o Day 2 ______________________________
o Day 3 ______________________________
o Day 4 ______________________________
o Day 5 ______________________________
Diagnostic Examination/Pre-Test
OSH Situation - Video Showing of the Present OSH Situation and Progress of Safety
Movements in the Philippines
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Employees Compensation Commission
Institute for Labor Studies
Maritime Training Council
National Conciliation and Mediation Board
National Labor Relations Commission
National Maritime Polytechnic
National Wages and Productivity Commission
Occupational Safety and Health Center
Overseas Workers Welfare Administration
Philippine Overseas Employment Administration
Technical Education and Skills Development Authority
6 BUREAUS
1. Labor and Employment Statistics
2. Labor Relations
3. Local Employment
4. Rural Workers
5. Women and Young Workers
6. Working Conditions
The OSH Standards are mandatory rules on occupational safety and health promulgated
pursuant to Article 162, Book IV of the Labor Code of the Philippines, P.D. 442.
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BOOK FOUR
HEALTH, SAFETY AND SOCIAL WELFARE BENEFITS
Title I
MEDICAL, DENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY
Chapter II
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
Art. 162. Safety and health standards. The Secretary of Labor and Employment shall, by appropriate
orders, set and enforce mandatory occupational safety and health standards to eliminate or reduce
occupational safety and health hazards in all workplaces and institute new, and update existing,
programs to ensure safe and healthful working conditions in all places of employment.
Art. 163. Research. It shall be the responsibility of the Department of Labor and Employment to
conduct continuing studies and research to develop innovative methods, techniques and
approaches for dealing with occupational safety and health problems; to discover latent diseases by
establishing causal connections between diseases and work in environmental conditions; and to
develop medical criteria which will assure insofar as practicable that no employee will suffer
impairment or diminution in health, functional capacity, or life expectancy as a result of his work
and working conditions.
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• What is the purpose of OSH Standards?
OSH Standards aim to provide at least the minimum acceptable degree of protection that must be
afforded to every worker in relation to the working conditions and dangers of injury, sickness or death
that may arise by reason of the worker's occupation. The provision of OSH Standards by the State is
an exercise of police power, with the intention of promoting the welfare and well-being of the workers.
All establishments, workplaces and other undertakings are covered, including agricultural enterprises
whether operating for profit or not, except:
Residential places exclusively devoted to dwelling purposes.
Mines which is under the Department lf Environment and Natural Resources (DENR).
It means that the worker shall be assured of effective protection against the danger of injury, sickness
or death through safe and healthful working conditions.
The OSH Standards provide that every company shall keep and maintain its workplace free from
work hazards that are likely to cause physical harm to the workers or damage to property. Thus, the
worker is entitled to be provided by the employer with:
Appropriate seats, lighting and ventilation;
Adequate passageways, exits and firefighting equipment;
Separate facilities for men and women;
Appropriate safety devices like protective gears, masks, helmets, safety boots, coats or first-
aid kits;
Medicines, medical supplies or first-aid kits;
Free medical and dental services and facilities.
Employers must provide their employees with the following instruments and/or working stations:
Appropriate protective equipment and clothing such as overall head coverings, goggles,
gloves aprons and respirators;
A properly designed exhaust system and waste disposal, local exhaust or general ventilation
to keep toxic fumes or gases, away from workers' breathing zone;
Adequate number of fire extinguishers in the workplace;
Designated safe smoking and welding areas far from combustible, flammable or explosive
materials, containers filled with explosives or flammable substances, and containers that have
held explosives or flammable materials;
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Other visible signs that may be needed to direct the driver of motorized vehicle such as STOP,
YIELD, and DO NOT ENTER, properly positioned within the compound of the establishment
shall be used to increase safety especially during the night;
Handicapped employees shall be restricted only to designated workplaces. As far as
practicable and feasible they shall be provided with facilities for safe and convenient
movement within the establishment;
Good housekeeping shall be maintained at all times through cleanliness of building, yards,
machines, equipment, regular waste disposal, and orderly arrangement of process operations,
storage and filing materials;
Adequate dressing rooms, locker rooms, comfort rooms and lavatories separate for male and
female workers shall be provided.
The Secretary of Labor and Employment, through the Regional Director or his other authorized
representative, enforces the OSH Standards in the exercise of visitorial and enforcement powers.
Visitorial power refers to the authority to conduct inspections or investigations in the premises of an
employer at any time of the day or night whenever work is being undertaken. This is necessary to
determine violations or to enforce the rights of workers under the Labor Code. Under this power, the
employer may be required to submit reports and other documents to determine any violation.
Enforcement power refers to the authority of the Secretary or the Regional Director to order an
erring employer, after due notice and hearing, to comply with labor standards and issue a writ of
execution in case of non-compliance. If the violation poses grave and imminent danger to the health
and safety of workers, suspension or cessation of the operations may be effected within 24 hours
from the issuance of the order.
These standards are enforced through the inspectorate system. Thus, every employer shall provide to
the Secretary or to his/her duly authorized representative access to its premises or records at any
time of the day or night whenever there is work to determine and effect compliance.
Every establishment or workplace shall be inspected at least once a year. However, special
inspection visits may be authorized by the Regional Office to investigate work-related accidents,
occupational illness or dangerous occurrences, conduct surveys, follow-up inspection
recommendations, or to conduct investigations or inspections upon request of an employer, worker or
labor union in the establishment.
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•If a worker or representative of workers or any concerned person believes that such a
violation of the OSH Standards exists which threatens with physical harm or poses
imminent danger to life, what shall he do to correct the danger?
The said worker or workers’ representative shall request the RO for an inspection of their area by
giving full particulars or details regarding such violation or danger.
The Regional Office evaluates the report and conducts a special inspection or investigation
immediately in the subject establishment. The complainant is notified in writing of the outcome of such
investigation.
What are the duties and responsibilities of the employers and the employees in relation to
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DUTIES OF THE EMPLOYERS
Adopt administrative policies on safety in accordance with the provisions of the Standards;
Report to the Regional Director or his/her duly authorized representative the policies adopted
and the safety organization established;
Submit reports to the Regional Director or his/her duly authorized representative once in every
three months on the safety performance, safety committee meetings and its recommendations
and measures taken to implement the recommendation;
Act on recommended safety measures;
Provide access to appropriate authorities.
The BWC either directly or through accredited organizations, shall conduct continuing training
programs to increase the supply and competence of personnel qualified to carry out the provision of
this Standards.
Employer to appoint a safety officer on a full-time or part-time basis depending on the type of
workplace (whether hazardous or non-hazardous) and number of workers in the workplace.
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Source:ww
w.d ole.gov.ph/f
ndr/ bong/files/D
O %2016-
01.pdf
A workplace
is deemed
hazardous if:
The nature of the
work exposes
workers to
dangerous
environmental
elements,
contaminants or
work conditions,
including ionizing
radiation,
chemicals, fire,
flammable
substances,
noxious
components, and
the like
The workers are
engaged in
construction work,
logging, fire-fighting, mining, quarrying, blasting, stevedoring, dock work, deep-sea fishing and
mechanized farming
The workers use or are exposed to heavy or power-driven machinery or explosive powder-
actuated equipment
The workers are engaged in the manufacture or handling of explosives and other pyrotechnic
products
The workers use or are exposed to biological agents such as bacteria, viruses and other
parasites.
• Where potential hazard within the company may affect the safety and/or health of workers not
only within but also persons outside the premises of the workplace. The following are
workplaces commonly associated with potentially high hazardous activities:
1. Petrochemical works and refineries;
2. Chemical works and chemical production plants;
3. LPG storage and materials;
4. Stores and distribution center for toxic/hazardous chemicals;
5. Large fertilizer stores;
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6. Explosives factories;
7. Works in which chlorine is used in bulk;
8. Activities closely similar to the activities enumerated above;
9. Activities as determined by the Bureau in accordance with existing issuances related to
classification of establishments
All Safety Officers must complete the Bureau prescribed Training Course
A full-time safety officer must be duly accredited by the OSHC.
ACCREDITATION PROGRAM OF DOLE
Note: The employment of a full-time safety officer may not be required if the employer enters
into a written contract with a qualified consultant or consulting organization whose duties
and responsibilities shall be the duties of a safety practitioner as stated in this Rule. The
employment of a consultant, however, will not excuse the employer from the required training
of his supervisors or technical personnel.
NOTES:
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
OSH PRACTITIONER
1. Completion of Prescribed 40-Hour BOSH training from DOLE accredited or
recognized organizations.
2. Relevant experience in OSH
Three (3) years’ experience if applicant is duly licensed by PRC
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Four (4) years’ experience if applicant is a graduate of any 4 or 5-year
college course without PRC license.
Ten (10) years’ experience if applicant is a college undergraduate
Note: All pages of documents must be signed by the applicant and original of all documents
submitted must be presented to during applicant’s panel interview.
Accreditation shall be valid for three (3) years and shall be renewed upon compliance with
minimum requirements pursuant to D.O. 16, unless suspended, cancelled or revoked
Accreditation shall be renewed within the prescriptive period of 30 calendar days prior to
expiration thereof.
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•What are the types and composition of a Safety and Health Committee?
