Firebox must have a feature key with an active Support subscription, which is
called LiveSecurity Service in the feature key.
To manage the feature key, in Policy Manager select Setup > Feature Key.
When you renew subscription services, you must update the feature key on the Firebox for the subscription to remain
active. To make sure that the feature key on the Firebox stays up to date, we recommend that you enable automatic
feature key synchronization in the Feature Key settings. When automatic feature key synchronization is enabled, the
Firebox automatically checks the expiration status of services once per day and downloads a new feature key from
WatchGuard if a feature is expired or is within three days of expiration.
When you save the configuration to a local file, the feature key is stored as a separate file, in the same
directory as the configuration file. For example, if you save a device configuration with the file name
Example, the configuration file is saved as a file named Example.xml and the feature key is saved in a
file named Example_lic.tgz.

Administration
Saving a Configuration
Because Policy Manager is an offline configuration tool, you can save the device configuration to a local file, and you
can save it to a Firebox. Each time you save a configuration to a Firebox, Policy Manager does several checks to make
sure that the settings in the configuration are valid for the Firebox. If any setting is not compatible, Policy Manager
displays a message and does not save the configuration to the Firebox. This could occur, for example, if the OS
Compatibility setting in the file does not match the OS version on the Firebox, or if features are configured in a way that
is not compatible with the OS version on the Firebox.
Configuration Migration
You can use Policy Manager to save the configuration file that was originally created for one Firebox to a different
Firebox. To do this, you must remove the existing feature key from the configuration, and add the feature key for the
new Firebox. When you add the new feature key, Policy Manager automatically updates the model number in the
configuration file. Before you can save the configuration to a different Firebox, you might also need to change other
settings to make the configuration compatible with the new Firebox. For example, you might need to change the OS
Compatibility setting, or modify the Network settings, if the new Firebox has a different number of network interfaces.
For a video demonstration of configuration migration, see the Configuration Migration video available
in the Product Documentation section of the WatchGuard website.
Manage Users and Roles on Your Firebox

You can use role-based administration on your Firebox to share the configuration and monitoring responsibilities for the
Firebox among several individuals in your organization. This enables you to run audit reports to monitor which
administrators make which changes to your device configuration file.
By default, your Firebox includes these default user accounts and roles:
Default User Account Default Role Default Passphrase
admin Device Administrator (read-write permissions) readwrite
status Device Monitor (read-only permissions) readonly
wgsupport Disabled
When you add Device Management user accounts, you can use the two, predefined roles to create new user accounts
to monitor and manage your Firebox. User accounts that are assigned the Device Monitor role can connect to the
Firebox with read-only permissions to monitor the Firebox, but cannot change the configuration file. User accounts that
are assigned the Device Administrator role can connect to the Firebox to change the configuration file and monitor the
Firebox. More than one Device Monitor can always connect to the Firebox at the same time. But, you must enable the
option to allow more than one Device Administrator to log in to the Firebox at the same time. If you do not enable this
option, only one Device Administrator can log in to the Firebox at a time.

Administration
The wgsupport user account is disabled by default. This account is for WatchGuard Technical Support access to your
Firebox. You can enable it and specify a passphrase for it if you need to enable access to your Firebox for WatchGuard
Technical Support. We will not enable or modify this user account in this course.
You can use these authentication servers for Device Management user accounts on your Firebox:
n Firebox-DB
n Active Directory
n LDAP
n RADIUS
The default Device Management user accounts use the Firebox-DB authentication server.
For external authentication servers (not Firebox-DB), make sure to add the user account to the authentication server
before you add the user account to your Firebox. The user account credentials that you specify for the user accounts on
your Firebox are case-sensitive and must match the user credentials as they are specified on the external
authentication server.
Administration Exercises
To complete the exercises in this module, you must have:
n A Firebox, set up with a basic configuration

n WatchGuard System Manager installed on your management computer
Exercise 1 — Open and Save Configuration Files

The Quick Setup Wizard makes a basic configuration file for your Firebox. We recommend that you use this
configuration file as the base for all your configuration files. You can also use Policy Manager to make a new
configuration file with only the default configuration properties.
To create a new configuration file:
1. Open Policy Manager.

2. Select File > New.
A new configuration file appears with the default policies and settings.
Policy Manager is an offline configuration tool. Fireware Web UI and the CLI are online configuration
tools.
An offline configuration tool lets you make many changes to a configuration file without sending the
changes to the Firebox.
An online configuration tool is designed to immediately send all changes to the Firebox.
Most of the time, when you want to manage your Firebox configuration, you use WatchGuard System Manager (WSM)
to connect to the Firebox and launch Policy Manager. When you do this, WSM loads the current device configuration file
in Policy Manager. You can save a copy locally and then open this local copy in Policy Manager any time you want to
work offline.
In this exercise, you open the current configuration file for your Firebox and save it to your local hard drive:

Administration
1. Open WatchGuard System Manager and connect to your Firebox.

If you are not familiar with this procedure, see the Getting Started module.
2. Click .
Or, select Tools > Policy Manager.
Policy Manager starts and loads the configuration file currently on your Firebox.

Administration
3. Select File > Save > As File.

The Save dialog box appears.
4. In the File Name text box, type Basics-Start.

5. Click Save.
By default, configuration files are saved to the My Documents\My WatchGuard\configs folder. The
configuration file type is XML.
6. To save an updated configuration file to the Firebox and to a local file, select File > Save > To Firebox.
To save the file to the Firebox, you must specify a user name and passphrase for a user account with Device
Administrator privileges. When you save a configuration file to the Firebox, you can also save it to a local file.
If you lose the passphrase for the admin account, and you do not know the passphrase for any other account with
Device Administrator privileges, you cannot save configuration changes to the Firebox.
If you have lost the admin passphrase and you have a saved configuration file, you can regain administrative access to
the Firebox without losing the configuration settings. To do this you must reset the Firebox to factory-default settings,
and then use the default admin account, with the default passphrase readwrite to save the configuration to the Firebox
from Policy Manager.
Exercise 2 — Configure a Firebox for Remote Administration
This exercise is most useful for an instructor to connect to a student Firebox in a lab environment. If
you do not need to remotely manage your Firebox in a lab environment, you can skip to the next
exercise.

Administration
When you use the Quick Setup Wizard to configure your Firebox, a policy that allows you to connect to and administer
the Firebox from any computer on the trusted or optional networks is automatically created. If you want to manage the
Firebox from a remote location (any location external to the Firebox), then you must change your configuration file to
allow administrative connections from your remote location.
The packet filter policy that controls administrative connections to the Firebox is WG-Firebox-Mgmt. The Quick Setup
Wizard adds this policy with the name WatchGuard. This policy controls access to the Firebox on TCP ports 4105,
4117, and 4118. When you allow connections in the WatchGuard policy, you also allow connections to each of these
ports.
Before you change a policy to allow connections to the Firebox from a computer external to your network, it is a good
idea to consider these alternatives:
n Is it possible to connect to the Firebox with a VPN? This greatly increases the security of the connection. If you
can connect with a VPN, then you do not need to allow connections from a computer external to your network. If
it is not possible to connect to the Firebox with a VPN, you might want to consider using authentication as an
additional layer of security.
n It is more secure to limit access from the external network to the smallest number of computers possible. For
example, it is more secure to allow connections from a single computer than it is to allow connections from the
alias Any-External.
To restrict or expand access to the Firebox, edit the From list in the WatchGuard policy.
n You can allow connections to the Firebox from external networks by adding the Any-External alias (or a specific
IP address, user name or group name).
n You can restrict connections to the Firebox from internal locations by removing the Any-Trusted and Any-
Optional aliases and replacing them with the specific IP addresses from which you want to allow access.
n You can remove all IP addresses and aliases, and replace them with user names or group names. When you do
this, you force users to authenticate before they are allowed to connect to the Firebox.
If you decide to allow connections to the Firebox from Any-External, it is especially important that you set very strong
Device Management passphrases. It is also a good idea to change your passphrases at regular intervals.
Your instructor might ask you to complete these steps. This will enable your instructor to troubleshoot
configuration issues from his computer later in the class.
To use Policy Manager to configure the WatchGuard policy to allow administrative access from an external computer at
a specific IP address:
1. Double-click the WatchGuard policy.

Or, right-click the WatchGuard policy and select Edit.
The Edit Policy Properties dialog box appears.
The name of this policy is WatchGuard, but the packet filter type is WG-Firebox-Mgmt. This policy is specifically
designed to be used for administration of the Firebox.
2. In the From section, click Add.
3. To add the IP address of the external computer you want to use to connect to the Firebox, click Add Other.
4. From the Choose type drop-down list, make sure Host IP is selected.

Administration
5. In the Value text box, type the IP address of the remote administration computer.
6. Click OK to close each dialog box.
Exercise 3 — Add Device Management Users

To share the configuration and monitoring responsibilities for the Successful Company Firebox among several
individuals in the Successful Company organization, in this exercise, you add two new Device Management users to
the Firebox: a Device Administrator and a Device Monitor.
When you add a Device Management user, you specify the authentication server where the user account is stored. If
you specify an external authentication server, the user account credentials you specify in your Firebox configuration
must match the user account credentials as they are specified on the authentication server. User account credentials
are case-sensitive.
For this exercise, you add user accounts to the internal Firebox authentication server, Firebox-DB.
From Policy Manager:
1. Select File > Manage Users and Roles.

The Login dialog box appears with the admin user specified by default.
2. In the Administrator Passphrase text box, type the default passphrase for the default admin user account,
readwrite.

Administration
3. Click OK.
The Manage Users and Roles dialog box appears.
4. Click Add.
The Add User dialog box appears.
5. In the User Name text box, type a name for the new Device Administrator user account, example-co_admin.
6. From the Authentication Server drop-down list, keep the default selection, Firebox-DB.
7. From the Role drop-down list, select Device Administrator.
8. In the Passphrase and Confirm Passphrase text boxes, type the passphrase for the new Device Administrator
user account, passphrase.
9. Click OK.
The example-co_admin user appears in the Manage Users and Roles list.
10. Click Add.
The Add User dialog box appears.
11. In the User Name text box, type a name for the new Device Monitor user account, example-co_monitor.

Administration
12. From the Authentication Server drop-down list, keep the default selection, Firebox-DB.
13. From the Role drop-down list, select Device Monitor.
14. In the Passphrase and Confirm Passphrase text boxes, type the passphrase for the new Device Administrator
user account, passphrase
15. Click OK.
The example-co_monitor user appears in the Manage Users and Roles list.
16. Click OK to close the Manage Users and Roles dialog box.
The new user accounts are automatically saved to the Firebox.
17. Close Policy Manager for the Firebox and disconnect from the Firebox in WSM.
18. In WSM, connect to your Firebox with the new example-co_admin user account credentials.
19. Start Policy Manager.
Now that you are connected to the Firebox with the new Device Administrator user account, example-co_admin, when
you make changes to your Firebox configuration file, the audit trail will show that the example-co_admin user account
made the changes to the configuration.
Enable Account Lockout for Device Management Users

For Device Management user accounts that use the Firebox-DB authentication server, you can optionally enable
Account Lockout. This prevents brute force attempts to guess account passwords. Account Lockout is supported in
Fireware v11.12.2 and higher.
When Account Lockout is enabled, the Firebox temporarily locks a user account after a specified number of
unsuccessful login attempts, and permanently locks a user account after a specified number of temporary account
lockouts. A locked user account can be unlocked only by a user with Device Administrator credentials.
To enable Account Lockout for Device Management users:
1. In Policy Manager, select Setup > Authentication > Authentication Settings.

2. In the Management Session section, click Account Lockout.
The Account Lockout dialog box appears.
3. Select the Account Lockout check box.

4. You can use the default settings, or change them here.
5. Click OK.

Administration
Account Lockout settings include:
Failed Login Attempts

The number of consecutive failed login attempts that can occur before a user account is temporarily locked.
Users locked out for

The number of minutes that a temporarily locked account remains locked.
Temporary lockouts
The number of temporary lockouts that can occur before an account is permanently locked.
The default admin user account can be temporarily locked but cannot be permanently locked.
If a Device Management user account is permanently locked, use these steps to unlock it:
1. From Policy Manager, select File > Manage Users and Roles.
2. Log in as a user with Device Administrator credentials, as described in the first part of this exercise.
The Lockout Status column shows whether an account is locked.
3. Select a locked user account.
4. Click Unlock.
Exercise 4 — Examine and Update Feature Keys

When you purchase an option for your Firebox, you add a new feature key to your configuration file. You can use either
Firebox System Manager or Policy Manager to see the current list of feature keys currently on your Firebox. To add a
new feature key to a Firebox, you use Policy Manager.
View Feature Keys For Your Firebox

To view your feature keys in Firebox System Manager:
1. Select View > Feature Keys.

The Firebox Feature Keys dialog box appears.

Administration
2. To see more information about the feature key, click Details.

The Feature Key Detail dialog box shows a list of the features in the feature key.

Administration
3. Click OK to close the Feature Key Details dialog box.
Add a Feature Key to the Firebox

You use Policy Manager to add a feature key to your Firebox.
Complete this exercise in class only if your instructor requests that you do so and provides you with
an updated feature key.
To add a feature key to your Firebox:
1. Open the configuration file you are editing for these exercises.
2. Select Setup > Feature Keys.
The Firebox Feature Keys dialog box appears.
3. Click Import.
The Import Firebox Feature Key dialog box appears.

Administration
4. Click Browse and select your feature key file.

Or, open your feature key file, copy the contents, and in the Import Firebox Feature Key dialog box, click
Paste.
You can purchase this key from WatchGuard. If you attend a WatchGuard Certified Training course, you will receive
this key from your instructor.
5. Click OK to close the Import Firebox Feature key dialog box.
6. Click OK to close the Firebox Feature Key dialog box.
7. Save the configuration file to the Firebox.
You cannot use an optional feature until you add the feature key to the configuration file and save it to your Firebox.
Exercise 5 — Create a Device Backup Image

A Firebox backup image is a saved copy of the working image from the Firebox flash disk. The backup image includes
the Firebox OS, configuration file, feature keys, passphrases, DHCP leases, and certificates. The backup image also
includes any event notification settings that you configured in Traffic Monitor. You can use Policy Manager to save an
encrypted backup image to your management computer or to a directory on your network or other connected storage
device.
If your Firebox is a T10 or XTM 2 Series, skip this exercise. You cannot save a backup image for
those models because they do not have sufficient available memory to create the backup image.
We recommend that you create a backup image of the Firebox before you make significant changes to your device
configuration file, or upgrade your Firebox OS. It is especially important to save a device backup image before you
upgrade the version of Fireware OS on the Firebox. The backup image is the easiest way to downgrade the Firebox, if
you ever need to.
You can also use Firebox System Manager to create and restore a device backup image to a USB
drive connected to the Firebox. For more information, see Fireware Help.
To create a device backup:
1. Select File > Backup.

The Backup dialog box appears. Because you connected to your Firebox with the example-co_admin user account,
the Administrator User Name that appears in the Backup dialog box is example-co_admin. If you connect with a
Device Monitor user account, the default Device Administrator user account, admin, appears in the Administrator User
Name text box.

Administration
2. In the Administrator Passphrase text box, type Example4, the read-write passphrase for the example-co_
admin user account.
3. Click OK.
The second Backup dialog box appears.
4. Type and confirm an Encryption Key. For this exercise, type MyStrongKey.
This key is used to encrypt the backup file. If you lose or forget this encryption key, you cannot restore the backup file.
The encryption key is case-sensitive.
5. In the Back up image to text box, select the location to save the backup file.
6. Click OK.
On a Windows 10, 8, or Windows 7 computer, the default location for a backup file with a .fxi extension is:
C:\Users\Public\Shared WatchGuard\backups\<Firebox IP address>-<date>.<fireware_
version>.fxi

Administration
When you restore the backup image, you must specify a name and passphrase for a user with administrative privileges,
and you must type the encryption key you specified when you created the backup image. For this exercise, do not
restore the backup image to the Firebox.
Restoring a saved backup image is the only method to downgrade a Firebox without resetting the
Firebox to factory-default settings.
Exercise 6 — Add Firebox Identification Information

You can save information about the Firebox in the configuration file, which helps you to identify the Firebox in reports,
log messages, and WatchGuard management tools.
You can use Policy Manager to give the Firebox a descriptive name to use in your log files and reports. You can use a
Fully Qualified Domain Name if you register it with your authoritative DNS server. A descriptive Firebox name is also
helpful if you use the Management Server to configure VPN tunnels and certificates for the Firebox. Though the external
IP address of the Firebox appears in WSM tools, log messages, and reports for the Firebox, a descriptive name for the
Firebox makes it easier to quickly identify each Firebox.
The Firebox time zone controls the date and time that appears in the log messages and in management tools, including
Log Manager, Report Manager, WatchGuard Dimension, and WebBlocker. Set the Firebox time zone to match the time
zone for the physical location of the Firebox. This time zone setting ensures the time appears correctly in the log
messages. A default configuration file sets the Firebox system time to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).
In this exercise, you set the Firebox device identification information for your student Firebox. If you are working alone,
you can use the example of our fictional organization: Successful Company. In other training modules, you see this
information in reports and WatchGuard System Manager.
From Policy Manager:
1. Select Setup > System.

The Device Configuration dialog box appears.
2. In the Name text box, type SuccessfulMain.
Your instructor might give you another name for your student Firebox.
3. In the Location text box, type Seattle.
This identifies the physical location of the Firebox.
4. In the Contact text box, type your name.
This is the name of the person who is responsible for the management of the Firebox.
5. From the Time zone drop-down list, select the local time zone where the Firebox is installed.
This enables you to synchronize reports from Fireboxes in multiple timezones.

Administration
6. Click OK.
Test Your Knowledge

Use these questions to practice what you have learned and exercise new skills.
1. True or false? You can add only one Device Administrator user account to your Firebox.
2. Circle the correct answer: To save a device configuration file to your Firebox, you must use an account with the
[Device Monitor | Device Administrator] role.
3. Select the correct answer: Corporate headquarters is in Detroit. The branch office Firebox is located in Tokyo.
You should set the branch office Firebox time zone to:
o A) (GM-05:00) Eastern Time (US & Canada)
o B) (GMT+09:00) Osaka, Sapporo, Tokyo

4. True or false? You can save the Firebox configuration file to a USB flash drive.
5. How frequently should you make a backup image of your Firebox?
o A) Daily
o B) Weekly
o C) Monthly
o D) Each time you make a substantial change to the configuration
o E) Never
6. Which of the following information is used by WatchGuard System Manager applications to identify a Firebox?
(Select all that apply.)
o A) Firebox Name
o B) System administrator name

Administration
o C) Encryption key
o D) Model number
o E) External IP address

Administration
ANSWERS
1. False.
You can add many Device Administrator user accounts to your Firebox.
2. Device Administrator
3. B (GMT+09:00) Osaka, Sapporo, Tokyo — Set the Firebox time zone to its physical location
4. True — You can save the device configuration file to any local disk drive, including a USB flash drive or a
network share.
5. D
6. A, D, E

Network Settings
Configure Firebox Interfaces
What You Will Learn

A Firebox has four types of interfaces: external, trusted, optional, and custom. To use your Firebox in a network, you
must configure the interface types and set the IP addresses of the interfaces. You can also enable routing features on
some interfaces. In this training module, you learn how to:
n Configure external network interfaces using a static IP address, DHCP, or PPPoE

n Configure trusted and optional network interfaces
n Use the Firebox as a DHCP server
n Add WINS/DNS server locations to the Firebox configuration
n Set up a secondary network or address
n Add a static route
Interface Properties
Properties and Features of Firebox Interfaces
A firewall physically separates the networks on your local area network (LAN) from those on a wide area network
(WAN) like the Internet. One of the basic functions of a firewall is to move packets from one side of the firewall to the
other. This is known as routing. To route packets correctly, the firewall must know what networks are accessible
through each of its interfaces.
The Firebox provides additional functionality for some interfaces. You can configure external interfaces to work with
Dynamic DNS. You can configure trusted, optional and custom interfaces to enable a DHCP (Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol) server.

Network Settings
The Firebox has four types of network interfaces:
External Interfaces
An external interface connects your Firebox to a wide area network (WAN), such as the Internet, and can have
either a static or dynamic IP address. The Firebox gets a dynamic IP address for the external interface from
either a DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server or PPPoE (Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet)
server. With DHCP, the Firebox uses a DHCP server controlled by your Internet Service Provider (ISP) to get an
IP address for the external interface, a gateway IP address, and a subnet mask. With PPPoE, the Firebox
connects to your ISP’s PPPoE server to get the same information.
In Fireware v12.1 and higher, modems are configured as external interfaces on Fireboxes that support modems.
Trusted Interfaces
A trusted interface connects your Firebox to the private local area network (LAN) or internal network that you
want to secure. User workstations and private servers which cannot be accessed from outside the network are
usually found in trusted networks.
Optional Interfaces
Optional interfaces connects your Firebox to your optional networks, which are mixed trust or DMZ environments
separated from your trusted networks. Public web, FTP, and mail servers are usually found in optional networks.
The settings for an optional interface are the same as for a trusted interface. The only difference is that optional
interfaces are members of the alias Any-Optional.
Custom Interfaces
A custom interface connects your Firebox to an internal network with a custom level of trust different from
trusted or optional. A custom interface is not a member of the built-in aliases Any-Trusted, Any-Optional, or Any-
External, so traffic for a custom interface is not allowed through the Firebox unless you specifically configure
policies to allow it. A custom interface is included in alias All.
Most users configure at least one external and one trusted interface on their Firebox. You can configure any interface as
trusted, optional, external, or custom.
Trusted, Optional, and Custom interfaces are all internal interfaces, and all have the same configurable settings. The IP
address for an internal interface must be static. Usually, internal interfaces use private or reserved IP addresses that
conform to RFC 1918.
When you configure the IPv4 addresses for interfaces on a Firebox, you must use slash notation to denote the subnet
mask. For example, you specify the network range 192.168.0.0 with subnet mask 255.255.255.0 as 192.168.0.0/24,
and a trusted interface with the IP address of 10.0.1.1/16 has a subnet mask of 255.255.0.0.
Interface Types and Aliases

For each interface, the interface name is an alias used in policies to refer to traffic sent or received through that
interface. Each interface is also a member of one or more built-in aliases, which refer to network security zones. When
you select an interface type, the interface becomes a member of one or more of the built-in aliases that define the
different security zones.
The built-in aliases for interfaces are:
n Any-External — An alias for any network reachable through a Firebox interface configured as External
n Any-Trusted — An alias for any network reachable through a Firebox interface configured as Trusted

Network Settings
n Any-Optional — An alias for any network reachable through a Firebox interface configured as Optional
n Any — An alias for any address. This includes any IP address, interface, custom interface, tunnel or user group.
The only difference between trusted, optional, and custom interfaces is which aliases the interface is a member of.
The Any-External, Any-Trusted, and Any-Optional aliases do not include Firebox interface IP
addresses.
Requirements for Firebox Interfaces

Each Firebox interface can connect to a different network. The computers and servers protected by the Firebox can use
either private or public IP addresses. The Firebox uses network address translation (NAT) to route traffic from the
external network to computers on the trusted and optional networks.
All devices behind the trusted and optional interfaces must have an IP address from the network assigned to that
interface. To make this easy to remember, many administrators set the interface address to the first or last IP address
in the range used for that network. In the image below, for example, the IPv4 address of the trusted interface could be
10.0.1.1/24 and the IPv4 address of optional interface could be 10.0.2.1/24.
About DHCP Server and DHCP Relay

You can configure the Firebox to assign IP addresses automatically through DHCP to devices on the trusted or optional
networks. When you enable the DHCP server, you specify a pool of IP address on the same subnet as the interface
IP address. The DHCP server assigns these address to devices that connect.

Network Settings
Make sure to add enough IP addresses to the address pool to support the number of clients on your network. For
example, in the configuration shown here, the DHCP server can assign IP addresses to a maximum of 99
DHCP clients. When the 100th client requests an IP address, that request fails, and that client cannot connect.
You can also configure the Firebox for DHCP relay. When you use DHCP relay, computers behind the Firebox can use
a DHCP server on a different network to get IP addresses. The Firebox sends the DHCP request to a DHCP server at a
different location than the DHCP client. The Firebox sends the DHCP server reply to the computers on the trusted or
optional network. This option lets computers in more than one office use the same IP address range.
About WINS/DNS
Several Fireware features use Windows Internet Name Server (WINS) and Domain Name System (DNS) server IP
addresses. These servers must be accessible from the trusted interface of the Firebox. For example, this information is
used by mobile VPNs. Make sure that you use only an internal WINS and DNS server to make sure you do not create
policies that have configuration properties that prevent users and services from connecting to the DNS server.
You can configure your Firebox to forward DNS queries from computers on your network to a DNS server. You can also
add conditional DNS forwarding rules. With these rules, you can send DNS queries to different DNS servers based on
the domain name in the query.
In Fireware v12.1.1 and higher, you can enable DNSWatch, a cloud-based service that monitors DNS requests through
the Firebox to prevent connections to known malicious domains. In some cases, DNSWatch DNS servers take
precedence over some DNS servers configured on your Firebox.
About Network Modes

You can configure a Firebox in Mixed Routing, Drop-In, or Bridge mode. The most common configuration method is a
routed configuration. We use a routed configuration to explain most of the features and examples in this training.

Network Settings
When you use the Web Setup Wizard to create your initial network configuration, the Firebox is automatically
configured in a routed configuration. When you use the Quick Setup Wizard in WatchGuard System Manager to create
your initial network configuration, you can choose to configure the Firebox in a routed or drop-in configuration.
Drop-in Mode and Bridge mode are less commonly used, and have these characteristics:
Drop-In Mode Bridge Mode
All of the Firebox interfaces are on All of the Firebox interfaces are on the same network. You specify an IP
the same network and have the address to use to manage the Firebox.
same IP address.
The computers on the trusted or Traffic from all trusted or optional interfaces is examined and sent to the
optional interfaces can have a public external interface. You can specify a static IP address or use DHCP for the
IP address. Interface IP address.
The computers can have public IP NAT is not used in Bridge mode. Traffic sent or received through the Firebox
addresses. NAT is not necessary. appears to come from its original source.
About Dynamic DNS

You can use Dynamic DNS to make sure that the IP address associated with your domain name changes when your
ISP gives your Firebox a new IP address. In Fireware v12.1 and lower, DynDNS (dyn.com) is the only dynamic DNS
service supported by your Firebox. In Fireware v12.1 and higher, Fireware supports several dynamic DNS providers:
n Dyn.com
n No-ip.com
n Dynu.com
n Dnsdynamic.org
n Freedns.afraid.org
n Duckdns.org
For more information, see the website for each provider.

Network Settings
About Secondary Networks

A secondary network is a network that shares one of the same physical networks as one of the Firebox interfaces.
When you add a secondary network, you add a second IP alias to the interface. This IP alias is the default gateway for
all the computers on the secondary network. Secondary networks can be used only in Mixed Routing or Drop-In mode.
Here are a some examples of situations when secondary networks can be useful:
Network Consolidation
If you want to remove a router from your network, you can add the router IP address as a secondary IP address
on the firewall when the router is shut down. Any hosts or routers that are still sending traffic to the old router IP
address would then send traffic to the firewall.
Network Migration
Secondary addresses can help you avoid a network outage if you want to migrate your trusted network from one
subnet to another. For example, if you currently use 192.168.1.1/24 as the primary interface IP address, and you
change the interface IP address to 10.0.10.1/24, this could cause a network outage, while the devices that use
DHCP get an IP address on the new subnet. Also any devices that use a static IP address cannot connect until
you reconfigure them with an IP address on the new subnet. To avoid the outage, add the old IP address as a
secondary network, so that devices can still use IP addresses on the old subnet during the migration. When you
configure a secondary network, the devices that use DHCP get an IP address on the new subnet when they
renew their DHCP lease, without an outage. Devices that use a static IP address can continue to use the old
subnet until you have time to update their IP addresses. After all devices have been migrated to the new subnet,
you can remove the secondary IP address from the interface.
Static NAT to Multiple Servers

If your Firebox uses a static external IP address, you can add an IP address that is on the same subnet as your
primary external interface as a secondary network. You can then configure static NAT rules to send traffic to the
appropriate devices on that network. For example, configure an external secondary network with a second public
IP address if you have two public web servers and you want to configure a static NAT rule for each server.
You can also add secondary networks to the external interface of a Firebox if the external interface is configured to get
its IP address through PPPoE or DHCP. You can add up to 255 secondary networks per interface.

Network Settings
About Network Bridges

You can use network bridges to merge two or more physical network interfaces on your Firebox. A bridge operates in the
same way as any other network interface. For more information, see Fireware Help.
Routes
A route is the sequence of devices that network traffic must go through to get from its source to its destination. A packet
can go through many network points with routers before it reaches its destination. Routes can be static or dynamic.
n Static route — A manually configured route to a specific network or host.

n Dynamic route — A route automatically learned and updated by a router, based on communication with
adjacent network routers.
For information about dynamic routing, see the Network and Traffic Management courseware.
A router, or a network device such as a Firebox, stores information about routes in a routing table. The device looks in
the routing table to find a route to send each received packet toward its destination.
About Static Routes

You can add static routes to control how your Firebox sends traffic to other devices. For example, you can create a
static route to specify that all traffic that goes to a server at another company is sent through a specific external
interface. Or, for two devices connected to the same network, you can create a static route on one device for traffic to a
private network behind another device.

Network Settings
To add a static route, from Policy Manager, select Network > Routes.
Each static route includes these attributes:
n Route Type — This is automatically set to Static Route. If you have configured a BOVPN virtual interface, you
can also select BOVPN Virtual Interface Route.
n Destination Type — Specifies whether the destination is an IPv4 or IPv6 network or host.
n Route To — The destination IP address.
n Gateway — The IP address to route the traffic through. The Firebox must have a route to this IP address.
n Metric — The metric sets the priority for the route. If the routing table includes more than one route to the same
destination, the Firebox uses the route that has the lower metric.
n Interface — For a route to an IPv6 destination, you can optionally select the IPv6-enabled interface to use for the
route. For a BOVPN Virtual Interface Route, the you must select the BOVPN virtual interface to use for the
route.
See Network Routes

You can see the routes for your Firebox from Firebox System Manager on the Status Report tab.

Network Settings

Network Settings
The routing table includes:
n Routes to networks for all enabled Firebox interfaces and BOVPN virtual interfaces
n Static network routes or host routes you add to your configuration
n Routes the Firebox learns from dynamic routing processes that are enabled on the device
n The default route, which is used when a more specific route to a destination is not defined. This is the gateway IP
address you specify for your external interface
Each route in the routing table has an associated metric. If the routing table includes more than one route to the same
destination, the Firebox uses the route that has the lower metric. For a static route, you manually set the metric, to
control the priority of each route. If you use dynamic routing, the dynamic routing protocol automatically sets the metric
for each route.
A configured static route does not appear in the route table if there is no route to the gateway specified
in the static route.
IPv6
Fireware supports IPv6 only when the Firebox is configured in mixed routing mode. You can configure IPv6 interface
addresses, and you can use DHCPv6 on any interface that has IPv6 enabled. When IPv6 is enabled, you can:
n Connect to an interface IPv6 address for Firebox management.

n Connect to an interface IPv6 address for Firewall authentication.
n Use IPv6 addresses in packet filter policies, static routes, and blocked sites.
n Set the diagnostic log level for IPv6 advertisements.
n Configure IPv6 FireCluster management IP addresses
These features also apply to both IPv4 and IPv6 traffic:
n MAC access control

n Inspection of traffic received and sent by the same interface
n TCP SYN checking
n Blocked ports
n Default packet handling settings for flood attack prevention
n Subscription Services
n Proxy policies
Fireware supports basic routing and some filtering of IPv6 traffic. However, some security and networking features do
not apply to IPv6 traffic. If you enable IPv6 on an interface, you should treat this as a bridged connection. The Fireware
security features such as some default packet handling options and most security services do not apply to IPv6 traffic.
For more information, about IPv6 support, see the Fireware Help.
The exercises in this training focus on Firebox configuration in an IPv4-only environment.

Network Settings
IPv4 Frequently Asked Questions

Can I use any IPv4 address for my trusted and optional networks?
You can, but we suggest you only use only IP addresses specified in RFC 1918. These private networks include
any of these IP address ranges:
n 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0/8)

n 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0/12
n 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0/16)
If you use any other IP address range, you can have a conflict. For example, if you configure your trusted
network with the IP address 206.253.208.100/24, any user on the trusted network that tried to go to the
WatchGuard website would fail because 206.253.208.100 is the IP address of the WatchGuard website. The
Firebox would route 206.253.208.100 traffic to the trusted interface instead of the external interface to get to the
WatchGuard website server.
What is slash notation?

Slash notation, also known as CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) notation, is a shorter way to write an
IPv4 address and its subnet mask together.
To find the subnet mask number:
1. Convert the IP address to binary.

2. Count each “1” in the subnet mask.
Some of the most common network masks are:
Network Mask Slash
255.0.0.0 /8
255.255.0.0 /16
255.255.255.0 /24
255.255.255.128 /25
255.255.255.192 /26
255.255.255.224 /27
255.255.255.240 /28
Other Firebox Networking Features

The Firebox supports many other networking features that are outside the scope of this course. For more information,
about these, see the Network and Traffic Management courseware or Fireware Help.
n VLANs — VLANs (Virtual Local Area Networks) are an advanced network feature that allow you to group
devices by traffic patterns instead of by physical network access. You can use VLANs to connect devices on
different networks so that they appear to be part of the same network.

Network Settings
n Link Aggregation — Link Aggregation is an advanced network feature that allows you to group physical
interfaces together to work together as a single logical interface. You can use a link aggregation interface to
increase the cumulative throughput beyond the capacity of a single physical interface, and to provide redundancy
if there is a physical link failure.
n Multi-WAN — The multi-WAN feature allows you to send network traffic to multiple external interfaces. This is
useful when you want to have a backup Internet connection, or if you want to divide your outgoing network traffic
between multiple physical interfaces. Multi-WAN settings do not apply to incoming network traffic, and you can
only use this feature in Mixed Routing mode.
n Loopback interface — In Mixed Routing mode you can configure a loopback interface on the Firebox. The
loopback interface is not tied to any physical interface. You can use it in the dynamic routing configuration when
multi-WAN is enabled.
n FireCluster — If you have two Fireboxes of the same model, you can configure them as a FireCluster for high
availability and load sharing.
Network Settings Exercises


Exercise 1 — Configure the External Interface

You can configure the Firebox with a static IP address or you can configure it to get a dynamic IP address for an
external interface with DHCP or Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE).
This exercise contains three variations. Your instructor will tell you which exercise to complete.
n 1A — Configure a static external IP address

n 1B — Configure the external interface to use DHCP to get a dynamic IP address
n 1C — Configure the external interface to use PPPoE to get a dynamic IP address
The external interface must be configured with a static IP address for the exercises in the VPN
modules. If you configured the external interface for DHCP or PPPoE, at the end of this exercise set
the external interface to use a static IP address.

Network Settings
Exercise 1A — Configure the External Interface with a Static IP Address

To configure an external interface with a static IP address, you must know the IP address, the subnet mask in slash
notation, and the default gateway. In this exercise, you use Policy Manager to configure the primary external IP address
of the Successful Company network to use a static IP address.
If you are in a classroom, get the address information for this exercise from your instructor.
If you used the Quick Setup Wizard to configure your Firebox in the Getting Started exercises, your Firebox already has
a static IP address configuration.
1. Select Network > Configuration.

The Network Configuration dialog box appears.
2. Select the Interfaces tab.
3. From the Interfaces list, select InternetConnection (Interface 0). Click Configure.
The Interface Settings dialog box appears.
4. Select Use Static IP.
5. In the IP Address text box, type 203.0.113.X/24. Replace X with your student number.
This is a fictitious IP address. With a real world static IP address, the Internet Service Provider (ISP) provides the IP
address, subnet, and default gateway.

Network Settings
6. In the Default Gateway text box, type 203.0.113.1.
7. Click OK.
The external IP address appears in the Network Configuration dialog box.
8. Save the configuration to the Firebox.
Exercise 1B — Configure the External Interface for DHCP

In this exercise, we use Policy Manager to configure an external interface of the Successful Company’s Firebox to get
its IP address from a DHCP server.

2. From the Interfaces list, select External (Interface 0). Click Configure.
3. In the Interface Name text box, type InternetConnection.
4. In the Interface Description text box, type Connect to the Cloud.
5. Make sure that the Interface Type is set to External.
6. Select Use DHCP Client.
7. Select Obtain an IP Automatically.
For most DHCP connections, you do not need to configure any additional settings.

Network Settings
8. Click OK.
DHCP appears in the IP Address column in the Network Configuration dialog box.
Exercise 1C — Configure the External Interface to Use PPPoE

Another way to get a dynamically assigned address for a Firebox external interface is to use a PPPoE server. When you
do this, your ISP gives you the user name and password. In this exercise, we configure a Successful Company
interface to use PPPoE.
After you configure an external interface to use PPPoE, you can optionally configure secondary
PPPoE interfaces on the PPPoE tab.
In the Network Configuration dialog box:
1. From the Interfaces list, select Optional-2 (Interface 3). Click Configure.
The Interface Settings dialog box opens.
2. From the Interface Type drop-down list, select External.
3. In the Interface Name text box, type BackupInternet.

Network Settings
4. In the Interface Description text box, type Use when primary connection fails.
5. Select Use PPPoE.
6. In the User Name text box, type the PPPoE user name.
For this exercise, type username.
7. Type and confirm the PPPoE passphrase.
For this exercise, type passphrase.
8. Click OK.
PPPoE appears in the IP address column in the Network Configuration dialog box.
The external interface must be configured with a static IP address for the exercises in the VPN
modules later in this training. If you configured the external interface for DHCP or PPPoE, at the end
of this exercise set the external interface to use a static IP address.
Exercise 2 — Configure a Trusted Interface as a DHCP Server

In this exercise, we use Policy Manager to configure a trusted interface on the Successful Company Firebox as a
DHCP server. The size of the IP address pool controls the number of hosts that the DHCP server can assign IP
addresses to.
In the IP addresses for this exercise, replace X with your student number.

2. From the Interfaces list, select Trusted (Interface 1). Click Configure.
The Interface Settings dialog box opens.
3. In the Interface Name text box, type OurLAN.
4. From the Interface Type drop-down list, select Trusted.
5. In the IP address text box, type 10.0.X.1/24. Replace X with your student number.
6. Select the Use DHCP Server radio button.
7. In the Address Pool section, select the existing address pool and click Delete.

Network Settings
8. Click Add.
9. In the Starting address text box, type 10.0.X.100.
10. In the Ending address text box, type 10.0.X.200.
11. Click OK.

Network Settings
12. From the Leasing Time drop-down list, select 24 hours.
13. Click OK.

If you changed the IP address of the trusted interface you connect to, make sure your computer gets a new IP address
on the same subnet. Then, reconnect to the Firebox on the new IP address.
With this configuration, the DHCP server can assign up to 101 IP addresses to DHCP clients. After the DHCP server
has assigned all 101 IP addresses, if any other DHCP client requests an IP address, the request fails, and that client
cannot connect.
Exercise 3 — Configure an Optional Interface

Optional interfaces are commonly used for servers which are used by both the public and members of your organization,
such as HTTP and FTP servers. In this exercise, we configure an optional network that Successful Company can use
for their public servers.

Network Settings
The settings for an optional interface are exactly the same as for a trusted interface. The only difference between
trusted an optional interfaces is that the trusted interfaces belong to the alias Any-Trusted, and optional interfaces
belong to the alias Any-Optional.

3. From the Interfaces list, select Optional-1 (Interface 2). Click Configure.
4. From the Interface Type drop-down list, select Optional.
5. In the Interface Name text box, type PublicServers.
6. In the Interface Description text box, type Servers used by customers and vendors.
7. In the IP Address text box, keep the default network IP address of 10.0.2.1/24.
8. Make sure Disable DHCP is selected.
Because this network does not use DHCP, no further configuration is necessary.
9. Click OK.
The new settings appear for Interface 2.
Exercise 4 — Configure WINS/DNS Server Information

Several Fireware features operate correctly only if you use a WINS/DNS server on your trusted network. These
features include Gateway AntiVirus, Intrusion Prevention Service, spamBlocker, and Mobile VPN (Virtual Private
Networks). In this exercise, we use Policy Manager to configure the Successful Company Firebox to use WINS/DNS
servers on the OurLAN and PublicServers networks.
Your instructor may provide a WINS/DNS server on the training network.
In the IP addresses in this exercise, replace X with your student number.

2. Select the WINS/DNS tab.
3. In the Domain Name text box, type example.com.
4. In the DNS Servers text box, type 10.0.X.53 and click Add.
In the DNS Servers text box, type 10.0.2.53 and click Add.
These are the IP addresses of the internal DNS servers for this exercise.

Network Settings
You are not required to enter more than one DNS server. However, we recommend that you add more than one
DNS server to make sure that users can still get DNS name resolution when the primary server is not available.
5. In the WINS Servers text boxes, type 10.0.X.53 and 10.0.2.53.
6. Click OK.
Exercise 5 — Configure a Secondary Network

A secondary network is a network that shares one of the same physical networks as one of the Firebox interfaces. In
this exercise, we use Policy Manager to add a secondary network to the Successful Company OurLAN trusted
network.
In the IP address in this exercise, replace X with your student number.

3. From the Interfaces list, select OurLAN (Interface 1). Click Configure.
4. Select the Secondary tab.
5. Click Add.
The Add a secondary network dialog box appears.
6. In the IP Address text box, type 172.16.X.1/24. Click OK.

Network Settings
7. Click OK to close the Interface Settings dialog box.

8. Click OK to close the Network Configuration dialog box.
9. Save the configuration file.
Test Your Knowledge

1. When you use a static IP address for the external interface, what information must you get from your ISP?
(Select all that apply).
o A) An IP address
o B) A default gateway address
o C) A subnet mask
o D) A password or passphrase
o E) A user name
2. True or false? If you use DHCP on the external interface of the Firebox, you can configure a secondary network
for the external interface.
3. True or false? You can configure the Firebox as a DHCP server.
4. What features use the WINS/DNS settings in the Network Configuration dialog box?
o A) Mobile VPN connections to the Firebox
o B) Your ISP to route to the Firebox
o C) Computers on your trusted and optional networks
o D) Your WatchGuard Management Computer
o E) DHCP
5. True or false? You can only add secondary networks in Bridge mode.

Network Settings
6. Which two interfaces are necessary to create a basic network configuration in Mixed Routing mode? (Select
one.)
o A) External and optional
o B) Trusted and optional
o C) External and trusted

Network Settings
7. Which of these items is NOT a method used to assign an IP address to the external interface of a Firebox?
(Select one.)
o A) Static addressing
o B) DHCP
o C) PPPoE
o D) PPPoA
8. True or false? Only the trusted interface of a Firebox is able to assign IP addresses as a DHCP Server.
9. True or false? Firewall proxy policies apply to both IPv4 and IPv6 network traffic.

Network Settings
ANSWERS
1. A, B, C
2. True
3. True
4. A, C, E
5. False
6. C
7. D
8. False
9. True

Notes

Set Up Logging & Servers
Set Up WatchGuard Servers & Configure Logging
What You Will Learn

When you enable and configure logging for your Firebox, the Firebox sends log messages to the WatchGuard Log
Servers that you specify. Those log messages provide data for reports, and trigger notifications and alerts.
WatchGuard provides two options for logging and reporting: an instance of WatchGuard Dimension installed on a virtual
machine (VM), or the WatchGuard System Manager (WSM) Log Server and Report Server installed on your
management computer.
If you install the WSM Log Server and Report Server on your management computer, you can use the Report Server to
generate reports from the log messages sent to your WSM Log Server. You can then use the reports to troubleshoot
problems on your network. From WatchGuard WebCenter, you can use Log Manager to view your log messages and
Report Manager to view the reports that your Report Server generates, and to run other On-Demand Reports and Per
Client reports.
You can also choose to send log messages to your instance of WatchGuard Dimension. Dimension is a virtual solution
that you can use to capture the log message data from your Fireboxes, FireClusters, and WatchGuard servers. You can
use Dimension to see this log data in real-time, track it across your network, view the source and destination of the
traffic, view log message details of the traffic, monitor threats to your network, and view reports of the traffic.
For this training module, we will install both the WSM Log Server and Report Server on your management computer. We
will not deploy a Dimension VM, however, if you already have an instance of Dimension deployed, and have already run
the Dimension Setup Wizard, you can choose to send log messages from your Fireboxes to your instance of
Dimension.

n Set up WatchGuard Server Center

n Set up a WSM Log Server and set up and configure a WSM Report Server
n Configure a Firebox to send log messages to a WatchGuard Log Server
n Enable logging in firewall policies and proxies
n Configure logging and notification preferences
In this module, you will connect to one or more Fireboxes, WatchGuard servers, and an instance of WatchGuard
Dimension. If you take this course with a WatchGuard Certified Training Partner, your instructor will provide the IP
address and passphrases for the Fireboxes, servers, and instance of Dimension used in the exercises.
Setup Process Overview

To setup logging and reporting for your network, you must configure the logging settings for your Fireboxes, and setup
and configure your WatchGuard Log Server and Report Server or WatchGuard Dimension.
The complete process includes:
1. Install and configure a logging and reporting solution:

n An instance of WatchGuard Dimension
You install Dimension as a virtual machine in a VMware or Hyper-V environment. Because Dimension is an
integrated logging and reporting solution, you do not install separate servers.
Run the Dimension Setup Wizard to configure the settings for your instance of Dimension.
n WatchGuard System Manager Log Server and Report Server
You can install your Log Server and Report Server on your management computer or another computer in your
network. The servers can be installed on the same computer or on different computers. You can install more than
one Log Server on your network, but you can only install one Report Server.
a. Run the WatchGuard Server Center Setup Wizard to set up your Log Server and Report Server.
If your Log Server and Report Server are on different computers, you must run the wizard on each
computer to set up each server separately.
b. Configure the settings for your Log Server.
Specify database and notification settings.
c. Configure the settings for your Report Server.
Specify databases, notification, and logging settings, and create schedules for report generation.
2. Configure your Firebox to send log messages to your Dimension server and/or WSM Log Server.
Specify the IP addresses of one or more servers where your Firebox sends log messages, set the priority for your
servers, and enable logging in your policies.
After you complete the installation and configuration process you can review log messages and reports for your
Fireboxes:
1. Review log messages:

n WatchGuard Dimension
n WatchGuard WebCenter Log Manager

2. Review reports:
n Use Dimension to view the reports automatically generated from the log messages sent to Dimension, view
Executive Summary and Dashboard reports, and schedule reports.
n Use WebCenter Report Manager to view Available Reports, and generate new On-Demand and Per Client
reports.
Information about how to review log messages and reports appears later in the Logging & Reporting module.
For instructions to configure logging on your network, see the topic “Quick Start — Set Up Logging for Your Network” in
Fireware Help.
You can use role-based administration to enable users who do not have administrative rights to also connect to
Dimension or WebCenter to view log messages and to see and generate reports.
For more information about how to use WatchGuard Server Center to add a user account, see the topic “Define or
Remove Users or Groups” in Fireware Help, and follow the instructions to add a user in WatchGuard Server Center.
For more information about how to add a user account to Dimension, as well as the other visibility features available in
Dimension, see Fireware Help.
Logging and Notification

At its most basic level, logging is the process of recording the activity that occurs at a Firebox or WatchGuard server.
Notification is the process of telling an administrator when a specified activity has occurred.
For example, when your Firebox denies a packet, this event is recorded as a log message in the log file. When the
Firebox determines that a set of events indicates a threat that you have configured for notification, such as a port space
probe, your network security administrator is alerted. The types of notification messages the device can send to the
network security administrator includes an email message, a pop-up message on the management computer, or an
SNMP trap. When the network security administrator receives a notification message for a threat to the network, he or
she can use that information to examine the log files and make decisions about how to make the network more secure.
The network administrator could decide to block the ports on which the probe was used, block the IP address that sent
the packets, or inform the ISP through which the packets were sent.
Logging and Notification Architecture

To understand how logging and notification work, you must know the components of the WatchGuard logging and
notification system.
WatchGuard Management UIs

You use WatchGuard System Manager (WSM) and Policy Manager or WatchGuard Dimension and Fireware
Web UI to configure your Firebox to set rules for the types of events that prompt the Firebox to send log
messages and notifications. WSM, Fireware Web UI, and Dimension supply the tools to see the log messages
the Firebox creates, and to generate reports of Firebox events. With Policy Manager and Fireware Web UI, you
specify which WSM Log Servers or instances of Dimension receive log messages from your Fireboxes.

Fireboxes and WatchGuard Servers

Your Fireboxes and WatchGuard servers generate log messages for each event that occurs, including events for
the Firebox or server itself, and sends the messages to the configured Log Server according to the rules you
configure in the security policy. If an event has a notification action associated with it, the Firebox or server
sends a notification to the Log Server.
Dimension or WSM Log Server

The Log Server is the destination where your Fireboxes and WatchGuard servers send log messages. Each Log
Server stores log messages in a PostgreSQL database. For Dimension, you use a Hyper-V or VMware virtual
machine (VM) platform. For a WSM Log Server, you can use your management computer as the Log Server, or
you can use a different computer. When you select a location for your Log Server, make sure that your Fireboxes
and servers are able to send traffic to the computer or VM you select.
j Connect to your Firebox

k Configure your Firebox to send log messages to Dimension and/or your WSM Log Server
l Connect to Dimension or WebCenter on your WSM Log Server to review log messages and reports
Log Server
Both Dimension and the WSM Log Server can collect log messages from your Fireboxes and WatchGuard servers.
Dimension and the WSM Log Server can also send notification messages when a notification request is received from
the Firebox.
You can install the WSM Log Server software on your management computer, or on a different computer by selecting to
install only the Log Server component when you install WSM. For Dimension, the server component that stores log
messages is automatically installed when you deploy the Dimension VM and run the Dimension Setup Wizard.

In addition to installing the software, you must configure the Dimension server with a logging encryption key or the
WSM Log Server with a logging authentication key. Your Fireboxes and WatchGuard servers use these keys to
authenticate the log messages sent to Dimension or the WSM Log Server. The same key must be specified on both the
Firebox or server, and on Dimension or the WSM Log Server. The key must be no less than eight and no more than 32
characters. You set the key when you configure the Log Server settings in the Dimension Setup Wizard or the
WatchGuard Server Center Setup Wizard. One Dimension server or WSM Log Server can receive and store log
messages from many Fireboxes and WatchGuard servers.
If you install the WSM Log Server on a computer with a desktop firewall other than Windows Firewall, to enable the Log
Server to connect through the firewall, you must open TCP ports 4107 and 4115 on that firewall. If you use the default
Windows firewall, you do not have to change your configuration. To use Dimension, you must make sure that you can
make connections to Dimension over TCP ports 22, 443, and 4115.
Your Firebox can send log messages to one or more Dimension servers or WSM Log Servers at the same time. If you
specify a backup server for the primary Dimension server or WSM Log Server, the backup server is used only when the
primary server becomes unavailable.
Log Messages
An important feature of a good network security policy is to collect log messages from your security systems, examine
those messages frequently, and keep them in a log file archive. You can use these log files to monitor your network
security and activity, identify any security risks, and address them. Both WatchGuard System Manager and
WatchGuard Dimension include strong and flexible tools to help you monitor and examine your log messages.
In addition to your Dimension server or your WSM Log Server, Fireboxes can send log messages to a syslog server or
keep a limited number of log messages locally. You can choose to send log messages to one or more of these locations
at the same time.
A Firebox sends five types of log messages: Traffic, Alarm, Event, Debug, and Statistic. Each log message includes
the name of the log type as part of the log message.
Traffic Log Messages

The Firebox sends traffic log messages as it applies packet filter and proxy policy rules to traffic that goes
through the Firebox.
If your Firebox runs Fireware OS v11.10.5 or higher, for packet filter allowed traffic, you can separately select to
send log messages for logging purposes (which you can see in Traffic Monitor or Log Manager) or only for
reporting purposes (these log messages are only used in reports and do not appear in Traffic Monitor or Log
Manager).
Alarm Log Messages

Alarm log messages are sent when an event occurs that causes the Firebox to send a notification request.
Event Log Messages

The Firebox sends an event log message because of user activity.
Debug Log Messages

Debug log messages include information used to help troubleshoot problems. You can select the level of debug
log messages to see in Traffic Monitor or send to a log file.

Statistic Log Messages

Statistic log messages include information about the performance of your Firebox. By default, the Firebox sends
log messages about external interface performance and VPN bandwidth statistics to your log file. You can use
these log messages to help you determine how to change your Firebox settings to improve performance.
Log Files
The Firebox sends log messages to a primary or backup instance of Dimension or a WSM Log Server.
For a WSM Log Server, log messages are stored in a PostgreSQL database file in the location you specify when you run
the setup wizard. We recommend that you select the built-in directory location for your operating system. For Windows,
the built-in directory location is:
C:\ProgramData\WatchGuard\logs
For Dimension, log messages are also stored in a PostgreSQL database, which is automatically located in the default
location when you deploy your Dimension VM and run the Dimension Setup Wizard.
For both Dimension and WSM Log Servers, you can select to use an external PostgreSQL database.
Set Up Logging & Servers Exercises


n A WSM Log Server that the Firebox can connect to
n A Dimension Server that the Firebox can connect to
If you do not have a WSM Log Server or Dimension Server, you can complete the exercises with
example settings provided. This can help you learn how to configure the settings, but does not enable
your Firebox to send log messages to a server.
Exercise 1 — Set Up WatchGuard Server Center

Before you can configure your installed WatchGuard servers, you must complete the WatchGuard Server Center Setup
Wizard. The Setup Wizard creates the WatchGuard servers you selected to install on your management computer.
When you run the wizard, you only see the screens that correspond to the server components you have installed. For
example, if you install only the Log Server and Report Server, but not the Quarantine Server, the pages used to create a
domain list for the Quarantine Server do not appear in the wizard.
For more information about the different WatchGuard WSM servers, see the training module for each server, or Fireware
Help.

In this exercise, we will use the WatchGuard Server Center Setup Wizard to set up the Management Server and the Log
Server that we have installed on the management computer.
Before you run the wizard, make sure you have this information:
n The passphrase you want the administrator to use (must be at least 8 characters)
n The Management Server license key
n The IP address of the Log Server
n The authentication key for the Log Server (8–32 characters, no spaces or slashes)
n The directory location t to keep your log files
To run the WatchGuard Server Center Setup Wizard:
1. In the Windows system tray, right-click and select Open WatchGuard Server Center.
The WatchGuard Server Center Setup Wizard starts.
2. Review the Welcome page to make sure you have all the information required to complete the wizard. Click
Next.
The General Settings - Identify your organization name page appears.
3. Type your Organization name. Click Next.
The General Settings - Set Administrator passphrase page appears.
4. Type and confirm the Administrator passphrase. Click Next.
The Management Server - Identify the gateway Firebox page appears.
5. Select Yes.
6. Type the external IP address and passphrases for your gateway Firebox. Click Next.
The Management Server - Enter a license key page appears.
7. Type the license key for your Management Server and click Add. Click Next.
The Log Server - Set an authentication key and database location page appears.
8. Type and confirm the Authentication key to use for the secure connection between the Firebox and the Log
Server.
9. Select the Database location for your Log Server database.
10. Click Next.
The Review Settings page appears.
11. Confirm your settings are correct and click Next.
The wizard shows the server configuration progress.
12. Click Next.
The WatchGuard Server Center Setup Wizard is complete page appears.
13. Click Finish.
WatchGuard Server Center appears.
Exercise 2 — Set Up a WSM Log Server

In this exercise, the Successful Company network administrator sets up a WSM Log Server. In most organizations, the
Log Server is a dedicated computer on the trusted or optional network running Microsoft Windows. The network
administrator can also configure the Log Server on the external network if he has many Fireboxes and wants to store log
files in a central location. The logging channel is encrypted, so he does not need to use a VPN tunnel between the
Firebox and the Log Server. If necessary, the administrator can use NAT (network address translation) to route from the
external interface to the Log Server behind a firewall. Then, he can configure a WG-Logging policy to open TCP port
4115 (used by Fireboxes with Fireware OS).

