Gas

G Flow
Fl Measurement
M t
K l Stappert
Karl St t
Americas Flow Solutions Advisor
Emerson Process Management
Gas Flow Meter
T h l i Agenda
Technologies A d

Coriolis USM Turbine

Orifice PD / Rotary
Orifice Meters - AGA3
 Orifice Gas Metering STD
 AGA3
 Part 1 - Equations and Uncertainty
 Pub: Sept 2012
 Part 2 – Specification and Installation
 Pub: April 2000
 Part 3 – Natural Gas Applications
 Pub: Sept 1992 (Under Revision)
 Part 4 – Background & Development
 Pub: Sept 1992 (Under Revision)

 Adopted by American
Petroleum Institute
 Part of the Manual on Petroleum
Measurement Standards (MPMS)
 API MPMS Chapter 14.3
 Prescriptive Standard
Orifice – Theory of Operation
Orifice – Meter Tube
Orifice – Meter Tube w/Tube Bundle
Orifice – Meter Tube w/Flow Conditioner
Orifice – Meter Tube
Diameter & Roughness

Dm

 Dm < 12”
 Max Roughness < 300 micro inches, If Beta < 0.6
 Max Roughness < 250 micro inches, If Beta > 0.6
 Min Roughness > 34 micro inches
 Dm > 12”
 Max Roughness < 600 micro inches
inches, If Beta < 0.6
06
 Max Roughness < 500 micro inches, If Beta > 0.6
 Min Roughness > 34 micro inches
Orifice – Plate Specifications

 Roughness < 50 micro inches

 Flatness <(0.005(Dm-dm))
 Bevel (45 Deg + 15 Deg)
 Bore Thickness, Roundness, Eccentricity

dm

Dm
0.10    0.75
Orifice – Reynolds Number
 Ideal Profile – Turbulent
 VD
Re 

Where: Re = Reynolds Number
 = Density Flowing
V = Velocity
D = Pipe Diameter
 = Viscosity

D
 Re 
Dnew
Orifice – AGA3 Practical Uncertainty
2” Lower Beta

Minimum Beta Ratio 2” Pipe

d 0.45"
   0.23
D 1.939"
Orifice –
AGA3 Coefficient of Discharge
g Uncertainty
y
Relative Change in Cd Uncertainty
Coefficient of Discharge Uncertainty (Cd)
w/Reynolds Number

 VD
Re 

Where: Re = Reynolds Number
 = Density Flowing
V = Velocity
D = Pipe Diameter
 = Viscosity
Orifice –
AGA3 Expansion
p Factor ( Y ) Uncertainty
y
 P 
New Equation Old Equation  4.0  
 3 f 
N P
Orifice – Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages Disadvantages
Range Adjustable (plate change) Plate sealing ring incompatability
Well Documented in standards + .75% Pulsating Flow – Over registration
Industry acceptance Can not handle dirty processes
Low unit capital cost Low rangeability (single plate)
No moving parts High Pressure Loss
Dry
y calibration
ca b a o accep
acceptable
ab e Flow
o pprofile
o e&d dirty
ypprocess
ocess se
sensitiity
s y
No limits on pressure, temp, and size Requires long meter tube/Flow Conditioner
Mechanically robust Over-range – partial loss of measurment
½ Volumetric / ½ Mass Meter Potential service interruption
Low Power High
g Installation & OpEx
p
Field meter verification Can be damaged with high flow rates.
• Approximately 3-1 Turndown single Beta
• Approximately 28:1 turndown with plate changes over a Beta range of 0.2 to  DPmax 
 3
0.6 (Custody Transfer Beta Range)
 DPlive 
• Approximately a 0.7% meter degrading rapidly when
• Orifice diameters are > 0.45 (Approximately 0.225 beta on 2” Orifice)
• Pressure decreases below 100 psia and DP increases above 50”
H2O
• Turndown = 3 when DP Max = 150” H20 and DP Min = 16” H20
• 150” H2O = 5.4 PSI
Turbine Meters - AGA7
 Turbine Gas Metering
Recommended Practice
 Revised December 2006
 Significant Change
 Calibration Should be
performed at flowing
density or flowing
Reynolds numbers
 Performance Based
Specification
Turbine – Theory of Operation

ACF  PulsesTurb
Pulses / ACF

Flow

SCF  Pf x Tb x Zb x ACF
Pb x Tf x Zf
Where is the variability in the AGA7
Equation relative to Composition?

SCF  Pf x Tb x Zb x ACF
Pb x Tf x Zf

 How much does Zb vary with composition?