The types and composition of the Safety and Health Committee shall be organized according
to the number of employees or workers in a workplace.
Duties of Employer
1. Establishes and adopts in writing administrative policies on safety and health
2. Reports to the enforcing authority the policies adopted and required report requirements.
3. Acts on recommended measures of health and safety committee and in case of non-adoption,
informs the committee of the reason
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Advises employers, supervisors and workers on matters of safety for their guidance
Investigates accidents as part of the Safety Committee
Coordinates safety training programs for employees and employers
Make safety inspections of the plant as part of the Safety Committee
Maintains or helps maintain an accident record system
Acts as Secretary of the Safety Committee
Provides assistance to government inspectors in the conduct of safety and health inspection
Module 2: DO 13
In the interest of ensuring the protection and welfare of workers employed in the
construction industry, the protection and welfare of the general public within and
around the immediate vicinity of any construction worksite as well as the
promotion of harmonious employer-employee relationships in the construction
industry, and after consultations with the stakeholders in the construction
industry, taking into consideration industry practices and applicable government
requirements, the following guidelines are hereby issued for all concerned:
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a) “Accredited organization” means any organization duly accredited by the
Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) delegated or authorized to
perform functions related to improvement of occupational safety and health in
the form of training, testing, certification, safety and health auditing or any other
similar activity.
b) “Certified first-aider” means any person trained and duly certified or qualified to
administer first-aid by the Philippine National Red Cross or by any organization
accredited by the same.
d) “Construction safety and health committee” means the general safety and
health committee for a construction project site that shall be the overall
coordinator in implementing OSH programs.
g) “Construction safety signage” refers to any, but not limited to, emergency or
danger sign, warning sign or safety instruction, of standard colors and
sizes in accordance with the specifications for standard colors of signs for
safety instructions and warnings in building premises as described in Table II of
the OSHS
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hospital, with adequate personnel, supplies and facilities for the complete
immediate treatment of injuries or illnesses.
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q) “Safety and health audit” refers to a regular and critical examination of project sites,
safety programs, records and management performance on program standards on safety
and health.
r) “Safety and health committee” means a group tasked with the authority to monitor,
inspect, and investigate all aspects of the construction project pertaining to health
and safety of construction workers.
u) “Skills standards” refers to the written specification of the minimum stock knowledge
and skills a worker should possess to perform the functions identified in the job description
of his occupation.
v) “Technical safety inspection” refers to inspection for the purpose of safety determination
of boilers, pressure vessels, internal combustion engines, electrical installations,
elevators, hoisting equipment and other mechanical equipment.
w) “Trade test” refers to an instrument used to measure workers’ skills and knowledge based
on the requirements of the skills.
x) “Treatment Room” refers to any enclosed area or room equipped with the necessary
medical facilities and supplies and located within the premises of the establishment
where workers maybe brought for examination and treatment of their injuries or
illnesses in cases of emergency.
y) “Tool box meeting or gang meeting” refers to daily meeting among workers and
t h e i r respective supervisors for the purpose of instruction, discussion and proper
briefing on the planned work, the assessment of past work, the possibility or actual
occurrence of accidents at the site, tips and suggestions on how to prevent possible
accidents and other related matters.
z) “Unguarded surface” refers to any working surface above water or ground, temporary
or permanent floor platform, scaffold construction or wherever workers are exposed to
the possibility of falls hazardous to life or limb.
Section 2. Jurisdiction
The DOLE, through the Secretary of Labor and Employment, has the exclusive jurisdiction in
the preparation of Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS) for the Construction
Industry including its very enforcement, as provided for by law.
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2.1. As embodied in Article 162, Chapter 2, Title I of Book Four of The Labor Code
of the Philippines, "The Secretary of Labor and Employment shall by
appropriate orders set and enforce mandatory occupational safety and
health standards to eliminate or reduce occupational safety and health
hazards in all work places and institute new and update existing programs to
ensure safe and healthful working conditions in all places of employment."
2.2. As embodied in Article 165, Chapter 2, Title I of Book Four of The Labor Code
of the Philippines, "(a) The Department of Labor and Employment shall be
solely responsible for the administration and enforcement of occupational
safety and health laws, regulations and standards in all establishments
and workplaces wherever they may be located"
The authority to enforce mandatory occupational safety and health standards in the
construction industry may be delegated in part by the Secretary of Labor and Employment,
under the following conditions:
b) Private Safety Organizations with adequate facilities and competent personnel for
the purpose, may be accredited by DOLE to conduct technical and/or general
Safety and Health Audit of construction project sites, for and in behalf of the
company or establishment.
Section 4. Coverage
This issuance shall apply to all operations and undertakings in the construction industry
and its subdivisions, namely, general building construction, general engineering construction
and specialty trade construction, based on the classification code of the Philippine
Construction Accreditation Board (PCAB) of the Construction Industry Authority of the
Philippines (CIAP); to companies and entities involved in demolition works; and to those
falling within the construction industry as may be determined by the Secretary of Labor and
Employment.
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Every construction project shall have a suitable Construction Safety and Health Program,
which must be in accordance with these rules, and other orders and issuances issued by the
DOLE. The Construction Project Manager, or in his absence, the Project Manager as
authorized by the owner, shall be responsible for compliance with this Section.
5.1 The Construction Safety and Health Program shall state the
following:
5.2 The Construction Safety and Health Program shall be executed and verified by
the Construction Project Manager or Project Manager and shall be
submitted to the Bureau of Working Conditions (BWC) which may approve,
disapprove or modify the same according to existing laws, rules and
regulations and other issuances by the DOLE.
5.3 The cost of implementing the Construction Safety and Health Program shall
be integrated into the project’s construction cost, provided, that said cost
shall be a separate pay item, duly quantified and stated in the project’s tender
documents and construction contract documents
Every employer shall, at his own expense, furnish his workers with protective equipment for
eyes, face, hands and feet, lifeline, safety belt/harness, protective shields and barriers
whenever necessary by reason of the hazardous work process or environment, chemical or
radiological or other mechanical irritants or hazards capable of causing injury or
impairment in the function of any part of the body through absorption, inhalation or physical
agent.
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Provision of personal protective equipment (PPE) shall be in accordance with Rule 1080 of
the OSHS. The equivalent cost for the provision of PPE (life span, depreciation,
replacement, etc.) Shall be an integral part of the project cost.
6.1. The employer shall provide adequate and approved type of protective
equipment. Workers within the construction project site shall be required
to wear the necessary PPE at all times.
6.2. Construction workers who are working from unguarded surfaces six (6) meters
or more above water or ground, temporary or permanent floor platform,
scaffold or where they are exposed to the possibility of falls hazardous to life or
limb, must be provided with safety harnesses and life lines.
6.4. All other persons who are either authorized or allowed to be at a construction
site shall wear appropriate PPE.
To ensure that a Construction Safety and Health Program is duly followed and enforced at
the construction project site, each construction project site is required to have the minimum
required Safety Personnel, as described herein:
7.1. The General Constructor must provide for a full-time officer, who shall be
assigned as the general construction safety and health officer to oversee full
time the overall management of the Construction Safety and Health Program.
The general construction safety and health officer shall frequently monitor
and inspect any health and safety aspect of the construction work being
undertaken. He shall also assist government inspectors in the conduct of
safety and health inspection at any time whenever work is being performed or
during the conduct of accident investigation.
7.2. The General Constructor must provide for additional Construction Safety
and Health Officer/s in accordance with the requirements for Safety
Man/Officer of Rule 1033 (Training and Personnel Complement), depending
on the total number of personnel assigned to the construction project site,
to oversee the effective compliance with the Construction Safety and Health
Program at the site, under the direct supervision of the general construction
safety and health officer.
7.3. The General Constructor must provide for one (1) Construction Safety and
Health Officer for every ten (10) units of heavy equipment assigned to the
project site, to oversee the effective compliance with the Construction Safety
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and Health Program at the construction project site, in terms of heavy
equipment utilization and maintenance.
7.4. Each construction subcontractor must provide for a representative, who shall
have the same qualifications as a Safety Man/Officer, to oversee the
management of the Construction Safety and Health Program for the
subcontractor’s workforce and the specific area of work operations in
accordance with the requirements of Rule 1033 of the OSHS.
All safety personnel who will be employed by an employer on full-time basis should be
accredited by the BWC of the DOLE.
8.1 The construction project owner or his duly authorized representative shall
provide competent emergency health personnel within the worksite duly
complemented by adequate medical supplies, equipment and facilities, based
on the total number of workers in the site as indicated below:
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8.2 Where an employer provides only a treatment room, he shall
provide for his workers in case of emergency, access to the nearest
medical/dental clinic or to a medical/dental clinic located within five (5)
kilometers radius from the workplace and can be reached in twenty-five
(25) minutes of travel. Such access shall include the necessary
transportation facilities. In such situation, there shall be a written
contract with the medical/dental clinic to attend tosuch workplace
emergencies.
8.4 The employer shall always have in the construction site the required
minimum inventory of medicines, supplies and equipment as indicated
in Table 47 of the OSHS.
Construction Safety Signages must be provided to warn the workers and the public of
hazards existing in the workplace. Signages shall be posted in prominent positions at
strategic location and, as far as practicable, be in the language understandable to most
of the workers employed.