Set Up the Log Server
If attending a class, your instructor might have already installed the Log Server on your management
computer.
The first step after the Log Server is installed is to run the WatchGuard Server Center Setup Wizard. This wizard
completes the basic setup for all the WatchGuard servers you have installed on this computer. After you set up
WatchGuard Server Center, you can configure the Log Server.
Configure the Log Server

On the computer that has the Log Server software installed:
1. Right-click in the system tray and select Open WatchGuard Server Center.
The Connect to WatchGuard Server Center dialog box appears.
2. Type your Username and Administrator passphrase. Click Login.
The WatchGuard Server Center appears.
3. In the Servers tree, select Log Server.
The Log Server Server Settings page appears.
4. Select a tab to configure the settings for your network.
In the subsequent exercises, we use the Server Settings and Database Maintenance tabs.

Exercise 3 — Control Database and Notification Properties

In this exercise, we configure the WSM Log Server to comply with the Successful Company document archive policy.
At Successful Company, the network administrator must back up critical network data, such as log messages, to a
secure drive at least once a week. Because the Log Server and Report Server are installed on the same computer, they
share a PostgreSQL database. We must make sure that the combined maximum database size settings of both the Log
Server and the Report Server do not exceed 50% of the total disk space available on the primary operating system
partition of the server computer. This is to make sure the two servers do not use more disk space than is available on
the server computer. We will also select to use the Built-in PostgreSQL database that is installed with the Log Server.
Configure Database and Notification Settings

We use Log Server database maintenance and notification settings to control how long we maintain log messages, as
well as when and where we back them up to a location other than the Log Server.
1. In the WatchGuard Server Center Servers tree, select Log Server.

The Log Server pages appear with the Server Settings tab selected.
2. In the Maximum Database size text box, type the maximum allowable size in gigabytes for the Log Server
database.
Make sure that this setting, combined with the maximum size you specify for the Report Server database, does not
exceed 50% of the disk space on the server computer.
3. Click Apply to save your settings.

4. Select the Database Maintenance tab.
5. In the Database Backup Settings section, select the Backup log messages automatically check box.
6. In the Backup log data every text box, type or select 7.
This sets the frequency of backups to once a week.
7. In the Database Settings section, make sure Built-in database is selected.
This is the default setting.
8. Click Apply to save your settings.
To use an existing PostgreSQL database on another computer, select the External PostgreSQL
database option.
Send Log Notifications to a Network Administrator

We also need to configure the Log Server to use the Successful Company email server to send messages to the
network administrators’ group.
1. Select the Notification tab.

2. In the Events > Send an email notification section, select the When a failure event occurs on this Log
Server and the When an event notification is received from any device or server check boxes.
3. In the SMTP Server Settings section, in the Outgoing email server (SMTP) text box, type
mail.myexample.com.
To change the port for connections to the SMTP server, type the SMTP server address in this format
<localhost>:<port number>.

If the SMTP server you are using for this training accepts connections on a port other than port 25 (the
default port for SMTP traffic), you can change the port.
4. Select the Send credentials to the email server check box.

5. In the User Name text box, type netadmingroup.
6. In the Password text box, type mailpassword.
7. In the Notification etup section, in the Send email to text box, type administrator@myexample.com.
8. In the Send email from text box, type netadmin@myexample.com.
9. In the Subject text box, type Log Server Notification.
10. Click Apply to save your changes.
Change the Authentication Key

When a network administrator at Successful Company moves to London to take a job with another company, the
remaining staff recognize that they need to change all the firewall passwords. In this exercise, we use WatchGuard
Server Center to change their Log Server authentication key, and update the authentication key for each Firebox logging
to the WatchGuard Log Server.
1. In the Servers tree, select Log Server.

The Log Server pages appear, with the Server Settings tab selected.
2. In the Authentication Key Setting section, click Modify.
The Log Server Authentication Key dialog box appears.
3. In the New key text box, type myencryptionkey. Click OK.
The Log Server Authentication Key dialog box closes and the authentication key is changed.
4. Open Policy Manager for your Firebox.
5. Select Setup > Logging.
The Logging Setup dialog box appears.
6. In the WatchGuard Log Server section, click Configure.
The Configure Log Servers dialog box appears.

7. Select the Log Server IP address in the list, and click Edit.
The Edit Event Processor dialog box appears.
8. In the Authentication Key and Confirm Key text boxes, type myencryptionkey.
9. Click OK to close the Edit Event Processor dialog box.
10. Click OK to close the Configure Log Servers dialog box.
11. Click OK to close the Logging Setup dialog box.
12. Save the configuration file to the Firebox.
13. Repeat Steps 4–12 for each device that sends log messages to this Log Server.
Exercise 4 — Configure Where the Firebox Sends Log Messages

The Successful Company administrator must tell each Firebox in the network to send log messages to a WatchGuard
Log Server. Because the Firebox can simultaneously send log messages to two WatchGuard Log Servers at the same
time, he configures the Firebox to send log messages to both a Dimension server and a WSM Log Server. When he
configures the logging settings for the Firebox, he adds the IP address for each Log Server where the Firebox will send
log messages and the Log Server authentication key, and saves the configuration file to the Firebox. Then, after he sets
up each server, the logging authentication key on the Firebox matches the key on each server, and the server and
Firebox can communicate. The Firebox waits until it sends its first log message to establish a connection with the
server.
If the Firebox cannot connect to Dimension or the WSM Log Server, add the authentication keys to the
Firebox configuration again. The most common cause of connection problems is keys that do not
match.
Because the Firebox can send the same log messages to two Log Servers at the same time, the Successful Company
administrator configures two different sets of Log Servers. For each set, he must configure a primary Log Server, but
backup servers are optional. The administrator has both an instance of Dimension and a WSM Log Server, so he
configures his Firebox to send log messages to both servers simultaneously.
In Fireware v12.0 or higher, the name of the key in the Firebox configuration and the WSM Log Server
settings is Authentication Key. In the Dimension settings, the name of the key is Encryption Key. This
is the same key. When you specify the Authentication Key for Dimension in the Logging settings on
your Firebox, make sure to specify the Encryption Key you set in the Dimesion server settings.

In this exercise, we use Policy Manager to configure the Firebox to send log messages to both a Dimension server and
a WSM Log Server.
1. Open the configuration file for your Firebox.

3. Select the Send log messages to these Dimension or WSM Log Servers check box. Click Configure.
The Configure Log Servers dialog box appears, with the Log Servers 1 tab selected by default.
4. Click Add.
The Add Event Processor dialog box appears.
5. In the Log Server Address text box, type the IP address for your WSM Log Server (your management computer
IP address).
For this exercise, we put the WSM Log Server on the Successful Company trusted network at 10.0.1.17.

6. In the Authentiction Key and Confirm Key text boxes, type mylogserverkey.
7. Click OK to close the Add Event Processor dialog box.
The IP address for the Log Server appears in the Configure Log Servers dialog box on the Log Servers 1 tab.
8. Select the Log Servers 2 tab.

9. Click Add.
10. In the Log Server Address text box, type the IP address for your instance of Dimension.
For this exercise, we put Dimension on the Successful Company trusted network at 10.0.1.27.
11. In the Authentication Key and Confirm Key text boxes, type mydimensionlogserverkey.
This is the Encryption Key that is defined in the Dimension server Visibility settings.
The IP address for Dimension appears in the Configure Log Servers dialog box on the Log Servers 2 tab.

13. Click OK again to close the Configure Log Servers dialog box.
The Firebox does not establish a connection with the Log Servers until you save the configuration file to the Firebox
and it tries to send the first log message.
15. If you have access to a Firebox for this lesson, save the configuration file to the Firebox.
Exercise 5 — Configure Logging and Notification for Policies

Before the Successful Company administrators can see log messages for the traffic through their Fireboxes, and
generate reports from these log messages, they must also enable logging in their firewall policies and proxies. The
options they can select depend on the type of policy (packet filter or proxy) and the connection settings for packet filter
policies.
For a packet filter policy that allows connections through the Firebox, the administrator can select separate options to
enable the Firebox to send log messages that can be viewed in Traffic Monitor and Log Manager, or to send log
messages that are only used in reports. To both see the Firebox log messages and generate reports from log messages,
the administrator can select both options. This enables the administrator to remove log messages for specific types of
allowed traffic from the Traffic Monitor display, or to not generate log messages for reports for specific types of allowed
traffic.
Example of the Logging and Notification settings for a packet filter policy that allows connections.
For proxy policies or packet filter policies that deny or reset connections through the Firebox, the administrator can only
select to send log messages that appear in both Traffic Monitor and Log Manager and are also used to generate reports.

Example of the Logging and Notification settings for a proxy policy.
The Successful Company administrator can also set custom notification rules for each policy. These rules tell the
Firebox which events should trigger a notification. Notifications can occur through email, a pop-up window on your
management computer, or with a Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) trap. An SNMP trap is a notification
event issued by a managed device to the network SNMP manager when a significant event occurs.
For this exercise, the Successful Company administrator will edit a packet filter policy that allows connections to send
log messages that can be viewed in Traffic Monitor and included in reports. Because the administrator wants to receive
an email notification message, we will configure the notifications settings to send a notification by email.
To enable logging in your policies:
1. Open the Firebox configuration file in Policy Manager.

2. Add or edit a packet filter policy.
3. Select the Properties tab and click Logging.
The Logging and Notification dialog box appears. The options included in the dialog box depend on the type of policy
you selected.

4. To see log messages in Traffic Monitor and Log Manager, and to generate log messages to include in reports,
select both the Send a log message and the Send a log message for reports check boxes.
5. To send email notification messages to the administrator, select the Send notification check box and select the
Email option.
6. Click OK to save the logging and notification settings in the policy.
7. Click OK to save the policy changes.
Exercise 6 — Configure a WSM Report Server

Successful Company network administrators decide that, for performance reasons, they are going to install the WSM
Report Server on a different computer than the management computer. In this exercise, we configure their Report
Server. Before you configure the Report Server, you must run the WatchGuard Server Center Setup Wizard, which sets
up the Report Server. After the Report Server is set up, you can finish your Report Server configuration in the
WatchGuard Server Center.
Add a Log Server
A Report Server can consolidate data from one or more WSM Log Servers. You must add the IP address of each WSM
Log Server to the Report Server configuration.
On the computer where the Report Server is installed:
1. Right-click in the system tray and select Open WatchGuard Server Center.
The Connect to WatchGuard Server Center dialog box appears.
2. Type your Username and Administrator passphrase. Click Login.
The WatchGuard Server Center appears.

3. In the Servers tree, select Report Server.

The Report Server pages appears, with the Server Settings tab selected.
4. In the Log Server Settings section, click Add.

The Add Log Server dialog box appears.
5. In the IP address text box, type the IP address of your WSM Log Server.
In most training environments, this is the same IP address as your management computer.
6. In the Passphrase text box, type myadminpassphrase.
This must be the same passphrase you selected when you ran the WatchGuard Server Center Setup Wizard.
7. Click OK.
The IP address of the WSM Log Server appears in the list of Log Servers. A single Report Server can consolidate data
from more than one Log Server.

Select Reports and Timing

To specify which reports are generated and when they are generated, the Successful Company network administrator
must create a Report Schedule and specify the reports to generate. By default, the Report Server automatically
includes 50 records in each summary report. The Successful Company network administrator would prefer to include 75
records in summary reports and schedule the reports to be generated every Monday. He also has not purchased the
WatchGuard Gateway AntiVirus or Intrusion Prevention Service options, so he disables those reports.
Finally, Successful Company network administrator wants to generate a PDF of the report that he can send to senior
management, so he configures the Advanced Settings to generate a PDF file of the report data.
1. Select the Report Generation tab.
2. In the Number of records included in each summary report text box, type 75.
3. In the Report Schedules section, click Add.
The New Schedule dialog box appears.

4. In the Schedule Name text box, type the name for this schedule.
For this example, type All Devices - No GAV-IPS.
5. In the Devices list, select the check box for each Firebox to include in this report generation schedule.
For this example, select the All Devices check box.
6. In the Report types list, select the check box for each report to include in this schedule.
For this example, clear the Gateway AntiVirus Reports and Intrusion Prevention Service Reports check
boxes.
7. In the Report Schedule section, select Run recurrently.
8. From the Run recurrently drop-down list, select Weekly.
9. From the Recur every week on drop-down list, select Monday.

10. In the Range of recurrence section, keep the default setting of No end date.
11. Select the Advanced Settings tab.
12. Select the Generate reports for external use check box.
13. Select an option to specify how reports are generated for device groups:
n One report for each device in the group
n One report with combined data for all devices in the group
For this exercise, select One report with combined data for all devices in the group.
14. Select a format: HTML or PDF.
For this exercise, select PDF.
15. From the Display dates and times using drop-down list, select the time zone you want to appear in the reports:
My local time zone or UTC.
16. (Optional) From the Location drop-down list, select the location where you want the report to be saved.
17. Click OK.
The schedule appears in the Report Schedules list.
18. Click Apply to save your configuration changes to the Report Server.
Test Your Knowledge

1. What is the default location for a WatchGuard log file?

2. True or false? The Firebox can only send log messages to one WatchGuard Log Server at a time.
3. Which logging component is responsible for sending notification email messages when an event occurs on the
Firebox that triggers notification? (Select one.)
o A) Firebox
o B) Log Server
o C) Policy Manager
4. Which of these log configuration settings are available in Policy Manager? (Select all that apply.)
o A) Scheduling reports
o B) Setting the maximum size for a log database file
o C) Setting the log encryption key
o D) Selecting a backup Log Server for log messages
o E) Setting the mail host and email address for email notifications
o F) Configuring email notification for denied SMTP packets
5. True or false? The Firebox can generate some log messages that are only used in reports and are not available to
see in Traffic Monitor.

6. Which of these log configuration settings are available in WatchGuard Server Center in the Log Server
configuration pages? (Select all that apply.)
o A) Scheduling reports
o B) Setting the maximum size for a log database file
o C) Setting the log authentication key
o D) Selecting a backup server for log message database files
o E) Setting the mail host and email address for email notifications
o F) Configuring email notification for denied SMTP packets
7. True or false? Log files created by a Firebox with Fireware OS are stored in a proprietary format.

8. Which tool(s) are included in the WatchGuard reporting architecture? (Select all that apply.)
o A) WSM Report Server

o B) Quarantine Server
o C) WSM Log Server
o D) Firebox
o E) Active Directory Server
o F) WSM Log Manager
o G) WatchGuard Dimension
o H) WSM Report Manager
9. Circle the WatchGuard System Manager tool you use to configure each of the following:
Policy Report Log Log Report

Select the Log Server used by a Firebox
Manager Server Server Manager Manager

Set number of HTML records per report
Select Log Server polled by Report Policy Report Log Log Report
Server Manager Server Server Manager Manager

Set the frequency reports are generated

Generate a PDF of a report

Set the date range for a report
Select reports to run on a daily or weekly Policy Report Log Log Report
schedule Manager Server Server Manager Manager
10. True or false? You can install Dimension on any Windows computer with a 64-bit OS.

ANSWERS
1. C:\ProgramData\WatchGuard\logs
2. False
The Firebox can simultaneously send log messages to two WatchGuard Log Servers (WSM or Dimension), a
syslog server, or the Firebox internal database.
3. B) Log Server.
The Log Server sends a notification email in response to the log message it receives from the Firebox.
4. C, D, F
5. True
For traffic allowed by packet filter policies, you can configure the logging settings for the policy to only generate
log messages to use in reports.
6. B, C, E
7. False
Log messages are stored in a PostgreSQL database file.
8. A, C, D, F, G, H
9. Select Log Server used by a Firebox — Policy Manager
Set number of HTML records per report — Report Server
Select Log Server polled by Report Server — Report Server
Set the frequency reports are generated — Report Server
Generate a PDF of a report — Report Server, Log Manager, and Report Manager
Set the date range for a report — Report Server, Report Manager
Select the reports to run on a daily or weekly schedule — Report Server
10. False
You install Dimension as a virtual machine on a Hyper-V or VMware platform.

Notes

Monitor Your Firewall
Monitor Activity Through Your Firebox
What You Will Learn

WatchGuard System Manager (WSM) includes several tools to monitor the health of your Firebox and network. You can
also use similar tools in Fireware Web UI (such as Traffic Monitor) to monitor your Firebox. Most of the exercises
included in this module will address how to monitor your Firebox with WSM tools.
For more information about how to use Fireware Web UI, see Fireware Web UI, on page 445.
n Interpret the information in the Fireware Web UI and WatchGuard System Manager display
n Modify the Security Traffic display to match your network configuration
n Change Traffic Monitor settings and trace the source of a connection
n Add and remove sites from the Blocked Sites list
n Use FireWatch to monitor activity on your network
n Use Geolocation to view the source and destination countries of network traffic
n Use Mobile Security to view the status of mobile device connections
n Use Network Discovery to view your networks and devices
In this module, you will connect to one or more Fireboxes. If you take this course with a WatchGuard Certified Training
Partner, your instructor will provide the IP address and passphrases for the Fireboxes used in the exercises. For self-
instruction, you can safely connect to a Firebox on a production network. You will not change the configuration files of
any Firebox.

Monitoring Tools
As with any security product, regular monitoring of your firewall improves both performance and security. When you use
WatchGuard System Manager (WSM) or Fireware Web UI to connect to a Firebox, you are immediately presented with
key information about the health of your firewall. If you use WSM, you can also monitor the WatchGuard servers on your
network. WSM is particularly useful for networks with more than one Firebox because you can see many Fireboxes at
the same time and you can monitor connections between Fireboxes.
With Firebox System Manager and Fireware Web UI, you can quickly scan the configuration and status of a single
Firebox, see unusual activity, and take immediate action. Firebox System Manger includes nine methods to monitor
your Firebox, each presented on a separate tab. Fireware Web UI includes many of the same methods and some
additional methods, each on a different page in the DASHBOARD and SYSTEM STATUS sections of the Web UI. For
more information about the methods and tools available to help you monitor your Firebox with Fireware Web UI, see
Fireware Web UI, on page 445.
Firebox
System Fireware
Method Description Manager Web UI Dimension
Front Panel Shows the status of Firebox interfaces; includes

information about active VPN tunnels and Subscription
Services.
Traffic Monitor Shows a color-coded list of the log messages from the
Firebox.
Bandwidth Provides a real-time graphical display of network

Meter activities across a Firebox. If you change the view from
connections to bandwidth, Firebox System Manager
remembers the setting the next time you start the
application.
Service Shows a graph of the policies configured on a Firebox.

Watch The Y-axis (vertical) shows the number of connections or
bandwidth used per policy. The X-axis (horizontal) shows
the time. To get more information about a policy at a point
in time, click a location on the chart.
Status Report Shows the technical details of the Firebox.
Authentication Identifies the IP addresses and user names of all the

List users that are authenticated to the Firebox. Includes a
Summary section with the number of users
authenticated for each authentication type, and the total
number of authenticated users.
Blocked Sites Shows all the sites currently blocked by the Firebox.
From this page, you can remove a site from the
temporary blocked sites list.

Firebox
System Fireware
Method Description Manager Web UI Dimension
Subscription Shows the status of Gateway AntiVirus, Intrusion

Services Prevention Service, Application Control, spamBlocker,
WebBlocker, Botnet Detection, APT Blocker,
Geolocation, Data Loss Prevention, and Reputation
Enabled Defense. From here, you can also perform a
manual update of the signature databases. In FSM, this
tab is active only if you have purchased these services.
Gateway Shows the connection status and activity of your

Wireless WatchGuard AP devices. You can also monitor and
Controller manage the client connections to your WatchGuard AP
devices.
FireWatch Shows real-time, aggregate information about the traffic

through your Firebox.
Network Shows all the devices connected to your internal

Discovery networks, in both a tree map view and a tabular list.
Mobile Shows mobile devices that are connected to your

Security network. You can see a list of connected mobile devices,
see detailed information for each device, and see group
information for each device.
In Dimension, this is the Mobile Devices Dashboard.
Geolocation Shows a list of countries and the source and destination

traffic for each country. Blocked countries are not
displayed.
Threat Map A visual representation of the source and destination

locations around the world for the traffic through your
Firebox.
Executive See a high-level view of the traffic through the selected

Dashboard Firebox, cluster, or group. If your Firebox is managed by
Dimension, you can also add IP addresses and domains
to the Blocked Sites List from the Executive Dashboard.
Security See the top threats in each security area protected by

Dashboard your configured Subscription Services, and take action
on the threats. If your Firebox is managed by Dimension,
you can also add IP addresses and domains to the
Blocked Sites List and to the Blocked Botnet Site
Exceptions List from the Security Dashboard.
From the Firebox System Manager toolbar, you can also launch these tools to monitor your Firebox:

n Performance Console — Used to prepare graphs based on Firebox performance counters to better understand
how your Firebox is functioning.
n HostWatch — Shows the network connections between the selected networks.
If any of your Subscription Services have expired, an expired service warning appears on the Front Panel tab in Firebox
System Manager and on the Subscription Services page in Fireware Web UI for each expired service. The Renew
Now button also appears at the top of Firebox System Manager. To renew your subscription to the expired services,
you can click Renew Now. You can also choose to hide the expired service warnings.
To monitor cloud-based services, log in to your account on the WatchGuard Portal and navigate to the Support Center.
In WatchGuard Support Center, you can manage your cloud-based services.
n To manage DNSWatch, select My WatchGuard > Manage DNSWatch

n To manage Threat Detection and Response, select My WatchGuard > Manage TDR
For more information, see Fireware Help.
Monitor Your Firewall Exercises

n A Firebox with a feature key that enables all security services

n WatchGuard System Manager
Exercise 1 — Review Network Status in WSM

The Successful Company network administrator has now saved a basic configuration to the Firebox and has installed
and configured a WSM Log Server and WSM Report Server. We can now look at this network security infrastructure
with WatchGuard System Manager (WSM).
For this exercise, your instructor might have you connect to the training lab Firebox to provide more
traffic for the exercises.
From the Windows desktop:
1. From the Windows Start menu, select WatchGuard System Manager > WatchGuard System Manager.
WatchGuard System Manager opens.
2. Click .
Or, select File > Connect To Device.
3. Type the trusted IP address of the Firebox you want to connect to.

4. In the User Name and Passphrase text boxes, type the credentials for a user account with Device Monitor
privileges.
The default Device Monitor user account user name is status.
The Firebox appears in the WSM display.
Interpret the Device Status Display

Information about a Firebox you connect to appears in the WatchGuard System Manager Device Status tab. The
information that appears includes the status, IP address, and MAC address for each Ethernet interface, the
DNS servers, and the installed certificates. It also includes the status of all virtual private network (VPN) tunnels that
are configured in WSM.

Expanded information for each Firebox includes the IP address and subnet mask of each interface. It also includes:
n IP address and netmask of the default gateway (for external interfaces only).
n Media Access Control (MAC) address of the interface.
n Number of packets sent and received on each interface since the last Firebox restart.

Each Firebox can be in one of four possible operation modes. The current mode is shown by the appearance of the icon:
— Usual operation. The device is successfully sending data to WatchGuard System Manager.
— The device has a dynamic IP address and has not yet contacted the Management Server.
— WatchGuard System Manager cannot make a network connection to the device at this time.
— The device is being contacted for the first time or has not been contacted yet.
The Device Status tab also includes information on Branch Office VPN Tunnels and Mobile VPN tunnels.
Exercise 2 — Use Firebox System Manager

The Firebox System Manager Front Panel tab has a group of indicator lights in the shape of a triangle or star to show
the direction and volume of the traffic between the Firebox interfaces. The points of the star and triangle show the traffic
that flows through the interfaces. Each point shows incoming and outgoing connections with different arrows. When
traffic flows between the two interfaces, the arrows show the direction of the traffic.
In the star figure, the location where the points come together can show one of two conditions:
n Red (deny) — The Firebox denied a connection on that interface.

n Green (allow) — Traffic flows between this interface and a different interface (but not the center) on the star.
When traffic flows from this interface to the center, the point between these interfaces shows as green arrows.
In the triangle, the network traffic shows in the points of the triangle. The points show only the idle and deny conditions.
If you use the star figure, you can customize which interface is in the center. The default star figure shows the external
interface in the center. When you put a different interface in the center, you can see all traffic between that interface and
the other interfaces. All allowed and denied traffic is relative to the interface in the center of the diagram. You see no
information about traffic between interfaces on the perimeter of the star.
In this exercise, you start Firebox System Manager and change the status display.
Connect to a Firebox and Change the Display
1. In WatchGuard System Manager, click to connect to your Firebox.

2. Type your Firebox trusted IP address and the user credentials for a Device Monitor user account. Click OK.
3. On the Device Status tab, select the Firebox.
4. Click .
Firebox System Manager appears. It contacts your device and gets data about network traffic, interface settings, and
other status information.


5. As shown in the upper-left corner of the FSM window, the default mode shows the interfaces in a star shape.
6. To switch to the triangle display, click the triangle icon in the top-right corner above the star display.
7. In the star display, click the red ball adjacent to eth2.
The eth2 interface moves to the center of the display. The other interfaces move in a clockwise direction.
8. Click the red ball adjacent to eth0 to move it back to the center of the display.
Use Traffic Monitor

Traffic Monitor is an application that displays a continuous list of log messages. The messages are refreshed every five
seconds by default, which makes Traffic Monitor a good place to start troubleshooting problems you have with your
Firebox.
One unique feature of Traffic Monitor is the ability to ping or trace the source of a connection you see in the Traffic
Monitor window. In this exercise, you use Traffic Monitor to trace the source of a connection through a Firebox that is
accessible through the training lab.
1. Select the Traffic Monitor tab.

2. Select an entry in Traffic Monitor and right-click it.

3. In the Source IP address menu, select traceroute. This executes the tracert command against the IP address
identified as the source of the packet.
The Diagnostic Tasks dialog box appears with the results of the traceroute.
Traceroute is a utility that traces a packet from your computer to an Internet host. This shows how many hops the
packet needs to reach the host and how long each hop takes.
4. Review the result of the traceroute.
5. Click Close.
The number of hops and the response time of each hop determines how long it will take for the results
to appear. The results do not appear until the trace route is complete.

Run a TCP Dump Diagnostic Task and Download a PCAP File

From Firebox System Manager, you ran run a variety of diagnostic tasks. In the previous exercise, we ran a traceroute
task directly from Traffic Monitor to find how many hops a packet took and how much time each hop took to reach the
destination IP address. In addition to traceroute tasks, you can also run Ping, DNS Lookup, and TCP Dump tasks.
When you run a task, in addition to the standard parameters for each task, you can include arguments to help refine the
search results.
To help you diagnose problems with the traffic on your network, you can complete a TCP Dump task and download a
packet capture (PCAP) file, which includes the results of the last TCP Dump task that you ran. You can then open the
PCAP file in a third-party tool, such as Wireshark, and review the protocols in the PCAP file to find any issues in your
network configuration.
The maximum size of a PCAP file is 30 MB. If your Firebox has limited memory, the size of the PCAP file is
automatically reduced to an appropriate size based on the memory available on your device.
When you run the TCP Dump task, you can choose to save the results on the Firebox to download later as a PCAP file,
or you can save the results directly in a PCAP file. You can then open the PCAP file in a tool such as Wireshark, and
review the protocols to diagnose the issues on your network.
To run a TCP Dump and save the results in a PCAP file:
1. In Traffic Monitor, right-click anywhere and select Diagnostic Tasks.

Or, select Tools > Diagnostic Tasks.
The Diagnostic Tasks dialog box appears, with the Network tab selected.
2. From the Task drop-down list, select TCP Dump.
The Interface drop-down list appears.

3. Select the Advanced Options check box.
4. In the Arguments text box, type the parameters for the search. You must include the interface to examine. For
example, type -i eth0 to examine the eth0 interface.
This can be a physical interface on the Firebox (such as, eth0), a Link Aggregation interface (such as, bond0), a
wireless interface (such as, ath0), or a VLAN interface (such as, vlan10).
5. Select the Stream data to a file check box.
6. Click Browse to specify a location to save the PCAP file and a name for the file.
7. Click Run Task.
The TCP Dump task runs. TCP Dump data does not appear in the Results list.

You can also choose to run the TCP Dump task on the Firebox and later save the results to a PCAP file.
In the Diagnostic Tasks dialog box:
1. From the Task drop-down list, select TCP Dump.

The Interface drop-down list appears.
3. In the Arguments text box, type the parameters for the search. You must include the interface to examine. For
example, type -i eth0 to examine the eth0 interface.
This can be a physical interface on the Firebox (such as, eth0), a Link Aggregation interface (such as, bond0), a
wireless interface (such as, ath0), or a VLAN interface (such as, vlan10).
4. Select the Buffer data to save later check box.
5. Click Run Task.
The TCP Dump task runs and the details appear in the Results window.
6. When the TCP Dump task has collected enough results, click Stop Task.
The TCP dump task stops automatically if the file reaches either the maximum allowed size for your computer, or the
amount you specified in the Arguments text box. The TCP dump task stops and the Save Pcap file button appears.
7. Click Save Pcap file and specify a file name and a location to save the PCAP file.
Change Traffic Monitor Settings

You can configure Traffic Monitor to use different colors to show different types of information. In this exercise, we
change the color of the source IP address for denied traffic to bright pink so that we can see it better.

1. Select File > Settings.

The Settings dialog box appears.
2. Select the Traffic Denied tab.
3. From the Traffic Denied list, select source ip.
4. Click the Text Color button.
The Text Color button shows the current color selected for source ip log messages.
5. Select bright pink and click OK.
The text color changes. All information for this message type now appears in the new color in Traffic Monitor. A sample
of how these messages will look in Traffic Monitor appears in the Sample window at the bottom of the dialog box.
6. Click OK to close the Settings dialog box.
For log messages of denied traffic, the source IP address is now a bright pink.
Check Bandwidth Usage and Service Volume

Firebox System Manager also has a way for you to quickly check your firewall bandwidth usage and the volume of
traffic for your primary proxies.
1. Select the Bandwidth Meter tab.

The list of Firebox interfaces appears on the left. Each interface is a different color. The central panel shows the
relative volume of traffic through each interface.

2. Select the Service Watch tab.

On the left is a list of policies configured for your Firebox. Each interface is a different color to identify them. The central
panel shows the relative volume of traffic examined by each proxy policy.
When you connect to a training lab Firebox, you might not see lines form in these tabs. This is
because your training Firebox is passing only a small amount of traffic.
Exercise 3 — Use the Blocked Sites List

The Blocked Sites list shows all the sites currently blocked as a result of the rules defined in your Firebox configuration.
On the Blocked Sites tab, you can add sites to the list, or remove blocked sites. In this exercise, you remove a blocked
site, then add a site to the list.
1. Select the Blocked Sites tab.

2. From the Blocked IP list, select the IP address you just blocked. Click Delete in the lower-right corner.
The Delete Site(s) dialog box appears.
3. Click Yes and type the credentials for a user account with Device Administrator privileges. Click OK.
4. To add a site, click Add at the bottom of the dialog box.
The Add Temporary Blocked Site dialog box appears.
5. Add the site 10.1.1.1 and block it for 24 hours.
The site appears on the Blocked Sites list.
Exercise 4 — Use FireWatch

The FireWatch Dashboard page provides real-time, aggregate information about the traffic through your Firebox. You
can use FireWatch to see:
n Who uses the most bandwidth on your network

n Which is the most popular site that users visit
n Which sites use the most bandwidth
n Which applications use the most bandwidth
n Which sites has a particular user visited
n Which applications are most used by a particular user
In this exercise, you use FireWatch to monitor activity on your Firebox.
1. To connect to Fireware Web UI for your Firebox, open a web browser and type https://<Firebox-IP-
address>:8080, and specify your credentials.
Make sure to replace <Firebox-IP-address> with the IP address assigned to the trusted or optional interface of your
Firebox.
2. Select Dashboard > FireWatch.
The FireWatch page appears.

The FireWatch page is separated into tabs of data. Each tab presents the data in a treemap visualization. The
treemap proportionally sizes blocks in the display to represent the data for that tab. The largest blocks on the tab
represent the largest data users. The data is sorted by the tab you select and the type you select from the drop-
down list at the top right of the page.
On the Source tab, each block has the IP address of the source. If your computer is the only computer
connected to the Firebox, the Source tab shows one large block.

3. On the Source tab, move the mouse over the IP address in a block.
A dialog box with summary information about traffic from that source appears.
4. Click View connections.

A list of connections that originate from that IP address appears.
5. Click Close.
6. On the Source tab, move the mouse over an IP address in a block.
A dialog box with summary information about traffic from that source appears.

7. Click Filter.
The Source tab disappears, and all other tabs show data only from the selected source. The current filter appears at
the top of the page.
8. To remove the current filter, click FireWatch in the breadcrumbs at the top of the page.
The Source tab reappears, and the data is no longer filtered by that source.
9. Select each of the other tabs to view traffic data by destination, application, policy, or interface.
10. Use a web browser to connect to different sites, and watch how the treemap view updates
11. From the drop-down list at the top-right of the page, select an option to pivot the data on, and change the
information that appears on the page.

Exercise 5 — Use Geolocation

The Geolocation dashboard page provides information about the source and destination locations of connections
allowed through the Firebox. You can use Geolocation to:
n View top countries by source and destination of traffic

n See a list of connections from a specific country
n Look up specific IP addresses to find out their geographic location
In this exercise, you use Geolocation to see the source and destination of traffic to and from your Firebox.
1. To enable Geolocation, from Fireware Web UI, select Subscription Services > Geolocation.

2. Select the Enable Geolocation check box, then click Save.

3. Select Dashboard > Geolocation.
The Geolocation page appears.
4. Select the Map tab.

The country color indicates the number of connections:

n Dark green — Highest
n Light green — Lower
n Yellow — Lowest
3. Select the Country List tab.
This page shows connection details by country, ranked by the number of hits.

4. From the Map tab or Country List tab, select a country.

For example, select USA.
The country details appear, and include all incoming and outgoing connections, and the connection details.
5. Select the Lookup tab.

6. Type an IP address and click Look Up.
For example, type the destination IP address from the connection in the USA country details page.
The geolocation details of the IP address are displayed.
Exercise 6 — Use Mobile Security

When Mobile Security is enabled, from the Mobile Security Dashboard page you can monitor the mobile devices that
are connected to your network. You can use Mobile Security to:
n See a list of connected mobile devices

n See detailed information for each device
n See group information for each device
n View connections for the mobile device in FireWatch
n See traffic from the mobile device in Traffic Monitor
In this exercise, you use Mobile Security to view details of a mobile device.
1. To enable Mobile Security, from Fireware Web UI, select Subscription Services > Mobile Security.

2. Select the Enable Mobile Security check box and click Save.
3. Select Dashboard > Mobile Security.
4. Click a mobile device.

The details page for that device appears.

5. To see connection details for a mobile device, at the top of the page, click FireWatch.
The FireWatch page appears with the connection information for the selected mobile device.
6. To see the traffic generated by the mobile device, at the top of the page, click Traffic Monitor.
The Traffic Monitor page appears with the traffic log messages for the mobile device.
Exercise 7 — Use Network Discovery

From the Network Discovery Dashboard page you can see a visual map of your networks and connected devices, and
view device details.
In this exercise, you use Network Discovery to view details of a device on your network.
1. To enable Network Discovery, from Fireware Web UI, select Subscription Services > Network Discovery.

2. Select the Enable Network Discovery check box.

3. In the Interfaces to Scan section, select the network interfaces on your Firebox that you want to scan.
You can also enable a scheduled scan.
4. Click Save to save your settings.
5. Click Scan Now to start a scan.
6. Select Dashboard > Network Discovery.
The Network Discovery Dashboard page appears, with a tree map view of your network organized by interface.

7. To see devices connected to the network, click a network subnet.
8. To see the details for a specific device, click the device.

9. To see a list of all of the devices connected to your network, select the Device List tab.

Test Your Knowledge

1. True or false? You can view the OS version of connected devices on the Network Discovery page.
2. Which of the following monitoring tools can be viewed directly in a Firebox System Manager tab?
(Select all that apply).
o A) CA Manager
o B) Bandwidth Meter
o C) FireWatch
o D) Policy Manager
o E) Traffic Monitor
3. True or false? A PCAP file includes packet information about the protocols that manage traffic on your network.
4. True or false? You can save a PCAP file and open it later in Traffic Monitor.
5. True or false? You can add a site to the Blocked Sites list from Traffic Monitor.
6. True or false? The Geolocation Dashboard map shows countries that you have blocked.
7. Match the correct monitoring tool to each task:
1) Service Watch a. Ping the source of a denied packet
2) HostWatch b. Show real-time information about the traffic through your Firebox
3) FireWatch c. View the details of an Android smart phone connected to your network
4) Subscription Services d. Add an IP address for the Firebox to block all traffic
5) Traffic Monitor e. See which country is the top destination for traffic from your Firebox
6) Blocked Sites List f. See the volume of traffic generated by each proxy policy
7) Network Discovery g. View a list of users connected through the Firebox
8) Geolocation h. Learn the status of your IPS signature database
9) Mobile Security i. View a tree map of your networks and devices

ANSWERS
1. True
2. B and E
3. True
4. False
You can save a PCAP file and open it in a third-party tool, such as Wireshark.
5. True
6. False
7. 1) f
2) g
3) b
4) h
5) a
6) d
7) i
8) e
9) c

Notes

NAT
Use Network Address Translation
What You Will Learn

As with many routing devices, your Firebox can use network address translation (NAT) to conceal the IP address space
of your network. In this training module, you learn how to:
n Learn the forms of NAT available with the Firebox

n Add more IP addresses to which the device will apply dynamic NAT
n Use static NAT to protect public servers
Before you begin these exercises, make sure you complete the Course Introduction module.
NAT Overview
NAT is an important tool for today’s network administrators. Fireware gives you great flexibility for controlling when and
how NAT is applied. When a computer sends traffic through a Firebox interface and the traffic flow matches a NAT rule,
the device changes the IP address to an assigned value before the traffic reaches its destination. When the Firebox
sees the response, it restores the original IP address to send the response to the computer that made the request.
In general, these rules can help you understand the different types of NAT:
n Dynamic NAT is used for traffic that goes out to the Internet from behind the Firebox.
n Static NAT is used for traffic that comes in to your network from the Internet, or for traffic from the optional
network to the trusted network.
n 1-to-1 NAT is used for traffic in both directions.

NAT
Dynamic NAT
When dynamic NAT is enabled, your Firebox changes the source IP address of each outgoing connection to match the
IP address of the device interface that the connection goes out through. For traffic that goes to an external network,
packets go out through the device external interface, so dynamic NAT changes the source IP address to the device
external interface IP address. The Firebox tracks the private source IP address and destination address, as well as
other IP header information such as source and destination ports, and protocol.
Dynamic NAT is normally applied to connections that start from behind the device. When dynamic NAT is applied to a
packet, Fireware tries to always keep the same source port that the requesting client used. The source port is changed
only if necessary. For example, if two internal clients use the same source port to access the same web server.
However, the source IP address is always changed when dynamic NAT is applied. When the response returns to the
same device interface from which the original connection exited, the firewall examines its connection state table and
finds the original source IP address. It reverses the NAT process to send the packet to the correct host.
Dynamic NAT is also known as IP masquerading.
With Fireware, dynamic NAT is enabled by default in the NAT Setup dialog box. By default, dynamic NAT is applied to
any connection that starts from one of the three reserved private address ranges and goes to an external network.
To see the default dynamic NAT rules in Policy Manager, select Network > NAT.

NAT
Dynamic NAT is also enabled by default in each policy you create. You can override the global dynamic NAT settings in
your individual policies.
About Dynamic NAT Source IP Addresses

In the default dynamic NAT configuration, the Firebox changes the source IP address for traffic that goes out an
external interface to the primary IP address of the external interface the traffic leaves. You can optionally configure
dynamic NAT to use a different source IP address. You can set the dynamic NAT source IP address in a network NAT
rule or in the NAT settings for a policy. When you select a source IP address, dynamic NAT uses the specified source
IP address for any traffic that matches the dynamic NAT rule or policy.
Set the Dynamic NAT Source IP Address in a Network Dynamic NAT rule
If you want to set the source IP address for traffic that matches a dynamic NAT rule, regardless of any policies
that apply to the traffic, select Network > NAT, and add a network dynamic NAT rule that specifies the source
IP address. The source IP address you specify must be on the same subnet as the primary or secondary IP
address of the interface the traffic leaves.
Set the Dynamic NAT Source IP Address in a Policy

If you want to set the source IP address for traffic handled by a specific policy, configure the source IP address
in the network settings of the policy. The source IP address you specify must be on the same subnet as the
primary or secondary IP address of the interface you specified for outgoing traffic in the policy.
Whether you specify the source IP address in a network dynamic NAT rule or in a policy, it is important that the source
IP address is on the same subnet as the primary or secondary IP address of the interface from which the traffic is sent.
It is also important to make sure that the traffic the rule applies to goes out through only one interface.

NAT
1-to-1 NAT
When you enable 1-to-1 NAT, the Firebox changes and routes all incoming and outgoing packets sent from one range of
addresses to a different range of addresses. Consider a situation in which you have a group of internal servers with
private IP addresses that must each show a different public IP address to the outside world. You can use 1-to-1 NAT to
map public IP addresses to the internal servers, and you do not need to change the IP addresses of your internal
servers. To understand how to configure 1-to-1 NAT, we give this example:
Successful Company has a group of three privately addressed servers behind the Optional interface of their Firebox.
These addresses are:
10.0.2.11
10.0.2.12
10.0.2.13
The Successful Company administrator selects three public IP addresses from the same network address as the
external interface of their device, and creates DNS records for the servers to resolve to. These addresses are:
203.0.113.11
203.0.113.12
203.0.113.13
Now the Successful Company administrator configures a 1-to-1 NAT rule for his servers. The 1-to-1 NAT rule builds a
static, bidirectional relationship between the corresponding pairs of IP addresses. The relationship looks like this:
10.0.2.11 <--> 203.0.113.11
10.0.2.12 <--> 203.0.113.12
10.0.2.13 <--> 203.0.113.13
When the 1-to-1 NAT rule is applied, the device creates the bidirectional routing and NAT relationship between the pool
of private IP addresses and the pool of public addresses.
To connect to a computer located on a different device interface that uses 1-to-1 NAT, you must use the private (NAT
base) IP address for that computer. If you have problems with this method, you can disable 1-to-1 NAT and use
Static NAT.

NAT
Define a 1-to-1 NAT rule
In each 1-to-1 NAT rule, you can configure a host, a range of hosts, or a subnet. A 1-to-1 NAT rule always has
precedence over dynamic NAT. In each rule, you specify:
Interface
The name of the device Ethernet interface on which 1-to-1 NAT is applied. The device will apply 1-to-1 NAT for
packets sent in to, and out of, the interface. In our example above, the rule is applied to the external interface.
Real base
The IP address assigned to the physical Ethernet interface of the computer to which you will apply the 1-to-1
NAT policy. When packets from a computer with a real base address go through the interface specified, the 1-to-
1 action is applied. In our example above, the real base is 10.0.2.11.
NAT base
The IP address that the real base IP address changes to when 1-to-1 NAT is applied. In our example above, the
NAT base is 203.0.113.11.
Number of hosts to NAT (for ranges only)

The number of IP addresses in a range to which the 1-to-1 NAT rule applies. The first real base IP address is
translated to the first NAT base IP address when 1-to-1 NAT is applied. The second real base IP address in the
range is translated to the second NAT base IP address when 1-to-1 NAT is applied. This is repeated until the
Number of hosts to NAT is reached. In our example above, the number of hosts to apply NAT to is three.
Use 1-to-1 NAT with Branch Office VPNs

When you create a branch office VPN tunnel between two networks that use the same private IP address range, an IP
address conflict occurs. To prevent this, both networks must apply 1-to-1 NAT to the VPN. This makes the IP
addresses on your computers appear to be different from their true IP addresses when traffic goes through the VPN.
You would also use 1-to-1 NAT through a VPN if the network to which you want to make a VPN already has a VPN to a
network that uses the same private IP addresses you use.
Policy-Based NAT
With policy-based dynamic NAT, you can make an exception to the global NAT rules (the rules at Network > NAT in
Policy Manager). Normally, the Firebox or XTM device uses the primary IP address of the Outgoing interface when it
applies dynamic NAT to outgoing packets handled by a policy. Each policy has dynamic NAT enabled by default. You
can disable dynamic NAT for all traffic handled by a policy, or you can configure the device to use a different IP address
for dynamic NAT handled by the policy.
Both dynamic NAT and 1-to-1 NAT can also be controlled at the policy level. If traffic matches both 1-
to-1 NAT and dynamic NAT policies, the 1-to-1 NAT policy takes precedence.
To see the NAT settings for any policy:
1. Double-click a policy.
2. Select the Advanced tab.

NAT
With these policy-based NAT settings, the global rules can be changed for traffic handled by an individual policy. To
change the dynamic NAT configuration in a policy:
1. Double-click a policy.
3. Select the Dynamic NAT check box.
4. To use the global dynamic NAT rules set for the device, select Use Network NAT Settings.
5. To apply dynamic NAT to all traffic handled by this policy, select All traffic in this policy.
This setting applies even if the source and destination IP addresses of the traffic flow do not match the source
and destination ranges for any rule on the Dynamic NAT tab in Policy Manager (Network > NAT—the global
dynamic NAT rules).
6. If you select All traffic in this policy, you can also select the Set source IP check box to set a different source
IP address for traffic handled by this policy when dynamic NAT is applied.
This makes sure that any traffic handled by this policy shows a specified address from your public or external IP
address range as the source. A common reason to do this is to force outgoing SMTP traffic to show the MX record
address for your domain when the IP address on the external interface for the device is not the same as your MX
record IP address.
If you have more than one external interface configured on your device, we recommend that you do not
select Set source IP. If you select this option, you must add the specified IP address as a secondary
IP address to the interface that the traffic goes out through.
Policy-Based 1-to-1 NAT

With this type of NAT, the Firebox uses the private and public IP address ranges that you set when you configured
Global 1-to-1 NAT, but you can enable or disable the rules for each individual policy. 1-to-1 NAT is enabled in the default
configuration of each policy. If traffic matches both 1-to-1 NAT and dynamic NAT policies, the 1-to-1 NAT policy takes
precedence.
Static NAT
Static NAT, also known as port forwarding, allows inbound connections on specific ports to one or more public servers
from a single external IP address. The Firebox changes the destination IP address of the packets and forwards them
based on the original destination port number. You can also translate the original destination port to an alternative port on
which the server is listening.
Static NAT is typically used for public services such as websites and email. For example, you can use Static NAT to
designate a specific internal server to receive all email. Then, when someone sends email to the device’s external IP
address, the device can forward the connection to the private IP address of the designated email (SMTP) server.

NAT
About Static NAT Source IP Addresses

By default, a static NAT rule does not change the source IP address for inbound traffic. If you want to make the
incoming traffic appear to come from a different source IP address, you can set the source IP address for each member
of a static NAT action.
About SNAT Actions

When you configure static NAT, the static NAT configuration is saved in an SNAT action. You can create or edit an
SNAT action when you create or edit a policy. Or you can select Setup > Actions > SNAT to add, edit or delete SNAT
actions. After you have created an SNAT action, you can use the same action in one or more policies.
Server Load Balancing requires Fireware with a Pro upgrade, and is not supported on Firebox T10 or
XTM 2 Series and 3 Series devices.

NAT
There are two types of SNAT actions:
Static NAT
A static NAT action forwards inbound traffic addressed to one IP address to a different IP address and port
behind the firewall.
Server Load Balancing

A server load balancing SNAT action forwards inbound traffic addressed to one IP address to one of several
servers behind the firewall. In the SNAT action you select the load balancing algorithm to use and you can
optionally assign different weights to each server.
To use static NAT, you add a static NAT action to the To section of the policy that handles each type of inbound traffic.
To implement static NAT for the diagram above, you would add a different static NAT action to the FTP, SMTP, and
HTTP policies that handle the inbound traffic to each of the three servers.
NAT Loopback
NAT loopback allows a user on the Trusted or Optional networks to use the public IP address or domain name to get
access to a public server that is on the same physical device interface. For example, you could use NAT loopback if
you have an internal Web server and you want to allow users on the same network segment to access the Web server
by its public domain name or IP address.
There are no configuration settings in the user interface to enable NAT loopback, however, you must create a policy in
your configuration to allow the traffic. The From section of the policy must list the Trusted or Optional networks from
which access is allowed. The To section of the policy must contain a static NAT entry for each server to allow access
with NAT loopback.
NAT Exercises
n A Firebox configured in mixed routing mode, or a saved Firebox configuration file

Exercise 1 — Add Firewall Dynamic NAT Entries

The default configuration of dynamic NAT enables dynamic NAT for traffic that comes from any private IP address and
goes to any external network. The default entries are:
n 192.168.0.0/16 — Any-External
n 172.16.0.0/12 — Any-External
n 10.0.0.0/8 — Any-External
These three network addresses are the private networks reserved by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and
are typically used for the IP addresses on private LANs. To enable dynamic NAT for other traffic flows, you must add an
entry for them. For example, you could add a dynamic NAT rule for traffic that comes from a trusted network and goes to

NAT
an optional network. In that case, all traffic sent from the trusted network and going to the optional network would appear
to come from the Optional interface IP address, because the Optional interface is the outgoing interface for that traffic.
The Firebox or XTM device applies the dynamic NAT rules in the sequence that they appear in the Dynamic NAT
Entries list.
In this exercise, we use Policy Manager to configure the Successful Company Firebox to use dynamic NAT for traffic
coming from only their trusted network and going to any external network.
1. Select Network > NAT.

The NAT Setup dialog box appears.
2. On the Dynamic NAT tab, select the 10.0.0.0/8 - Any-External dynamic NAT rule.
3. Click Remove.
A warning message appears.
4. Click Yes.
5. Click Add.
The Add Dynamic NAT dialog box appears.
6. In the From text box, type 10.0.1.0/24.
The From field defines the source of the IP packets. In this exercise, the 10.0.1.0/24 network is the Successful
Company trusted network on interface #1. We have reduced the range of addresses from the larger 10.0.0.0/8 to only
those addresses that are actually in the Successful Company network.
7. From the To drop-down list, select Any-External.
This sets the Firebox or XTM device to dynamically NAT all traffic coming from the trusted network and going to any
external network.

NAT
8. Click OK.
The new entry appears in the Dynamic NAT list.
9. Click OK.
Exercise 2 — Configure Static NAT to Allow Access to Public Servers

In this exercise, you use Policy Manager to configure the Successful Company Firebox to use Static NAT for their
SMTP server.
In this example, we create the SNAT action from within the policy. We could also have created the
SNAT action before we created the policy. To create or edit SNAT actions from outside the policy,
select Setup > Actions > SNAT. After you configure an SNAT action, you can select the SNAT
action from the Add SNAT page in the policy.
To configure the device to use static NAT for the SMTP server:
1. Click .
Or, select Edit > Add Policy.
2. Expand the Proxies list and select SMTP-proxy. Click Add.
The New Policy Properties dialog box appears.
3. In the To section, click Add.
The Add Address dialog box appears.
4. Click Add SNAT.
The SNAT dialog box appears.
5. Click Add.
The Add SNAT dialog box appears.

NAT
6. In the SNAT Name text box, you can edit the name for this SNAT action.
For example, change the name to SMTP-SNAT.
7. Click Add.
The Add Static NAT dialog box appears.
8. Make sure the External/Optional IP Address text box includes the external interface IP address or name.
9. In the Internal IP Address text box, type 10.0.2.25.
This is the private IP address of the SMTP server located on the optional network.
10. (Optional) To change the packet destination to a specified internal host and to a different port, select the Set
internal port to a different port check box.
11. Click OK to close the Add Static NAT dialog box.
The static NAT mapping is added to the SNAT Members list for this SNAT action.

NAT
12. Click OK to close the Add SNAT dialog box.

NAT
13. Click OK to close the SNAT dialog box.

The selected SNAT action is added to the Selected Members and Addresses list.
14. Click OK twice to close the Add Address menu and the New Policy Properties dialog box.
15. Click Close in the Add Policies dialog box.
The SMTP-proxy policy appears in the policy list. The Internal IP address you selected appears in the range in the To
column.
If you have set Policy Manager to use Manual-order mode, toggle the precedence back to Auto-order mode.
1. Select View > Auto-Order Mode.

2. Click Yes.
Exercise 3 — Configure NAT Loopback to an Internal Web Server

In this exercise, you use Policy Manager to configure a policy to allow users on the trusted network to get access to a
web server on the trusted or optional network by its public domain name or public IP address. You can create a separate
policy for NAT loopback, or you can edit the policy that enables static NAT to the web server to allow NAT loopback.
1. Click .
2. Expand the Proxies list and select HTTP-proxy. Click Add.
3. In the To list, select Any-External. Click Remove.

NAT
5. Click Add SNAT.

6. Click Add.
7. In the SNAT Name text box, you can edit the name for this SNAT action.
For example, change the name to NAT-Loopback.
8. Click Add.
9. Make sure the External IP Address text box includes the External interface IP address or name.
This is the private IP address of the HTTP server located on the optional network.
The static NAT mapping is added to the SNAT Members list for this SNAT action.

NAT

The new SNAT action is automatically selected in the list of configured SNAT actions.

The selected SNAT action is added to the Selected Members and Addresses list.
14. Click OK to close the Add Address dialog box.

15. Click OK to close the New Policy Properties dialog box.
16. Click Close in the Add Policies dialog box.
The HTTP-proxy policy appears in the policy list. The Internal IP address you selected appears in the range in the To
column.

NAT
Test Your Knowledge

1. Fill in the blank: __________________ NAT conserves IP addresses and hides the internal topology of your
network.
2. Fill in the blank: __________________ NAT is often used for policies that require more than one port or port
numbers that change dynamically, such as for many messaging and video conferencing applications.
3. Fill in the blank: NAT ___________________ allows a user on the trusted or optional networks to get access to a
public server that is on the same physical XTM device interface by its public IP address or domain name.
4. Complete the missing entries:
The default dynamic NAT entries in Policy Manager are:
___________/____ Any-External
172.16.0.0/12 ___________
___________/____ Any-External
5. Static NAT for a policy is also known as (select all that apply):
o A) IP masquerading
o B) Port forwarding
o C) Tunnel swapping
o D) Quality of Service
o E) All the above
6. True or false? Dynamic NAT rewrites the source IP address of packets to use the IP addresses of the outgoing
interface.

NAT
ANSWERS
1. Dynamic
2. 1-to-1
3. Loopback
4. 192.168.0.0/16 Any-External
172.16.0.0/12 Any-External
10.0.0.0/8 Any-External
5. B
6. True

Notes

Threat Protection
Defend Your Network From Intruders
What You Will Learn

Firewalls provide both signature-based and default threat protection measures. In this training module, you learn how to:
n Understand the different types of intrusion protection available for the Firebox
n Configure default packet handling options to stop many common attacks
n Block IP addresses and ports used by hackers to attack your network
n Automatically block IP addresses that send suspicious traffic
n Automatically block connections to or from IP addresses in specific geographical regions
Intrusion Prevention Overview

You can configure your Firebox to have strict control over access to your network. While a detailed access policy helps
to keep hackers out of your network, it cannot defeat some other types of attacks.
An Intrusion Prevention Service (IPS) detects attacks from hackers. You can use your Firebox as an IPS device to
detect and prevent attacks automatically. There are two categories of IPS defenses:
Firewall-based IPS
With this type of IPS defense, the Firebox combines protocol anomaly detection with traffic analysis to
proactively block many common attacks. Protocol anomaly detection is the examination of a packet for
compliance with RFC guidelines. Attackers can make packets that are different from RFC standards in ways
that allow them to bypass standard packet filters and get access to your network. If you block non-compliant
packets, you can also block the attack. This allows your Firebox to proactively protect you against attacks that
are as yet unknown.

