Mean-field theory of the Kondo effect in quantum dots with an even number of electrons
Mikio Eto1,2 and Yuli V. Nazarov1
1
Department of Applied Physics/DIMES, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
2
Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
共Received 9 January 2001; published 8 August 2001兲
We investigate the enhancement of the Kondo effect in quantum dots with an even number of electrons,
using a scaling method and a mean field theory. We evaluate the Kondo temperature T K as a function of the
energy difference between spin-singlet and -triplet states in the dot, ⌬, and the Zeeman splitting, E Z . If the
Zeeman splitting is small, E ZⰆT K , the competition between the singlet and triplet states enhances the Kondo
effect. T K reaches its maximum around ⌬⫽0 and decreases with ⌬ obeying a power law. If the Zeeman
splitting is strong, E ZⰇT K , the Kondo effect originates from the degeneracy between the singlet state and one
of the components of the triplet state at ⫺⌬⬃E Z . We show that T K exhibits another power-law dependence on
E Z . The mean field theory provides a unified picture to illustrate the crossover between these regimes. The
enhancement of the Kondo effect can be understood in terms of the overlap between the Kondo resonant states
created around the Fermi level. These resonant states provide the unitary limit of the conductance G⬃2e 2 /h.
ture T K , is determined by all the energies from T K up to the formation of the underscreened Kondo ground state with
upper cutoff.7,8 By the scaling method, we can evaluate T K spin 1/2. We should mention that the exact ground state can-
共its exponential part at least兲 by taking all the energies not be determined within the limits of the applicability of
properly.22–24 When E Z is negligible, the energies from ⌬ to these approaches. Pustilnik and Glazman have recently pro-
the upper cutoff would feel fourfold degeneracy of the dot posed a different model for the ‘‘triplet-singlet Kondo
states, 兩 1M 典 (M ⫽0,⫾1) and 兩 00 典 , which enhances the effect.’’32 In our notation, they set C 1 ⫽ 冑2,C 2 ⫽0 in Eq. 共4兲
Kondo temperature. With increasing ⌬, T K decreases by a for the singlet state. Their model can be directly mapped
onto a special case of the two-impurity Kondo model,33 for
power law.21 We extend our previous calculations to the case
which the ground state is a spin singlet. We are concerned
of E Z⫽⫺⌬ⰇT K which has been discussed by Pustilnik
about the case of C 1 ⬇C 2 , and we find that the difference
et al.25 and Giuliano and Tagliacozzo.26 We take into account
between C 1 and C 2 reduces as a result of the
the energies not only from T K to E Z , where only two degen- renormalization.21 This suggests that the case considered in
erate states 兩 11 典 and 兩 00 典 are relevant, but also from E Z to Ref. 32 is by no means a generic one.
the upper cutoff, where the dot states seem fourfold degen- This paper is organized as follows. Our model is pre-
erate. The latter energy region has been neglected in Refs. 25 sented in the next section. In Sec. III, we rederive T K(⌬)
and 26. In consequence we find a power-law dependence of when the Zeeman splitting is irrelevant, using the poor man’s
T K on E Z again. scaling method, in a simpler form than our previous work.21
The mean field theory of the Kondo effect was pioneered Then we extend our calculations to the case of E Z⫽⫺⌬
by Yoshimori and Sakurai29 and is commonly used for the ⰇT K . Section IV is devoted to the mean field theory for the
Kondo lattice model.30 It is useful to capture main qualitative Kondo effect in quantum dots. First we explain this theory
features of the Kondo effect; renormalizability at the scale of for the usual Kondo effect in a quantum dot with S⫽1/2.
T K , resonances at the Fermi level, and resonant transmis- Then we apply the mean field scheme to our model with an
sion. The simplicity and universality of the mean field theory even number of electrons in the dot. The conclusions and
have driven us to apply it to the problem in question. Gen- discussion are given in the last section.
erally the Kondo effect gives rise to a many-body ground
state which consists of the dot states 兩 SM 典 ⫽ f †SM 兩 0 典 and the II. MODEL
conduction electrons ⌸c k† 兩 0 典 . The total spin of this ground
state is less than the original spin S localized in the dot. The We are interested in the competition between the spin-
binding energy is of the order of the Kondo temperature T K . singlet and -triplet states in a quantum dot. To model the
We take into account the spin couplings between the dot situation, it is sufficient to consider two extra electrons in a
states and conduction electrons, 具 f †SM c k 典 , by the mean field, quantum dot at the background of a singlet state of all other
neglecting their fluctuations.31 These spin couplings give rise N⫺2 electrons, which we will regard as the vacuum 兩 0 典 .