In relation to heavy equipment operation in all construction sites, the following are
required in the different phases of the project.
10.1 Pre-Construction
The General Constructor must ensure that appropriate certification is obtained from DOLE
duly accredited organizations for the following:
11.1 Composition
To ensure that these rules and the Construction Safety and Health
Program are observed and enforced at the project site, each site
shall, at the start of the construction have a construction safety and
health committee composed of the following personnel as described
under Section 7 above:
11.2 Authority and Duties of the Construction Safety and Health Committee
The chairperson shall convene the Construction Safety and Health Committee at
regular intervals so as to effectively and efficiently monitor the implementation of the
Construction Safety and Health Program. As such, he shall have the following duties:
a) plan, develop and oversee the implementation of accident prevention programs for
the construction project;
b) Direct the accident prevention efforts for the construction project in accordance
with these rules and the Construction Safety and Health Program;
c) Initiate and supervise the conduct of brief safety meetings or toolbox meetings every
day;
h) Develop and maintain a disaster contingency plan and organize such emergency
service units as may be necessary to handle disaster
i) Perform all duties provided in the Construction Safety and Health Program
or those that are necessary and incidental to the fulfillment of their duties
herein described.
a) Informed of potential safety and health hazards to which they may be exposed at their
workplace; and
b) Instructed and trained on the measures available for the prevention, control and
protection against those hazards.
12.2 No person shall be deployed in a construction site unless he has undergone a safety and
health awareness seminar conducted by the Occupational Safety and Health Center
(OSHC), BWC and other concerned offices of DOLE or by safety professionals or
safety organizations or other institutions DOLE has accredited or recognized. The DOLE in
collaboration with constructors shall promote programs for the implementation of these
awareness seminars for construction workers.
12.3 Every worker shall receive instruction and training regarding the general safety and
health measures common to construction sites which shall include:
b) Means of access and egress both during normal work and in emergency situations
e) Proper care and use of the items or personal protective equipment and protective
clothing provided the workers
12.4 The instruction, training and information materials, shall be given in a language or dialect
understood by the worker. Written, oral, visual and participative approaches shall be used to
ensure that the worker has assimilated the material.
12.5 E a c h supervisor or any designated person (e.g. foreman, lead man, gang boss, etc.)
shall conduct daily tool box or similar meetings prior to starting the tasks for the day to
discuss with the workers and anticipate safety and health problems related to every task and
the potential solutions to those problems. The supervisor shall remind the workers on the
necessary safety precautions that need to be undertaken
All safety personnel involved in a construction project shall be required to complete such
basic training course. Every constructor shall provide continuing construction safety and health
training to all technical personnel under his employ. Continuing training shall be a minimum of 16
hours per year for every full-time safety personnel.
All general constructors shall be required to submit a monthly construction safety and
health report to the BWC or to the DOLE Regional Office concerned. The report shall
include a monthly summary of all safety and health committee meeting agreements, a
summary of all accident investigations/reports and periodic hazards assessment with the
corresponding remedial measures/action for each hazard.
b) Prepare guidelines on skills testing and certification for critical construction occupations;
c) Accredit construction sector organizations in the area of skills training and trade testing;
and d) extend relevant assistance to construction sector organizations.
In this regard, all construction workers in critical occupations shall undergo mandatory
skills testing for certification by TESDA.
a) When the performance of a job affects and endangers people’s lives and limbs;
b) When the job involves the handling of tools, equipment and supplies;
c) When the job requires a relatively long period of education and training;
d) When the performance of the job may compromise the safety, health and
environmental concerns within the immediate vicinity of the construction site.
The employer shall provide the following welfare facilities in order to ensure humane working
conditions:
16.1 Adequate supply of safe drinking water.
a) If the water is used in common drinking areas, it should be stored in closed containers from
which the water is dispensed through taps or cocks. Such containers should be cleaned
and disinfected at regular intervals not exceeding fifteen (15) days.
b) Notices shall be conspicuously posted in locations where there is water supply that
is not fit for drinking purposes.
a) Adequate facilities for changing and for the storage and drying of work clothes
16.3 Suitable living accommodation for workers, and as may be applicable, for their
families
16.4 Separate sanitary, washing and sleeping facilities for men and women workers.
The total cost of implementing a Construction Safety and Health Program shall be a
mandatory integral part of the project's construction cost as a separate pay item, duly
quantified and reflected in the Project's Tender Documents and likewise reflected in the
Project's Construction Contract Documents.
All provisions of other existing occupational safety and health guidelines not inconsistent
with the above Guidelines shall form part of this Department Order.
All provisions of other existing occupational safety and health standards, rules and
regulations not specifically provided herein shall remain in full force and effect.
In the event that any provision of this Guidelines is declared invalid by competent authority, the
rest of the provisions thereof not affected shall remain in full force and effect.
19.1. A s circumstances may warrant, the DOLE shall refer to the Philippine
Contractors Accreditation Board (PCAB) its findings, after due process, on any act or
omission committed by construction contractors in violation of labor standards, safety rules
and regulations and other pertinent policies.
19.2. In cases of imminent danger situations, the DOLE Regional Director shall issue a stoppage
order, in conformance with the guidelines specified under Rule 1012.02 of the OSHS and other
pertinent issuances for stoppage of operation or for other appropriate action to abate the
danger. Pending the issuance of the order, the employer shall t a k e appropriate
measures to protect his workers. The stoppage order shall remain in effect until the danger is
removed or corrected. Non-compliance with the order shall be penalized under existing
provisions of labor laws.
Section 20. Effectivity
This issuance shall serve as policy and procedural guidelines for this Department and its
agencies in the administration and enforcement of applicable labor and social legislation
and their implementing regulations.
Nothing herein shall be construed to authorize diminution or reduction of benefits being enjoyed
by employees at the time of issuance hereof.
We must be responsible to help make it safe for everyone with Management support.
Coverage
Good Housekeeping
Safety Signage
Fire Safety
Electrical Safety
Means of Access and Egress
Heavy Equipment
Lifting Equipment
Excavation
Scaffolding
Ladder
Safety Inspection
HOUSEKEEPING
SIGNS OF POOR HOUSEKEEPING
Low Morale
Low Productivity
Fire
Seiton (Systematize/organize)
Seiso (Sweep/clean/polish)
Seiketsu (Sanitize/standardize)
Controls
Clean work area
Provide waste bins
Keep floors, aisles and stairs free from obstructions
Properly stack & store materials, tools and equipment
– Good housekeeping shall be maintained at all times thru cleanliness of building, yards, machines
and equipment, regular waste disposal and orderly processes, operations, storage and filling of
materials.
SAFETY SIGNAGES
A Safety Sign provides information about health and safety at work by means of a signboard, a
safety color and a safety message to a specific object, activity or situation.
D.O. 13 Section 9
Construction Safety Signage
Construction Safety Signage must be provided to warn the workers and the public of hazards
existing in the workplace. Signage shall be posted in prominent positions at strategic locations and,
as far as practicable, be in the language understandable to most of the workers employed.
Section 9.1 The signage should include but are not limited to:
a) Mandatory requirement on the usage of personal protective equipment prior to entry to the project
site.
b) Areas where there are potential risks of falling objects.
c) Areas where there are potential risks of falling.
d) Areas where explosives and flammable substances are used and stored.
e) Areas where there are tripping or slipping hazards.
f) Approaches to working areas where danger from toxic or irritant airborne contaminants/substances
may exist which should indicate the name of the
contaminant/ substance involve and the type of
respiratory equipment to be worn.
g) All places where contact with or proximity to electrical/ facility
equipment can cause danger.
h) All places where workers may come into contact with
dangerous moving parts of machineries or equipment.
i) Location of fire alarms and fire fighting equipment.
j) Instruction on the usage of specific construction
equipment.
k) Periodic updating of man-hours lost.
Effective Visuals
1. Change Periodically 4.Locate Properly
2. Employees Involvement 5. Use COLOR
3. LARGE Enough 6. K I S S
Every piece of equipment is a potential source of electrical shock. Even an electrical shock small enough not
to cause an injury can trigger an involuntary reaction that may result in physical harm.
Electric accidents are classified into: electric shock caused by contact with charged or leaked parts of electric
facilities; a burn cause by discharge arc, eye injury caused by strong light from arc welding work; and fire or
explosion ignited by overheat, sparks, leakage current, static charges, and the like.
An effective electrical safety policy coupled with an employee training and hazard awareness program can
further prevent electrical shock. It is also recommended that an effective electrical inspection program be
implemented and conducted periodically as conditions warrant.
Electricity takes the path of least resistance. This myth implies that current only takes low resistance
paths. Actually, current will take any path, high or low resistance in order to return to the source that
provides power.
A person is led to believe that electricity wants to go to ground and simply disappear. In reality, current
uses the ground to get back to its grounded power source.
When an electrical tool or appliance is into water, it does not short out. If the switch is ON, the item
will continue to operate. If it is switched OFF, it will do no harm.
AC reverse polarity is not hazardous. The switch is supposed to be on the “hot” conductor supplying
power to the item.
It takes high voltage to kill; 120 volts AC is not dangerous. Current is. However, AC voltage as low as
60 volts can kill. At higher voltage, the body can be severely burned and yet the victim could live.
