WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

- A system in plumbing which provides and distributes water to the different parts of the building or structures for purposes such
as drinking, cleaning, washing, culinary use, etc; it includes the water distributing pipes, control devices, equipment and other
appurtenances.

I.) Waterline System

 Cold-water supply
A series of water outlets fed directly from a water
main.
 Cold water may be supplied to a building and its
surrounds by a variety of methods. You will have
to design the cold water service that meets the
requirements of the building occupants but also
suits the supply system. Supply System for Cold
Water

Cold water supply is nothing but an external water

supply. However, cold water supply system can
also use filter, water softener appliances, or any
other fixture. The connection for the cold water
system is done in such a way that other appliances
could receive it through fixtures and taps. Such
appliances include sinks, hot water heaters,
faucets, bathtubs, showers etc.
Cold water supply may include the following.
Mains pressure
Most properties are supplied with water through
the direct connection of pipes to a high pressure main.
This is called mains pressure supply. The water main is the responsibility of the relevant water authority. The water main runs to an external stop
valve which is close to the property’s boundary. The stop valve eliminates the risk of backflow into the mains supply.
Mains pressure is a good option if it provides enough constant pressure to supply all the fixtures as required.

Mains pressure (non-potable)

Non-potable water supply might come from reclaimed or recycled water supplies. It is non-drinking water and is used only for toilet
flushing, clothes washing or watering gardens.
 Pumped supply from rainwater tank (drinking water)
In many areas, both rural and suburban, rainwater is collected from roof catchments and stored in rainwater tanks. This water may be
used for drinking, cooking, some washing and cleaning teeth.

Pumped supply from rainwater tank (non-drinking water)

Some urban areas are now installing rainwater tanks due to severe water restrictions. The water from these tanks is used to supplement
the mains water supply for functions such as toilet flushing, clothes washing or garden watering.

Pumped supply from private bore or dam (non-drinking water)

An alternative water supply to rain water tanks are private on-site bores or dams. This water is used for gardening, washing and toilet
flushing.

Mains pressure with storage tank

This system may be used in multi-storey buildings where there is sufficient mains pressure at times during the day to raise water to a
storage tank on the top of the building. The stored water is used when the mains pressure is insufficient to meet the building requirements. It is
not a common system because the stored water may be used up before the tank refills.

Mains pressure boosted (pressure system)

This system may be used in multi-storey buildings where only a small section of the building does not get supplied with water during
peak periods. Pressure from a centrifugal pump boosts the water to the required area.

Mains pressure boosted (pneumatic)

An air compressor is used to further compress air within a pump that boosts water to the top levels of a building.

Mains pressure boosted (with a storage tank)

This system has a storage break tank between the main and the booster pump. It may be required by some water authorities to prevent
cross contamination particularly in industrial situations. It may also be required in areas when the boosted system reduces the main pressure and
affects other users.

Mains pressure boosted (hydro-constant)

This system is similar to the storage tank and hydro pneumatic systems. It uses a fluid drive between the motor and the pump to produce
more constant pressure.

Hot water systems

Hot water is required in most domestic, commercial and industrial situations to meet the requirements of the building occupants. Appliances that store
and/or heat water must be available and a pipework system designed that transports the heated water to the required discharge points. This is called the
hot water system. Supply System for Hot Water
 There are certain appliances that can be used to
provide hot water, such as water heaters. Cold
water supply system supplies a volume of water to
such appliances, where they heat the water and

provide hot water.

The hot water thus produced is then fed to various fixtures and taps so that the appliances that require
hot water could receive it. The appliances that may require hot water include washing machine, sinks,
bathtubs, showers etc.

Energy sources for heating water

Hot water systems require an energy source to heat the water. The most common energy
sources are:
electricity
gas (including natural, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), town gas, tempered LPG, simulated natural
gas, processed natural gas)
 solar power.
In the current era of improving environmental sustainability and reducing society's dependence on natural resources the use of solar power is growing.
You will need to develop a good understanding of the principles of solar power and how this affects hot water systems.

Solar heating
Solar power may be captured by solar collectors and the heat used directly, or it may be collected by photovoltaic cells that convert the heat to electricity
which can be stored for future use.
Most solar water heaters operate in one of two ways:
 a unit that consists of solar collectors that transfer radiant heat directly to water in a storage tank. A
gas or electric booster system is required. The hot water moves through the hot water system by
means of natural convection or a circulator.
  a solar heat pump unit that draws heat from the air and stores it in the water tank. Heat pumps don’t
require collectors.

