2 The Orbit
 The orbital cavity is schematically
ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY
of The Eyes
Sandi Apriadi - I4061162019
3 Blood Supply
 ARTERY - The principal arterial
supply of the orbit and its structures
derives from the ophthalmic artery, the
first major branch of the intracranial
portion of the internal carotid artery.
 VENOUS - The venous drainage of the
orbit is primarily through the superior
and inferior ophthalmic veins, into
which drain the vortex veins, the
anterior ciliary veins, and the central
retinal vein. The ophthalmic veins
communicate with the cavernous sinus
via the superior orbital fissure and the
pterygoid venous plexus via the
inferior orbital fissure.
represented as a pyramid of four walls
that converge posteriorly. The medial
walls of the right and left orbit are
parallel and are separated by the nose.
In each orbit, the lateral and medial
walls form an angle of 45 degrees,
which results in a right angle between
the two lateral walls.
 The orbit is compared to the shape of a
pear, with the optic nerve representing
its stem. The anterior circumference is
somewhat smaller in diameter than the
region just within the rim, which
makes a sturdy protective margin.
4 The Eyelids
 The eyelids are folds of muscular soft
tissue that lie anterior to the eyeball
and protect it from injury.
 Their shape is such that the eyeball is
completely covered when they are
closed. Strong mechanical, optical, and
acoustic stimuli “automatically” elicit
an eye closing reflex.
 The cornea is also protected by an
additional upward movement of the
eyeball (Bell’s phenomenon). Regular
blinking (20–30 times a minute) helps
to uniformly distribute glandular
secretions and tears over the
conjunctiva and cornea, keeping them
from drying out.
5 The Eyelids
Superficial layer:
 Thin, well vascularized layer of skin.
 Glands of Moll
 Glands of Zeis
 Orbicularis oculi muscle
Deep layer:
 Tarsal plate
 Tarsal muscle
 Palpebral conjunctiva
 Glands of Meibomian
7 Lacrimal System
 The shingle-like arrangement of the
fibers of the orbicularis oculi muscle
causes the eye to close progressively
from lateral to medial instead of the
eyelids simultaneously closing along
their entire length. This windshield
wiper motion moves the tear fluid
medially across the eye toward the
medial canthus.
 The superior and inferior puncta
lacrimales collect the tears, which
then drain through the superior and
inferior lacrimal canaliculi into the
lacrimal sac. From there they pass
through the nasolacrimal duct into
the inferior concha.
6 Lacrimal System
The lacrimal system consists of two
sections: Structures that secrete tear fluid
and Structures that facilitate tear
drainage.
 The lacrimal gland; it lies beneath the
superior temporal margin of the orbital
bone in the lacrimal fossa of the frontal
bone and is neither visible nor
palpable. Several tiny accessory
lacrimal glands (glands of Krause and
Wolfring) located in the superior
fornix secrete additional serous tear
fluid.
 The lacrimal gland receives its sensory
supply from the lacrimal nerve
(parasympathetic secretomotor nerve)
8 The Conjunctiva
 The conjunctiva is the thin,
transparent mucous membrane that
covers the posterior surface of the lids
(the palpebral conjunctiva) and the
anterior surface of the sclera (the
bulbar conjunctiva). It is continuous
with the skin at the lid margin (a
mucocutaneous junction) and with the
corneal epithelium at the limbus.
The conjunctival sac has three main tasks:
 Motility of the eyeball
 Articulating layer
 Protective function
 9 The Eye Ball 10 The Cornea
The eyeball contains the optical apparatus of the visual system. The eyeball has three layer:  The cornea is transparent, dome-shaped
window covering the front of the eye
 Fibrous layer (outer coat), consisting of the sclera and cornea. (normally clear with a shiny surface).
 Vascular layer (middle coat), consisting of the choroid, ciliary body, and iris.  The normal average diameter of the
 Inner layer (inner coat), consisting of the retina, which has both optic and non-visual parts. adult cornea is 11.5 mm (10–13 mm).

The corneal tissue consists of five layers:

 The surface epithelium that regenerates
quickly when injured
 Bowman’s layer (cannot be regenerated).
 The corneal stroma (avascular tissue, it
only regenerates slowly).
 Descemet’s membrane
 The corneal endothelium (responsible for
the transparency of the cornea)

