Chapter I

Introduction

1.1 Background of study

Firstly, Origin of Tourism word in English language. Tourism word came from the

latin ‘tornare’ and the Greek ‘Tornors’, meaning a lathe or circle; movement around a

central point or axis’. Ithasdirect relation to visit with activities. It is further developed

into the concept of ‘Round trip’ or ‘package tour’. Tourism word has normal meaning

in 13th century. But it started to become dynamic only from 19thcentury (Google).

Actually tourism is activity, serviceform of organization which gives experience of

the journey.Tourism is travel for pleasure; also the theory and practice of touring, the

business of attracting, accomodating, and entertaining tourists, and the business of

operating tours (Google).

Homestay is a new concept in Nepal’s tourism, which can play an important role in

rural development. Homestay tourism, as the major component of rural tourism, tries

to integrate all tourism activities in a particular location. Homestay in any private

house located in a rural area of the country in good condition and easily accessible

primarily qualifies under the scheme.

Homestay is new concept in Nepal’s tourism, which can play an important role in

rural development. Homestay in Nepal has been categorized into two as community

and private homestay as stipulated in homestay operating procedures (homestay

SanchalanKaryabidhi) published by ministry of tourism and civil aviation. The

community homestay is operated by a group of at least five separate households

whereas the private homestay is operated by an individual household maintaining the

1
minimum standard as stipulated in the operating procedures. Homestay tourism of any

form, is the major component of rural tourism, and tries to integrate all tourism

activities in a particular location. Homestay tourism is an important driver of learning,

exchange and strengthening the value of community and also contributes for the

conservation of environment and cultural preservation. Homestay in any private house

located in a rural area of the country in good condition and easily accessible primarily

qualifies under the schemes.

While homestays can occur in any destination worldwide, some countries do more to

encourage homestay than others as a means of developing their tourism industry. In

the Nepalese contest, homestay tourism is the integration of all rural tourism

components like trekking, cultural tourism, agro-tourism, health tourism, sports

tourism, pro-poor tourism, pleasure and recreational tourism, adventurous tourism,

ecotourism, nature-based tourism and the like. This integration of all the tourism

components to develop the tourism industry is a new and best way for rural tourism

development. The main objectives of homestay tourism are; to stimulate the micro-

economic component in the interior rural parts; to provide employment and economic

value in the rural areas; for ecological sustainability; to use natural and human

resources of the rural areas for rural development; to expose the rural culture and

nature to the outside world; to protect environment degradation; to decentralize the

national income and centralize the local resources in the national economy; and to

promote and improve local agricultural and other industries. Homestay tourism can

also play an important role in the development of infrastructure in the remote areas.

In this way to develop tourism with origin to concept of home stay. Its concept is

worldwide. So the history of home stay is not long. Firstly Nepal introduces program

2
of village tourism aiming at promoting country’s tourism industries in 2052 B.S. for

the first time in SirubariSyangja. So that slowly develops the other district.

Nagarkot are few examples. There are many homestay. Similarly there are so many

lodges and restaurants. But I want to study about condition of homestay. So I had

curiosity of homestay. Then I choose the homestay subject on my research.

Nagarkot is located 32 km east of Kathmandu, Nepal. At an elevation of 2195 metres,

it is considered one of the most scenic spots in Bhaktapur District. It is known for a

sunrise view of the Himalayas including Mount Everest as well as other peaks of the

Himalayan range of eastern Nepal. Nagarkot also offers a panoramic view of the

Kathmandu Valley.

1.2. Statement of Problem

Nagarkot are very peaceful places. People can enjoy. They are religious place for

Hindus. Beautiful scene of nature attracts tourists. They are rich in culture and rural

environment. More people enjoy at homestay. Tourists are attracted towards the

homestay for understanding the village life and homely environment.

In Nepalese context, the communities carry a significant historical and cultural

weight-age in which the long historical and cultural traditions are preserved. Besides,

they are at the proximity of the natural beauties. In community based tourism, such

communities are the owners of these assets. Sankhuand Nagarkot are such touristic

places of Nepal that they have long preserved Newari cultural and traditions of

centuries old, and the village are based super natural landscapes. As the government

of Nepal is promoting village tourism as a tool to rural poverty alleviation, such

villages if cultural attractions can be a choice for community tourism promotion. But

3
declaring the village itself as a touristic village does not pay off. These said villages

are promoting homestay tourism which is a form of community based tourism.

Though the homestays are operating since over a decades in these villages which

itself was a new concept in Nepal’s tourism history, the outcomes of such form of

tourism has not been found investigated at policy level as of now. So this research

aims to study on the economic value that accrue to the host community tourism,

homestay in particular, is a distinct form of tourism from conventional tourism from

the point of view of environmental and cultural sustainability as well economic

redistribution in society.

Sankhu has a wide prospect for the development of tourism, but there are no macros

or micro level study related to the tourism. Bajrayoginihas all the necessary

infrastructures to develop as a tourist destination. It is a well-accepted fact that Nepal

has many tourist attractions like Sankhu. Most of the studies on tourism in Nepal are

conducted in macro level, thus the recommendations are of generalized in nature. But

we also need some specific type of recommendations in order to upgrade the tourism

in our country. This is possible through a micro level study of the problem. Hence this

research is based on micro level with a case study of Bajrayogini and Nagarkot

community homestay. This will be an attempt to investigate the issues relating to the

village tourism promotion at macro level. Thus this study is proposed the

improvement and problem identified regarding village tourism and its socio-economic

impact on local level.

So that homestay is more important for tourist. There are less people to do research or

write thesis in this subject. So I choose homestay in my study field. I saw so many

issues. Perhaps I think it helps to promote the homestay from my research. My

research claimsto get the following issues.

4
  What are the problemsof sanitation, lodging, fooding, toilet, bathroom etc. for

Home stay in Sankhu?

 What are the impacts of socio-culture by homestay?

 What are the economy and environmental impacts of tourism in Sankhu and

Nagarkot?

To get answer of these questions,Bajrayoginiand Nagarkot are chosen as the study

areas.

1.3 Objective of the study

The general objective of the study is to find out the impact of homestay in Nagarkot

community.

The specific objectives are to find the cultural condition of various types of cast einthe

study areas and to explore and identify the impact of Homestay in Nagarkot for their

future development in tourism. The overall objective of this study is to identify the

prospects, problems and impact of tourism in Nagarkot. The specific objectives of the

study are as follows:

- To assess the potentials of homestay tourism in view of basic infrastructure

and amenities including cultural/heritage attributes and environmental

aesthetics.

- To estimate the average spending of the tourists per visits on homestay village

for food, shop, and entertainment.

- To calculate the total economic value addition(income) to the homestay house

holds.

5
1.4 Importance/Significance of study

Sankhu and Nagarkot are very nice and peaceful places. So I have done this research

for further development of these areas. I think this research will find outthe socio-

cultural impact of Home stay, whatever helps the tourism sectors. Local people will

help to go ahead. I think this study may also be able to explore the socio-cultural

conditions of Newarcommunity and other castes.

The development of tourism industry is important for economic development in

Nepal. It opened the door of tourism in 1950. Nepal’s economic condition is not good

and sufficient. People are living at the margin of subsistence level. Nepal is facing

many problems on the path of her economic development. Most of the people are

engaged in agriculture. But our agriculture productivity is extremely low due to high

land ratio. The production is still at subsistence level.

In Nepal, so many studies on tourism have been done. Almost all these studies

indicate that the tourism industry is very important in Nepal because it plays a great

role in earning foreign currency and it helps to support for the economic development

in Nepal. But some of the studies on tourism are based on macro level and centralized

on the country. That is why we are unable to study and to investigate for the

promotion of tourism in different parts of our country. There are so many tourist

areas in Nepal.

This study is related with the promotion of tourism at the micro level in the selected

areas namely tourism in Nagarkot. Through the transportation, communication,

accommodation and other modern facilities are not developed sufficiently but the

economical importance of the area is increasing. Therefore the study is directed to

6
analyze the tourist inflow and its prospects as well as socio-economic impact of

tourism as the micro level will significant at present.

1.5 Limitation of study

 This research can’t cover the whole problem of Nepal.

 This research is only applicable for Study areas of Nagarkot.

 This study is conducted for the completion of the partial fulfillment of master

degree. So it is no feasible for a detailed research due to the constraint of time

and resource

7
 Chapter II

Literature review

Literature review is most important step of research study. Whose make easy &

comfort for research. Because its can give detail information of this research.

Similarly what & how is understand condition before research area.So, its study is

more needable.