Hot water pressure

Water heaters may deliver hot water:
 at mains pressure – hot and cold water are at the same pressure
 at reduced (medium) pressure – pressure reducing valves connected to the cold water connection
reduce the pressure at which hot water is delivered
 at gravity (low) pressure – gravity is used to deliver hot water to the discharge points. The storage
tank must be located at a sufficient height above the discharge points.

II.) WATER SERVICE – Fittings and services

The material with which a pipe is manufactured often forms as the basis for choosing any pipe. Materials that are used for manufacturing
pipes include:

 Carbon Steel (CS)

 Impact Tested Carbon Steel (ITCS)
 Low Temperature Service Carbon Steel
(LTCS)
 Stainless Steel (SS)
 Malleable iron (malleable iron)
 Non-Ferrous Metals (Inconel, Incoloy, Cupro-
nickel etc.)
 Non-Metallic
(ABS, GRE, PVC, HDPE, tempered glass, etc. )
 Chrome-molybdenum steel (Alloy steel) —
Generally used for high temperature service

The bodies of fittings for pipe and tubing are most

often of the same base material as the pipe or tubing being connected, for example, copper, steel, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), chlorinated
polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), or acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). However, any material that is allowed by the plumbing, health, or
building code (as applicable) may be used, but must be compatible with the other materials in the system, the fluids being transported, and
the temperatures and pressures inside and outside of the system. For example, brass- or bronze-bodied fittings are common in otherwise
copper piping and plumbing systems. Fire hazards, earthquake resistance, and other factors also influence choice of fitting materials.

Gaskets
Gaskets are used for sealing of flange joints. In general, gaskets should not be reused Various types of gaskets are available depending
upon their construction, materials, and features. The following are the type of gaskets commonly used:

 Non-Metallic Gaskets (ASME B 16.21)

 Spiral-Wound Gaskets (ASME B 16.20)
 Ring Joint Gaskets (ASME B 16.20)

Non-Metallic Gaskets are used with flat face or raised face flanges. Spiral-Wound Gaskets are used with raised face flanges. They are
available with an inner ring and outer ring, which is also known as the cantering ring. Ring Joint Gaskets are used with Ring Type Joint
(RTJ) flanges. They are available in octagonal or oval cross sections.

A very high surface stress is developed between an RTJ gasket and the flange groove when RTJ is bolted up in a flange. This leads to
plastic deformation of the gasket. Thus, the hardness of the gasket is kept less than the hardness of the groove to achieve coining i.e.
bringing two metal surfaces of different hardness so tightly together that the softer surface deforms to match harder surface exactly in
shape and finish. Hence RTJ gaskets are recommended for reuse.

Gender of fittings
Piping or tubing are usually (but not always) inserted into fittings to make connections. To avoid confusion, connections are conventionally
assigned a gender of male or female, respectively abbreviated as "M" or "F". An example of this is a "3/4 inch female adapter NPT," which
would have a corresponding male connection of the same size and thread standard (in this case, NPT).
Common fittings for both piping and plumbing
While there are hundreds of specialized fittings manufactured, some common types of fittings are used widely in piping and plumbing
systems. Fittings - ASME B 16.9

Elbow

Short radius or regular 45° elbow (copper sweat)

Long radius or sweep 90° elbow (copper sweat)

An elbow is a pipe fitting installed between two lengths of pipe or tubing to allow a change of direction, usually a 90° or 45°angle, though
22.5° elbows are also made. The ends may be machined for butt welding, threaded (usually female), orsocketed, etc. When the two ends
differ in size, the fitting is called a reducing elbow or reducer elbow.

Elbows are categorized based on various design features as below:

 Long Radius (LR) Elbows – radius is 1.5 times the pipe diameter
 Short Radius (SR) Elbows – radius is 1.0 times the pipe diameter
 90 Degree Elbow – where change in direction required is 90°
 60 Degree Elbow – where change in direction required is 60°
 45 Degree Elbow – where change in direction required is 45°

Elbow Material (Eg) - ASTM A234

ASTM A403
ASTM A815

A 90 degree elbow is also called a "90 bend" or "90 ell". It is a fitting which is bent in such a way to produce 90 degree change in the
direction of flow in the pipe. It is used to change the direction in piping and is also sometimes called a "quarter bend". A 90 degree elbow
attaches readily to plastic, copper, cast iron, steel and lead. It can also attach to rubber with stainless steel clamps. It is available in many
materials like silicone, rubber compounds, galvanized steel, etc. The main application of an elbow (90 degree) is to connect hoses to
valves, water pressure pumps, and deck drains. These elbows can be made from tough nylon material or NPT thread.