to resonant states around the Fermi level with the width of These two extra electrons occupy two levels of different or-
the order of T K . The conduction electrons can be transported bital symmetry.34 The energies of the levels are 1 and 2 .
through the resonant levels, which yields the unitary limit of Possible two-electron states are 共i兲 the spin-triplet state, 共ii兲
the conductance G⬃2e 2 /h. For our study, the mean field the spin-singlet state of the same orbital symmetry as the
calculations have the following advantages. 共i兲 The enhance- triplet state, 1/冑2(d 1↑ d 2↓ ⫺d 1↓
† † † †
d 2↑ ) 兩 0 典 , and 共iii兲 two singlet
ment of T K by the competition between the singlet and triplet states of different orbital symmetry, d 1↑ d 1↓ 兩 0 典 , d 2↑
† † † †
d 2↓ 兩 0 典 .
states can be directly understood in terms of the overlap be- Among the singlet states, we only consider a state of the
tween their Kondo resonant states. 共ii兲 The power-law depen- lowest energy, which belongs to group 共iii兲. Thus we restrict
dence of T K on ⌬ or E Z is obtained, which is in accordance our attention to four states, 兩 SM 典 :
with the calculated results by the scaling method. 共iii兲 The
mean field calculations are applicable to the intermediate re- 兩 11 典 ⫽d 1↑
† †
d 2↑ 兩 0 典 , 共1兲
gions where two of T K , ⌬, and E Z , are of the same order.
The poor man’s scaling method hardly gives any results in 1
兩 10 典 ⫽ † †
共 d 1↑ d 2↓ ⫹d 1↓
† †
d 2↑ 兲 兩 0 典 , 共2兲
these regions. Hence we can examine the whole parameter 冑2
region of ⌬ and E Z by the mean field theory. The disadvan-
tage of the mean field calculations is that they only give
兩 1⫺1 典 ⫽d 1↓
† †
d 2↓ 兩 0 典 , 共3兲
qualitative answers.31 Hence the mean field theory and scal-
ing method are complementary to each other for understand-
ing the Kondo effect. 1
兩 00 典 ⫽ † †
共 C 1 d 1↑ d 1↓ ⫺C 2 d 2↑
† †
d 2↓ 兲 兩 0 典 , 共4兲
We shall discuss the relation of our approach to the renor- 冑2
malization group analysis of the multilevel Kondo effect.23,24
Our model effectively reduces to the one with two channels where d i† creates an electron with spin in level i. The
in the leads and spin-triplet 共and -singlet兲 state in the dot coefficients in the singlet state, C 1 and C 2 ( 兩 C 1 兩 2 ⫹ 兩 C 2 兩 2
when E ZⰆT K . The ground state of this model would be ⫽2), are determined by the electron-electron interaction and
believed to be a spin singlet, which corresponds to the full one-electron level spacing ␦ ⫽ 2 ⫺ 1 . We set C 1 ⫽C 2 ⫽1.
screening of the dot spin. The poor man’s scaling approach This is the case for ␦ ⫽0.35 Although C 1 ⫽C 2 in general, the
and our mean field theory, however, show a tendency to the scaling analysis shows that the Kondo temperature is the
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MEAN-FIELD THEORY OF THE KONDO EFFECT IN . . . PHYSICAL REVIEW B 64 085322
(i)†
⫺c k ⬘ ↓ c k↓
兺 兺 (i)k c ␣(i)†,k c ␣(i),k ,
(i)
H leads⫽ 兲兴
␣ ⫽L,R k i
H leads⫽ 兺
ki
(i) (i)† (i)
k c k c k , 共7兲 The coupling constants are given by
V 2i
J (i) ⫽ , 共14兲
H T⫽ 兺
ki
d i ⫹H.c. 兲 .
V i 共 c k(i)† 共8兲 2E c
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MIKIO ETO AND YULI V. NAZAROV PHYSICAL REVIEW B 64 085322
where 1/E c⫽1/E ⫹ ⫹1/E ⫺ . Note that J̃ 2 ⫽J (1) J (2) . The last
⬘ represents the scattering processes of conduction
term H eff
electrons without any change of the dot state and is not rel-
evant for the current discussion. The spin-flip processes in-
cluded in our model are shown in Fig. 1共b兲.
