DESIGN CODES & REFERENCES

a) 1996 AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges

b) 1987 National Structural Code of the Philippines, Vol. II (Bridges)

DIMENSIONS:
Bottom thickness, B = 1.80 m
Top thickness, b = 0.50 m
Height of active soil pressure H = 4.00 m
Height of passive soil pressure h = 1.00 m

Grouted Riprap Wall Dimensions :

b
0.50m

W1

. . PAE
H

W3

PA
2.4 m

W2
1.5 m

PP
h

YP

x1
x2
x3
B

Design Parameters
wsm = Unit weight of Stone Masonry = 24.00 kN/m³ Roadway width, Rw = 8.00 m
S = Surcharge = 36.40 kN/m2
Ws = Unit weight of soil = 19.0 kN/m³

Φ = Angle of friction of soil = 30°

i
δ = Angle of friction bet. soil/wall = 0° b
ί = Backfill slope angle = 0°
β = Slope of soil face = 18.0°
α = Slope of wall = 72.0° H
B = Bottom thickness of Masonry = 1.80 m f
b = Top thickness of Masonry = 0.50 m R
d
HA
H = Height of active soil pressure = 4.00 m a
h = Height of passive soil pressure = 1.00 m
bw = Considered strip of Masonry = 1.00 m
θ = arc tan ( Kh / 1 - Kv ) = 21.8°
A = Seismic acceleration coeff. = 0.40 Hor. Acc. coefficient = A For Rigid Retaining Walls
KH = Hor. Acc. coefficient = A = 0.40 Hor. Acc. coefficient = 0.5A For Free Standing Ret. Walls
KV = Vertical Acc. coefficient = 0.00
μ = Coefficient of Base Friction = 0.55
 Check horizontal acceleration coefficient (AASHTO C6.3.2 1-A) :

KH < ( 1 - KV ) tan ( φ -ί )
0.40 < 0.58 . . . . . O.K.! ! !
KH
Φ > ί + θ = ί + atan
1-KV
30° > 22° . . . . . O.K.! ! !

The earth pressures are calculated based on the following :

1) For the dynamic earth pressure due to earthquake, the psuedo-static Mononobe-Okabe formula is used, and
2) For the static earth pressures, the Coulomb equation for both the active and passive earth pressures are used.

SOIL PRESSURES :

Seismic Active Earth Pressure (Mononobe-Okabe Principle)

PAE = 1/2 γs H2 (KAE - KA) bw PAE = 1.44 kN

δ2 = 0.5 * δ1 @ Seismic condition * AASHTO Table 5.5.2B
sin (Φ+ δ2 ) sin ( Φ -θ - ί ) ²
Ψ = 1 + Ψ = 2.6
cos ( δ2 + β + θ ) cos ( ί - β )

cos² (Φ - θ - β)
KAE = KAE = 0.47
Ψ cosθ cos²β cos (δ2 + β + θ)

KAE has two components (seismic and static). The seismic component (K AE - KA) is
assumed to be a trapezoidal force (max. at the ground surface) acting at a height of 0.6H.

Static Active Earth Pressure

PA = 1/2 γs H2 KA bw PA = 69.70 kN
δ1 = 22° @ Static condition * AASHTO Table 5.5.2B
sin (Φ + δ1) sin (Φ - ί) ²
Ψ = 1 + Ψ = 3.0
cos (δ1 + β) cos (ί - β)
cos2 (Φ - β)
KA = KA = 0.46
Ψ cos2β cos (δ1+ β)
The KA component is the familiar triangular distribution acting at H/3.

Static Passive Earth Pressure

PP = 1/2 γs H² KP b PP = 14.55 kN
sin (Φ - δ2) sin (Φ-θ+ί) 2
Ψ = 1 - Ψ = 0.60
cos (δ2 - β + θ) cos (ί - β)
cos2 (Φ - θ + β)
KP = KP = 1.5
Ψ cosθ os2β cos (δ2 - β + θ)

Loading and Lever arm Computations :

W1 = 1/2(ws)(B-b)(H)(bw) = 49.40 kN x1 = 1/3(B-b) = 0.43 m

W2 = 1/2(wsm)(B-b)(H)(bw) = 78.00 kN x2 = 2/3(B-b) = 0.87 m
W3 = (wsm)(b)(H+0.50)(bw) = 54.00 kN x3 = (B-b)+b/2 = 1.55 m
PA = 1/2 γs H2 KA bw = 69.70 kN yA = 1/3(H+0.6) = 1.12 m
PAE = 1/2 γs H2 (KAE - KA) bw= 1.44 kN yAE = 0.60H = 0.80 m
PP = 1/2 γs H² KP b = 14.55 kN yP = 1/3(h) = 0.33 m

Σ(Righting forces) Σ(W1+W2+W3+Pp)

FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINST SL= =
FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINST SL= =
Σ(Sliding forces) Σ(PA+PAE)

= 2.75 . . . . . O.K.! ! ! . . . SAFE

FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINST Σ(Righting moment) Σ(W1x1+W2x2+W3x3+Ppyp)

= =
OVERTURNING: Σ(Overturning moment) Σ(PAyA+PAEyAE)

= 2.24 . . . . . O.K.! ! ! . . . SAFE