0 INTRODUCTION
Geographic names can be divides into two categories which are jurisdictional
and non-jurisdictional geographic names.
For example:
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Chan, L. M. (1994). Cataloging and classification: an introduction. (2nd ed.). Ney York:
McGraw Hill.
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Madrid (Spain)
New Jersey
For example:
San Juan River (Colo. - Utah)
San Juan River (Nicaragua and Costa Rica)
A work did by same person is been group together by the same form of
personal heading as main or added entry which used as the subject entry. The names
of personal names heading is established according to AACR2R. However, the
personal name heading used only as subject entries are established and included in
the LCSH which includes family name headings, heading for god and goddesses and
heading for legendary and fictitious characters.
Bakewell Family
Kennedy Family
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3.0 FORMAT OF HEADING
LCSH contains main headings which lists of authorized terms, references that
lead-in to the authorized terms: cross references, and some subdivision. All these
items direct user to the appropriate authorized term could be used as the subject of
the materials in hand. The authorized heading is appearing in boldface type and the
authorized subdivision is also printed in the bold type. The entries printed in lightface
roman type are not used as the subject heading in which the lightface roman type
entries is the lead-in terms that followed by the cross references to the authorized
heading.
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4.0 STRUCTURE OF SUBJECT HEADING
The structure of subject heading can be found in the subject heading are single
words, and phrase heading that includes the inverted heading, free-floating phrase
heading, conjunctive phrase heading, adjectival phrase heading and prepositional
heading. The detail descriptions of these structures are been explained as below:
Cats
Poetry
Art, Medieval
Maps, Statistical
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It is consists of two or more nouns or both with or without modifier that
connected by the word “and”. This form serves two purposes which are: i) to
express a mutual relationship between two general topics discussed both at
broad level from the perspective of both topics for example is Literature and
Science, and ii) to connect subject that are often treated together in work
because of similarities, opposite, or closely associated such as Emigration
and immigration.
These are the most common type of phrase heading that consists of
noun or noun phrase with an adjectival modifier. This adjectival modifier is
present in several forms which are: common adjectives, proper adjectives,
geographic name, a noun modification or noun in possessive case.
Father of Church
Boards of trades
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Subdivisions are used extensively in LCSH. It allows a number of different
concepts to be combined in single subject heading. It is narrowing the scope of
heading to be specific. Furthermore, subdivision may also be divided themselves.
Subdivisions serve two functions in LCSH which are:
5.1.1 Topical
For example:
5.1.3 Chronological
5.1.4 Geographic
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A geographic subdivision indicates the origin or locality of the main
subject and may be used after a subject that lends themselves to the
geographic treatment. Heading that maybe subdivided by place carry the
designation (May Subd Geo) immediately after their listing in LCSH. At the
meantime, the designation (Not Subd Geo) after a heading or subdivision
indicates that the Library of Congress has made a decision not to subdivide by
place. The examples of geographic subdivision are as follows:
Remainders (Bookselling)-Illinois-Chicago
Farm buildings–Specifications-Kentucky-Fayette Country
For instance:
Structures-Lighting
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The subdivision is only be used for appropriate main heading which fall
under some categories: classes of person, ethnic groups, names of
corporate bodies, names of person, names of body or waters and etc.
Even it is not authorized, but the used of free-floating allow the heading to
be valid. Some examples are as follows:
Actors-Political Activities
American Library Association-Employee
English language-Pronoun
For example:
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Cross-reference is an instance within a document which refers to related or
synonymous information elsewhere, usually within the same work. It is a direction
from one heading or entry to another. Three types of cross-references are used in the
subject heading structure such as the see (or USE) references, the see also (BT or
broad term, NT or narrower term, RT or related term) and lastly is general reference.
Cross-references are provided in the catalog for two purposes, to guide users from
their search terms to valid headings and to link related headings.
Academic Achievement
UF (Use For)
Academic Performance
Educational Achievement
Scholastic Achievement
School Performance
Student Achievemen
Films
UF (Use For)
Cinema (1963-1985)
Motion Pictures
Movie/Movies (1963-1985)
Reference Materials
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UF (Use For)
Atlas/Atlases (1972-1985)
Dictionary/Dictionaries (1963-1985)
Encyclopedia/Encyclopedias (1963-1985)
Guide/Guiding (1963-1985)
6.2 Use
"Use" references direct the user from synonyms and other non-preferred
expressions to the preferred Main Term. USE terms include synonyms in direct
and inverted word order, alternative endings, changed or canceled headings,
abbreviation and acronyms and more. Using the see or USE is to make sure
that users catalog under different names, not only that it also provided to lead
the users and guide the users from terms that’s are not used as headings to
the headings.
Emancipation
USE Liberty
Illiteracy
USE Literacy
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For example:
Poetry
BT Literature
NT Children’s poetry
Classical poetry
Lyric poetry
Lyric poetry
BT Poetry
NT Ballads
Dithyramb
Class Politics
RT Class Relations
Labor Relations
Social Class
Syndicalism
Worker Consciousness
Working Class
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There is a type of general or blanket reference, represented by symbol
SA (see also), which refer from one heading to a group of headings or to
subdivisions used under other headings. For example:
Cranberries
Atlases