PENGARUH KONSUMSI SUPLEMEN VITAMIN C TERHADAP KADAR

GLUKOSA DARAH PADA MAHASISWA FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN

UNIVERSITAS ISLAM AL - AZHAR MATARAM TAHUN 2018.

Usulan Penelitian Untuk Pelaksanaan dan Penyusunan Karya Tulis Ilmiah

Diajukan Oleh:

Sandiana Indrajat

013.06.0053

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN

UNIVERSITAS ISLAM AL - AZHAR

MATARAM

2018

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 USULAN KARYA TULIS ILMIAH

PENGARUH KONSUMSI SUPLEMEN VITAMIN C TERHADAP KADAR

GLUKOSA DARAH PADA MAHASISWA FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
UNIVERSITAS ISLAM AL - AZHAR MATARAM 2018.

Diajukan Oleh

Sandiana Indrajat

013.06.0053

Telah disetujui oleh:

Pembimbing I

dr. Ety Retno Setyowati, Sp.PK, M.Kes, MARS.

Tanggal

Pembimbing II

Sabariah, S.Pd, M.Biomed.

Tanggal

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 KATA PENGANTAR

Dengan memanjatkan puji dan syukur kehadirat Allah Subhanahu Wata’ala atas nikmat
dan karunia-Nya, sehingga penulis dapat menyusun dan menyelesaikan proposal karya tulis
ilmiah dengan judul “PENGARUH KONSUMSI SUPLEMEN VITAMIN C TERHADAP
KADAR GLUKOSA DARAH PADA MAHASISWA FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
UNIVERSITAS ISLAM AL - AZHAR MATARAM TAHUN 2018“

Proposal karya tulis ilmiah ini disusun untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat dalam

menyelesaikan program pendidikan sarjana kedokteran di Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas

Islam Al-Azhar Mataram.

Dalam menyesaikan proposal karya tulis ilmiah ini, penulis banyak memperoleh

bimbingan, petunjuk dan dukungan dari berbagai pihak. Maka dari itu izinkan penulis untuk

mengucapkan terimakasih kepada:

1. Bapak Ahmad Firdaus Sukmono, SE, SH, MH. Rektor Universitas Islam Al-Azhar

Mataram.

2. Dr. dr H. Artha Budi Susila Duarsa, M. Kes. Dekan Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas

Islam Al-Azhar Mataram.

3. dr. Ety Retno Setyowati, Sp. PK, M. Kes, MARS sebagai dosen pembimbing utama

yang telah memberikan bimbingan, pengarahan, dan masukan dalam penulisan

proposal karya tulis ilmiah ini.

4. Ibu Sabariah, S. Pd, M. Biomed. Sebagai dosen pembimbing kedua yang telah

memberikan bimbingan, pengarahan, dan masukan dalam penulisan proposal karya

tulis ilmiah ini.

5. dr. Kadek Dwi Pramana, Sp. PD. selaku penguji utama dalam pengerjaan karya tulis

ilmiah ini.

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6. Semua pihak yang sangat membantu dalam terselesainya proposal karya tulis ilmiah ini

yang tidak bisa penulis sebutkan satu persatu atas semangat dan bantuannya.

Kritik dan saran yang sifatnya membangun sangat penulis harapkan demi

kesempurnaan karya tulis ilmiah ini, semoga karya tulis ilmiah ini dapat bermanfaat.