 How much does Zf vary with composition?
How much does Compressibility Vary?
(Base Conditions)

Base Pressure Compressibility Variance

1.0000

0.9500 Amarillo
ompressibilitty (Z)

Gulf Coast
0.9000 Ekofisk
High CO2 N2
0.8500 High N2
Methane
Co

0.8000 Air

0.7500
14

14

14

14

14
4

4
14
11

21

31

41

51

61

71

81

91
10

11

12

13

14
Pressure (psia)
Potential Error due to Compressibility
Variation @ Base Conditions (Natural Gas Mixtures)

Potential Error due to Compressibility Variation

(Natural Gas Mixtures)

12.00%

10.00%
Potential Error
8.00%
Compressibility
Error

6.00%

4.00%

2.00%

0.00%
4

4
14

14

14

14

14
14
11

21

31

41

51

61

71

81

91
10

11

12

13

14
Base Pressure Pressure (psia)
Turbine - Design
Turbine – Meter Tube
Turbine – Meter Tube (Short Coupled)

Integral Flow Conditioning on

Nosecone
Turbine – Meter Tube (Close Coupled)

Integral Flow Conditioning on

Nosecone
 Turbine – Calibration Issues
 Turbine
meters
should be
calibrated at
flow density
or at flowing
y
Reynolds
Numbers
 If a turbine 3%
meter is
applied
li d att a
pressure
higher than
calibration
pressure the th
meter will
over-register

 VD
Re 

Turbine – Calibration @ Atmospheric?
Lab Calibration Data Example
Turbine – Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages
Good accuracy over linear flow range
Medium Accuracy + 1%
Electrical & Mechanical Output
Volumetric meter
Medium installation cost
Medium rangeability at high pressure
High Repeatability
Low to no power required
Disadvantages
High OpEX
Not fully accepted by industry
Can not tolerate dirty processes
Over-range = Damage = under registration
Flow calibration required at operating density or
Reynolds Number
Requires Oil
Moving parts (wear)
Over-registration & damage w/pulsations
(Calibration Regulation,
(Calibration, Regulation Process)
Damaged by surging flows
Medium to High Pressure Drop
Wet Calibration Required
Rotary Meters – Theory of Operation

ANSI B109.3 for Rotary-Type Gas

Displacement Meters
Published 2000

SCF  Pf x Tb x Zb x ACF
Pb x Tf x Zf
PD Meter Factor Effects
 Slippage establishes Accuracy Curve
performance curve and driven
y
by
– Mechanical DP (bearing
friction)
• Dominant at Low Flow

– Hydraulic DP (flow, density,

viscosity)
• Dominant at High Flow

 Mechanical Clearance Debris

– Coatings and Deposits

• Deposits reduce clearances
• Cause significant changes in
meter factor
• Debris abrasion
Rotary – Advantage & Disadvantage
Advantages
No upstream piping concerns
Medium Accuracy + 1%
High Rangeability (50:1)
High Repeatability
Medium pressure drop
Mechanical Output
Volumetric meter
Low installation cost
Low to no power required
No flow profile concerns
Disadvantages
High OpEX
Not fully accepted by industry
Can not handle dirty processes
Over-range = Damage = under registration/lock-up
Flow calibration required
Requires Oil
Moving parts (wear)
Over-registration & damage w/pulsations
(Calibration, Regulation, Process)
Potential service interruption
Mechanical index drag
Ultrasonic Meters – AGA9
 Ultrasonic Gas Metering
Recommended Practice
 Revised April 2007
 Significant Change
 Piping/flow
conditioning guidance
and profile
diagnostics
 Performance Based
Specification
Ultrasonic – Theory of Operation

L2  T21  T12 
V   
2X  T21  T12 
Transducer 2
X

Flow L D

Transducer 1
Ultrasonic – Flow Profile

A
B
C
D
Ultrasonic - Theory of Operation
• Measure transit times
• Calculate
C l l t iindividual
di id l chord
h d L2 t 21 - t12
V 
velocities 2 X . t 21 . t12

Weight A = 0.1382
• Weight chord velocities Weight B = 0.3618
Weight C = 0.3618
Weight D = 0.1382

• Calculate average
g flow velocity
y 4
V  Vi (ri )Wi
i 1
• Calculate average volume
flow rate D 2
Q  Vi .
4

SCF  Pf x Tb x Zb x ACF
Pb x Tf x Zf
Ultrasonic – Meter Tube
Daniel USM Gas Calibration (10 point)
All gas ultrasonic meters require a lab calibration
Ultrasonic – Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages Disadvantages
Linear Meter Power Required
High Accuracy + 0.25%
0 25% Medium Pressure Drop w/flow conditioner
Volumetric meter Can not tolerate dirty processes
No moving parts Over-range = loss of measurment
High rangeability Possible Pulsation Error (Calibration,
Regulation Process)
Regulation,
High Repeatability Medium Dirty Process Tolerance
Power requirement Profile Sensative
No size limitation Wet Calibration Required
Low pressure drop w/o flow conditioner Susceptible to valve noise
Low OpEx High CapEx
Field meter verification
Diagnostic Capability
AGA Report No. 11 / API MPMS Ch. 14.9
Measurement of Natural Gas by Coriolis Meter