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MEAN-FIELD THEORY OF THE KONDO EFFECT IN . . . PHYSICAL REVIEW B 64 085322
and J (i)
c do not change. These scaling equations are nearly H MF⫽ 兺
k
k c k† c k ⫹ 兺 E f † f ⫺ 兺 共 冑2J 具 ⌶ 典 c k† f
k,
equivalent to those of the anisotropic Kondo model with S
⫽1/2,22 as pointed out in Refs. 25,26.
When 兩 ⌬ 兩 ⫽E Z⬎D 0 , the scaling equations 共24兲 remain
valid in the whole scaling region. This yields the Kondo
⫹H.c.兲 ⫹2J 兩 具 ⌶ 典 兩 2 ⫹ 冉兺
f † f ⫺1 . 冊 共31兲
temperature The constraint, Eq. 共29兲, is taken into account by the last
term with a Lagrange multiplier . By minimizing the ex-
T K共 ⬁ 兲 ⫽D 0 exp关 ⫺A 共 兲 /2 共 J (1) ⫹J (2) 兲兴 共25兲 pectation value of H MF , 具 ⌶ 典 is determined self-consistently
共Appendix A兲.
with
再
In the absence of the Zeeman effect, E ↑ ⫽E ↓ ⫽E 0 . The
A共 兲⫽
1
ln 冉 冊
1⫹
1⫺
共 0⬍ ⭐ /8兲
共26兲
mean field Hamiltonian, H MF , represents a resonant tunnel-
ing through an ‘‘energy level,’’ Ẽ 0 ⫽E 0 ⫹, with ‘‘tunneling
coupling,’’ Ṽ⫽⫺ 冑2J 具 ⌶ 典 . Ṽ provides a finite width of the
2 ⫺1 ˜ 0 ⫽ 兩 Ṽ 兩 2 , with being the density of states in
tan 共 /8⬍ ⭐ /4兲 , resonance, ⌬
the leads. The constraint, Eq. 共29兲, requires that the states for
where ⫽ 冑兩 cos 4兩.38 A( ) decreases monotonically with the pseudofermions are half-filled, that is, Ẽ 0 ⫽ . Hence the
increasing . A( )→⬁ as →0. A( /8)⫽2 and A( /4) Kondo resonant state appears just at the Fermi level , as
⫽ /2. When J (1) ⫹J (2) is fixed, T K(⬁) is the largest at indicated in the inset 共A兲 in Fig. 3共a兲. The self-consistent
J (1) ⫽J (2) ( ⫽ /4) and becomes smaller with decreasing calculations give us the resonant width
J (2) /J (1) (⫽tan2 ).
In the intermediate region, T K(0)Ⰶ 兩 ⌬ 兩 ⫽E ZⰆD 0 , we ˜ 0 ⫽ 兩 冑2J 具 ⌶ 典 兩 2 ⫽D 0 exp关 ⫺1/2 J 兴 .
⌬ 共32兲
match the solutions of Eqs. 共16兲 and 共24兲 at D⯝ 兩 ⌬ 兩 . We This is identical to the Kondo temperature T K .
obtain a power law In the presence of the Zeeman splitting, E ↑ ⫽E 0 ⫺E Z and
E ↓ ⫽E 0 ⫹E Z . Hence the resonant level is split for spin-up
T K共 ⌬ 兲 ⫽T K共 0 兲关 T K共 0 兲 / 兩 ⌬ 兩 兴 A( )⫺1 . 共27兲
and -down electrons, Ẽ ↑/↓ ⫽E ↑/↓ ⫹. The constraint, Eq.