Double- insulated power tools are doubly safe and can be used in wet and damp locations.
Insulator- Used to provide barrier around a conductor (to prevent accidental contact). Insulators have a very
high resistance to the flow of electricity and are used to cover wiring and other electrical components
Semiconductors - can change their resistance to act as either a conductor or an insulator. They are used
to make computer microchips.
Electrical Circuit - Any combination of a conductor and a source of electricity connected together to permit
electrons to travel in a continuous stream. Electricity may take multiple paths, flowing through all possible
circuits. The greatest amount of current will flow through the path of least resistance, or lowest resistance, or
lowest impedance.
Any part of your body that accidentally bridges the gap between two different voltage levels creates a new
electrical circuit, and your body may provide the path of least resistance to the ground. Equipment grounding
connects all conductive materials that enclose electrical lines. Bypassing grounds or careless handling of
grounding connections can result in electrical fires and fatal accidents
Electrical Shock – is the most serious electrical hazard. This happens when you touch a live wire, a tool or
machine with poor insulation. You then become a conductor. The danger of an electric shock is not directly
related to the voltage, but mainly determined by the following conditions: current value, type of power supply,
duration of electric shock, passage of current and human condition.
The minimum current at which a man feels an electric shock is about 1 mA at 60Hz; the limit current at which
man can endure the pain of an electric shock is about 7 to 8 mA and the maximum current at which man can
still move is about 10 to 15 mA. The heart is particularly the susceptible to electric shock. The flow of the
current disturbs the hearts rhythm, upsetting the blood flow and affecting its vital functions. When the current
increases, the heart shivers and death results in few minutes.
2. Electric shock prevention when handling live lines and working near live lines
When handling hot lines, it is necessary to install an insulation protector, and have workers
wear safety garments such as insulation gloves and electric safety helmet. For high- voltage
live lines, it is preferable to use live line working tools such as live sticks, live line working
carts, and insulation bench. If working near a high- voltage live lines, workers must approach
within 30cm from overhead live lines or within 60 cm from sideway or underneath live lines.
The workers must wear insulation protective garments or the live lines must be provided with a
safety device. Low- voltage live lines must be protected in the same way.
Electric safety Helmet. Or electric safety helmet is useful to prevent an electric
shock and protect the head from flying and falling objects. The helmet consists
of high- insulating synthetic resin, such as polyethylene. Polyester and hard
polyvinylchloride.
Electric Rubber gloves
o For high voltage. When handling high voltage live lines, the gloves
protect the hands and forearms.
o For low voltage
Raw and synthetic rubbers are used, of which the latter has better wear
resistance. The withstand voltage is 2,000 V/min for raw rubber gloves
and 1, 000 V/min for synthetic gloves.
Electric Insulation garments. Is used to protect both shoulders and back from
an electric shock.
Mild Shock
Have the worker sit down
Be sure muscle movement is normal
Check for loss of feeling in any part of the body
Check the pulse rate and breathing
If there is no severe pain, the worker can return to work.
Continuous Shock
Remove the contact of the worker from energized source using wooden chair, broom handle,
plastic pipe or rope.
When you have freed the victim from the power source, assess if the victim’s condition. Check
the airway, breathing and pulse. Always bring the victim to the doctor for medical attention
after first aid.
Lockout - is blocking the flow of energy from the power source to the equipment- and keeping it blocked out.
Lockout/ tag out protects you from the unexpected start-up of machines or release of stored energy during
service or maintenance.
2. Notify Personnel. Notify all employees that LOTO devices are being removed. Remove employees
from the area or make sure they are at a safe distance from the equipment.
3. Remove LOTO Devices. The person who placed each device must be the one to remove it.
Someone who placed a LOTO device is not present, notify your supervisor who will follow specific
procedures. Never remove it yourself.
After all devices are removed, tell involved employees that LOTO is ended and that the equipment is being
re-energized.
Fuel. Or combustible materials. This includes many substances such as natural gas
(methane), plastics, wood, natural and artificial fibers, paper, coal and other living matter.
Inorganic substances are also combustible, substances like hydrogen, ammonium nitrate
magnesium, phosphorus, sodiumand sulfur.
Oxygen. Fire normally draws its fire through the air, which is a mixture of 21 percent oxygen
and 78 percent nitrogen. 16% of oxygen is needed to sustain fire.
Heat. Sufficient heat to raise the temperature of the fuel surface to a point where chemical
union of the fuel and oxygen occurs. The temperature at which the substance gives off these
vapors or gases in sufficient quantity to be ignited is called the “flash point” of the substance.
Chemical Reaction. Vapors of gases, which are distilled during burning process of a
material, are carried into the flame
Sources of Ignition
Electrical equipment. Hot surfaces produced by defective electrical equipment are a common
source of ignition.
Spontaneous Ignition. If some liquids are heated or sprayed to a very hot surface, it may ignite
spontaneously without a present ignition source.
Spontaneous Combustion. Is a type of combustion which occurs without an external ignition source.
Combustion begins if a sufficiently strong oxidizer, such as oxygen, is present.
Smoking. In many workplaces, employees smoking, or other persons smoking in a certain area, can
be a source of fire.
Friction. Sparks can be created by friction, for instance where the moving part of a machine comes to
contact with a fixed part, or two moving surfaces rub each other or slide together during machine
operation.
Engines, Vehicle Emissions and Hot Surfaces. In vehicle maintenance, and parking areas, diesel-
petrol engine, vehicle emissions and hot surfaces like exhaust systems can be a source of ignition.
Open Flame Sources. Open flame in the workplace such as boilers, furnaces, portable heating
appliances, etc can be also a source of ignition.
Lighting. In limited cases, lighting can be a source of ignition.
Products of Combustion
Fire Gases. Are the vaporized products of combustion.
Flame. Is the visible luminous body of a burning gas, which becomes hotter and less luminous when
it is mixed with increased amounts of oxygen.
Heat. Is the process of energy transfer from one body or system due to thermal contact.
Smoke. The Visible product of incomplete combustion.
Phases of Burning
FREE BURNING PHASE – fire begins to deplete the room’s oxygen supply and temperature greatly
increased.
• Fire has involved more fuels
• Oxygen supply is being depleted
• Heat accumulates at ceiling
• SCBA is a must
• Ventilation: not a definite need
• Good steam production
SMOLDERING PHASE – after oxygen content of the air falls below 15%, the fire enters a smoldering phase
where flame may cease but dense smoke and heat completely fill the room.
• Oxygen supply is below 15%
• Temp is very high
• Normal breathing not possible
• Backdraft hazard
• Fire extinguishment: indirect method
• Ventilation is a must
****************************************************************************************************
Oxygen levels can be reduced below the minimum (16%) percentage needed for combustion by purging and
rendering the atmosphere inert in closed containers or processing systems.
Cooling or heat source control. The most common means of fire. Water is the most effective and
cheapest medium for fighting a fire.
Class A or combustible materials such as solid materials, wood, cloth, paper, and natural fibers.
Water is used in cooling to reduce the temperature of the burning material below its ignition
temperature. It is the most effective way of extinguishing the Class A fire.
Class B fires involve Flammable liquids, greases and gases. Foam, vaporizing liquids, carbon
dioxide and dry powder can be used on Class B fires. There may be some restrictions on the type
of foam which can be used because some foam breaks down on contact with alcohols.
Class C fires involve energized electrical equipment. This class of fire can be controlled by the use of
non-conducting extinguishing agents. The safest procedure is to always de-energize high voltage
circuits and treat as Class A or Class B fire depending on the fuel.
Class D fires involve combustible metals such as magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium and
potassium. Water and other common extinguishing agents are ineffective on this kind of fire because
of its extremely high temperature. There is no agent available that will effectively control fires in all
combustible metals. Special extinguishing agents are available for control of fire in each of the metals
and are marked specifically for that metal.
Class K fire or kitchen fire. Fires that involve cooking oils or fats are designated "Class K" under
the US system, and "Class F" under the European/Australasian systems. Though such fires are
technically a subclass of the flammable liquid/gas class, the special characteristics of these types of
fires are considered important enough to recognize separately.
Fire Extinguishers - Is an active fire protection device used to extinguish or control small fires, often in
emergency situations. This is the first line of defense. Fire extinguishers are further divided into handheld and
cart-mounted, also called wheeled extinguishers. Handheld extinguishers weigh from 0.5 to 14 kilograms (1
to 30 pounds), and are hence, easily portable by hand. Cart-mounted units typically weigh 23+ kilograms
(50+ pounds). These wheeled models are most commonly found at construction sites, airport runways,
heliports, as well as docks and marinas.
Portable Fire-Fighting
These are appliances designed to ba carried and operated by hand. These contains extinguishing medium
which can be expelled by action of internal pressure and directed on to a fire. The maximum mass of a
portable extinguisher in working order is 23kg.
Water. These operate on the basis of cooling and reducing the temperature within a
fire, slowing down the rate of combustion and preventing reignition from taking place.
Water is the most efficient form of extinguisher for use on Class A fires.
Foam. Foam applied to a fire has a smothering effect, preventing further air from
reaching the combustion area or seat of the fire.