Threat Protection
Traffic pattern analysis examines a series of packets over time and matches them against known patterns of
attack. For example, when an attacker launches a port space probe, they attempt to send packets through each
port number until they identify which ports your firewall allows. If you can identify this pattern, you can block the
source of the probe.
A firewall-based IPS can also protect your network from a zero-day threat. In other words, before the network
security community is even aware that the vulnerability exists, broad categories of attack types are
automatically identified and blocked by a strong firewall-based IPS.
Signature-based IPS
You can configure this type of IPS defense (such as the Intrusion Prevention Service) to compare the contents of
packets against a database of character strings that are known to appear in attacks. Each unique character
string is called a signature. When there is a match, the Firebox can block the traffic and notify the network
administrator. To remain protected, you must regularly update the signature database.
Signature-based approaches use less computer processing time than firewall-based IPS options, however, to
keep them current the database must be updated regularly. As a result, signature-based IPS is good for
maintaining efficient, high performance protection while firewall-based IPS catches the zero-day threats.
The rest of this training module focuses on the available firewall-based IPS options. For more information on signature-
based options, see the Signature Services & APT Blocker module.
Default Packet Handling

Default packet handling is a set of pattern analysis rules to help protect your Firebox from attacks, and to show the
Firebox how to process packets when no other rules are specified. With default packet handling, a firewall examines the
source and destination of each packet it receives. The firewall looks at the IP address and port number and monitors the
packets for patterns that show your network is at risk. If there is a risk and the device is properly configured, it
automatically blocks the possible attack.
The default packet handling options related to IPSec, IKE, ICMP, SYN, and UDP flood attacks apply
to both IPv4 and IPv6 traffic. All other options apply only to IPv4 traffic.
The default configuration of the default packet handling options stops attacks such as SYN flood attacks, spoofing
attacks, and port scans or IP address scans. We do not recommend that you change the default packet handling
settings in your Firebox configuration file. The default settings are carefully chosen to maximize security. If a particular
setting interferes with the function of your network, or you want a more stringent defense, like that available with the
Block source of packets not handled option, you can change your device packet handling settings.
Default packet handling:
n Rejects packets that could be used to get information about your network
n Automatically blocks all traffic to and from a source IP address when a configured limit is reached
n Adds an event to the log file
n Sends an SNMP trap to the SNMP management server (when configured)
n Sends a notification of possible security risks (when configured)

Threat Protection
Unhandled Packets
Packets that are denied by the firewall because they do not match any of the firewall policies are blocked as unhandled
packets. The Default Packet Handling options give you the tools to block the source of any unhandled packet. This is
an extremely aggressive security setting and is not enabled by default.
Automatically Block the Source of Suspicious Traffic

The Blocked Sites feature helps stop network traffic from systems that you know or think are a security risk. After you
identify the source of suspicious traffic, you can block all the connections to and from that IP address. You can also
configure the Firebox to send a log message each time that source tries to connect to your network.
A blocked site is an IP address that cannot make a connection through the device, even if the IP address is usually
allowed to connect as part of your policy configuration. If a packet comes from, or is sent to, a system that is blocked, it
does not get through the device. There are two types of blocked IP addresses:
n Permanent Blocked Sites — These are IP addresses that you manually add to your device configuration file
because you want all connections to and from the IP address blocked. If an IP address consistently and
repeatedly tries to violate your security policies, you can add it to the Permanent Blocked Sites list.
You can add blocked sites in several ways:

o In Policy Manager, select Setup > Default Threat Protection > Blocked Sites and click Add.
o In Firebox System Manager, on the Blocked Sites tab, click Add.
o In the Firebox System Manager Traffic Monitor tab, right click a connection, select the source or
destination IP address, then click Block Site: [ip address].
n Auto-blocked sites — These are IP addresses that the device adds to, and removes from, a list of sites that are
temporarily blocked based on the packet handling rules specified in your device configuration. These IP
addresses are blocked for a period of time you select. This feature is known as the Temporary Blocked Sites list.
For example, if you configure the auto-block option for a policy set to deny traffic, the device can add the denied
IP addresses to the Temporary Blocked Sites list. If a connection is blocked by your default packet handling
rules, the source IP address is also added to the Temporary Blocked Sites list.
You can use the Temporary Blocked Sites list and your log messages to help make decisions about which IP addresses
to permanently block.
Block Ports Commonly Used by Attackers

Another method you can use to protect your network is to block all traffic on ports commonly used by attackers. As
attackers become more creative, this method has become less effective, however, it can still be used to protect against
some of the most obvious vulnerabilities. Because a blocked port overrides all other service configurations, it can
protect you from errors in your device configuration. It can also be used to make independent log entries for probes
against sensitive services.
The default configuration of the device blocks some destination ports. This is a basic configuration that you usually do
not have to change. It blocks TCP and UDP packets for these ports:

Threat Protection
Port(s) Service Reason
0 NONE Firebox always blocks this port and you cannot override this default.
1 TCPmux Block to make it more difficult for port scanning tools.

(infrequently)
111 RPC Used by RPC Services to find out which ports an RPC server uses. These are easy
to attack through the Internet.
513, rlogin, rsh, rcp Because they give remote access to other computers, many attackers probe for
514 these services.
2049 NFS New versions of NFS have important authentication and security problems.
6000– X Window Client connection is not encrypted and dangerous to use over the Internet.
6005 System
7100 X Font Server X Font Servers operate as the super-user on some hosts.
8000 Used by many vendors whose software is vulnerable to a variety of attacks.
Blocked Sites Exceptions

In Fireware v11.12.2 and higher, the Blocked Sites Exceptions list includes default exceptions for servers that
WatchGuard products and subscription services must connect to. The default blocked sites exceptions include:
Products and Services Blocked Sites Exceptions
All services hosted by WatchGuard *.watchguard.com
WatchGuard Wi-Fi Cloud *.cloudwifi.com
*.mojonetworks.com
*.airtightnetworks.com
redirector.online.spectraguard.net
spamBlocker *.ctmail.com
WebBlocker rp.cloud.threatseeker.com
APT Blocker analysis.nl.emea.lastline.com
analysis.lastline.com
If you upgrade a Firebox configuration from an earlier version of Fireware, these default exceptions are
not automatically added to the Blocked Sites Exceptions list.

Threat Protection
Geolocation
Geolocation is the identification of the real-world geographic location of an object, such as a radar source, mobile phone,
or a computer connected to the Internet. In Fireware, Geolocation is a subscription service that enables you to identify
connections based on the geographic location of the connection source or destination. You can also configure
Geolocation to block connections to or from IP addresses in specific geographical locations. Geolocation is licensed as
part of Reputation Enabled Defense.
Your Firebox must have Reputation Enabled Defense enabled in the feature key before you can use he Geolocation
feature.
Geolocation Dashboard
In Fireware Web UI, the Geolocation Dashboard enables you to see current connections through the Firebox based on
geographic location. The Geolocation Dashboard page is available only in Fireware Web UI.
When Geolocation is enabled, the Firebox looks up the geographic location of an external source of traffic or the traffic
destination IP address in a database. You can configure Geolocation to block connections to or from specified regions.
You can also add exceptions for sites that you do not want to block, and configure update server settings. In the
Lookup tab you can look up the location of an IP address.

Threat Protection
From Policy Manager or Fireware Web UI:
1. Select Subscription Services > Geolocation.

2. Enable Geolocation.
3. Use the map or country list to select the regions to block.

4. Add exceptions for sites you always want to allow, regardless of the geographic location of the server.
Geolocation Statistics
You can see Geolocation statistics in the Subscription Services tab of Firebox System Manager and in the Subscription
Services dashboard in Fireware Web UI. Here is what the statistics look like on the Subscription Services dashboard in
Fireware Web UI:

Threat Protection
Geolocation and Log Messages

When Geolocation is enabled, traffic log messages show the destination or source of the connection external to the
Firebox.
This log message shows the destination of an allowed connection:
2017-01-03 20:58:52 Allow 10.0.1.2 74.125.28.99 59771 443 1-Trusted 0-External ProxyAllow: HTTPS Request
categories (HTTPS-proxy-00) proc_id="https-proxy" rc="590" msg_id="2CFF-0001" proxy_act="Default-
HTTPS-Client" cats="Search Engines and Portals" geo_dst="USA" dstname="www.google.com"
This log message shows a connection denied because the destination is blocked by Geolocation:
2017-01-03 14:16:13 Deny 10.0.1.2 104.16.23.190 50802 80 1-Trusted 0-External blocked sites (geolocation
destination) 52 127 (Internal Policy) proc_id="firewall" rc="101" msg_id="3000-0148" tcp_info="offset 8 S
1489658951 win 32" geo="geo_dst" geo_dst="IRL"
In Traffic Monitor, you can filter the log messages for information about connections blocked by Geolocation.
n To see log messages for all connections blocked by Geolocation, search for: geo=
n To see log messages for connections blocked based on the source, search for: geo="geo_src"
n To see log messages for connections blocked based on the destination, search for: geo="geo_dst"
Threat Protection Exercises

n A Firebox configured in mixed routing mode, or a saved Firebox configuration file

Click Next to proceed to the first exercise in this module.

Threat Protection
Exercise 1 — Configure Default Packet Handling Options

Successful Company just signed a sponsorship of the popular podcast Diggnation. Surprisingly, the publicity generates
an unusually high volume of traffic to their public web server. So high in fact that the Firebox mistakenly interprets the
requests as a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack. In this exercise, we use Policy Manager to increase the Per
Server Quota threshold to prevent this problem.
1. Select Setup > Default Threat Protection > Default Packet Handling.
The Default Packet Handling dialog box appears.
2. In the Distributed Denial-of-Service Prevention section, in the Per Server Quota text box, type or
select 200.
This doubles the amount of connections that the Firebox allows before it triggers a DDoS block on additional
connections.
3. Click OK.
Exercise 2 — Block Potential Sources of Attacks

The network administrator at Successful Company is more and more confident that his Firebox configuration policy is
strong, strict, and effective at blocking most access to their network. However, the log files suggest that more can be
done to reduce the impact of direct attacks on the performance of the firewall. He starts with blocking the potential
sources of attacks.

Threat Protection
Block a Site Permanently

The Successful Company network administrator has been overwhelmed by a script kiddy using addresses in the
192.136.15.0/24 network to run probes of the Successful network. In this exercise, we use Policy Manager to
permanently block all connections from that network.
1. Select Setup > Default Threat Protection > Blocked Sites.

The Blocked Sites Configuration dialog box opens.
2. On the Blocked Sites tab, click Add.
The Add Site dialog box opens.
3. In the Choose Type drop-down list, select Network IPv4.
4. In the Value text box, type 192.136.15.0/24.
5. (Optional) In the Description text box, type a description.
The member type shows if this is an IP address or a range of IP addresses. When you type an IP address, type
all the numbers and the periods.
6. Click OK.
The entry appears in the Blocked Sites list. With this configuration, the Firebox blocks all packets to and from the
192.136.15.0/24 network range.
Create Exceptions to the Blocked Sites List

An exception is an entry for which all other rules do not apply. For blocked sites, an exception is an IP address or
network address that is never blocked. The automatic rules do not apply for this host. The rule also takes precedence
over the manually blocked sites list.
Many Firebox administrators add the IP address of their own DNS servers to the Blocked Sites
exception list to make sure connections are not blocked by traffic patterns that look like an attack.
In this exercise, we will add an exception to the 192.136.15.0/24 network we blocked in the previous exercise. We will
configure the Firebox to allow connections to and from the single IP address: 192.136.15.22.
In the Blocked Site Configuration dialog box:

Threat Protection
1. Click the Blocked Sites Exceptions tab.

2. Click Add.
The Add Site dialog box appears.
3. In the Choose Type drop-down list, select Host IPv4.
4. In the Value text box, type 192.136.15.22.
5. In the Description text box, type Joes home IP.
The Description is optional but it can be helpful to you (and other network administrators) when you later try to figure
out why an exception was made.
6. Click OK.
7. Click OK again to close the Blocked Sites Configuration dialog box.
Exercise 3 — Block Sites Automatically

After reading a WatchGuard Secplicity article, the Successful Company network administrator decides to deny all RSH
(Remote Shell) connections. In addition, he would like to automatically block the source of any incoming attempts to
use RSH.
1. Click .
The Add Policies dialog box appears.
2. Expand the Packet Filters folder and select RSH. Click Add.
3. In the RSH Connections are drop-down list, select Denied.
4. Configure the policy to deny connections:
a. In the From list, remove Any-Trusted, and add Any-External.
b. In the To list, remove Any-Externaland add Any-Trusted, Any-Optional, Any-BOVPN.

Threat Protection

Threat Protection
5. Select the Properties tab.

6. Select the Auto-block sites that attempt to connect check box.
7. Click OK.
The Firebox now automatically adds the IP address of any source of RSH packets to the Blocked Sites list. With a
default configuration, the IP address stays on the Blocked Sites list for 20 minutes.
Test Your Knowledge

1. True or false? A firewall-based IPS maintains a database of character strings that match known viruses and
worms.
2. Select the type of intrusion prevention measure for each feature:
A) Gateway AntiVirus Firewall-Based | Signature-Based
B) Default Packet Handling Firewall-Based | Signature-Based
C) Blocked Sites Firewall-Based | Signature-Based
D) IPS Service Firewall-Based | Signature-Based
E) Blocked Ports Firewall-Based | Signature-Based
3. Which of these actions can the Firebox perform when it looks for patterns that show if your network is at risk?
o A) Looks for packets which are not RFC compliant
o B) Automatically blocks all traffic to and from a source IP address
o C) Sends a log message to the Log Server
o D) Sends a notification of possible security risks
o E) All of the above
4. True or false? An unhandled packet is a packet that does not match any rule created in Policy Manager.
5. Fill in the blank: To block all traffic to and from a network, you add the address to the Blocked ________ list.

Threat Protection
ANSWERS
1. False
A signature-based IPS maintains a database.
2. Gateway AntiVirus — Signature-based
Default Packet Handling — Firewall-based
Blocked Sites — Firewall-based
IPS Service — Signature-based
Blocked ports — Firewall-based
3. All of the above
4. True
5. Sites

Notes

Policies
Configure Your Firebox to Enforce Network Policies
What You Will Learn

Your Firebox controls traffic to and from your trusted, optional, and external networks. You use a set of rules called
policies to define which traffic should be allowed or denied passage through your network. In this training module, you
learn how to:
n Understand the difference between a packet filter policy and a proxy policy
n Add a policy to Policy Manager and configure its access rules
n Create a custom packet filter
n Set up logging and notification rules for a policy
n Use advanced policy properties
n Understand how the Firebox determines precedence
Policies are Rules for Your Network Traffic

When you add a policy to Policy Manager, you tell the Firebox what types of traffic to allow or deny. You can set a policy
to allow or deny traffic based on criteria such as the source and destination of the packet, the TCP/IP port or protocol
used to transmit the packet, or the time of day. You can use the same policy to give the Firebox more instructions on
how to handle the packet. For example, you can define logging and notification parameters for the policy, or use network
address translation (NAT).
There are two types of policies:

Policies
Packet Filter Policy

A packet filter examines the IP header of each packet to control the network traffic into and out of your network.
It is the most basic feature of a firewall. If the IP header information is valid, then the Firebox allows the packet. If
the packet header information is not valid, the device drops the packet.
Proxy Policy
A proxy monitors and scans the entire connection, from the protocol commands to the data inside the packet. It
examines the commands used in the connection to make sure they are in the correct syntax and order. It also
examines the contents of each packet to make sure that connections are secure. A proxy operates at the
application layer, as well as the network and transport layers of a TCP/IP packet, while a packet filter operates
only at the network and transport protocol layers.
Packet filters are an easy way to allow or deny large amounts of traffic. Proxies can prevent potential threats from
reaching your network without blocking the entire connection. The device includes default sets of rules, called proxy
actions, for each type of proxy policy. You can use the default settings for each type of proxy action, or you can
customize them.
In this course, we refer to packet filters and proxies together as policies. Unless otherwise indicated,
the procedures refer to both types of policies.
Add Policies
Policy Manager uses either a list view or an icon view to show the policies that you configure for your Firebox. For each
policy, you can:
n Enable the policy

n Set the allowed sources and destinations for traffic managed by the policy
n Configure properties such as logging, notification, and advanced properties
n Apply policy tags to policies and use the policy tags to sort and filter the policy list
Policy Properties
Policy properties include settings that define the types of connections a policy applies to, whether the policy allows or
denies connections, and other options that control how the policy handles traffic.
Sources and Destinations

The policy configuration includes:
n A From list (source) that specifies who can send (or cannot send) network traffic with this policy.
n A To list (destination) that specifies who the Firebox can route traffic to if the traffic matches (or does not match)
the policy specifications.
The source and destination for the policy can be a host IP address, IP host range, host name, network address, user,
group, alias, VPN tunnel, FQDN or any combination of those objects.

Policies
About Aliases
An alias is a shortcut that identifies a group of hosts, networks, or interfaces, that enable you to simplify the creation of
your security policies.
There are several default aliases that you can use. The most common primary default aliases are:
n Any — An alias for any address. This includes all IP addresses, interfaces, custom interfaces, tunnels, users,
and groups.
n Firebox — An alias for all Firebox interfaces.
n Any-Trusted — An alias for all Firebox interfaces configured as Trusted interfaces, and any network you can get
access to through these interfaces.
n Any-External — An alias for all Firebox interfaces configured as External, and any network you can get access to
through these interfaces.
n Any-Optional — Aliases for all Firebox interfaces configured as Optional, and any network you can get access to
through these interfaces.
You can create your own aliases that contain any combination of these items:
n Host IP address
n Network IP address
n A range of host IP addresses
n Wildcard IPv4 address — To configure wildcard IP addresses in an alias or policy, you specify wildcard values in
one or more octets in the netmask. Netmask values can be any number from 0 to 255. Values of 254 and less
generate more than one IP address.
n Host Name (DNS Lookup) — A one-time DNS lookup is performed on the host name and resolved IP addresses
are added to the alias.
n FQDN — Performs forward DNS resolution and analyzes DNS replies for the specified FQDN (includes wildcard
domains such as *.example.com). Resolved IP addresses from the primary domain and any subdomains are
added to the alias.
n Tunnel address — Defined by a user or group, address, and name of the tunnel. This type lets you specify the
address, and set two other conditions that traffic must meet in order to match the address.
n Custom address — Defined by a user or group, address, and Firebox interface. This type lets you specify the
address, and set two other conditions that traffic must meet in order to match the address.
n Another alias
n An authorized user or group
About FQDN
FQDN (Fully Qualified Domain Name) support in policies enables you to specify a specific host domain
(host.example.com) or a wildcard domain (*.example.com). You can use FQDN in the From and To fields of a policy,
aliases, blocked sites and blocked site exceptions, and quota exceptions.
When you define an FQDN in your configuration, your Firebox performs forward DNS resolution for the specified domain
and stores the IP mappings. For wildcard domains, the device analyzes DNS replies that match your FQDN
configuration. As DNS traffic passes through the Firebox, it stores the IP mapping responses to relevant queries for the
domain and any subdomains.

Policies
With FQDN support, you can configure a wide variety of policy configurations. For example, you can allow traffic to
software update sites such as windowsupdate.microsoft.com or antivirus signature update sites, even though all other
traffic is blocked. This is especially useful when these sites are hosted on content delivery networks (CDNs) that
frequently add and change IP addresses.
Predefined Policies and Custom Policy Templates

The Firebox includes a default list of predefined packet filter and proxy policies for you to use. You can add one of these
predefined policies and then change the settings to meet the needs of your organization, or just use the default settings.
Based upon the access rules you configure, connections can be allowed, denied, or denied with a reset connection.
To enable access through the device for an Internet protocol that is not included in the list of predefined policies, you
must create a custom policy template. A custom policy can match traffic from one or more TCP or UDP ports, or other
IP protocols such as GRE, AH, ESP, ICMP, IGMP, and OSPF. A custom policy cannot match traffic from other
protocol types, such as AppleTalk, ATM, Frame Relay, or IPX.
Configure Logging and Notification for a Policy

You can set custom logging and notification rules for each policy. These rules tell the Firebox the events for which it
needs to create log messages or trigger a notification. Notifications can occur through email, a pop-up window on your
management computer, or with a Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) trap. An SNMP trap is a notification
event issued by a managed device to the network SNMP manager when a significant event occurs.
Advanced Policy Properties

You can also use several advanced property settings for each of your policies:
Proxy Actions and Content Actions

Each time you add a proxy policy to Policy Manager, you select a set of rules used to protect either clients or
servers on your network. You can use the default proxy action settings, or you can modify them to meet the
needs of your organization.
For inbound HTTP proxy policies, you can select a proxy action or a content action. Select a content action to
direct incoming connections for a single public IP address to different internal servers based on the HTTP host
header.
Schedules
You can set policies to only be active at the times of the day that you specify. You can also create schedule
templates so that you can use the same schedule for more than one policy.
Traffic Management
A Traffic Management action can guarantee that a particular policy always has a certain amount of bandwidth
through the Firebox, or it can limit the amount of bandwidth that the policy can use.
Quality of Service (QoS) Marking

QoS marking allows you to mark network traffic with bits that identify it to other devices that understand QoS.
The Firebox and other QoS-capable devices can assign higher or lower priorities to each type of traffic with QoS
marking.

Policies
Network Address Translation (NAT)

You can enable or selectively disable 1-to-1 and dynamic NAT in any policy. You can also configure incoming
NAT properties to allow Internet connections to privately addressed servers protected by the Firebox.
ICMP Error Handling

You can customize the method the Firebox uses to handle ICMP errors for each policy.
Custom Idle Timeout

Use this feature to set the amount of time the Firebox waits before it drops a connection.
Sticky Connections
A sticky connection is a connection that continues to use the same interface for a defined period of time when
your Firebox is configured with multiple WAN interfaces. Stickiness makes sure that, if a packet goes out
through one external interface, any future packets between the source and destination address pair use the same
external interface for a specified period of time.
Policy-based Routing
If your Firebox is configured with multi-WAN, you can configure a policy with a specific external interface to use
for all outbound traffic that matches that policy.
Bandwidth and Time Quotas

You can enable time and bandwidth usage quotas in a policy. This feature is useful for applying a daily limit to
your user's Internet usage in an HTTP Proxy Policy to enforce corporate acceptable use policies. For more
detailed information on bandwidth and time quotas, see the Web Traffic module.
About the Outgoing Policy

The default Outgoing policy is a packet filter policy that is automatically added to your Firebox configuration when you
run the Web Setup or Quick Setup Wizard to set up your device and create a basic device configuration file. The
Outgoing policy allows all TCP and UDP connections from any trusted or optional source on your network to any
external network. Because it is a packet filter policy, not a proxy policy, the Outgoing policy does not filter content when
it examines the traffic through your Firebox.
If you remove the Outgoing policy from your device configuration file, make sure that the Firebox configuration includes
other policies that allow outbound traffic. You can either add a separate policy for each type of traffic that you want to
allow out through your firewall, or you can add the TCP-UDP packet filter or TCP-UDP-proxy policy. For example, if you
have removed the Outgoing policy, and you want to allow trusted users on your network to connect to web sites, you
must create an HTTP-proxy policy for port 80, HTTPS-proxy policy for port 443, and a DNS policy for port 53 to allow
DNS query resolution.
With Fireware v11.12 and higher, the Web Setup Wizard and Quick Setup Wizard automatically
configure HTTP, HTTPS and FTP proxy policies and a DNS policy in addition to the Outgoing policy.

Policies
Policy Precedence
Precedence refers to the order in which the Firebox examines network traffic and applies a policy rule. The Firebox sorts
policies automatically, from the most specific to the most general. For example, a highly specific policy could be a
policy that matches only traffic on TCP port 25 from one IP address, while a general policy could be one that matched all
traffic on UDP ports 40,000-50,000. You can also set the precedence of each policy manually.
For more information on policy precedence, including complete rules for specificity, see the Fireware Help.
The Firebox uses the rules from the first policy that matches the traffic for routing. If no match is found, the traffic is
denied as an unhandled packet.
Policy Tags and Filters

A policy tag is a label you can apply to your policies to help you organize them into easy to manage groups. You can
apply more than one policy tag to a policy and apply any policy tag to many policies. A policy filter uses the policy tags
you have applied to your policies to specify which policies appear in the policy lists on the Firewall and Mobile VPN with
IPSec pages.
When you create a policy tag or filter, you must use some combination of these characters in the policy tag or filter
name:
n Uppercase and lowercase letters

n Numerals
n Special characters: -, space, _, +, /, *
Policies Exercises

Exercise 1 — Add a Packet Filter Policy and Configure Access Rules

Successful Company’s network administrator was told to stop employees from using Internet Relay Chat (IRC) at the
office. The management team decided that IRC is too distracting for employees and a potential security risk.
The administrator also wants to activate a Windows Terminal Services connection to the Successful Company public
web server on the optional interface of the Firebox. He routinely administers the web server with a Remote Desktop
connection. At the same time, he wants to make sure that no other network users can use the Remote Desktop
Protocol through the Firebox.
In this exercise, you open a basic Firebox device configuration file in Policy Manager. You add two predefined policies
to the configuration and configure the access rules for each policy.
Add a Predefined Policy

First, add policies to the Firebox to control IRC and RDP traffic.

Policies
2. Click .
The Add Policies dialog box appears. From here, you can add a predefined packet filter policy, a proxy policy, or a
custom policy you have created. You can also create a new policy template.

Policies
3. Expand the Packet Filter list. Select IRC.
4. Click Add Policy.

5. Click OK.
This adds a basic IRC policy to your configuration. If you do not change this policy, it allows all IRC traffic from any
trusted computer to any external computer.
6. In the packet filter list, select RDP.
7. Click Add Policy.
8. Click OK.
This adds a basic RDP policy to your configuration. If you do not change this policy, it allows all RDP traffic from any
trusted computer to any external computer.
9. Click Close to close the Add Policies dialog box.
The IRC and RDP policies appear in Policy Manager.

Policies
Modify Policies to Restrict Traffic

By default, a new policy allows traffic from any trusted interface to any external interface. To block all IRC traffic
originating from computers on the Successful Company’s trusted and optional networks, we must modify the IRC
policy.
1. Double-click the IRC policy.

2. Select the Policy tab.
3. In the IRC connections are drop-down list, select Denied.
The policy now denies traffic from any computer that connects through the trusted Firebox device interface to any
external computer. To further restrict IRC traffic, you must also deny IRC from any computer on optional device
interfaces.
5. In the Available Members list, select Any-Optional. Click Add.
Any-Optional appears in the Selected Members and Addresses list.
6. Click OK.
Any-Optional appears in the New Policy Properties dialog box in the From list.
The rule now denies IRC traffic from all computers behind the device to any external computer. Traffic that
comes from the external interface is always denied by default unless you create a rule to allow it.

Policies

Policies
7. Click OK to close the Edit Policy Properties dialog box.

The policy is now marked with a red X in List View or a red top banner in Large Icon View. This indicates a Deny
policy.
Use a Policy to Allow Traffic

We also want to allow RDP traffic to the Successful Company web server on the optional network. However, we want
only our network administrator to be able to connect, so we will restrict this policy to allow only the static IP address of
his home office computer.
1. Double-click the RDP policy.

2. In the From list, select Any-Trusted. Click Remove.
The policy originally allowed all RDP traffic from any computer on trusted networks to any computer on an external
network.
4. Click Add Other.
The Add Member dialog box appears.
5. In the Value text box, type 50.51.200.22 as the IP address of the network administrator’s computer
6. Click OK.
The IP address appears in the Add Address dialog box Selected Members and Addresses list.

The New Policy Properties dialog box appears with the IP address appears in the From list.

Policies
8. In the To section, select Any-External. Click Remove.

10. Click Add Other.
This is the IP address of the Successful Company public web server on the PublicServers (Interface 3) optional
network.
12. Click OK.
The rule appears in the Add Address dialog box Selected Member and Address list. This allows RDP connections from
the IP address of the network administrator’s desktop computer to the IP address of the public web server.
13. Click OK.
The New Policy Properties dialog box appears with the IP address in the To list. If the Outgoing policy is not present in
this configuration, there is no default rule to allow general outgoing TCP connections. All other RDP traffic will be
denied.
Exercise 2 — Use FQDN in a Policy

The Successful Company has denied external web browsing access to the customer service representative (CSR)
group. However, these computers still require HTTP access for software updates to the Microsoft Windows operating
system (windowsupdate.com, microsoft.com, and windows.com), and client antivirus signature updates
(avsignatureupdate.com).
In this exercise, you learn how to use FQDN in a policy to make an exception for destination domains that can comprise
many different subdomains and resolved IP addresses because the destinations may be hosted on content delivery
networks (CDN).
1. Click .
2. Select Proxies > HTTP-proxy, then click Add.
3. In the Name text box, type HTTP-Software-Updates.
4. Make sure the HTTP-proxy connections are... option is set to Allowed.
5. In the From section of the policy, select the Any-Trusted entry, then click Remove.
6. In the From section of the policy, click Add, then click Add User, then select your CSR user group.
7. In the To section of the policy, select the Any-External entry, then click Remove.
8. Click Add, then click Add Other.
9. From the Choose Type drop-down list, select FQDN.

Policies
10. In the Value text box, type *.avsignatureupdate.com, then click OK.
11. Repeat these steps and add other FQDN entries for *.windowsupdate.com, *.microsoft.com, and
*.windows.com.

Policies
12. Click OK to add the new policy.
Exercise 3 — Create a Custom Packet Filter Template

Successful Company’s network administrator frequently troubleshoots their public servers from the network server
room. These public servers are all connected to the optional interface of the Firebox. The network administrator would
like to be able to use VNC to view the files on his trusted desktop computer. To do this, he must create a custom VNC
policy and allow access from any computer on the optional network to his desktop computer on the trusted network
(10.0.1.201). To create a custom policy, we must know that VNC uses TCP port 5900. To find out which ports are used
by different network services, refer to the documentation that accompanies each software product.
In this exercise, you learn how to create a custom packet filter to solve a problem in the Successful Company network.
Add a New Policy Template
1. Click .
2. Click Manage Custom.
3. Click New to create a new policy template.
The New Policy Template dialog box appears.
4. In the Name text box, type VNC.
5. In the Description text box, type Virtual Network Computing.

Policies
6. For the Type option, make sure that Packet Filter is selected.
7. To define a protocol and ports for the new policy template, click Add.
The Add Protocol dialog box appears.
8. From the Type drop-down list, select Single Port.
It is possible to create a new policy template for a service that uses a port range. After you specify the
Type as Port Range instead of Single Port, the options to define a port range are available.
9. From the Protocol drop-down list, select TCP.

10. In the Server Port text box, type 5900.

Policies
11. Click OK to close the Add Protocol dialog box.

The TCP 5900 protocol appears in the list of Protocols controlled by this policy.
12. Click OK to close the New Policy Template dialog box.

13. Click Close to close the Manage Custom Policy Templates dialog box.
The VNC Policy appears in the Custom list in the Add Policies dialog box.
Add and Configure the Custom Policy

Now that you have a custom policy template that controls VNC traffic, you can add it to the device configuration.
1. In the Add Policies dialog box, expand the Custom folder.

2. Select VNC. Click Add Policy.
The New Policy Properties dialog box appears with the VNC packet filter.
5. Double-click Any-Optional.
Any-Optional appears in the Selected Members and Addresses list.
The New Policy Properties dialog box appears with Any-Optional in the From list.
This enables the device to allow VNC traffic from any computer on an optional network.
9. Click Add Other.
10. From the Choose Type drop-down list, make sure that Host IP is selected.
This address restricts VNC traffic to only the desktop computer of the network administrator.

Policies
12. Click OK to close the Add Member dialog box.

The IP address 10.0.1.201 appears in the Selected Members and Addresses list.
The IP address appears in the To list.

The VNC policy appears in the list of configured policies.

Policies
Exercise 4 — Configure Logging and Notification for a Policy

In this exercise, you make sure the Firebox creates a log message for any IRC connection denied by the IRC policy we
created earlier in the lesson.

2. Select the Properties tab.
3. Click Logging.
The Logging and Notification dialog box appears.
4. Select the Send log message check box.
5. Select the Send Notification check box and keep the default Email selection.
6. Click OK to close the Logging and Notification dialog box.

8. Save the configuration file to your local hard drive as Policies-Configured.xml.
The Firebox will now send a log message to the WatchGuard Log Server each time an IRC packet is denied. The device
also sends a message to the Log Server that tells it to send an email notification to the specified email address.
For more information, see the Set Up Logging & Servers module.
Exercise 5 — Change Policy Precedence

When you define a new policy and configure the policy parameters, it is automatically sorted and placed in the proper
order within Policy Manager. To illustrate the policy auto-ordering process, add the NetMeeting packet filter with the
default properties and watch for the position in which it is placed.
To set Policy Manager to the Details view:
1. Select View > Details.

In this view, policies appear in the order the device will use to process traffic.
2. Click .

Policies
3. Expand the Packet Filters folder and double-click NetMeeting.

4. Do not modify the policy.
5. Click OK. Click Close.
The device automatically places the NetMeeting policy in the correct position according to its ordering criteria.
Override the Default Order of Policy Precedence

You can override the order in which the Firebox automatically puts policies. To change the order of policies you switch
to manual-order mode and select the policy whose order you want to change and drag it to its new location. In this
exercise, we move the NetMeeting policy so it has the lowest precedence.
The Auto-order Mode feature can be enabled or disabled. When the menu item has an adjacent check
mark, Policy Manager sets the precedence. When the check mark is missing, Policy Manager uses
manual-order mode.
To change the order of a policy:
1. Select View > Auto-order Mode.

2. Click Yes to confirm that you want to switch from auto-order mode to manual-order mode.
The policy order numbers now have a gray background to indicate that you can move them.
3. Drag-and-drop the NetMeeting policy to the bottom of the list.

Policies
Exercise 6 — Use Advanced Policy Properties

After a few weeks of blocking all outgoing IRC traffic, the Successful Company managers notice that many of their
engineering team are leaving at 5:00pm. A little research into the problem returns the surprising result that the engineers
are perfectly willing to work late as long as they can chat on IRC with their friends outside the company. Productivity
will increase if we schedule the IRC policy to let them chat in the evenings.


Policies
3. Adjacent to the Schedule drop-down list, click .

The Clone Schedule dialog box appears.
4. In the Name text box, type Evenings.

Policies
5. In the Description text box, type Disable the policy in the evenings.
You can use this schedule for other policies so you should describe it with the hours blocked or allowed rather than
the policy for which you are building it.
6. In the schedule grid, change the hours from 5:00 to 10:00 PM, Monday through Friday, to Non-operational hour.
7. Click OK to save the schedule and apply it to the IRC policy.

9. Save the configuration file as Policies-Done.
Test Your Knowledge


Policies
1. Choose the appropriate policy type(s) for each task. (Select all that apply.)
Packet Filter Proxy

Examine the header information o o
Strip an attachment o o
Examine the application layer content o o
Check for RFC compliance o o
Block based on server command type o o
Check the source against a list of blocked sites o o
Verify that the destination is a valid location on the trusted o o
Send a log message if the packet is malformed o o
Generate a report on network traffic o o
2. True or false? You can use the same operating schedule for multiple policies.
3. Which of the following protocols can be used in a custom policy? (Select all that apply.)
o A) TCP
o B) Frame Relay
o C) ATM
o D) UDP
o E) ICMP
4. True or false? Policies are ordered primarily by name.

5. True or false? You cannot use SNMP for policy event notifications.
6. True or false? You can only apply a policy tag to a single policy.
7. True or false? You cannot save a filter to apply it again later.
8. True or false? If you select Match All when you apply a filter, all policies that have any of the policy tags you
include in the filter will appear in the filtered policy list.

Policies
ANSWERS
1.
Packet Filter Proxy
Examine the header information n n
Strip an attachment o n
Examine the application layer content o n
Check for RFC compliance o n
Block based on server command type o n
Check the source against a list of blocked sites n n
Verify that the destination is a real location on the trusted n n
Send a log message if the packet is malformed n n
Generate a report on network traffic o o
2. True
3. A, D, and E
4. False
5. False
6. False
7. False
8. False. If you select Match All, only policies that have all of the policy tags you specify in the filter will appear in
the filtered policy list.

Notes

Proxy Policies
Use Proxy Policies and ALGs to Protect Your Network
What You Will Learn

You can use proxy policies to protect servers and clients from threats. With a proxy policy, the Firebox examines the
contents of each packet to determine whether the network traffic is safe. In this training module, you learn how to:
n Understand the purpose of each proxy policy or ALG (Application Layer Gateway)
n Configure the DNS proxy to protect your DNS server
n Prevent users from putting files on an external FTP server
n Configure access control for VoIP calls
Proxy Policies and ALGs

A proxy policy is similar to a packet filter policy, except that it contains a set of additional rules called a proxy action to
examine traffic. Application Layer Gateways (ALGs) are very similar to proxy policies, but also contain features that
allow the Firebox to automatically manage some of the network connections necessary for Voice-over-IP (VoIP)
sessions to operate correctly.
There are eleven proxy policies and ALGs that you can use: DNS, Explicit, FTP, H.323, HTTP, HTTPS, IMAP, POP3,
SIP, SMTP, and TCP-UDP. Most proxy policies or ALGs have both a client and a server proxy action with different
options. The exceptions are the DNS proxy, which has incoming and outgoing proxy actions, the Explicit proxy, which
has only one action, and the H.323-ALG and SIP-ALG, which only have client proxy actions. When you configure a new
proxy policy, select the Client or Outgoing proxy action to protect users on your network, and the Server or Incoming
proxy action to protect servers on your network.
In this module, we discuss the DNS, FTP, H.323, SIP, and TCP-UDP proxy policies and ALGs. The HTTP, HTTPS,
POP3, and SMTP proxy policies are covered in other training modules.

Proxy Policies
About the DNS Proxy

The Domain Name System (DNS) is a network system of servers that translates numeric IP addresses into readable,
hierarchical Internet addresses, and vice versa. This is what allows your computer network to understand that you want
to reach the server at 200.253.208.100 or type the www.watchguard.com domain name into your browser.
It is important to understand that the DNS proxy settings are useful only if the DNS request is routed through the
Firebox. For example, if your network clients use a static IP address to connect directly to a DNS server on your
network, the DNS proxy settings have no effect.
The DNS proxy includes six categories:
General
The General category includes the basic DNS protocol anomaly detection rules to deny malformed and non-
standard DNS queries. We recommend that you do not change the default settings for these rules.
OpCodes
OPcodes (operational codes) are commands sent to a DNS server, such as query, update, or status requests.
They operate on items such as registers, values in memory, values stored on the stack, I/O ports, and the bus. If
you use Active Directory and your Active Directory configuration requires dynamic updates, you must allow
DNS OPcodes in your DNS-Incoming proxy action rules. This is a security risk, but can be necessary for Active
Directory to operate correctly. You use the OpCodes ruleset to allow or deny specific DNS OPcodes.
Query Types
Use the Query Types category to allow or deny DNS connections based on the type of DNS query sent in the
connection.
Query Names
The Query Names category can be used to allow or deny DNS connections based on the fully qualified domain
name sent in the connection.
Proxy Alarm
The Proxy Alarm category lets you define the type of alarm that is sent any time a notification is triggered by a
DNS proxy action.
About the FTP Proxy

The FTP protocol is used to transfer files from clients to servers. Because the FTP protocol does not use encryption, we
recommend that you configure the FTP proxy to protect FTP servers on your network, or secure the use of external FTP
servers by users on your network. Each FTP session uses a control channel to transmit commands and responses, and
one or more optional data channels to send and receive files.
The FTP proxy includes these categories:

Proxy Policies
General
These rules control basic FTP parameters such as maximum user name, password, file name, and command
line length. You can also configure the maximum number of times that a user can attempt to authenticate, and
automatically block connections that exceed these limits.
Commands
You can configure rules to put limits on some FTP commands. Use the FTP-Server proxy action to put limits on
commands that can be used on the FTP server protected by your Firebox. Use the FTP-Client proxy action to put
limits on commands that users protected by the Firebox can use when they connect to external FTP servers.
The default configuration of the FTP-Client proxy action is to allow all FTP commands.
The user interface allows or denies based on protocol commands and not client commands. For a full
reference on FTP protocol commands, we recommend you refer to RFC 959, section 4.1.
You generally should not block these commands, because they are necessary for the FTP protocol to work
correctly:
Protocol Client
Command Command Description
USER n/a Sent with login name
PASS n/a Sent with password
PASV pasv Select passive mode for data transfer
SYST syst Print the server’s operating system and version. FTP clients use this
information to correctly interpret and display server responses.

Proxy Policies
You can block these commands as necessary:
Protocol Client
Command Command Description
RETR get Retrieve a file from the server
STOR put Put a file on the server
DELE delete Delete a file on the server
RMD rmdir Delete a directory on the server
MDK mkdir Create a directory on the server
PWD pwd Print the Present Working Directory (PWD) path
LIST ls List the names in the current directory path
NLST dir Detailed list of files in the current directory path
CDUP cd.. Move up in the server’s directory tree
CWD cd <path> Change to a specific directory on the server
SITE site Send a server-specific command. This command is associated with FTP
<command> denial of service attacks and is often blocked for all FTP-Server proxy
configurations.
Download
The Download ruleset controls the file names, extensions, or URL paths that users can download with FTP. Use
the FTP-Server proxy action to control download rules for the FTP server protected by your Firebox. Use the
FTP-Client proxy action to set download rules for users connecting to external FTP servers.
Upload
The Upload ruleset controls the file names, extensions, or URL paths that users can use FTP to upload. Use the
FTP-Server proxy action to control upload rules for the FTP server protected by your Firebox. Use the FTP-Client
proxy action to set upload rules for users connecting to external FTP servers. The default configuration of the
FTP-Client proxy action is to allow all files to be uploaded.
AntiVirus
If you have purchased and enabled the Gateway AntiVirus feature, you can configure the actions to take if a virus
is found in a file that is uploaded or downloaded.
For more information, see the Signature Services and APT Blocker module.
Data Loss Prevention

If you have purchased and enabled the Data Loss Prevention feature, you can configure the DLP sensor that the
FTP-proxy uses to examine allowed traffic.

Proxy Policies
Proxy and AV Alarms

An alarm is a mechanism to tell a network administrator when network traffic matches criteria for suspicious
traffic or content. When an alarm event occurs, the Firebox takes the action that you configure. For example, you
can set a threshold value for file length. If the file is larger than the threshold value, the device can send a log
message to the Log Server.
APT Blocker
If you have purchased and enabled the APT Blocker feature, you can enable it for use with the FTP-proxy to
examine FTP traffic for advanced malware threats.
About H.323 and SIP ALGs

Voice-over-IP (VoIP) software and devices use either the H.323 and SIP protocols to make network connections and
transmit data. You can use the H.323 or SIP ALGs to deny connections that use unauthorized audio or video codecs,
permit or deny specified users the ability to start or receive VoIP calls, and set other general security settings.
The H.323 and SIP ALGs each have three categories:
General
The options in this category are used to prevent common VoIP attacks and ensure that VoIP connections follow
accepted standards. We recommend that you do not change these settings unless it is necessary to operate
with your VoIP devices, software, or service provider.
Access Control
Use the settings in this category to allow users on your network to start and/or receive VoIP calls. You can
configure a different access level for each user with a hostname, IP address, or email address.
Denied Codecs
You can use this category to prevent users on your network from sending or receiving calls with a VoIP service
that you have not authorized, or a VoIP service that has known security problems. Any connection that uses a
codec from this list is automatically dropped.
About the TCP-UDP Proxy

The TCP-UDP proxy is used to examine and filter HTTP, HTTPS, SIP, and FTP traffic that does not use the standard
ports associated with those protocols. For example, when the TCP-UDP proxy recognizes HTTP traffic on a port other
than TCP port 80, it uses the proxy action you specify to examine that traffic.
The TCP-UDP proxy has one proxy action category:
General
This category enables the Firebox to examine HTTP, HTTPS, SIP, and/or FTP traffic sent on non-standard ports
using the proxy actions you specify. You can also choose to allow or deny traffic from other protocols.

Proxy Policies
Proxy Policies Exercises


Exercise 1 — Use the DNS-Outgoing Proxy Action

Because of problems associated with adware accidentally downloaded to their network, the Successful Company
network administrator would like to block DNS requests to messenger.yahoo.com. This site has been associated with
programs that also install malware, such as Gator. Malware refers to a group of software applications that are usually
installed without a user’s knowledge or consent. Most malware programs are designed to capture private information or
allow attackers to use resources on your network.
Add a DNS Outgoing Proxy Policy
1. Click .
Or, select Edit > Add Policies.
2. Expand the Proxies folder and double-click DNS-proxy.
The New Policy Properties dialog box appears with the Policy tab selected.
3. In the Name text box, type DNS-Outgoing-Proxy.
You do not need to change the From and To settings because they are already set from your trusted networks to any
computer on the external network.
4. From the Proxy Action drop-down list, make sure DNS-Outgoing is selected.

Proxy Policies
Block a DNS Request by Query Name
1. Click .
The DNS Proxy Action Configuration dialog box appears for the DNS-Outgoing actions.
2. In the Categories list, select Query Names.
The Query Names list appears with messenger.yahoo.com already in the list, but it is not active. This rule was included
in the default configuration for your use, but is not yet active.
3. To activate the rule, click Change View.
The Rules (advanced view) page appears.
If the Enabled or Action settings are different for any of the rules in the list, you see a warning
message when you try to select Simple View.
4. Select the messenger.yahoo.com check box.

The default DNS proxy configuration does not deny DNS requests that contain messenger.yahoo.com. To edit
the properties of this rule, click Edit.

Proxy Policies

Proxy Policies
5. Click OK to close the DNS Proxy Action Configuration dialog box.

The Clone Predefined or DVCP-created Object dialog box appears. Because DNS-Outgoing is a template, you cannot
change it. Instead, you must make a copy and use it for your policies. The default name for the cloned policy is DNS-
Outgoing.1.
6. In the Name text box, type a new name for this action.
For example, type DNS-Outgoing-Deny-Yahoo-Messenger.
7. Click OK to clone the template.
The proxy action appears in the New Policy Properties dialog box in the Proxy action drop-down list.
The DNS-Outgoing-Proxy policy appears in the policy list.
Exercise 2 — Configure an FTP-Server Proxy Action

In this exercise, the Successful Company administrator uses Policy Manager to edit the predefined FTP-Server proxy
action to restrict the types of FTP connections to the Successful Company FTP server. Specifically, the administrator
will:
n Make sure that users cannot delete a file from the Successful Company FTP server.
n Restrict the type of files that users can upload to the FTP server to text files only, to help prevent abuse of the
Successful Company FTP server.
Deny the FTP Delete Command
1. Click .
2. Expand the Proxies folder and double-click FTP-proxy.
3. In the Name text box, type FTP-Proxy-Server.
4. From the Proxy action drop-down list, select FTP-Server.Standard. Click .

Proxy Policies
The FTP Proxy Action Configuration dialog box appears.

5. From the Categories list, select Commands.

Proxy Policies
6. Click Change View.

The Rules (advanced view) page appears. In the advanced view, you can change command order as well as add,
remove, enable, and disable individual commands.
7. Select the Allow DELE * list item. Click Edit.

The Edit Command Rules dialog box appears for the DELE* rule.

Proxy Policies
8. From the Action drop-down list, select Deny.
9. Click OK to close the Edit Commands Rule dialog box.

The FTP Proxy Action Configuration dialog box appears again, with the Deny DELE* check box enabled.
This rule tells the device to deny any FTP connections that try to delete a file from the FTP server.

Proxy Policies
Restrict FTP File Uploads to Text Only

Now you configure settings to allow a user to save a text file to the Successful Company FTP server.
1. In the Categories list, select Upload.

2. In the Pattern text box, type *.txt. Click Add.
The .txt item appears in the Upload list. This enables the device to allow text files to be uploaded to the FTP server.
3. Click OK to close the FTP Proxy Configuration dialog box.

The Clone Predefined or DVCP-created Object dialog box appears. Because FTP-Server is a template, you cannot
change it. Instead, you must make a copy and use it for your policies. The default name for the cloned policy is FTP-
Server.1
For example, type FTP-Server-Deny-Delete-Upload-TXT.
The FTP-Proxy-Server policy appears in Policy Manager.
Exercise 3 — Set Access Controls on H.323 Connections

The Successful Company has recently invested in some VoIP devices as part of a network expansion. These devices
use the H.323 protocol. However, some employees in the Sales department have installed their own VoIP software on
their computers, and this has led to network congestion and other problems. In this exercise, the administrator creates
an H.323 ALG that allows a few employees to start or receive VoIP calls, and prevents all other employees from using

Proxy Policies
H.323 VoIP devices.
1. Click .
2. Expand the Proxies folder and double-click H323-ALG.
3. In the Name text box, type H323-VoIP-Limited.
4. From the Proxy Action drop-down list, make sure H.323-Client is selected.
5. Click .
The H323-ALG Action Configuration dialog box appears.
6. In the Categories list, select Access Control.
7. Select the Enable access control for VoIP check box.
8. In the Address of Record text box, type jsmith@example.com.
9. From the Access level drop-down list, select Start and receive calls.
10. Click Add.
jsmith@example.com appears in the Access Levels list. The Log check box is selected by default.

Proxy Policies
11. Repeat Steps 8–9 and add sjones@example.com and hwatkins@example.com to the Access Levels list.
12. Click OK to close the H323-ALG Action Configuration dialog box.

The Clone Predefined or DVCP-created Object dialog box appears. Because H323-Client is a template, you cannot
change it. Instead, you must make a copy and use it for your policies. The default name for the cloned policy is H323-
Client.1
For example, type H323-Client-VoIP-Limited.
Test Your Knowledge

1. Fill in the blank: To protect your DNS server from attacks, you configure a DNS-proxy policy with the
_____________ proxy action.
2. What is the function of a DNS server? (Select one.)
o A) Distribute IP addresses to computers when they connect to a network

Proxy Policies
o B) Assign domain names to individual networks
o C) Translate numeric IP address into readable Internet addresses
o D) Distribute MAC addresses to computers when they connect to a network
o E) Connect IP addresses to their associated MAC addresses
3. What is the best pattern match to block Adobe PDF document in FTP uploads? (Select one.)
o A) *.pdf
o B) *PDF
o C) .*df
o D) *.p*
4. True or false? An Application Layer Gateway (ALG) is the same as a packet filter policy.
5. What are some reasons to create a TCP-UDP-proxy? (Select all that apply.)
o A) Examine DNS traffic that is not sent over TCP port 53
o B) Examine HTTP traffic that is not sent over TCP port 80
o C) Block instant messaging and peer-to-peer applications
o D) Block email viruses in SMTP and POP3 traffic
o E) Filter FTP traffic sent through data channels

Proxy Policies
ANSWERS
1. DNS-Incoming.
2. C
3. A
4. False
An ALG is similar to a proxy policy and also manages some network connections used by that protocol.
5. B and E

Notes

Email Proxies and Blocking Spam
Use the SMTP, POP3, and IMAP Proxies to Protect Email
What You Will Learn

Your Firebox uses three proxy policies to control email traffic: SMTP, POP3, and IMAP.
n Restrict the types of connections to an SMTP server

n Modify the allowable message size
n Allow and deny different content types and filenames
n Restrict email by attachment filename
n Deny incoming SMTP traffic by domain
n Prevent mail relay
n Restrict outgoing POP3 traffic and lock attachments
n Activate and configure spamBlocker
n Specify the actions to take when spam is detected
n Exclude email messages from certain sources
n Monitor spamBlocker activity
For more information about the protocols used for email and controlled by the SMTP and POP3 proxies, see the RFC
Archives:
n SMTP — RFC 821 at http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc821

n POP3 — RFC 1939 at http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc1939.html
n IMAP — RFC 3501 at https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3501

In this module, you will configure an optional feature of your Firebox. To view these settings, you must first purchase a
license key for spamBlocker. To activate the license key you must have access to a Firebox. If you take this course
with a WatchGuard Certified Training Partner, your instructor will provide you with both a Firebox and a license key.
Control the Flow of Email In and Out of Your Network

Fireware includes three proxy policy templates to manage email: SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), POP3 (Post
Office Protocol), and IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol). There are significant differences between these
protocols, so most organizations rely on one rather than using all in the same network. For example, you can deny or
quarantine SMTP messages. With POP3, however, you can only strip or lock attachments but not stop the delivery of a
message. This makes POP3 slightly less secure.
When you add an SMTP, IMAP, or POP3 proxy policy, you select and configure a proxy action that contains rulesets
that apply to incoming or outgoing connections.
SMTP Proxy Actions

SMTP is a protocol used to send email messages between servers, or between clients and servers. The default port for
SMTP traffic is TCP port 25. You can use the SMTP-proxy to control email messages and email content. The proxy
scans SMTP messages and compares their contents to the rules in the proxy configuration.
The SMTP-proxy checks the message for harmful content and RFC compliance. It examines the SMTP headers,
message recipients, senders, and content, as well as any attachments. The SMTP-proxy can restrict traffic from
specific user names or domains. It can also strip unwanted or dangerous SMTP headers, filter attachments by filename
or MIME content type, or deny the email based on an address pattern. The ability to strip header information is
particularly valuable to many network administrators. The SMTP-proxy requires no additional configuration for either
your email server or your network clients.
When you create an SMTP-proxy policy, you can choose from two default proxy actions:
SMTP-Incoming.Standard
This proxy action includes rulesets to protect your SMTP email server from external traffic.
SMTP-Outgoing.Standard
This proxy action includes rulesets to control outgoing SMTP connections from users on your trusted and
optional networks.
POP3 Proxy Actions

POP3 is a protocol that moves email messages from an email server to an email client. The POP3 protocol operates on
TCP port 110. Most Internet-based email accounts use POP3. With POP3, an email client contacts the email server
and checks for any new email messages. If it finds a new message, it downloads the email message to the local email
client. After the message is received by the email client, the connection is closed.
When you create a POP3-proxy policy, you can choose from two default proxy actions:
POP3-Server.Standard
This proxy action includes rulesets to protect your POP3 email server from external traffic.

POP3-Client.Standard
This proxy action includes rulesets to control outgoing POP3 connections from users on your trusted and
optional networks to public POP3 servers.
You can use the default settings for the SMTP and POP3 proxy actions, or you can modify the proxy action settings to
match the needs of your organization. In this module, we will show you how to modify the incoming and outgoing proxy
action rulesets.
IMAP Proxy Actions
IMAP is a protocol that retains email messages on the email server after the email client receives the messages. The
connection between the email server and client remains open until the email client closes. The IMAP proxy supports
IMAP v4 on TCP port 143. IMAP over SSL/TLS is not supported.
IMAP supports more complex actions than POP3. For example:
n IMAP email clients synchronize changes to the IMAP email server.

n IMAP email clients can request message headers, envelope information, message text, and more.
n Multiple IMAP email clients can connect to the same IMAP email server.
IMAP-Server.Standard
This proxy action includes rulesets to protect your IMAP email server from external traffic.
IMAP-Client.Standard
This proxy action includes rulesets to control outgoing IMAP connections from users on your trusted and optional
networks.
Stop Unwanted Email at the Network Edge

Unwanted email, also known as spam, fills the average Inbox at an amazing rate. A large volume of spam decreases
the bandwidth available to other applications, degrades employee productivity, and wastes network resources. The
WatchGuard spamBlocker™ service uses industry-leading anti-spam technology from CYREN (formerly Commtouch)
to block spam at your Internet gateway. spamBlocker looks for patterns in spam traffic, instead of the contents of
individual email messages. Because it uses a combination of rules, pattern matching, and sender reputation, it can find
spam in any language, format, or encoding method.
You can also use APT Blocker to stop malware threats from entering your network through the SMTP-
proxy, POP-proxy, or IMAP-proxy.
For more information, see the Signature Services & APT Blocker training module.

WatchGuard spamBlocker works with SMTP, POP3, and IMAP proxy policies to examine up to 20,000 bytes of each
inbound email message. You can configure the Firebox to take any of the following actions when spamBlocker
determines that an email message processed by the SMTP proxy is spam:
n Deny — Stops the spam email message from being delivered to the email server. The Firebox sends this
message to the sending email server: Delivery not authorized, message refused.
n Add subject tag — Identifies the email message as spam or not spam and allows spam email messages to go
to the mail server. See the subsequent section for more information on spamBlocker tags.
n Allow — Allows spam email messages to go through the Firebox without a tag.
n Drop — Drops the connection immediately. Unlike the Deny option, the Firebox does not give any SMTP error
messages to the sending server.
n Quarantine — Sends the message classified as spam to a Quarantine Server.
If you use spamBlocker with the POP3 or IMAP proxy, you have only two actions to choose from: Add Subject Tag
and Allow. You cannot use the Quarantine Server with the POP3 or IMAP proxy.
spamBlocker and DNS

You must configure at least one DNS server so the Firebox can resolve the IP addresses of the CYREN servers. If you
do not do this, spamBlocker will not operate.
If your spam catch rates have not improved after you enable spamBlocker, make sure that you have
DNS configured on your Firebox device. DNS is required for connections to the CYREN servers.
spamBlocker Tags
The Firebox can add spamBlocker tags to the subject line of the email message. You can also configure spamBlocker
to customize the tag that it adds. This example shows the subject line of an email message that was classified as
spam. The tag added is the default tag: ***SPAM***.
Subject: ***SPAM*** Free auto insurance quote
Here are some examples of other possible spamBlocker tags:

Subject: (SPAM) You've been approved!