 2nd Edition
 Published February 2013
 Covers all single phase
natural gases as pure or a
mixture of hydrocarbons and
diluents
 API Standard
 API MPMS Chapter 14.9
 Recommended Practice
 Specification, calibration,
installation, operation,
maintenance,, and verification
Coriolis Measurement Standards
for the Natural Gas Industry
y
Coriolis Gas Industry and International Standards
 AGA11 & API 14.9
14 9
 ASME MFC-11-2006
 AGA6
 ISO 10790
 OMIL R137
Theory of operation - Bent Tube Meter Design
Theory of Operation – Pickoff Signals
No Flow (Top View)

Zero Stability
Coriolis Flow Performance
Zero Stability

HC3 Performance w/Zero Stability

2.00

1.50

1.00

0.50
Error %

0.00
E

-0.50

-1.00

-1.50

-2.00 MMCFD
Theory of Operation – Pickoff Signals
Flow (Top View)
Coriolis Accuracy Specification –
Zero Stability and Flat Spec

Example
HC3 Performance w/Zero Stability & Flat Spec
Calculation of Qt
HC3
2.00
Qt  ZeroStability / FlatSpec
1.50 Qt  136.4(kg / hr ) / 0.35%
1.00 Qt  0.136(tons / hr ) / 0.0035
Qt  39tons / hr
0.50
Error %

0.00

0 50
-0.50

-1.00

-1.50

-2.00
tons/Hr
Direct Density Measurement
Density measurement is based on the natural frequency
– As the mass increases, the natural frequency of the system
decreases.
– As the mass decreases, the natural frequency of the system
increases.

Tube period decreases Tube period increases

Theory
y of Operation
p - Density
y
 Density calibration is performed at the factory on air and water.
– Tube period of air (K1) 10484
– Tube period of water (K2) 10966
– Density of air (D1) 0.0010 Tube Period = 10817
– Density of water (D2) 0.9982 Density = 0.6871 g/cm3
– Temperature coefficient 4.39
 The transmitter
Th t itt automatically
t ti ll performs
f
a calculation based upon the data points
stored in its memory during calibration.

 Field calibrations can also be performed

using air, water, or alternate fluids
depending on the density span desired.
Theory
y of Operation
p – Densityy & Pickoff Signal
g

• Density Accuracy
+/- 0.0005 gm/cc
• Water Density = 1 gm/cc
(potential error = 0.05%)
• Natural Gas Density @
500 psi = 0.0272 gm/cc
(potential error 1.8%)
Coriolis – Theory of Operation (Pressure)
Flow Pressure Effect: The linear change in sensor’s indicated flow due to the
change in internal pressure on the flow tube

F Series

Elite Series
Coriolis - Flow Pressure Effect

Potential Error w/o Pressure Correction

(Natural Gas)
Coriolis Attributes
Help Gas Industry Achieve Initiatives
Reynolds Number
 Calibration directly transfers across fluid
range
– Calibration independent of fluid phase
Asymmetrical Profile
– Reduced meter flow calibration and verification
costs

 Reduction in measurement uncertainty Swirl

caused by field operating conditions A c t u a l v e lo c ity

– No flow conditioning or special piping requirements

• Insensitive to profile change Pulsating Flow
– High immunity to errors and damage due to flow
surges, pulsations, and flow turbulence / noise
– Reduction in measurement uncertainty due to
process condition and fluid composition variability
Coriolis – Standard Volume Calculations

SCF  Mass FP

b

SCF  Mass FP
 
 Pb x Mr (Gas)  AGA8 Detail
 
 
 Zb x R x Tb 

SCF  Mass FP AGA8 Gross 1 or 2

 


Gr x  

 (Gas) (Air) 
AGA11 - Installation Best Practices
Piping Alignment and Support
• Proper weight support
• No sagging pipes
• Piping supports installed near
upstream and downstream
flanges of meter
• Meter flow tube case is
sacred ground
• Case should not be used to
support the meter or other
equipment
• Proper alignment of piping
& flanges
• Use of fabrication spool piece
when fabricating piping in the
field (slip-fit desired)
AGA11 - Installation Best Practices
Orientation & Piping Requirements (Gas)
• No special upstream or
downstream piping requirements

• Flow Tubes up on gas preferred

• Flow Tubes in flag position with

flow direction down preferred
(WET GAS!!!)
Coriolis – Advantage & Disadvantage

Advantages Disadvantages
No upstream piping concerns Power Required
High Accuracy + 0.25% Not fully accepted by industry
High Rangeability @ HP (50:1) Not a volumetric technology
High Reproducibility Medium to high pressure drop
Field meter verification Medium repeatability
Water calibration Xfers to gas Loss of turndown in low pressures < 100 psi
(High immunity to pulsation error
High immunity to dirty processes
Low installation cost
No over-range
Low OpEx
Process & Performance
Diagnostics
No wearing parts