Mataram, 4 Juli 2018

Penulis

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 DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL ............................................................................................................. i

HALAMAN PENGESAHAN .............................................................................................. ii

KATA PENGANTAR ......................................................................................................... iii

DAFTAR ISI......................................................................................................................... v

DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................................... ix

DAFTAR BAGAN ............................................................................................................... x

DAFTAR GAMBAR ........................................................................................................... xi

DAFTAR SINGKATAN .................................................................................................... xii

BAB I PENDAHULUAN

1.1. Latar belakang ............................................................................................................. 1

1.2. Rumusan masalah ......................................................................................................... 4

1.3. Tujuan penelitian .......................................................................................................... 4

1.3.1. Tujuan umum ................................................................................................. 4

1.3.2. Tujuan khusus ................................................................................................ 4

1.4. Manfaat penelitian ........................................................................................................ 5

1.4.1. Manfaat Teoritis ............................................................................................. 5

1.4.2. Manfaat Praktis .............................................................................................. 5

BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA

2.1. Vitamin C ..................................................................................................................... 6

2.1.1. Pengertian Vitamin C ..................................................................................... 6

2.1.2. Biokimia Vitamin C ....................................................................................... 7

2.1.3. Sumber Vitamin C .......................................................................................... 8

2.1.3.1. Makanan ........................................................................................ 8

2.1.3.2. Suplemen Diet ............................................................................... 9

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 2.1.4. Rekomendasi Asupan Vitamin C ................................................................... 9

2.1.4.1. Recomendation Dietary Allowance (RDA) ................................. 10

2.1.4.2. Adequate Intake (AI) ................................................................... 10

2.1.5. Vitamin C dan Kesehatan ............................................................................. 11

2.1.5.1. Kanker.......................................................................................... 11

2.1.5.2. Penyakit Kardiovaskular .............................................................. 12

2.1.5.3. Degenerasi Makula Terkait Usia dan Katarak ............................. 12

2.1.6. Defisiensi Vitamin C .................................................................................... 13

2.1.6.1. Defisiensi Asam Askorbat Melemahkan Serabut

Kolagen Seluruh Tubuh ............................................................... 13

2.1.6.2. Defisiensi Asam Askorbat Menyebabkan Skorbut ...................... 13

2.2. Glukosa ....................................................................................................................... 14

2.2.1. Pengertian Glukosa ...................................................................................... 14

2.2.2. Metabolisme Glukosa ................................................................................... 15

2.2.2.1. Glikogenesis ................................................................................ 15

2.2.2.2. Glikogenolisis .............................................................................. 16

2.2.2.3. Glikolisis ...................................................................................... 16

2.2.2.4. Glukoneogenesis .......................................................................... 17

2.2.3. Pengaturan Kadar Glukosa Darah oleh Sistem Hormonal dan

Hepar ............................................................................................................ 17

2.2.4. Faktor – faktor yang Mempengaruhi Glukosa dalam Darah ........................ 21

2.2.4.1. Karbohidrat .................................................................................. 21

2.2.4.2. Stres ............................................................................................. 22

2.2.4.3. Farmakologi ................................................................................. 23

2.2.4.4. Aktivitas Fisik .............................................................................. 24

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 2.2.4.5. Siklus Menstruasi......................................................................... 24

2.2.4.6. Konsumsi Alkohol ....................................................................... 25

2.2.4.7. Dehidrasi ...................................................................................... 25

2.2.5. Hipoglikemi dan Hiperglikemi..................................................................... 26

2.2.5.1. Hipoglikemi ................................................................................. 26

2.2.5.1.1. Gejala – gejala Hipoglikemi ................................................... 27

2.2.5.1.2. Sistem Regulator Hipoglikemi ................................................ 27

2.2.5.1.3. Jenis – jenis Hipoglikemi ........................................................ 28

2.2.5.1.3.1.1. Hipoglikemi yang Dipicu Insulin ................................ 28

2.2.5.1.3.1.2. Hipoglikemi Pasca Parandial ...................................... 29

2.2.5.1.3.1.3. Hipoglikemi Puasa ...................................................... 29

2.2.5.1. Hiperglikemi ................................................................................ 30

2.2.6. Pemeriksaan Glukosa Darah ........................................................................ 31

2.2.6.1. Tes Glukosa Darah Puasa ............................................................ 31

2.2.6.2. Tes Gluklosa Darah Sewaktu....................................................... 31

2.2.6.3. Uji Toleransi Glukosa Oral .......................................................... 32

2.2.6.4. Uji HBA1C .................................................................................. 32

2.2.7. Syarat Pemeriksaan Glukosa Darah ............................................................. 33

2.3. Dampak Konsumsi Vitamin C Dosis Tinggi Terhadap Glukosa Darah..................... 34

2.4. Kerangka Teori ........................................................................................................... 35