Subject: [POSSIBLE SPAM] Save 75%
Subject: [JUNK EMAIL] Free shipping
Subject: *SPAM/BULK* 10 lbs in 10 days!
spamBlocker Categories
spamBlocker puts potential spam email messages into two categories based on the classification of the mail envelope:
n Confirmed Spam — Includes email messages that come from known spammers. We recommend you use the
Deny action for this type of email if you use spamBlocker with the SMTP proxy, or the Add subject tag if you use
spamBlocker with the POP3 proxy.
n Bulk — Includes email messages that do not come from known spammers, but do match some known spam
structure patterns. We recommend that you use the Add subject tag action for this type of email, or the
Quarantine action if you use spamBlocker with the SMTP proxy.
n Suspect — Includes email messages that could be associated with a new spam attack. Frequently, these
messages are legitimate email messages. We recommend that you use the Allow action for this type of email or
the Quarantine action if you use spamBlocker with the SMTP proxy.
spamBlocker Exceptions
The Firebox might sometimes identify a message as spam when it is not spam. If you know the address of the sender,
you can configure the device with an exception that tells it not to examine messages from that source address or
domain.
Global spamBlocker Settings

You can use global spamBlocker settings to optimize spamBlocker for your own installation. Because most of these
parameters affect the amount of memory that spamBlocker uses on the Firebox, you must balance spamBlocker
performance with other device functions. To configure these settings, click Settings in the spamBlocker dialog box.
Virus Outbreak Detection maximum file size to scan

Virus Outbreak Detection (VOD) is a technology that identifies email virus outbreaks worldwide within minutes
and then provides protection against those viruses. Provided by CYREN, VOD catches viruses even faster than
signature-based system. Select the Enable Virus Outbreak Detection (VOD) check box to enable VOD. In the
VOD maximum file size to scan text box, you can set the number of bytes of an email message that VOD
scans. VOD uses the larger of the Maximum file size to scan and the VOD maximum file size to scan.
Maximum file size to scan

In the Maximum file size to scan text box, you can set the number of bytes of an email message that will pass
to spamBlocker to be scanned. Usually, 20–40K is sufficient for spamBlocker to correctly detect spam.
However, if image-based spam is a problem for your organization, you can increase the maximum file size to
block more image-based spam.

Cache size
In the Cache size text box, type or select the number of entries spamBlocker caches locally for messages that
have been categorized as spam and bulk. A local cache can improve performance because it reduces network
traffic. Usually, you do not have to change this value.
Proactive Patterns
To disable the CYREN CT Engine Proactive Patterns feature, clear the Enable proactive patterns check box.
The Proactive Patterns feature allows spamBlocker to identify and block new spam messages even before the
recurrent pattern is added to the CYREN database. For example, each day new types of spam tricks are
introduced on the Internet. With Proactive Patterns enabled, spamBlocker blocks email messages that use the
newly identified spam methods. When clear patterns are established for these new attacks, the pattern is added
to the CYREN database. This feature is enabled by default. It requires large amounts of space while the local
database on the Firebox is updated. If your Firebox has limited memory or processor resources, consider
disabling this feature.
spamBlocker does not detect spam in outgoing SMTP email. To prevent spam from originating from
your network and conserve network resources, you should disable email relay functionality on your
email server and enable email relay protection to inbound email using the incoming SMTP proxy
action.
Use an HTTP Proxy Server

To configure spamBlocker to use an HTTP proxy server to connect to the CYREN server through the Internet:
1. Select the HTTP Proxy Server tab.

2. Select the Contact the spamBlocker server using an HTTP proxy server check box.
3. In the remaining fields on this tab, select the parameters for the proxy server.
This includes the address of the proxy server, the port the Firebox must use to contact the proxy server, and the
authentication credentials the Firebox uses for proxy server connections (if required by the proxy server).
Adding Trusted Email Forwarders

The spam score for an email message is calculated in part using the IP address of the server from which the message
was received. If an email forwarding service is used, the IP address of the forwarding server is used to calculate the
spam score. Because the forwarding server is not the initial source email server, the spam score can be inaccurate.
To improve spam scoring accuracy, you can add one or more host names or domain names of email servers that you
trust to forward email to your email server. With this feature, spamBlocker ignores the trusted email forwarder in the
email message headers. The spam score is then calculated using the IP address of the source email server.
Email Proxies Exercises



n A feature key that enables the spamBlocker service
Exercise 1 — Use the SMTP-Proxy to Protect Your Mail Server

Successful Company is growing. With all the new employees, incoming email is increasingly a potential vector for
malware. In this exercise, we use Policy Manager to configure an incoming SMTP-proxy policy to protect their SMTP
server.
Add an Incoming SMTP-Proxy Policy

In the NAT training module, we added an incoming SMTP-proxy policy so that we could use network address translation
(NAT) to protect the Successful Company SMTP server. If you did not complete that exercise, you may need to add an
SMTP-Incoming proxy policy.
To use the policy you created in the NAT training module, open that configuration file, double-click the SMTP-proxy
policy to edit it, and continue with Step 5.
2. Click .
3. Expand the Proxies folder.
4. Select SMTP-proxy and click Add Policy.
5. In the Name text box, type SMTP-Incoming-Proxy.
6. From the Proxy Action drop-down list, select SMTP-Incoming.Standard.
8. Click Add SNAT.
9. Click Add.
10. In the SNAT Name text box, type SMTP-Incoming-SNAT.
11. Make sure the Static NAT option is selected.
12. Click Add.
This is the IP address of the Successful Company SMTP server on the trusted network.
The new Static NAT entry appears in the SNAT Members list.
The SMTP-Incoming-SNAT entry appears in the SNAT list.
The SMTP-Incoming-SNAT entry appears in the Selected Members and Addresses list.
18. Adjacent to the Proxy action drop-down list, click .

The SMTP Proxy Action Configuration dialog box appears.
19. In the Description text box, type Modified policy for email inbound.

Decrease Maximum Message Size

The default maximum email message size is 20 MB. In the past, Successful Company employees used email to
exchange files with outside vendors. Now that Successful Company has a protected FTP server, the network
administrator wants to discourage using the email server for large attachments. In this exercise we will reduce the
maximum email size to 5 MB (5,000 kilobytes).
Encoding can increase the length of files by up to one-third.
In the SMTP Proxy Action Configuration dialog box:
1. In the Categories list, expand General and select General Settings.

The General Settings page appears.
2. In the Limits section, select the Set the maximum email size to check box. In the adjacent text box, type
5000.

Allow and Deny Content Types and Filenames

Successful Company employees complain that they cannot receive certain email attachments that they need to do their
jobs. By default, the SMTP incoming proxy is highly secure and allows very few types of email attachments. Because
the network administrator does not have a comprehensive list of the MIME types that his organization’s employees use
on a regular basis, he decides to turn content type filtering off but continue to filter email attachments by filename. He
can do this until he understands better what content types are used. He understands this is a temporary reduction in
security, but he accepts the business risk.
At the same time, the Successful Company network administrator realizes that it is very important to carefully restrict
email attachments by filename. He accepted the default list of filenames denied by the SMTP-Incoming ruleset. Now he
must make two changes to meet the needs of his organization. He must configure the Firebox to allow Microsoft
Access database files to go through the SMTP-proxy. He must also configure the device to deny MP4 files because of a
recent vulnerability announced by Apple.

The SMTP-proxy can also scan content types and filenames that are stored in compressed archived
files such as ZIP files.
1. In the Categories list, expand Attachments and select Filenames.

The Filenames page appears.
2. To switch to Advanced View, click Change View.
3. In the Filenames list, double-click .mdb.

The Edit Filenames Rule dialog box appears for the .mdb filename extension. This filename extension is for Microsoft
Access databases.
4. From the Action drop-down list, select Allow. Click OK.
The SMTP Proxy Action Configuration dialog box appears.
5. Click Add.
The New Filenames Rule dialog box appears.
6. In the Rule Name text box, type mp4.

7. In the Rule Settings text box, type *.mp4.

8. In the Action drop-down list, select Strip. Click OK.
The SMTP proxy action is now configured to deny all files with the Apple iTunes “.mp4” file extension sent to the SMTP
server.
Control Mail Domain Use for Incoming Traffic to Prevent Mail Relay
Another way to protect your SMTP server is to restrict incoming traffic to only messages that use your company
domain. This prevents external users from using your internal email server as a mail relay to send spam. In this
example, we use the example.com domain.
Another way to keep your server from being used as a relay is to use the Rewrite Banner Domain
and Rewrite HELO Domain options included in the SMTP-proxy action General Settings. This
enables your Firebox to change the From and To components of your email address to a different
value. This feature is also known as SMTP masquerading.
1. In the Categories list, expand Address and select Rcpt To.

The Rcpt To page appears.
2. In the Pattern text box, type *@example.com. Click Add.
*@example.com appears in the Rules list.
This denies any email messages sent to an address that does not match the company domain.

3. Click OK to close the SMTP Proxy Action Configuration dialog box.

The Clone Predefined or DVCP-created Object dialog box appears.
Because SMTP-Incoming is a template, you cannot change it. You can only make a copy and use it for your
policies.
4. In the Name text box, type SMTP-Incoming-Email.
The New Policy Properties dialog box appears, with SMTP-Incoming-Email in the Proxy action drop-down list.

Exercise 2 — Control Outgoing SMTP Connection

A network administrator at Successful Company has reviewed the default rulesets that are included with the SMTP-
Outgoing proxy action and wants to make these changes:
n Remove the restriction on email size

n Prevent users from sending email with Microsoft Windows screensavers attached
Add an Outgoing SMTP-Proxy Policy

To configure all outgoing SMTP traffic, the Successful Company first adds an outgoing SMTP-proxy policy.
1. Click .
2. Expand the Proxies folder and double-click SMTP-proxy.
3. In the Name text box, type SMTP-Server-Outgoing.
4. In the From list, select Any-External. Click Remove.
Any-External is removed from the From list.
5. Click Add.
6. Click Add Other.
The IP address appears in the Selected Members and Addresses list.


The IP address appears in the New Policy Properties dialog box in the From list. The Successful Company SMTP
server on the trusted network is now added to the policy.
11. In the Available Members list, double-click Any-External.
Any-External appears in the Selected Members and Addresses list.
12. Click OK.
The policy now controls all traffic from the SMTP server to any computer on the external networks.
13. From the Proxy action drop-down list, select SMTP-Outgoing.Standard.
Control Email Message Size

Successful Company management requests that there not be limits on the size of outgoing email. To configure this
setting, we will update the outgoing SMTP rulesets.
In the New Policy Properties dialog box:
1. On the Policy tab, adjacent to the Proxy action drop-down list, click .
2. In the Categories list, expand General and select General Settings.
The General Settings page appears.
The setting changes made for the SMTP incoming proxy do not appear here. This policy controls only outgoing SMTP
traffic.
3. In the Limits section, clear the Set the maximum e-mail size to check box.
This removes any restrictions on email size.

Restrict Email by Attachment Filename

The Successful Company network administrators are aware that Windows screensavers are sometimes associated
with viruses and have no positive effect on their business. These screensavers, with a filename extension of .scr, are
denied by default in the SMTP-Incoming proxy action. To make sure that their users do not accidentally send out a
virus-infected email message, and to make sure that no virus forwards infected messages with the SCR filename as an
attachment, they want to deny the .scr file extension for outgoing email. They also want to make sure they are notified
by email if anyone tries to send a Windows screensaver with the .scr file extension.
1. In the Categories list, expand Attachments and select Filenames.

The Filenames page appears.
2. In the Pattern text box, type *.scr*. Click Add.
*.scr* appears in the Rules list. The asterisk at the end of the pattern makes sure that Windows screensavers with a
trailing filename extension (such as *scr.txt) are also blocked.
3. From the If matched drop-down list, select Strip.

This removes any attachment with .scr in the filename extension, but allows the rest of the email through.
4. Adjacent to the If matched drop-down list, select the Alarm and Log check boxes.
5. In the Categories list, select Proxy and AV Alarms.

The Proxy and AV Alarms page appears.
6. Select the Send Notification check box and the Email option

7. Click OK to close the SMTP Action Proxy Configuration dialog box.

You can export custom proxy configurations from one configuration to an XML file, and then import the
ruleset to another Firebox configuration file. You can see the Import and Export functions when you
look at a proxy ruleset in the Advanced view.
8. (Optional) In the Name text box, type a unique name for the proxy action.
The default name for a clone is SMTP-Outgoing.1. You can also give it a friendly name to help you recognize it.
10. Click Close.
The new SMTP policy appears in the policies list.

Exercise 3 — Use a POP3-Client Policy

Successful Company’s network policy is to prohibit connections to all external POP3 servers. Unfortunately, the new
CFO insists on downloading his personal mail from Impersonal ISP. He says he absolutely cannot do business without
this service, and the CEO concurs. However, the CEO insists that the CFO cannot be able to download attachments
with his POP3 account. In this exercise, we will use the POP3-proxy to allow the CFO to connect to his service
provider. While we cannot quarantine his attachments, we can lock them. There is a small hope that this will prove so
inconvenient, the CFO will want to switch to the company Exchange server.
Add a POP3 Client Policy
1. Click .
3. Double-click POP3-proxy.
The New Policy Properties dialog box opens.
4. In the Name text box, type POP3-CFO.
Any-Trusted is removed from the From list.
6. Click Add.
7. Click Add Other.
The Add Address dialog box appears with the IP Address in the Selected Members and Addresses list.
These actions add the Successful Company CFO’s desktop computer on the trusted network to the policy.
Any-External is removed from the To list.
12. Click Add.
14. From the Choose Type drop-down list, select Host Name (DNS lookup).
15. In the Value text box, type mail.yahoo.com.
The Add Address dialog box appears. Policy Manager does a one-time DNS lookup for the host name
mail.yahoo.com. The IP Address for mail.yahoo.com appears in the Selected Members and Addresses list.


The New Policy Properties dialog box appears with the IP Address for mail.yahoo.com in the To list. Now the policy
controls all traffic from the CFO to the mail servers.
Configure the POP3 Policy to Lock Attachments

On the Policy tab:
1. From the Proxy action drop-down list, select POP3-Client.Standard.

The POP3 Proxy Action Configuration dialog box appears.
3. In the Categories list, expand Attachments and select Content Types.
The Content Types page appears. By default, Content Type auto-detection is enabled and attachments are allowed.
4. From the If matched drop-down list, select Lock.
This setting enables the CFO to receive locked attachments that match the content types listed. All other attachments
are stripped.
5. Click OK to close the POP3 Proxy Action Configuration dialog box.

The default name for the clone is POP3-Client.1. You can also give it a friendly name to help you recognize it.
9. Save the configuration file as EmailProxies-Done.
Exercise 4 — Activate spamBlocker
Before you can begin this exercise, you must have the spamBlocker feature key saved to the Firebox.
Successful Company decides to invest in spamBlocker to manage all the unwanted email its employees are receiving.
In this exercise, we use the spamBlocker Wizard in Policy Manager to activate the spamBlocker service.
1. Select Subscription Services > spamBlocker > Activate.

The Activate spamBlocker Wizard appears.
2. Click Next.
If you are working through the training modules sequentially, or taking the class with an instructor, you should have
three email proxy policies configured.

3. Clear the POP3-CFO and SMTP-Server-Outgoing policy check boxes. Click Next.
4. Click Finish.
If you do not have an SMTP or POP3 proxy policy, the wizard prompts you to create one.
Exercise 5 — Configure the spamBlocker Service

After you complete the Activate spamBlocker Wizard, you need to configure the spamBlocker settings in your email
proxy. In this exercise, you configure the spamBlocker service for SMTP. The procedure to configure spamBlocker for
POP3 is the same.
Determine What Happens to spam Email

In this exercise, the Successful Company network administrator is new to this type of service and is a little nervous
about losing valid messages. He decides to quarantine confirmed spam and tag the rest as spam, but still send it to the
intended recipients.
1. Select Subscription Services > spamBlocker > Configure.

The spamBlocker dialog box appears. The spamBlocker Policies list includes the current policies and whether
spamBlocker is active for each policy.
2. Select SMTP-Incoming-Proxy. Click Configure.

The spamBlocker configuration dialog box appears.

3. From the Confirmed Spam drop-down list, select Quarantine.

All email that spamBlocker confirms as spam will now be held in quarantine. The network administrator will have to
review these messages before they go to the final recipient.
4. From the Suspect drop-down list, select Add subject tag.
The text ***SUSPECT*** appears. You can replace this with any short text phrase.

5. Clear the Send a log message for each message classified as not spam check box.
This is a useful tool for troubleshooting, but receiving a log message for each email message sent to your employees
can significantly increase the size of your log database.
Add spamBlocker Exceptions

The network administration team at Successful Company all subscribe to the Security Now podcasts from TWIT.tv.
However, like many companies that send useful newsletters and announcements to their customers, TWIT uses a bulk
mail application. In this exercise, we configure the Successful Company spamBlocker service to allow these messages
as an exception.
In the spamBlocker Configuration dialog box:
1. Select the Exceptions tab.

spamBlocker is already configured to allow bulk messages from the WatchGuard LiveSecurity service. This ensures
that you can receive important announcements, security alerts, and threat responses.
2. Click Add.
The Add Exception Rule dialog box appears.
3. From the Action drop-down list, select Allow.
4. In the Sender text box, type *@twit.tv.
5. In the Recipient text box, type *.
This will exclude all messages that originate from the TWIT.tv domain from spamBlocker actions.

6. Click OK to close the Add Exception Rule dialog box.

7. Click OK to close the spamBlocker Configuration dialog box.
Enable Alarms When a Virus is Detected

One selling point of spamBlocker for the security team at Successful Company was the ability to receive alarms when a
virus is detected. In this exercise, we enable the alarm feature.
You must also enable Virus Outbreak Detection in the global spamBlocker settings, if you want this
feature to operate in policies.
1. In the spamBlocker Configuration dialog box, select the Virus Outbreak Detection tab.
2. From the When a virus is detected drop-down list, select Drop.
3. Select the adjacent Alarm check box.

4. Click OK to close the spamBlocker Configuration dialog box.
Exercise 6 — Monitor spamBlocker Activity

You can use Firebox System Manager to monitor spamBlocker activity.
1. In WatchGuard System Manager, connect to the Firebox you want to monitor.

2. Click .
Or, select Tools > Firebox System Manager.
Firebox System Manager appears.
3. Select the Subscription Services tab.
The statistics for spamBlocker appear in the third section on this tab.

Test Your Knowledge

Use the questions below to practice what you have learned and exercise new skills.
1. Which of the following can an SMTP-proxy check that an SMTP packet filter cannot?
o A) Source IP Address
o B) Content

o C) RFC compliance
o D) Packet Header
o E) Attachment
2. Choose the most appropriate SMTP-proxy action for each task. (Select one.)
Task SMTP-Incoming SMTP-Outgoing

Protect your company network from a virus o o
Reduce the number of very large files sent by email to your users o o
Reduce spam o o
Prevent your email server from being used as a spam relay o o
Keep your users from sending large files to their friends o o
3. Choose the actions that spamBlocker can take when you configure spamBlocker to work with SMTP.
o A) Deny Stop the spam message without a reply
Add a “spam” tag to the email subject line and allow spam messages to go to
o B) Tag
the recipient
o C) Ignore Do not send the email to spamBlocker to process
o D) Allow Let spam messages go through the Firebox without a tag
Drop the connection immediately and send no error messages back to

o E) Drop
sending email server.
o F) Quarantine Isolate the email on a Quarantine Server

4. True or false? The Confirmed Spam category includes email messages that come from known spammers.
5. Which proxy works with spamBlocker? (Select all that apply.)
o A) HTTP
o B) SMTP
o C) POP3
o D) FTP
o E) IMAP

ANSWERS
1. B, C, E
2.
Task SMTP-Incoming SMTP-Outgoing
Protect your company network from a virus x o
Reduce the number of very large files sent by email to your users x o
Reduce spam x o
Prevent your email server from being used as a spam relay x o
Keep your users from sending large files to their friends o x
3. A, B, D, E, F
4. True
5. B, C, E

Notes

Web Traffic
Manage the Web Traffic Through Your Firewall
What You Will Learn

The HTTP-proxy policy can protect your private and public web servers. It can also be used to protect your users from
viruses and restrict unauthorized Web use. In this module, you learn how to:
n Create a log message for each HTTP client connection

n Block HTTP client connections by URL path
n Allow files through the HTTP-proxy by type
n Customize the deny message a user receives
n Strip headers that specify a certain type of authentication
n Use HTTP-proxy exceptions to allow software updates
n Use time and bandwidth quotas to limit web usage
n Activate WebBlocker
n Select categories of websites to deny
n Override WebBlocker rules for specific sites
n Understand how Reputation Enabled Defense protects your network
n Set up and configure Reputation Enabled Defense
n See status and reports for Reputation Enabled Defense

Web Traffic
HTTP Proxies
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is a protocol used to send and display text, images, sound, video, and other
multimedia files on the Internet. The WatchGuard HTTP-proxy is a high-performance content filter. It examines web
traffic to identify suspicious content, which can be spyware, malformed content, or another type of attack. It can also
protect your web server from attacks from the external network using protocol anomaly detection rules to identify and
deny suspicious packets.
The HTTP-Proxy
The HTTP-proxy operates between a web server and a client web browser. It processes each HTTP packet from the
server for any potentially harmful content before sending it to the client. It can also act as a buffer between your web
server and potentially harmful web clients by enforcing compliance with the HTTP protocol and preventing potential
buffer overflow attacks.
The Explicit HTTP Proxy

You can also use an Explicit HTTP Proxy. In a normal proxy configuration, the Firebox transparently proxies and
inspects client connections to servers. In an explicit proxy configuration, the Firebox accepts direct requests from
clients, performs a DNS lookup and connects to specified servers, and then retrieves the information on behalf of the
client. In this configuration, the client is specifically configured to use the Firebox as a proxy server. For more
information about using an explicit proxy, see the Fireware Help.
HTTP Proxy Actions
When you add an HTTP-proxy policy to your Firebox configuration, you get access to two sets of rules that are included
with the product: an HTTP-Server proxy action and an HTTP-Client proxy action. You can use the default proxy actions,
or you can modify them. This module shows you how to customize the settings in these two proxy actions.
HTTP-Client
The HTTP-Client proxy action is configured to give comprehensive protection to your network from the content
your trusted users download from web servers.
HTTP-Server
The HTTP-Server proxy action is configured to allow most HTTP connections through to your public web server,
but stops any attempts to upload or delete files.
HTTP-Content
In Fireware v12.0 and higher, the HTTP-Content.Standard proxy action is configured to route inbound HTTP
requests to the policy default destination. You can clone and edit this action to route HTTP requests to different
internal web servers based on the domain name in the HTTP host header and the path in the HTTP request. This
type of routing is sometimes known as host header redirect.
To further protect your network, both the HTTP-Client and HTTP-Server proxy actions can use these optional services:

Web Traffic
WebBlocker
Controls the websites trusted users are allowed to browse to at different times of the day. WebBlocker is only
available for the HTTP-Client proxy action.
Gateway AntiVirus (Gateway AV)

Scans HTTP traffic and can stop viruses before they connect to the client computers and HTTP servers on your
network.
Reputation Enabled Defense (RED)

Sends requested URLs to a cloud-based WatchGuard reputation server, that returns a reputation score. The
HTTP-proxy uses the reputation score to determine whether to drop the traffic, allow the traffic and scan it
locally, or allow the traffic without a local scan.
APT Blocker
Scans HTTP traffic and blocks APT (Advanced Persistent Threat) malware that takes advantage of zero-day
exploits to gain access to your network. Files are sent to a cloud-based service and examined with full system
emulation analysis to identify the characteristics and behavior of advanced malware.
Control Outgoing HTTP Requests

You can control outgoing HTTP connections from HTTP client applications to prevent your user community from
downloading many of the dangerous file types that hackers use to introduce viruses, malware, trojans, and worms to
your network.
The HTTP-Client proxy settings give you complete control over the HTTP connections of your trusted users. You can
strip files by file name or MIME content type. You can also restrict the use of cookies, ActiveX, Java, and other
potential sources of infection.
In Fireware v11.12 and higher, the Web Setup Wizard and Quick Setup Wizard can automatically enable WebBlocker
and configure an HTTP-Client proxy action called Default-HTTP-Client. This proxy action has recommended settings,
and blocks the WebBlocker categories you select in the setup wizard. For more information, see the Getting Started
module.

Web Traffic
Protect Your Web Server

Web servers are popular targets for attackers. Although vendors try to patch web server applications quickly, attackers
have a window of vulnerability between the time an attack is discovered and the opportunity you have to patch it. You
can use the HTTP-Server proxy action as a way to prevent the attack until a patch is available.
If you have a public web server, you must also make sure that people can still get access to it after you configure it to
protect it against attacks. The default HTTP-Server ruleset allows most types of connections through the Firebox while
it blocks the most common attacks.
HTTP-Proxy Action Rulesets

The HTTP-Client and HTTP-Server proxy actions have the same sets of rules, but the default settings are different.
These rulesets appear in the Categories list in the HTTP Proxy Action Configuration dialog box.

Web Traffic
Many web pages get information from site visitors, such as location, email address, and name. If you
disable the POST command, the Firebox denies all POST operations to web servers on the external
network. This feature can prevent your users from sending information to a website on the external
network.
HTTP Request
General Settings
Use this ruleset to control the idle time out and maximum URL length HTTP parameters. You can configure
the Firebox to create a log message with summary information for each HTTP connection request. Make
sure the Enable logging for reports check box is selected to see bandwidth usage information in
HostWatch and Report Manager. You can also enforce the strictest Safe Search settings for web browser
search engines.
Request Methods
The Request Method ruleset lets you control the types of HTTP request methods allowed through the
Firebox as part of an HTTP request. Some applications, such as Google Desktop and Microsoft FrontPage,
require additional request methods. webDAV is used for collaborative online authoring and has a large
number of additional request methods. The HTTP-proxy supports webDAV request method extensions by
default, according to the specifications in RFC 2518.
URL Paths
Use this ruleset to filter the content of the host and path of a URL. For best results, use URL path filtering
together with file header and content type filtering.

Web Traffic
Usually, if you filter URLs with the HTTP request URL path ruleset, you must configure a complex
pattern that uses regular expression syntax configured in the Advanced View of a ruleset. It is easier
and better to filter header or body content types than it is to filter URL paths.
Header Fields
This ruleset supplies content filtering for the full HTTP header name and its value. By default, the Firebox
uses exact matching rules to strip Via and From headers, and allows all other headers. The Via header can
be added to a client request by a proxy server to track message forwards and avoid request loops. Stripping
the Via header can protect client privacy. The From header passes the client users' email address to the
server, which can be harvested by bulk mail recipient lists. Stripping this header helps reduce the chance of
receiving spam and maintains client anonymity and privacy.
Authorization
This ruleset sets the criteria for content filtering of HTTP Request Header authorization fields. When a web
server starts a WWW-Authenticate challenge, it sends information about which authentication methods it
can use. The proxy puts limits on the type of authentication sent in a request. With a default configuration,
the Firebox allows Basic, Digest, NTLM, and Passport 1.4 authentication.
HTTP Response
General Settings
Use this ruleset to configure basic HTTP response parameters, including idle time out, maximum line
length, and maximum total length of an HTTP response header. If you set a value control to zero (0) bytes,
the Firebox ignores the size of HTTP response headers.
Header Fields
This ruleset controls which HTTP response header fields the Firebox allows. Response headers can be
used to specify cookies, supply modification dates for caching, instruct the browser to reload the page after
a specified time interval, and for several other tasks.
Content Types
This ruleset controls the types of MIME content allowed through the Firebox in HTTP response headers.
This is a common way of restricting the types of files that users can download from websites.
Cookies
Use this ruleset to control cookies included in HTTP responses. The default ruleset allows all cookies.
HTTP cookies are used to track and store information about users who visit particular sites.
Body Content Types

This ruleset gives you control of the content in an HTTP response. The Firebox is configured to deny
Windows exe/dll files by default. It is a good idea to examine the file types used in your organization and
allow only necessary file types.

Web Traffic
Use Web Cache Server

If you have an existing HTTP caching proxy server on your network, you can forward HTTP requests from the
Firebox to your proxy server. For more information, see the Fireware Help.
HTTP-Proxy Exceptions
All traffic to or from a domain listed in this ruleset will bypass the proxy completely. Only trusted sites that supply
needed files that would be denied by other parts of the HTTP-proxy should be listed here. By default, the
Microsoft Windows Update websites are ignored by the HTTP-proxy.
Data Loss Prevention

If you have purchased and enabled the Data Loss Prevention feature, you can configure the DLP sensor the
HTTP-proxy uses to examine allowed traffic.
WebBlocker
See the subsequent section for more information on how to restrict Web access with a WebBlocker profile.
Gateway AV
This ruleset sets the actions to take if a virus is found. Although you can use the proxy definition screens to
activate and configure Gateway AntiVirus, it is easier to use the Tasks menu in Policy Manager to do this. For
more information, see the Signature Services and APT Blocker module.
Reputation Enabled Defense

If you have purchased the Reputation Enabled Defense Service, this ruleset enables you to immediately block
URLs that have a bad reputation, and bypass any configured virus scanning for URLs that have a good
reputation. You can also change the Good and Bad reputation thresholds. See the subsequent sections for more
information on how to restrict Web access with Reputation Enabled Defense.
Deny Message
Use this feature to customize the default deny message that your trusted users will see if the Firebox denies
HTML content.
Proxy and AV Alarms

This ruleset lets you define the type of alarm that is sent any time a notification is triggered by an HTTP ruleset.
APT Blocker
If you have purchased the APT Blocker subscription service, this ruleset lets you enable APT Blocker to analyze
HTTP traffic for advanced malware.
Frequently Asked Questions

Can I get a report of HTTP traffic on my Firebox device?
Yes. In the General Settings category for the HTTP-proxy, select the Enable logging for reports check box.
The Firebox creates a log message for each HTTP transaction. You can use Log and Report Manager to get
detailed reports on HTTP traffic.

Web Traffic
HTTPS Proxy
The HTTPS-proxy policy allows you to manage and filter secure HTTP (HTTPS) traffic on TCP port 443 to protect your
network clients, or an HTTPS server on your network. The HTTPS proxy uses a domain names rules list that allows
you to block, inspect, or allow (bypass inspection) for HTTPS traffic for specific web site domains. SNI (Server Name
Indication) or the certificate common name (CN) of the web site is used to match the domain in the rules. You can also
specify a WebBlocker profile for HTTPS traffic to block web site categories or inspect specific allowed categories.
In the HTTPS proxy action you can use the Inspect action to enable content inspection of HTTPS content to decrypt
secured HTTP traffic. When you enable content inspection, the rules of the HTTP-proxy action you specify in the
selected TLS profile apply to that traffic. This means that you can use the same HTTP-proxy action that you already use
in an HTTP-proxy, or create a new proxy action specifically for HTTPS. After your Firebox examines the traffic and
determines that it can be allowed, it re-encrypts the traffic and re-signs it with a new certificate, before it sends it to its
original destination.
Because the HTTPS-proxy configuration is considered an advanced feature, detailed configuration options for the
HTTPS-proxy are not covered in this module. To use the content inspection feature, you must configure the Firebox and
either your network clients or your HTTPS server to trust the same certificate. For more information, see the
Certificates section in the Fireware Help.
HTTP Content Actions
If you have more than one web server that uses the same public IP address, you can use an HTTP content action to
route incoming HTTP and HTTPS requests for one public IP address to more than one internal web server. This reduces
the number of public IP addresses you need for public web servers on your network. To redirect HTTPS requests based
on the domain name without content inspection, you can specify a routing action in a domain name rule in the HTTPS
Server proxy action.
Content Actions are supported in Fireware v12.0 or higher.
In an HTTP Content Action you can also enable TLS/SSL offloading to relieve an internal web server of the processing
burden for encryption and decryption of TLS and SSL connections. When you enable TLS/SSL offloading, HTTPS is
used between external clients and the Firebox. HTTP is used between the Firebox and the internal server. For more
information about TLS/SSL offloading, see the Fireware Help.
In an HTTP content action, you can define content rules to route HTTP requests to multiple internal servers, based on a
pattern match to content in the incoming HTTP request. You must also configure a default action to take for HTTP
requests that do not match a content rule. If the domain and path of a request matches a content rule, the content action
takes the specified action in the content rule. If the domain and path of an HTTP request does not match a content rule,
the content action takes the default action specified in the content action.
Each HTTP content rule includes:

Web Traffic
Rule Settings
Specify a pattern to match in the HTTP host header and HTTP request. The pattern in a content rule can match a
domain, a path, or both.
Rule Actions
Rule actions control where to route and what proxy action to use when the domain and path of an HTTP request
matches a specified pattern. Rule actions include:
Routing Action
Specify the IP address of an internal server, or route to the default destination in the proxy policy.
Routes specified in the content action override the NAT settings configured in the policy. When you
configure a proxy policy to use a content action, the NAT settings configured in the policy are not used
unless you specify Use Policy Default in the content action.
Proxy Action
Select the HTTP proxy action to use for connections to the internal server
HTTP Port and HTTPS Port

Specify the HTTP and HTTPS ports to use for connections to the internal server.
The HTTPS port is used only when the content action is used in an HTTPS proxy policy with content
inspection enabled.
TLS/SSL Offload
TLS/SSL Offload reduces the CPU load on the Firebox, and removes the burden of TLS/SSL encryption and
decryption from your internal web server. The TLS/SSL Offload settings is only applied to HTTPS proxy
actions with Content Inspection enabled.
When you enable the TLS/SSL Offload option, HTTPS is used for traffic between external clients and the
Firebox. HTTP is used for traffic between the Firebox and the internal server. TLS/SSL. The HTTPS port
and TLS/SSL Offload settings apply only when the content action is only applied to HTTPS proxy actions
with Content Inspection enabled.
You can use an HTTP content action:
n In an HTTP proxy policy, instead of an HTTPS-Server proxy action

n In an HTTPS-Server proxy action with the Inspect action
Content actions are covered in more detail in the Firewall Policies course.
Content Actions are covered in more detail in the Policies course.

Web Traffic
Quotas
Limit Web Traffic with Bandwidth and Time Quotas
You can enable time and bandwidth usage quotas in your HTTP and HTTPS policies. This feature is useful for applying
a daily limit to your user's Internet usage to enforce corporate acceptable use policies. When a user exceeds the quota
limit, a notification message appears in their web browser and further access attempts are denied.
You can set these types of quotas:
n Time — The time quota is set in minutes per day.

n Bandwidth — The bandwidth quota is set in MB per day.
Quota limits are applied to users and groups based on authentication to the Firebox. You can create exceptions to
quotas so that any traffic to a specific destination address is not counted towards the usage quota. Quotas cannot be
enforced if a user is able to access websites without authentication.
Restrict Web Access with WebBlocker

WebBlocker uses a database of websites, organized into categories based on their content. You configure WebBlocker
to control which website categories your users can connect to.
When a user on your network browses the Internet, the Firebox automatically checks the WebBlocker Server to see if
the site is allowed. If the site is on the deny list, the user receives a message that the site is not available.
You can enable a cache of WebBlocker entries, and set the cache size and expiration date.
WebBlocker Server Options

When you configure WebBlocker, you have two options for the type of WebBlocker database the Firebox uses to filter
web content.
Websense cloud with Websense categories

Websense cloud is a URL categorization database with over 130 categories, provided by Websense (now
known as Forcepoint).
The Websense cloud option does not use a locally installed WebBlocker server. When you enable WebBlocker
for the first time, Websense cloud is selected by default. The Websense cloud option is available only for
Fireboxes that use Fireware OS v11.7 and higher.
The Firebox sends URL categorization lookup requests to the Websense cloud encrypted over HTTPS. In
versions lower than 12.0, lookup requests are sent unencrypted over HTTP.
WebBlocker Server with SurfControl categories

The WebBlocker Server is a WatchGuard server that uses a URL categorization database with 54 categories,
provided by SurfControl.

Web Traffic
If you use WebBlocker with the WebBlocker Server on any device other than an XTM 2 Series or XTM 33, you
must first set up a local WebBlocker Server on your management computer. XTM 2 Series and XTM 33 devices
can use a web a WebBlocker Server hosted and maintained by WatchGuard or a locally installed WebBlocker
Server.
URL categorization queries to the WebBlocker Server are sent over UDP port 5003.
To use WebBlocker you must:
n Install and set up the WebBlocker Server (only if you want to use the SurfControl categories)
n Activate a WebBlocker license
n Configure an HTTP-proxy policy to use WebBlocker
In Fireware v11.12 and higher, if your Firebox has a WebBlocker subscription when you run the Web Setup Wizard or
Quick Setup Wizard, the wizard automatically enables WebBlocker and adds an HTTP-proxy policy with an HTTP-
proxy action that denies the WebBlocker categories you select in the wizard. For more information, see the Getting
Started module.
WebBlocker Categories
When you configure WebBlocker, you select the server to use for WebBlocker lookups and you select the content
categories you want WebBlocker to deny. The list of content categories you can configure depends on which type of
server you choose.
Both the Websense and SurfControl databases contain content categories such as News, Drugs, Gambling, or
Adult/Sexually Explicit. The Websense database has more granular categories than the SurfControl database. After
you select the type of WebBlocker server to use, you select which content categories you want to deny.
To see a description of any content category, click the category name in the WebBlocker configuration.
WebBlocker Exceptions
To override a WebBlocker action, you can add an exception to the WebBlocker categories to allow or deny a particular
website. The exceptions are based on IP addresses, a pattern based on a URL, or a regular expression. To match a
URL path on all websites, the pattern must have a trailing /*. The host in the URL can be the host name specified in the
HTTP request, or the IP address of the server.
The websites you deny with WebBlocker exceptions apply only to HTTP traffic (not HTTPS). They
are not added to the Denied Sites list.
To create a WebBlocker pattern match exception, you can use of any part of a URL. You can set a port number, path
name, or string that must be denied for a special website. For example, if it is necessary to deny only
www.sharedspace.com/~dave because it has inappropriate photographs, you type
www.sharedspace.com/~dave/*. This gives users the ability to browse to
www.sharedspace.com/~julia, which could contain content you want your users to see.

Web Traffic
To deny URLs that contain the word sex in the path, you can type */*sex*. To deny URLs that contain sex in the path
or the host name, type *sex*. Such broad wildcards should be used cautiously, however, since a rule like this would
also unintentionally deny access to a website for the City of Middlesex.
Regular expressions are more efficient, in terms of CPU usage on the Firebox, than pattern matches.
If you add many WebBlocker exceptions you can improve performance by configuring your
WebBlocker exceptions as regular expressions rather than pattern matches. You can create a regular
expression that is equivalent to a pattern match. For example, the regular expression ^[0-9a-zA-Z\-
\_]\.hostname\.com. is equivalent to the pattern match *.hostname.com/*. For more information about
regular expressions, see the WatchGuard System Manager Help or User Guide.
You can also deny ports in a URL. For example, for http://www.hackerz.com/warez/index.html:8080, the
browser uses the HTTP protocol on TCP port 8080 instead of the default method that uses TCP 80. You can deny the
port by matching *8080.
WebBlocker Local Override

If you want to allow certain users to temporarily override the WebBlocker rules, you can enable the WebBlocker local
override feature. WebBlocker local override allows end-users to see a website denied by WebBlocker if they know the
override passphrase. This feature operates only with HTTP-proxy policies. In the WebBlocker configuration advanced
settings, you can enable local override, and configure a local override passphrase and inactivity timeout.
When WebBlocker local override is enabled, if a user navigates to a website that is denied by WebBlocker, the
WebBlocker request denied page includes a place the user can type the WebBlocker override password.
If the user types the correct password, WebBlocker allows access to the override destination. The user can also edit
the override destination using wildcards to allow override access to more than one site, or to more pages in a site. You
can use wildcards can in an override destination in the same way you use them to define a WebBlocker exception. In
effect, WebBlocker local override allows the user to define a temporary WebBlocker exception. WebBlocker enables
access to the override destination until the WebBlocker local override inactivity timeout is reached or until the user logs
out, if the user was authenticated. The default inactivity timeout for local override is five minutes.

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WebBlocker Schedules
You can set an operating schedule for a set of WebBlocker rules. You use time periods to set rules for when to deny
different websites. For example, you can deny sports websites during usual business hours of operation, but allow
users to browse at lunch time, evenings, and weekends. To do this, you add a schedule to the HTTP-proxy policy that
WebBlocker is assigned to. You can also configure two HTTP policies, but create a schedule for only one of them. Each
policy uses one of the HTTP-proxy actions. Each of these HTTP-proxy actions points to one of at least two
WebBlocker actions.
WebBlocker Server
If you want to configure WebBlocker to use a WebBlocker Server with SurfControl, you must install a WebBlocker
Server. If you use the Websense cloud for WebBlocker lookups, WebBlocker does not use a local WebBlocker Server.
You install the WebBlocker Server when you install WatchGuard System Manager (WSM). If you did not originally
install the WebBlocker Server when you installed WSM, you can do so at any time. Run the WSM installer again and
select the check box for WebBlocker. Then, continue installation.
After you first install the WebBlocker Server, you must download the full WebBlocker database to the WebBlocker
Server. The WebBlocker Server automatically updates the WebBlocker database once per day.
Reputation Enabled Defense

The Gateway AntiVirus service scans web pages and any files downloaded from web pages for viruses. To further
improve performance and security of web browsing for users on your network you can enable the Reputation Enabled
Defense (RED) service.
WatchGuard RED uses cloud-based WatchGuard reputation servers that assign a reputation score between 1 and 100
to every URL. When a user goes to a website, RED sends the requested web address (or URL) to the WatchGuard
reputation server. The WatchGuard server responds with a reputation score for that URL. Based on the reputation
score, and on locally configured thresholds, RED determines whether the Firebox should drop the traffic, allow the
traffic and scan it locally with Gateway AV, or allow the traffic without a local Gateway AV scan. This increases
performance, because Gateway AV does not need to scan URLs with a known good or bad reputation.
The reputation score for a URL is based on feedback collected from devices around the world. It incorporates scan
results from three leading anti-malware engines: MacAfee, Kaspersky and AVG. Reputation Enabled Defense uses the
collective intelligence of the cloud to keep Internet browsing safe and to optimize performance at the gateway.
Reputation Scores
The WatchGuard reputation server assigns every URL a reputation score from 1 to 100. A reputation score closer to 100
indicates that the URL is more likely to contain a threat. A score closer to 1 indicates that the URL is less likely to
contain a threat. If the RED server does not have feedback about a web address, it assigns a neutral score of 50.
These factors can cause the reputation score of a URL to increase, or move toward a score of 100:
n Negative scan results

n Negative scan results for a referring link
These factors can cause the reputation score of a URL to decrease, or move toward a score of 1:

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n Multiple clean scans

n Recent clean scans
Reputation scores change over time. For increased performance, the Firebox stores the reputation scores for recently
accessed web addresses in a local cache.
Reputation Thresholds
There are two reputation score thresholds you can configure:
n Bad reputation threshold — If the score for a URL is higher than the Bad reputation threshold, the HTTP proxy
denies access without any further inspection.
n Good reputation threshold — If the score for a URL is lower than the Good reputation threshold and Gateway
AntiVirus is enabled, the HTTP proxy bypasses the Gateway AV scan.
If the score for a URL is equal to or between the configured reputation thresholds and if you have enabled Gateway AV,
the content is scanned for viruses.
Reputation Lookups
If the response comes back late, it is possible you will see the reputation score assigned as -1 in the
Traffic Monitor.
The Firebox uses UDP port 10108 to send reputation queries to the WatchGuard reputation server. Make sure this port
is open between your Firebox and the Internet. UDP is a best-effort service. If the Firebox does not receive a response
to a reputation query soon enough to make a decision based on the reputation score, the HTTP proxy does not wait for
the response, but instead processes the HTTP request normally. In this case the content is scanned locally if Gateway
AV is enabled.

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Reputation lookups are based on the domain and URL path, not just the domain. Parameters after escape or operator
characters, such as & and ? are ignored.
For example, for the URL:

http://www.example.com/example/default.asp?action=9&parameter=26
the reputation lookup is:
http://www.example.com/example/default.asp
Reputation Enabled Defense does not do a reputation lookup for sites that have been added to the HTTP Proxy
Exceptions list of the HTTP proxy action.
Reputation Enabled Defense Feedback

When you enable Reputation Enabled Defense, you can choose if you want to send the results of local Gateway AV
scans to the WatchGuard server. You can also choose to upload Gateway AV scan results to WatchGuard even if
Reputation Enabled Defense is not enabled or licensed on your device. All communications between your network and
the Reputation Enabled Defense server are encrypted.
We recommend that you enable the upload of local scan results to WatchGuard to improve overall coverage and
accuracy of Reputation Enabled Defense.

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Monitor Reputation Enabled Defense

The Subscription Services tab of Firebox System Manager includes current statistics about Reputation Enabled
Defense activity that occurred after the last device restart. The statistics include reputation score thresholds (based on
your configuration settings) for each message type in these categories:
Local bypass (good)

The number and percentage of URL requests that bypassed local Gateway AV scanning because they have a
reputation score lower than the Good reputation threshold.
The number of URLs blocked (bad)

The number and percentage of URL requests that were blocked without scanning because they have a
reputation score higher than the Bad reputation threshold.
Normal processing (inconclusive scores)

The number and percentage of URL requests that were processed normally, because they have a reputation
score equal to or between the Good reputation and Bad reputation thresholds.
Local cache hits

The number and percentage of URL requests for which the reputation score was found in the local cache, so no
request to the Reputation Enabled Defense server was required.
Reputation lookups
The total number of reputation lookup attempts since the last system restart.
If you have installed Report Manager, you can also see a summary of Reputation Enabled Defense actions in the
Reputation Enabled Defense Summary report. This report shows a graphical representation of the percentage of
URLs that were bypassed, blocked or required local scanning.
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n A feature key that enables the WebBlocker and Reputation Enabled Defense security services
Exercise 1 — Configure HTTP Connections from Trusted Users

Successful Company network administrators are now ready to configure the Firebox to enforce the company’s policy on
browsing the Web. In this exercise, you use Policy Manager to edit the predefined HTTP-Client ruleset to limit the types
of HTTP connections that Successful Company employees can start. Specifically, you will:
n Enable logging for HTTP client requests

n Block HTTP client connections to YouTube®
n Enable the web download of Microsoft® Word, Excel, and PowerPoint documents, as well as ZIP files
n Customize the message that users see when some of the content in their web requests is denied

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Add an HTTP Client Proxy Policy

The HTTP packet filter cannot meet all the Successful Company web policy criteria. First, we use Policy Manager to
add a HTTP-Client proxy policy.
1. Click .
3. Select HTTP-proxy and click Add Policy.
The New Policy Properties dialog box appears, with the Policy tab selected.
4. In the Name text box, type HTTP-Employees.
By default, the HTTP-proxy policy is outgoing and controls traffic from any trusted network to any computer on
the external network.
5. In the Proxy action or Content actiondrop-down list, select HTTP-Client.
Enable Logging for Each HTTP Client Connection

The Successful Company network administrator wants to make sure that the Firebox records each HTTP connection
initiated by an employee. The network administrator plans to use this data to prove internal compliance with the
company’s Internet usage policy. It can also help to troubleshoot bandwidth problems if they occur in the future.
In the default HTTP-Client proxy action, as in other proxy rulesets, allowed connections do not create log entries unless
you activate the log option. If you do not activate the option to send a log message for each HTTP client connection, you
do not see any allowed HTTP traffic in the log file or in reports. You also do not see HTTP connections in HostWatch.
On the Policy tab:
1. Adjacent to the Proxy action or Content action drop-down list, click .

The HTTP Proxy Action Configuration dialog box appears.
2. In the General Settings, select the Enable logging for reports check box.
Block HTTP Client Connections by URL Path

Because of concerns about employee productivity and bandwidth use, Successful Company’s network administrator
was asked to have the Firebox stop all HTTP client connection requests to YouTube. To block all client connections
that include youtube.com in the URL path:
In the HTTP Proxy Action Configuration dialog box:
1. In the Categories list, expand HTTP Request and select URL Paths.
The URL Paths page appears. The default configuration for the HTTP-Client proxy action allows all URL paths.
2. In the Pattern text box, type www.youtube.com/*. Click Add.
*.youtube.com appears in the URL Paths list.

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3. In the If matched drop-down list, select Deny.

4. To send a log message when this rule denies a connection, select the Log check box.
Allow Microsoft Office Documents and ZIP Files Through the HTTP-Proxy
Sometimes, Successful Company users must download certain Microsoft Office documents. Also, employees often
use their browser to download files compressed in the ZIP file format, even though it is a security risk. After their
network administrator educates users on the types of zipped files to avoid, they decide to allow zipped content through
the HTTP-proxy as well. To allow these types of content, you must edit two of the HTTP Response rulesets:
1. In the Categories list, expand HTTP Response and select Content Types.
The Content Types page appears. The list of content types allowed by default includes PDF, XML, Flash, text, and
image files.
2. To see some of the common MIME types, click Predefined.
To find the MIME type for some of the content you want to allow or deny through the device, see your vendor
documentation or go to http://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/.
The Content Types Rules (advanced view) page appears.
4. Click Add.
The New Content Type Rule dialog box appears.
5. In the Rule Name text box, type Excel.
6. In the Rule Settings text box, type application/ms-excel.
7. In the Action drop-down list, select Allow.

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8. Click OK.
Excel files are now allowed by the HTTP-proxy.
9. Repeat Steps 2–7 for Microsoft PowerPoint (PPT) files. Use application/mspowerpoint as the pattern.
PowerPoint presentations are now allowed by the HTTP-proxy.
10. Repeat Steps 2–7 for Microsoft Word (DOC) files. Use application/msword as the pattern.
Word documents are now allowed by the HTTP-proxy.
11. Repeat Steps 2–7 for zip archive (ZIP) files. Use application/zip as the pattern.
Zip archives are now allowed by the HTTP-proxy.
12. In the Rules (advanced view) list, select application/*. Click Edit.
The Edit Content Type Rule dialog box appears.
13. From the Action drop-down list, select Deny. Click OK.
All other content types not specifically allowed are denied by the HTTP-proxy.
14. In the Categories list, expand HTTP Responses and select Body Content Types.
The Body Content Types page appears.
The Rules (advanced view) page appears.
16. Select ZIP Archive. Click Edit.
The Edit Body Content Type Rule dialog box appears.
17. From the Action drop-down list, select Allow. Click OK.
This action allows zip archives as a body content type.
Customize the Deny Message

When a user on your network tries to browse to a website or to download a file that the HTTP-proxy blocks, that user
sees a Deny Message. The default message includes the reason, method, host, and path. You can also add the Firebox
name and serial number to the body of the Deny Message. In this exercise, you edit the message to also include the
email address for the Successful Company help desk.

1. In the Categories list, select Deny Message.
The Deny Message page appears. The Deny Message uses HTML. The device accepts most valid HTML code.

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2. In the Deny Message text box, select the WatchGuard HTTP proxy phrase.
3. To replace the selected phrase, type Successful Company firewall.
4. At the end of the Path: %(url-path)% line, click to place your cursor and press Enter on
your keyboard.
5. On the new line, press the space bar to align the new text with the text in the previous line.
6. On the new line, type: For more information, contact Dustin and Nandi at
<a href="mailto:itsupport@example.com">itsupport@example.com</a>.
7. Click OK to close the HTTP Proxy Action Configuration dialog box.

The default name for a clone is HTTP-Client.1. You can also give it a friendly name to help you recognize it.
11. Click Close to close the Add Policy dialog box.
The HTTP-Employees policy appears in your policy list.
Exercise 2 — Configure HTTP-Proxy Exceptions to Allow Software Updates

Frequently, software companies configure their software to contact one of their servers for software updates. This
traffic can occur over HTTP. The update session can include many content types, file names and other properties that
could cause the HTTP-proxy to deny the traffic. At Successful Company, many employees use the Mozilla Firefox
browser. To allow the clients to update their browsers automatically, we use Policy Manager to add the Firefox servers
to the list of HTTP-proxy exceptions. All traffic to a domain listed in the HTTP Proxy Exceptions list is not examined by
the HTTP-proxy policy.
1. Double-click the HTTP-Employees policy.

The Edit Policy Properties dialog box appears, with the Policy tab selected.

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The Edit HTTP Proxy Action Configuration dialog box appears.
3. In the Categories list, select HTTP Proxy Exceptions.
The HTTP Proxy Exceptions page appears. The list already includes the domains used by Microsoft Windows to
distribute updates to their software.
4. In the text box below the HTTP Proxy Exceptions list, type *.mozilla.com and click Add.
*.mozilla.com appears in the list
5. Click OK to close the Edit HTTP Proxy Action Configuration dialog box.
Exercise 3 — Configure an HTTP-Server Proxy Action

Successful Company has a web server on the optional network at 10.0.2.80. Initially, their network administrators
find the default settings of the HTTP-Server ruleset sufficiently robust to protect their server. Later we will learn that
sometimes you need to change that ruleset to provide additional protection.
Add the HTTP-Server Proxy Policy

First, we will protect the Successful Company public web server. We will use Policy Manager to configure it to accept
connections from both the trusted and external networks. This policy will use static NAT.
1. Click .
2. Expand the Proxies list and select HTTP-proxy.Standard. Click Add Policy.
The New Policy Properties dialog box appears, with the Policy tab selected.
3. In the Name text box, type HTTP-Public Server.
It is useful to have a separate policy for each web server on your network.

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6. Click Add SNAT.
7. Click Add.
8. In the SNAT Name text box, type a name for this SNAT action.
9. Click Add.
The new Static NAT entry appears in the SNAT Members list.
12. Click OK to close the Add SNAT and the SNAT dialog boxes.
The IP address appears in the Add Address dialog box in the Selected Members and Addresses list.
This restricts the policy to the Successful Company public web server on the optional network.
15. Double-click Any-External.
Any-External appears in the Selected Members and Addresses dialog box.
16. Click OK.
Any-External appears in the From list. The policy now includes connections from the external and trusted networks.
17. From the Proxy action drop-down list, select HTTP-Server.
Because we are going to accept the default ruleset, we do not need to edit the proxy action.
18. Click OK. Click Close to close the Add Policies dialog box.
The HTTP-Public-Server policy appears in the policy list.
Create a New Proxy Policy Ruleset

Successful Company recently received a LiveSecurity alert that describes a vulnerability to Passport 1.4
authentication. In this exercise, you edit the HTTP-Server ruleset based upon this hypothetical LiveSecurity alert. Use
the HTTP-Server proxy action rulesets to strip headers that specify Passport 1.4 authentication. This additional
precaution can remain on the server until the network administrator applies and tests the patch the vendor provided,
which was also described in the LiveSecurity Alert.
First, we use Policy Manager to clone the HTTP-Server ruleset and modify it to block the Passport 1.4 authentication.
Then we apply it to our public server policy.
1. Select Setup > Actions > Proxies.

The Proxy Actions dialog box appears. This is a list of all the template rulesets available.
The first portion of the list is in blue text and consists of the default policies. The second portion of the
list is in black text and includes the templates we created during our exercises.

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2. Select HTTP-Server.Standard and click Clone.

The Clone HTTP Proxy Action Configuration dialog box appears.
3. In the Name text box, type HTTP-Server-BlockPassport.
4. In the Categories list, expand HTTP Request and select Authorization.
The Authorization page appears.
The Rules (advanced view) page appears. In this view, we can change the settings for each rule rather than apply a
global setting to all of them.
6. In the Rules list, select Passport 1.4. Click Edit.
The Edit Authorization Rule dialog box appears.
7. From the Action drop-down list, select Strip. Select the Log check box.
This rule strips all headers that include Passport1.4 authentication requests and sends a log message.