Figure 2共b兲 shows the behaviors of T K(⌬) in the case of 共29兲, yields E 0 ⫹⫽ 关see inset 共B兲 in Fig. 3共a兲兴. The reso-
E Z⫽⫺⌬. nant width ⌬ ˜ is determined as
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MIKIO ETO AND YULI V. NAZAROV PHYSICAL REVIEW B 64 085322
ជ †典 ⌶
H MF⫽H lead⫹H dot⫺J MF关 具 ⌶ ជ ⫹⌶
ជ †具 ⌶
ជ 典⫺兩具⌶
ជ 典兩2兴
⫹ 冉兺
SM
f †SM f SM ⫺1 ,冊 共36兲
where
and
ជ 典兩2,
T K⫽ 兩 J MF具 ⌶ 共39兲
冋 冉 冊册
find that 共i兲 T K(⌬) reaches its maximum at ⌬⫽0, 共ii兲 for
2e 2 4⌫ L ⌫ R EZ 2
G⫽ 1⫺ . 共34兲 ⌬ⰇT K(0), T K(⌬) obeys a power law
h 共 ⌫ L ⫹⌫ R 兲 2 T K共 0 兲
2
This is the conductance in the unitary limit for E Z⫽0. Figure T K共 ⌬ 兲 ⌬ tan ⫽const., 共40兲
3共b兲 presents the E Z dependence of the conductance. With
increasing E Z , the splitting between the resonant levels for and 共iii兲 for ⌬⬍0, T K decreases rapidly with increasing 兩 ⌬ 兩
spin up and down becomes larger. In consequence the am- and disappears at ⌬⫽⌬ c⬃⫺T K(0):
plitude of the Kondo resonance decreases at , which re-
2
duces the conductance. ⌬ c⫽⫺D 0 exp共 ⫺1/ J MF兲共 1⫹tan2 兲共 tan2 兲 ⫺sin .
共41兲
B. Kondo resonance in the present model
These features are in agreement with the results of the scal-
Now we apply the mean field theory to our model which ing calculations.
has the spin-triplet and -singlet states in a quantum dot. The The behaviors of T K(⌬) can be understood as follows.
spin states of the coupling to a conduction electron are (S The inset of Fig. 4共a兲 schematically shows the Kondo reso-
⫽1) 丢 (S⫽1/2)⫽(S⫽3/2) 丣 (S⫽1/2) for the former, and nant states. The resonance of the triplet state is denoted by
(S⫽0) 丢 (S⫽1/2)⫽(S⫽1/2) for the latter 共Appendix B兲. To solid lines, whereas that of the singlet state is by dotted lines.
represent the competition between the triplet and single 共A兲 When ⌬ⰇT K(0), the triplet resonance appears around
states, therefore, the order parameter should be a spinor of , whereas the singlet resonance is far above . 共B兲 With a
S⫽1/2. It is 具 ⌶ជ 典 where decrease in ⌬, the two resonant states are more overlapped at
冉 冊
, which raises T K gradually. This results in a power law of
cos 共 冑2 f 11 c k↑ ⫹ f 10
† (1)
c k↓ 兲 / 冑3⫹ 共 sin 兲 f 00
† (1) † (2)
c k↓ T K(⌬), Eq. 共40兲. The largest overlap yields the maximum of
ជ⫽
⌶ 兺k cos 共 冑2 f 1⫺1
† (1)
c k↓ ⫹ f 10 c k↑ 兲 / 冑3⫺ 共 sin 兲 f 00
† (1) † (2)
c k↑ T K at ⌬⫽0. 共C兲 When ⌬⬍0, the singlet and triplet reso-
共35兲 nances are located below and above , respectively, being
sharper and farther from each other with increasing 兩 ⌬ 兩 . Fi-
for J (1) ⬎J (2) . A mode of the largest coupling is taken into nally the Kondo resonance disappears at ⌬⫽⌬ c .
account in this approximation. The Hamiltonian reads The conductance through the dot is given by
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MEAN-FIELD THEORY OF THE KONDO EFFECT IN . . . PHYSICAL REVIEW B 64 085322
FIG. 4. The mean field calculations for the Kondo effect in the
present model. The Zeeman splitting is disregarded (E ZⰆT K). 共a兲
The Kondo temperature T K and 共b兲 conductance through the dot, G,
as functions of ⌬⫽E 00⫺E S⫽1 . T K and ⌬ are in units of
D 0 exp(⫺1/ J MF). G, in units of 2e 2 /h, is evaluated in a symmetric FIG. 5. The mean field calculations for the Kondo temperature
case of ⌫ Li ⫽⌫ Ri (i⫽1,2). tan ⫽ 冑3J̃/J MF where curve a, / T K in the present model. / ⫽0.15 where tan ⫽ 冑3J̃/J MF . All of
⫽0.25; curve b, 0.15; and curve c, 0.10. Note that / ⭐1/6 in this E Z , ⌬, and T K are in units of D 0 exp(⫺1/ J MF). 共a兲 T K is plotted in
approximation 共case a is only for reference兲. Inset in 共a兲: The E Z-⌬ plane, by contour lines drawn every 0.25. The lighter shade
Kondo resonant states for S⫽1 共solid line兲 and for S⫽0 共dotted indicates the larger values of T K . 共b兲 T K as a function of ⌬ when
line兲 when 共A兲 ⌬ⰇT K(0), 共B兲 ⌬⬃T K(0), and 共C兲 ⌬⬍0. E Z is fixed at curve a, 0; curve b, 1; curve c, 2; curve d, 5; and
curve e, 10. The broken line indicates T K in the case of ⫺⌬
冉
⫽E Z .