A 45 degree elbow is also called a "45 bend" or "45 ell". It is commonly used in water supply facilities, food industrial pipeline networks,
chemical industrial pipeline networks, electronic industrial pipeline networks, air conditioning facility pipeline, agriculture and garden
production transporting system, pipeline network for solar energy facility, etc.

Most elbows are available in short radius or long radius variants. The short radius elbows have a center-to-end distance equal to
the Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) in inches, while the long radius is 1.5 times the NPS in inches. Short elbows are widely available, and are
typically used in pressurized systems.

Long elbows are typically used in low-pressure gravity-fed systems and other applications where low turbulence and minimum deposition of
entrained solids are of concern. They are readily available in acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS plastic), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) for
DWV, sewage and central vacuums, chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) and copper for 1950s to 1960s houses with copper drains.

Coupling
Pipe coupling (copper sweat)

A coupling connects two pipes to each other. If the size of the pipe is not the same, the fitting may be called a reducing
coupling or reducer, or an adapter. By convention, the term "expander" is not generally used for a coupler that increases pipe size;
instead the term "reducer" is used.

Union

A combination pipe union and reducer fitting (brass threaded)

A union is similar to a coupling, except it is designed to allow quick and convenient disconnection of pipes for maintenance or fixture
replacement. While a coupling would require either solvent welding, soldering or being able to rotate with all the pipes adjacent as with
a threaded coupling, a union provides a simple transition, allowing easy connection or disconnection at any future time. A standard union
pipe is made in three parts consisting of a nut, a female end, and a male end. When the female and male ends are joined, the nuts then
provide the necessary pressure to seal the joint. Since the mating ends of the union are interchangeable, changing of a valve or other
device can be achieved with a minimum loss of time. Pipe unions are essentially a type of flange connector, as discussed further below.

In addition to standard, simple unions, other types of union exist:

 Dielectric unions are unions with dielectric insulation, used to separate dissimilar metals (such as copper and galvanized steel) to
avoid the damaging effects of galvanic corrosion. When two dissimilar metals are in contact with an electrically conductive solution
(even tap water is conductive), they will form a battery and generate a voltage by electrolysis. When the two metals are in direct contact
with each other, the electric current from one metal to the other will cause a movement of ions from one to the other, dissolving one
metal and depositing it on the other. A dielectric union breaks the electric current path with a plastic liner between two halves of the
union, thus limiting galvanic corrosion.
 Rotary unions are unions that allow for rotation of one of the united parts.

Reducer

Reducer fittings, bronze threaded (left) and copper sweat (right) A reducer allows for a change in pipe size to meet hydraulic flow requirements of
the system, or to adapt to existing piping of a different size. Reducers are usually concentric but eccentric reducers are used when required
to maintain the same top- or bottom-of-pipe level. Material - ASTM A234 WPB

Olets
Whenever branch connections are required in size where reducing tees are not available and/or when the branch connections are of
smaller size as compared to header size, olets are generally used. The following are few configurations of olet connections :
 Flanged Olet
 Socket-Weld & Threaded Olet
 Lateral & Elbow Olets
 Nipple Olet
 Butt-Weld Olet
 Swage Nipples
Tee

Pipe tee (copper sweat)

A tee is the most common pipe fitting. It is available with all female thread sockets, all solvent weld sockets, or with opposed solvent weld
sockets and a side outlet with female threads. It is used to either combine or split a fluid flow. It is a type of pipe fitting which is T-shaped
having two outlets, at 90° to the connection to the main line. It is a short piece of pipe with a lateral outlet. A tee is used for connecting
pipes of different diameters or for changing the direction of pipe runs. They are made of various materials and available in various sizes and
finishes. They are extensively used in pipeline networks to transport two-phase fluid mixtures. They are categorized as:

 Equal
 Unequal

When the size of the branch is same as header pipes, equal tee is used and when the branch size is less than that of header size, reduced
tee will be used. Most common are tees with the same inlet and outlet sizes. Some of the industrial tees are Straight Tee, Reducing Tee,
Double Branch Tee, Double Branch Reducing Tee, Conical Tee, Double Branch Conical Tee, Bullhead Tee, Conical Reducing Tee, Double
Branch Conical Reducing Tee, Tangential Tee, and Double Branch Tangential Tee.

The above tees are categorized on the basis of their shapes and structure. They can also be classified on the basis of the application they
are required to perform.