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8. Click OK to close the Edit Authorization Rule dialog box.

The Clone HTTP Proxy Action Configuration dialog box Authorization page appears. The updated rule appears in the
Rules list.
9. Click OK to close the Clone HTTP Proxy Action Configuration dialog box.
The Proxy Actions dialog box appears with the cloned proxy action in the list.
10. Click Close.
This enables us to quickly apply this ruleset again in the future. You now have a ruleset which strips
Passport 1.4 authorization requests.
11. Double-click the HTTP-Public-Server policy.

The Edit Policy Properties dialog box appears, with the Policy tab selected.
12. From the Proxy Action and Content action drop-down list, select HTTP-Server-BlockPassport.
Exercise 4 — Enable Bandwidth and Time Quotas

The Successful Company administrator wants to enable bandwidth and time quotas for web access for all customer
service representatives.
The administrator wants to limit access to 1 hour a day or 1 GB of traffic usage. Exceptions must be made for an
external company knowledge base web site (successfullKB.com) to which the CSRs require access for customer
support.
In this example, there is already an existing HTTP-proxy policy specifically for CSR web traffic, and an existing CSR
team user group.
1. From Policy Manager, select Setup > Actions > Quotas.

2. Select the Enable bandwidth and time quotas check box.

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3. To add a quota rule, click Add.

4. Type a Name and Description for this rule.
5. In the Users and Groups section,click Add.
6. In this example, select the CSR team Firebox group.
7. For the Quota Action, click the Add Quota Action icon.
8. Type a Name and Description for this quota action.
9. Select the Bandwidth check box, then set the value to 1000 MB.
10. Select the Time check box, then set the value to 60 minutes.

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11. Click OK to save the quota action.

12. Click OK to save the quota rule.
13. In the Quotas dialog box, select the Policies tab.
14. Select the HTTP-proxy policy for your CSR group.
Only policies that have defined users and groups appear here.
15. From the Select Action drop-down list, select Enabled.
16. Click OK.

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To add a quota exception:
1. From Policy Manager, select Setup > Actions > Quotas.

2. Select the Quota Exceptions tab.
3. From the Choose Type drop-down list, select FQDN.
4. In the Value text box, type *.successfullKB.com.
This value will make sure the exception applies to the primary domain and any subdomains.
5. Click OK.
Exercise 5 — Selectively Deny Websites with WebBlocker

Successful Company is pleased with the results of their purchase of spamBlocker. The network administrators decide
to purchase the WebBlocker feature to enforce HR restrictions on what web content can be viewed during work hours.
You must have a WebBlocker feature key to complete these exercises.
If you want the Firebox to connect to the Websense cloud through an HTTP proxy server, you can
configure that in the WebBlocker Global Settings in Fireware v11.12 and higher. To configure the
WebBlocker Global Settings, in Policy Manager select Subscription Services > WebBlocker >
Configure > Settings.

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Activate WebBlocker
You can choose one of three methods to activate WebBlocker from Policy Manager: the first is from the Actions menu,
the second is from within the HTTP-proxy settings, and the third is with the Activate WebBlocker Wizard. In this
exercise, we use the Activate WebBlocker Wizard method to configure the WebBlocker policy for the Successful
Company network.
To activate WebBlocker:
1. Open Policy Manager

2. Select Subscription Services > WebBlocker > Activate.
Welcome to the WebBlocker Activation Wizard .
3. Click Next.
4. In the Name text box, type General Employees.

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5. Click Next.
Successful Company is very strict about sexual harassment, and about bias or intolerance regarding race, religion, or
political beliefs. Obviously, the network administrator should block the sexual and hate speech categories, however,
sites that belong to other categories might be a problem for the company as well.
6. Select the Adult Material check box. This blocks all the subcategories in the Adult Material list. By default, all
categories are allowed.

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7. Click Next.
8. Select the proxy policies you would like to create. If you do not select any policies, the Activate WebBlocker
Wizard creates a new HTTP-proxy policy with a WebBlocker action.

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9. Click Next.
The Activate WebBlocker Wizard is complete.

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Exercise 6 — Set Up Reputation Enabled Defense

The Successful Company administrator wants to install Reputation Enabled Defense to further improve the
performance and security of web browsing. In this exercise you enable Reputation Enabled Defense on the Successful
Company Firebox.
Before you begin this exercise:
n Make sure your device has a Reputation Enabled Defense feature key.
n Make sure the device has at least one HTTP proxy policy configured.
After the Successful Company network administrator adds the feature key and saves it to the Firebox, he opens the
device configuration in Policy Manager to enable the service.
1. Select Subscription Services > Reputation Enabled Defense.

The Reputation Enabled Defense dialog box appears.

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2. Select an HTTP-proxy policy and click Enable.

Reputation Enabled Defense is enabled for this policy, with the default settings.

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3. Click Configure.
The Reputation Enabled Defense settings for the selected policy appear.
When you enabled Reputation Enabled Defense for this policy, the Immediately block URLs that have a bad
reputation check box and the Bypass any configured virus scanning for URLs that have a good
reputation check box were both automatically selected.
4. Click Advanced.
You can change the reputation thresholds, but we recommend that you keep them at the default
values initially. After you have used Reputation Enabled Defense for a period of time., you can adjust
the thresholds, if you find that either setting is too aggressive.
5. Click OK to accept the default reputation thresholds.

6. Click OK.
The Reputation Enabled Defense dialog box closes.You must save your changes to the Firebox before they take
effect.

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Exercise 7 — See Reputation Enabled Defense Statistics

The Successful Company administrator has enabled Reputation Enabled Defense and wants monitor its effectiveness.
In this exercise you look at the statistics that show Reputation Enabled Defense activity since the last system restart.
Make sure your Firebox can run queries over UDP port 10108 to the WatchGuard reputation server in
the cloud.
In WatchGuard System Manager:
1. To connect to your Firebox, click .

2. Type your Firebox trusted IP address and the credentials for a user account with Device Monitor privileges. Click
OK.
The Firebox System Manager Front Panel tab appears.
3. Select the Subscription Services tab.
The Subscription Services statistics page appears. Reputation Enabled Defense statistics appear at the bottom.
In this example, we can see that 91% of all requested URLs had a good reputation score, and did not require local
scanning by Gateway AV. We can also see that 67% of the URLs visited had a reputation score stored in the local
cache. This means that the RED service did not need to request the score from the WatchGuard reputation server.
If Gateway AV is enabled, it scans the content of websites that have an inconclusive reputation score. Those scan
results are then sent to the Reputation Enabled Defense server as input for updated reputation scores for those URLs.
This increases the likelihood that these URLs will have a more clearly good or bad reputation score in the future.
In this example, you can see that the total number of Reputation lookups is greater than the combined total number of
URLs with good, bad or inconclusive scores. This is because the Reputation lookups statistic counts all lookup
attempts, even if a response was not received in time to avoid a local AV scan. If The HTTP proxy does not receive a
timely response to a reputation lookup request, it scans the content locally. When this happens, the lookup is added to
the Reputation lookup total, but is not added to the total of good, bad, or inconclusive scores.

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You can also see that the percentages shown in this example for good, bad and inconclusive scores do not add up to
100%. This is because these scores are calculated as a percentage of the total number of reputation lookups.
If your statistics show that the number of good, bad, and inconclusive scores are zero, but the number
of Reputation lookups is high, this means that the reputation lookup attempts did not result in timely
responses from the WatchGuard reputation server. Make sure your Firebox can send queries over
UDP port 10108 to the WatchGuard reputation servers.
Test Your Knowledge

1. Circle the proxy action to use for each task:
Prevent users from downloading batch (*.bat) files from the

A) HTTP-Client | HTTP-Server | Other
Internet
B) Strip .zip files from email messages HTTP-Client | HTTP-Server | Other
C) Block incoming HTTP GET requests HTTP-Client | HTTP-Server | Other
Apply WebBlocker to prevent users from browsing to

D) HTTP-Client | HTTP-Server | Other
websites with nudity
Configure the message users see when they attempt to

E) HTTP-Client | HTTP-Server | Other
browse to blocked URLs
F) Resolve domain names for websites HTTP-Client | HTTP-Server | Other
2. Fill in the blank: For better security, place your public web server on the __________ network.

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3. In the subsequent image, all of the URL Path entries are set to Deny if matched.
With this configuration, which websites will the Firebox block? (Select all that apply.)
o A) terrificsex.com
o B) allthemusic.bittorrent.com
o C) sex.thegoodstuff.com
o D) www.trumpets.org
o E) prevent.pornography.org
o F) www.microsoft.com/porno/msupdate.asp
o G) www.microsoft.com/patches/porno.exe
o H) www.bittorrent.com
o I) singing.napster.com
o J) napster.communication.net
o K) troubleshootingwinxp.hardcore.com
4. True or false? WebBlocker adds URL filtering to the SMTP-proxy policy.

5. How does the Firebox contact the Websense cloud server for URL categorization lookups?
o A) UDP
o B) HTTPS
o C) SSL
o D) PPTP
6. True or false? An exception to the WebBlocker rules allows a site that is normally blocked to be viewed, or a site
that is normally viewed to be blocked.
7. Employees can view the website 10.0.1.19, except for its pages on politics. If the site’s pages on politics all
have the word politics somewhere in the path, what do you type in the Pattern text box?
8. True or false? You can allow a user to bypass the WebBlocker restrictions.

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9. True or false? Users do not have to be authenticated to the Firebox to enforce bandwidth and time quotas on their
web traffic.
10. The reputation score for a URL is based on which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
o A) Results from Kaspersky anti-virus scans.
o B) Results from AVG anti-virus scans.
o C) Feedback from devices around the world.
o D) URLs on the Reputation Enabled Defense black list.
o E) Results of local Gateway AV scans on your Firebox.
11. Which of the following URL reputation scores indicates that a site is most likely to contain a threat? (Select one.)
o A) 95
o B) 50
o C) 5

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ANSWERS
1. A) HTTP-Client
B) Other
C) HTTP-Server
D) HTTP-Client
E) HTTP-Client
F) Other
2. Optional (also known as a DMZ)
3. B, C, E, F, G, H, I, K
4. False
5. B
6. True
7. 10.0.1.19/*politics*
8. True
9. False
10. A, B, C, E
11. A

Notes

Signature Services & APT Blocker
Block Threats with Signature Services and APT Blocker
What You Will Learn

WatchGuard Gateway AntiVirus, Data Loss Prevention (DLP), Intrusion Prevention Service (IPS), Application Control,
and Botnet Detection are signature-based services. Gateway AntiVirus and IPS identify and stop possible viruses and
intrusions. Application Control enables you to monitor and control application usage on your network. DLP helps you to
detect, monitor, and prevent accidental unauthorized transmission of confidential information outside your network.
Botnet Detection uses a list of known botnet site IP addresses to block access to botnet servers from infected clients.
APT Blocker uses non-signature cloud-based full system emulation analysis to find advanced malware in email, web,
and FTP traffic.
Threat Detection and Response (TDR) is a subscription service that integrates with the Firebox to enable correlation of
threats detected by the Firebox with threats detected on network endpoints. TDR uses a combination of threat feeds,
heuristics, and a malware verification service to identify and score threat events. TDR automates and recommends
actions to remediate threats on network endpoints.
In this module, you learn how to:
n Understand how signature services work to protect your network

n Set up and configure Gateway AntiVirus
n Set up and configure APT Blocker
n Set up and configure Data Loss Prevention
n Set up and configure the Intrusion Prevention Service
n Set up and configure Application Control
n Set up and configure Botnet Detection
This module also introduces the DNSWatch and Threat Detection and Response security services.

In this module, you will configure optional features of the Firebox. To configure these services, you must first purchase
a feature key to enable the services on the Firebox. The services are included in the Total Security Suite subscription. In
addition, to activate the key you must have access to a Firebox. If you take this course with a WatchGuard Certified
Training Partner, your instructor will provide you with both a Firebox and a feature key to enable these services.
Botnet Detection is included in the license for Reputation Enabled Defense (RED).
Overview
In the Threat Protection module, we learned that the Firebox includes methods to secure your network from zero-day
threats using tools such as blocked sites, blocked ports, and default packet handling options. Often, these threat
protection measures protect your network, but at the cost of closing off an entire port and protocol. In our example, we
turned off all RSH traffic to protect the Successful Company network from an RSH exploit. While this method is very
effective, it is not generally a good long term solution. Yet, it may be weeks, even months, before a vendor builds a
patch to fix the vulnerability.
In the interim, you can use a signature-based service to identify and block the exploit code while otherwise allowing the
traffic. Signature-based protection services are much quicker for a vendor to update because they do not require a fix to
the vulnerability itself. All an engineer must do is identify a unique string of text or code that marks the exploit and then
block it.
APT Blocker is a non-signature based service that supplements the signature-based services. Because APTs leverage
the latest targeted malware techniques and zero-day exploits (flaws which software vendors have not yet discovered or

fixed) to infect and spread within a network, traditional signature-based scan techniques do not provide adequate
protection against these threats. APT Blocker is a subscription service that uses cloud-based full system emulation
analysis to identify the characteristics and behavior of APT malware in files and email attachments that enter your
network.

WatchGuard Gateway AntiVirus, Intrusion Prevention Service, APT Blocker, and Botnet Detection protect against
these categories of threats:
n Gateway AntiVirus — Identifies viruses and trojans brought into your network through email, web browsing, TCP
connections, or FTP downloads.
n IPS — Identifies direct attacks on your network applications or operating system.
n APT Blocker — Identifies advanced malware brought into your network through email, web browsing, or FTP
traffic.
n Botnet Detection — Prevents communication between infected botnet clients and botnet servers.
n DNSWatch — Prevents connections to malicious domains.
n Threat Detection and Response — Protects network hosts from ransomware and other malicious software.
Gateway AntiVirus Scans User Traffic for Threats

WatchGuard Gateway AntiVirus scans different types of traffic according to which proxy or proxies you use the feature
with:
n Email — With the SMTP IMAP, or POP3 proxy, Gateway AntiVirus finds viruses encoded with frequently used
email attachment methods. These include base64, binary, 7-bit, 8-bit encoding, and uuencoding.
n Web — With the HTTP proxy, Gateway AntiVirus scans web pages and any uploaded or downloaded files for
viruses.
n TCP — With the TCP proxy, Gateway AntiVirus can scan HTTP traffic on dynamic ports. It recognizes that
traffic and forwards it to the default or user-defined HTTP proxy to perform antivirus scanning.
n FTP — With the FTP proxy, Gateway AntiVirus finds viruses in uploaded or downloaded files.
Configure Gateway AntiVirus Actions

When you enable Gateway AntiVirus, you must set the actions to be taken if a virus or error is found in an email
message (SMTP, IMAP, or POP3 proxies), web traffic (HTTP or TCP proxies), or uploaded or downloaded files (FTP
proxy). The options for antivirus actions are:
Allow
Allows the packet to go to the recipient, even if the content contains a virus.
Deny (FTP proxy only)

Denies the file and sends a deny message to the sender.
Lock (SMTP, IMAP, and POP3 proxies only)

Locks the attachment. A file that is locked cannot be opened by the user. Only the administrator can unlock the
file. The administrator can use a different antivirus tool to scan the file and examine the content of the
attachment.
Quarantine (SMTP proxy only)

If you use the SMTP proxy, you can send email messages with a virus or possible virus to the Quarantine
Server.
Remove (SMTP, IMAP, and POP3 proxies only)

Removes the attachment and allows the message and any other safe attachments to go to the recipient.

Drop (not supported in IMAP or POP3 proxies)

Drops the packet and drops the connection. No information is sent to the source of the message.
Block (not supported in IMAP or POP3 proxies)

Blocks the packet, and adds the IP address of the sender to the Blocked Sites list.
In addition, Gateway AntiVirus can scan traffic that matches rules in several categories in each proxy.
In the Proxy Configuration dialog box, in the Categories list, click one of these categories to get access to the
ruleset:
FTP TCP-UDP Proxy

Proxy SMTP Proxy POP3 Proxy HTTP Proxy (HTTP on dynamic ports)
Download Content Content Requests: URL Paths Requests: URL Paths

Types Types
Upload File names File names Responses: Content Types Responses: Content Types
Responses: Body Content Responses: Body Content

Types Types
Use Gateway AntiVirus with Compressed Files

In the Gateway AntiVirus configuration settings, you can select the number of compression levels to scan in a file during
a virus scan. If you enable decompression, we recommend that you keep the default setting of three levels, unless your
organization must use a larger value. If you specify a larger number, your Firebox could send traffic too slowly. Gateway
AntiVirus supports the scanning of up to six compression levels. If Gateway AntiVirus detects that the archive depth is
greater than the value set in this field, it generates a scan error for the content.
The Firebox cannot scan encrypted files or files that use a type of compression that Gateway AV does not support,
such as password-protected ZIP files.
Block Advanced Malware with APT Blocker

An Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) is a type of network attack where advanced malware is used to gain access to
networks and access confidential data.
APTs leverage the latest targeted malware techniques and zero-day exploits (flaws which software vendors have not
yet discovered or fixed) to infect and spread within a network. APT malware is designed to reside within a network for
extended periods of time and evade detection by hiding its communications and removing evidence of its presence.
APT Blocker uses cloud-based scanning to detect malware in attachments and files.
You can use APT Blocker with these proxies:
n Email — With the SMTP, POP3, or IMAP proxy, APT Blocker finds advanced malware in email attachments.
n Web — With the HTTP proxy, APT Blocker scans web content and any uploaded or downloaded files for
advanced malware.
n FTP — With the FTP proxy, APT Blocker detects advanced malware in uploaded or downloaded files.

APT Blocker and Gateway AntiVirus

APT Blocker uses the same scan process as Gateway AntiVirus. You must enable Gateway AntiVirus on your Firebox
to enable APT Blocker on the device. If a proxy policy is configured to enable Gateway AntiVirus to scan the traffic
through the policy, you can also scan the traffic with APT Blocker. Only files that have been scanned and processed as
clean by Gateway AntiVirus are scanned by APT Blocker. APT Blocker scans compatible file types if they are enabled
in the Gateway AntiVirus configuration.
APT Blocker Threat Levels

APT Blocker categorizes APT activity based on the severity of the threat:
n High
n Medium
n Low
n Clean
The High, Medium, and Low threat levels indicate the severity of malware. We recommend you consider all these
threat levels as malware and use the default action of Drop. The Clean threat level indicates the file was scanned by
the initial file hash check or by upload to the cloud data center, and determined to be free of malware. The Clean threat
level helps you track the status of files that have been analyzed and are determined to not contain malware.
Configure APT Blocker Actions

When you enable APT Blocker, you must set the actions to be taken based on the threat level of the detected malware:
Allow
Allows and delivers the file or email attachment to the recipient, even if the content contains detected malware.
Drop
Drops the connection. No information is sent to the source of the message. For the SMTP-proxy and POP3-
proxy, the attachment is stripped before the message is delivered to the recipient.
Block
Blocks the connection, and adds the IP address of the sender to the Blocked Sites list. For the SMTP-proxy and
POP3-proxy, the attachment is stripped before the message is delivered to the recipient.
Quarantine (SMTP proxy only)

When you use the SMTP-proxy with APT Blocker, you can send email messages to the Quarantine Server. The
SMTP-proxy removes the part of the message that triggered APT Blocker and sends the modified message to
the recipient. The removed part of the message is replaced with the deny message that is configured in the proxy
action settings.
For the HTTP-proxy and FTP-proxy, this action is converted to a Drop action. For the POP3-proxy, this action is
converted to a Strip action.

APT Blocker Notifications and Alarms

It is critical that you are made aware of any advanced malware that has entered your network. If a certain file has never
been seen before, it is sent to the cloud service for advanced analysis. This analysis can take several minutes to
complete before the results are returned. During this time the file is allowed through to its destination.
Make sure you enable alarm notifications and logging options when you configure APT Blocker. When the scan results
are returned, and advanced malware is detected, you need to know immediately when there is malware in your network.
APT Blocker Scan Limits

The maximum size of files that can be submitted for APT Blocker analysis is based on the Gateway AntiVirus scan
limit. The default scan limit is 1 MB for most Fireboxes. Firebox T10 and XTM 2 Series have a default of 512 KB.
Although APT Blocker cannot scan and analyze partial files, most malware is delivered in files smaller than 1 MB in
size. Larger files are less likely to spread quickly in a viral manner.
Files up to 10 MB in size can be uploaded for analysis. If you set the Gateway AntiVirus scan limit higher than 10 MB,
APT Blocker does not send files larger than 10 MB for analysis and generates the log message "file size exceeds the
submission size limit".
APT Blocker Server Settings

By default, the Firebox sends APT Blocker requests to the nearest cloud-based server. In the APT Blocker Advanced
settings you can configure APT-blocker to send requests to a server in a specific region, or to send requests to a local
on-premise server.
Use DLP to Control the Loss of Sensitive Data

Data Loss Prevention (DLP) is a security service that helps you to control the loss of confidential and sensitive data
from your network. DLP can help prevent the loss (often accidental) of sensitive and personally identifiable information,
such as credit cards, national identity numbers, bank account information, and health records.
Like Gateway AV, DLP scans content for specific patterns and compares the content to signatures. DLP scans content
that leaves your network. It does not scan files and messages that come in to your network from an external location.
WatchGuard DLP works together with proxy policies on your Firebox to scan outbound content over email, web, and
FTP. DLP uses content control rules to identify sensitive content. When DLP identifies content that matches enabled
DLP content control rules, the content is treated as a DLP violation. You can choose what action the Firebox takes for
DLP violations in email and non-email traffic. You can also configure DLP to take different actions based on the source
and destination of the traffic.
DLP Content Control Rules

DLP includes over 200 predefined rules you can use to identify personally identifiable data for 18 regions. A content
control rule is a set of conditions that describes content that the rule can identify in a file. Content control rules are based
on the DLP signature set, and are updated over time as the DLP signatures are updated. Some rules are global, and
some apply to a specific region.
Here are a few examples of content control rules:

n Bank routing numbers

n Confidential document markers
n Medical patient forms
n National identification numbers
n Social security numbers
n Drivers license numbers
n Postal addresses
n Telephone numbers
Each rule has an associated quantity. The quantity is a measure of the weighted number of matches the rule must find
in a scanned object to trigger a DLP violation. You can see the quantities for each rule on the WatchGuard Security
Portal, at http://www.watchguard.com/SecurityPortal/.
DLP rules internally use weights to adjust the number of matches required, and to adjust the sensitivity of the rule to text
that matches each of several expressions within the rule. The quantity associated with a rule does not always
correspond exactly to the number of text matches in the scanned content required to trigger the rule.
DLP Custom Rule

You can also define a custom rule with DLP to scan your network traffic for special phrases specific to your
organization. This allows you to define any type of text to search for instead of being limited to the predefined rules.
For example, your organization may use security classifications that appear in the header text of documents and email
messages, such as Classification: Confidential. You can use these classifications with a DLP custom rule to monitor
your network traffic and make sure that sensitive documents and messages that contain these phrases do not leave
your network.
DLP Text Extraction and File Types

DLP can extract and analyze text from over 30 different file types, to determine if content matches selected content
control rules.
DLP can extract and scan text from these file types:
n Adobe PDF, RTF

n Microsoft PowerPoint 2000, 2003, 2007, 2010
n Microsoft Excel 2000, 2003, 2007, 2010
n Microsoft Word 2000, 2003, 2007, 2010
n Microsoft Project 2000, 2003, 2007, 2010
n Microsoft Visio 2000, 2003, 2007, 2010
n Microsoft Outlook .MSG
n Microsoft Outlook Express .EML
n OpenOffice Calc
n LibreOffice Calc
n OpenOffice Impress
n OpenOffice Writer
n LibreOffice Impress
n LibreOffice Writer
n HTML

DLP on XTM 2 Series and 3 Series does not include text extraction. Without text extraction, DLP
scans the email message body and text files, but has a limited ability to read text from other file types.
DLP and Proxy Actions

You can enable DLP for the WatchGuard SMTP, FTP, and HTTP proxy actions. DLP scans different types of traffic
based on which proxy policies you use the proxy action with:
n SMTP proxy action — DLP scans content in email messages and attachments.
n FTP proxy action — DLP scans content in downloaded and uploaded files.
n HTTP proxy action — DLP scans HTTP and HTTPS traffic , including downloaded and uploaded files.
For DLP to scan HTTPS content, you must enable content inspection in the HTTPS proxy action, and configure the
HTTPS proxy action to use an HTTP proxy action with Data Loss Prevention configured.
DLP Sensors
To configure DLP, you define a DLP sensor. In each DLP sensor, you enable one or more of the predefined content
control rules, and configure the action to take if data is detected that matches the selected rules. You can configure
different actions for email and non-email traffic, and different actions based on the source or destination of the traffic. In
the DLP sensor you also configure the scan limit, and the action to take for objects that cannot be scanned.
You can use the same sensor for multiple proxy policies, or you can create different sensors to use for different policies.
DLP includes two built-in sensors:
n HIPAA Audit Sensor — Detects content related to compliance with HIPAA security standards
n PCI Audit Sensor — Detects content related to compliance with PCI security standards
These built-in sensors are configured to allow all traffic, and to create a log message each time they detect content that
matches the content control rules.
Content Control Rules

For each DLP sensor, you select which of the predefined content control or custom rules to enable. Because DLP
scanning can be very resource intensive, we recommend that you enable only the rules you need. If you enable a large
number of rules in a DLP sensor, the performance of the Firebox could be noticeably affected.
DLP Actions
For each DLP sensor, you select actions to take for DLP violations detected in email and non-email content. If you
enable both Gateway AV and DLP for the same policy, the Gateway AV scan result action takes precedence over the
DLP action.
The actions you can select in DLP are:
n Allow — Allows the connection or email

n Deny — Denies the request and drops the connection. A notification is sent to the source of the content.
n Drop — Denies the request and drops the connection. No information is sent to the source of the content.

n Block — Denies the request, drops the connection, and adds the IP address of the content source or sender to
the Blocked Sites list.
n Lock — (Email content only) Locks the email attachment. A file that is locked cannot be opened easily by the
user. Only the administrator can unlock the file.
n Remove — (Email content only) Removes the attachment and allows the message to be sent to the recipient.
n Quarantine — (Email content only) Send the email message to the Quarantine Server.
When an email is quarantined by DLP, the message does not appear in the Quarantine Email Web UI for the recipient.
The administrator can select Tools > Quarantine Server Client in WatchGuard System Manager to see and manage
messages quarantined by DLP.
DLP Settings
For each DLP sensor, you can configure the scan limit, which controls how much of a file or object to scan. You can
also configure the actions to take if content cannot be scanned for any of these reasons:
n content size exceeds the scan limit

n a scan error occurs
n content is password protected
For each of these three conditions, you can select a DLP action for content detected in email and non-email traffic. If
Gateway AV and DLP are both enabled for the same policy, the Gateway AV scan result action takes precedence over
the DLP action.
DLP and Gateway AV use the same scan engine. If you enable DLP and Gateway AV for the same
proxy action, the larger configured scan limit is used for both services.
Use IPS to Block Direct Attacks

An intrusion occurs when someone launches a direct attack on your computer. Usually the attack exploits a
vulnerability in an application or operating system. These attacks are intended to cause damage to your network, get
sensitive information, or use your computers to attack other networks.
The Intrusion Prevention Service includes a set of signatures associated with specific commands or text found in
commands that could be harmful. You configure the Intrusion Prevention Service globally, and then you can enable or
disable it for individual policies in your configuration.
IPS Scan Modes

IPS can operate in one of two modes.
Full Scan
IPS scans all packets for traffic handled by policies with IPS enabled. This mode is the most secure, but there is
a performance trade-off.

Fast Scan
IPS scans fewer packets to improve performance. This option greatly improves the throughput for scanned
traffic, but does not provide the comprehensive coverage of Full Scan mode. This is the recommended scan
mode for Firebox T10, T30, T50 and all XTM models.
IPS Threat Levels and Actions

IPS groups intruder threats into five threat levels: Critical, High, Medium, Low, and Information. When you enable IPS,
you can configure the action that the Firebox takes for content that matches IPS signatures at different threat levels.
The actions IPS can take for each threat level are:
Allow
Allows the content, even if the it matches an IPS signature.
Drop
Drops the content and drops the connection. No information is sent to the sender.
Block
Blocks the packet, and adds the source IP address to the Blocked Sites list.
By default, IPS drops and logs all traffic that matches an IPS signature at the Critical, High, Medium, or Low threat
level.
XTM 21, 22, and 23 devices do not support scanning of HTTPS content.
IPS and Policies

When you enable IPS, it is enabled for all policies by default. You can selectively disable it for specific policies, if
needed. You can also configure exceptions, if an IPS signature blocks content that you want to allow.
If you enable IPS for an HTTPS proxy policy, you must also enable content inspection HTTPS proxy action, in order for
IPS to scan the HTTPS content.
Get Information About IPS Signatures

To get information about IPS signatures and the threats they protect against, you can look up the IPS signature on the
WatchGuard Intrusion Prevention server (IPS) section of the WatchGuard Security Portal. On the Security Portal you
can search for a signature by name or ID, and see links to additional information about the threat.

Control and Monitor Application Usage on Your Network

Application Control is a subscription service that enables you to monitor and control the use of web-based applications
on your network. Application Control uses signatures that can identify and block over 1800 applications, organized by
category. The Application Control signatures are updated frequently to identify new applications and to stay current with
changes to existing applications.
With Application Control, you can decide which applications to allow or block. You can block the use of specific
applications, and you can report on application usage and usage attempts. For some applications, you can configure
Application Control to selectively allow some application behaviors (such as chat), but block others (such as file
transfer).
You can learn more about Traffic Management in the Advanced Networking course.
If you have configured Traffic Management actions, you can also use Traffic Management actions in the Application
Control action to control the bandwidth used for allowed application traffic.
When Application Control blocks HTTP content that matches an Application Control action, the user who requested the
content sees an Application Control deny message in the browser. The deny message says that the content was
blocked because the application was not allowed. The message is not configurable. For HTTPS or other types of
content blocked by Application Control, the content is blocked, but the deny message is not displayed.
Application Control Actions and Policies

You configure Application Control globally, but it is not used by a policy unless you enable it. You can define several
Application Control actions, then apply each Application Control action to one or more policies in your configuration. The
flexibility offered by policy-based Application Control enables you to exercise granular control over the use of
applications on your corporate network. For example, you can:
n Block YouTube, Skype, and QQ

n Block P2P applications for users who are not part of the management team
n Allow the marketing department to use social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter
n Allow use of Windows Live Messenger for instant messaging, but disallow file transfer over Windows Live
Messenger
n Limit the use of streaming media application to specific hours
n Report on the use (or attempted use) of applications by any individual in the company
n Limit the bandwidth used by certain applications with traffic management
In addition to the per-policy Application Control actions, you also define a Global Application Control action that can be
the default Application Control action if traffic does not match the Application Control action applied to a policy. In this
way, you can implement a tiered Application Control strategy, with the Global Application Control action acting as the
“fall-back” action to set policy for applications that do not match another specific Application Control action.

Configure Application Control

When you define an Application Control action, you select which applications or application categories to control. Then
you select an action for each application, and a default action to use if Application Control detects an application that
does not have an action configured.
Per-Application Action
For each application or application category selected in an Application Control action, you can select one of these
actions:
n Drop — Block the use of the selected application.

n Allow — Allow the use of the selected application.
If you have created Traffic Management actions, you can also use Traffic Management actions to control the bandwidth
used for allowed application traffic.
Default Action
In each Application Control action, you also define a default action, to take if the application does not match the
applications configured in the Application Control action. Those actions are:
n Drop — Block the connection.

n Allow — Allow the connection.
n Global — Use the Global Application Control action.
When you set the default action to Global, if traffic does not match the applications specified in the Application Control
action, Application Control compares the traffic to the applications specified in the Global Application Control action. If
the traffic does not match the applications in the Global Application Control action, Application Control uses the default
action in the Global Application Control action.
Apply the Application Control Action to a Policy

After you define your Application Control actions, you must apply it to one or more policies. You can assign one
Application Control action per policy. The specific policies you must apply an Application Control action to depend on
which policies exist in your configuration, and which types of applications you want to block. To control many
applications that use HTTP, you should apply the Application Control action to an HTTP policy. To block application
that you know uses FTP, you must apply the Application Control action to the FTP policy.
We recommend that you enable Application Control for these types of policies:
n Any outbound policy that handles HTTP or HTTPS traffic

n VPN policies that use 0.0.0.0/0 routes (default-route VPNs)
n Any outbound policy if you are not sure how the policy is used
n Policies that use the ‘Any’ protocol
n Policies that use an ‘Any-*’ alias, for example Allow ‘Any-Trusted’ to ‘Any-External’, on a specific port/protocol
It is not necessary to enable Application Control for a policy if you control the network on both sides of a traffic flow the
policy handles. Some examples of these types of policies include policies that handle traffic for POS systems, Intranet
web applications, or internal databases and traffic in a DMZ.
It also usually unnecessary to enable Application Control for policies that are restricted by port and protocol and that
only allow a known service. Some examples of these types of policies:

n Default WatchGuard policies

n DNS traffic
n RDP
n VoIP — SIP and H.323 application layer gateways
If you enable Application Control for an HTTPS proxy policy, you must also enable content inspection in the HTTPS
proxy action. This is required for Application Control to detect applications over an HTTPS connection. Application
Control scanning of HTTPS content is not supported on XTM 21, 21-W, 22, 22-W, 23, and 23-W devices.
Monitor Application Usage

When you enable Application Control for a policy, the Firebox always identifies and creates a log message for
applications dropped due to an Application Control action. If you want to monitor all application use, you must configure
the Firebox to create a log message for all identified applications, even those that are not blocked. To do this, you must
configure the policy to send a log message for allowed packets.
After Application Control and logging of allowed packets have been enabled in your policies for a period of time, you can
use Log and Report Manager to run Application Control reports that summarize information about the applications used
on your network.
WatchGuard recommends that you first use Application Control to monitor application use for a period of time to help
you understand which applications are used on your network. Then you can decide which applications you want to
block.
Get Information About Applications

When you configure Application Control, or when you look at Application Control reports, you might see application
names you are not familiar with. To see information about any application that Application Control can identify, you can
look up the application on the WatchGuard Application Control Security Portal at
http://www.watchguard.com/SecurityPortal/AppDB.aspx.
Application Control Actions and Proxy Actions

Application Control actions and proxy actions both can control access to application content. If there is a conflict
between the action specified for application content in the Application Control action and the proxy action, the more
restrictive action controls whether the application traffic is blocked.
For example:
n If you configure an Application Control action to block an application, and you create a proxy action Content
Types rule to allow the content type for that application, the content is blocked by Application Control.
n If you configure an Application Control action to allow an application, and you create a proxy action Content Type
rule to drop or deny that content type, the content is blocked by the Content Type rule in the proxy action.
Block Access to Botnet Sites with Botnet Detection

A botnet comprises a large number of malware-infected client computers that are controlled by a remote server to
perform malicious acts. A remote command and control server can control botnet computers to perform denial-of-
service attacks, send spam and viruses, and compromise private data.

The Botnet Detection subscription service uses a feed of known botnet site IP addresses gathered by Reputation
Enabled Defense (RED). These known botnet sites are added to the Blocked Sites List that allows the Firebox to
prevent infected botnet clients from connecting to these botnet servers.
Botnet Detection is enabled by default. You can create exceptions to the Botnet Detection sites list that are processed
as Blocked Site Exceptions. Make sure your Botnet Detection sites list is configured to automatically update so that
you always have the latest list of botnet site IP addresses.
Use DNSWatch to Protect Your Network

DNSWatch is a cloud-based security service that integrated with your Firebox. DNSWatch monitors, resolves and
filters outbound DNS requests received from the Firebox. It blocks connections from your users to malicious
clickjacking and phishing domains, regardless of the connection type, protocol, or port.
DNSWatch includes these main components:
n Threat Intelligence — constantly updated feeds with information about threats based on domain
n DNS Servers — resolve DNS queries
n Blackhole Servers — destination for queries to blocked domains

n Dashboard — cloud-based management

n Firebox — redirects DNS queries to DNSWatch
WatchGuard customers and service providers:
n Enable DNSWatch on the Firebox

n Log in to the WatchGuard Portal to manage DNSWatch
n Receive email alerts when a domains are denied
Firebox Requirements
DNSWatch is supported on Fireboxes that meet these requirements:
n Firebox or XTMv device (DNSWatch is not supported on Firebox Cloud or XTM device models)
n Fireware v12.1.1 or higher
n DNSWatch service subscription (included as part of Total Security Suite (TSS)
How DNSWatch Works

When you enable DNSWatch on the Firebox, the Firebox is registered to the DNSWatch account associated with the
WatchGuard Portal account where the Firebox was originally activated. After the Firebox is registered to your
DNSWatch account, the Firebox receives the IP addresses of two DNSWatch DNS servers. The Firebox adds these
IP addresses to the top of the DNS Servers list.
With DNSWatch enabled, the Firebox forwards outbound DNS queries from hosts on the protected networks to
DNSWatch DNS servers. DNSWatch evaluates whether the domain is a known threat.
If the domain is not a known threat

DNSWatch resolves the DNS query to the destination.
If the domain is a known threat or is on the DNSWatch blacklist

n DNSWatch resolves the domain to the IP address of the DNSWatch Blackhole Server.
n The DNSWatch Blackhole Server attempts to gather more information about the threat from the endpoint that
made the DNS request.
n For HTTP and HTTPS requests, DNSWatch redirects the user to a customizable Deny page. The deny page
includes a short interactive training to help educate your users about how to recognize and avoid phishing
attacks.
DNSWatch applies to all outbound DNS traffic. There are no DNSWatch settings to configure within the firewall
policies on the Firebox. In many cases, DNSWatch DNS servers take precedence over other DNS servers that could
already be configured on your Firebox.
DNSWatch is covered in more detail in the Introduction to DNSWatch course.
Use TDR to Protect Network Endpoints

Threat Detection and Response (TDR) is a security service that provides integrated threat visibility and defense of your
network endpoints. It collects and correlates threat events from the Firebox and from your network endpoints to identify
emerging threats. TDR uses a threat feed, heuristic analysis, and a malware verification service to identify security
incidents and assigns a Threat Score to rank the severity of the threats. You can configure TDR to take automated

actions on endpoints to remediate detected threats. TDR leverages the other security services on the Firebox by
combining network events detected on the Firebox with events detected on network endpoints.
Threat Detection and Response has three primary configurable components:
Threat Detection and Response Account

TDR is a cloud-based service hosted by WatchGuard. Your Threat Detection and Response account in the cloud
collects and analyzes forensic data received from Fireboxes and Host Sensors on your network. You log into
your TDR account on the WatchGuard Portal to configure account settings, Host Sensor settings, policies, and
to monitor and manage security threats. Your TDR account includes a dashboard for visibility of detected threats
on network endpoints, and provides a centralized location from which to take action on the endpoints to
remediate threats.
Firebox
In the Firebox configuration you enable TDR and configure the Firebox to send data to your TDR account. You
also configure policies, services, and log settings to enable the Firebox and Host Sensors to send information to
your TDR account. Firebox reports security events to your TDR account when connections are blocked by
APT Blocker, Gateway AntiVirus, Botnet Detection, Reputation Enabled Defense, or the Blocked Sites list.
TDR is supported only for Firebox models and XTMv devices. It is not supported for other XTM
models.
Host Sensors
You install Host Sensors on the computers on your network. Each Host Sensor monitors files, processes,
registry keys, and network connections on the host. The Host Sensor collects forensic data from the host and
sends it to your Threat Detection and Response account for further analysis. You can configure Host Sensors to
simply report security threats or you can configure policies that enable Host Sensors to take automated action to
fix certain types of security threats. By default, Host Sensors take automated action to stop ransomware on the
host before the ransomware can start to encrypt files.
TDR is not a replacement for desktop anti-virus software. It is another layer of defense that can proactively respond to
threats that are not stopped by other software installed on your network endpoints.
Threat Detection and Response is covered in more detail in the Threat Detection and Response course.
Signature Services & APT Blocker Exercises


n A feature key that enables all security services

Exercise 1 — Set Up Gateway AntiVirus

The Successful Company CIO decides to invest in signature-based intrusion prevention measures. The network
administrator recommends WatchGuard Gateway AntiVirus and IPS. Because the services are both cost effective and
the WatchGuard system is familiar, the expense is approved. In this exercise, we will activate Gateway AntiVirus and
configure it to automatically get updates.
You must save a feature key that enables the Gateway AntiVirus subscription service to the Firebox
before you can do this exercise.
Activate Gateway AntiVirus

After the network administrator adds the feature key and saves it to the Firebox, he opens Policy Manager to activate
the service.
1. Select Subscription Services > Gateway AntiVirus > Activate.

The Activate Gateway AntiVirus Wizard appears.
2. Click Next.
If you are completing the training modules sequentially, or taking the class with an instructor, you should have several
email, web, and FTP policies configured.
3. Clear the check box adjacent to the HTTP-Public-Servers policy. Click Next.
4. Click Finish.
Configure Gateway AntiVirus

Now, we enable decompression and configure the Gateway AntiVirus signature update settings.

1. When the wizard is complete, select Subscription Services > Gateway AntiVirus > Configure.
The Gateway AntiVirus dialog box appears and shows your proxy policies and whether Gateway AntiVirus is enabled.
2. Click Settings.
The Gateway AV Decompression Settings dialog box appears.
3. Select the Enable Decompression check box.
4. Make sure the number of Levels to scan to is set to 3.
5. Click OK.
6. Click Update Server.
The Update Server dialog box appears.
7. Select the Enable automatic update check box. By default, the Firebox automatically updates signature
database files every hour.

8. Make sure the Gateway AntiVirus Signatures check box is selected to enable automatic updates for Gateway
AV.
9. Click OK.
10. Click OK to close the Gateway AntiVirus dialog box.
You must save your changes to the Firebox before they take effect.
Exercise 2 — Use Gateway AV with the SMTP-Proxy Policy

Now that the Gateway AntiVirus service is activated for all email proxies and the signature database is set to update
every two hours, we must configure each of the actions we want the Firebox to take when an exploit is detected. If you
have more than one proxy policy, you must configure each policy.
In this exercise, we will configure the Successful Company SMTP-Incoming-Proxy policy to:
n Drop email message attachments that contain viruses

n Allow attachments that cannot be scanned
n Enable the automatic content type detection feature
Before you begin, open Policy Manager and make sure there is an SMTP proxy policy present in your configuration. If
not, select Edit > Add Policies to add an SMTP proxy policy to your configuration.
1. Select Subscription Services > Gateway AntiVirus > Configure.

The Gateway AntiVirus dialog box appears.

2. Select the SMTP-Incoming-Proxy policy. Click Configure.

The Gateway AntiVirus Configuration of Policy: SMTP-Incoming-Proxy dialog box appears.
3. From the When a virus is detected drop-down list, select Remove.
4. From the When a scan error occurs drop-down list, select Allow.
5. Select the adjacent Alarm check box.

6. From the Categories list, select Attachments > Content Types.

The Content Types settings appear.
Automatic content type detection can improve virus detection rates. Often, the content type value that
appears in an email header is set incorrectly by email clients. With this feature enabled, the SMTP
proxy tries to verify the content type of email attachments itself. Because hackers often try to disguise
executable files as other content types, we recommend that you enable content type auto detection to
make your installation more secure.
7. Make sure the Enable content type auto detection check box is selected.
If you do not select this check box, the SMTP proxy uses the value stated in the email header, which clients sometimes
set incorrectly. For example, an attached PDF file might have a content type stated as application/octet-stream. If you
enable content type auto detection, the SMTP proxy recognizes the PDF file and uses the actual content type,
application/pdf. If the proxy does not recognize the content type after it examines the content, it uses the value stated in
the email header, as it would if content type auto detection were not enabled.
8. From the If matched drop-down list, select AV Scan.
9. Click OK to close the Gateway AntiVirus Configuration dialog box.
10. Click OK to close the Gateway AntiVirus dialog box.
Exercise 3 — Use APT Blocker with the SMTP-Proxy Policy

The Successful Company wants to enable APT Blocker to provide an additional non-signature-based layer of defense to
protect against advanced malware in the company’s email traffic.
In this exercise, we will configure APT Blocker to scan the SMTP-Incoming-Proxy policy.

1. Select Subscription Services > APT Blocker.

The APT Blocker dialog box appears.
2. Select the Enable APT Blocker check box.

3. For each Threat Level (High, Medium, Low), from the Action drop-down list, select Drop.
This action drops the connection if advanced malware is detected.
4. For each Threat Level, select the Alarm and Log check boxes.
This configuration ensures that the administrator receives notification in the event advanced malware is detected, and
that APT activity can be monitored.
5. To log files that were scanned and determined to be free of malware, select the Log check box for the Clean
threat level.
6. Click Notification Settings.
The Notification dialog box appears.
a. Select the Send Notification check box.
b. Click Email or Pop-up Window depending on the type of notification you want to receive.
c. Click OK.

7. Select the Policies tab.
8. Select the SMTP-Incoming-Proxy policy.

9. From the Select action drop-down list, select Enabled.
10. Click OK.
Exercise 4 — Configure APT Blocker in the FTP-Proxy

The Successful Company wants to enable APT Blocker to provide an additional non-signature-based layer of defense to
protect against advanced malware in the company’s email traffic.
In this exercise, we will configure APT Blocker to scan the SMTP-Incoming-Proxy policy.
1. Select Subscription Services > APT Blocker.

The APT Blocker dialog box appears.

2. Select the Enable APT Blocker check box.

3. For each Threat Level (High, Medium, Low), from the Action drop-down list, select Drop.
This action drops the connection if advanced malware is detected.
4. For each Threat Level, select the Alarm and Log check boxes.
This configuration ensures that the administrator receives notification in the event advanced malware is detected, and
that APT activity can be monitored.
5. To log files that were scanned and determined to be free of malware, select the Log check box for the Clean
threat level.
6. Click Notification Settings.
The Notification dialog box appears.
a. Select the Send Notification check box.
b. Click Email or Pop-up Window depending on the type of notification you want to receive.
c. Click OK.

8. Select the SMTP-Incoming-Proxy policy.

9. From the Select action drop-down list, select Enabled.
10. Click OK.
Exercise 5 — Configure Intrusion Prevention Service

Now, the Successful Company network administrator is ready to enable IPS in the device configuration.
Enable Intrusion Prevention

1. Select Subscription Services > Intrusion Prevention.
The Intrusion Prevention Service dialog box appears.

2. Select the Enable Intrusion Prevention check box.

By default, IPS uses Fast Scan mode, and drops and logs all traffic that matches an IPS signature at the Critical,
High, Medium, or Low threat level.


The IPS column shows that IPS has been automatically enabled for all policies.
4. Select the Settings tab.

5. Click Update Server.
6. Make sure the Intrusion Prevention and Application Control Signatures check box is selected.
7. Click OK.

Exercise 6 — Configure Application Control

The Successful Company network administrator is dismayed to learn that employees accidentally downloaded a nasty
bot virus through the file sharing features of the Yahoo messenger client. In this exercise, we configure the Global
Application Control action to block the use of Yahoo messenger and several other instant messaging applications. Then
we apply this action to the HTTP-proxy policy.
The list of applications you can control is based on a set of signatures that Application Control uses to
identify the applications. To make sure that Policy Manager has the most recent Application Control
signatures from the Firebox, connect to your device with WatchGuard System Manager before you
use Policy Manager to edit or update Application Control actions.
If you are completing the training modules sequentially, or taking the class with an instructor, you should have several
DNS, email, HTTP, and FTP policies configured.
Configure the Global Application Control Action

1. Select Subscription Services > Application Control.
The Application Control Actions dialog box appears.
The Global Application Control action is a predefined action. You configure the Global action to block
applications you do not want to allow for all or most users. In this example, we want to block instant messaging
applications for all users.

2. Select the Global action. Click Edit to edit the Global action.
The Application Control Action (predefined) dialog box appears. By default all applications you can control appear in
the application list.
You can use the radio buttons to show all applications, or show only applications that have an action configured.
The Search feature is the quickest way to find a specific application by name. You can also use the
Category drop-down list to filter the list by category, such as Instant Messaging. Search is generally
quicker, since each category contains many applications, and some application may not be in the
category you expect.

3. To search for the Yahoo Messenger application by name, in the search text box, type messenger.
The application list shows all applications that contain the word messenger.
4. Select the Yahoo Messenger application. Click Edit.

The Application Control Configuration dialog box appears.

To allow the use of Yahoo Messenger for instant messaging, but block file transfers, you could select
the Set the action for specific behaviors radio button. Then set the action for the Transfer behavior
to Drop.
5. For this exercise, the administrator wants to block all use of the Yahoo Messenger application. Click OK to set
the action for all behaviors to Drop.
The Drop action appears in the action column for this application.
6. Click OK.
The Global Application Control action now blocks Yahoo Messenger.
You can optionally repeat the steps above to add any other applications to the Global Application Control action. Or, you
can click Select by Category to set the action for all applications in an application category.
To remove the action configured for an application, select the configured application in the list and click Clear Action.
Apply the Global Application Control Action to Policies

After we define the Global Application Control action, we must apply this action to one or more policies. In this part of
the exercise, we apply this Application Control action to the HTTP policies.
1. In the Application Control Actions dialog box, select the Policies tab.
If you are completing the training modules sequentially, or taking the class with an instructor, you should already have
created the HTTP policies used in this exercise.

2. Select the HTTP-Employees and HTTP-proxy policies.

Use the Ctrl key to select multiple policies.
3. From the drop-down list, select the Global action.
The Global action is applied to the selected policies.
4. Click OK.
The Global Application Control action is now applied to the HTTP policies.
Exercise 7 — Use Different Application Control Actions in Different Policies

After the Successful Company administrator blocked Yahoo Messenger in the Global Application Control rule, the
management requested that employees be allowed to use Yahoo Messenger for chat, but not for file transfers. In this
exercise, we create a new Application Control action to control specific application behaviors. Then we apply that
Application Control action to the HTTP-Employees policy.
You created the HTTP-Employees policy in the Web Traffic training module. The HTTP-proxy policy controls traffic
from any trusted network to any computer on the external network.
1. Select Subscription Services > Application Control.

The Application Control Actions dialog box appears.
2. Click Add to add a new Application Control action.
The New Application Control Action dialog box appears.
3. Double-click the Yahoo Messenger application to set the action.

4. Select Set the action for specific behaviors.

5. Select the Transfer check box. From the adjacent drop-down list, select the application behavior.
The default action is Drop.

6. Click OK.
The Action for Yahoo Messenger is set to Drop, just for the Transfer application behavior.
7. From the When application does not match drop-down list, make sure Use Global action is selected. This is
the default setting.
8. Click OK.
The new Application Control action appears in the Application Control Actions dialog box.
10. For the HTTP-Employees policy, change the Action to the new action you just created.
11. Click OK.

With this configuration:
n The HTTP-Employees policy uses the AppControl.1 Application Control action as the primary action to control
application usage. For these users, Yahoo messenger application traffic is not controlled, except for file transfer
traffic, which is dropped.
n If HTTP traffic handled by the HTTP-Employees policy does not match the applications listed in the
AppControl.1 action, the HTTP-Employees policy uses the Global Application Control action to determine
whether to allow or drop the application traffic.
n For HTTP traffic handled by the HTTP-proxy policy, the Global Application Control action is used to control
application usage.
Test Your Knowledge

1. Match the proxy action with the correct description of the Firebox action:
Delete the attachment, send nothing to the sender or recipient, and add the sender to the
A) Allow
Blocked Sites list.
B) Lock Delete the attachment, send nothing to the recipient, and send nothing to the sender.
C) Remove Do not accept the file and notify the sender.
D) Drop Let the attachment go to the recipient even if it contains a virus.
E) Block Remove the attachment and delete it while sending the message to the recipient.
F) Send Encode the attachment so that the recipient cannot open it without a network administrator.
G) Deny Send the message to the Quarantine Server.
H) Quarantine Not a Fireware proxy action
2. True or false? APT Blocker requires that you enable Gateway AntiVirus on the specified proxy.
3. True or false? Gateway AntiVirus can detect viruses in password-protected ZIP files.
4. True or false? The Intrusion Prevention Service is only compatible with the HTTP and TCP proxies. It cannot
detect possible intrusions in the SMTP, POP3, DNS, or FTP proxies.
5. True or false? When you enable the Intrusion Prevention Service, IPS is automatically enabled for all policies.
6. True or false? The Global Application Control Action applies to all policies in your configuration.
7. True or false? If you want to report on the usage of applications that are not blocked, you must enable logging of
allowed packets in each policy that has Application Control enabled.
8. True or false? If Gateway AV and DLP are both enabled for the same policy, the Gateway AV scan result action
takes precedence over the DLP action.
9. True or false? DLP scans both incoming and outgoing SMTP messages and file transfers.
10. How does Botnet Detection protect your network?
o A) Detects botnet activity based on signatures
o B) Stops infected botnet clients from communicating with known botnet servers

o C) Uses IPS to detect botnet activity
o D) Uses rules to search content for botnet activity

ANSWERS
1. A) Allow — Let the attachment go to the recipient even if it contains a virus
B) Lock — Encode the attachment so that the recipient cannot open it without a network administrator.
C) Remove — Remove the attachment and delete it while sending the message to the recipient.
D) Drop — Delete the attachment, send nothing to the recipient and send nothing to the sender.
E) Block — Delete the attachment, send nothing to the sender or recipient, and add the sender to the Blocker
Sites list.
F) Send — Not a Fireware proxy action.
G) Deny — Do not accept the file and notify the sender.
H) Quarantine — Send the message to the Quarantine Server.
2. True
3. False
4. False
5. True
6. False
7. True
8. True
9. False — DLP scans only outgoing messages and files.
10. B

Notes

Authentication
Verify a User’s Identity
What You Will Learn

User authentication is a process that allows a device to verify the identity of someone who connects to a network
resource. In this training module, you learn how to:
n Understand authentication and how it works with your Firebox

n List the types of third-party authentication servers you can use with Fireware
n Use Firebox authentication users and groups
n Add a Firebox authentication group to a policy
n Modify authentication timeout values
n Use the Firebox to create a custom web server certificate
In this module, you will configure the Firebox to use third-party authentication servers. If you take this course with a
WatchGuard Certified Training Partner, your instructor may provide you with configuration details for authentication
servers on a local network. For self-instruction, we encourage you to get the information needed to configure the Firebox
for the authentication method used by your organization.

Authentication
Monitor and Control Network Traffic by User

Because all traffic into and out of your network passes through the Firebox, you can use its authentication features to
monitor and control connections on a user-by-user basis. The Firebox has its own authentication server, and can
connect to several types of third-party authentication servers
Authentication is very important when you use dynamic IP

addressing (DHCP) for computers on trusted or optional
networks. It is also important if you must identify your users
before you let them connect to resources on the external network.
You can configure authentication differently for each policy. For

example, you can force some users to authenticate before they
connect to an FTP server, but allow them to browse the Internet
without authenticating first.
How Firebox User Authentication Works

A special HTTPS server operates on the Firebox to accept
authentication requests. To authenticate, a user must connect to
the authentication portal on the Firebox. The address is:
https://<trusted or optional Firebox interface IP
address>:4100/
On the authentication portal, the user must type a user name and password. The authentication page sends the name
and password to the selected authentication server using a challenge and response protocol (PAP). After the
authentication server responds that the user is authenticated, the user is allowed to use approved network resources.
The user can close the browser window after authentication is completed. By default, each user stays authenticated for
up to two hours after the last connection to a network resource for which authentication is necessary.
A user can click Logout on the authentication web page to close their session before the two-hour timeout elapses. If
the web page was previously closed, the user must open it again and click Logout to disconnect.
To prevent a user from authenticating, you must disable the account on the authentication server. You can also require
your users to authenticate to the authentication portal before they can get access to the Internet. You can choose to
automatically send users to the portal, or have them manually navigate to the portal. This applies only to HTTP and
HTTPS connections.
Use Authentication through a Gateway Firebox to Another Device

To send an authentication request through a gateway Firebox to a different Firebox, you must add a policy to allow the
authentication traffic on the gateway Firebox. On the gateway Firebox, use Policy Manager to add the WG-Auth policy,
which controls traffic on TCP port 4100. Configure the policy to allow traffic to the IP address of the destination Firebox.