Carbon dioxide. It produces a snow that is converted to gas in the fire. This has the
effect of slowing down the rate of combustion, reducing the available oxygen through
the smothering effect created.
Dry Chemical. These incorporate a specific powder mixture that interferes with the
combustion process, reducing the combustion rate until no further ignition and
reignition of the fuel can take place. They are designed for Class A and B fires.
by people
• Manually Powered
• Push Cart
• Hand Pallet
• Motor/Pneumatic/Hydraulic driven
• Lifting Equipment
• Hoist
• Cranes
• Transport Equipment
• forklift
• tractor
• dump truck
Instability – unsecured load, load capacity exceeded, or ground not level or too soft
Lack of communication - the point of operation is a distance from the crane operator or not in
full view of the operator
Lack of training
Structural failure
Overloading
Instability
Falling or slipping load
Electrical Hazards
Rigging
Is the process where a load is prepared for lifting using a lifting machine. The main part of this
process is the tying up of the load with sling and/or other connecting devices so that the load could
be hooked onto a crane.
Sling Inspection
Broken Wires
Abrasion
Crushed Strands
Corrosion
Kinks
Safety Inspection
Is a systematic way of identifying potential workplace hazards before they cause a health and
safety problem.
• Eliminate Hazards
• Assess Effectiveness of OSH Program
• Display Visible Management Commitment to Safety
• Establish Accountability
• Identify Training Needs
• Fulfill Legal Obligations
Types of Inspection
Continuous Inspection
a process conducted as part of their job responsibilities in noting and correcting potential
danger
Periodic/Interval Inspection
a systematic process with specific intervals and widely regarded as “real” safety and health
inspection
Intermittent/Emergency Inspection
an unscheduled inspection may be
After Inspection
Corrective Actions
Method of Demolition
Manual – use of hand held tools
Mechanical – use of heavy equipment, wires and chain, power shear, etc.
Explosives – use of explosives
Workplan
Technique and Method of Demolition
Sequence of Work Operation
Estimate of Time of Completion
Equipment to be Used
Proposed Access and Egress
Public Protection
Bracing and Shoring
Disconnection of Services
Falls
Falling through fragile roofing material
Falling through openings
Falling from open edges
Falling out of elevating work platforms
Failure of equipment
Being Hit/Trapped/Crushed by Objects
Manual Handling
Using equipment
Operating equipment
Manual demolition
Lifting material
Clearing up
Loading trucks/bins
Hazardous Substances
Lead
lead based paint, tanks containing lead based petrol
Asbestos
sprayed coatings, insulation materials, fire resistant walls/partitions, cement sheets,
flooring materials
PCBs
stones, bricks and concrete aggregates
Dangerous Goods
Flammable liquids/ vapors and sludge from industrial process and confined space
Noise and Vibration
Equipment
Falling debris
Explosives
Electric Shocks
Live wires from structures
Trench
• is a narrow excavation where the depth is greater than its width, and the width measured at
the bottom is not greater than 15 ft.
Hazards of Excavation Works
• Soil Collapse
• Falls
• Vehicular Traffic
• Underground Utilities
• Working Surface
• Confined Space Conditions
• Type C - 1½ :1 or 34°
Falls
• Minimum Berm
not less than one third of the depth of the excavation
may be reduced to not less than 1 meter provided that materials are stable, shoring
and barriers are present
(Per Rule 1413 of the OSHS)
Vehicular Traffic
• Provide workers with warning vests or other suitable garments marked with reflectorized
materials
• Designate a trained flag person along with signs and barricades when necessary
• Use horn or give signals to ensure safety.
Underground Utilities
Working Surface
Groundwater Control
Sump Pumping Well Pointing
Single-sided Well Point Double-sided Well Point
Rule 1413 of the OSHS states that excavation shall be inspected at least once everyday.
In short, you have a congested construction site with personnel on foot, and mobile machines
working in the same area at the same time
1. Management Commitment
Restrict entry onto site of non-essential personnel.
Establish Controlled Entry Points to site.
Coordinate Operations of Various Trades Working in the Same Areas.
Provide Fundamental Site Rules and Training to all Persons at Risk.
Adequate Lay-Down Areas Established.
2. Employee Involvement
All must receive basic orientation.
Attend operator’s Tool Box Meetings
Must learn, follow, and obey established Safety rules.
Realize that they must see and be seen.
b. Workers as signalers
5. Equipment maintenance
Duly certified mechanics and operators shall conduct daily routine inspection
Inspect before operation
Check instrumentation
Check safety devices; horns, lights
Warm up and make trial run
Keep machine clean
Be aware of abnormalities
1. AUTHORIZED OPERATOR
Qualified with license
Well trained
Good physical condition
4. SAFETY RULES
Check job site condition
Soil condition
Working near utilities
5. SALIENT POINTS
HE Operators be tested and certified
All Heavy Equipment tested and certified
6. Alertness
The Most Dangerous Movement is Backing!
8. Appropriate Use
Specific equipment operation
Equipment capacity
Equipment capability
Equipment restriction
CONCERNED PERSONNEL
Equipment Operator
Workers on foot
Spotters
Management people and supervisors
Other construction site personnel
Small heavy mobile equipment has small blind spots and heavy mobile equipment have large
blind spots, both can cause serious injury or death
The taller and wider the machine, the bigger the blind spot area
Operators, spotters and workers on foot need to be aware where the blind spots are.
Wearing of high visibility vests (or equivalent) and other appropriate PPE’s.
Keep a safe distance from heavy equipment
Know the equipment’s blind spots. Never assume that the equipment operator sees you
Never ride on the steps or drawbars of any equipment.
Watch out for swinging parts.
SPOTTER RESPONSIBILITIES
OPERATOR AUTHORIZATION
Operating heavy equipment is a great responsibility. Operation is reserved only for safe and
responsible operators
A policy and procedure on authorization of heavy equipment operators must be in place. The
operator must be competent, trained and in good health.
Section 7.2
“The General Constructor must provide for one (1) Construction Safety and Health Officer for
every ten (10) units of heavy equipment assigned to the project site, to oversee the effective
compliance with the Construction Safety and Health Program at the construction project site, in
terms of heavy equipment utilization and maintenance”
Section 10.1-a
“All heavy equipment operators assigned at the project site must be tested and certified in
accordance with a standard trade test prescribed by TESDA in coordination with its accredited
organization/s”
Section 10.2.4-a
“Only duly certified operators shall be allowed to operate their designated heavy equipment”
When using heavy equipment, there are 5 basic guidelines that the operators must
always follow to ensure safety:
1. Know how to properly operate the equipment you are using
2. Do not use heavy machinery when you are drowsy, intoxicated, or taking prescription
medication that may affect your performance
3. Use only equipment that is appropriate for the work to be done
4. Inspect your equipment to ensure that it is in good working condition before beginning a job.
In addition, ensure that regular inspections and maintenance are conducted as appropriate
5. Do not stress or overload your equipment.
Crane Safety
Particular hazards exist when operating mobile cranes. Operators, and personnel in the vicinity of
the operating cranes must be alert to the potential for injury and\or damage at all times. These
hazards include but not limited to:
Collision of the crane jib or its load, with personnel, equipment or buildings,
Contact with live aerial conductors (overhead power lines),
Overturning of the crane during lift,
Introduction of a source of ignition to a hazardous area,
Damage to underground services.
PROXIMITY HAZARDS
Consideration shall be given to the presence of proximity hazards. Proximity hazards include, but
are not limited to, the following:
(a) Overhead power lines.
(b) Nearby structures or other cranes.
(c) Excavations.
(d) Fixed hazards.
(e) Personnel movement within the crane working area.
(f) Mobile equipment movement within the crane working area.
(g) Public access areas including roadways, railways and rivers.
(h) The effects of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) (e.g., busbars, strobe lights, induction furnaces,
welding) on radio, infra-red or electronic controls.
CLEARANCES
Where two or more cranes work within a site, or share the same air space, procedures shall be
established to maintain sufficient clearances to prevent contact between parts of the cranes and
crane loads except where multiple crane lifting is carried out . When cranes operate on adjacent
sites and may share the same air space, negotiations shall be carried out to formulate procedures
to ensure sufficient clearances are maintained between the cranes.
LOADING
Crane operators must understand and check the weight or load charts applicable to the crane to be
used. Weights should be marked on loads, contained on manifests or shown on drawings. If the
load weight is not available, estimate the weight (using weight charts or tables) and include the
weight of lifting beams, chains, slings, block and hook.(Hook could weigh up to 1 tonne on a 50
tonne crane). Note: All cranes with capacity of 16 tonne and upwards have a load indicator in the
cab.
Precautions shall be taken when erecting and dismantling a crane to ensure that the stability of the
crane is maintained. In particular, the following procedures shall be followed where applicable:
Only parts and components meeting the manufacturer’s specification shall be used.
Jointing pins shall be assembled so that they can be removed by a person standing on the
outside of the assembly.
All outrigger jacks shall be fitted with foot plates according to manufacturer’s instructions.
All outrigger jacks shall be fitted and adjusted in accordance with the operating instructions.
The correct amount of counterweight shall be fitted on the crane and at the appropriate location
before the boom or jib is raised.