The three outlet sizes should be named in order (e.g. left, middle, right; measuring 15-22-15).
The three sizes of a tee are end x end x center. So if you want a tee that is 1" on both ends and 3/4" in the center it would be 1" x 1" x 3/4".

Cross
Cross fittings are also called 4-way fittings. If a branch line passes completely through a tee, the fitting becomes a cross. A cross has one
inlet and three outlets, or vice versa. They often have solvent welded socket ends or female threaded ends.

Cross fittings can generate a huge amount of stress on pipe as temperature changes, because they are at the center of four connection
points. A tee is more steady than a cross, as a tee behaves like a three-legged stool, while a cross behaves like a four-legged stool.
(Geometrically, "any 3 non-colinear points define a plane" thus 3 legs are inherently stable.) Crosses are common in fire sprinkler systems,
but not in plumbing, due to their extra cost as compared to using two tees.

Cap

A type of pipe fitting, usually liquid or gas tight, which covers the end of a pipe. A cap is used like plug, except
that the pipe cap screws or attaches on the male thread of a pipe. A cap may have a solvent weld socket end or a
female threaded end and the other end closed off. In plumbing systems that use threads, the cap has female
threads. Industrial caps can be round, square, rectangular, U-shaped, I-shaped and may have a round hand grip
or a flat hand grip.

If a solvent weld cap is used to provide for a future connection point, several inches of pipe must be left before the cap. This is because
when the cap is cut off for the future connection, enough pipe must remain to allow a new fitting to be glued onto it.

Plug
A plug closes off the end of a pipe. It is similar to a cap but it fits inside the fitting it is mated to. In a threaded iron pipe plumbing system,
plugs have male threads. Some of the popular types of plugs are:

 Mechanical pipe plug

 Pneumatic disk pipe plug
 Single size pneumatic all rubber pipe plug
 Multi-size pneumatic pipe plug
 Multi-size flow-through pipe plug
 High pressure pipe plug
Nipple
Main article: Nipple (plumbing)

A short stub of pipe, usually threaded steel, brass, chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) or copper; occasionally just bare copper. A nipple
is defined as being a short stub of pipe which has external male pipe threads at each end, for connecting two other fittings. Nipples are
commonly used for plumbing and hoses, and second as valves for funnels and pipes.

Barb
A plastic elbow fitting with a hose barb at the top, and male pipe threads at the bottom

A barb is used to connect flexible hoses to pipes. A barb clamp fitting has a male-threaded end used to mate with the female threads. The
other end of the fitting has either a single or multiple barbed tube having a tapered stub with ridges, which is inserted into the flexible hose
to secure it. An adjustable worm drive screw clamp helps to keep the hose from slipping off the barbed tube. Barb fittings can be made of
plastic or brass. Brass is used for hot water applications while plastic is used for cold. The barb fitting can be either elbow-shaped or
straight.

Valves
Valves are equipment designed to stop or regulate flow of any fluid (liquid, gas, condensate, stem, slurry, etc.) in its path. Valves are
categorized depending on their applications like isolation, throttling, and non-return. Various type of valves are available depending upon
the type of construction as follows:

 Gate valve - used for isolation only

 Plug valve - used for isolation only
 Globe valve - used for throttling
 Butterfly valve - used for isolation as well as throttling
 Check valve - used for preventing reverse flow (non-return)
 Diaphragm valve - used for isolation as well as throttling
 Ball valve - used for isolation only
 Needle Valve - used to control flow rate to a desired amount

Hydraulic fittings
Hydraulic systems use extremely high fluid pressures to create useful work, such as in the hydraulic actuators for powered machinery such
as bulldozers and backhoes. Therefore, hydraulic fittings are designed and rated for much greater pressures than those experienced in
general piping systems, and they are generally not compatible for use in general plumbing. Hydraulic fittings are designed and constructed
to resist high pressure leakage and sudden explosive failure. More information on hydraulics and their specialized fittings can be found in
the hydraulic machinery article.

Connection methods
Much of the work of installing a piping or plumbing system involves making leakproof, reliable connections. In addition, most piping requires
mechanical support against gravity and other forces (such as wind loads and earthquakes) that might disrupt an installation.[6] Depending
on the connection technology used, basic skills may be sufficient, or specialized skills and professional licensure may be required.