Authentication
About Authentication Timeout Values

Users remain authenticated for a period of time after they close their last authenticated connection. This timeout is set
either as a global setting in the Authentication Settings dialog box, or in the Setup Firebox User dialog box. The
global setting is used only if no Firebox User timeout value is set. For users authenticated by third-party servers, the
timeouts set on those servers also override the global authentication timeouts.
Authentication Methods Available with Fireware

Fireware supports these authentication servers:
n Firebox-DB
n Active Directory
n LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol)
n RADIUS
n SecureID
n VASCO
When you use a third-party authentication server, follow the instructions from the manufacturer to configure it correctly.
The server must be accessible from the Firebox, which usually means that it is installed on an optional network for
greater security.
You can configure a primary and backup authentication server. If the Firebox cannot connect to the primary
authentication server after three attempts, the primary server is marked as unavailable and an alarm message is
generated. The device then attempts to connect to the backup authentication server. If the device cannot connect to the
backup authentication server, it waits ten minutes, and then tries to connect to the primary authentication server again.
Use the Firebox Authentication Server

You can use the Firebox as an authentication server. This feature is often used by customers who do not have a third-
party authentication server and do not need to manage user accounts centrally for multiple applications.
You must perform these steps to prepare your Firebox as an authentication server:
n Divide your company into groups according to tasks people do and information they need
n Create users for the groups
n Assign groups and users to policies
Use a Third-Party Authentication Server

The procedure to configure the Firebox to use a third-party authentication server is similar for each of the supported
server types. Before you configure your authentication server:
n You must have the configuration information for your server such as server port, IP address, and shared secret.
If you use Active Directory or LDAP, you must also know the group membership attribute and Distinguished
Name (DN) of the Organizational Unit (OU) that contains the user accounts.

Authentication
n If it is available, you can configure the Firebox with a backup authentication server to contact if it cannot connect
to the primary authentication server.
n The Firebox must be able to connect to the authentication server(s).
n You must add the WatchGuard Authentication policy.
RADIUS Authentication Servers

Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) authenticates the local and remote users on a company
network. RADIUS is a client/server system that keeps the authentication information for users, remote access servers,
VPN gateways, and other resources in one central database.
The authentication messages to and from the RADIUS server always use an authentication key. This authentication
key, or shared secret, must be the same on the RADIUS client and server. Without this key, hackers cannot decrypt
the authentication messages. Note that RADIUS sends a key, and not the password the user typed, during
authentication. For web and Mobile VPN authentication, RADIUS supports only PAP (not CHAP) authentication.
To use RADIUS server authentication with the Firebox, you must:
n Add the IP address of the Firebox to the RADIUS server, as described in the RADIUS vendor documentation.
n Enable and specify the RADIUS server in your Firebox configuration.
n Add RADIUS user names or group names to the policies in Policy Manager.
VASCO server authentication also uses the RADIUS configuration user interface.
RADIUS Single Sign-On
If you use RADIUS for user authentication to wireless access points or other RADIUS clients, you can use
RADIUS Single Sign-On (RSSO) to automatically authenticate those users to your Firebox. The wireless access points
connect to the RADIUS server to authenticate users and send information about authenticated users to the Firebox.
RADIUS SSO does not require that you enable RADIUS authentication on the Firebox. For more information, see the
RADIUS Single Sign-On topics in Fireware Help.
SecurID Authentication Servers

To use SecurID authentication, you must configure both the RADIUS and ACE/Server servers correctly. Each user
must also have an approved SecurID token and a PIN (personal identification number). Refer to the RSA SecurID
instructions for more information.
LDAP Authentication Servers

You can use an LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) authentication server to authenticate your users to the
Firebox. LDAP is an open standard protocol for using online directory services, and it operates with Internet transport
protocols, such as TCP. Before you configure your Firebox for LDAP authentication, make sure you check your LDAP
vendor documentation to see if your installation requires case-sensitive attributes.
When you configure the Firebox to use LDAP authentication, you must set a search base to limit the server directories
in which the Firebox searches for an authentication match. The standard format for the search base setting is:
ou=organizational unit,dc=first part of distinguished server name,dc=any part of the distinguished server name
appearing after the dot. For example, if your user accounts are in an OU (organizational unit) you refer to as accounts
and your domain name is example.com, your search base is ou=accounts,dc=example,dc=com.

Authentication
LDAP is a hierarchical organization of objects. The hierarchy that defines the position of each object in the database and
each variable associated to each object type is called the schema. Each LDAP server refers to a schema or a set of
schema extensions. Microsoft Active Directory is also an LDAP server and has its own schema. Because the schema
structure is hierarchical, the root of the tree, typically used as the search base for recurring searches that look for
objects in the whole LDAP database, corresponds to the dc definition of the domain. For example if you specify the
domain example.com as the root of the LDAP database, the root search base you specify to look for users and groups is
dc=example,dc=com. In Microsoft Active Directory, users are stored under the cn Users object by default, for
example cn=Users,dc=example,dc=com. You can also add other containers, such as Organizational Units (OUs),
that enable you to group objects in a structured way. When the LDAP database contains a lot of objects, this
hierarchical organization improves scalability and optimizes the query process. You can configure the Firebox to query
the LDAP or Microsoft AD server starting at any level of the tree, based on how you specify the search base in the
LDAP or Active Directory server settings on the Firebox.
Active Directory Authentication Servers

Configuring the Firebox to use Active Directory authentication is similar to the process for LDAP authentication. You
must set a search base to limit the server directories in which the Firebox searches for an authentication match. The
standard format for the search base setting is the same as the LDAP format. You can add multiple Active Directory
domains for user authentication, and add a primary and a backup Active Directory server for each domain.
Active Directory Single Sign-On

If you use Active Directory for your authentication server, you can also configure Single Sign-On (SSO). SSO is a
method of network access control that allows a user to enter credentials once to gain access to many resources. The
WatchGuard SSO solution includes the SSO Agent, the SSO Client, the Event Log Monitor, and the Exchange Monitor.
With SSO, when users try to connect to resources outside their own network, your Firebox automatically sends
authentication requests to the SSO Agent. The WatchGuard SSO Agent caches the user name and password and then
passes it to each network resource as needed. You can install the WatchGuard SSO Agent behind the Firebox on the
trusted network.
When you install the SSO Client software on your client computers, the SSO Client receives the call from the SSO
Agent and returns accurate information about the user who is currently logged in to the workstation.
If you do not want to install the SSO Client on each client computer, you can instead install the Event Log Monitor on
your domain controller, or the Exchange Monitor on your Microsoft Exchange Server computer, and configure the SSO
Agent to get user login information from the Event Log Monitor or the Exchange Monitor. This is known as clientless
SSO. With clientless SSO, the Event Log Monitor collects login information from domain client computers and from the
domain controller for users that have already logged on to the domain and sends them to the SSO Agent. The Exchange
Monitor collects login and logout information from the users connection to the Exchange Server and sends the
information to the SSO Agent.
In this training module, we do not go into great detail about how to install and configure the SSO solution. For more
information about how to configure SSO for your network, see the SSO topics in the Fireware Help or the Active
Directory Authentication advanced training module.
Authentication Exercises

Authentication

Exercise 1 — Add a Firebox User Group and Add Users

In this exercise, we learn that Successful Company does not yet have an authentication server. The network
administrator decides to use the Firebox for authentication. We will use Policy Manager to configure a group for the
Marketing department and add four of the department employees.
Create a Firebox User Group

1. Select Setup > Authentication > Authentication Servers.
The Authentication Servers dialog box appears. The Firebox tab is selected by default.
2. In the User Groups section, click Add.
The Setup Firebox Group dialog box appears.
3. In the Name text box, type Marketing.
4. (Optional) In the Description text box, type Marketing Department.

Authentication
5. Click OK.
The new group appears in the User Groups list.
Add Firebox Users

An authorized user is someone with access permission to your network. Each user must have a unique user name.
When you use the Firebox authentication server, this information is saved in a database that is stored on the Firebox.
1. In the Authentication Servers dialog box, in the Users section, click Add.
The Setup Firebox User dialog box appears.
2. Type this information:

Authentication
Name allison
Description Allison Grayson
Passphrase allyscomputer
Confirm allyscomputer
When the passphrase is set, you cannot see the passphrase in plain text again. If the passphrase is lost, you must set
a new passphrase. A passphrase must contain a minimum of eight characters.
3. To add Allison to the Marketing group, in the Available list, double-click Marketing.
Marketing appears in the Member list.
4. Click OK.
Allison is added to the User list.
5. Repeat Steps 1–4 to add these users to the Marketing group.

Authentication
Name Description Passphrase
joe Joe Uknalis joescomputer
tim Tim Warner timscomputer
wyatt Wyatt Hare wyattscomputer

Authentication
6. After you add all users to the Marketing group, click OK.
The Authentication Servers dialog box should look like this:
7. Click OK to close the Authentication Servers dialog box.
Exercise 2 — Edit Policies to Use Firebox Authentication

After you have configured at least one authentication server with user names and groups, you can use Policy Manager
to add those users and groups to your policies. In this exercise, you give the Marketing group permission to connect to
an FTP server on the optional network that Successful Company uses to share files with outside vendors. You also
block all FTP connections from other users on the network.

Authentication
The default policies on the Firebox include either an FTP or FTP-Proxy policy. The default policies
depend on the version of Fireware that was on the Firebox when you used the setup wizard to
configure it. You can edit either of those policies for this exercise.
1. Double-click the FTP-proxy policy.

The Edit Policy Properties dialog box appears. The default configuration of the FTP proxy policy allows connections
from any computer on the trusted or optional networks to any FTP server on the external network.
2. In the From list, select Any-Trusted. Click Remove. Select Any-Optional. Click Remove.
With the Any-Trusted and Any-Optional entries, any user on your optional or trusted network is able to start an FTP
connection to the entries on the To list. When you remove these entries, you block FTP connections from your optional
and trusted networks.
With the Any-External entry, users on your network can connect to any FTP server on the external network.
5. Click Add User.
The Add Users or Groups dialog box appears.
6. From the Type drop-down lists, select Firewall and Group.

To open the Users and Groups dialog box to add more users and groups to the Firebox database, click Add.
7. Select the Marketing (Firebox-DB) group and click Select.
The Add Address dialog box appears with the Marketing (Firebox-DB) group in the Selected Members and Addresses
list.
8. Click OK to add the entry to the FTP policy.
The Marketing group appears in the From list.
11. From the Choose Type drop-down, list select Host IPv4.

Authentication

This is the IP address of the FTP server on the optional network. In a real-world environment, you must activate NAT for
external users to be able to connect to this FTP server because it has a private IP address.
The IP address of the FTP server appears in the To list.
You have now configured the FTP policy to allow connections from anyone in the Marketing group to an FTP server on
the optional network. The Edit Policy Properties dialog box should look like this:

Authentication
Exercise 3 — Set Global Authentication Values

In this exercise, you use Policy Manager to manage the authentication settings that the Firebox uses by default. If you
set session and idle timeouts in the Setup Firebox User dialog box or on any third-party server that you use for
authentication, these values override the global settings you configure in this exercise.
Set Global Timeout Values

1. Select Setup > Authentication > Authentication Settings.
The Authentication Settings dialog box appears.
2. In the Session Timeout text box, type or select 4. From the adjacent drop-down list, select Hours.
This is the maximum length of time the user can send traffic to the external network. If you set this field to zero (0)
seconds, minutes, hours, or days, no session timeout is used and the user can stay connected indefinitely.
3. In the Idle Timeout text box, type or select 10. From the adjacent drop-down list, select Minutes.
This is the maximum length of time the user can stay authenticated when idle (not passing any traffic to the external
network). If you set this field to zero (0) seconds, minutes, hours, or days, no idle timeout is used and the user can stay
idle for any length of time.
Set Other Global Values

If you use the Firebox as an authentication server, you can allow more than one user to authenticate with the same user
credentials, at the same time, to one authentication server. This is useful for guest accounts or in laboratory
environments. This feature is enabled by default.
But, the Successful Company network administrator does not want users to be able to log in to multiple computers at
the same time. Instead, when a user tries to log in to another computer, the network administrator wants the first
session to be logged off, and the user to be able to log in on the second computer.
For more information about how to configure the device for Active Directory authentication, see Fireware Help.
In this exercise, we configure the Active Directory authentication server settings on the Firebox to block concurrent
authentication and set the browsers to automatically redirect users to the Successful Company authentication portal
and then to the intranet web server. Automatic authentication redirect applies only to HTTP and HTTPS connections.

Authentication
In the Authentication Settings dialog box:
1. Select the Limit concurrent user sessions to option and keep the default setting of 1.
2. From the When the limit is reached drop-down list, select Allow subsequent login attempts and log off
the first session.
3. Select the Automatically redirect users to authentication page check box.
All users who have not yet authenticated are automatically redirected to the authentication login portal when they use
try to make an HTTP or HTTPS connection to the Internet. If you do not select this check box, unauthenticated users
must manually navigate to the authentication login portal before they can browse to external websites.

Authentication
4. Select the Redirect traffic sent to the IP address of the XTM device to this host name check box. In the
text box, type the host name to use for the Firebox.
Make sure the host name matches the Common Name from the web server certificate and the host name specified in
the DNS settings for your organization.
5. Select the Send a redirect to the browser after successful authentication check box.
In the text box, type http://10.0.1.80/home.html.
This is the home page of the Successful Company intranet web server, which is located on the trusted network.
6. Click OK to close the Authentication Settings dialog box.
Enable Account Lockout

If you use the Firebox as an authentication server, you can optionally enable Account Lockout to prevent brute force
attempts to guess user account passwords. Account Lockout is supported in Fireware v11.12.2 and higher.
When Account Lockout is enabled, the Firebox temporarily locks a user account after a specified number of
unsuccessful login attempts, and permanently locks a user account after a specified number of temporary account
lockouts. A locked user account can be unlocked only by a user with Device Administrator credentials.
You can separately enable Account Lockout for Device Management users who use the Firebox for
authentication. To do this, click Account Lockout on the Authentication Settings dialog box shown in
the previous procedure. This is covered in more detail in the Administration training module.
To enable Account Lockout for non-management user accounts:
1. From Policy Manager, select Setup > Authentication > Authentication Servers.

2. Click Account Lockout.
3. Select the Enable account lockout check box.
4. Select the Account Lockout check box.

5. You can use the default settings, or change them here.
6. Click OK.

Authentication
Account Lockout settings include:
Failed Login Attempts

The number of consecutive failed login attempts that can occur before a user account is temporarily locked.
Users locked out for

The number of minutes that a temporarily locked account remains locked.
Temporary lockouts
The number of temporary lockouts that can occur before an account is permanently locked.
Exercise 4 — Use a Web Server Certificate

The WatchGuard authentication applet is a web page. If your organization uses a very strict browser security policy, it
will verify that the page certificate is from a trusted source. Each time the authentication applet loads, the user is
presented with a security alert to let them know that the certificate is not from a trusted source.
To avoid this problem, you can import to your Firebox a custom self-signed certificate, or a third-party certificate, for the
device to use for all secure HTTP connections. Then, you must import the same certificate to all client computers or
web browsers.
In this exercise, we use Policy Manager to configure the device to generate and use a custom self-signed certificate:
1. Select Setup > Authentication > Web Server Certificate.

The Web Server Certificate dialog box appears.
2. Select Custom certificate signed by Firebox.
3. In the Common Name text box, type successfulco.com.
You should always choose a value that corresponds to your Firebox, such as the domain name of the URL.
4. In the Organization Name text box, type Successful Company, Inc.
5. In the Organization Unit text box, type Corporate Headquarters.
You should always choose a value that helps the user verify that the certificate originates with your organization.

Authentication
6. Click OK.
The Web Server Certificate dialog box closes.
7. Save the configuration file to the device.
The certificate is not created until you save the configuration file to the device.
8. Save the configuration file as Authentication-Done.
Test Your Knowledge

1. Which of the following statements are good reasons to set up user authentication?
o A) Monitor users who connect through your network
o B) Restrict who can connect to resources on the Internet
o C) Block incoming connections from specific websites
o D) Identify connections in monitoring tools by IP address
o E) Reduce the total number of public IP addresses you need
o F) Prevent unauthorized users from accessing network resources
o G) All of the above
2. True or false? You can configure a policy to allow a single user.

3. Which of these Authentication Servers are compatible with Fireware OS?
o A) Kerberos
o B) SecurID
o C) Linux Authentication
o D) AppleTalk Authorization
o E) Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)
o F) Active Directory
o G) Firebox Users and Groups
o H) RADIUS

Authentication
4. What is the URL for the Firebox Authentication web page? (Select one.)
o A) https://auth.watchguard.com:4100/
o B) http://ip address of device interface:411/
o C) https://gateway IP address of Firebox:4000/
o D) https://<trusted or optional device interface IP address>:4100/

Authentication
ANSWERS
1. A, B, F
2. True
3. B, E, F, G, H
4. D

Notes

Logging & Reporting
View Log Messages & Reports
What You Will Learn

After you configure logging for your Firebox, and the Firebox sends log messages to the WatchGuard Log Servers that
you specify, you can review the log messages generated by your Firebox and view or generate reports from those log
messages. To review log messages and reports, you can use either the instance of WatchGuard Dimension that you
installed on a virtual machine (VM), or the WatchGuard System Manager (WSM) Log Server and Report Server that you
installed on your management computer.
If you choose to send log messages to your WatchGuard Dimension server, you can use Dimension to see the log data
from your Fireboxes in real-time, track it across your network, view the source and destination of the traffic, view log
message details of the traffic, monitor threats to your network, and view reports of the traffic. If you have configured
your Firebox to be managed by Dimension, you can also open Fireware Web UI from Dimension to take action on some
of the details you find in the Dimension Dashboard pages. This module does not include instructions to manage your
Firebox with Dimension or to take action on information for Fireboxes managed by Dimension.
If you installed the WatchGuard Log Server and Report Server on your management computer, you can use the Report
Server to generate reports from the log messages your Fireboxes generated. You can then use the reports to
troubleshoot problems on your network. From WatchGuard WebCenter, you can use Log Manager to view your log
messages and Report Manager to view the reports that your Report Server generates, and to run other On-Demand
Reports and Per Client reports.
For this training module, we will use both the WatchGuard Dimension (if you already have an instance of Dimension
deployed and set up) and the WSM Log Server and Report Server that you installed on your management computer.

Logging & Reporting

n Configure a Firebox to send log messages to Dimension
n Use Dimension to search log messages
n View reports in Dimension
n Export a report from Dimension as a CSV or PDF file
n Use WebCenter Log Manager to search log messages
n Export log messages in a CSV file
n Generate and save reports at regular intervals
n Change report settings
n Save, print, and share reports
In this module, you will connect to one or more Fireboxes, an instance of WatchGuard Dimension, and WatchGuard
WebCenter. If you take this course with a WatchGuard Certified Training Partner, your instructor will provide the IP
address and passphrases for the Fireboxes, servers, and instance of Dimension used in the exercises.
Before you begin these exercises, make sure you complete the Course Introduction and the Set Up Logging & Servers
modules.
Review Log Messages

From WatchGuard System Manager (WSM), Fireware Web UI, and Dimension, you can use a variety of tools to see the
log messages generated by your Fireboxes.
From Dimension, you can use these tools to see log messages from your Fireboxes and servers:
Dashboards
The Dashboard pages in Dimension show high-level information about the traffic through your Firebox. From
any Dashboard page, you can click on the information you see on the page to pivot the page data on the
selected information and drill-down to see additional details.
The available Dashboard pages are:
n Executive Dashboard — Includes a high-level view of the traffic through the selected Firebox or group.
This includes top clients, top domains, top URL categories, top destinations, top applications, top
application categories, and top protocols.
n Security Dashboard — Includes a high-level view of the top threats in each security area protected by your
Subscription Services.
n Subscription Services — Includes a high-level view of all the Subscription Services that are enabled on
your Firebox for the date and time range you select.
n Threat Map — A visual representation of the dangerous attacks on your network and from which countries
the threats originate.
n FireWatch — A real-time, interactive report tool, that groups, aggregates, and filters statistics about the
traffic through your devices.

Logging & Reporting
n Policy Map — An offline interactive report tool that aggregates the allowed traffic through your Fireboxes
and shows that allowed traffic in a visualization of the traffic flows. Each traffic flow is defined by the unique
path a connection takes internally through the Firebox as it is processed by policies and configuration
settings on the Firebox. The thickness of a traffic flow ribbon indicates how much traffic is included in that
traffic flow: thicker ribbons have more bytes or connections. The color of the ribbons and nodes indicate the
type and disposition of the traffic.
n AP Devices — An interactive report tool with details about the AP device deployment for this Firebox. This
includes a chart for the selected period, with pivot options to see the number of bytes or number of clients for
an AP device.
n Mobile Devices — An interactive report tool that appears if your Firebox has Mobile Security enabled and
connected mobile devices with the necessary log message data to populate the Dashboard. This
Dashboard includes an overview of the mobile devices connected to your Firebox with this summary
information for the specified time range: compliance status, device types, all the VPN types in use.
Log Manager
Select a date and time range to see log messages from your Firebox or server for the period of time you specify,
if log messages were generated in the selected time frame.
Log Search
Run a search to refine the log messages that appear for the selected Firebox. You can run simple or complex
search queries to find specific details in your Firebox log messages.
From Fireware Web UI, you can use the Traffic Monitor Dashboard page to see log messages from your Firebox.
Traffic Monitor
On the Traffic Monitor page, you can see the log messages generated by your Firebox in real-time. You can sort
the log messages by type, filter the log messages on specific details, and choose whether the log messages
appear in color or black and white.
From WSM, you can use two different tools to see log messages from your Fireboxes:
Log Manager
To see log file data from WSM, you use Log Manager in the WatchGuard WebCenter web UI. It can show the log
data page by page, or you can search log messages for specific details, such as key words or log fields. Log
Manager is available to you after you install the Log Server software.
Traffic Monitor
For a quick look at the log messages generated by your Firebox, use the Firebox System Manager Traffic
Monitor tab. With Traffic Monitor, you can apply color to different types of messages, and ping or traceroute to
the IP addresses of computers included in the log messages.

Logging & Reporting
About Log Messages

Both WatchGuard Dimension and WatchGuard System Manager include strong and flexible log message tools. An
important feature of a good network security policy is to collect log messages from your security systems, examine
those messages frequently, and keep them in an archive. You can use log files to monitor your network security and
activity, identify any security risks, and address them.
In addition to your instance of Dimension or your WSM Log Server, Fireboxes can send log messages to a syslog
server or keep a limited number of log messages locally on your Firebox. You can choose to send log messages to one
or more of these locations.
A Firebox sends five types of log messages: Traffic, Alarm, Event, Debug, and Statistic. Each log message includes
the name of the log type as part of the log message.
Traffic Log Messages

The Firebox sends traffic log messages as it applies packet filter and proxy policy rules to traffic that goes
through the Firebox.
If your Firebox runs Fireware OS v11.10.5 or higher, for packet filter allowed traffic, you can separately select to
send log messages for logging purposes (which you can see in Traffic Monitor or Log Manager) or only for
reporting purposes (these log messages are only used in reports and do not appear in Traffic Monitor or Log
Manager),
Alarm Log Messages

Alarm log messages are sent when an event occurs that causes the Firebox to send a notification request.
Event Log Messages

The Firebox sends an event log message because of user activity. Actions that cause the Firebox to send an
event log message include:
n Firebox start up and shut down

n Firebox and VPN authentication
n Process start up and shut down
n Problems with the Firebox hardware components
n Tasks completed by the Firebox administrator
Debug Log Messages

Debug log messages include information used to help troubleshoot problems. You can select the level of debug
log messages to see in Traffic Monitor or write to a log file.
Statistic Log Messages

Statistic log messages include information about the performance of your Firebox. By default, the Firebox sends
log messages about external interface performance and VPN bandwidth statistics to your log file. You can use
these log messages to help you determine how to change your Firebox settings to improve performance.
Build Reports from Log Messages

From both WatchGuard Dimension and WSM Report Manager, you can view and generate reports of the log messages
that your Fireboxes and WatchGuard servers send to your Log Server.

Logging & Reporting
Dimension Reports
Dimension uses a single server to collect log messages and generate reports. Because only one server is involved, the
time it takes to generate reports from the log messages Dimension receives from your Fireboxes and WatchGuard
servers is greatly reduced, to as little as a five minute delay. You can view reports in Dimension for a single Firebox, a
group of Fireboxes, or a single WatchGuard server.
After your Fireboxes and servers send log messages to Dimension, any reports related to the available log messages
are automatically generated by the Dimension server and appear in the Reports list for the Firebox or server.
Because all possible reports are automatically generated from the log messages available for any time range, you do not
have to manually generate any reports from Dimension. You can, however, schedule reports to be generated and sent
as a PDF file to an email address or to ConnectWise.
For more information, see the Dimension section of the Fireware Help.
View Reports with Dimension

Approximately five minutes after Dimension receives log messages from a Firebox or server, the reports related to
those log messages are automatically generated for the Firebox or server. You can connect to the Dimension web UI
and select a Firebox or server to view the reports that have been generated from the log messages received from that
Firebox or server. Per Client reports are available on the Tools tab for a Firebox. All other reports are found on the
Reports tab.

Logging & Reporting
Dimension Report List

From WatchGuard Dimension, you can only view reports for which there is available log message data on your
Dimension server. The reports types available from Dimension are included in the subsequent list. For a complete list of
all the reports available from Dimension, see About Dimension Reports in Fireware Help.
n Executive Summary Report — The Executive Summary Report shows a high level summary of network use and
blocked threats for the selected time frame. Some of the report data can be viewed in the Dashboard widgets or
the complete data set can be scheduled for export as a PDF of the complete report.
n Per Client Reports — You can navigate directly to Per Client reports, or open them from the client report pivots in
some of the other reports, as specified in the subsequent sections.
n Traffic — You can view Traffic reports or export them as a PDF file. Some traffic reports include bandwidth data.
n Web — You can view Web reports or export them as a PDF file.
n Mail — You can view Mail reports or export them as a PDF file.
n Services — You can view Services reports or export them as a PDF file.
n Device — You can view Device reports or export them as a PDF file.
n Detail — Detail reports provide a textual, grid-based view of detail information. Detail reports can be viewed and
exported as a CSV file.
n Health — Health reports include statistics about the health of your connected Fireboxes. Reports can be viewed
and downloaded as a PDF file, or scheduled for delivery.
n AP Devices — When you enable logging for reports in the Gateway Wireless Controller and you configure your
Firebox to send log messages to Dimension, your Firebox also captures log messages for your connected AP
devices and sends them to Dimension. Dimension then generates the subsequent reports about your AP
devices. AP devices reports can be exported as PDF or CSV file, dependent on the report type.
n Compliance — Compliance report groups combine other reports, but include information specific to HIPAA and
PCI reports. You can view the combined report or export it as a PDF.
n Available Reports for Servers — From any Server page, you can see the reports that were automatically
generated from the available log message data for the selected server. When you create a report schedule for
your WatchGuard servers, you can select the Audit Summary or Authentication Audit reports.
WSM Report Manager

For the WSM Report Manager, when you run the WatchGuard System Manager installer, you have the option to install
the WatchGuard Report Server on either the management computer or another computer with Microsoft Windows. The
Report Server periodically collects data from one or more of your WSM Log Servers. From WatchGuard WebCenter,
you can then use Report Manager to review the collected data and generate reports. Report Manager is automatically
available when you install the Report Server.

Logging & Reporting
To use Report Manager from a computer that is external to your Firebox when your Report Server is behind the Firebox,
you must have a port open to allow the Report Manager traffic between the Report Server and the IP address of your
external computer. To make sure the correct port (4130) is open, the WG-LogViewer-ReportMgr packet filter policy
must be included in the configuration file of the Firebox that is your gateway Firebox. This policy should be added
automatically when you configure the logging settings for the Firebox. If it is missing from your gateway Firebox
configuration file, you must add it before you can connect to WebCenter.
For more information about how to add a policy to your configuration, see the Policies module or the Fireware Help.
The WatchGuard Web Services API for Reporting is also automatically installed with the Log Server or Report Server.
You can use the WatchGuard Web Services API to extract Log Server and Report Server data for custom reports. For
more information about this tool, see the Fireware Help.
WatchGuard Reports
From WSM Report Manager, you can view and generate WatchGuard Reports, which are the summaries of the log data
that you have selected to collect from your Firebox log files. Report Manager consolidates the log data from your
Fireboxes into a variety of predefined reports so you can quickly and easily locate and review the actions and events
that occur at your Fireboxes. For a complete list of all the predefined reports available from your WSM Report Manager,
see Predefined Reports List in Fireware Help.

Logging & Reporting
View Reports with Report Manager

From any web browser, you can connect to WatchGuard WebCenter to use Report Manager to view the Available
Reports that you schedule your Report Server to generate, or to generate new On-Demand Reports and Per Client
reports. With Report Manager, you can:
n Select report parameters, such as date ranges and times for reports, and the Fireboxes or servers to include in
reports.
n View a report in HTML format or export it to a PDF file.
n Print or save a report.
Logging & Reporting Exercises


n A Dimension server that the Firebox can connect to
Exercise 1 — Send Log Messages to Dimension

For this exercise, we will connect to an existing instance of Dimension that has already been deployed on a VM and has
completed the Dimension Setup Wizard. Before you start this exercise, make sure you have this information for this
instance of Dimension:
n Public IP address to use to connect to Dimension

n Log Server Authentication Key
Before you can see log messages in Dimension, you must make sure your Firebox is configured to send log messages
to Dimension. If you did not specify Dimension in the second set of Log Servers in the Set Up Logging & Servers
module, you can add it now. You do not have to remove the WSM Log Server from the logging settings for your Firebox,
or change the priority of the WSM Log Server.
If you did not already add your instance of Dimension to the Logging settings for your Firebox, you can add it to the Log
Servers 2 list:
1. Open the configuration file for your Firebox in Policy Manager.

The Logging Setup dialog box appears with the Log Servers 1 tab selected.
3. Select the Log Servers 2 tab and verify that the IP address of your Dimension server does not appear as the
first server in the list.
4. Click Configure.
The Configure Log Servers dialog box appears with the Log Servers 1 tab selected.
5. Select the Log Servers 2 tab.
6. Click Add.
7. In the Log Server Address text box, type the IP address for your instance of Dimension.
8. In the Authentication Key and Confirm Key text boxes, type the Authentication Key for the Dimension server.
The IP address of your Dimension server appears in the Log Servers 2 list in the Configure Log Servers dialog box.

Logging & Reporting
10. Click OK to save your changes and close the Configure Log Servers dialog box.
The Logging Setup dialog box appears with the Dimension server on the Log Servers 2 tab.
The Firebox does not establish a connection with the Dimension Log Server until you save the configuration file to the
Firebox and it tries to send the first log message.
12. If you have access to a Firebox for this lesson, save the configuration file to the Firebox.
If you are attending a class, your instructor might have all the students send log messages to the
same Dimension server, which increases the amount of traffic and thus the number of log messages
you can view in Dimension.
After you configure your Firebox to send log messages to Dimension, you must wait a few minutes for log messages to
be generated and sent to Dimension.
Exercise 2 — View Log Messages in Dimension

After you have configured your Firebox to send log messages to Dimension, and have waited sufficient time for your
Firebox to send log messages to Dimension (about five minutes), you can log in to Dimension to see all the log
messages generated by the devices connected to Dimension.
Connect to Dimension
1. Open a web browser and type https://<IP address of Dimension>.
The WatchGuard Dimension login page appears.
2. In the User Name text box, type admin.
3. In the Passphrase text box, type the passphrase for the admin user account.
If you are attending a class, your instructor will provide you with the credentials for an administrator user account.
4. Click Log In.
The Dimension Home page appears with the Devices tab selected.

Logging & Reporting
View Log Messages

When you first connect to Dimension, the Home page automatically appears with the Devices tab selected by default.
On this page, you can see all the Fireboxes that send log messages to Dimension and select a Firebox to view the log
messages or reports available for that Firebox.
1. In the Devices list, click the Name of a Firebox.

You must click the name of the Firebox specified in the Name column; if you click anywhere else in the row, you only
select the Firebox row in the list.
The Executive Dashboard page appears for the selected Firebox.
2. In the Start and End text boxes, specify the date and time range for the list of log messages.
The Executive Dashboard refreshes with the log message data for the time range you selected.
3. On the Tools tab, in the LOGS section, select Log Manager.
The log messages for the selected Firebox and time range appear. By default, only traffic log messages appear.
4. To see all log message types, click .
The list of log messages updates to include log messages from all log types.
5. To change the log message data display from a bar chart to a line chart, click .
6. To change the log message data display back to a bar chart, click .
7. To see a timeslice analysis of the log message data, from the Actions drop-down list, select Timeslice
Analysis.
The Timeslice Analysis dialog box appears with a pie chart of all the selected log message data.

Logging & Reporting
Exercise 3 — Search Log Messages in Dimension

You can start a simple search of the log messages for a Firebox from the Log Manager page or start a complex from
the Log Search page. You can search on any text that is included in a log message, such as a port, source or
destination IP address, user name, or disposition. If you start the search from the Log Search page, you can run a
complex search that includes multiple OR and AND operators.
The Successful Company administrator wants to review all the traffic that was denied by the HTTPS-proxy. In the first
part of this exercise, we’ll run a simple search to find all the log messages generated for traffic through the HTTPS-
proxy. In the second part of this exercise, we’ll run a complex search to find all the traffic that was denied by the
HTTPS-proxy.
Run a Simple Search

To start a simple search from the Log Manager page:
1. In the Search text box, type the text to search on.

For example, type HTTPS to search for log messages generated by the HTTPS-proxy.
2. Click Search.
The Log Search page appears with the log messages list refined to only include the log messages that match the
search parameters.
Run a Complex Search

To start a complex search from the Log Search page:
1. On the Tools tab, select Log Search.

The Log Search page appears.

Logging & Reporting

Logging & Reporting
2. To select which log types to search on, click an option at the top of the page:
— Traffic
— Alarm
— Event
— Diagnostic
— Statistic
— All
3. From the drop-down list, select a search option:
n ANY of these words
n ALL of these words
n EXACT Match
n NONE of these words
For this exercise, select ALL of these words.

The search results will only include log messages with the word or phrase you specify.
4. In the text box, type the text to search on.

For this exercise, type HTTPS.
5. Click to add an AND operator.
A new AND block appears.
6. From the drop-down list, select the All of these words search option.
7. In the text box, type disp=Deny.
8. Click Search.
The search query runs and the results that include log messages denied by the HTTPS-proxy policy appear in the Log
Search list.
Exercise 4 — Export Log Messages from Dimension

The Successful Company Administrator wants to export a copy of the log messages from his instance of Dimension to
a CSV file that he can examine with other applications. From the Log Manager and Log Search pages, you can export
the log messages for a Firebox from a specified time range to a CSV file.
To export log messages from the Log Manager page:
1. In the Start and End text boxes, specify the time range.
The log messages for the specified time range appear.
2. From the Action drop-down list, select Export Logs (.csv).
3. Specify a name for the file and a location to save the file.
4. Click Save.
You can also export the log messages specified in a search that you have run to a CSV file.
To export log messages from the Log Search page:
1. Specify the search parameters and run the search.

2. Click Export.
3. Specify a name for the file and a location to save the file.
4. Click Save.

Logging & Reporting
Exercise 5 — Create Device Groups in Dimension

To see the log messages and reports for more than one Firebox at the same time, you can create device groups. You
can only add Fireboxes that are connected to Dimension to a device group. To add a device group, you must log in to
Dimension with a user account that has administrative privileges.
To create a new group of devices:
1. On the Dimension Home page, select the Groups tab.

The Groups page appears.
2. Click .
The Dimension configuration is unlocked and the group modification buttons appear.
3. Click Add.
The Add Group dialog box appears.
4. In the Group Name text box, type the name for this group.
For this exercise, type Training Group 1.
5. (Optional) In the Description text box, type a description of the devices in this group.
6. To add a device to the group, click .
The Select Devices page appears.
7. From the Available list, select the devices to include in the group and click .
The devices you selected appear in the Selected list.
8. Click OK.
The devices you selected for the group appear in the Selected Devices list.
9. Click Save.
The new group appears in the Groups list.
10. Click .
Exercise 6 — View Reports in Dimension

After reviewing the log messages for specific web traffic, the Successful Company administrator now wants to review
the reports of all the activity on his company’s network. He can review reports for a single Firebox or, to see reports of
activity on more than one Firebox at a time, review reports for a group of devices.
To see reports for a single Firebox:
1. On the Dimension Home page, select the Devices tab.

The Devices page appears.
2. From the Devices list, click the Name of a Firebox.
The Executive Dashboard is updated with information for the specified time range.
4. Select the Reports tab.
The reports that are available for the selected time frame appear for your Firebox.
5. From the Reports list, select a report.
The data appears for the report you selected.
6. (Optional) From the drop-down list at the top of the report, select an option to pivot the report data on.
The report data display is updated based on the pivot you selected.
To see reports for a group of Fireboxes:

Logging & Reporting
1. On the Dimension Home page, select the Groups tab.

The Groups page appears.
2. From the Groups list, click the Name of a group.
The Executive Dashboard page appears for the selected group.
The reports that are available for the selected time frame appear for your group.
5. From the Reports list, select a report.
The data appears for the report you selected.
Exercise 7 — Export Reports from Dimension

Many reports that you view in Dimension can be exported as a PDF file and a few can be exported as a CSV file. For
example, most client, trend, and summary reports can be exported as a PDF file, while statistical reports can exported
as a CSV file.
When you export report data, each file is automatically given a file name with the name of the Firebox, the report name,
and the time frame of the report data. You can change this file name when you save the report data file.
Export a Report as a PDF File

At the Successful Company, the administrator wants to save the report data from the Most Active Clients report as a
PDF file that he can send to the various company department heads, so they can review which of their workers use the
most network bandwidth.
1. On the Dimension Home page, select the Devices tab.

2. From the Devices list, select the Name of a Firebox.
The reports that are available for the selected time frame appear for your Firebox.

Logging & Reporting
5. From the Reports list, select Most Active Clients.

The data for the Most Active Clients report appears.
6. (Optional) From the drop-down list at the top of the report, select a pivot option: Hits or Bytes.
The report data display is updated based on the pivot you selected.
7. To export the report as a PDF file, at the top of the report, click .
The Save As dialog box appears.
8. Specify a name and location to save the PDF file.
Export a Report as a CSV File

The Successful Company administrator also wants to export a report of statistical data for the Firebox to a CSV file that
he can use in a third-party program.
On the Reports tab for a Firebox:
1. From the Reports list, select Device Statistics.

The Device Statistics report appears.

Logging & Reporting
2. At the top of the report, click .

The Save As dialog box appears.
3. Specify a name and location to save the CSV file.
Exercise 8 — Use WSM Log Manager to View Log Messages

Log Manager is the WatchGuard System Manager tool that you can use to find details about the traffic through your
network. You can choose to see the data in your log files page-by-page, or you can search by key words or specific log
fields to find a particular log message. This is helpful when you want to troubleshoot a problem on your network.
Log Manager is available to you in the WatchGuard WebCenter web UI after you install the WSM Log Server software.
If you install your Log Server and your Report Server on the same computer, both Log Manager and Report Manager are
available in WatchGuard WebCenter at the same server location, so you can log in to one WebCenter web UI to look at
both your log messages and your reports. If you install them on separate computers, you must connect to WebCenter
for each server separately.

Logging & Reporting
To use WatchGuard WebCenter from a computer that is external to your Firebox when your Log Server is behind the
Firebox, you must open a port to allow the Log Manager traffic between the Log Server and the IP address of your
external computer. To make sure the correct port is open, the WG-LogViewer-ReportMgr packet filter policy must be
included in the configuration file of the Firebox that is your gateway Firebox. This policy should be added automatically
when you configure the logging settings for the Firebox. If it is missing from your gateway Firebox configuration file, you
must add it before you can connect to WebCenter.
For more information about how to add a policy to your configuration, see the Policiesmodule.
In this exercise, we will enable certain Successful Company users to connect to WatchGuard WebCenter to view log
messages and reports, use the Log Manager Search tool to troubleshoot a problem with email reception on the
Successful Company network, and export log messages to a CSV file.
Connect to WebCenter to View Log Messages
There are two ways to connect to WebCenter for your Log Server: directly to the web UI in a web browser, or from
WatchGuard System Manager.
To connect to WebCenter in a web browser:
1. Open a web browser and go to https://<IP address of your Log Server>:4130.

The WatchGuard WebCenter web UI login page appears.
2. Type your Username and Passphrase.
3. Click Log In.
WatchGuard WebCenter appears, with the LOG MANAGER > Devices page selected.
4. In the Devices list, select your Firebox.
The Firebox page appears for your Firebox, with all the Log Messages from this Firebox from the last 60 minutes.
To connect to Log Manager from WatchGuard System Manager:
1. Open WatchGuard System Manager and click .

Or, select Tools > Log Manager.
The Server Login dialog box appears.
2. Type the Server IP address, Port, User Name, and Passphrase for your Log Server.
3. Click Login.
WatchGuard WebCenter appears, with the LOG MANAGER > Devices page selected.
View Log Messages
1. From the Devices list, select your Firebox.

The Firebox page appears for your Firebox, with all the log messages from this Firebox from the last 60 minutes. Traffic
log messages are displayed by default.
2. Select a log message from the list.
The log message details dialog box appears with additional information about the log message you selected.
3. To sort the log messages by a column, click that column header.
The log messages are sorted by the column header you selected.
4. To view all log types, at the top of the page, select .
All of the log message types appear in the log messages list.
5. To view a specific log type, at the top of the page, select the tab for the log type.
The log messages list is updated to include only log messages of the type you selected.

Logging & Reporting
Run a Search
The Successful Company support team manager has contacted you because the support team is not receiving email
requests from Big Client A. To find out what is happening to email from Big Client A, you will run a search query to see if
traffic from Big Client A’s email server is passing through your Firebox to your email server.
You can use Log Manager to search for any details included in the log messages for your devices that are logging to
your Log Server. You can start a search from either the main LOG MANAGER > Search page or from any Firebox
page. From the Firebox page, when you specify the text to search on and click Search, the web UI automatically
switches to the Search page and populates the form with the text you specified.
When you run a search, you can search the log messages for only one Firebox at a time. You can save your search
parameters for each Firebox so you can run them again for that Firebox, but you cannot run saved search parameters for
a different Firebox. Each time you want to run a new search for a different Firebox, you must specify the parameters to
search on. To refine your search, you can specify the time range and select a log type to search for.
By default, the Search page includes one search query block. To run a simple search, just type the text to search on in
one text box in the default search query block. To run a complex search with an AND operator, specify text to search on
in more than one text box in a single search query block. To run a complex search that includes an OR operator, add
another search query block. You can add up to nine search query blocks to your search.
When you define a search query, you can include the name of one or more columns in the log file in your search
parameters. Though you can search for any column included in your log files, some of the columns that are most often
searched are: policy, protocol, src_ip, src_port, dst_ip, dst_port, src_intf, dst_intf, app_name, and app_cat_name.
For more information about how to use Log Manager, see the “Logging and Reporting” topics in the Fireware Help.
For this exercise, we will use Log Manager to run a search query that inspects the traffic from Big Client A that was not
allowed through the firewall. To search the Traffic log messages on the Log Server to find all traffic from Big Client A’s
source IP address that was denied, we will include the src_ip and the disp columns in the query text.
If you are attending a class, your instructor will provide the source IP address for your search. If you
want to test this outside of a class, you can search on any IP address in the Source column.
To run a search from the Log Manager Search page:
1. Select LOG MANAGER > Search.

The Search page appears with a list of all the devices logging to your Log Server.
2. Select a Firebox.
The Search page appears with the one search query block displayed.

Logging & Reporting
3. From the Time Range drop-down list, select the amount of time to include in your search.
For this example, select Last 6 Hours.
4. In the Log Type drop-down list, Traffic is selected by default. Do not change this selection.
5. In the ANY of these words text box, type the IP address to search for.
For this example, we type the column to search in and the IP address to search for in this format: src_ip=<IP
address>.
6. In the ALL of these words text box, type the disposition of the traffic.
For this example, we want to find all traffic from the specified IP address that was denied, so we type
disp=Deny.
7. Click Search.
The Search results are refined to include only log messages for traffic from the specified source IP address that was
denied access through the firewall.

Logging & Reporting
Because the Successful Company Administrator might want to run this search again later, he decides to save the
search.
To save search parameters for a specific Firebox:
1. From the LOG MANAGER > Search page for a Firebox, click Save.
The Opening search.query dialog box appears.
2. Select Save File and click OK.
3. Browse to select a location to save the search query file and type a descriptive name for the search query file.
For this example, type search1.query.
Make sure to choose a file name that will make it easy to identify the search query when you want to run the search
again.
4. Click Save.
The search1.query file is saved in the location you selected.
When the Successful Company Administrator wants to run a saved query for a Firebox again, he simply loads the
search query file and runs the search again.
1. From the LOG MANAGER > Search page for a Firebox, click Load.
The Load Search Query dialog box appears.
2. Click Browse to select the search1.query file and click Open.
The path to the search.query file appears in the Load Search Query dialog box.
3. Click OK.
The Search page is refreshed to include the details specified in the search query file and the search results are
updated to include only those results that match the specified search query.
Export Log Messages
The network administrator from Successful Company wants to take the log messages from one of his XTM devices that
was not passing traffic correctly over a Monday afternoon and review them in a third-party application. To do this, he can
export the log messages from one Firebox for a specific date and time to a CSV file.
The file name of this CSV file is the date and time range for the log messages in the file. When you export the CSV file,
it is automatically added to a ZIP file. The ZIP file name is the serial number of the Firebox, as well as the date and time
range for the log messages. If you choose to save the ZIP file to a location on your computer, you can specify any file
name.
1. Select LOG MANAGER > Devices.

The Devices list appears.
2. Select the Name of a Firebox.
The log messages page for the selected Firebox appears.
3. From the Actions drop-down list, select Custom Timerange.
The Custom Date-Time Range dialog box appears.
4. Select the Start date and time, and End date and time.
For this exercise, select last Monday from 12:00 to 22:00.
5. Click OK.
The Log Messages page is updated with only the log messages for the specified date and time.
6. From the Actions drop-down list, select Export logs (.csv).
The Opening file dialog box appears for the ZIP file.
7. Select whether to open the ZIP file or save it to a location on your computer. Click OK.
8. If you save the file, browse to select a location.
9. (Optional) Type a file name for the ZIP file.

Logging & Reporting
10. Click Save.

The ZIP file is saved to the specified location on your computer.
11. Browse to the location where you saved the ZIP file, open the file, and extract the CSV file.
The Successful Company administrator can now open the CSV file and review the log messages, or import the CSV file
to another program or to the WatchGuard Log Server.
Exercise 9 — Use Report Manager to View & Run Reports

After you create a report schedule on your Report Server to generate specific reports, which we already completed in
the Set Up Logging & Servers module, you can use Report Manager to review and share the reports created from log
message data. You can review the Available Reports that you configured your Report Server to generate on the Daily or
Weekly tabs. You can also generate real-time On-Demand or Per Client reports.
In this exercise, the Successful Company network administrator connects to WatchGuard WebCenter and uses Report
Manager to review an Available Report and to generate an On-Demand report.
Connect to WSM Report Manager to View Reports
There are two ways to connect to WatchGuard WebCenter to use Report Manager to view and generate reports: directly
to WebCenter in a web browser, or from WatchGuard System Manager.
To connect to WatchGuard WebCenter in a web browser:
1. Open a web browser and go to https://<IP address of your Report Server>:4130.

The WatchGuard WebCenter login page appears.
2. Type your Username and Passphrase.
3. Click Log In.
WatchGuard WebCenter appears.
If your Log Server is installed on the same computer, the LOG MANAGER > Devices page is selected.
If your Log Server is not installed on the same computer, the REPORT MANAGER > Devices page is selected.
4. If necessary, select REPORT MANAGER > Devices.
5. In the Devices list, select your Firebox.
The Firebox page appears for your Firebox, with all of the Available Reports that have been scheduled for this Firebox.
If you are attending a class, your instructor will provide the credentials for the Report Server.
To connect to WatchGuard WebCenter from WatchGuard System Manager:
1. Open WatchGuard System Manager and click .

Or, select Tools > Report Manager.
The Server Login dialog box appears.
2. Type the Server IP address, Port, User Name, and Passphrase for your Report Server.
3. Click Login.
WatchGuard WebCenter appears.
If your Log Server is installed on the same computer, the LOG MANAGER > Devices page is selected.
If your Log Server is not installed on the same computer, the REPORT MANAGER > Devices page is selected.

Logging & Reporting
View Reports
After you connect to Report Manager, you can select the reports to view or generate.
1. Select REPORT MANAGER > Devices.


Logging & Reporting
2. From the Devices list, select a Firebox.

The Available Reports page appears for the selected Firebox, with the Daily tab selected and the report data sorted by
Users.
3. From the Daily calendar, select a date to see the Available Reports for that day.
4. From the Available Reports list, select a report to view.
The selected report appears.
5. To view the report data by hosts instead of by users, select Hosts.
6. If the report includes links to client data, you can click the client data detail to open a Per Client report.

Logging & Reporting
To generate an On-Demand report:
1. At the top right of the page, select On-Demand.

The On-Demand Reports page appears for the selected Firebox.
2. Put your cursor in the Start text box to select the start date and time for the report.
The date and time selection calendar appears.
3. Select a month and day from the calendar. Slide the time selectors to specify the hour and minute.
Or, click Now to select the current date and time.
4. Click Done.
The selected date and time appears in the Start text box.
5. Put your cursor in the End text box and select the end date and time for the report. Click Done.
6. From the Select a report type drop-down list, select the type of report to generate.
7. Click Run Report.
The selected report is generated.
It can take a few moments to generate the report. The longer the time range for the report, the longer it takes to generate
the report.

Logging & Reporting
Exercise 10 — Share Reports from Report Manager

In this exercise, the Successful Company network administrator uses Report Manager to view a weekly report, and
then generates a PDF of the report to send to his manager. He also makes a hard copy for the Sarbanes-Oxley auditors.
1. From any report page, at the top right of the page, click .
The Opening file dialog box appears.
2. Select the Save file option.
3. Click OK.
4. Select a location to save the PDF file.
5. Click Save.
The PDF is saved in the selected location.
The network administrator can now send the PDF to his manager and print a copy for the auditors.
Test Your Knowledge

1. True or false? To configure your Firebox to send log messages to Dimension, in the Logging Settings for your
Firebox, you add the IP address and authentication key for the Dimension Log Server, just as you would for a
WSM Log Server.
2. True or false? After you install Dimension and configure your devices to send log messages to Dimension, you
must wait 24–48 hours before you can see any reports in Dimension.
3. True or false? You can only run a search of log messages in Dimension from the Log Search page.
4. True or false? You can export log messages from Dimension to a CSV file.
5. True or false? You can create groups of Fireboxes in Dimension.
6. True or false? When you view reports for groups of devices, data for each Firebox is included in a separate
report.
7. True or false? You can only export report data from Dimension to a PDF file or CSV file if you create a report
schedule.
8. True or false? WSM Log Manager automatically saves the search queries you run.
9. True or false? When you run a search query from WSM Log Manager, it applies to all the devices that are
connected to your Log Server.
10. True or false? From WSM Log Manager, you can export log messages for more than one Firebox at the same
time.
11. True or false? You can use WSM Report Manager to generate an On-Demand Report about more than one
Firebox at the same time.
12. True or false? From WSM Log Manager, you can save a search query for a specific Firebox to run it again for only
that Firebox.
13. True or false? You can use WSM Report Manager to configure any report and send it in an email.
14. True or false? To connect to WatchGuard WebCenter, use the IP address of your Firebox.
15. True or false? You can email a PDF of a report directly from WSM Report Manager.

Logging & Reporting
ANSWERS
1. True
The configuration settings to send log messages from your Firebox to a Dimension Log Server are the same as
for a WSM Log Server.
2. False
After you have installed Dimension and configured your devices to sent log messages to Dimension, you can
view those log messages and see reports of the log message data, usually within five minutes.
3. False
You can run a search from both the Log Manager (simple search) and the Log Search (complex search) pages in
Dimension.
4. True
You can export log messages for a single Firebox or a group of devices from Dimension to a CSV file.
5. True
You can create groups of Fireboxes in Dimension that you can use to see log messages and reports for multiple
devices at the same time.
6. False
When you create a Device group in Dimension, data for all the devices in the group are included in one report.
7. False
You can export reports from Dimension as a PDF or a CSV file when you view an automatically generated report.
8. False
You cannot save a search query to run it again later.
9. False
You can only run a search query on one Firebox at a time.
10. False
You can export the log messages for only one Firebox at a time.
11. False
From WSM Report Manager, you can only generate an On-Demand report for one Firebox at a time.
12. True
You can save a search query for a Firebox to run it again later for the same Firebox. You cannot save search
query parameters to run the same search for a different Firebox.
13. False
You can run On-Demand and Per Client reports from WSM Report Manager and generate a PDF of each report,
but WSM Report Manager cannot connect to your email program to open an email message and attach the PDF
the message.
14. False
Use the IP address of your WSM Log Server or Report Server to connect to WatchGuard WebCenter over port
4130.
15. False
You can generate a PDF of a report from WSM Report Manager, but you must save it and attach it to an email
message in your own email editor.

Notes

Branch Office VPN
Create IPSec VPNs Between Devices
What You Will Learn

Fireware offers three methods to manually create a secure branch office virtual private network (BOVPN) connection
between networks at different sites. In this module you learn:
n How branch office VPNs and VPN negotiations work

n The differences between BOVPN types
n How to configure a manual BOVPN between two Fireboxes
n How to monitor a manual BOVPN and do basic BOVPN troubleshooting
Benefits of a Branch Office VPN

A branch office VPN (BOVPN) is an encrypted and authenticated connection between two networks, where data is sent
through an untrusted network, such as the Internet. The BOVPN connection is also referred to as a tunnel. The
gateways, which are endpoints of the tunnel on both networks, send and receive VPN data.
A branch office VPN provides these benefits:
n Privacy or confidentiality of the data — The VPN uses encryption to guarantee that traffic between the two
private networks is secret. An attacker who intercepts the traffic cannot understand it.
n Data integrity — The VPN guarantees that the data that passes through it has not been changed after it was
sent.
n Data authentication — The VPN guarantees that data that passes through the tunnel actually comes from one of
the two endpoints of the VPN, and not from an attacker on the Internet.
n Direct private IP address to private IP address communication — The computers at the two offices
communicate as if they were not behind devices configured with Network Address Translation (NAT). The data
tunnels through NAT for a transparent connection between the devices.

Branch Office VPN
The Firebox examines traffic to and from computers on the network it protects. It uses the source and destination IP
address of the traffic and the VPN settings to decide what traffic to encrypt and send to the remote VPN gateway.
In this module, you use two Fireboxes as the gateway endpoints. You can create a VPN between your Firebox and any
other device that supports the IPSec standard.
The branch office VPN configuration settings on your Firebox must match the settings on the remote gateway Firebox.
Fireware BOVPN Types
Fireware supports four types of branch office VPNs. In this module, you learn how to configure the first type.
Manual BOVPN gateway and associated tunnels

You can manually create a BOVPN gateway and its associated tunnels. When you configure a manual BOVPN
gateway, you can use a second Firebox as the other BOVPN gateway, or a third-party VPN device that supports
IPSec.
When you add a BOVPN gateway and tunnels to configure a BOVPN, you set both the source and destination
for the traffic you want to send through the tunnel. The device routes a packet through the BOVPN tunnel if the
source and destination of the packet match a configured VPN tunnel route.