2.1 Theoretical review

Over the decade tourism is contributing significantly to the world economy. From

foreign exchange surplus to employment generation and investment perspective,

tourism has been identified as a mainstay of growth especially in the developing

nations. But along with the increasing recognition of the tourism contribution to the

national development initiatives, the detrimental side of it on environmental

sustainability, culture encroachment and inequitable income distribution in society has

led to opt for more responsible from of tourism termed as community tourism, pro

poor tourism, termed as mass tourism has significant positive role in national

development, however withstanding it may have some detrimental negative

consequences to the societies such as cultural encroachments, economics leakages and

environmental pollutions. Moreover, the benefits may not go to the communities

fairly but instead the tourism benefits accumulate to those who can invest in the

tourism industry and unless they participate on tourism activities. The mass tourism

has top–down approach where it is difficult to presume right away that tourism

development will eventually benefit the poor through the trickledown effect.

It is for certainty, that the communities’ engagement in tourism businesses form

hospitability to catering and from trades of tourism product such as handicrafts,

8
textiles, herbals etc. to manufacturing of consumption goods enhances the income at

the local level of the community people. The community tourism is a bottom-up

approach in tourism. Moreover, the community’s incentives to preserve their cultural

heritages and natural environment to which the foreigners are attracted will be

increased due the ownership feeling amongst the local people which ultimately invite

more visitors into their communities. So it’s a two way process where the resources

and heritage conservation results in increased tourism and which itself motivates the

asset holders in the community for the preservation activities in the communities due

to induced asset ownership feeling among the community people.

Homestay tourism is one fact of tourism which is community based, sustainable and

responsible for nature conservation as it has local stakeholders to support and gain

from it. Tourism in the communities as homestay thus propels the sustainability and

preservation of tourism products, develops infrastructure and enhances the level of

entrepreneurship to the effect of business growth thus adding economic value to the

host community, however the tourism leakages such as for outer dependence for

consumption goods and income cannot be ignored.

2.2 Review of previous Studies

Tourism, a fast growing industry is acknowledged to be non-polluted industry in the

world. It plays significant role not in the developing country but also in developed

countries. Different peoples inside and outside the country have conducted many

studies on tourism. In order to make the study more reliable, some of the available

dissertation, articles, reports and others studies about tourism or homestay reviewed.

Related to concerned chapters from various books, articles, journals and website as

mentioned below.

9
The study of tourism or homestay from sociological perspectives has been carried out

from three broad points of view, which have provided the basics frame work for

sociologist to approach this multifarious subject. First, involves social contact

between people from different cultures or sub-cultures.Second, the social relationship

as consequences for the individual and their cultures. Third, the more or less

autonomous groups involved in tourism transaction may be seen to be producing

cultures in which tourism plays apart. (Nash, 1996)

Tourists were found to be worried about political and social disturbances. Also

international disturbances affect Nepal tourism tourists to some extent have had

opportunity to enjoy the fascinating and exciting activities such as festivals, food and

funfair, stick dances performances, faith healing performances, and lama drumming in

full moon, funeral rites and weeding. Although she has worked under theme of

cultural tourism, she has mentioned anything about the concept of cultural tourism in

her thesis. (Bantawa, 1997)

As a prospect of India, she has written the historical evolution and development of the

tourism in the world and India. In this chapter she explained the different stages of the

tourism evolution. This is necessary for the student of tourism. Another chapter,

socio-cultural impact of tourism explained the tourism and cultural change effects on

culture tourism and material forms of culture, the renaissance of the traditional art

forms, tourism and non-material forms of culture, culture arrogance and

commoditization of tourism. Her study focuses on the impacts of tourism in the

developing country. As Nepal is also developing country several cases from the book

could be generalized in the context of Nagarkot. (Modi, 2001)

According to the Herbert (1995), provides as many question and answers concerning

the phenomenon of heritage tourism, he referred heritage in different senses, like

10
business, cultural components historical reality, formal education, informal education

and national identity as well as in political sense. As title suggests this book is

concerned with the development of heritage as attraction for visitors and tourist and

with impacts upon the localities within they are placed.

2.3 Policies Review

In the 8th plan it was aimed to develop Nepal as a final destination for tourists and to

operate the tourism industry as a main source of employment generation. Tourism

promotion program was launched in order to increase the inflow of the tourists with

greater spending capacity from Australia, Western Europe, America and also from the

newly developed tourist market such as Eastern Asia and South East Asia. In the 9th

plan additional destinations were aimed to be developed and diversified on the basis

of feasibility study. Indigenous culture, traditional hospitality and tribal traditions

aimed to be preserved and promoted to enhance tourist attractions. In the 10th plan

retention of maximum amount of money spent by tourists in local areas weremade.In

the 11th plan, the tourism sector was developed as the foundation of the economy,

easement, simplicity and excellence. Acts, rules and regulation related to culture,

tourism and civil aviation was modified.

On the basis of above mentioned fact, we can say tourism is the top priority sector in

Nepal. Even being top priority sector, its development is not taking a desirable growth

path.

11
2.4 Conceptual Review

Inviting visitors to a community through some pulling factors such as environmental

aesthetics, cultural heritages and infrastructural amenities and keeping them in

homestay brings economic benefits at household level as well as environmental

conservation and cultural preservation incentives at community level promotes visitor

volumes as these are the asset for the community people to lure the visitors into their

homes. Tourism at communities tries to integrate all tourism activities in a particular

location and contribute to stimulate the micro-economic component in the interior

rural parts by employing human and natural resources, adding economic value in the

rural communities, conserving ecology, exposing the rural culture and nature to the

outside world, decentralizing the national income and centralizing the local resources

in the national economy and improving local agricultural and other industries. The

diagram below shows the inter-links between the tourism activities, environment and

the local economy.

12
 Figure: Conceptual framework

Independent variables Intermediate variables Dependent variables

Tourism products in Rise in household

Employment of
community; cultural income, added
human/natural
heritage, ecological economic value to the
resources,
aesthetics and good
increased value- community
infrastructures
chain business

↓ ↑ ↓

Visitors increased Incentive for NR

Visitors flow into
visit to home stay ; → conservation, local
home stay and their
community tourism heritages
expenses in the
flourishes preservation
community increases

Figures: The variables’ inter-linkages

13
 Chapter III

Research Methodology

3.1 Research Design

In order to depict the picture of local condition and context on the other hand relies on

a few key informants rather than on a representative sample. But it depends on two

things: choosing good informants and asking them things they know about. In other

words, we must select informants and asking them things they know about. In other

words, we must select informants for their competence rather than just for their

representativeness. This research has followed primary descriptive research

approaches. Descriptive in the sense that, dissertation has carefully tried to record all

the observed events from the study area and describe as faithfully as possible.

Description of the culture and ways of life of people; special focus is given to the

impacts of home stay in Nagarkot has been made this study.

3.2 Sample size and technique

The total households of Nagarkot are 1000 hundred, but homestay households are 22.

Most of the households are involved in homestay. Out of the 22 households, 20

households which represents were purposively selected as a sample. Non-probability

sampling was used to collect data and information. Therefore, this study primarily is

based on purposive sampling process.InBajrayogini all homestay are unable to give

service due to earthquake of Baishak 12, 2073.

14
3.3 Nature of data

This study includes both primary and secondary sources of information.

Primary Source: The Primary data have been collected through observation,

interview, questionnaire, and Focus Group Discussion in the study area.

Secondary Source: On the other side the Secondary data obtained from VDC,

District, region, and Central level as well as Library, published and unpublished

articles, documents, books, CD-ROM. Internet agencies, CBOs report, tourism board

so on.

3.4 Tools and Techniques of data collection

3.4.1 Household Survey

The household survey was conducted in ward no. 11 of Nagarkot. It was conducted in

a place where the informants felt the most comfortable, usually at their house or

center part of the village. Host households and the guests who stayed at least one

night in their homes were provided with structured set of questionnaires different for

each. Such questionnaires contained mostly closed ended questions categorically

related to the objectives of this research. Scale of the host and guest satisfaction level

was also put on the questions which would likely assess state of the art and the future

prospects.

3.4.2 Key Informants Interview (KIS)

Structured and semi structured interview with some of the key informants in the

community mainly home stay management committees and from among the guests

has been done which could help triangulate the data received from the household and

individual levels. In structured interviews information related in line with objectives

15
like how such home stays has more potential in future, the gross and net income of

family, guest expenses and community development projects are sought.