11 The Sclera 12 The Lens

 The sclera is fibrous, whitish opaque,  The lens is a biconvex, transparent
and consists of nearly acellular structure. The curvature of the
connective tissue with a higher water posterior surface, which has a radius of
content than the cornea. 6 mm, is greater than that of the
anterior surface, which has a radius of
 The sclera and the cornea form the
10 mm.
rigid outer covering of the eye. All six
ocular muscles insert into the sclera.  About 4 mm thick and 9 mm in
diameter.
 The site where the fibers of the optic
nerve enter the sclera is known as the  It is suspended behind the iris by the
lamina cribrosa. In the angle of the zonule, which connects it with the
anterior chamber, the sclera forms the ciliary body. Anterior to the lens is the
trabecular network and the canal of aqueous; posterior to it, the vitreous.
Schlemm. The aqueous humor drains
 The lens is nourished by diffusion from
from there into the intrascleral and
the aqueous humor, and its
episcleral venous plexus through
transparency decreased with age.
about 20 canaliculi.
13 Uveal Tract
The uveal tract (also known as the
vascular pigmented layer, vascular tunic,
and uvea) lies between the sclera and
retina, consists of the following structures:
 Iris, consists of two layers: the anterior
mesodermal stromal layer and the
posterior ectodermal pigmented
epithelial layer.
 Ciliary body, responsible for
accommodation, produces the
aqueous humor.
 Choroid, the choroid regulates
temperature and supplies
nourishment to the outer layers of the
retina.
15 The Anterior Chamber Angle
 The anterior chamber angle lies at the
junction of the peripheral cornea and
the root of the iris. Its main anatomic
features are Schwalbe's line, the
trabecular meshwork (which overlies
Schlemm's canal), and the scleral spur.
 Schwalbe's line marks the termination
of the corneal endothelium. The
trabecular meshwork is triangular in
cross-section, with its base directed
toward the ciliary body. It is composed
of perforated sheets of collagen and
elastic tissue, forming a filter with
decreasing pore size as the canal of
Schlemm is approached.
14 The Aqueous Humor
 The aqueous humor is formed by the
ciliary processes and secreted into the
posterior chamber of the eye. At a rate
of about 2–6 μl per minute and a total
anterior and posterior chamber volume
of about 0.2–0.4 ml.
The aqueous humor flows out through
two channels:
 The trabecular meshwork (85% of the
outflow), which then drains into the
canal of Schlemm  into the episcleral
venous plexus
 An uveoscleral vascular system (15%
of the outflow), which joins the venous
blood.
16 The Pupil
 The pupil refers to the central opening
in the iris.
 It acts as an aperture to improve the
quality of the resulting image by
controlling the amount of light that
enters the eye.
 Normal pupil size: Pupil size ranges
from approximately 1 mm (miosis) to
approximately 8 mm (mydriasis).
 Pupils tend to be wider in joy, fear, or
surprise due to increased sympathetic
tone, and when the person inhales
deeply.
17 Vitreous Body
 The vitreous is a clear, avascular,
gelatinous body that comprises two-
thirds of the volume and weight of the
eye. It fills the space bounded by the
lens, retina, and optic disk.
 Composition of the vitreous body: The
gelatinous vitreous body consists of
98% water and 2% collagen and
hyaluronic acid. It fills the vitreous
chamber which accounts for
approximately two-thirds of the total
volume of the eye.
 The vitreous body stabilizes the globe
although the eye can remain intact
without the vitreous body. It also
prevents retinal detachment.
19 The Retina
1. Inner limiting membrane (glial cell
fibers separating the retina from the
vitreous body).
2. Layer of optic nerve fibers (axons of
the third neuron).
3. Layer of ganglion cells (cell nuclei of
the multipolar ganglion cells of the
third neuron; “data acquisition
system”).
4. Inner plexiform layer (synapses
between the axons of the second
neuron and dendrites of the third
neuron).
5. Inner nuclear layer (cell nuclei of the
bipolar nerve cells of the second
neuron, horizontal cells, and
amacrine cells).
18 The Retina
The retina is a thin, semitransparent,
multilayered sheet of neural tissue that
lines the inner aspect of the posterior two-
thirds of the wall of the globe. It comprises
two parts:
 A photoreceptive part (pars optica
retinae), comprising the first nine of the
10 layers.
 A nonreceptive part (pars caeca
retinae) forming the epithelium of the
ciliary body and iris.
The fovea centralis contains only cones
(no rods) each with its own neural supply,
which explains why this region has such
distinct vision.
20 The Retina
6. Outer plexiform layer (synapses
between the axons of the first neuron
and dendrites of the second neuron).
7. Outer nuclear layer (cell nuclei of the
rods and cones = first neuron).
8. Outer limiting membrane (sieve-like
plate of processes of glial cells
through which rods and cones
project).
9. Layer of rods and cones (the actual
photoreceptors).
10. Retinal pigment epithelium (a single
cubic layer of heavily pigmented
epithelial cells).
21 Optic Nerve
The optic nerve extends from the posterior
pole of the eye to the optic chiasm. After
this characteristic crossing, the fibers of
the optic nerve travel as the optic tract to
the lateral geniculate body.
The nerve consists of:
 An intraocular portion, visible on
ophthalmoscopy as the optic disk.
 An intraorbital portion, through optic
canal
 An intracranial portion, after the optic
nerve passes through the optic canal,
the short intracranial portion begins
and extends as far as the optic chiasm.
22 Visual Pathway
The anatomy of the visual pathway may be
divided into six separate parts :
 Optic nerve: This includes all of the optic
nerve fiber bundles of the eye.
 Optic chiasm: This is where the
characteristic crossover of the nerve fibers
of both optic nerves occurs.
 Optic tract: This includes all of the
ipsilateral optic nerve fibers and those
that cross the midline.
 Lateral geniculate body: The optic tract
ends here.
 Optic radiations (geniculocalcarine tracts)
 Primary visual area (striate cortex or
Brodmann’s area 17 of the visual cortex)

23 Ocular Motility
Ocular motility is mhe movements of the
eyeballs are produced by the following
extraocular muscles:
 The four rectus muscles: the superior,
inferior, medial, and lateral rectus
muscles.
 The two oblique muscles: the superior
and inferior oblique muscles.

The oculomotor nerve supplies all of the 24

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extraocular muscles except the superior
oblique, which is supplied by the
trochlear, and the lateral rectus, which is
supplied by the abducent.