4⌫ L1 ⌫ R1 ⌬ 2
˜ 11
G/ 共 e 2 /h 兲 ⫽
共 ⌫ L1 ⫹⌫ R1 兲 2 共 ⫺Ẽ 11兲 2 ⫹⌬ 2
˜ 11 of ⫽0.15 . Figure 5共b兲 presents T K as a function of ⌬ for
冊
several values of E Z . When E Z is large enough, the Kondo
⌬ 2
˜ 10
effect takes place only when the resonant state of 兩 11 典 is
⫹
共 ⫺Ẽ 10兲 2 ⫹⌬ 2
˜ 10 overlapped with that of 兩 00 典 . Then T K is the largest at ⌬
冏
⫽⫺E Z and decreases with ⌬ being away from this value. At
4⌫ L2 ⌫ R2 ⌬ 2
˜ 00 ⌬⫽⫺E Z , T K obeys a power law
⫹ , 共42兲
共 ⌫ L2 ⫹⌫ R2 兲 2 共 ⫺Ẽ 00兲 2 ⫹⌬ 2
˜ 00
⫽
2)
T K共 ⌬ 兲 兩 ⌬ 兩 1/(2⫹3 tan ⫽const., 共43兲
where ⌫ ␣i ⫽ 兩 V ␣ ,i 兩 2 . The resonant widths are ⌬ ˜ 11 /⌬
˜0
⫽(2 cos2)/3, ⌬ ˜ 10 /⌬˜ 0 ⫽(cos2)/3, and ⌬ ˜ 0 ⫽sin2 with
˜ 00 /⌬ which is indicated by a broken line in Fig. 5共b兲. This is
˜ ជ
⌬ 0 ⫽ 兩 J MF具 ⌶ 典 兩 . The conductance G as a function of ⌬ is
2
qualitatively in agreement with the calculated results by the
shown in Fig. 4共b兲, in a symmetric case of ⌫ Li ⫽⌫ Ri (i scaling method.
⫽1,2). G⫽2e 2 /h for ⌬⬎0, whereas G goes to zero sud- Figure 6 indicates the conductance G in E Z-⌬ plane,
denly for ⌬⬍0. Around ⌬⫽0, G is larger than the value in when ⫽0.15 and ⌫ Li ⫽⌫ Ri (i⫽1,2). G takes the value of
the unitary limit, 2e 2 /h, which is attributable to nonuniversal 2e 2 /h around E Z⫽0 and ⌬⬎0, and also along the line of
contribution from the multichannel nature of our model.21 E Z⫽⫺⌬. (G⬎2e 2 /h in the neighborhood of E Z⫽⌬⫽0, as
In the presence of the Zeeman splitting, E 1M ⫽E S⫽1 discussed above.兲 For sufficiently large E Z , our model is
⫺E ZM , the resonant level of the triplet state is split into nearly equivalent to the anisotropic Kondo model with S
three. With increasing E Z , the Kondo effect is rapidly ⫽1/2.25,26 Hence G⫽2e 2 /h at ⌬⫽⫺E Z and reduces to zero
weaken except in the region of ⌬⬃⫺E Z . In Fig. 5共a兲, we as ⌬ deviates from this value, in the same way as in Fig. 3共b兲
show the Kondo temperature T K in E Z-⌬ plane, in the case for the case of S⫽1/2.