3.4.3 Focus Group Discusses (FGD)

After having the data collected from household survey, three sets of group discussions

were conducted that consisted a group of leading hosts, home stay management

committee representatives and guests residing in home stays as well as local tourism

enthusiastic on pre-specified topic are carried out. Issues for discussion were

primarily the tourism scenarios, infrastructures, preservation drives and local

consumption/production of goods for visitors. And Focus Group Discussion sessions

were carried out in the study to know about history, culture and impact of home stay

in Nagarkot.

3.4.4 Analysis of data

All the collected data are analyzed by using simple statistical tools and techniques.

Information collected using different tools and sources have been checked, coded,

processed and analyzed using MS EXCEL software. Qualitative data were first coded

and converted into quantitative type in order to compute and then, the analysis was

done. Quantification of data was also done during the development of questionnaire

where possible. Descriptive statistics was mainly used during analysis of data. Both

qualitative and quantitative tables, figures, charts, pictures, etc. that provide basis to

analyze economic, social and demographic factors at household level that impact the

host community from tourism activities positively or negatively has been used.

16
3.5 Rapport Building

The first step for the researcher is to become familiar to the study are and to establish

friendly relationship with targeted respondents of the area. Investigator visited people

in their village sharing talk and enjoying coffee, bread and tea. Mr. SurajBastola, a

member of Nagarkot home stay committee, played a significant role to build rapport

with their people. PuskarBastola helped as a guide and for the entire work. He has

good command on local people and also good relation with the villagers.

3.6 Field notes

Field note was maintained during whole study period in a daily on daily basis. Each

and every event and portion of information was noted with its full reference, which

was supposed to be useful for report writing. During manuscript preparation, field

note proved very useful as ready-made capsule in hand.

17
 Chapter –IV

Data analysis and presentation

4.1Ecology of the Study areas

Nagarkot is 32 km east of Kathmandu on the northern fringe of the Kathmandu valley.

Nagarkot is famous for its Himalayan views- the Himalayan peaks at sunrise are a

magnificent sight to behold. Many wish upon arrival they would have planned for more than

one day to stay.

Bajrayogini is in Shankharapur municipality near Sankhu. It is situated roughly 20 km

northeast of Kathmandu. It is famous because of Bajrayogini temple. Bajrayogini is the

Hindu goddess of wisdom of which Ugra Tara of Buddhist equivalent.

4.1.1 Climate of Nagarkot

Winter

The winter starts in September-October and ends around January-February. The maximum

temperature hovers between 18-21 degrees Celsius and the minimum drops to 2-3 degrees. The

sky over Nagarkot at this time of the year is generally clear, providing superb views of the

mountains.

Summer

The summer season lasts from February-March till June-July. The maximum temperature rises

to 32-33 degrees celsius with the minimum staying at 12-13degrees. Monsoon the rainy season

begins in June-July and continues till August-September. The monsoon is marked by big

downpours in this area.

18
4.1.2 EthnicityinNagarkot

Nagarkot today is a composite of different ethnic groups and beliefs. It contains Bahuns,

Chhetris, Newars,Magars and Gurungs.

4.1.3Location

Nagarkot has an altitude of 2195 m, and is situated in Bhaktapur District of Bagmati Zone. It is

323 km to the east of Kathmandu.Bajrayogani is located about 20 km northeast of Kathmandu.

4.1.4 Major Festivals in Nagarkot

- BisketJatra

- BaishakhPurnima,

- JanaiPurnima .

- GaiJatra,

- Dashain,

- Tihar,

- Maghesankranti

- YomariPurnima,

- Shivaratri,

- ChaitraDashain and Ram Nawami

The interesting places to visit in and around Nagarkot

- Gravity station

- Jalpadevi Temple

- MahadevPokhari

- Nagarkot Tower

- MahadevJarana

19
 - PanchaMahaLaxmiTemple,

- Mahalaxmi Temple

- Planetarium

The interesting place to visit in and around Bajrayogini

- Bajrayogini temple

- Sankhu

- Salinadi

- Boudhastupa

- Scene of Madichude

4.1.5 Essence of Homestay Tourism as Rural entrepreneurship

Homestay tourism is one facet of tourism which is community based, sustained and responsible

in nature as it has local stakeholders to support and gain from it. Home stay is one type of

tourism that promotes interaction between host families and visit NPR It will function as a

guideline for management on natural resources and cultural preservation and distributes income

to local residents, preventing leakage of the economy out of the community. Home stay

accommodation is a term with specific cultural associations such as private homes interaction

with a host or host-family, sharing of space which thereby becomes public (Lynch&Mac

Whannell,2000). It is used to refer to type accommodation where tourists or guests pay directly

or indirectly to stay in private homes (Lashley&Morrisson,2001). Wang (2007) has shown an

increased demand of home stay in China.

Homestays are outstanding attractions which pull for the attention from operator NPR.

Moreover, homestay activates, develop communities and increase community income while

still maintaining the culture and environment of the local area. Simple lifestyles of local

residents have become an important attraction which gains the attention of tourists. Home stays

20
are viewed as culture and heritage tourism, which emerged with the culture of local residents.

Homestay tourists believe that the home stay represent a unique way of the host culture and

sense of being at home.

4.1.6 Proliferation of home stays and community tourism

Home stay is a new concept in Nepal’s tourism, which can play an important role in rural

development. Home stay in Nepal has been categorized into two as community and private

home stay as stipulated in home stay operating procedures (Home stay sanchalanKaryabidhi),

published by Ministry of tourism and Civil Aviation. The community home stay is operated by

a group of at least five separate households whereas the private home stay is operated by

individual hose hold maintaining the minimum standard as stipulated in the operating

procedures. Home stay tourism of any form, is the major component of rural tourism, and tries

to integrate all tourism activities in a particular location. Home stay tourism is an important

driver of learning, exchange and strengthening the value of community and also contributes for

the conservation of environment and cultural preservation. Home stay in any private house

located in rural area of the country in good condition and easily accessible primarily qualifies

under the scheme.

In the Nepalese contest, home stay tourism is the integration of all rural tourism components

like trekking, cultural tourism, agro-tourism, health tourism, sports tourism, pro-poor tourism,

pleasure and recreational tourism, adventurous tourism, ecotourism, nature –based tourism and

the like. This integration of all the tourism components to develop the tourism industry is a new

and best way for rural tourism development. The main objectives of home stay tourism are; To

stimulate the micro-economic component in the interior rural parts; to provide employment and

economic value in the rural areas; for ecological sustainability; to use natural and human

resources of the rural areas for rural development; to expose the rural culture and nature to the

outside world; to protect environmental degradation; to decentralize the national income and

21
centralize the local resources in the national economy; and to promote and improve local

agricultural and other industries. Home stay tourism can also play an important role in the

development of infrastructure in the remote areas.

4.1.7 Tourism and Economy of Nagarkot

With its medium elevation, excellent views of the Himalayas can be seen. Nagarkotis

undoubtedly an interesting tourist destination where few guesthouses and many hotels

providead equate room. It has saved architecture of buildings which could otherwise have been

replaced by faceless modern structures found in many other cities and towns throughout Nepal.

The distinct and diverse Hindu festivals, which until recently had been celebrated several times

a year solely within the individual communities, can now also be shared by the visitors from far

and wide. Other attractions in the vicinity include the Mahalaxmi temple, MahadevJarana,

Mahadevpokhari, jalpadevi temple etc. From the Nagarkot tower, one can not only enjoy a

bird’s eye view of Kathmandu valley but also relish the panoramic view of the entire

Himalayan range when the weather is favourable.

Many people living in Nagarkot are farmers. Animal husbandry is also major profession of

many villagers. This is the tourism area so many people has small hotels. Homestay provides

job to some people.

4.1.8 Home stay tourism and social capital formation

Home stay operators are based in communities which themselves are bound by community

values and principles. They work together on guided values and principles and have a strong

social bond. In many cases there has been community ownership of resources and community

farming which makes the social living in harmony more strengthened. Mutual problems are

shared and cooperated in needs. A social trusteeship or identity is created in such community

22
living and that can be capitalized in times of economic obligations such as running a business

like home stays, farming etc. the involvement of the community in the development of tourism

is perceived as an important factor for the success of tourism. This is because it is based on the

active support of community members who are perceived to have shared goals vis-a-vis

development (Rocharungsat, 2008). Social capital is an asset in home stay tourism management

at community level. Communities working together build up their capacity which further

propels the community endeavor for joint benefits. Community participation has been given

different names for a long time, such as capacity building, community action and community

development.