2.5. Kerangka Konsep ....................................................................................................... 36

2.6. Hipotesis ..................................................................................................................... 36

BAB III METODE PENELITIAN

3.1. Jenis dan Rancangan Penelitian.................................................................................. 37

3.2. Lokasi Penelitian ........................................................................................................ 38

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3.3. Waktu Penelitian ........................................................................................................ 38

3.4. Populasi dan Sampel Penelitian.................................................................................. 38

3.4.1. Populasi Penelitian ....................................................................................... 38

3.4.2. Sampel Penelitian ......................................................................................... 38

3.4.3. Besar Sampel ................................................................................................ 39

3.4.4. Teknik Sampling ......................................................................................... 40

3.4.5. Kriteria Inklusi ............................................................................................. 40

3.4.6. Kriteria Eksklusi ........................................................................................... 40

3.5. Variabel dan Definisi Operasional ............................................................................. 41

3.5.1. Variabel Penelitian ....................................................................................... 41

3.5.2. Definisi Operasional ..................................................................................... 41

3.6. Instrumen dan Bahan Penelitian ................................................................................. 42

3.7. Cara Kerja Pemeriksaan Glukosa Darah .................................................................... 42

3.8. Teknik Pengumpulan Data ......................................................................................... 43

3.9. Alur Penelitian ............................................................................................................ 44

3.10. Analisis Data .............................................................................................................. 45

3.11. Etika Penelitian ........................................................................................................... 46

3.11.1. Informed Consent ......................................................................................... 46

3.11.2. Anonimity ..................................................................................................... 47

3.11.3. Confidentiality .............................................................................................. 47

3.12. Jadwal Kegiatan.......................................................................................................... 48

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ......................................................................................................... 49

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 DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 2.1. Daftar Makanan Sumber Vitamin C ..................................................................... 8

Tabel 2.2 Recommended Dietary Allowence (RDA) untuk Vitamin C ............................... 11

Tabel 2.3. Asupan Maksimal yang Ditoleransi Untuk Vitamin C ....................................... 11

Tabel 2.4. Klasifikasi Kadar Glukosa Darah Puasa ............................................................. 31

Tabel 2.5. Klasifikasi Hasil Uji Toleransi Glukosa Oral ..................................................... 32

Tabel 2.6. Klasifikasi Kadar HBA1C .................................................................................. 32

Tabel 3.1. Definisi Operasional ........................................................................................... 41

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 DAFTAR BAGAN

Bagan 2.1. Kerangka Teori ................................................................................................. 35

Bagan 2.2. Kerangka Konsep ............................................................................................. 36

Bagan 3.1. Alur penelitian .................................................................................................. 47

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 DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 2.1. Pencernaan Karbohidrat ................................................................................. 22

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 DAFTAR SINGKATAN

dkk : Dan kawan-kawan

dl : Desiliter

mg : Miligram

ACTH : Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

ADA : American Diabetes Association

ADH : Alcohol Dehidrogenase

AI : Adequate Intake

AREDS2 : The Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2

DCPIP : Dikhloropenolindopenol

DM : Diabetes Mellitus

DRIs : Dietary Reference Intakes

FNB : Food and Nutrition Board

IOM : Institut of Medicine\

IU : International Unit

Kemenkes : Kementrian Kesehatan

NADH : Nikotinamida Adenosin Dinukleotida Hidrogen

NHANES : National Health and Nutrition Examination Survei

RDA : Recomended Dietary Allowance

SPSS : Statistical Package For the Social Sciences

WHO : Word Health Organizations

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