Branch Office VPN
BOVPN virtual interface

A BOVPN virtual interface is a manual BOVPN configuration option for a VPN between two Fireboxes that run
Fireware v11.8 or higher. Fireware v11.11 and higher also support BOVPN virtual interface connections to any
third-party device that supports GRE over IPSec. In Fireware v11.12 and higher, you can also use the BOVPN
virtual interface to configure an IPSec tunnel without GRE.
This type of VPN offers more flexibility in configuration, because the device decides whether to route a packet
through the virtual interface tunnel based on the outgoing interface specified for the packet. You can specify a
BOVPN virtual interface as the destination for traffic in a policy. You can also specify a BOVPN virtual interface
when you configure static routes, dynamic routing, and policy-based routing. You can select any internal or
external interface as the gateway endpoint for a BOVPN virtual interface.
Managed VPN tunnel

A managed VPN tunnel is a BOVPN tunnel that you create between two centrally managed Fireboxes. From
your WatchGuard Management Server, you can drag and drop one managed Firebox onto another managed
Firebox to quickly configure a VPN tunnel between the two Fireboxes, based on templates and VPN resources
defined on the Management Server. You can also use the hub-and-spoke method to create a managed VPN
tunnel between two Fireboxes managed by Dimension. Managed VPN tunnels are not discussed in detail in this
course, but use the same security settings and protocols as a manual VPN tunnel.
For more information about managed VPN tunnels, see the Fireware Help.
A managed VPN tunnel is equivalent to a manual BOVPN gateway with an associated BOVPN tunnel.
You cannot use the Management Server to configure a BOVPN virtual interface.
BOVPN over TLS

You can configure a BOVPN tunnel that uses TLS for secure communication between Fireboxes. Third-party
endpoints are not supported. Fireboxes configured for BOVPN over TLS send VPN tunnel traffic over port 443,
which is usually open on most networks.
We recommend BOVPN over TLS only when your network cannot pass IPSec traffic. For a full or partial mesh
VPN configuration on a network that allows IPSec traffic, we recommend that you configure an IPSec BOVPN
tunnel. An IPSec BOVPN tunnel is better suited for environments that require high VPN performance.
Select a VPN Type

How do you decide which VPN type to use? Here are some guidelines to consider.

Branch Office VPN
VPN
Type When to Use It
Manual With a manual BOVPN, traffic is always routed through the tunnel if the source and destination IP
BOVPN addresses match a tunnel route in the VPN configuration.
Use this type of VPN for:
n A VPN tunnel between a Firebox and a third-party device that does not support GRE over IPSec
n A VPN tunnel between any two Fireboxes, that run any version of Fireware OS
BOVPN With a BOVPN virtual interface, traffic is routed through the VPN if the VPN route has the route metric
Virtual with the highest priority to the destination. You assign a route metric from 1 to 254 to each BOVPN
Interface virtual interface route. A route metric of 1 has highest priority.
You can use this type of tunnel in many different network routing scenarios, such as policy-based
routing, metric-based failover and failback, dynamic routing, and routing of IPv6 traffic through an IPv4
tunnel.
Use this type of VPN for:
n A VPN tunnel between two Fireboxes that run Fireware v11.8 or higher
n A VPN tunnel between a Firebox that runs Fireware v11.11 and higher and a third-party device
that supports GRE over IPSec
n A VPN tunnel between a Firebox that runs Fireware v11.12 and higher and a third-party device
that supports IPSec without GRE, and wildcard traffic selectors.
Use this type of VPN if you want to separate the routing from the VPN security association. The VPN
security association is the secure, authenticated channel between two gateway endpoints.
Managed Managed BOVPN tunnels are useful if you want to create and manage a large number of tunnels
BOVPN between Fireboxes that are managed by a WatchGuard Management Server. On the Management
Server, you can create Security Templates and VPN Firewall Policy Templates that can be used for
one or more managed VPN tunnels. The templates make it easier to configure a large number of VPN
tunnels with consistent settings.
Use this type of VPN for VPN tunnels between Fireboxes managed by a WatchGuard Management
Server
BOVPN If your network does not allow IPSec traffic, BOVPN over TLS tunnels are useful because they send
over TLS traffic over port 443, which is usually open on most networks. Manual BOVPN tunnels and BOVPN
Virtual Interfaces use IPSec.
Use this type of VPN only when these conditions are true:
n Your network cannot pass IPSec traffic. For example, some ISPs might not allow IPSec traffic,
and some older NAT devices might drop packets related to IPSec traffic. Or, your business
operates in a location where you do not have full control of the network and cannot open ports
required for an IPSec BOVPN.
n You have a hub-and-spoke VPN configuration.

Branch Office VPN
Manual BOVPN tunnels, BOVPN virtual interfaces, and managed BOVPN tunnels use the same IKEv1 protocols and
tunnel negotiation procedure. Manual BOVPN and BOVPN virtual interfaces also support IKEv2. In this module, we
focus on what you must know to configure and monitor manual BOVPN gateways and tunnels.
VPN Tunnel Capacity

The maximum number of active VPN tunnels your Firebox supports depends on the device model. You can see the
maximum number of tunnels in the feature key for your device.
The value in the feature key limits the number of VPN tunnels that can be active at the same time. The feature key does
not limit the number of tunnel routes you can configure for branch office VPNs.
IPSec VPN Algorithms and Protocols

IPSec is a collection of cryptography-based services and security protocols that protect communication between
devices that send traffic through an untrusted network. Because IPSec is built on a collection of widely known protocols
and algorithms, you can create an IPSec VPN between your Firebox and many other devices that support these
standard protocols. For a VPN to function successfully, each VPN gateway must be configured to use the same
algorithms and protocols. The algorithms and protocols used by IPSec are described in the subsequent sections.
Encryption Algorithms
Encryption algorithms protect the data so it cannot be read by a third-party while in transit. Fireware BOVPNs support
three encryption algorithms. Longer keys are more secure.
n DES (Data Encryption Standard) — Uses an encryption key that is 56 bits long. This is the weakest of the three
algorithms.
n 3DES (Triple-DES) — An encryption algorithm based on DES that uses the DES cipher algorithm three times to
encrypt the data.
n AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) — The strongest encryption algorithm available. Fireware can use AES
encryption keys of these lengths: 128, 192, or 256 bits.
Authentication Algorithms
Authentication algorithms are used to verify that data packets are complete and not sent by a third-party. Each algorithm
produces a message digest, also called a hash, which represents a set of data packets. When the data packets are
received by the other BOVPN gateway, that device can use the same authentication algorithm to verify the data. Longer
hashes are more secure.
SHA-2 (Secure Hash Algorithm 2)

SHA-2 is the most secure authentication algorithm supported, and it is the most computationally intensive.
Fireware supports these types of SHA-2:

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SHA2-256 — Produces a 256-bit (32 byte) message digest
SHA-2 is not supported on XTM 21, 22, 23, 505, 510, 520, 530, 515, 525, 535, 545, 810, 820, 830,
1050, and 2050 devices.
SHA-1 (Secure Hash Algorithm 1)

SHA-1 produces a 160-bit (20 byte) message digest.
MD5 (Message Digest Algorithm 5)

MD5 produces a 128-bit (16 byte) message digest, which makes it faster than SHA-1 or SHA-2. This is the least
secure algorithm.
Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange Algorithms

The Diffie-Hellman (DH) key exchange algorithm is a method for two VPN gateways to share an encryption key,
without sending the key itself as unencrypted information. When the key exchange is complete, both VPN gateways
can use the same key to encrypt VPN data.
A Diffie-Hellman key group is a group of integers used for the Diffie-Hellman key exchange. Fireware can use DH
groups 1, 2, 5, 14, 15, 19, and 20. Higher group numbers are more secure, but require additional time to compute the
key.
AH (Authentication Header)
Defined in RFC 2402, AH is a protocol that you can use in manual BOVPN Phase 2 VPN negotiations. To provide
security, AH adds authentication information to the VPN data. While AH provides better protection against spoofed
packets, most VPN tunnels do not use AH because it does not provide encryption.
ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload)

Defined in RFC 2406, ESP provides authentication and encryption of data. ESP takes the original payload of a data
packet and replaces it with encrypted data. It adds integrity checks to make sure that the data is not altered in transit.
We recommend that you use ESP in BOVPN Phase 2 negotiations because ESP is more secure than AH.
Policies and VPN Traffic

Fireware allows traffic to and from your network only if the configuration file includes a policy to allow the traffic. In this
section we examine four methods you can use to add policies that allow traffic over your Branch Office VPNs.

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Automatically Add Policies That Allow All Traffic

When you add a BOVPN tunnel, Policy Manager automatically adds two Any policies to your configuration to allow all
traffic through the VPN. If you do not want the tunnel to use these policies, clear the Add this tunnel to the BOVPN-
Allow policies check box in the branch office tunnel configuration.
Use the BOVPN Policy Wizard

Use the BOVPN Policy Wizard to add custom policies that allow traffic through the VPN over specific ports and
protocols. This adds new aliases which identify the names of the BOVPN or BOVPNs you selected in the wizard.
To start the wizard, select VPN > Create VPN Policy.
The BOVPN policy wizard adds two policies of the type you select. For example, if you select HTTP in the BOVPN
policy wizard, it creates two policies, one for inbound HTTP traffic through the tunnel, and one for outbound HTTP traffic
through the tunnel.
Manually Add Policies

You can add your own policies to allow traffic from the remote VPN gateway.
n From — Specific addresses on the other side of the VPN, or a BOVPN virtual interface name
n To — Specific addresses behind your Firebox
You can also add your own policies to allow traffic to the remote VPN gateway.
n From — Specific addresses behind your Firebox

n To — Specific addresses on the other side of the VPN, or a BOVPN virtual interface name
Use a Tunnel Alias in Policies

To use a tunnel name in a policy, choose the tunnel name, or choose an alias created by the BOVPN Policy Wizard.
VPN Negotiations
When two IPSec gateway devices attempt to establish a VPN connection, they exchange a series of messages about
encryption and authentication, and agree on many different parameters. This process of agreeing on the VPN
parameters is called VPN negotiations.
VPN negotiations happen in two distinct phases: Phase 1 and Phase 2.

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Phase 1
The main purpose of Phase 1 is to set up a secure authenticated channel through which the two devices can
negotiate Phase 2. If Phase 1 fails, the devices cannot begin Phase 2.
Phase 2
The purpose of Phase 2 negotiations is for the two VPN gateways to agree on a set of parameters that define
what traffic can go through the VPN tunnel, and how to encrypt and authenticate the traffic. This agreement is
called a Security Association.
IKEv2 is supported in Fireware v11.11.2 and higher for manual BOVPNs and BOVPN virtual
interfaces. It is not supported for managed BOVPNs.
Both VPN gateway devices must use the same Phase 1 and Phase 2 settings to negotiate a VPN tunnel.
IKEv1 and IKEv2

Fireware v11.11.2 and higher supports two versions of the Internet Key Exchange protocol, IKEv1 and IKEv2. The IKE
version you select determines the available phase 1 settings and the negotiation procedure.
n IKEv1 is defined in RFC 2409

n IKEv2 is defined in RFC 7296
IKEv2 is different from IKEv1 in several ways:
n IKEv2 has a simpler Phase 1 message exchange

o IKEv2 requires only four messages to establish a tunnel
o IKEv1 requires six to nine messages to establish a tunnel, depending on the exchange mode
(main/aggressive)
n IKEv2 is more reliable than IKEv1:
o Better negotiation when a settings mismatch occurs
o Cryptographic enhancements
o Payload enhancements
n IKEv2 interoperates with third-party gateways that use IKEv2
For IKEv1 and IKEv2, the gateway general settings for credential method and gateway endpoints are the same. There
are some differences in the configurable Phase 1 settings:
All branch office VPN methods use the same IKEv1 protocols and tunnel negotiation procedure. Manual BOVPN and
BOVPN virtual interfaces also support IKEv2. In this module, we focus on what you must know to configure and
monitor manual BOVPN gateways and tunnels.
VPN Tunnel Capacity

The maximum number of active VPN tunnels your Firebox supports depends on the device model. You can see the
maximum number of tunnels in the feature key for your device.

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The value in the feature key limits the number of VPN tunnels that can be active at the same time. The feature key does
not limit the number of tunnel routes you can configure for branch office VPNs.
Phase 1
Setting IKEv1 IKEv2
Modes Main or Only one mode

Aggressive
NAT Traversal Can be Always enabled

enabled or
disabled
IKE Keep- Supported Not supported

alive
Dead Peer Can be Always enabled

Detection enabled or
(DPD) Can be traffic-based or time-based (as described in RFC 3706)
disabled
n Traffic-Based — the Firebox sends a DPD message only if no traffic is
Always
received from the remote gateway for a specified length of time and a
traffic-
packet is waiting to be sent to the remote gateway.
based
n Timer-Based — the Firebox sends a DPD message at a specified interval,
regardless of any other traffic received from the remote gateway.
Shared None Some IKEv2 settings are shared for all BOVPN gateways that have a peer with a
Settings dynamic IP address. Shared settings include:
n NAT Traversal Keep-alive interval

n Phase 1 transforms
What Happens During Phase 1 Negotiations

In Phase 1 negotiations, the two VPN gateway devices exchange credentials. The devices identify each other and
negotiate to find a common set of Phase 1 settings to use. When Phase 1 negotiations are completed, the two devices
have a Phase 1 Security Association (SA). This SA is valid for a specified amount of time. If the two VPN gateways do
not complete Phase 2 negotiations before the Phase 1 SA expires, then they must complete Phase negotiations again.
The Phase 1 negotiation process depends on which version of IKE the gateway endpoints use.
For IKEv1, Phase 1 negotiations include these steps:
1. The devices exchange credentials.

The credentials can be a certificate or a pre-shared key. Both gateway endpoints must use the same credential
method, and the credentials must match.

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2. The devices identify each other.

Each device provides a Phase 1 identifier, which can be an IP address, domain name, domain information, or an
X500 name. The VPN configuration on each device specifies the Phase 1 identifier of the local and the remote
device, and the configurations must match.
3. The devices agree on the IKE version to use.
Each device can use IKEv1 or IKEv2. The IKE version for both devices must match.
4. For IKEv1, the VPN gateways decide whether to use Main Mode or Aggressive Mode for Phase 1 negotiations.
The VPN gateway that starts the IKE negotiations sends either a Main Mode proposal or an Aggressive Mode
proposal. The other VPN gateway can reject the proposal if it is not configured to use that mode.
n Main Mode ensures the identity of both VPN gateways, but can be used only if both devices have a static IP
address.
n Aggressive Mode is faster but less secure than Main Mode, because it requires fewer exchanges between
two VPN gateways. In Aggressive Mode, the exchange relies mainly on the ID types used in the exchange
by both VPN gateways. Aggressive Mode does not ensure the identity of the VPN gateway.
5. The VPN gateways agree on Phase 1 parameters.
n Whether to use NAT traversal
n Whether to use IKE keep-alive (between Fireboxes only)
n Whether to use Dead Peer Detection (RFC 3706)
For IKEv2, NAT Traversal and DPD are always enabled, and IKE keep-alive is not supported.
6. The VPN gateways agree on Phase 1 Transform settings. The settings in the Phase 1 transform on each IPSec
device must exactly match, or IKE negotiations fail.
The items you can set in the Phase 1 transform are:
n Authentication — The type of authentication (SHA-2, SHA-1, or MD5).
n Encryption — The type of encryption algorithm (DES, 3DES or AES) and key length.
n SA Life — The amount of time until the Phase 1 Security Association expires.
n Key Group — The Diffie-Hellman key group.
What Happens During Phase 2 Negotiations

After the two IPSec VPN gateways successfully complete Phase 1 negotiations, Phase 2 negotiations begin. The
purpose of Phase 2 negotiations is to establish the Phase 2 SA (sometimes called the IPSec SA). The IPSec SA is a
set of traffic specifications that tell the device what traffic to send over the VPN, and how to encrypt and authenticate
that traffic.
Phase 2 negotiations include these steps:
1. The VPN gateways use the Phase 1 SA to secure Phase 2 negotiations.

2. The VPN gateways exchange Phase 2 identifiers (IDs).
You can specify the Phase 2 IDs for the local and remote VPN gateway as a host IP address, a network IP
address, or an IP address range. Phase 2 IDs are always sent as a pair in a Phase 2 proposal: one indicates
which IP addresses behind the local device can send traffic over the VPN, and the other indicates which IP
addresses behind the remote device can send traffic over the VPN. This is also known as a tunnel route.
3. The VPN gateways agree on whether to use Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS).

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VPN encryption keys are changed at regular intervals. PFS prevents an attacker from using old VPN encryption
keys to find newer keys. We recommend that you use PFS to keep your data secure. If you want to use PFS, it
must be enabled on both VPN gateways, and both gateways must use the same Diffie-Hellman key groups.
4. The VPN gateways agree on a Phase 2 proposal.
The Phase 2 proposal includes the algorithm to use to authenticate data, the algorithm to use to encrypt data,
and how often to make new Phase 2 encryption keys.
The items you can set in a Phase 2 proposal include:
n Type — For a manual BOVPN, you can select the type of protocol to use: Authentication Header (AH) or
Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP). ESP encrypts the data, while AH protects against spoofing. We
recommend that you use ESP, because you can protect against spoofing in other ways. Managed BOVPN
and Mobile VPN with IPSec always use ESP.
n Authentication — Authentication makes sure that the information received is exactly the same as the
information sent. You can use SHA-1 or MD5 as the algorithm the VPN gateways use to authenticate IKE
messages from each other. SHA-1 is more secure.
n Encryption — Encryption keeps the data confidential. You can select DES, 3DES, or AES. AES is the
most secure.
n Force Key Expiration — To make sure Phase 2 encryption keys change periodically, always enable key
expiration. The longer a Phase 2 encryption key is in use, the more data an attacker can collect to use to
mount an attack on the key.
Global VPN Settings

Global VPN settings apply to IPSec VPN tunnels, including BOVPN tunnels and Mobile VPN with IPSec tunnels.
To edit the global VPN settings, select VPN > VPN Settings.

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By default, only the Enable built-in IPSec policy setting is enabled. This option enables a hidden policy that allows
IPSec traffic from Any-External to Firebox. This hidden policy enables the Firebox to function as an IPSec VPN
gateway, and has a higher precedence than any manually created IPSec policy.
For information about when to change these settings, see Fireware Help.
For a basic branch office VPN configuration, you do not need to change these settings.
VPN Monitoring and Troubleshooting

After you configure a VPN between two devices, how do you know that the tunnel is working? And if it is not working,
how do you determine what is wrong?
A Firebox does not negotiate a VPN tunnel until there is traffic that needs to use it. To test a new VPN tunnel, you must
try to send data to an IP address on the remote network. The VPN tunnel is not created until you attempt to send data.
The source and destination for the data you send must be allowed by the tunnel route configured for that VPN.
For example, when you ping a device on the remote network, the ping fails if the tunnel is down, if the source or
destination IP address is not allowed by the tunnel route in the VPN configuration, or if the remote device is offline.

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Monitor VPN Tunnel Status

After you send traffic through the tunnel, check the status of configured BOVPN tunnels in Firebox System Manager.
On the Front Panel tab, expand the Branch Office VPN Tunnels entry for the device to see information about the
configured BOVPN gateways and tunnels.
n Expand a gateway or VPN interface to see statistics and other status information.
n Expand a tunnel to see statistics and information for that tunnel.
Troubleshoot a VPN
Common causes of branch office VPN failure include:
n Lack of connectivity between the external interfaces of both devices

n Pre-shared key does not match
n Mismatch in Phase 1 or Phase 2 settings
n For a manual BOVPN: incorrect IP addresses or subnet masks in the tunnel routes on either device
o The local IP address must match the IP address of a local host or network
o The remote IP address must be the IP address of a host or private network on the remote VPN gateway
o The tunnel routes on the two devices should look reversed, when viewed side-by-side

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If a branch office VPN tunnel cannot be established, a VPN diagnostic error appears below the gateway.
VPN diagnostic messages can indicate a problem with the VPN tunnel or gateway configuration. VPN diagnostic
messages for a tunnel include the tunnel name, and indicate a problem with tunnel route or Phase 2 settings. VPN
diagnostic messages related to a VPN gateway refer to the gateway endpoint by number. For example, if a gateway has
two gateway endpoint pairs, VPN diagnostic messages refer to the first gateway endpoint as Endpoint 1, and the
second as Endpoint 2.
VPN diagnostic messages can be errors or warnings.
n Errors — Indicate the VPN failed because of a configuration or connection issue.

n Warnings — Indicate that a VPN is down because of an abnormal condition, such as dead peer detection (DPD)
failure.
In any VPN negotiation, one gateway endpoint is the initiator, and the other is the responder. The initiator sends
proposed gateway and tunnel settings, and the responder accepts or rejects those, based on comparison with locally
configured settings. When you troubleshoot IKEv1 VPN negotiations, it is most useful to look at the VPN diagnostic
messages and VPN Diagnostic Report on the responder, because the responder has information about the settings on
both devices. For example, if a VPN between two devices is configured with mismatched settings in the Phase 2
proposal, the VPN diagnostics messages that appear in Firebox System Manager the two devices are very different:
VPN diagnostic message on the initiator:

Received 'No Proposal Chosen' message. Check VPN IKE diagnostic log messages on the remote gateway
endpoint for more information.
VPN diagnostic message on the responder:

Received ESP encryption 3DES, expecting AES
The VPN diagnostic messages on the responder often contain more useful information for VPN troubleshooting. When
a VPN setting does not match, the responder does not tell the initiator what setting is expected. This is to make sure
that a remote device cannot learn about your VPN configuration by trial and error. The VPN diagnostic messages that
show which setting does not match only appear for the device that received and rejected the proposal.
To initiate or restart tunnel negotiations from one endpoint, you can rekey the tunnel. You can then look at the error
message on the other gateway endpoint to see why the tunnel negotiation failed.

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To troubleshoot a new branch office VPN:
1. Compare the VPN settings on both devices to make sure they match.
2. Look for VPN diagnostic log messages.
3. Run the VPN Diagnostic Report in Firebox System Manager, as described in the next section.
4. Review the log messages for each device during tunnel negotiation.
You may see more useful log messages for troubleshooting on the device that receives the IKE negotiation
because the receiving device is the one that authorizes the completion of IKE negotiation. The initiating device
must prove that it has valid credentials before the receiving device allows the VPN tunnel to be built.
To use ping to verify basic connectivity to the external interface of the remote device, make sure the
remote device is configured to respond to pings. To enable a Firebox to respond to a ping to the
external interface, you must edit the Ping policy to allow pings from the External interface.
VPN Diagnostic Report

Firebox System Manager includes a VPN Diagnostic Report you can use for VPN troubleshooting. When you run the
VPN Diagnostic Report, Firebox System Manager temporarily increases the diagnostic log level for VPN IKE
messages so any useful log messages can be captured in the report.
Because the VPN Diagnostic Report temporarily increases the log level, you do not need to change
the log level yourself before you run the report.
To run the VPN Diagnostic report:
1. In Firebox System Manager, select the Front Panel tab and right-click the gateway name.
2. Select VPN Diagnostic Report.
The Diagnostic Tasks dialog box > VPN tab appears. The report runs automatically, for 20 seconds.

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The report shows the gateway and tunnel configuration, and information about the status of any active tunnels for the
selected gateway. The VPN Diagnostic Report has seven sections.
The top section summarizes the report.
[Conclusion] — This section summarizes what was observed and lists any VPN diagnostic errors. It might also
include suggestions of next steps to take to troubleshoot the VPN.

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The next two sections show the configured settings for the selected gateway and all tunnels that use it.
n Gateway Summary — Shows a summary of the gateway configuration, including the configuration of each
configured gateway endpoint
n Tunnel Summary — Shows a summary of the tunnel configuration for all tunnels that use the selected gateway
The last seven sections show run-time information based on the log message data collected when the report was run.
n Run-time Info (bvpn routes)— For a BOVPN virtual interface, shows the static and dynamic routes that use
the selected BOVPN virtual interface, and the metric for each route.
n Run-time Info (gateway IKE_SA) — Shows the status of the IKE (Phase 1) security association for the
selected gateway
n Run-time Info (tunnel IPSEC_SA) — Shows the status of the IPSec tunnel (Phase 2) security association for
active tunnels that use the selected gateway
n Run-time Info (tunnel IPSec_SP) — Shows the status of the IPSec tunnel (Phase 2) security policy for active
tunnels that use the selected gateway
n Related Logs — Shows tunnel negotiation log messages, if a tunnel negotiation occurs during the time period
that you run the diagnostic report
n [Address Pairs in Firewalld] — This section shows the address pairs and the traffic direction (IN, OUT, or
BOTH).
n [Policy checker result] — This section shows policy checker results for policies that manage traffic for each
tunnel route.
The VPN Diagnostic Report can help you see the status of tunnel negotiations, and help you determine what caused the
tunnel negotiations to fail. It is especially helpful if you have many BOVPN gateways, because it enables you to focus
on just the one you want to troubleshoot.
Filter Log Messages by Gateway IP Address

You can also look at the log messages directly in Traffic Monitor. You might need to increase the diagnostic log level for
VPN Internet Key Exchange (IKE) traffic to see enough detailed log information for BOVPN troubleshooting. If you have
several VPN gateways, you can filter the log messages by the gateway IP address to see only the log messages for a
specific gateway.
Each log message related to a branch office VPN tunnel has a header that shows the IP addresses of the local and
remote gateway. The format of the header is:
(local_gateway_ip<->remote_gateway_ip)

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Where:
local_gateway_ip is the IP address of the local gateway
remote_gateway_ip is the IP address of the remote gateway
If your device sends log messages to a Dimension Server or a WSM Log Server, you can also filter log
messages by gateway IP address in Dimension or WatchGuard WebCenter.
IKE Log Messages

If your VPN tunnel is not working, you can look at IKE log messages for more information about what is happening
during tunnel negotiations. You can see IKE log messages in the VPN Diagnostic Report, or in Traffic Monitor. To see
more detailed IKE log messages in Traffic Monitor, you must increase the diagnostic log level for IKE log messages to
Information.
If you increase the IKE diagnostic log level for VPN troubleshooting, don’t forget to reset it to a lower
level after you have finished.
To change the IKE diagnostic log level:

2. Click Diagnostic Log Level.
3. Set the VPN > IKE log level to Information.

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4. Save the configuration to the device.
After you set the log level, when you try to send traffic through a VPN tunnel you can see more detailed iked log
messages in the Firebox System Manager Traffic Monitor tab. iked is the Fireware daemon that handles Internet key
exchange.
As mentioned earlier in relation to VPN diagnostic messages, log messages on the responder often contain more useful
information for VPN troubleshooting. When a VPN setting does not match, the responder does not tell the initiating VPN
gateway what setting is expected. The log messages that show which setting does not match only appear in the log file
for the device that received and rejected the proposal.
While detailed VPN troubleshooting is beyond the scope of this module, here a few of the more common log messages
that can help you identify specific types of VPN problems:
Retry Timeout
Indicates that the IP address of the remote gateway was not reachable. This could be caused by network
connectivity problems, or if UDP 500 is not open.
Example log message:

2014-07-23 13:14:13 iked (203.0.113.20<->203.0.113.10)Drop negotiation to
peer 203.0.113.10:500 due to phase 1 retry timeout
Mismatched ID settings
Indicates a problem with the ID specified in the gateway endpoint settings.
Example log message:

2014-07-23 13:22:17 iked (203.0.113.20<->203.0.113.10)WARNING: Mismatched ID
settings at peer 203.0.113.10:500 caused an authentication failure
No Proposal Chosen
Indicates a problem with mismatched settings in the Phase 1 or Phase 2 proposal. The receiving device rejects
the proposal, because a setting received from the remote device did not match what was expected based on the
local VPN configuration.
Example log message on initiating device:

2014-07-23 11:49:34 iked (203.0.113.20<->203.0.113.10)Received No Proposal
Chosen message from 203.0.113.10:500 for To_Device_A gateway
Example log message on receiving device:

2014-07-23 11:47:39 iked (203.0.113.10<->203.0.113.20)Sending NO_PROPOSAL_
CHOSEN message to 203.0.113.20:500
On the receiving device, log messages near the NO PROPOSAL CHOSEN log message can indicate why the
proposal was rejected. The log messages show which setting did not match.
Example for mismatched Phase 1 proposal on receiving device:

2014-07-23 12:29:15 iked (203.0.113.10<->203.0.113.20)Peer proposes phase
one encryption 3DES, expecting AES
Example for mismatched Phase 2 proposal on receiving device:

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2014-07-23 13:11:04 iked (203.0.113.10<->203.0.113.20)Peer proposes phase 2

ESP authentication MD5-HMAC, expecting SHA1-HMAC
Branch Office VPN Exercises

The exercises in this module assume a classroom environment with two student Fireboxes that connect to a training
network. A third Firebox, configured as the instructor Firebox, is the default gateway for both student Fireboxes. Each
student Firebox is configured with a static IP address on the external interface.
Training Environment
This section describes the training environment and includes a list of the equipment and software necessary to
complete the exercises, along with initial basic configuration information.
Network Configuration
The exercises in this module assume this network configuration:
For instructor-led training, the training environment must include the network equipment described in the Course
Introduction module. If you have three Fireboxes, you can configure them as described in the Fireware Essentials
Course Introduction module to duplicate the WatchGuard classroom training network. If you use these materials for
self-study, connect your device directly to the Internet.

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Necessary Equipment And Software

The VPN exercises require two students to work together to configure a VPN between two Fireboxes. To complete the
exercises, each student must have this equipment and software:
n Management computer with WatchGuard System Manager v12.0 or higher installed.

n Firebox with Fireware v12.0 or higher installed.
n Two Ethernet cables:
o One Ethernet cable to connect a computer directly to a Firebox trusted interface
o One Ethernet cable to connect the Firebox to a switch or router
Management Computer Configuration

Before you begin the exercises, make sure your management computer is configured correctly.
n Connect the management computer directly to the trusted interface (Eth1) on the student Firebox.
n Make sure your management computer has an IP address in the same subnet as the trusted interface, with the
correct subnet mask. Use the trusted interface IP address as the default gateway of the computer.
Network Topology
This diagram shows the two student devices and their external interfaces connected to the Internet.
For instructor-led training, the training environment simulates the Internet connection for each student Firebox.

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To complete these exercises you work with a partner. In these exercises, we assume each device is configured by a
different student. Each student configures a Firebox with one external interface. Student A configures Firebox A.
Student B configures Firebox B. The student numbers in the IP addresses are represented as A and B. In the network
configuration required for these exercises, use the student numbers your instructor gives you.
n Replace the A in the IP address with the number of the student who manages Device A.
n Replace the B in the IP address with the number of the student who manages Device B.
Make sure the interfaces on the two devices are configured with these settings:
Interface Device A Device B
Interface 0 IP address: 203.0.113.A/24 IP address: 203.0.113.B/24

(External)
Default Gateway: 203.0.113.1 Default Gateway: 203.0.113.1
Interface 1 IP address: 10.0.A.1/24 IP address: 10.0.B.1/24

(Trusted)
DHCP enabled DHCP enabled
DHCP pool: DHCP pool:

10.0.A.2 – 10.0.A.254 10.0.B.2 – 10.0.B.254
These are the same network settings you configured in the Network Settings module.
Exercise 1 — Configure a BOVPN Gateway and Tunnel

Before you begin this exercise, make sure you review the network and hardware requirements described in Branch
Office VPN Exercises
In this exercise you use Policy Manager to configure a manual BOVPN between the trusted networks on both devices.
Before You Begin

n Configure the network interfaces on both devices as described in the previous section.
n Make sure all cables are connected as shown in the diagram in the previous section.
Configure Device A
Add a Branch Office Gateway to the Site A Device Configuration
1. In Policy Manager, select VPN > Branch Office Gateways.

2. Click Add.
The New Gateway dialog box appears.
3. In the Gateway Name text box, type a name to identify this gateway in your configuration.
For this exercise, type To_Device_B.
4. In the Credential Method section, select Use Pre-Shared Key.
5. In the Use Pre-Shared Key text box, type shh-secret!, or another key that you and your partner agree on.

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6. Click Add to add a new gateway endpoints pair.

The New Gateway Endpoints Settings dialog box appears.
7. The External Interface drop-down list has only one item because this device has only one external interface. If
your device has multiple external interfaces, you must select the external interface to use for this gateway.
8. For the local gateway ID, select By IP Address. In the adjacent text box, type type or select 203.0.113.A ,
the external interface IP address.
9. In the Remote Gateway section, select Static IP Address. In the adjacent text box, type or select the IP
address of Device B’s external interface, 203.0.113.B .

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10. For the remote gateway ID, select By IP Address. In the adjacent text box, type or select 203.0.113.B .
11. Click OK.
The new gateway endpoints pair appears in the Gateway Endpoints list.
12. Select the Phase1 Settings tab to see the settings for Phase 1 negotiations.
For a new BOVPN gateway between two Fireboxes, you can use the default IKEv1 or IKEv2 Phase 1 settings
on both device for the simplest configuration. For stronger security, we recommend that you specify a stronger
Phase 1 transform such as SHA2-256–AES(256-bit) if your device supports it. If you change a gateway setting,
your partner must make the same change to the gateway configuration on the other device.
A new BOVPN uses IKEv1 by default, and the mode is set to Main Mode. You can use Main Mode for
this exercise because both VPN gateways have static IP addresses. If one of the devices had a
dynamic external IP address, you would use Aggressive Mode in the IKEv1 settings.

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13. Select the Phase1 Transform, and click Edit to see the authentication and encryption settings.
14. From the Authentication drop-down list, select SHA2.
Some XTM devices do not support SHA-2. If SHA-2 is not available, select SHA-1.
15. From the Encryption drop-down list, select AES (256-bit).

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16. Click OK. Make sure your partner makes the same change on the other device.
17. Click OK, and then click Close to exit the Gateway configuration.
Add a Branch Office Tunnel to the Device A Configuration
1. Select VPN > Branch Office Tunnels.

The Branch Office IPSec Tunnels dialog box appears.
2. Click Add.
The New Tunnel dialog box appears.
3. In the Tunnel Name text box, type a friendly name for the tunnel. Do not give your tunnel the same name as the
branch office gateway.
For this exercise, type Tunnel_to_Device_B.
4. Click Add and add a new tunnel route.
The Tunnel Route Settings dialog box appears.
5. In the Local text box, type the network address of the trusted interface on your device in slash notation. Type
10.0.A .0/24.
6. In the Remote text box, type the trusted network address at the remote device in slash notation.
Type 10.0.B .0/24.
7. Click OK.
The new tunnel route appears in the New Tunnel dialog box in the Addresses list.

Branch Office VPN
You can add more than one tunnel route to the tunnel configuration. For example, if Device B had a
second trusted network, you could add another tunnel route from your trusted network (Local) to the
network IP address of the second trusted network at Device B (Remote). Device B would also need to
add the same route, reversing the local and remote IP addresses.
8. Make sure the Add this tunnel to the BOVPN-Allow policies check box is selected.
When the Add this tunnel to the BOVPN-Allow policies check box is selected, Policy Manager
automatically adds the BOVPN-Allow.out and BOVPN-Allow.in policies that allow all traffic to flow between the
two trusted networks. If you do not select this check box, you must add policies to allow specific traffic through
the tunnel in both directions. You can use the BOVPN Policy Wizard, or create your own policies to allow traffic
through the tunnel.
9. Select the Phase2 Settings tab to examine the settings used for Phase2 negotiations.
For a tunnel between two Fireboxes, we recommend you use the default Phase 2 settings. If you decide to
change a setting here, make sure your partner changes the same setting on the other device.

Branch Office VPN
10. Click OK.

The new tunnel appears in the Branch Office IPSec Tunnels dialog box.
11. Click Close.
The new BOVPN-Allow.out and BOVPN-Allow.in policies appear in Policy Manager.
The BOVPN configuration for Device A is complete.
12. Save the configuration to your device.

Branch Office VPN
Configure Device B
Add a Branch Office Gateway to the Device B Configuration
1. Select VPN > Branch Office Gateways.

2. Click Add.
The New Gateway dialog box appears.
3. In the Gateway Name text box, type a name to identify this gateway in your configuration.
For this exercise, type To_Device_A.
4. In the Credential Method section, select Use Pre-Shared Key.
5. In the Use Pre-Shared Key text box, type shh-secret!, or another key that you and your partner agree on.
6. To add a new gateway endpoints pair, click Add.
The New Gateway Endpoints Settings dialog box appears.

Branch Office VPN

Branch Office VPN
7. The External Interface drop-down list has only one item because this device has only one external interface. If
the device has multiple external interfaces, you must select the external interface to use for this gateway.
8. For the local gateway ID, select By IP Address. In the adjacent text box, type type or select 203.0.113.B ,
the external interface IP address.
9. In the Remote Gateway section, select Static IP Address. In the adjacent text box, type or select the IP address
of Device A’s external interface, 203.0.113.A .
10. For the remote gateway ID, select By IP Address. In the adjacent text box, type or select 203.0.113.A .
11. Click OK.
The new gateway endpoints pair appears in the Gateway Endpoints list.
12. Select the Phase1 Settings tab to see the settings for Phase 1 negotiations.
For a new BOVPN gateway between two Fireboxes, you can use the default IKEv1 or IKEv2 Phase 1 settings
on both device for the simplest configuration. For stronger security, we recommend that you specify a stronger
Phase 1 transform such as SHA2-256–AES(256-bit) if your device supports it. If you change a gateway setting,
your partner must make the same change to the gateway configuration on the other device.
13. Select the Phase 1 Transform, and click Edit to see the authentication and encryption settings.

Branch Office VPN
14. From the Authentication drop-down list, select SHA2.

Some XTM devices do not support SHA-2. If SHA-2 is not available, select SHA-1.
15. From the Encryption drop-down list, select AES (256-bit).
16. Click OK. Make sure your partner made the same change on the other device.
17. Click OK, and then Close to exit the Gateway configuration.

Branch Office VPN
Add a Branch Office Tunnel to the Device B Configuration

The Branch Office IPSec Tunnels dialog box appears.
2. Click Add.
The New Tunnel dialog box appears.
Do not give your tunnel the same name as the branch office gateway.
3. In the Tunnel Name text box, type a friendly name for the tunnel.
For this exercise, type Tunnel_to_Device_A.
4. Click Add and add a new tunnel route.
The Tunnel Route Settings dialog box appears.
5. In the Local text box, type the network address of the trusted interface on your device in slash notation. Type
10.0.B .0/24.
6. In the Remote text box, type the trusted network address at the remote device in slash notation.
Type 10.0.A .0/24.
You can add more than one tunnel route to the tunnel configuration. For example, if Site B had a
second trusted network, you could add another tunnel route from your second trusted network (Local)
to the network IP address of the trusted network at Site A (Remote). Site A would also need to add the
same route, reversing the Local and Remote IP addresses.
7. Click OK.
The new tunnel route appears in the New Tunnel dialog box in the Addresses list.

Branch Office VPN
8. Make sure the Add this tunnel to the BOVPN-Allow policies check box is selected.
When this check box is selected, Policy Manager automatically adds the BOVPN-Allow.out and BOVPN-
Allow.in policies that allow all traffic to flow between the two trusted networks.
9. To review the settings for Phase 2 negotiations, select the Phase 2 Settings tab.
For a tunnel between two Fireboxes, we recommend you use the default Phase 2 settings. If you decide to
change a setting here, make sure your partner configures the same setting on the remote device.
10. Click OK.
The new tunnel appears in the Branch Office IPSec Tunnels dialog box.
11. Click Close.
The new BOVPN-Allow.out and BOVPN-Allow.in policies appear in Policy Manager.
The BOVPN configuration for Device B is complete.
Test the Tunnel Configuration

A BOVPN tunnel is not created between two VPN gateways until there is traffic that needs to use it. This is true for all
VPN tunnels, and is not unique to WatchGuard devices. When the Firebox receives traffic to a destination that matches
a tunnel route, the device sends it through the tunnel or initiates the tunnel, if the tunnel is not already established. One
easy way to generate traffic through the tunnel is to use the ping command. The first few pings may fail because the
tunnel is not established, but subsequent pings should succeed, which indicates that traffic is flowing through the
tunnel.
You can use either of these ping methods to test the VPN tunnel.

Branch Office VPN
Ping From One Management Computer to Another Through the Tunnel
1. Get the IP address of your partner’s management computer.

2. From your computer, start a continuous ping to that IP address.
For example, if your partner’s management computer IP address is 10.0.20.2, open a Windows command
prompt and type: ping 10.0.20.2 -t
Ping From a Device Interface to the Trusted Interface on the Other Device
The source IP address you use for the ping in Tools > Diagnostic Tasks must be an IP address assigned to the local
device, and must be within the tunnel route local address range.
1. Connect to your device with Firebox System Manager.

2. Select Tools > Diagnostic Tasks.
The Diagnostic Tasks dialog box appears.
The Arguments text box appears.
You can point to the Arguments text box to see a list of available command arguments.
4. In the Arguments text box, type

-I <local trusted interface IP address> <remote trusted interface IP address>
For example, if Device A is configured by student 10, and Device B is configured by student 20:

Branch Office VPN
To ping from Device A to Device B, type: -I 10.0.10.1 10.0.20.1

To ping from Device B to Device A, type: -I 10.0.20.1 10.0.10.1
5. Click Run Task.
Check Tunnel Status

After you try to send traffic through the tunnel, use Firebox System Manager to see the tunnel status.

2. On the Front Panel tab, double-click the Branch Office VPN Tunnels entry to expand it.
The name of the configured gateway appears.
3. Double-click the gateway to expand it.
A list of active tunnels for this gateway appears.
4. Double-click the tunnel to see tunnel status and statistics.
Exercise 2 — Use VPN Diagnostics

After you configure a BOVPN, you can use VPN diagnostic messages and the VPN Diagnostic Report to help
troubleshoot problems with your tunnel, or to see a summary of the gateway and tunnel settings.
To see log messages about tunnel negotiation, the tunnel negotiation must occur during the short time frame the report
collects log messages. While a device at the remote end of the tunnel attempts to send traffic, click Start Report, so
that tunnel negotiation happens while you run the report. It could take several tries to get useful log messages when
tunnel negotiation fails.

2. On the Front Panel tab, right-click the gateway name.
3. Select VPN Diagnostic Report.
The report runs automatically, with a duration of 20 seconds.
4. To run the report again with a longer duration, change the Duration to 60 seconds. Click Start Report.
To see a VPN diagnostic messages, you can change a setting in the VPN configuration on one of the devices to
intentionally create an error. When you try to establish the tunnel, you can look at and compare the VPN diagnostic
messages that appear in Firebox System Manager for each endpoint.

Branch Office VPN
In this part of the exercise you intentionally break the working VPN configuration. Make sure you
remember what setting you changed so that you can change it back at the end of the exercise.
1. Connect to either device in Policy Manager.

2. Edit a gateway or tunnel setting so that it no longer matches the setting configured on the peer device. For
example, you could make any of these changes:
n In the Gateway settings, change the pre-shared key
n In the Gateway Phase 1 settings, change the authentication or encryption method in the Phase 1 transform
n In the tunnel settings, change the tunnel route to specify a different local or remote IP address
4. Connect to both of the devices in Firebox System Manager.
5. In Firebox System Manager for one device, right-click the gateway, and select Rekey Selected
BOVPN Tunnel.
6. In Firebox System Manager, compare the VPN diagnostic messages on the initiator (the device which issued the
rekey), and the responder.
7. Run the VPN Diagnostic Report on each device.
8. Repeat Steps 5–8, initiating the rekey from the other device.
At the end of this exercise:
1. Set the gateway and tunnel settings for both devices to the settings described in Exercise 1.
2. Use ping through the tunnel, or a tunnel rekey to establish the tunnel.
3. Check the tunnel status in Firebox System Manager.
Exercise 3 — Use 1-to-1 NAT Through a BOVPN Tunnel

1-to-1 NAT is a form of network address translation. When you enable 1-to-1 NAT, the Firebox changes and routes all
incoming and outgoing packets sent from one range of addresses to a different range of addresses. You can use 1-to-1
NAT in a BOVPN tunnel to create a tunnel between two private networks with the same IP addresses.
For a more complete description of 1-to-1 NAT, see the NAT module in this courseware.
Suppose two companies, Site A and Site B, use the same IP addresses for their trusted networks, 192.168.1.0/24. To
create a VPN tunnel between these networks, the two network administrators can use 1-to-1 NAT in the tunnel
configuration to translate these addresses to different IP addresses for traffic through the tunnel. The two administrators
must first agree on a virtual IP address range to use for each site, for traffic through the VPN tunnel.
For this exercise, we assume that:
n Site A will make its trusted network appear to come from the 192.168.100.0/24 range when traffic goes through
the VPN. This is Site A’s virtual IP address range for this VPN.
n Site B will make its trusted network appear to come from the 192.168.200.0/24 range when traffic goes through
the VPN. This is Site B’s virtual IP address range for this VPN.

Branch Office VPN
Before You Begin

This exercise builds on the gateway and tunnel configuration in Exercise 1 — Configure a BOVPN Gateway and Tunnel.
If you have not already completed Exercise 1 — Configure a BOVPN Gateway and Tunnel, you must complete that
exercise first.
Configure Duplicate Local Network IP Addresses

For this exercise, you must configure both devices with a local network that have the same IP address. This is to
simulate the situation where two sites have local networks with the same IP addresses. If you completed the exercises
in the Network Settings module, interface 2 is already configured with these settings.
1. Start Policy Manager for Device A.

3. Configure interface 2 as an Optional interface with the IP address 10.0.2.1.
4. Make sure Disable DHCP is selected.
Because this network does not use DHCP, no further configuration is necessary.

6. Repeat these steps for Device B to configure interface 2 with the same settings.
Add a Tunnel Route with 1-to-1 NAT Enabled

Because you have already configured one BOVPN gateway and tunnel between these two devices in Exercise 1, you
can add a second tunnel route to the existing tunnel configuration to create a tunnel between the two private networks
with the same IP addresses.
Configure Device A
2. Select the tunnel you created in Exercise 1. Click Edit.
3. To add a new tunnel route, click Add.
4. In the Local text box, type the IP address of interface 2, 10.0.2.0/24.
5. In the Remote text box, type or select the virtual network IP address for Site B, 10.0.200.0/24.
6. Select the 1:1 NAT check box. In the adjacent text box, type or select the virtual IP address range for Site A,
192.168.100.0/24.
Fireware translates the local network IP addresses to the specified IP address range for this tunnel.

Branch Office VPN
7. Click OK.
The tunnel route is added. You can resize the Local column to see the NAT mapping for the local network.
Configure Device B
2. Select the tunnel you created in Exercise 1. Click Edit.
3. Click Add to add a new tunnel route.
4. In the Local text box, type or select the IP address of interface 2, 10.0.2.0/24.
5. In the Remote text box, type or select the virtual IP address range for Site A, 10.0.100.0/24.
6. Select the 1:1 NAT check box. In the adjacent text box, type the virtual IP address range for Site B,
10.0.200.0/24.
Fireware translates the local network IP addresses to the specified IP address range for this tunnel.

Branch Office VPN
7. Click OK.
The tunnel route is added. You can resize the Local column to see the NAT mapping for the local network.
Test the VPN

You can use ping to send traffic through the tunnel to start the tunnel negotiation. The first few pings might fail because
the tunnel is not established, but subsequent pings should succeed, which shows that traffic is flowing through the
tunnel.
Use Firebox System Manager to ping one device from the other. In this NAT configuration, the destination IP address
you ping must be the virtual IP address of the interface on the remote device.
If this were an actual network with servers, you could ping one of the servers on the remote network.

Branch Office VPN

2. Select Tools > Diagnostic Tasks. The Diagnostic Tasks dialog box appears.
3. Select the Advanced Options check box. The Arguments text box appears.
4. In the Arguments text box, type
-I <local trusted interface IP address> <remote trusted interface IP address>
For example, if Device A is configured by student 10, and Device B is configured by student 20:
To ping from Device A to Device B, type: -I 10.0.2.1 10.0.200.1
To ping from Device B to Device A, type: -I 10.0.2.1 10.0.100.1
5. Click Run Task.
Verify the Tunnel Status

1. Select the Front Panel tab.
2. Expand the Branch Office VPN Tunnels list and expand the Gateway list.
The NAT IP addresses appear in the status of the active tunnel that uses NAT.
To see both tunnels active in FSM, you might need to send another ping through the first tunnel to make it active again.
Do not configure more than one tunnel to use 1-to-1 NAT for the same IP addresses. If you must
create BOVPN tunnels to multiple sites, we recommend that you configure the private networks so
that each site uses different private IP addresses.
Test Your Knowledge

1. Which of these BOVPN methods can you use between a Firebox and a third-party device?
(Select two.)
o A) Managed VPN
o B) BOVPN virtual interface
o C) Manual BOVPN
o D) BOVPN over TLS

Branch Office VPN
2. True or false? If you configure a VPN as a BOVPN virtual interface, the VPN on the remote VPN gateway must
also be configured as a BOVPN virtual interface.
3. To use policy-based routing to send traffic through a VPN tunnel, which type of VPN must you use?
o A) Managed VPN
o B) BOVPN virtual interface
o C) Manual BOVPN
4. What must you know to set up a branch office VPN between two devices?
o A) The public IP address or domain information for the remote VPN gateway
o B) The private network address on the remote device where you want to send traffic
o C) The gateway name and tunnel name on the remote VPN gateway
o D) The phase 1 and phase 2 settings on the remote VPN gateway
o E) The pre-shared key or IPSec certificate

Branch Office VPN
5. You have configured a BOVPN and have just saved the configuration to both devices. When you look at the
tunnel status in Firebox System Manager, the tunnel does not appear to be active. What could cause this?
o A) No traffic has been sent to an IP address at the other end of the tunnel.
o B) There is a mismatch in Phase 1 or Phase 2 settings in the VPN configuration.
o C) There is no connection between the external interface IP addresses on each device.
o D) The gateway name or tunnel name is not the same on the remote device.
6. Which of these methods would you use to troubleshoot a VPN tunnel that is not working?
o A) Restart the firewall and other routers
o B) Check the user groups on the authentication server
o C) Increase the IKE diagnostic log level
o D) Run the VPN Diagnostic Report in Firebox System Manager
o E) Change the local device to use Bridge Mode.
7. Which BOVPN method can you configure if IPSec traffic is not allowed on your network?
o A) BOVPN virtual interface
o B) BOVPN over TLS
o C) Manual BOVPN
o D) Managed VPN

Branch Office VPN
ANSWERS
1. b, c
2. True
3. b
4. a, b, d, e
5. a, b, c
6. c, d
7. b

Notes

Mobile VPN
Securely Connect Mobile Users
What You Will Learn

A Mobile VPN (Virtual Private Network) enables trusted mobile or remote users to connect and log on from an external
network. Fireware supports four types of mobile VPNs: Mobile VPN with IPSec, Mobile VPN with SSL, Mobile VPN
with L2TP, and Mobile VPN with IKEv2. Fireware also includes the Access Portal, a central location for access to
cloud-hosted applications, and secure, clientless access to internal resources with RDP and SSH.
n Select the mobile VPN (virtual private network) type(s) appropriate for your network
n Configure the Firebox to allow mobile VPN and Access Portal connections
n Generate Mobile VPN client configuration files
n Install and use the Mobile VPN client on a remote device
In this module, you connect to one or more Fireboxes. If you take this course with a WatchGuard Certified Training
Partner, your instructor provides the IP address and passphrases for devices used in the exercises. For self-instruction,
you can safely connect to a Firebox on a production network. It is helpful to conduct a portion of this exercise from a
computer connected to the external network.
Mobile VPN Overview

A VPN tunnel is a secure connection between a mobile user and resources on your network. A VPN client on the remote
user’s computer sends traffic for your network through the VPN tunnel. When your Firebox receives traffic through a
VPN tunnel, it forwards that traffic to the correct devices.

Mobile VPN
To use Mobile VPN, you must first enable VPN connections on your Firebox. You use Policy Manager to configure the
VPN settings for each user or group of users. Mobile VPN users authenticate either to the Firebox user database on the
Firebox or to an external authentication server. In this module, we use the Firebox authentication method to illustrate the
authentication process.

Mobile VPN
Mobile VPN Types

Fireware supports four types of Mobile VPNs. Each type uses different ports, protocols, and encryption algorithms to
establish a connection. For each of these mobile VPN types, the required ports and protocols must be open between the
mobile device and your Firebox for the mobile VPN to function.
Mobile VPN with IPSec
Required ports UDP port 500 for IKE
UDP port 4500 for NAT traversal (NAT-T)
Transport and authentication protocols IPSec (Internet Protocol Security)
IKE (Internet Key Exchange)
Encryption protocols DES, 3DES, AES
Encryption strength DES and 3DES: 56-bit
AES: 128-, 192-, or 256-bit
Mobile VPN with SSL
Required ports TCP port 443
UDP port 443 (You can optionally use a different port and protocol)
Transport and authentication protocols SSL (Secure Sockets Layer)
TLS (Transport Layer Security) - requires TLS 1.1 or higher
Encryption protocols 3DES and AES
Encryption strength 3DES: 56-bit
AES: 128-, 192-, or 256-bit

Mobile VPN
Mobile VPN with L2TP, with IPSec enabled
Required ports UDP port 1701
UDP port 500 for IKE
Transport and authentication protocols L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol)
IPSec (Internet Protocol Security)
AES: 128-, 192-, or 256-bit
Mobile VPN with IKEv2
Required ports UDP ports 500 and 4500
Transport and authentication protocols IPSec (Internet Protocol Security)
AES: 128-, 192-, or 256-bit
Select the Mobile VPN Type

You can enable more than one type of mobile VPN at a time. Some types of mobile VPN have are more secure, faster,
or use fewer network resources. We recommend that you check the encryption support, authentication server
compatibility, VPN tunnel capacity, client OS support, and ease of client deployment for each VPN type before you
make a decision.
Encryption Support
Encryption algorithms protect the data so it cannot be read by a third party while in transit through the VPN. Each VPN
type supports different encryption algorithms. Larger encryption key sizes are more secure. AES is the most secure
encryption algorithm, and it is supported by all VPN types.
Authentication Server Compatibility

Authentication server support differs by VPN type and VPN client.

Mobile VPN
Firebox- Vasco/ Active

Mobile VPN DB RADIUS RADIUS SecurID LDAP Directory
WatchGuard Mobile VPN with SSL client √ √ √ √ √ √

WatchGuard IPSec Mobile VPN clients √ √ √ √ √ √
for Windows and macOS
Shrew Soft IPSec VPN client for √ √ — — √ √

Windows
Mobile VPN with IPSec from the macOS √ — — √ — —

or iOS native VPN client
Mobile VPN with L2TP √ √ — — — *
Mobile VPN with IKEv2 √ √ — — — *
* You can use Active Directory authentication for L2TP and IKEv2 through a RADIUS server.
VPN Tunnel Capacity

The tunnel capacity of your Firebox determines the number of mobile VPN users that can connect at the same time. The
maximum number of IPSec, SSL, L2TP, and IKEv2 mobile VPN tunnels depends on the device model. On some device
models, you must purchase additional licenses to enable the maximum tunnel capacity your device supports. You can
see the current Mobile VPN tunnel capacity of your device in the device feature key.
The IPSec VPN Users value in the feature key is a combined limit for Mobile VPN with IKEv2 and Mobile VPN with
IPSec. For example, if a feature key allows 250 IPSec VPN user connections and 200 Mobile VPN with IPSec users
are connected, 50 Mobile VPN with IKEv2 users can connect.
The SSL VPN Users value in the feature key is a combined limit for Mobile VPN with SSL and BOVPN over TLS.
To see the feature key for your device in Policy Manager, select Setup > Feature Keys.
Client OS Support and VPN Client Installation

Depending on the client OS your mobile users use, and the VPN type, you can either install a VPN client, or manually
configure connection settings in the native VPN client.

Mobile VPN
VPN
Type Windows macOS Android / iOS
IPSec Distribute and install the Distribute and install the Manually configure the native VPN
WatchGuard or Shrew Soft WatchGuard VPN client and client.
VPN client and client client configuration file, or
configuration file. manually configure the native
VPN client.
L2TP Users manually configure the Users manually configure the Manually configure the native VPN
native VPN client or any native VPN client or any client.
L2TP v2 client that complies L2TP v2 client that complies
with RFC 2661. with RFC 2661.
SSL Users authenticate to the Users authenticate to the Users must install an OpenVPN client.
Firebox to download and Firebox to download and Users can authenticate to the Firebox
install the client and install the client and to download the Mobile VPN with SSL
configuration. configuration. client configuration file to import to the
OpenVPN client.
The client computer must The client computer must
support TLS 1.1 or higher support TLS 1.1 or higher
IKEv2 Firebox administrators can Firebox administrators can Android

download configuration download configuration
User must install the third-party
scripts from the Firebox to scripts from the Firebox to
strongSwan app. Firebox
automatically configure the automatically configure the
administrators can download
native IKEv2 VPN client. native IKEv2 VPN client.
configuration scripts from the Firebox to
The download file also The download file also automatically configure the strongSwan
includes instructions and includes instructions and app.
certificates for manual certificates for manual
The download file also includes
configuration of the native configuration of the native
instructions and certificates for manual
IKEv2 VPN client. IKEv2 VPN client.
configuration of the strongSwan app.
iOS
Firebox administrators can download

configuration scripts from the Firebox to
automatically configure the native
IKEv2 VPN client.
The download file also includes

instructions and certificates for manual
configuration of the native IKEv2 VPN
client.