Tourism in communities has also been advocated from the minimal resource utilization and

environmental pollution perspectives which would be effective in community enthusiasm for

common good only by community participation. According to Richards and Hall (2000) the

new form of tourism is not only able to minimize resource use and reduce environmental

impact, but also be more sustainable. So the willing communities to invite visitors and to gibe

continuity seek to explore ways building social capital. The social capital is deemed as a

prerequisite in home stay tourism management for its sustainability in the community tourism.

4.1.9 Language

They speak Nepali language. In Nagarkot, only Bastola community is involved in homestay

concept. However, there are few ethnic group such are Tamang, Newars, Magars. In

Bajrayogini, Newars, Tamang and Chhetris are more. But all ethnic groups communicate in

Nepali.

4.1.10 Ethnic identification

The study area today is settled by a variety of Nepaliethnicitieswith different beliefs:Bahuns,

23
Chhetris, Newars, Magars, Tamang andGurungs.

The various Newari and Magar festivals, which until recently have been held for their own

purposes several times a year, can be of interest to tourists too. Sorathi and Chutka dances are

very popular.

4.1.11 Housing

The house is made up of brick, mud with tin roof. Some new houses are made up of brick,

cement and concrete. Due to earthquake of 2072, many houses are not in good condition.

4.1.12 Sanitation

The study area is regarded as village tourism area. All houses have toilet facilities and they

dispose the house hold wastages in manure pit. They have idea about the processes of

sanitation which is essential for sustaining the tourism.

4.1.13 Drinking water

About 100% of the surveyed households use the piped water for drinking purpose generally

fetch from public taps.

Table1. Sources of drinking water

S.N. Description Number of HH Percentage

01 Well 00 00
02 Modern tap 20 100
03 River/ steam 00 00
04 Other 00 00
Total 20 100
Source: Household Survey, 2016

24
4.1.14 Dress & ornaments

Nowadays due to the modernization, urbanization and foreign influences, we find all people

wearing different kinds of clothing like t-shirt, trousers and shirts which are not what they

traditionally wore many centuries ago. The traditional clothing men wear consists of daura and

suruwal with traditional Nepali topi (cap). In between the upper and lower part of the body,

long clothes wrapped around the waist as a belt, tightly to compress the stomach muscles.

Instead of these clothes wrapping used as a belt, ware old army belts etc. In cold and wet

seasons, they cover themselves with warm cloths.

Women wear phariyas, cholos, patukas, mujetros.Nowadayssilk cotton saris, lungies,

choubandicholos, velvet cloth, slippers, sandals, etc. are seen worn.

Ornaments worn by women are similar to those worn by other communities. Earrings,phulis

(noserings) on the nostrils, naugedistilharis and squarish amulets hung along with potch (snall

glass beads). Some even wear golden bangles and golden crescent moon hair-clips etc.

uplanggurungs wear the same sort of the ornaments described but they also wear necklaces

strung with silver coins. The wear silver earrings, silver kalli (ankles) etc.

4.1.15 Food Habits

The everyday food of these areas people is rice, daal and vegetables. Goat meat and chicken

meat is used as a festive food. They give ghee, honey, meat, rice to the mother of newborn

baby. There is significant number of people in the study area not having beer and wine. Potato,

mushroom, radish, beans, spinach etc. are also popular vegetables for them. Wine is popular

among Newar, Tamang and Gurungs.

4.1.16 Religion

All Bastola families are Hindu. They worship many gods, demons, pitreesandkuls. Gods,

25
goddess, nagh, cows are worshipped. They perform many religious rites.Tamangs are

Buddhists.

4.1.17 Festivals

These people celebrate many festivals likeDashain, Tihar, maghesankranti, ChaiteDashain,

New year, Buddha Jayanti, Saunesankranti, Teejetc.They celebrate Dashain and Tihar as

major festivals.

4.1.18 Political states

The study area is politically aware. Some people believe in congress and some in

communists.

4.1.19 Education

Education plays vital role in every aspect of people’s attitude. Without education people’s

attitude and knowledge cannot develop. There is one secondary level school in study area of

Bajrayogini but no school in study area of Nagarkot.

Figure no. 2. Education of the family members / Male, female

Only home stay sector

26
 40
36.73 35.89
34.69
35
30
25.64
25
20 17.94 Male
14.28 Female
15 12.82

10 7.69
6.12 6.12
5 2.04
0
0
I.A.&above SLC 6_10 1_5 literate Illiterate

Source : Home stay survey, 2016

Above mentioned figures only show the education status of family member (male, female)

who areinvolved in home stay occupation. People who had involved in home stay were

different stage in education.

4.1.20 Health services

The study area has no hospital. People have to go Bhaktapur for hospital. For severe and

complicates diseases people have go to Kathmandu.

Table no. 2 Impacts of Homestay in Nagarkot

S.N. Impact of home stay No. of Percentage

Respondents

1. Social 04 20

27
 2. Cultural 06 30

3. Economic 05 25

4. Environmental 05 25

Total 20 100

Field survey 2018

The research conducted in Nagarkot the fact that out of the 20 studied households 4 (20%)

total that they are socially affected from home stay. The impacts of village tourism for 6

households (30%), 5 households (25%), and 5 (25%) households are cultural, economic and

environmental respectively. In this chapter the social and cultural and the next chapter (see

chapter VI) economic and environmental impacts of home stay are discussed.

4.2 Social and Cultural impacts of Homestay in the study area

4.2.1 General Introduction

Tourism is genuinely powerful and unique force to change in the community. Many scholars

have assumed that tourism may bring about rapid and dramatic changes land uses

patterns,value systems and portion of economy.

The Focus Group Discussion (2016) conducted in Nagarkot and Bajrayogini revealed the

facts that the concept of village tourism is one of ‘home stay’ or ‘paying guest’ with an

emphasis on interacting and living with the host community. It offers the visitors and

opportunity to experience firsthand the culture, customs, and daily life of the household and

the community. Some trekking is involved but the village experience, in the natural, social

and cultural setting, is the main tourism product. The guests stay in groups of two to five in

assigned households where arrangement for accommodation, meals, snacks, and so on are

made. It is a complete family atmosphere. The management of the supply component through
28
a participatory institution, broad-based sharing of benefits and a new approach to visitor

satisfaction are other unique features of the Nagarkothome stay.The following figure gives the

scenario of the inflow of tourists in NagarkotVillage for homestay sectors.

Figure no.5. flow in tourist per weekly

15 40 a. 1-3
b. 4-6
45
c.7-10

Source: Home stay survey, 2016

Above mentions the figure, 15% household in stay for 1-3 person, similarly 40% household

was found for 4-6 person and 45% household was found 7-10 person in flow in tourist per

weekly in my research time their community.

4.2.2 Social impacts of home stay in Nagarkot

Society is possible due to the social interaction among the individual, group. Community,

nation and international community. Social impacts include the changes in different spheres

and facets of social life. There includes the changes within households, family, community

and so on. Impacts to marriage system, family structure, kinship network are also affected

from home stay. In this section, the positive as well as negative social impact in Nagarkot

people is discussed.

The research conducted in Nagarkot revealed the facts that out of the 20 surveyed households

04 respondents (20%) told that the impacts of homestay / tourism in Nagarkot is social.

29
Among the 4(20%) social impacts respondents 2 respondents (50% of total 20 interview

households) say that home stay/tourism did impact on their family structure. But 1 respondent

(25% of the total 20 households) told the impacts on community as the impact tourism. Then

1 respondents (25% of the total 20 households) told the impacts on both family &

community) as the impact of tourism/home stay.

Table no. 3. Social impacts of home stay

S.N. Social impact No. of respondent Percentage

1. Impact of family structure 02 50

2. Impact of community 01 25

3. Both family & community 01 25

Total 04 100

Source: Field survey, 2018

4.2.3 Social impact on family structure

The study conducted in Nagarkot revealed the facts that tourism changed the family structure

of the local people. According to the villagers, the household was composed of more than

three generations before implementation of tourism. It reveals that join family was common
30
in practice among these people in Nagarkot. But nowadays there are dramatic changes in the

view of natives regarding family structures. Most of the natives especially new generation are

interested to stay in nuclear family instead of joint family. The members of the natives seem

busy in work and they cannot give their time in agriculture and other activities from which the

quarrels might be created in between members of the family. Besides they are following

nuclear family on the account of the business and job outside the village.

The Focus group Discussion with the villagers in Nagarkot also found the facts that with the

village tourism side by side the process of modernization, westernization etc. came in practice

in the community. Due to the contact from the national and international community their

thinking to live in joint family is changed. Another factor to change the joint family into

nuclear family is leisure time. The people became busy due to the tight schedule of the daily

routines.