When the operating length of boom or jib is reduced, the specified counterweight shall be
removed to ensure that the backward stability of the crane is not adversely affected.
Appropriate precautions shall be taken before a long boom is lowered to the ground level.
To maintain the best margin of stability when a long boom is raised or lowered to the ground level,
the hook blocks shall be lowered and rested on the ground before the Boom or jib is lowered.
Where timbers are used under outrigger footplates, they shall be arranged so that successive
layers are laid at 90o to each other (pig sty fashion) so that the top layer is in line with the outrigger
arm.
GENERAL PRECAUTIONS
Electric
Pneumatic
Cartridge/powder actuated
Gasoline
Hydraulic
Electric shock
Particles in the eyes
Fires
Falls
Explosions
Falling tools
Wheel Breaking
CARTRIDGE TOOLS
Used for fastening fixtures and materials to metal, pre-cast, pre-stressed concrete, masonry,
block, brick, stone and wood surfaces
Instructions for use, handling and storage must be available on hand
DANGERS
Free shots
Ricochet
Atmosphere causing explosion
Projectiles fired through the work
SAFETY TIPS
Bursitis
Osteo-arthritis
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Tendonitis
Cellulitis
Tenosynovitis
Epicondylitis
Tension Neck/Shoulder
Ganglion
Trigger finger
TAKE NOTE!
The injury/disease caused by poorly designed or unsuitable tools and work stations often develop slowly over
a period of months or years.
However, a worker will usually have some signs and symptoms for a long period of time indicating that
something is wrong.
COURSE OBJECTIVES
This training will further enhance the knowledge and skills of the participants on Scaffolds Safety including
erection/installation and inspection of Scaffolds, working safety on heights including rescue and basic
standard safety procedures on handling ladders and eventual certification from TESDA NC II as Scaffold
Erector and competent person in compliance to Department Order No. 128-13 of the Department of Labor
and Employment.
SCAFFOLD means any temporary elevated platform (made of timber, metal or bamboo) and its
supporting structure (including points of anchorage) used for supporting employees or materials or
both in the course of any construction works, including maintenance and demolition works.
Function
As a working platform
• So that the worker can stand on the platform to do their work easily and safely
• So that the workers can place their materials and logistics to carry out their job
Classification of Scaffolds
Supported Scaffolds
Suspended Scaffolds
Supported Scaffolds
the most common type of scaffold because they are versatile, economical, and easy to use.
frequently used in one or two tiers by residential contractors, painters, etc., but their modular
frames can also be stacked several stories high for use on large-scale construction jobs.
Mobile scaffolds
designed to be easily moved and are commonly used for things like painting and plastering,
where workers must frequently change position
Pole scaffolds
Are types of supported scaffold in which every structural
component, from uprights to braces to platforms, is made of wood.
Cannot easily be reused, and considered old- fashioned and
are rarely used today.
Suspended Scaffolds
Suspended Scaffolds contains one or more platforms suspended by ropes or other non-rigid
means from an overhead structure.
Hung by ropes or cables connected to stirrups at each end of the platform, they are typically
used by window washers on skyscrapers.
Single-point Adjustable
consists of a platform suspended by one rope from an overhead support and equipped with
means to permit the movement of the platform to desired work levels.
The most common among these is the scaffold used by window washers to clean the outside
of a skyscraper (also known as a boatswain's chair).
Suspended Scaffolds:
Support Device rest on surfaces capable of supporting at least four times the load imposed
Counterweights
o Must be able to resist at least four times the tipping moment
o Secured mechanically to outrigger arm
o Made of non-flowable materials
o Tiebacks must be installed
Guardrails or personal fall arrest system or both
Scaffold collapse
• Proper scaffold construction
• Firm foundation
• Plumbed and level
• All components installed
• Do not overload with people or equipment
• Provide wall ties or anchorage
• Have a competent person check scaffold
Electrocution
• Observe clearance/distances required between power lines and scaffolding
• De-energize the lines
• Install protective covering
Clearance from Power Lines
Mobile Scaffolds
Plumb, level and squared
Braced to prevent collapse
Casters and wheels locked to prevent movement while in a stationary position
Not allowed to ride on scaffolds when moving
Stairs/ Ladders
Frame scaffolds
Platforms are fully planked
5. Fall protection systems and falling object protection
Platform
Each end of a platform, unless cleated or otherwise restrained by hooks, must extend over its
support by at least 6 inches
Provide access when scaffold platforms are more than 2 feet above or below a point of
access
Access
No access by crossbraces
When using ladders, bottom rung no more than 24 inches high
Can use some end frames
Can access from another scaffold, structure or hoist
Training of personnel in the proper use of the scaffold and hazards associated
Establish and communicate jobsite rules
Put in writing
Taught to all employees
Part of the safety culture
Scaffold Inspection
Competent person inspects scaffolds for visible defects before each shift and after any alterations
Defective parts must be immediately repaired
Provide Scaffold tags
Falling Objects
Scaffold Collapse
SCAFFOLD TERMINOLOGIES
DEFINITIONS
Mudsills - A minimum 50 mm x 250 mm (2" x 10") wood plank or other device used to support the
scaffold frame base plates or other support devices.
Base Plates - A device used to support and distribute the leg load of a scaffold system sized
according to the manufacturer’s specification.
Outrigger Stabilizers - A device used to extend the support length at the base of the scaffolding in
order to provide stability against overturning.
Bracing - A system of members connecting frames or sections of scaffolding to make the scaffold
structure and add strength and rigidity between members.
Guardrail - A rail secured to uprights and erected along the exposed sides and ends of platforms.
Platform - A working surface provided on a scaffold to support the weight of workers, tools and
materials.
Fall Arrest Systems - A fall protection system that prevents serious injury or death of a worker
due to a fall, usually consisting of a full body harness secured to a lanyard and lifeline.
Plumbness - Ensuring that the scaffold is balanced and erected at a 90-degree angle straight up
from a level surface.
Foundations - The surface upon which the scaffold is erected.
Swivel Coupler - A load bearing fitting which rotates so that tubes can be joined at any angle.
Mainly used to connect braces to standards.
Double Coupler - Also referred to as right angle or 90? Couplers. Used to join tubes at right angles
where maximum load carrying capacity is required. Double couplers must always be used to join
ledgers and standards together.
Putlog Coupler - A fitting used for fixing putlogs to ledgers.The fitting must not be used to join
ledgers and standards together or in any load bearing situations.
Sleeve coupler
Standards [Post] - Make sure the standards are sitting on a base plate and where the ground
dictates a sole board. A vertical or near vertical tube based on the ground or a structure.Used to
carry the ledgers.
Ledgers [Runners] - A longitudinal tube fixed parallel to the face of the building.It also acts as a
support for the transoms.It can also be used to form part of the ties in the scaffold.Ledgers
should be fixed to the standard using load bearing fittings. (double)
Transoms [Bearer]
Overlap platforms not less than 12” only over supports, unless restrained to prevent
movement, i.e.” Cleating”.
The working deck should never be more than 14” away from the working surface.
Toe board - A barrier secured along the sides and ends of a platform to guard against the falling of
materials or tools.
Engineering Design - The design of a scaffold system by a registered professional engineer,
drawings of a scaffolding system should include all appropriate information on loading capacities
and, detailing on tie-backs, foundations, etc. These drawings must be kept on site.
RESPONSIBILITIES/DESIGN APPROVALS
Management / Employers:
Ensure that proper scaffolding material and equipment is provided at the project site.
All workers must be trained in proper scaffold use, erection, and maintenance.
Provide all necessary personal protective equipment, (i.e. safety headwear, footwear, fall
protection systems, etc.) to workers erecting and using the scaffold.
Workers:
Ensure that they follow safe work procedures and use all necessary equipment and any
necessary personal protective devices when erecting and using scaffold systems. Workers
must also take care to protect other workers when working on scaffolding.
Design Approvals
Supported scaffolds and their components shall be capable of supporting without failure at
least four (4) times the maximum intended load, while suspended scaffolds shall have six (6)
times factor of safety; and
All manufactured scaffolds and its accessories shall follow the manufacturer’s design and
specification. Technical properties and data of such manufactured scaffolds shall be design by
structural engineer and approved by appropriate authority.
Scaffold Competent Person - The employer shall designate a competent person, who shall be
responsible for determining the feasibility and safety of providing fall protection for personnel
erecting, installing or dismantling scaffolds.
Competent Person
o All scaffolds competent person must undergo the standard scaffold training and
assessment prescribed by DOLE and TESDA.
COSH Training Certificate from DOLE or its accredited safety training organization.
Must be a holder of TESDA prescribed Scaffold Erection Certificate.
Scaffold Erector
All scaffolds competent person must undergo the standard scaffold training and
assessment prescribed by DOLE and TESDA.
Scaffold erectors shall have the following certification:
One Day Workers Safety Orientation from DOLE or its accredited safety training
organization.
INSPECTION
Because of severe weather conditions, the scaffold system shall be inspected on a regular
schedule and a record of the inspections maintained at the job site.
Basic Consideration
The weight of workers, tools, materials and equipment to be carried by the scaffold system (safe
work load)
Site conditions (interior, exterior, backfill, concrete floors, type and condition of walls, access for
the equipment, variations in elevation, anchorage points, etc.)