Fastener
A fastener is a hardware device that mechanically joins or affixes two or more objects together. They are usually used to attach pipe and
fittings to mechanical supports in buildings, but not to interconnect the actual pipes to each other. The following are the type of fasteners
commonly used with piping:

 Stud bolt with nut — Usually the stud bolts are used with full threading and with two heavy hexagonal nuts.
 Machine bolt with nut
 Powder-actuated tool (PAT) fastener — Usually a simple nail, or a threaded stud, driven into concrete or masonry
Threaded pipe

MIP pipe and FIP elbow fitting (steel threaded)

A threaded pipe is a pipe with a screw thread at one or both ends for assembly. Steel pipe is often joined using threaded connections,
where tapered threads (in the US/Canada see National Pipe Thread, in Commonwealth Nations such as the UK, Australia, New Zealand
see British standard pipe thread) are cut into the end of the tubing segment, sealant is applied in the form of thread sealing
compound or thread seal tape (also known as PTFE or Teflon tape), and it is then threaded into a corresponding threaded fitting using
a pipe wrench.

Threaded steel pipe is still widely used in many homes and businesses to convey natural gas or propane fuel, and is a popular choice in fire
sprinkler systems due to its high heat resistance. Threaded brass pipe was once used in a similar fashion, and was considered superior to
steel for carrying drinking water, but is now effectively obsolete.
Assembling threaded steel pipe takes some skill, plus careful planning to allow lengths of pipe to be screwed together in proper sequence.
Most threaded pipe systems require occasional use of pipe union fittings to allow final assembly.

Solvent welding
A solvent is applied to PVC, CPVC, ABS, or other plastic piping, to partially dissolve and fuse the adjacent surfaces of piping and fitting.
Solvent welding is usually used with a sleeve-type joint, to connect pipe and fittings made of the same (or closely compatible) material.

Unlike regular welding of metals, solvent welding is relatively easy to perform, although care is still needed to produce reliable joints.
Solvents typically used for plastics are usually toxic, may be carcinogenic, and may also be flammable, requiring adequate ventilation.

Soldering
To make a solder connection, a chemical flux is applied to the inner sleeve of a sleeve type joint, and the pipe is inserted. The joint is then
heated using a propane torch or MAPP gas torch, solder is applied to the heated joint, and the melted solder is drawn into the joint
by capillary action as the flux vaporizes. Sweating is an alternate term sometimes used to describe soldering of pipe joints.

In situations where many connections must be made in a short period of time (such as plumbing of a new building), solder offers much
quicker and much less expensive joinery than compression or flare fittings. A degree of skill is needed to rapidly make large numbers of
reliable soldered joints. If flux residues are thoroughly cleaned, soldering can produce a long-lasting connection at low cost. However, the
use of open flames for heating joints can present fire and health hazards to occupants of a building being worked on, and requires
adequate ventilation.

Brazing
Brazing is a thermal joining process in which the two pieces of the base metal are joined when a molten brazing filler metal is allowed to be
drawn into a capillary gap between them. It is used to join most metals and alloys commonly used in engineering. Brazing filler metals have
very high melting points, but always below the melting point of the metals being joined. It is closely related to soldering, but uses harder
materials and higher temperatures. Brazing can be used to join pipes, rods, metal pieces or any other shape as long as the pieces fit neatly
against each other without leaving large gaps. It is also capable of joining tungsten carbide, ceramics and similar non-metallic materials.
Successfully brazed joints are as strong as the parent metal pieces being joined and can withstand demanding service conditions i.e. they
are strong and ductile. Well brazed joints have smooth, neat fillets and they offer good electrical conductivity.

Welding
Welding of metals differs from soldering and brazing, in that the connection is made without adding a special low-melting-point material
(e.g. solder) to complete a joint. Instead, the material of the pipe or tubing is itself partially melted in a carefully controlled manner, and the
fitting and piping are directly fused together. Generally this requires that the piping and the fitting be made of the same (or closely
compatible) material. Pipe welding is a specialized skill, and is often performed by specially licensed workers who are tested periodically for
the quality of their work. For critical applications, every joint is tested using non-destructive testingmethods.

Properly welded and inspected joints are considered to be very reliable, robust, and long-lasting. Proper ventilation is essential to remove
dangerous metallic fumes from welding operations. Because of the expensive skilled labor required, welded pipe joints are usually
restricted to high-performance applications, such as inshipbuilding, chemical reactors, and nuclear reactors.

Compression fittings[edit]

Compression connectors on an isolating valve. The red metal is a copper compression ring.