The following case study is one example of the social impacts of village tourism on the

family structure in Nagarkot. Due to the tourism in Nagarkot, the inflow of the number of

tourists increased. After the involvement with the foreign tourists the local villagers

influenced from their way of life. People also knew about the culture and life style of the

foreigners. Such as westernization, modernization changed the structure of the family. It is all

due to the tourism.

Case study 1

Modernization and westernization changed the family structure

SurajBastola an inhabitant of Nagarkot feels the changes of family residence due the

tourist. He lived in joint family at that time he was child.’ It was very difficult and tenuous

to live in common but it was our common practices”, Suraj recalls his past. Due to the

31
 tourism different people come their village nationally and internationally. Joint family

became obstacle to manage the time to tourists. They realize to live in nuclear family.

Modernization and westernization brought the change within the family. The norms and

values of the local people are changed due to the influence of modernization. We have no

time to serve the elder member of the family because of the tight schedule of the tourism.

To live in joint is also inappropriate from the point of view of sanitation. Nuclear family

also helps to adjust the tourists into their family. The main goal of tourism is to adjust the

tourists within the local family. Tourists feel them as a member of the family.

The case study shows the changes of family forms. The joint families became the nuclear

ones. The decision making of the household is increased and the level of education also

changed due to the involvement with homestay.

4.2.4 Social impacts on Community

TheFocused group discussion conducted in the Nagarkot revealed the facts that the homestay

also changed community of their people. To promote the homestay in community level,

different organizations are established BachatSamuha, youth club, tourism development and

management committee(TDMC) and Nepal Village Resort Ltd. Basically other than TDMC

&NVR are the main factors which play vital role to developed community based tourism at

Nagarkot.

The impacts of tourism at community level can be seen in different sector and facets of the

society. The establishment of schools, roads, clubs and different organizations are example of

the effects of tourism in the community. Before implementation of village tourism in the

32
community the “we feeling” of the local people is weaken but now it is strong due to the

tourism. Most of the works are done communally and it created the neighborhood among the

households.

4.2.5 Cultural impacts of homestay

Culture is the way of life of local people who inhabit in particular place. In Tylor’s views,”

culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, morals, art, law, customs,

and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of a society.” (1871)

Impact of the culture includes the way of people, life style, language, taste moral behavior,

dress pattern, religious activity, and festivals and so on.

As the movement of domestic and foreign tourist influences the society and culture, the

preservation of culture and development of tourism are sharply contrasting elements. Because

tourism involves movement of peoples to different geographical area and establishments of

social relation between people who would otherwise not meet, cultural clashes take places as

a result of differences in culture, ethnic and religious groups’ values of languages and level of

prosperity. When tourist comes in contact with the places he/she visits its population and

social exchange takes places (Kunwar 2006)

The research conducted in the Nagarkot revealed the facts that the impacts of tourism in local

culture are outstanding. In Nagarkotthe impacts of homestay sphere can be seen. Out of the 20

surveyed households 6 households (30%) told village tourism impacts the cultural spheres.

Within the cultural impact of the homestay 2 respondents (10%) said that changes of house

structure and the process of Trinkeization are impacts of homestay. Similarly, 3 households

(15%) felt the homestay brought the changes in life style, festivals and language. Homestay

brought the changes in life style, festivals and language. Homestay impacts on moral behavior

and hospitality of local people according the 1 respondents(5%). For details cultural impacts

33
refer in table 4.

Table No. 4. Cultural impacts of homestay

S.N. Cultural impacts No. of respondents Percentage

1. Impact on house structure, 02 10

trinketization

2. Impact on life style, festivals, 03 15

language

3. Impact on moral behavior, 01 5

hospitality

Total 06 30

Source: Field Survey, 2018

4.2.6 Impact on house structure

The people have own social system. It is found that social structures of natives have changed.

Previously, each and every household of the people seemed to be one or two storied and

manmade of non-plastered bricks. Gradually, the natives are attracted towards the

construction of their homes in modern style so architectural pollution has experienced in

Nagarkot. From the field survey, it is found that most of the new generations want to stay in

modern types of house.

On one hand, architectural pollution has occurred but on the other hand tourism also helps to

raise local awareness of the financial value of cultural sites and can stimulate a feeling of

pride in local and national heritage and interest in its conservation. More broadly, the

34
involvement of local communities in tourism development and operation appears to be an

important condition for the conservation and sustainable use heritage. Thus, a question arises

why to build modern houses if traditional is of more lucrative.

4.2.7 Impact on life style

Nagarkot has also unique life style and also helped the villagers to live up to its glory. Active

participation in cultural activities has been an inalienable part of Nagarkot life. We may

chance upon musical traditional bands going on around the villages. The tourist visits this

village to see all the traditional life style, but nowadays due to impacts of tourism and others

life styles has changed lot. The old life style is seen only among the old members of the

society.

4.2.7 Impact on festivals

People celebrate many festivals likeDashain, Tihar, Maghesankranti, new year, teej etc. and

most of the Hindu festivals. But after launching the homestay/tourism they do not celebrate

all hindu festival as before.

4.2.8 Impact of religion

In ancient times, peoples’ religion was Hindu. They worship many gods, demons, pitrees and

kuls. Hindu gods and deities are also included in their worship. Now they celebrate

Christmas.

4.2.8 Impact of Language

Nepali is the main language of this community. After the introduction of tourism in Nagarkot,

the linguistic acculturation is found in the young generation as well as old generation due to

the frequent visit by international as well as domestic tourist. The respondent felt that they

cannot communicate with the both tourists so they try to adopt others language. If this trend

35
goes rapidly, the Nepali language will be given less importance.

4.2.9 The process of Trinketization

Trinketization refers to the process of the duplicating the product in small size for

transportation friendly. This process loss the identity and importance of the products as it is

before. The artifacts of Nagarkot also are victimized of the harmful side effects of village

tourism. The member of tourism management committee told that most of the domestic and

international tourists want the products in small size and in cheap price. It produces and

reduces the quality and concentrated in the quantity.

4.2.10 Impact on Moral Behavior

Even though cultural impacts of tourism like prostitution, crime, drugs addiction and

gambling have not studied in fieldwork. As in the most tourism destination, the rate of crime

the influx of tourism is low. The question arises whether the people are involved in such

activities or not. So, the researcher has followed the oral interview with respondents. No

respondent blamed the natives to involve in the prostitution. They do not take these incidents

seriously and consider it as a natural phenomenon. There is no sign of gambling, but the

elderly people said that they were not interested in such type of entertainment.

4.2.11 Impact of Hospitality

‘AtithiDevoVava’ is saying in Nepali which means treating guests as gods. By following this

saying Nepali people respect their guest and such they are appreciated for their perfect

hospitality. It is very important to know people residing in the vicinity of tourist destination

and to observe whether they are maintaining original hospitality or not. According to the

principle of tourism, hospitality has new meaning where the hosts exhibit the commercial

hospitality.

36
The study in the Nagarkot revealed the fact that people who have operated hotels, business

and souvenir shops warmly welcome the guests for purpose of their business whereas

traditional hospitality can be found in their homes. Regarding the hospitality, people are

changing day by day and they express the original hospitality with the expectation getting

something from the guests.

In fact the hosts never expect any return from the guests in the original hospitality, when the

tourists go to natives homes they are highly welcome with their cultural programs, food and

drinks. In response to the warm welcome of the natives, the guest presents some gifts to them

and also takes some photographs. This type of interaction makes the natives more ambitious

and commercial and consequential original hospitality is replaced by commercial hospitality.

Furthermore, it can be seen that not only for the tourists, but the people have begun to ignore

the original hospitality to their guests. Previously, when the guests come they were given their

traditional food, GundrukDhindo and fried potato and local wine. But these days people are

modernized and gradually leaving this king of hospitality.

4.2.12 Demonstration effect

As far as the demonstrational effect is concerned, people have left out their traditional

dresses. Very few old folks are seen in their traditional dresses. After the influx of tourism,

the native is highly impressed by the tourist dresses and they started to imitate what the

foreigners wear and what they do. The people are tempted to follow these without thinking

itsconsequences. So, it is seen that the new generation are blindly accepting the life style of

the tourist. All the matters indicate that the traditional dresses are gradually worn out.

According to the informants their traditional dresses are uncomfortable for them. They have

to go outside for study, work and they cannot wear their original dresses because of feeling of

37
humiliation. People are also influenced by the other caste also. Some local used modern

dresses like shirt, pants, loose wear, making the different hairstyle etc.