Height to which the scaffold may be erected (overhead power lines, tie-backs
Type of work that will be done from the scaffold (masonry work, sandblasting, painting, metal
siding, mechanical installation, suspended ceiling installation)
Duration of work
Weather conditions, including wind
Requirements for pedestrian traffic through and under the scaffold area
Means of access to the scaffold
Configuration of the building or structure being worked on
Wind speed limit is 48kph (DO 128) and 40kph (International Practice)
SCAFFOLD CAPACITY
Scaffolds must be capable of supporting its own weight and at least 4x the expected load. Expected load includes:=
4xLive Load + Dead Load
TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING
Tube and Coupler Ladder Jack Scaffolds
System Scaffold Trestle Ladder Scaffold
Frame Scaffolds Carpenters Bracket Scaffold
Cantilever Scaffold Hanging Scaffold System
Rustgo Manual Work
Hanging Scaffold Platform
Tower Scaffold Horse Scaffolds
Shoring Scaffold Adjustable Scaffolds
Scaffold Public Protection Scissor Lifts
“Stick-Built” Pole Scaffold Aerial Lifts
Two-Point Suspended
Pump Jack Scaffolds Scaffolds
Scaffold Location
Checking the scaffold location thoroughly beforehand will eliminate many of the problems that
develop during construction and will allow erection to proceed smoothly, efficiently and safely.
Overloading
Scaffold platforms are one of the most frequent violations of good scaffold practice.
Housekeeping
Scaffold decks are usually small, narrow and confined. Tools and materials to be used should be
stored in an orderly fashion. Debris and waste materials should not be allowed to collect on the
platform.
Do not use damaged parts that affect the strength of the scaffold.
Do not allow employees to work on scaffolds when they are feeling weak, sick, or dizzy.
Do not work from any part of the scaffold other than the platform.
Do not alter the scaffold.
Do not move a scaffold horizontally while workers are on it, unless it is a mobile scaffold and the
proper procedures are followed.
Do not allow employees to work on scaffolds covered with snow, ice, or other slippery
materials.
Do not erect, use, alter, or move scaffolds within 10 feet of overhead power lines.
Do not use shore or lean-to scaffolds.
Do not swing loads near or on scaffolds unless you use a tag line.
Do not work on scaffolds in bad weather or high winds unless the competent person decides
that doing so is safe.
Do not use ladders, boxes, barrels, or other makeshift contraptions to raise your work height.
Do not let extra material build up on the platforms.
Do not put more weight on a scaffold than it is designed to hold.
SCAFFOLDING INSPECTION
Scaffold systems and components should be inspected before each use to ensure structural
stability. Some main areas to check for include:
Compatibility of components.
Sufficient and proper components for the job.
Erection, dismantle, alteration done under Complete decking from front to back on all working
or exceeds 10 ft. for conventional scaffolds before and during the shift
Scaffold must be designed to hold four times Tie-ins set once the height of the scaffold exceeds
the four
intended working load (safety factor of “4”) times the minimum base dimension
surfaces 12”
Overhead protection for other trades or Pre-shift inspection of all motorized components,
Contractor annually checks scaffolding material for wear / rusting etc. & certifies the material
for usability by changing color
st
1 year - Red
-
nd
2 year Yellow
rd
3 year - Blue
th
4 year - Red
PPE usage is considered the last resort. PPE can provide added protection to the employee but will not
eliminate the hazard.
Role of Management
Limitations of PPE
Only protects the person wearing the equipment not others nearby
Relies on people wearing the equipment at all times
Must be used properly
Must be replaced when it no longer offers the correct level of protection. This is required
when respiratory protection is used.
Benefits of PPE
It gives immediate protection to allow a job to continue while engineering controls are put in
place
In an emergency it can be the only practicable way of effecting rescue or shutting down
plant in hazardous atmospheres
It can be used to carry out work in confined spaces where alternatives are impracticable.
But it should never be used to allow people to work in dangerous atmospheres, which are,
for example, enriched with oxygen or explosive.
Hazard Identification
Agent
Physical Characteristic
Route of Entry
Effect from exposure
Control Options selected should:
1. Selection
To be done by a suitably trained person with adequate information of the task, hazards,
personnel, materials, etc.
2. Fitting
When first issued, the user should also be trained to check the fit whenever the equipment is
used.
Ensure an adequate fit under supervision
3. Health Aspects
Use of PPE can have an impact on an employee’s health (e.g. skin irritation, heat stress)
A number of medical conditions may make it difficult to use certain equipment
4. Compatibility
If more than one type of PPE is required to be worn simultaneously, then the harmony of
the individual items needs to be evaluated.
The PPE also needs to be compatible with the task involved
5. Issue
Provision should be made to control the issue of PPE to employees, remembering that
several types of equipment may be available.
PPE should be issued on a personal basis to individual employees. Apart from hygiene
considerations, employees are then more willing to accept responsibility for the care and
maintenance of the equipment.
A system requiring employees to sign for certain types of equipment is recommended
and can provide another check on the use of correct equipment.
6. Proper Use
PPE is effective if worn properly for the appropriate task
Use of PPE by Supervisor encourages employees & enforces PPE program equipment
that can provide complete protection, but which is not properly used, may provide no
protection at all
Employees should be prevented from taking used PPE for domestic purposes
10. Supervision
A PPE program is unlikely to be successful unless the first line supervisory personnel are
knowledgeable and held accountable for effective use of PPE
Supervisors must set an example by wearing PPE as appropriate and ensure its use by others as
required
11. Reviews
Periodic evaluation to confirm that the agreed procedures are appropriate and being
followed:
Formal audit carried out by a third party with specialist advisers
12. Checklist
to ensure use of properly fitted, effective PPE for specific jobs
It must be remembered that PPE is the last line of defense, hence, its effectiveness may be
crucial to the health of the workers
Controlling Hazards
Head Protection
Face Protection
o Helmets
o Shields and Goggles
o Hoods
Eye Protection
o Contact Lenses
o Goggles
Ear Protection
o Earplug
o Muff Devices
Respiratory Protection
o Air Purifying Device
o Mechanical Filter Respirator
o Chemical Cartridge Respirators
o Gas Masks
o Hose Masks
o Air Supplied Respirators
o Abrasive Blasting Helmets
o Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)
Feet, Legs
o Metal Free shoes, boots and other footwear- are available for use where there are
specific electrical hazards or fire explosion hazards
o Congress or gaiter-type shoes- are used to protect people from splashes of molten
metal or from welding sparks.
o Reinforced or inner soles of flexible metal- are built into shoes worn in areas where
there are hazards from protruding nails and when the likelihood of contact with
energized electrical equipment is remote, as in the construction industry
o For wet work- leather shoes with wood soles or wood soled sandals are effective
o Safety Shoes with Metatarsal Guards
o Leg Protection- Encircle the leg from ankle to knee and have a flap at the bottom to
protect the instep and the entire leg.
Hard hat
Provides protection from impact and penetration caused by objects hitting the head, and from limited
electrical shock or burns.
Bump Cap
Provides protection from minor bumps, bruises and lacerations in work settings where hard hat protection
is not required.
SHELL
SUSPENSION SYSTEM
- a strap assembly that acts as a shock absorber against the force of a blow (normally one inch)
BRIM OR VISOR
- protects the face from blows, splashes, spills, dirt, rain or the sun
1. Class E (Electrical)
-tested at 20,000 volts
2. Class G (General)
-tested at 2,200 volts
3. Class C (Conductive)
-no protection from electrical conductors
Protection
1. SPECTACLES
2. GOGGLES
3. FACE SHIELD
Face shield is used when the entire face area needs protection. Worn over goggles for extra
protection.
1. Earplugs
Supplied Air Respirator (SAR) - Provides fresh air from a remote source to the breathing area.
Air Purifying Respirator (APR) - Removes contaminates before reaching breathing zone, either trap
particulates or neutralize or absorb gases and vapors
I. Disposable Type
A. Foam Type
B. Polypropylene
II. Cartridge Type
A. Quarter Mask
B. Half Mask
C. Full Face Mask
PPE can provide added protection to the employee but will not eliminate the hazard.
Limitations of PPE: Only protects the person wearing the equipment not others nearby. Relies on
people wearing the equipment at all times. Must be used properly. Must be replaced when it no
longer offers the correct level of protection. This is required when respiratory protection is used.
Disaster
Sudden, calamitous event bringing wide spread damage or suffering, loss or destruction
and great misfortune, often arriving without forewarning.
Design plans
Will provide established procedures and guidelines for the management and staff to follow in the
event of disaster.
Communications
General Emergencies
Evacuation Procedures
Natural Emergencies
Man-made Emergencies
Consideration for Emergencies
Disaster Recovery
Response Plan Provide Guidelines
Protect lives and properties
Improve preparedness in the event of an emergency or disaster
Provide for orderly and efficient transition from normal to emergency operation
Reduce losses associated with emergencies through improved enterprise resources
Assign emergency authority
Assign emergency responsibility
Improve safety awareness, emergency and disaster readiness
• Hazardous material
• Transportation accident
• Terrorism
• Sabotage
• Kidnapping
• Fire
Natural Emergencies
• Typhoons
• Flood
• Earthquake
A. Communication
External Internal
- Telephone - two-way radio - personal contact
5. Special Duties
Each head of department shall take notice of their personnel’s
attendance when each drill is conducted.