Main article: Compression fitting

Compression fittings consist of a tapered concave conical seat, a hollow barrel-shaped compression ring (sometimes called a ferrule), and
a compression nut which is threaded onto the body of the fitting and tightened to make a leakproof connection. Fittings are typically made
of brass or plastic, but stainless steel or other materials may be used.

Compression connections do not typically have the long life that sweat connections offer, but are advantageous in many cases because
they are easy to install using basic tools. A disadvantage of compression connections is that they take longer to make than sweated joints,
and sometimes require retightening over time to stop leaks.

Flare fittings

Flare connection: 1 Screw thread, 2 O-ring, 3 Body, 4 Nut, 5 Seal interface, 6 Support ring (sleeve), 7 Flared tubing.

Flared connectors should not be confused with compression connectors, with which they are generally not interchangeable. Flared
connectors lack a compression ring, but do use a threaded nut. A special flaring tool is used to enlarge tubing into a tapered "bellmouth"
shape that matches the tapered projecting conical shape of the flare fitting. The flare nut, which has previously been installed over the
tubing, is then tightened onto the fitting. Fittings are typically made of brass or plastic, but stainless steel or other materials may be used.

Flare connections are a labor-intensive method of making connections, but are quite reliable over the course of many years. Flared fittings
are sometimes thought to be more secure against leaks and sudden failures, and are often preferred for safety-critical connections, such as
in hydraulic brake systems.

Flange fittings
Flange connection, using a gasket

Flanges are generally used when there is a connection to valves, in-line instruments and/or connection to equipment nozzles is required.
Flange fittings generally involve pressing two surfaces to be joined tightly together, by means of threaded bolts,wedges, clamps, or other
means of applying high compressive forces. Often, a gasket, packing, or an O-ring is installed between the flanges to prevent leakage, but
it is sometimes possible to use only a special grease, or nothing at all, if the mating surfaces are precisely formed. Flanges are designed to
the following pressure ratings: 150 lb, 300 lb, 400 lb, 600 lb, 900 lb,1500 lb and 2500 lb or 10 Bar, 15Bar, 25Bar, 40Bar, 64Bar, 100Bar and
150Bar. Various types of flanges are available depending upon the type of their constructional features. The following are types of flanges
generally used in piping. These flanges are available with different facing like raised face, flat face, ring joint face etc.

 Orifice
 Threaded
 Slip-On
 Blind
 Weld Neck
 Socket
 Lap Joint
 Reducing

Slip On flanges are slipped over the pipe and then welded from both inside and outside to provide sufficient strength and prevent leakage.
This flange is used instead of weld necks by many users because of its lower cost and also the fact that it requires less accuracy when
cutting pipe to length.

Blind flanges do not have a bore and are used to shut off a piping system or vassal opening. Its design permits easy access to vassal or
piping system for inspection purpose. It can be supplied with or without hubs at the manufacturer's option.

Weld neck flanges are designed to be joined to a piping system by butt welding. They are expensive because of its long neck, but is
preferred for high stresses to the pipe, reducing stress applications. The neck, or hub, transmits stress concentration at the base of the
flange. The gradual transition of thickness from the base of the hub to the wall thickness at the butt weld provides important reinforcement
of the flange. Turbulence and erosion are reduced due to the matching bore size of the pipe and flange.

Socket Flanges are similar to a slip on flanges in outline, but the bore is counter-bored to accept pipe. The diameter of the remaining bore
is same as the inside diameter of the pipe. A fillet weld around the hub of the flange attaches the flange to the pipe. An optional interval
weld may be applied in high stress applications. Its biggest use is in high pressure system such as hydraulic and steam lines.

Lap Joint flange is again similar to a slip flange, but it has radius at the intersection of the bore and the flange face to accommodate a lap
stub end. The face on the stub end forms the gasket face of the flange. Its applications are where sections of piping systems need to be
dismantled quickly and easily for inspection or replacement.

Flanged connections tend to be more bulky than other connections, but can perform well in demanding applications, such as large water
mains and hydroelectric power systems.

Multiple mechanical sleeve clamps connecting piping

Mechanical fittings
Manufacturers such as Victaulic or Grinnell produce special sleeve clamp fittings that are increasingly replacing classic flanged
connections. They typically attach to the end of a pipe segment by using circumferential grooves pressed (or cut, in older designs) around
the end of the pipe to be joined. Mechanical connectors are widely used on larger steel pipes, but can also be used with other materials.
The chief advantage of these newer connectors is that they can be installed in the field after cutting the pipe to length, which is much faster
than traditional flanged connections, which must be factory-welded or field-welded to pipe segments.