By the observation, the democratization and modernization attitudes amongst the young

arising out of contact with youthful domestic youth or international youth tourists. Like they

are not interested to use the traditional instruments and not were the traditional clothes. Most

of the youngster prefers western cloths, and also the demonstration effecting Nagarkot

encompasses daily pattern of consumption like eating and drinking imported food.

4.3 Economic and environmental impacts of home stay in the study area

General introductions

Tourism is a strong factor to change economic condition of people in rush tourist destination.

Tourism has changed the local people economic status within the short period of time.

Earning tourism occupies an important place in the national income of a country.

At national level, contribution to the gross domestic product foreign exchange earnings

(including net foreign exchange earnings i.e. after deduction of the exchange leakage factor

from imported goods, foreign management etc.) and government revenues are important. At

district level as well as rural areas other economic impacts are of greater importance.

Development of tourism can also serve as a catalyst for expansion of other economic sector

and can justify and pay for transportation facilities and infrastructure. Less of economic

benefits can occur if inflation many of the goods and services in tourism are owned and

managed by outsiders, of the local price of land and certain goods and services may take place

in rapidly developing tourism areas negatively affecting the local population.

4.3.1 Economic impact of home stay in Nagarkot

Tourism has changed the local people economic status within the short period of time in

38
Nagarkot. Local employment is generated by the tourism. It was observed that traditional

dependence on agriculture has been reduced in heavily used in tourist area the village

economy is being altered by the labour needs of the tourist industry. The important thing is

that most of the peoples economic standard is very well and they have no hand to mouth

problem i.e. the standard of the peoples is quiet good in the comparison of the past because

they can afford the modern facilities, goods imported dresses and essential things in their

daily life.

The focus group discussion conducted in Nagarkot revealed the facts that one of the local

tourist guides of Nagarkot told me that some tourist came in the Nagarkot and stay here as a

home stay paying guest. And they eat what the local people such as dal, bhaat, meat etc. so

we can understand that the host society of Nagarkot can serve and have the ability to give

facility to his guests; this all the symbol of good economy and it also proves that the

economic status of the peoples is quite improving in the comparisons of the past.

Table no. 5. Economic impacts of home stay in Nagarkot

S.N Economic impacts No. of respondents Percentage

1. Impacts in households level 3 15

2. Impacts on community 1 5

3. Both family and community 1 5

Total 5 25

Source: field survey 2018

39
The above table shows that out of the 20 surveyed households, 5 households (25%) told that

the village tourism impact the economic condition of the local people. Among them the

economic impact of 3 households (15%) was household level and remained 1 households

(5%) was community level. The economic impact of 1 households was both family and

community level.

Economic impacts in Household level

Tourism plays the vital role for the economic activities of the local people at different levels.

Economic impacts are related with the livelihoods of the local of the local people and it is

relate with income sources too. In Nagarkot, village tourism is one of the dominant sources of

income of the local people. After the declaration of Nagarkot as a tourism/ homestay

destination the livelihood of the local people have changed. It is due to the tourism that the

earning capacity of the local people is becoming sound and this is directly related to the life of

the local people.

The following table shows the weekly income of the respondents in Nagarkot village. All of

the 20 surveyed households found that they are involved in homestay. Among them

Table no. 6. Monthly income of the respondent

S.N. Income Homestay % Agr/teacher/civil/other %

occupation.

1. 1000-2000 - 00 2 10

2. 20000-5000 - 00 2 10

3. 5000-10000 - 00 7 35

4. 10000-15000 10 50 9 45

40
 5. 15000-20000 10 50 - -

Total 20 100 20 100

Field survey, 2018

The above table also shows that most of the households depend on all according sector but the

main sectors of the income generation is home stay. Similarly, the Agriculture/ teacher/

civil/others occupation is also the main source of income of villagers.

The research conducted in the Nagarkot revealed the facts that economic factor has played the

great role to improve the condition of local people. During the fieldwork, most of the

households more or less agreed to the fact that the economic impact of home stay playing the

vital role to improve their livelihood strategy. The following one is the case study of

economic impact of home stay in Nagarkot.

Case study 2

All hope came into true due to homestay

Mr.PuskarBastola, an inhabitant of Nagarkot tourism tells his current position by

recalling his past.” I don’t want to imagine past life which was full of insecure and

difficult to survive”. After the declaration of home stay in our area, all hopes came into

true. Now, my life is secure and I have many opportunities to work for the betterment of

our golden bough”, he further added.

The economic situation of PuskarBastolais sound due to the home stay. He is one of the

active members of the 20 households who have adopted the home stay in the study area.

She has 1 son and 1 daughter with father and mother. All are now depending on the

41
 income from home stay. His son and daughter are now studying in Bhaktapur. So I think

home stay made me economically sound says PuskarBastola.

Above the case study shows the economic impact of home stay in household of the

respondents. This is one of their main sources of income and their wellbeing home stay.

Economic impacts in community level

Community levels impacts the household but also impact of tourism in local setting. It is not

only limited to the household but also with all households. It refers to the inter households or

inter family ration. To sustain and develop tourism in particular place the infrastructures is

needed for the tourists. In Nagarkot tourism areas the basic infrastructures for the tourist like

transportation, hospital, drinking water, sanitation, security etc. at community level is

available. It is due to the tourism most of the income generation activities are developed at

community level.

The focus group discussion conducted in the Nagarkot revealed the facts that all of the people

are working communally to sustain the tourism to their community. In Nagarkot, local people

regard the tourism as an important source of economy. It is due to the tourism most of the

households and people are employed. They engage to promote the tourism and they also

established different organization to generate the income. They also established the regulative

body to control about the activities of the local people. They also opened the cottage industry

in the study area and produce bag, flag, caps, t-shirt etc. To sell the tourist this is key stone for

the local peoples’ livelihood.

Figure no. 4. Occupation of the family members

42
 46.93
50
45
40 35.89
35 28.89
30
Male
25
18.36 17.94 Female
20 14.28 14.28
12.82
15
10 6.12 5.12
5 0 0
0
Farmer Student Teacher Business Civil Service Others

Source: Homestay survey, 2018

Above mentions the figure, more people are involved in student occupation, nobody are

involved in business occupation, and other peoples are involved like, farmer, teacher, civil

service and others occupation.

4.3.2 Environmental impacts

Environment can be defined as the surrounding unity of living and nonliving things. It can be

social, cultural, psychological, physical etc. tourism often exerts both negative and positive

impacts on its environment. It is said that the negative environmental impacts are: damage or

destruction of resources and their quality, pollution of air and water, noise pollution, ecological

impacts in terms of damages to ecosystem, loss of fauna and flora, crowding and congestion,

loss of land for agriculture and forestry, increased urbanization and so on (upadhya2008). But

environmental impacts of tourism have also positive impacts as well.

Environmental impacts of home stay in Nagarkot

The study conducted in Nagarkot has revealed the facts that the local people have done much

about the environmental protection. It is one of the essential conditions to promote the tourism.

It is one of the essential conditions to promote the tourism. Environment pollution is directly

43
related to the arrival of tourists. Tourists do not like to live in polluted area. So, in Nagarkot,

tourism area, people planted different plants in land. They have also developed the notion of

community forestry to protect the environment. Tourists visit the plantation area which is also

one of the income sources for the local people.

Focus Group discussion with local people of the village has revealed the facts that after the

establishment of tourism program in Nagarkot people are aware about the protection of

environment. They knew the role of forest to promote the local tourism. The local people

manage the manure pit to collect the wastes in many places of the tourism area. The tourism

area is clean and they have also made rules to protect the environment.

Chapter – V

Finding / Summery, conclusion and Recommendation

5.1 Summery/ Finding

Travelling to new places away from normal place of residence or home for fun, pleasure and

learning or to escape from daily monotonous life is tourism. From the time immemorial. People

used to travel to new destinations which seem to begin from pilgrimage. Tourism is now

internationally recognized as the world’s biggest and fastest growing industry. It is also widely

regarded as an effective vehicle for economic development. Over the decades, tourism has

experienced continued growth and deepening diversification to become one of the faster

growing economic sectors in the world. Tourism has become one of the major players in

international commerce, and represents at the same time one of the main income sources for

many developing countries. It is a multifaceted industry with a diversity of long-term

consequences, one that is being pursued on a global basis as a remedy for underdevelopment.