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MIKIO ETO AND YULI V. NAZAROV PHYSICAL REVIEW B 64 085322
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MEAN-FIELD THEORY OF THE KONDO EFFECT IN . . . PHYSICAL REVIEW B 64 085322
冏
leads兲 and temperature. Integrating out the dot states with e2
zero or two electrons by the Schrieffer-Wolff G⫽
h
共 2 兲 2 兺 兩 具 R,k ⬘ 兩 T̂ 兩 L,k 典 兩 2
transformation,7,8 we obtain the effective low-energy Hamil- k ⫽ k ⬘ ⫽
tonian
e2 兩 V L兩 2兩 V R兩 2
⫽ 共 2 兲 2
H⫽ 兺
k
k c k† c k ⫹ 兺 E f † f ⫹J 兺 关 Ŝ ⫹ c k ⬘ ↓ c k↑
† h 共 兩 V L兩 2⫹ 兩 V R兩 2 兲 2
冏
kk ⬘
† † †
⫹Ŝ ⫺ c k ⬘ ↑ c k↓ ⫹Ŝ z 共 c k ⬘ ↑ c k↑ ⫺c k ⬘ ↓ c k↓ 兲兴 共A3兲 ⫻ 兺 兩 具 k ⬘兩 T̂ 兩 k 典 兩 2
k ⫽ k ⬘ ⫽
under a constraint of Eq. 共29兲. In the second term we have
included the Zeeman effect, E ↑,↓ ⫽E 0 ⫾E Z . The third term
represents the exchange coupling between the dot spin and
conduction electrons with J⫽V 2 /E c , where 1/E c⫽1/E ⫹
⫽
e 2 4⌫ L ⌫ R
h 共 ⌫ L ⫹⌫ R 兲 2 兺 共 ⫺Ẽ
⌬
˜2
兲
2
⫹⌬
˜2 冏 ⫽
, 共A10兲
⫹1/E ⫺ . By expressing the spin operator Ŝ as Ŝ ⫹ ⫽ f †↑ f ↓ , where ⌫ ␣ ⫽ 兩 V ␣ 兩 2 . This yields Eq. 共34兲 in the text. On the
Ŝ ⫺ ⫽ f †↓ f ↑ , Ŝ z ⫽( f †↑ f ↑ ⫺ f †↓ f ↓ )/2, one finds that Eq. 共A3兲 is second line in Eq. 共A10兲, 兩 k 典 ⫽c k† 兩 0 典 ⫽(V L 兩 L,k 典
identical to Eq. 共28兲. ⫹V R 兩 R,k 典 )/V, and the T matrix is evaluated in terms of
The mean field Hamiltonian, Eq. 共31兲, includes ‘‘energy the Green function, Eq. 共A4兲, 兩 Ṽ 兩 2 G (⫽ k ).
levels’’ for pseudofermions, Ẽ ⫽E ⫹, which are coupled
to the leads with ‘‘tunneling amplitude,’’ Ṽ⫽⫺ 冑2J 具 ⌶ 典 . The APPENDIX B: MEAN FIELD CALCULATIONS IN THE
Green function for the pseudofermions is PRESENT MODEL
For the spin states of the coupling between the spin triplet
1 S⫽1 in the dot and a conduction electron, we introduce
G 共 兲 ⫽ , 共A4兲
⫺Ẽ ⫹i⌬
˜ spinors of S⫽1/2 and 3/2. Using the Clebsch-Gordan coef-
ficients, they are given by
where ⌬˜ ⫽ 兩 Ṽ 兩 2 . This represents the resonant tunneling
with the resonant width ⌬ ˜.