However, the advantages of mechanical fittings come along with its limitations too. Mechanically fastened joints are sensitive to residual
stress issues and thickness stresses of dissimilar metals.

Grooved Pipe Fittings

A variation of mechanical fittings are grooved fittings such as Victaulic grooved fittings. This “grooved” concept, or grooved pipe joining
system, first available in 1925, uses a mechanical coupling, also named mechanical fitting combined with grooved pipe ends to join piping
systems. A grooved fitting, also called a grooved coupling, has four elements:

 the groove pipe

 the gasket
 coupling housing
 the nuts and bolts

The groove is made by cold forming or machining a groove into the end of a pipe. A gasket encompassed by the coupling housing is
wrapped around the two pipe ends, and the key sections of the coupling housing engage the grooves. The bolts and nuts are tightened with
a socket wrench or impact wrench. In the installed state, the coupling housing encases the gasket and engages the grooves around the
circumference of the pipe to create a leak-tight seal in a self-restrained pipe joint.

There are two basic grooved coupling styles:

 Flexible grooved couplings- allow a limited amount of angular movement

 Rigid grooved couplings- do not allow movement and can be used wherever immobility in the pipe joint is needed, similar to a flanged
or welded joint.
Fittings for crimping

Crimped or pressed fittings

Crimped or pressed connections use special fittings which are permanently attached to tubing with a powered crimper. The special fittings,
manufactured with sealant already inside, slide over the tubing to be connected. High pressure is used to deform the fitting and compress
the sealant against the inner tubing, creating a leakproof seal.

The advantages of this method are that it should last as long as the tubing, it takes less time to complete than other methods, it is cleaner in
both appearance and the materials used to make the connection, and no open flame is used during the connection process. The crimped
fitting process is basically designed with both hard and half-hard copper tube, without using fluxes or filler metals. The possibility to get the
connection done, even when the line is "wet" gives the process an added advantage. These are ideal for drinking water pipes and other hot
and cold systems that include central heating as well.The disadvantages are that the fittings used are harder to find and cost significantly
more than sweat type fittings.
 III.) TYPES OF WATER PUMPS

Water pumps
Centrifugal Water Pump
There are many types of water pumps, but there is no ideal pump for every
occasion. Water pumps are used mainly for dewatering purpose to reduce A centrifugal water pump uses a rotating impeller to move water into the

downtime from large rain events. Water pumps should be evaluated pump and pressurize the discharge flow. Standard, trash and submersible

based on performance, low downtime, durability and price. Having a models are three different alternatives to centrifugal water pumps. All liquids

better understanding of water pumps will be important to reduce operational can be pumped using centrifugal water pumps, even liquid with low viscosity.

costs, increase the durability of your pump and the systems overall These

performance. pumps
work great
Water Pump Types with thin
liquids
There are two general types of water pumps: centrifugal pumps and positive and high
displacement design type. Both types follow the same purpose, which is to flow rates.
move water from one point to another continuously. These two major
components have a wide variety of options that might be used depending on
your project specific needs.

 Sump Pump

 Water Pressure Pumps

 Trash Pumps

 Dewatering Pumps

 High Viscosity

Pumps
Various positive displacement pumps

The positive displacement principle applies in these pumps:

 Rotary lobe pump- are used in a variety of industries including pulp and paper, chemical, food, beverage, pharmaceutical,
andbiotechnology. They are popular in these diverse industries because they offer superb sanitary qualities, high efficiency, reliability,
corrosion resistance and good clean-in-place and steam-in-place (CIP/SIP) characteristics.
 Progressive cavity pump- is a type of positive displacement pump and is also known as a progg cavity pump, eccentric screw
pump or cavity pump. It transfers fluid by means of the progress, through the pump, of a sequence of small, fixed shape, discrete
cavities, as its rotor is turned. This leads to the volumetric flow rate being proportional to the rotation rate (bidirectionally) and to low
levels of shearing being applied to the pumped fluid. Hence these pumps have application in fluid metering and pumping of viscous or
shear-sensitive materials.
 Rotary gear pump- uses the meshing of gears to pump fluid by displacement.[1] They are one of the most common types
of pumps for hydraulic fluid power applications.
 Piston pump- is a type of positive displacement pump where the high-pressure seal reciprocates with the piston.[1] Piston pumps can
be used to move liquids or compress gases.
 Diaphragm pump- (also known as a Membrane pump, Air Operated Double Diaphragm Pump (AODD) or Pneumatic Diaphragm
Pump) is a positive displacement pump that uses a combination of the reciprocating action of
a rubber,thermoplastic or teflon diaphragm and suitable valves on either side of the diaphragm (check valve, butterfly valves, flap
valves, or any other form of shut-off valves) to pump a fluid.
 Screw pump- is a positive-displacement (PD) pump that use one or several screws to move fluids or solids along the screw(s) axis. In
its simplest form (theArchimedes' screw pump), a single screw rotates in a cylindrical cavity, thereby moving the material along the
screw's spindle. This ancient construction is still used in many low-tech applications, such as irrigation systems and in agricultural
machinery for transporting grain and other solids.
 Gear pump- uses the meshing of gears to pump fluid by displacement.[1] They are one of the most common types
of pumps for hydraulic fluid power applications.
 Hydraulic pump- are used in hydraulic drive systems and can be hydrostatic or hydrodynamic. A hydraulic pump is a mechanical
source of power that converts mechanical power into hydraulic energy (hydrostatic energy i.e. flow, pressure). It generates flow with
enough power to overcome pressure induced by the load at the pump outlet.
 Rotary vane pump- is a positive-displacement pump that consists of vanes mounted to a rotor that rotates inside of a cavity. In some
cases these vanes can be variable length and/or tensioned to maintain contact with the walls as the pump rotates. It was invented by
Charles C. Barnes of Sackville, New Brunswick who patented it on June 16, 1874.
 Regenerative (peripheral) pump
 Peristaltic pump- is a type of positive displacement pump used for pumping a variety of fluids. The fluid is contained within a flexible
tube fitted inside a circular pump casing (though linear peristaltic pumps have been made). A rotor with a number of "rollers", "shoes",
"wipers", or "lobes" attached to the external circumference of the rotor compresses the flexible tube.
 Rope pump- is a kind of pump where a loose hanging rope is lowered down into a well and drawn up through a long pipe with the
bottom immersed in water. On the rope, round disks or knots matching the diameter of the pipe are attached which pull the water to the
surface.
 Flexible impeller- is a positive-displacement pump that, by deforming impeller vanes, draws the liquid into the pump housing and moves
it to the discharge port with a constant flow rate. This principle combines gentle pumping with a high dry self-priming action.

IV.) WATER TANK TYPES

A water tank is a container for storing water. The need for a water tank is as old as civilisation, providing storage of water
fordrinking water, irrigation agriculture, fire suppression, agricultural farming, both for plants and
livestock, chemicalmanufacturing, food preparation as well as many other applications. Water tank parameters include the
general design of the tank, and choice of construction materials. Various materials are used for making a water
tank: plastics (polyethylene,polypropylene), fiberglass, concrete, stone, steel (welded or bolted, carbon, or stainless),
Earthen ponds function as water storage. Water tanks are an efficient way to help developing countries, LEDCs, to store
clean water.

Types[edit]
Chemical contact tank of FDA and NSF polyethylene construction, allows for retention time for chemical treatment chemicals to "contact"
( chemically treat ) with product water. (black tank in foreground)

Ground water tank is made of lined carbon steel, it may receive water from a water well or from surface water allowing a large volume of
water to be placed in inventory and used during peak demand cycles.

Elevated Water Tank is also known as a water tower, an elevated water tower will create pressure at the ground-level outlet of 1 psi per
2.31 feet of elevation, thus a tank elevated to 70 feet creates about 30 psi of discharge pressure. 30 psi is sufficient for most domestic and
industrial requirements.

Vertical cylindrical dome top tanks may hold from fifty gallons to several million gallons. Horizontal cylindrical tanks are typically used for
transport because their low-profile creates a low center of gravity helping to maintain equilibrium for the transport vehicle, trailer or truck.

A Hydro-pneumatic tank is typically a horizontal pressurized storage tank. Pressurizing this reservoir of water creates a surge free delivery
of stored water into the distribution system.
http://www.slideshare.net/amprotec/different-kinds-of-water-tanks

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump

www.slideshare.net/amprotec/different-kinds-of-water-tanks

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_tank
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fitting
AGUINALDO, MONIQUE E. AME
A G U I N A L D O , M O N I Q U E E. BS ARCHITECTURE 2
A G U I N A L D O , M O N I Q U E E.
AGUINALDO, MONIQUE E.

AR. MICHAELINE JOAN A. MARTIN

2141258 2141258

AR 228 B BUILDING UTILITIES 2:00-3:00 MWF DB301 AR. ARVEN B. LAC-AMEN

AR 226 B HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 2

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