People in recent time have become increasingly aware of the effects of mass tourism on the

destination environments where the limited resources have been over exploited, and in most

44
cases to the detrimental effects of environments by industry leaders and elite entrepreneur NNR

by counting on this, in recent years the need for ‘more sustainable’ forms of tourism has been

advocated which is more participatory, community based and influences positive social

changes and attitudes towards tourism and conservation. Sustainable tourism deals with gaining

the economic benefits while minimizing the social, cultural and environmental damages. It is

proposed by a number of authors that tourism can contribute to reducing poverty and

minimizing the local negative impacts when priority is given local communities. Necessities,

enhancing poverty reduction and creating appropriate strategies according to the context and

local constraints while maintaining while maintaining environmental conservation.

Tourism over the decades, in one side, has been advocated as a major development tool

especially in developing nations taking into consideration the question of social equity,

environmental justice and community integrity. Tourism centered on community based, allows

the host community at the local level the planning, management and controlling of it at a

sustainable manner. Home stay is one type of tourism that promotes interaction between host

families and visitor NPR it will function as a guideline for management on natural resources

and cultural preservation and distributes income to local residents, preventing leakage of the

economy out of the community. Home stay tourism is an important driver of learning,

exchange and strengthening value of community and it is also conservation of environment and

cultural preservation.

Community tourism in Nepal has been emerging as home stay in traditional settlements .where

domestic and foreign guests visit for a closeness to the pristine natural beauty and cultural

observation and even en route to eco-trek to nearby destinations, the passersby sneak into the

home stays as guests as some cases in Nagarkot. This has brought in tourism concept at the

local level through. Is in its infancy state.

Tourism is one of the big businesses in today’s world. It contributes a lot to a country’s GDP
45
and a better way to generate foreign exchange income and creating employment opportunities.

Country where poverty is wide spread has limited resources may have low possibilities to

invest production sector. But they can have effective investment in tourism businesses tourism

business require comparatively less resource and capital, and such common resources is

available in most of the countries. Thus, tourism is one of the major businesses in the most of

the poor nation in the world.

Among them,Nagarkot has been declared as one of the tourism sector by His Majesty the

Government of Nepal.Nagarkot has also earned the international fame of being the community

based village tourism.

This study is an attempt to investigate the issues relating to village tourism, and its promotion

in micro level. The emphasis is also on micro level for the development of tourism in Nepal.

This study is focused to answer the following questions

 What are the social and cultural conditions of local community of the studyarea?

 What are the social and cultural impacts of home stay in Nagarkot?

 What are the economics and environmental impacts of home stay in Nagarkot?

The general objective of this study is to find out the impacts of home stay in Nagarkot. The

specific objectives are to explore and identify the impacts of home stay in the study area, and to

analyze the social and cultural conditions of local community of the study area.

This research is followed primary descriptive ethnographic research, descriptive in the sense

that, dissert ant is carefully tried to record all the observed events from the study area and

describe as faithfully as possible. Thick description of the culture and ways of life of people;

special focus is given to the impacts of home stay in Nagarkot. The total households of 22.

Most of the households are involved in home stay. Twenty households were purposively

selected as a sample. Non-provability sampling was used to collect data and information.
46
Therefore, this study primarily is based on purposive sampling process.

5.1.1 Major Findings

 The impacts of home stay in Nagarkot are the ways in which tourism contributes to

change in value system, individual behavior, family relationships, threaten to

indigenous identity ceremonies and festivals. But tourism can also generate positive

impacts as it can serve as a supportive force for peace, foster pride in cultural tradition

and help avoid urban relocation by creating local jobs.

 The fact that people who have operated hotels, business, and souvenir shops warmly

welcome the guests for the purpose of their business whereas traditional hospitality can

be found in their homes.

 Earlier the guests come there were given their traditional food, Gundruk,Dhindo and

fried potato. But these days peoples are modernized and gradually leaving this kind of

hospitality in Nagarkot.

 The tourist visits this village to see all the traditional life style, but nowadays due to

impacts of tourism/ home stay life styles has changed a lot. The pure Nepali life style is

seen only among the old members of the society.

 The old generation is only concentrated in traditional dance and music. Now the

traditional dance is in risky condition because of modern dances, media and lack of

proper instructor.

 In Nagarkot peoples’ economic standard is well and they have no hand to mouth

problem nowadays due to the home stay. (tourism)

 The household concerned easily absorbs the impacts of the tourists because

accommodation, flooding and other existing facilities do not really impinge on the

environment.

47
5.2 Conclusion

Livelihoods can be improved and poverty reduced through community involvement in local

tourism development activities such as homestay unlike in conventional tourism where most of

the tourism benefits are retained in the urban-based elite tourism elites. But the tourism

leakages in rural tourism by buying foodstuffs and beverages, fuel sources, household items

and other consumer goods are required to be stopped. The community based tourism has been a

new dimension of half a century history of tourism industry in Nepal.Since the announcement

of 1998as a Nepal visit year, the government of Nepal has diverted its attention from urban

based and elite controlled tourism industry to rural community based. The call to bring tourists

to rural underprivileged rural community and keep them in home stay has not been viewed as a

noble justice to the underprivileged rural community only, as has been advocated from the

sustainable as well as social justice viewpoints in recent times. But as an urgency to

accommodate increasing number of tourists at a time when the tourism entrepreneurs are

hesitant to invest in remote village of conflict marred country. Whatever the causes, the tourism

at the community based if could be managed at the local level by the local people can enhance

the social harmony, environmental conservation and cultural preservation as they view it as

their assets.

Since the tourism can have both positive and negative impacts in a given specific location, if

managed well it can demand for locally produced goods and services thus creating job for local

people and created demand for locally produced goods which ultimately raises the standard of

living of rural people. Home stay is wonderful experience as the location is within the

astounding natural beauty and allows one to learn centuries old cultural traditions in Nepal. But

the access to such places has still been limited by poor infrastructure of seasonal roads. Basic

home facilities are unsatisfactory in some cases as they do not maintain the basic amenities
48
such as clean beds, hygienic kitchen and eating place.

Adaption of foreign culture and spoiling ones is on rise from recently installed foreign

television channels and imitating intruders’ lifestyles who visit their homes. Environment is in

shape so far as the tourism trend is in its exploration stage, according to Richard Butter, a stage

for tourism where few travelers visit to places with nearly non-existent facilities before it climb

up to involvement through to development, consolidation, stagnation and declination stages.

Visitors expenses is limited to food and accommodation only as enterprises on local handicrafts

are not so encouraging and the duration of stay is also low because of minimum availability of

entertainment option to retain the visit NPR this has filed to bring a tangible economic value

add to the whole community apart from some subsistence job and few awareness enhancement

in the community through community management of home stay revenue. The home stay hosts

till have agriculture as a dominant occupation as the guests inflow is only seasonal which at

times even overwhelm the host families whether to work in field be in service to their

occasional guests in their house. Yet the home stay managers feel that the way they work is

okay maybe because they don’t have immediate alternative ahead. Though still in its infancy

stage, the community development initiatives is remarkable. The growing awareness towards

cultural and environmental management that the community home stay project is contribution

to will certainly pay the community off in future.

5.3 Recommendation

Specifically, from this studies carried out in Nagarkot, following recommendations can be put

forward for policy revisions and further propel the community tourism as home stay an

improved way.

 Community has poor hospitality management in all fronts such as basic cleanliness in

kitchen and bedrooms, standard local food menu and other amenities as stipulated in
49
 home stay Manual published by MOTACA which a home stay host is required to meet.

Besides, there is lack of effective home stay management system to take charge of

effective monitoring and implementation of the standard norms and guidelines set by

tourism authorities such as NTB and MOTACA. So trainings to this effect to impart the

basic management knowledge to the community home stay managers as well as some

courses on cookeries and basic English language to the host members would further

develop professionalism. This could be done in coordination with institutions like HAN,

NTB and local tourism authorities including local NGOs. In addition, Most of home

stay hosts are financially incapable to invest in infrastructures as set in home stay

operating procedures manual , so assisting them with loan in coordination with financial

institutions and local tourism authorities would help improve their home stay qualities.’

 The visitors from diverse cultural setting and modern television foreign channels have

begun to train the century’s old preserved culture and languages. So, local institutions

such as mothers group, youth club,bachatasamuha, Guthi etc. can engage on local

cultural promotion and heritage preservation to discourage the infiltration of polluting

culture. This endeavor could sustain the heritages and promote tourism’s sustainability

in the communities.

 The out dependence of food and other consumption goods have created tourism

leakages. So, the local goods production and consumption could be a prioritized.