The expectation value of the Hamiltonian, Eq. 共31兲, is
ជ 1/2
⍀ (i)
⫽ 兺k 冉 共 冑2 f 11
共 冑2 f 1⫺1
†
c k↑ ⫹ f 10
† (i)
(i)
c k↓ ⫹ f 10
c k↓ 兲 / 冑3
† (i)
c k↑ 兲 / 冑3
† (i) 冊 , 共B1兲
冉 冊
written as
冋 册
† (i)
˜ Ẽ 2 ⫹⌬ f 11 c k↓
⌬
˜ Ẽ ⌬
˜ ⌬ ˜2 ⌬
˜
E MF⫽ 兺 ⫺ ⫹ tan⫺1
⫹
Ẽ 2
ln ⫺⫹
J
, 共 ⫺ f 11 c k↑ ⫹ 冑2 f 10
† (i)
c k↓ 兲 / 冑3
† (i)
兺k
2
D0 ជ 3/2
⍀ (i)
⫽ . 共B2兲
共A5兲 †
共 f 1⫺1 (i)
c k↓ ⫺ 冑2 f 10 c k↑ 兲 / 冑3
† (i)
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MIKIO ETO AND YULI V. NAZAROV PHYSICAL REVIEW B 64 085322
In the same way we define the spinors of S⫽1/2 to represent where the resonant widths are ⌬ ˜ 0 ⫽(2 cos2)/3,
˜ 11 /⌬
the spin couplings between the singlet state S⫽0 and a con- ⌬ 10 /⌬ 0 ⫽(cos )/3, and ⌬ 00 /⌬ 0 ⫽sin2 with ⌬
˜ ˜ 2 ˜ ˜ ˜0
duction electron ជ 典 兩 . We set ⫽0 here. Minimizing E MF with
⫽ 兩 J MF具 ⌶ 2
ជ (i) ⫽
⌿ 兺k 冉 † ( ī )
f 00
⫺ f 00
c k↓
† ( ī )
c k↑
冊 , 共B4兲
respect to ⌬ 0 , we obtain
2
˜
共 cos 兲 ln
2
2
Ẽ 11⫹⌬ 2
˜ 11 1
⫹ 共 cos 兲 ln
2
2
Ẽ 10 ⫹⌬ 2
˜ 10
3 D 20 3 D 20
where ī ⫽2 and 1 for i⫽1 and 2, respectively. The conver-
sion between the triplet and singlet states, Eq. 共13兲, is rewrit- 2
Ẽ 00 ⫹⌬ 2
˜ 00 2
ten as ⫹ 共 sin2 兲 ln ⫹ ⫽0. 共B8兲
D 20 J
H S⫽1↔0 ⫽⫺ 冑3J̃ 兺
i⫽1,2
ជ (i)† ⍀
关⌿ ជ 1/2
(i)
⫹H.c.兴 . 共B5兲 Equations 共B7兲 and 共B8兲 determine and ⌬ ជ 典 兩 2 ).
˜ 0 共or 兩 具 ⌶
The conductance through the dot is given by
冏
In H S⫽1 ⫹H S⫽1↔0 , a mode of the largest coupling with S
e2
⫽1/2 is given by G⫽
h
共 2 兲 2 兺
i, j, , ⬘
兩 具 R,k ⬘ ⬘ , j 兩 T̂ 兩 L,k ,i 典 兩 2
k ⫽ k ⬘ ⫽
ជ ⫽ 共 cos 兲 ⍀
⌶ ជ 1/2
(1) ជ (1)
⫹ 共 sin 兲 ⌿ 共B6兲
for J (1) ⭓J (2) , which is Eq. 共35兲 in the text. The correspond- e2 ⌫ Rj ⌫ Li
ing eigenvalue is given by Eq. 共37兲 and is determined as in
⫽ 共 2 兲
h
2
兺
i, j, , ⬘ ⌫ L ⫹⌫ R ⌫ L ⫹⌫ R
j j i i
Eq. 共38兲.
The mean field Hamiltonian, Eq. 共36兲, represents the reso-
nant tunneling through the energy levels for the pseudo-
fermions, Ẽ SM ⫽E SM ⫹. The expectation value of Eq. 共36兲,
( j)
冏
⫻ 兩 具 k ⬘ ⬘ 兩 T̂ 兩 k(i) 典 兩 2
k ⫽ k ⬘ ⫽
, 共B9兲
1 14
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MEAN-FIELD THEORY OF THE KONDO EFFECT IN . . . PHYSICAL REVIEW B 64 085322
27
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One finds that C 1 ⫽C 2 ⫽1 in the case of ␦ ⫽0, considering the
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This result is different from that in Ref. 25, which treats the
situation of C 1 ⫽ 冑2,C 2 ⫽0 in Eq. 共4兲. Their calculations might
34
The different symmetry means different orbital quantum number
for the one-electron states in a quantum dot. We consider the be better when 兩 ⌬ 兩 ⫽E Z is so large that ␦ ⰇK 共Ref. 35兲 ( 兩 ⌬ 兩
situation for vertical quantum dots where the orbital quantum increases with ␦ ). See discussion in Sec. V.
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