Mobile VPN
For instructions on how to configure the native VPN client on Windows, macOS, iOS, and Android to
make an L2TP or IKEv2 connection, see Fireware Help. For IKEv2, Android users must configure the
third-party strongSwan app.
Other Considerations
n Mobile VPN with IKEv2 offers the highest level of security and has certificate-based client authentication instead
of a pre-shared key.
n Mobile VPN with IPSec is the only VPN type for which you can have different VPN configuration profiles for
different groups of users.
n Mobile VPN with SSL is the simplest VPN type to deploy. When users authenticate with your Firebox, they can
download an installer that includes both an SSL VPN client and the client configuration file.
n Mobile VPN with L2TP is similar to Mobile VPN with IPSec, but Mobile VPN with L2TP uses additional
processing power on your Firebox, and NAT often does not work correctly.
Setup Overview
Regardless of which type of Mobile VPN you choose, you must configure the same settings. However, configuration
procedures are different for each type of VPN.
1. Activate Mobile VPN.

To allow Mobile VPN connections to your network, you must activate Mobile VPN on the Firebox.
2. Define VPN tunnel settings.
Each type of Mobile VPN includes settings such as encryption method and timeout interval. The settings you
configure on the Firebox must match the settings on the VPN client.
3. Configure VPN authentication settings for Mobile VPN users.
Before a Mobile VPN user can connect to resources on the company network, the user must authenticate.
Select a configured authentication server, and specify a user group on that server for VPN users. Users must
belong to this group to use the VPN.
The required groups on the authentication server for each VPN type are:
n Mobile VPN with IPSec — The group name in the Mobile VPN with IPSec configuration
n Mobile VPN with SSL — SSLVPN-Users or the group specified in the Mobile VPN with SSL configuration
n Mobile VPN with L2TP — L2TP-Users or the group name in the Mobile VPN with L2TP configuration
n Mobile VPN with IKEv2 — IKEv2-Users or the group name in the Mobile VPN with IKEv2 configuration
If you use Firebox-DB authentication, Policy Manager automatically adds the required Firebox user group when
you activate Mobile VPN. You must add the VPN users to that group.

Mobile VPN
For Mobile VPN with SSL, Mobile VPN with L2TP, and Mobile VPN with IKEv2, if you use non-
default group names, the group names do not appear in the automatically generated policy.
However, the policy does apply to all users and groups in the Mobile VPN configuration.
For RADIUS, LDAP, and Active Directory authentication, you must manually add the required VPN user group
to your authentication server, and add VPN users to that group. For RADIUS authentication, the RADIUS server
must return a Filter-Id attribute where the value of the attribute matches the name of the group.
4. Define policies and resources.

When you activate and configure Mobile VPN with IPSec, SSL, L2TP, or IKEv2, a policy is automatically added
to allow all traffic from the users in the group to the resources available through the tunnel. Even though the
Mobile VPN connection is secure, you may want to create custom policies to limit the types of traffic allowed
through the Mobile VPN tunnel.
5. Configure the client computers.
After you configure Mobile VPN on the Firebox, you must configure the clients.
Client Configuration Files

Mobile VPN client configuration files contain the settings necessary for VPN clients to connect.

You can configure Mobile VPN with IPSec for multiple user groups. For each group, Policy Manager creates a Mobile
VPN profile that contains the shared key, user identification, IP addresses, and VPN tunnel settings. The profile is
saved in three file formats for use by different clients.
.wgx
Use this file to configure the Mobile VPN with IPSec client. The .wgx file is encrypted with the tunnel
passphrase. We recommend that you distribute this configuration file instead of the .ini file, because the
encrypted file is more secure.
.ini
Use this file to configure the Mobile VPN with IPSec client. The .ini file is not encrypted. Use this file format only
if you modify the Line Management settings to change client reconnection behavior. Make sure that you use a
secure method to distribute this file to your mobile users.
Line Management controls whether the client automatically tries to restart the VPN tunnel. By default,
the VPN tunnel does not automatically restart.

Mobile VPN
.vpn
Use this file to configure the Shrew Soft IPSec VPN client. The .vpn file is not encrypted. Make sure you use a
secure method to distribute this file. The Shrew Soft VPN client does not support some Mobile VPN with IPSec
configuration settings and features.
Fireware Web UI can generate only the .ini and .vpn mobile user client configuration files. To generate
a .wgx file, you must use Policy Manager.
Mobile VPN with SSL

When you configure Mobile VPN with SSL, a client configuration file is automatically created and saved on the Firebox.
When a user downloads the Mobile VPN with SSL client from the Firebox, the client configuration file is included with
the VPN client installer. OpenVPN users can also download a Mobile VPN with SSL client profile (.ovpn file) from your
Firebox.
To download the Mobile VPN with SSL software and client configuration file, or the .ovpn configuration file, mobile users
browse to https://[external interface IP address]/sslvpn.html. For example, if your device has an external IP address of
203.0.113.20, type:
https://203.0.113.20/sslvpn.html
If you use another method to distribute the Mobile VPN with SSL client to your users, you can also
extract the SSL client configuration file from the support.tgz file on the device, and then distribute it to
your users. For more information, see Fireware Help.
Mobile VPN with L2TP

There is no client configuration file for L2TP connections for most client platforms. Mobile users must manually
configure the native VPN client of the client OS to connect with L2TP.

After you configure Mobile VPN with IKEv2 and save the configuration to the Firebox, you can download a set of client
configuration scripts and instructions from the Firebox. The file you download is a compressed .TGZ file that contains
the following:
n Automatic configuration scripts — WG IKEv2.mobileconfig (macOS and iOS), WG IKEv2.bat

(Windows), and WG IKEv2.sswan (Android)
n Certificates — rootca.crt and rootca.pem files
n Instructions — README.txt files for each operating system
For macOS, iOS, and Windows devices, you can run the scripts on your devices to automatically configure the native
IKEv2 VPN client. Or, you can follow the instructions to manually configure the native IKEv2 VPN client.

Mobile VPN
For Android devices, you can run the script to automatically configure the third-party strongSwan VPN app. Or, you can
follow the instructions to manually configure the strongSwan VPN app.
Network and Resource Settings

Default Route VPN and Split Tunnel VPN
For Mobile VPN with IPSec and Mobile VPN with SSL, there are two ways a Mobile VPN client can route traffic to the
Internet for Mobile VPN users. You select which option to use when you configure the VPN.
For Mobile VPN with IKEv2 and Mobile VPN with L2TP, only default route VPN is supported.
Split tunnel VPN

In a split tunnel VPN, the VPN client splits the traffic that is destined for your private network from traffic that is
destined for the Internet. Only traffic that is addressed to your private network goes through the VPN tunnel. Split
tunneling provides better network performance, but less security because policies are not applied to the Internet
traffic. Split tunneling is the default configuration. If you use split tunneling, we recommend that each client
computer have a software firewall.
Default route VPN

In a default route VPN, all remote user Internet traffic is routed through the VPN tunnel to the Firebox before it
goes to the Internet. This enables the device to examine all traffic, and provides increased security, although it
uses more processing power and bandwidth. Another detractor for default route VPN is that it can dramatically
increase latency for systems like VoIP.
Split tunneling makes sense as a default setting, because most mobile users also browse the Internet
when the tunnel is not connected, and therefore should have a software firewall installed.
Virtual IP Address Pool

When you configure mobile VPN on the Firebox, you define a pool of virtual IP addresses. Fireware assigns an IP
address from the virtual IP address pool to each Mobile VPN user, until all of the addresses are in use. When a user
closes a VPN session, the IP address used by that session becomes available again.
Guidelines for assigning a virtual IP address pool:
n Use a private IP address range that is not used for anything else on your network.
n If you configure Mobile VPN with SSL to bridge VPN traffic to a bridge interface, the virtual IP addresses must be
on the same subnet as the bridge interface.
n For all other Mobile VPN types, the virtual IP addresses do not have to be on the same subnet as the trusted
network.
n To enable the maximum number of concurrent VPN connections, make sure the virtual IP address pool contains
the same number of IP addresses as the maximum number of VPN connections your device supports.

Mobile VPN
Allowed Resources
When you configure mobile VPN, you configure the resources on your network you want to allow the mobile VPN users
to access. You can allow mobile VPN users to have access to all network resources, or you can restrict access to a
specific list of network resources.

You specify the allowed resources in the VPN settings. When you save the Mobile VPN with IPSec
configuration, Policy Manager automatically creates policies that allow access to the network resources you
specified.
Mobile VPN with SSL

You specify the allowed resources in the VPN settings. When you save the Mobile VPN with SSL configuration,
Policy Manager automatically creates the Allow SSLVPN-Users policy. This policy allows any connections from
the SSL-VPN Users group to Any. You can edit the Allow SSLVPN-Users policy to add and remove resources in
the To field.
Mobile VPN with L2TP

When you save the Mobile VPN with L2TP configuration, Policy Manager automatically creates the Allow L2TP-
Users policy. This policy allows any connections from the L2TP-Users group to Any. You can edit the Allow
L2TP-Users policy to add and remove resources in the To field.

When you save the Mobile VPN with IKEv2 configuration, Policy Manager automatically creates the Allow
IKEv2-Users policy. This policy allows any connections from the IKEv2-Users group to Any. You can edit the
Allow IKEv2-Users policy to add and remove resources in the To field.
Mobile VPN Policies
When you enable Mobile VPN, policies are automatically created to allow connections from Mobile VPN clients to
resources on your network. You can edit the default policies to restrict the traffic by port or protocol.
Mobile VPN with IPSec Policies

When you configure Mobile VPN with IPSec, Policy Manager automatically creates a Mobile VPN with IPSec policy.
Mobile VPN with IPSec policies are different from firewall policies. They appear in a separate policy list, in the Mobile
VPN with IPSec tab of Policy Manager.
By default, Policy Manager adds an Any policy for each Mobile VPN with IPSec group you configure. This policy allows
all traffic from the users in a Mobile VPN with IPSec group to the Allowed Resources specified in the VPN settings for
that group.
To restrict VPN user traffic by port and protocol:
1. On the Mobile VPN with IPSec tab, disable or delete the Any policy.
2. Add new policies that enable more restricted access.

Mobile VPN
In Mobile VPN with IPSec policies, the settings that control the source and destination are different than in firewall
policies.
The differences are on the Policy tab:
n The Group specifies the source of traffic this policy handles.

The Group is set of users that is configured to use Mobile VPN with IPSec. When you use the Add Mobile VPN
with IPSec Wizard to configure Mobile VPN with IPSec, it automatically adds a policy to allow traffic from the
group you specify to the resources you specify. If you create a new Mobile VPN with IPSec policy, you select
the group when you first create the policy.
To edit the Mobile VPN with IPSec configuration for the group, adjacent to the group, click Edit.
To select the users in the group, click Specify Users. You can only select users that use the authentication
method configured for the Mobile VPN group.
n The Allowed Resources list specifies the resources this policy allows access to.
The Allowed Resources in the policy must be all, or a subset of, the Allowed Resources you added to the Mobile
VPN with IPSec configuration. In the default Mobile VPN with IPSec policy, the list of Allowed Resources in the
policy matches the Allowed Resources in the Mobile VPN with IPSec configuration for the group.
To add all the Allowed Resources from the Mobile VPN with IPSec group VPN configuration to this policy, click
Copy from Group.
Most other policy settings are the same as for firewall policies.
Mobile VPN with SSL Firewall Policies

When you enable Mobile VPN with SSL, Policy Manager creates two policies on the Firewall tab:

Mobile VPN
n WatchGuard SSLVPN — This SSLVPN policy allows connections from an SSL VPN client on TCP port 443.
n Allow SSLVPN Users — This Any policy allows the groups and users you configure for SSL authentication to
get access to resources on your network.
To restrict VPN user traffic by port and protocol, you can disable or delete the automatically generated Any policy and
create new policies that enable more limited access.
Mobile VPN with L2TP Firewall Policies

When you enable Mobile VPN with L2TP, Policy Manager creates two policies in the Firewall tab:
n WatchGuard L2TP — This L2TP policy allows connections from an L2TP client on UDP port 1701.
n Allow L2TP Users — This Any policy allows the groups and users you configured for L2TP authentication to get
access to resources on your network.
To restrict VPN user traffic by port and protocol, you can disable or delete the automatically generated Any policy and
create new policies that enable more limited access.
Mobile VPN with IKEv2 Firewall Policies

When you enable Mobile VPN with IKEv2, Policy Manager creates the Allow IKEv2 Users policy in the Firewall tab.
This Any policy allows the groups and users you configured for IKEv2 authentication to get access to resources on your
network.
You can also add other policies for the IKEv2-Users group to control traffic.
Mobile VPN Exercises

n A Firebox configured with a static external IP address

n Mobile VPN with IPSec or Shrew Soft VPN Client software
To download Mobile VPN client software, go to the Software Downloads page for your Firebox.
These exercises are designed to be completed by two students with one Firebox each. Each student uses a VPN client
to connect to their partner's Firebox. To complete these exercises with a single Firebox you can:
n Connect your computer to the Trusted interface to configure and manage the Firebox
n Connect your computer to the External interface to connect the VPN client.

Mobile VPN
This section describes the training environment and includes a list of all the equipment and software necessary to
complete the exercises, along with initial basic configuration information.
Training Environment
The exercises in this module assume the following network configuration:
For instructor-led training, the training environment must include the network equipment described in the Course
Introduction module. If you use these materials for self-study, connect your Firebox directly to the Internet, and
configure the external interface with a static IP address on the same subnet as the network it connects to.
Necessary Equipment And Software

To complete the exercises, each student must have this equipment and software:
n Management computer with WatchGuard System Manager v12.1 or higher installed.

n WatchGuard Firebox with Fireware OS v12.1 or higher installed.
n Two Ethernet cables:
o One Ethernet cable to connect a computer directly to a student Firebox interface
o One Ethernet cable to connect the student Firebox to a switch or router
Management Computer Configuration

Before you begin the exercises, make sure your management computer is configured correctly.
n Use an Ethernet cable to connect the management computer directly to the trusted interface (Eth1) on the
student Firebox.

Mobile VPN
n Make sure your management computer has an IP address in the same subnet as the trusted interface with the
correct subnet mask. Use the Firebox trusted interface IP address as the default gateway of the computer.
Network Topology
This diagram shows the two student devices and their external interfaces connected to the Internet.
For instructor-led training, the training environment is set up to simulate the Internet connection for each student
Firebox.
To complete these exercises you work with a partner. In these exercises, we assume each device is configured by a
different student. Each student configures a Firebox with one external interface. Student A configures Device A.
Student B configures Device B. The student numbers in the IP addresses are represented as A and B. In the network
configuration required for these exercises, use the student numbers your instructor gives you.
n Replace the A in the IP address with the number of the student who manages Device A.
n Replace the B in the IP address with the number of the student who manages Device B.

Mobile VPN
Make sure the interfaces on the two devices are configured with these settings:
Interface Device A Device B
Interface 0 (External) IP address: 203.0.113.A/24 IP address: 203.0.113.B/24
Default Gateway: 203.0.113.1 Default Gateway: 203.0.113.1
Interface 1 (Trusted) IP address: 10.0.A.1/24 IP address: 10.0.B.1/24
DHCP enabled DHCP enabled
DHCP pool: 10.0.A.2 - 10.0.A.254 DHCP pool: 10.0.B.2 - 10.0.B.254
These are the same network settings you configured in the Network Settings module.
If you use these materials for self-study, connect your Firebox directly to the Internet, and configure the external
interface with a static IP address on the same subnet as the network it connects to.
The network configuration for the Mobile VPN exercises is the same as for the Branch Office VPN
exercises.
BOVPN Configuration
Remove any branch office VPN tunnels, gateways, and BOVPN virtual interfaces that you configured for exercises in
the Branch Office VPN module. In the subsequent exercises, you use various mobile VPN clients to connect to your
partner’s private network.
Exercise 1 — Configure Mobile VPN with IPSec and Generate Client

Configuration Files
In this exercise, you use Policy Manager to create a Mobile VPN profile that a remote user can use to connect securely
to your trusted network. The remote user will be your partner.
Make sure that your network settings are configured as described in the Network Topology section,
and that you have removed any branch office VPN tunnels, gateways, and BOVPN virtual interfaces
from your configuration.

Mobile VPN
Create a Mobile VPN with IPSec Configuration

1. Select VPN > Mobile VPN > IPSec.
The Mobile VPN with IPSec Configuration dialog box appears.
2. Click Add.
The Add Mobile VPN with IPSec Wizard appears.
3. Click Next.
The Select a user authentication server page appears.
4. From the Authentication Server drop-down list, select Firebox-DB.

5. In the Group Name text box, type IPSec-VPN-Users.
The Group Name can be an existing group or a new group. This group name is also the name of this VPN
connection that appears in the Shrew Soft or WatchGuard VPN client. In a production network, use a name that
your mobile users will recognize as a connection to your network, such as Your Organization VPN.
If you use Firebox-DB as the authentication server, Policy Manager automatically adds a user group with the
name you specify here to Firebox-DB, if it does not already exist. You must add all users that you want to use
these VPN settings to this group.
If you use an external authentication server (not the Firebox-DB internal user database), make sure
that the authentication server has a user group with the same name, and that VPN users are members
of this group.
6. Click Next.
The Select a tunnel authentication method page appears.

Mobile VPN
7. Select Use this passphrase.

8. In the Tunnel Passphrase and Retype Passphrase text boxes, type successfulremote.
9. Click Next.
The Direct the flow of internet traffic page appears. This is where you choose whether to configure this tunnel as a
default route or a split tunnel VPN. The split tunnel configuration, which allows Internet traffic to go directly to the
mobile user’s ISP, is selected by default.
If you choose the option to force all Internet traffic through the tunnel, the resources list automatically
includes the default route (0.0.0.0/0), and the Any-External alias.
10. Click Next to accept the default VPN configuration.

The Identify the resources accessible through the tunnel page appears. This is where you define which network
resources you want to be accessible through the tunnel.

Mobile VPN
11. To specify a host or network IP address that users can connect to through the tunnel, click Add.
12. From the Choose Type drop-down list, select Network IPv4.
13. In the Value text box, type the network IP address of your trusted network. For example, if you are Student 10,
type 10.0.10.0/24.
This enables members of the IPSec-VPN-Users group to access your trusted network, 10.0.10.0/24, through the
VPN tunnel.
14. Click OK.
Network IP address is added to the list of resources in the Wizard.
15. Click Next.
The Create the virtual IP address pool step appears. This is where you reserve a pool of virtual IP addresses to assign
to VPN clients that connect.
At the bottom of this dialog box, you can see the maximum number of Mobile VPN with IPSec users that can
connect. That is the number of IP addresses you should add to the virtual IP address pool.

Mobile VPN
16. Click Add.

17. From the Choose Type drop-down list, select Host Range IPv4.
18. In the Value and To text boxes, type the starting and ending IP addresses to define a range of IP addresses to
assign to mobile VPN users while connected. These can be any private IP addresses not used elsewhere on
your network.
For this exercise, use these IP addresses:
n Value — 10.50.1.1
n To — 10.50.1.25
19. Click OK.

The IP address range is added to the virtual IP address pool.

Mobile VPN
20. Click Next.

The Wizard completion page appears.
21. Make a note of the location of the VPN configuration files on the last page of the wizard.
You must know this location later to retrieve the files for the client.
22. Select the Add users to IPSec-VPN-Users check box.
When you select this option, the wizard automatically opens the Authentication Servers dialog box so you can add
users to the group after you exit the wizard.
23. Click Finish.
The Add Mobile VPN with IPSec Wizard closes, and the Authentication Servers dialog box appears.
If you did not select the check box at the end of the wizard to add users, or if you want to add or
remove users later, select Setup > Authentication > Authentication Servers.

Mobile VPN
24. On the Firebox tab, in the Users section, click Add.

25. In the User Information section, type a Name, Description, and Passphrase for this user.
Remember the name and passphrase; your partner needs to use these credentials to connect.
26. In the Available list, double-click the IPSec-VPN-Users group to add the user to the group.
IPSec-VPN-Users is moved to the Member list.
27. Click OK to close the Authentication Servers dialog box.
The user is added to the IPSec-VPN-Users group. The configured user name and passphrase can now be used to
authenticate.
Review and Edit the Mobile VPN with IPSec Profile

The Mobile VPN with IPSec Wizard does not expose every setting you can configure. Many settings are automatically
set to default settings that match the settings on the Mobile VPN with IPSec client. To see all of the settings, or to
change the settings you initially configured, you can edit the Mobile VPN with IPSec configuration for that group.
For this exercise, review the settings, but do not change anything.

Mobile VPN
To configure a VPN for connections from non-WatchGuard IPSec clients, such as the Mac OS X,
iOS, or Android native IPSec VPN clients, you must edit some of the tunnel settings to match the
settings on the client. See Fireware Help for the settings for each client.
1. To open the Mobile VPN with IPSec Configuration dialog box, select VPN > Mobile VPN > IPSec.
2. Select IPSec-VPN-Users and click Edit.
3. Select each tab to examine all of the VPN settings.

Do not edit any settings for this exercise.
4. Click OK to close the Edit Mobile VPN with IPSec dialog box.

Mobile VPN
Exercise 2 — Get the Mobile VPN with IPSec Client Configuration Files
After you configure Mobile VPN with IPSec, you must distribute the client configuration file to your mobile users. In this
module, you connect to your partner's device with WSM, and then use Policy Manager to generate and save their client
configuration files to your computer.
Enabling remote management is not required for the VPN configuration. It is a method we use in the
training environment to enable each student to get the necessary files from their partner’s device. In an
actual network environment, you would use email, or another method to distribute the client
configuration file to your mobile users.
If your Firebox is accessible from the Internet, do not complete this exercise. Instead, use another method to distribute
the client configuration files to the client computer that will connect. Then continue to the next exercise.
Enable Remote Management

To allow your partner to connect to your device, you must edit the WatchGuard policy to allow management
connections from the external network.
1. Start Policy Manager for your device.

2. Double-click the WatchGuard policy.
3. Add Any-External to the From list.
Get the Client Configuration Files

Now you can connect to your partner’s device to get the client configuration files.
1. In WatchGuard System Manager, connect to your partner’s device on the external interface IP address.
For example, if your partner is Student 20, connect to 203.0.113.20.
2. In WatchGuard System Manager, select your partner’s device, and start Policy Manager.
3. In Policy Manager, select VPN > Mobile VPN > IPSec.

Mobile VPN
4. Select the IPSec-VPN-Users configuration. Click Generate.

Policy Manager generates configuration files and saves them to your computer in the specified location.
5. From Windows Explorer, browse to the specified folder on your computer.

6. Copy the configuration files to your desktop, so you can easily find them for the next exercise.
7. Close Policy Manager, and disconnect from your partner’s device in WSM.
Exercise 3 — Use an IPSec VPN Client

In this exercise, you install either the WatchGuard VPN client or the Shrew Soft IPSec VPN client, import a client
configuration file, and connect to your network through a VPN.

Mobile VPN
n To install and connect with the Shrew Soft IPSec VPN client, complete exercise 3A.
n To install and connect with the WatchGuard IPSec VPN client, complete exercise 3B.
Before You Begin

Before you start the installation, make sure you have the necessary installation components and information. You can
get the client installers from your instructor, or from the Software Downloads page for your device on the WatchGuard
website. To get the client configuration file, follow the steps in the previous exercise.
Required Files
To complete exercise 3A, you must have these files:
n vpn-client-2.2.2-release.zip — Shrew Soft VPN Client installer

n IPSec-VPN-Users.vpn — The client configuration file for the Shrew Soft VPN client
To complete exercise 3B, you must have these files:
n WatchGuard IPSec VPN Client installer for the 32-bit or 64-bit Windows

o WG-Mobile-VPN-Win-x86-1210-31802.exe — for 32-bit Windows
o WG-Mobile-VPN-Win-x86-64-1210-31802.exe — for 64-bit Windows
n IPSec-VPN-Users.wgx — The client configuration file for the WatchGuard IPSec VPN client
Other Important Information

In addition to the files listed in the previous section, you must also have this information to use the client after it is
installed.
n The tunnel passphrase that your partner set in the Mobile VPN with IPSec configuration.
You must know the tunnel passphrase to import the client configuration file to the Mobile VPN with IPSec client.
If you followed the instructions in the previous exercise, the tunnel passphrase is successfulremote.
n The user name and password for a Mobile VPN with IPSec user on your partner’s device.
Use the user name and password that your partner specified in the previous exercise.
Exercise 3A — Use the Shrew Soft VPN Client
Install the Shrew Soft VPN Client
To install the VPN client software:
1. Copy the Shrew Soft installation file to your computer.

If the installer is in a .zip file, extract the installer first.
2. Double-click the .exe file to start the installer.
3. Select the option to install the Standard Edition.
4. Accept the license agreement and all default settings.
Import the Mobile VPN Client Configuration File
1. From the Windows Start menu, select VPN Access Manager.

The Shrew Soft VPN Access Manager appears.
2. Select File > Import.
3. Browse to select the location of the .vpn file.
If the file is not on your desktop, you must first complete Exercise 2 of this training module.

Mobile VPN
4. Click Open.
The VPN client configuration is imported and a new site configuration appears in the VPN Access Manager.
If you use certificates for authentication and you use the Fireware Web UI to generate the .vpn file, the
certificates are not included in the .vpn file and must be imported to the Shrew Soft client as a
separate step. See the WatchGuard System Manager Help for more information.
Connect and Disconnect
1. In VPN Access Manager, double-click the IPSec-VPN-Users configuration.

The VPN Connect dialog box appears.

Mobile VPN
2. Type the Username and Password for a valid user on your partner’s device.
3. Click Connect.
The VPN tunnel status appears in the Connect tab.
The VPN Connect client can take several seconds to connect. After the VPN client connects, the message
tunnel enabled appears on the Connect tab. A status icon also appears in the Windows taskbar.
After the VPN client connects, do not close the VPN Connect dialog box until you are ready to disconnect. You
can minimize the VPN Connect dialog box and close the Access Manager dialog box.
4. To end the Shrew Soft VPN connection, in the VPN Connect dialog box, click Disconnect.
Or, close the VPN Connect client.

Mobile VPN
Exercise 3B — Use the WatchGuard Mobile VPN with IPSec Client
Your instructor might provide a client license if necessary to use the client in the training environment.
Install the Mobile VPN Client
To install the Mobile VPN client software:
1. Copy the installation file to your computer.

Install the 32-bit or 64-bit version that matches your system type. You can see the system type in Windows Control
Panel, in the System settings.
2. Double-click the .exe file to start the WatchGuard Mobile VPN installer.
3. Accept the license agreement and the default setup type.
Reboot your computer, if prompted.
4. In the two Windows Security dialog boxes, click Install to install the necessary drivers.
5. Allow the installer to reboot your computer to complete the installation.
After the reboot, the WatchGuard Mobile VPN client starts automatically.
6. In the WatchGuard Mobile VPN dialog box , click Yes to start the 30 day trial period for the client.
After 30 days, the client does not function unless it is activated with a license.
7. In the WatchGuard Mobile VPN dialog box, click No to not create a profile.

Mobile VPN
Import the Mobile VPN Client Configuration File and Connect

1. If the client is not already started, from the Windows Start menu, select All Programs > WatchGuard Mobile
VPN > Mobile VPN Monitor.
2. In the WatchGuard Mobile VPN client, select Configuration > Profiles.
3. Click Add/Import.
4. Select Profile Import. Click Next.
The New Profile Wizard appears.
5. Browse to the IPSec-VPN-Users.wgx file on your desktop.
6. Click Open.
7. Click Next.
The Decrypt User Profile page appears.
8. In the Key or Passphrase text box, type the passphrase set in the Mobile VPN with IPSec configuration. The
correct passphrase should be successfulremote.
9. Click Next to continue.

Mobile VPN
10. Click Next again to allow the installer to overwrite any existing profile that has the same name.
The Authentication page appears.
11. Type the User name and Password for a valid user on your partner’s device.
12. Click Next.
13. Click Finish to import the profile and close the wizard.
14. Click the profile you just imported. Select the Default check box.
15. Click OK to close the Profiles dialog box.
The IPSec-VPN-Users profile is added to the Connection Profile drop-down list.

Mobile VPN
Connect and Disconnect
1. Click the Connection slider to start the connection.

The network image updates to show the connection status.
2. Click the Connection slider again to disconnect the client.
Exercise 4 — Set Up Mobile VPN with SSL

For security and ease of use, many organizations use Mobile VPN with SSL. With Mobile VPN with SSL, remote users
connect to the Firebox using HTTPS to download client software and a client configuration file to their computers. In this
exercise, you use Policy Manager to activate the device for Mobile VPN with SSL and create a user in the SSLVPN-
Users group.

Mobile VPN
Make sure that your network settings are configured as described in the Network Topology section
and that the client computer is not connected with any other VPN client.
Activate the Device for SSL VPN

In this exercise, you configure Mobile VPN with SSL to route VPN traffic. If you select the other option, Bridge VPN
traffic, you can bridge the VPN traffic to a trusted or optional LAN bridge. You must first configure the bridge before you
use this option.
1. Select VPN > Mobile VPN > SSL.

The Mobile VPN with SSL Configuration dialog box appears.

Mobile VPN
2. Select the Activate Mobile VPN with SSL check box.

3. From the Primary drop-down list, select the IP address of the external interface mobile VPN users will connect
to.
4. In the Networking and IP Address Pool section, from the drop-down list, select Routed VPN traffic.
5. Select the Force all client traffic through the tunnel check box.
This ensures that all traffic both to and from the remote user computers must pass through the device. This
method is more secure, however, it uses more processing power and bandwidth on the device.
6. Notice that the Virtual IP Address Pool is automatically set to the network IP address
192.168.113.0/24.
For this exercise you can use the default IP address pool. If you had already used that subnet elsewhere in your
network, you would specify a different subnet here.

Mobile VPN
7. Select the Authentication tab.

The list of configured authentication methods appears.
If you select other authentication servers, such as LDAP, or Active Directory, you must add the users
and groups that exist on those servers to the Users and Groups list if you want users in those groups
to use Mobile VPN with SSL.
8. In the Authentication Server drop-down list, make sure the Firebox-DB authentication server is selected.
The group SSLVPN-Users is added to the configuration by default.
9. Click OK.

Mobile VPN
After you activate Mobile VPN with SSL, you can see two new firewall policies for SSLVPN:
n WatchGuard SSLVPN — This SSLVPN policy allows SSLVPN traffic to the device on UDP port 443.
n Allow SSLVPN Users — This Any policy allows the groups and users you configure for SSL authentication to
get access to resources on your network.
Add Users to the SSLVPN-Users Group

Because you selected Firebox-DB as the authentication server, you must add a user to the SSLVPN-Users group.
1. Select Setup > Authentication > Authentication Servers.

The Authentication Servers dialog box appears.
2. Select the Firebox-DB tab.
3. In the Users section, click Add.
4. Type the Name and a Description of the new user.

5. Type and confirm the Passphrase for the user.
6. In the Available list, double-click SSLVPN-Users to add the user to the group.
The SSLVPN-Users group appears in the Member list.
7. Click OK.
The user is added to the SSLVPN-Users group. The configured username and passphrase can now be used to
authenticate.

Mobile VPN
Exercise 5 — Use the Mobile VPN with SSL Client

In this exercise you use the SSL VPN user credentials to connect to your partner’s Firebox, and download and install
the SSL VPN client for Windows. Then you use the client to authenticate to the device.
Install the Mobile VPN with SSL Client

1. Open a web browser and go to:
https://[external interface IP address]/sslvpn.html
For example, if your partner’s device has an external IP address of 203.0.113.20, type:
https://203.0.113.20/sslvpn.html.
2. Type the Username and Password of a valid user on your partner’s device. Click Login.
The client software download page appears.
3. Click Download for the Mobile VPN with SSL client software for Windows.
This client download also includes the Mobile VPN with SSL client configuration file.
4. Save the file to your desktop.
5. Double-click the WG-MVPN-SSL.exe installation file.
6. Accept the default settings on each page of the installation wizard.
7. At the end of the wizard, select the check box to create a desktop icon.
The Mobile VPN with SSL client installation is complete, and the client configuration file is automatically installed.
Connect with the Mobile VPN with SSL Client

Each time the WatchGuard Mobile VPN with SSL client connects, it checks for updates to the client configuration.
To start the Mobile VPN with SSL client:
1. Double-click the Mobile VPN with SSL client desktop icon.

Or, from the Windows Start menu, select All Programs > WatchGuard > Mobile VPN with SSL client >

Mobile VPN
Mobile VPN with SSL client.

The WatchGuard Mobile VPN with SSL authentication dialog box appears.
2. In the Server text box, type the external interface IP address of your partner’s device.
3. Type the Username and Password of the user your partner added to the SSLVPN-Users group.
4. Click Connect.
When the Mobile VPN with SSL connection is active, the Mobile VPN with SSL icon in the Windows task bar is
green ( ). You can position the mouse over this icon to see the IP address of the device to which you are
connected.
If you change the data channel for SSL VPN, for example to port 444, the user must type
203.0.113.2:444 instead of 203.0.113.2 in the Server text box.
If Firebox-DB is not the default SSL VPN authentication server, the user must type Firebox-DB\j_
smith instead of j_smith in the Username text box.
Other Client Authentication Options

The WatchGuard Mobile VPN with SSL client can show options to automatically reconnect and remember the user's
password. To make these options available to end users, change the Mobile VPN with SSL authentication settings on
your device.
In the Mobile VPN with SSL authentication settings:
Auto reconnect after a connection is lost

This option enables the Automatically reconnect check box in the Mobile VPN with SSL client. The user can
choose whether to automatically reconnect.
If you select the Force users to authenticate after a connection is lost check box, the user must type the
password again for each reconnection.

Mobile VPN
Allow the Mobile VPN with SSL client to remember password

This option enables the Remember password check box in the Mobile VPN with SSL client. The user can
choose whether the client remembers the password.
Test Your Knowledge

1. When you enable Mobile VPN with IPSec for the group VPNusers, which policy or policies are automatically
created? (Select one.)
o A) Two firewall policies: Allow-IPSec-Users and WatchGuard IPSec.
o B) Two firewall policies: Allow-VPNusers and WatchGuard IPSec.
o C) A single Mobile VPN with IPSec policy: VPNusers-Any.
o D) A single Mobile VPN with IPSec policy: Allow-VPNusers.
o E) A single firewall policy: Allow-VPNusers.in
2. True or false? If you use a third-party server for VPN authentication, that server must have a user group with a
name that exactly matches the group name in the VPN configuration.
3. True or false? Split tunnel is more secure than default route VPN.
4. True or false? If you add a new Allowed Resource in a Mobile VPN with IPSec policy, that resource is
automatically added to the VPN configuration.
5. Which Mobile VPN clients can users download from a Firebox? (Select one.)
o A) Mobile VPN with SSL
o B) Mobile VPN with L2TP
o C) Mobile VPN with IPSec
o D) Mobile VPN with IKEv2

Mobile VPN
6. When must a user know the Mobile VPN with IPSec tunnel passphrase? (Select one.)
o A) To start a VPN connection from the Mobile VPN with IPSec client
o B) To log into the web page to download the VPN client
o C) To import the client configuration file to the Mobile VPN with IPSec client
o D) To import the client configuration file to the Shrew Soft VPN client
7. True or false? Mobile VPN with IPSec is the only VPN type that can use different VPN configurations for
different user groups at the same time.
8. True or false? The Access Portal and Mobile VPN with SSL share the TCP configuration port setting.
9. Which of these VPN connection types can you configure in the native VPN client in Windows? (Select two.)
o A) IPSec
o B) SSL
o C) L2TP
o D) IKEv2

Mobile VPN
ANSWERS
1. c
2. True
3. False
4. False
You cannot add a resource to a Mobile VPN with IPSec policy if it is not already in the Allowed Resources list
in the VPN configuration for the Mobile VPN with IPSec group.
5. a
6. c
7. True
8. True
9. c and d

Notes

Fireware Web UI
Explore Fireware Web UI
What You Will Learn

You can use Fireware Web UI for many tasks to monitor and manage your Firebox. In this training module, you learn:
n How to log in to Fireware Web UI

n The limitations of the Web UI
n How to enable more than one Device Administrator to log in at the same time
n How to manage timeouts for Web UI management sessions
Fireware Web UI Overview

You can use Fireware Web UI to accomplish most of the management tasks that you complete in WatchGuard System
Manager. There are a few key differences between Fireware Web UI and WatchGuard System Manager.
Fireware Web UI is a Real-Time Management Tool

With Fireware Web UI, you can monitor and manage any Firebox that runs Fireware OS, without installing any extra
software on your computer. The only software you need is a web browser. This means you can manage your Firebox
from a computer that runs Windows, Linux, Mac OS, and from mobile devices that run iOS or Android, or any other
platform.
Fireware Web UI is a real-time management tool. This means that when you use the Web UI to make changes to a
Firebox, the changes you make generally take effect immediately. With the Web UI, you do not have to build a list of
changes to a locally-stored configuration file, and then apply those changes to the Firebox all at once. This is different
from Policy Manager, which is an offline configuration tool. Changes you make to a locally-stored configuration file with
Policy Manager do not take effect until you save the configuration file to the Firebox.

Fireware Web UI
If you are familiar with Policy Manager, because Fireware Web UI has similar menu items and tools, you can easily find
what you need and understand how the configuration options operate in Fireware Web UI.
Fireware Web UI Limitations

Before you connect to your Firebox in Fireware Web UI to manage the configuration, you should understand that there
are a few types of configuration changes you cannot make with Fireware Web UI.
Some of the things you can do with Policy Manager, but not with the Web UI include:
n Change the name of a policy

n Change the logging settings for default packet handling options
n Add a custom address to a policy
n Use a host name (DNS lookup) to add an IP address to a policy
n Enable FireCluster or change the FireCluster configuration settings
After you have configured a FireCluster, you can use the Web UI to monitor the cluster and update policies and other
configuration settings.
n Add or edit a secondary PPPoE interface
Connect to Fireware Web UI

Connections to Fireware Web UI are always encrypted with HTTPS, the same high-strength encryption used by
banking and shopping websites. Because of this, when you type the URL for Fireware Web UI in the address bar of your
web browser, you must type https instead of http.
By default, the port used for the Web UI is 8080. The default URL used to connect to the Web UI is:
https://<Firebox-IP-address>:8080
The <Firebox-IP-address> segment of the address is the IP address assigned to the trusted or optional interface.
In the Global Settings for your Firebox, you can optionally change the port used to connect to Fireware
Web UI.

Fireware Web UI
When you make this connection, the login page appears:
About Certificate Warnings

When you connect to Fireware Web UI, you can see a privacy, security, or certificate warning from your web browser.
The browser indicates that the connection is not secure.
For example, this is the warning you see with Google Chrome:

Fireware Web UI
When you connect to Fireware Web UI, it is safe to ignore the certificate warning, and select the option to proceed. The
certificate warning appears because your browser does not trust the certificate on the Firebox. There are two reasons
the certificate is considered untrusted:
Your browser does not trust the entity that signed the Firebox certificate.
Fireware Web UI uses a self-signed certificate. Your browser trusts only certificates signed by a trusted
Certificate Authority, and certificates that you explicitly import into the browser as trusted certificates.
The Common Name on the certificate does not match what you typed into the browser address bar.
For a certificate to be trusted automatically, its common name must match the server name.
To correct both problems you can manually import the certificate used by Fireware Web UI to your management
computer. For information about how to import a certificate, see the documentation from your browser or operating
system vendor.
To avoid these warnings for all users, replace the certificate used by Fireware Web UI with a certificate trusted by all of
your network clients. This could be a certificate you purchase from a commercial vendor such as VeriSign or Thawte, or
one you generate from a local CA used in your organization such as Microsoft Certificate Services on a Windows
server.

Fireware Web UI
You can also create a custom certificate signed by the Firebox. This certificate can have multiple names on it, so that
users can type the Firebox IP address or a domain name (if the domain name has a record in the DNS system that
resolves to the Firebox IP address). Users must still import the certificate into their operating system or browser
certificate store, however, because this is a self-signed certificate.
For more information on this process, see Fireware Help.
Log In
You can log in to the Web UI with the default admin or status user accounts, or another Device Management user
account defined in the Firebox configuration. When you use the default user accounts, the authentication server is
Firebox-DB.
Device Management Users and Settings

You must use a Device Management account to log in to the Fireware Web UI to manage your Firebox.
About the Status and Admin User Accounts

Your Firebox includes two default Device Management user accounts: status and admin. You can also add other user
accounts to your Firebox. The user name is case-sensitive.
status
This default user account has Device Monitor (read-only) privileges. You can use this account to log in to the
Web UI when you want to only monitor the Firebox status or see connection information. Multiple users can log
in to the Web UI with the status account at the same time. You cannot make changes to the Firebox
configuration file with this user account.
You can also use this user account to connect to the Firebox with Policy Manager.
admin
This default user account has Device Administrator (read-write) privileges. You can use this account to make
changes to the device configuration file. Multiple users can log in to the Web UI with the admin user account, if
the option to allow more than one Device Administrator to log in to the Firebox at the same time has been enabled
on the Firebox.
When a user is logged in to the Web UI with a Device Administrator user account, and that user has
unlocked the configuration file to make changes, Fireware does not allow changes to the device
configuration from any other connection, including Policy Manager or the Command Line Interface.
You also use this passphrase to save your configuration file to the Firebox with Policy Manager.
The header section of the Web UI interface shows which account you used to log in:

Fireware Web UI
To log out of the Web UI, at the top of the page, place your cursor over and click Logout.
About Timeouts for Management Sessions

If your Firebox is configured to only allow one Device Administrator to log in to the Firebox at the same time, when a
user account with Device Administrator privileges is logged in to the Web UI, Fireware prevents all other users from
making read-write connections to the Firebox. Specifically, other users cannot:
n Log in to the Web UI with a Device Administrator user account

n Save configuration changes to the Firebox with Policy Manager
n Update the OS on the Firebox
n Log in to the CLI with a Device Administrator user account; this includes console connections with the serial port
and SSH connections over port 4118
When you try to complete any of these tasks when another user is logged in with a Device Administrator user account,
and your Firebox is not configured to enable more than one Device Administrator to log in at the same time, you see a
message that shows the IP address of the current user.
Policy Manager:
Web UI:

Fireware Web UI

Fireware Web UI
CLI:
There are two timeout settings that control administrator account access. These settings help make sure the admin
account is not locked for a long period of time.
To change these timeout settings in the Web UI, select Authentication > Settings.

Fireware Web UI
The timeout settings for management sessions include:
Session Timeout
The maximum amount of time that an administrator session can last.

Fireware Web UI
Idle Timeout
The amount of time with no activity in the Web UI.
Activity means that you do something in the browser that causes the browser to get data from the Firebox, or
causes the browser to send data to the Firebox.
The Web UI sends a keep-alive message to the Firebox every 20 seconds. If the Firebox does not receive this message
from your browser for over 60 seconds, the Firebox closes your session. However, the keep-alive message does not
reset the idle timeout timer for management sessions.
This lets the Firebox close a management session quickly if you close the browser without first logging out of the Web
UI. The Firebox will keep a management session open for the full idle timeout if you keep the browser open but you do
nothing with it.
Navigate Fireware Web UI

At the left side of Fireware Web UI is a navigation menu that you can use to move between different configuration areas.
The heading items shown by default in this area automatically expand to show additional options when you select them.
You can select any item beneath a heading to see the available configuration settings.

Fireware Web UI
About the Dashboard Pages

The top section of the Web UI navigation menu contains several dashboards. The dashboards show real-time
information that help you see at a glance the activity and status of the Firebox.
Front Panel
This dashboard page shows basic information about your Firebox, your
network, and network traffic.
The Front Panel page is separated into two parts: widgets and top panels.
Widgets show specific, historical information about your device. Top panels
show connection data for your device.
Subscription Services
This dashboard page shows activity and signature update status for these
Fireware subscription services: Gateway AntiVirus, Intrusion Prevention
Service, WebBlocker, Data Loss Prevention, spamBlocker, Botnet Detection,
Application Control, Geolocation, APT Blocker Reputation Enabled Defense.
FireWatch
This dashboard page provides real-time, aggregate information about the traffic
through your Firebox. You can use FireWatch to answer these questions:
n Who uses the most bandwidth on your network?

n Which is the most popular site that users visit?
n Which sites use the most bandwidth?
n Which applications use the most bandwidth?
n Which sites has a particular user visited?
n Which applications are most used by a particular user?
Interfaces
This dashboard page shows current bandwidth and other information for the
active interfaces. You can also release or renew the DHCP lease for any
external interface with DHCP enabled.
Traffic Monitor
This dashboard page shows log messages from your Firebox as they occur.
This can help you troubleshoot network performance. For example, you can
see which policies are used most, or whether external interfaces are
constantly used to their maximum capacity.
Gateway Wireless Controller

This dashboard page shows the connection status and activity on your
WatchGuard wireless AP (access point) devices. You can also monitor and manage the client connections to
your WatchGuard AP devices.

Fireware Web UI
Geolocation
This dashboard page shows connections allowed by the Geolocation feature by country. Blocked connections
are not displayed. The Map tab visually displays a map of the source and destination locations of connections
allowed through the Firebox. The Country List tab shows connection details by country, ranked by the number
of hits. In the Lookup tab, you can type an IP address and see the location of a specific IP address.
Mobile Security
This dashboard page shows the mobile devices that are connected to your Firebox. You can see a list of
connected mobile devices, see detailed information for each device, and see group information for each device.
You can also view connections for the mobile device in FireWatch and see traffic from the mobile device in
Traffic Monitor.
Network Discovery
This dashboard page shows all the devices connected to your internal networks. You can see a tree map view of
all the connected devices and see detailed information for each device. The Network Map tab is organized by
interface, with interfaces on the first level, subnets on the second level, and devices on the third level. Each
interface can have several subnets. The Device List tab shows all of the devices connected to your network in a
tabular list format.
Get Help
The header at the top of each page has an icon that takes you to the Fireware Help.
To open to the context-sensitive Help topic for the current page in the Web UI, click .
Control Connections to the Web UI

By default, the Firebox allows connections to the Web UI from any computer on a trusted or optional network. Access to
the Web UI is controlled by the WatchGuard Web UI policy. This policy is automatically added to your device
configuration when you run the Quick Setup Wizard.
To see the policy:
1. Select Firewall > Firewall Policies:

Fireware Web UI

Fireware Web UI
2. To edit the WatchGuard Web UI policy, click the policy name.

Or, select the check box for the policy and select Action > Edit Policy.
The policy appears.
3. If your Firebox is configured to allow more than one Device Administrator to log in at the same time, to unlock the
configuration and make changes, click .
You can restrict or expand access to the Web UI by adding or removing entries in the From list:
n You can allow access to the Web UI from external networks by adding the Any-External alias (or an appropriate
IP address).
n You can restrict access to the Web UI from internal locations by removing the Any-Trusted and Any-Optional
aliases. Make sure to keep at least one IP address from which you want to allow access so that you can manage
the Firebox from that computer.
n You can remove all IP addresses and aliases, and replace them with user names or group names. When you do
this, you force users to authenticate before they are allowed access to the Web UI.

Fireware Web UI
The port and protocol the WatchGuard Web UI policy controls appears on the Settings tab.
About the Port for the Web UI

You can change the port to use to connect to the Fireware Web UI. The port controlled by the WatchGuard Web UI
policy is automatically changed if you change the port for the Web UI.
If you change this port, the URL you use to access the Web UI also changes. For example, if you
change the port to 8888, to connect to the Web UI, type https://<Firebox-IP-
address>:8888 in your browser address bar.
In Policy Manager:
1. Select Setup > Global Settings.

The Global Settings dialog box appears.
2. In the Web UI Port text box, type or select the port.
3. Click OK.

Fireware Web UI
In the Web UI:
1. Select System > Global Settings.
2. To unlock the configuration file and make changes, click .

3. On the General tab, in the Web UI Port text box, type or select the port.
4. Click Save.
5. To lock the configuration file, click .
Fireware Web UI Exercises



Fireware Web UI
Exercise 1 — Connect to the Web UI with the Status User Account

In this exercise, you use the default Device Monitor user account (status) to connect to the Web UI with read-only
permissions.
1. From a computer on the Trusted network, open a web browser and go to

https://<Firebox-IP-address>:8080.
Replace <Firebox-IP-address> in the address with the IP address of your Firebox.
2. If a certificate warning appears, choose the option to accept the warning and continue to the website.
The Web UI login dialog box appears.
3. In the User Name text box, type status.

4. In the Passphrase text box, type the passphrase for the status user account. Click Login.
The Fireware Web UI Front Panel Dashboard page appears.

Fireware Web UI
5. Select Firewall > Firewall Policies.

The Policies configuration page appears.
Note that there are no options available on the page that enable you to make changes to the Policies list.
6. Navigate to other pages in the Web UI and note that you cannot change any settings.
7. At the top of the Web UI, place your cursor over and click Logout.
You are logged out of the Web UI and the login dialog box appears again.
Exercise 2 — Enable More Than One Device Administrator to Log In

By default only one user with Device Administrator can log in to Fireware Web UI at the same time. In this exercise, you
use the default Device Administrator user account (admin) to connect to the Web UI with read-write permissions. Then
you edit the Firebox Global Settings to allow more than one Device Administrator to log in at the same time.
Edit the Device Administrator Connections Setting

1. From a computer on the trusted network, open a web browser and go to
Replace <Firebox-IP-address> in the address with the Firebox trusted interface IP address.

Fireware Web UI

In the Passphrase text box, type the passphrase for the admin user account.
4. Select System > Global Settings.
The Global Settings page appears.
5. Select the Enable more than one Device Administrator to log in at the same time check box.
6. Click Save.
A lock appears at the top of the page and the Save button is no longer visible.

Fireware Web UI
When you enable more than one Device Administrator to log in at the same time, the configuration is locked by default.
Only one administrator can unlock the configuration and make changes to the configuration at the same time.
Unlock and Lock the Configuration

1. Select System > Information.
The Information page appears, but you cannot edit it.
2. Click the lock at the top of the page.

The lock changes to show that the configuration is unlocked. You can now edit and save changes to the configuration.
3. Change the Name, Location, or Contact information for your Firebox.

4. Click Save.
5. Click the lock to prevent further changes.

Fireware Web UI
Exercise 3 — Change the Management Session Idle Timeout

You can change the Management Session Idle Timeout to control how quickly you are automatically logged out of the
Web UI. In this exercise you increase the Idle Timeout to 20 minutes.

3. Select Authentication > Settings.
4. If you enabled more than one Device Administrator to connect, click the lock at the top of the page.
5. Scroll down to the Management Session settings.
6. Change the Idle Timeout to 20 minutes.

7. Click Save.
Exercise 4 — Configure a Firebox for Remote Web UI Administration
This exercise is useful in situations where an instructor must connect to a student Firebox during a
classroom presentation.
If you are self-instructed and do not need to remotely manage your Firebox, you can skip this exercise.
When you configure a Firebox with the Quick Setup Wizard, a policy that allows you to connect to the Web UI from any
computer on the trusted or optional networks is automatically created. To manage the Firebox from a remote location
(any location on an external network), you must change your configuration to allow connections to the Web UI from that
location.
Before you change a policy to allow connections to the Firebox from a computer external to your network, it is a good
idea to consider these alternatives:
Is it possible to connect to the Firebox with a VPN?

This option greatly increases the security of the connection. If you can connect with a VPN, then you do not need
to allow other connections. If it is not possible to connect to the Firebox with a VPN, we recommend that you use
authentication for additional security.

Fireware Web UI
It is more secure to limit access from the external network to the smallest number of computers possible.
For example, it is more secure to allow connections from a single computer than it is to allow connections from
the Any-External alias.
If you decide to allow connections to the Firebox from Any-External, it is especially important that you set very strong
passphrases. It is also a good idea to change your passphrases at regular intervals.
Your instructor might ask you to complete these steps. This will enable your instructor to troubleshoot
configuration issues from his computer later in the class.

Fireware Web UI
To configure the WatchGuard Web UI policy to allow access to the Web UI from an external computer:


The Web UI Dashboard > Front Panel page appears.
4. Select Firewall > Firewall Policies.

The Firewall Policies page appears.
5. Click the name of the WatchGuard Web UI policy to edit it.

Fireware Web UI
6. To unlock the configuration file, click .

7. Below the From list, click Add.
8. From the Member Type drop-down list, select Alias.
9. Select Any-External and click OK.

Any-External is added to the From list in the policy definition.

Fireware Web UI
10. Click Save to apply this change to your Firebox.
11. To lock the configuration file, click .

12. From a computer on the external network, try to connect to the Web UI.
Type https://<Firebox-external-IP-address>:8080 in the browser address bar.
You should be able to connect to the Firebox.
Test Your Knowledge

1. Which Device Management user account type do you use to log in to the Web UI to change the configuration?
(Select one.)
o A) Device Administrator
o B) Device Monitor
o C) configuration
o D) administrator

Fireware Web UI
2. What is the default port for the Web UI? (Select one.)
o A) 8100
o B) 8088
o C) 8080
o D) 8000
3. True or false? You can save the Firebox configuration file to a local disk drive from the Web UI.
4. True or false? You must install WSM software to use the Web UI.
5. With the default Global Settings, how many users can simultaneously log in to the Web UI with the admin user
account? (Select one.)
o A) 1
o B) 2
o C) 4
o D) unlimited
6. How many users can simultaneously log in to the Web UI with the status user account? (Select one.)
o A) 1
o B) 2
o C) 4
o D) unlimited
ANSWERS
1. A
2. C
3. True
4. False
5. A
6. D

Notes

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Fireware Essentials Student Guide i

Fireware Essentials Student Guide ii

Fireware Essentials Student Guide iii

Fireware Essentials Student Guide iv

Fireware Essentials Student Guide v

Fireware Essentials Student Guide vi

Fireware Essentials Student Guide vii

Devices WatchGuard Fireboxes

Device OS versions Fireware® v12.1

Management software versions WatchGuard® System Manager v12.1

About This Course

n Set up a new Firebox with default security settings

Copyright © 2018 WatchGuard Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved.

WatchGuard Certified Training Partners

To find a WCTP in your region, go to http://www.watchguard.com/training/partners_locate.asp.

Necessary Equipment & Software

WSM software and Fireware OS

Firewall configuration file

Firebox (required for some exercises)

2 WatchGuard Technologies, Inc.

Training Scenario & Network

Training Network Configuration

Fireware Essentials Student Guide 3

n One Firebox per student, and one for the instructor.

To complete these exercises outside of a network training environment:

n Change the IP addresses as appropriate for your network.

Student Firebox IP Addresses

n Eth0–External — 203.0.113.X/24, Default Gateway 203.0.113.1

4 WatchGuard Technologies, Inc.

Instructor Firebox IP Addresses

Configuration Changes for the Instructor Firebox

1. Create an Any policy to allow traffic between the trusted interfaces.

Fireware Essentials Student Guide 5

For the most up to date information, browse to http://www.watchguard.com/help/documentation/ and launch

WatchGuard Technical Search

6 WatchGuard Technologies, Inc.

Fireware Essentials Student Guide 7

What You Will Learn

In this training module, you learn how to:

n Use the Web Setup Wizard to configure a Firebox

Firebox Management Tools

Copyright © 2018 WatchGuard Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Start with WatchGuard System Manager

You can use WSM to connect to any

This diagram shows the components of

9 WatchGuard Technologies, Inc.

Set Up A New Firebox

Fireware Essentials Student Guide 10

Activate Your Firebox

To activate the Firebox, you must have:

n An account on the WatchGuard website

To create a new WatchGuard account, go to:

Configure Your Firebox

About Factory-Default Settings

11 WatchGuard Technologies, Inc.

Interface 32 (Eth32) — Firebox M5600 only

Fireware Essentials Student Guide 12

About Setup Wizards

Web Setup Wizard