Similarly, enterprises on local goods production such as handicrafts, souvenir items,

could be encouraged to promote the off-farm employment to rise whereby marketability

of local handicrafts and local tourism products could be increased by organizing events

like tourism fairs and Mahotsav in the village and by taking part in similar events

organized elsewhere by home stay manage NPR.

 Visitors’ spending has been found limited on food and lodge only while the duration of
50
 stay is short in home stays. Some measured such as improved amenities, infrastructures,

entertainment activities and food varieties could prolong the duration of stay. Moreover,

the agriculture as a dominant occupation could be diversified to small food processing

and handicrafts enterprises and to other cultural programs given the home stay

managers show more enthusiasm.

 The guests placing in the member homes if done fairly on a rotational basis would bring

social justice by bringing equal number of visitors in each house which the home stay

management board is entitled to monitor. Likewise, the visitor’s record account keeping

if maintained professionally, the tendencies would pave the way for better business

generation in future. Nagarkothome stay however has comparatively better management

system though the aforementioned suggestions would further benefit them in the long

run. Above all despite the occasional commitments from the government and tourism

authorities to work in up-sleeves for promotions of better home stay managements in

communities, visible result in all fronts from providing loan to hosts for infrastructure

developments, trainings and monitoring in coordination with NTB,COS, MoTCA, HAN

PAF etc. to be realized.

51
 References

Bhatt, D.P (2006) Ecotourism in Nepal: Theoritical Concepts and Principles.

Kathmandu: Anju Bhatt.

Bhumishwor Sharma & Sumankherel, 2068, Rural tourism, New Hira books

Enterprises Kritipur

Bista, a.k. (2010 ed.) Tourism Development principle and Practices New Delhi:

Starling Pubishers Private Limited.

Gurund,Dibbya, Tourism and Gender : impact and implications of Tourism on

Nepalese women-1995

Gurung, G.S. (1994), ‘Eco- Tourism Development and Circuit Trekking project.’

KMTNC/ACAP, Progress report.

Homestay Sanchalan Karyabidhi(2071) Government of Nepal, Ministry of

Tourism and Civil Aciation, Sinha, Durbar , Kathmandu

52
Karie, H.G (1989), Socio-cultural Impacts of Tourism in the Austrian Alps’,

Mountain Research and Development, Vol.9, No.1, pp. 59-70, International

Mountain Society.

Khan, M.A.(2005) Principles of tourism Development, New Delhi: Anmol

Publications Pvt.Ltd

Koirala, S. (2005), Tourism and handicraft industries in Nepal: A case study of

Thamel Area, Kathmandu , a project report submitted to central department of

Rural Development , Kirtipur, Kathmandu

Kothari,C.R.1990 Research Methodology, Methods and Techniques, New

Delhi,Willey Eastern Limited.

Kunwar, R.R. (2006) Tourist and Tourism, Science and industry

interface.Kathmandu: International school of Tourism and Hotel Management

Kunwar, Ramesh Raj (1997), Tourism and Development

Kunwar, Ramesh Raj 2006. Tourists and Tourism: Science and Industry Interface.

Kathmandu: International School of tourism and Hotel Management

Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation(2052), Tourism Policy, Ministry of

Tourism and Civil Aviation, Kathmandu, Nepal

Ministry of Tourism(1998), Policies and strategies for Tourism Development,

Kathmandu, Nepal.

Murthy, M.N. (1977): SamplingTheory and Methods, Calcutta: Statistical

Publishing Society.

53
Nash, Denninson (1996). Anthropology OF Tourism, Oxford.Pergamon

Nepal Tourism Board , in Focus Bulletion, 2004 and 2007

Nepal Tourism Board 2070, Home stay recorded

Nepal Tourism Board, 2071, Home stay training manual’

NTB,(2011), ‘ Home stay training Manual’, Nepal Tourism Board

Nunez, T.A. (1969). Tourism, Traditional and Acculturation week\endismo in

Mexican Village, Ethnology, VOL. 11 No.3.

Rocharungsat, p. (2008),’ Community – based Tourism in Asia’, in Moscardo,

G.(ed), Building Community Capacity for Tourism Development. Oxford shire:

CAB International.

Sharma,R.D. 1988 Research Methods in Social Relations, New Delhi:National

Book Organization.

Bandipur, Baskota, Suman2066, Research Methodology, Second edition, New

Hira Books Enterprises, Kritipur

TaragauBikasSamiti, 2070 Home stay Directory.

Nepal Tourism Board 2070, Home stay recorded

Related to Tourism books

Related News paper

54
 Questionnaire/ checklist

My name is sapana shivakoti. Iam a student at collage of Development studies, and

Iam doing my thesis research on socio-economic impact of homestay in Nagarkot

village- as part of partial fulfillment on course of my master’s degree on development

studies. These questions play a very important role for the welfare of tourism sector.

Therefore, I would like to request you to spend some time to answer these questions.

Personal / Family Information

Name…………………………………………………

Cast…………………………………………………..

Family member…………………………………

Religion…………………………………………….

Address……………………………………………..Ward No………………..

VDC/Municipality…………………………District…………………Zone……………

……………..

1. What is the educational status of the family?

Sex/level IA & above S.L.C. 6-10 1-5 literate Illiterate

Male

Female

Total

55
2.What is the occupation of the family members?

Sex/occupations Farmer Student Teacher Business Civil service others

Male

Female

Total

3. What are the main festivals of your community?

_______

4. What is the main cultural uniqueness that attracts the tourist to your village?

_____________________________________________________________________

What do you know about this home stay?

______________________________________________________________

6. What do you like to do about this occupation?

a. Good

b. Not good

c. Fine

7. Are you satisfy with this business?

a. Yes

b. No

8. What kind of tourist do you like?

56
a. Foreign

b. Domestic

c. Both

9. Dose this occupation helps in the family expenditure?

a. Enough

b. Not enough

c. Its fine

11. How does tourism impact other sector?

a.Positively

b. Negatively

c. Both

12. What do you think that should be done to develop home stay?

_______________________________________________

13. Do you have any committee of home stay?

a. Yes

b. No

14. If there is, what does it do?

___________________________________________________

57
15. Do you know how tourist thinks about home stay?

a. Good

b. Not good

c. Fine

16. Has your economical condition and poverty alleviation due to this occupation?

a. Yes

b. No

17. Does the tourist stay for more than 1 month?

a. Yes

b. No

18.If yes for how long?

________________________________________________

19.How long have you been in this business of home stay?

a. 1-5years

b. 5-10years

c. Above 10 years

20.Who encouraged you for this occupation of home stay?

a. Self

b. Other

58
21. Are you involve in other occupation except of this home stay?

a. Yes

b. No

22. What kind of other occupations are you involved?

a. Agriculture

b. Government Job

c. Others

23. Would you give continuity to this occupation?

a. Yes

b. No

c. Have not thought

24. Is there any conflict in your family regarding this home stay?

a. Yes

b. No

25. Is any help provided from the government for home stay?

a. Yes

b. No

26. What kind of help has it done?

________________________________________________________________

59
27. Home stay houses in the village has the following services/facilities available or

not.

(Yes 1, No 2)

Road/electricity accessibility

Hygienic surrounding/drinking water

Basic facilities in the houses (clean toilets, separate clean bedrooms, shower

rooms, hygienic kitchen etc.

Specialized local food, skilled & professional service

Peaceful/ safe location

28.Is this location attractive in terms of environment?

Yes

No

If yes it’s because of

a. Clean air

b. Natural beauty

c. Greenery

d. Above all

29.To estimate the average spending of the tourists per visits on home stay village for

food, shop, entertainment and the like.

60
 Meal Accommodation Guide Entry entertainment Other(specify) Total remark

fees

Codes

Day 1

Day2

Day3

Day4

Total

No of total days spend by the tourists or desired to spend……………

Your name: _____________________________

Country: ________________________________

Signed:_____________

Date:______________

30. What is the no of family size in your household and how many of them are

engaged in home stay business?

a.

31. What was your traditional/family occupation before you ventured in homestay?

Are you still on it?

___________________________________________________if yes tick a right one

a. Abandoned it

b. Partly engaged

61
 c. Negligibly

32. How many tourist you had in your house last week?

33. What are the average tourist inflows in your house a week?

34. Net benefits per week (Rs)?

a. Below 5000

b. 5000-10000

c. Above 10000

35. How many of your family members are employed on your homestay business?

36. Apart from selling services to the tourist, if anything gives you income from the

tourist what goods you are selling to them?

a. Handicrafts

b. Herbs

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 c. Other

63