Upon arrival at the pre- designated assembly point, the department
head shall count their personnel to assure that all are accounted.
The evacuation plan provides for checking of restrooms, vacant
rooms, specialty rooms and elevator to ensure that all persons are
aware and are heeding the warning.
Each employee is assigned during his/her shift certain task to
conduct closing doors, windows, and turning off lights in a disaster.
ERT member from maintenance personnel shall shut off electricity
in an emergency and report for further assignment.
6. Employees
C. EVACUATION PROCEDURE
1. Employee seated near windows shall secure that the windows are close.
2. Any employee next to a restroom or vacant room shall check that room and, if anyone is
there, instruct that person(s) to proceed to the PAP.
3. Employees are not to take anything with them unless ordered by the Area Marshall for
important documents or in case of fire.
4. Employee closest to the doors/stairways will leave first; then the last person out of the room
will close the door.
5. Employees should move quickly and safely as possible without creating more hazards than
already encountered.
6. Keep calm and listen for information or instructions.
7. If primary exits are blocked, for any reason, then go to an alternative exit.
8. Department heads should account for all his/her personnel.
9. If a fire is in the corridor just outside the room or close enough to the exit route, then close
the door block all gaps around the door until a move can be decided. Delegation of Duties.
1. Floor warden
2. Building Captain
3. Head-count and reporting
4. Exit guards
5. Fire Extinguisher Squad
6. Hose and Nozzle Team
7. First Aiders
8. Search & Rescue Team
Aspects:
• Indicate in-charge of each emergency
• Determine when to issue order to evacuate the facility
• Identify individual responsibility for issuing evacuation orders and how it will be
announced.
• Chain of command to assure continuous leadership, authority and responsibility in key
positions.
-timely forecast of all hazards that require emergency preparedness or response action
Facility Shutdown
-defines and assigns responsibilities for the protection of company property and
classified material before employee leave work stations.
Aspects:
Indicate under what conditions shutdown must
occurred to be considered
Identify authority to shutdown
Complete checklist for shutdown
Diagrams to show where to turn everything off
III. Communication.
-Establishing, using, maintaining and providing back up for all channels of communications
needed for emergency response and recovery.
Aspects:
o Primary and back up communication with generator or extra batteries.
o Two way response radio communication between Bldg. Captain and Group Leader of
emergency response forces.
o Key telephone numbers for industry emergency assistance
organization.
Preliminary action- the most important part of the emergency procedure o The
preparation of a plan tailored to meet the specific requirements of the site,
products and surroundings
o Briefing of employees on details of the plan, including the position of essential
equipment
o The training of personnel involved and appointment of competent persons for certain
actions.
o The implementation of a program of inspections of potentially hazardous areas,
testing of warning systems and specification of evacuation procedures
o Specifying the date at which the plan will be re-examined and updated.
Action when emergency is imminent- when there is evidence that an emergency is
imminent, this stage will feature procedures for assembly of key personnel,
advance warning to external authorities and testing of systems connected with the
emergency scheme.
Action during the emergency-there may however, be unexpected variations in a
predicted emergency. Decision- making personnel, selected beforehand for this
purpose, will need to make precise and rapid judgments to ensure that appropriate
action follows the decisions made.
Ending Emergency- there must be a procedure for declaring plant, systems and
specific areas safe, together with the reoccupation of premises where possible.
FIRST AID – is the immediate care given to a victim who has been injured or suddenly taken ill.
1. Serves as the bridge that fills the gap between the victim and the physician.
2. He is not to compete with nor take the place of the physician.
3. He will assist the physician when he arrives.
SHOCK is a depressed condition of many body functions due to failure of enough blood to
circulate throughout the body following a serious injury.
S – splint or immobilize
Act quickly! Protect your body from falling debris by getting under a sturdy desk, table or doorway
EVACUATION
On hearing the alarm signal, gather vital personal effects and go for the nearest exit near you.
Go to the assembly area at the open field assigned near your present location If you are away
from normal work floor, obey instructions from that floor. Do not attempt to return to your own
floor Security will take any other action.
BOMB THREAT
If a bomb or suspicious object is discovered – do not touch it, clear the area Notify security office
Prevent other personnel from going into the area
Security will take any other action required
IF YOU RECEIVED A CALL…
Attract the attention of another staff member to ring your local hotline
Record details of threat as per procedure given: do not hang up your phone
Try to record exact words; keep the caller TALKING (try to obtain as much information as possible)
Security will take further action required
QUESTIONS TO ASK…
When is the bomb going to explode?
Where is it right now?
What does it look like?
What kind of bomb is it?
What will cause the bomb to explode?
Who place the bomb?
Why?
Where are you?
What is your name?
DO NOT HANG UP THE PHONE!
SECURITY
Most Senior Security Officer on-duty shall respond when an emergency arising from fire,
earthquake and explosions occurs upon notice given by the Chief Marshal
The compound shall be cordoned to prevent unauthorized person’s entry
Security Officers shall supervise crowd control to prevent employees and looters around the
affected area.
Follow the safe and orderly evacuations of employees to the assembly area.
Control Measures
Ideally, the choice of a protection system will be one that removes the risk of falling
entirely. For example, it is preferable to provide a fixed barrier to prevent a worker from falling,
than a personal protective equipment (safety harness and lifeline). In this way, the worker is never
in a position where an actual fall may occur. Otherwise, the worker must rely on the personal
protective equipment system to safely arrest the fall.
Ensure that good housekeeping practices are instituted at the workplace. It is important to
keep the work area free of equipment and materials that are not required for the task at hand. Oil
spills, mud, scraps & other debris must be cleared up immediately.
Floors that may become slippery due to the work operations should be provided with a
non-slip type surface or coating that will provide a secure walking surface. Footwear with special
soles may be also required.
A fixed barrier must be capable of stopping a worker from proceeding past the edge of a work
level or into a floor opening. Barriers may be permanent or temporary, depending on the
circumstances at the workplace. Types include: guardrails, handrails, warning barriers, & ladder
cages.
a. Guardrail - is a permanent or portable structural system consisting of a top rail, mid-rail and
toe board secured to vertical posts intended to stop a worker from inadvertently stepping off a
working level and falling to a level below. Variations of guardrail include: wood slat, wire rope,
steel frame, safety fencing, tube and clamp, perimeter netting and others. Any of these variations
is acceptable, as long as the system meets the basic design specifications
b. Warning Barrier - is used to indicate to workers that they are approaching a hazardous work
area, where a potential to falling exists. The warning barriers used where it is not reasonably
practicable to provide fixed barrier protection, or a guardrail has been temporarily removed from
an area.
This system may utilize a cable, rope, or a fence system that is set up at least2 meters from the
work surface opening or edge. The effectiveness of this type of system is increased when high
visibility flagging or other means issued to mark the warning barrier.
c. Handrail - on the open side of stairs, ramps and other similar means of access, proper handrail
must be provided. These serve as both a physical barrier and a means of support to a worker
moving up and down the access way. Handrails should be designed the same as a guardrail.
d. Ladder Cage - is a permanent structure attached to a ladder that provides a barrier between
the worker and the surrounding space. It serves as a support to a worker, if he needs to rest
against the barrier. The worker would be able to secure to the rung or side rail of the ladder at any
time during the climbing of the ladder. However, it does not provide complete fall protection on its
own. It should be used in conjunction with a full body harness and lanyard.
The restraint system is made up of a safety belt (or safety harness), lifeline and/or lanyard
and anchor. The safety belt is secured to a lifeline having a fixed length that is attached to a
secure anchor. The length of the lifeline is such that the worker can only proceed to within
approximately 1 meter of an opening or edge. Under no circumstances should a travel restraint
system be rigged so that a worker is in a position to fall.
5. Fall Arrest Systems - A fall arrest system differs from a travel restraint system. Unlike travel
restraint, a fall arrest system does not prevent a fall; it reduces the chance of injury when a fall
takes place. A complete fall arrest system consists of an anchorage point, lifeline, fall arrestor,
lanyard, shock absorber, and full body safety harness.
b. Lifeline - This is the part of the system that is attached to the anchor point and the user of the
system. Lifelines must have sufficient strength to support a weight of 1140 kgs. (2,500 lbs.)
without breaking. Lifelines must be properly secured to the anchorage point and be protected
from abrasion or damage along their full length. Lifelines may run vertically or horizontally
(installed between two or more anchors), depending on the application. Temporary lifelines are
made of wire or synthetic rope. Permanent systems may be made of rigid steel or aluminum rails,
wire ropes, or similar materials.
c. Fall arrestor (rope grab) - This is a device that automatically locks onto the lifeline when a fall
occurs. It is fitted between the lifeline and lanyard and normally slides freely on the lifeline until
there is a sudden downward motion. When this sudden motion occurs, the fall arrestor "grabs"
the lifeline and holds firmly. Fall arresting mechanisms are also built into retractable life line
devices, which play out and retract as necessary, but hold fast in the event of a fall (similar to a
seat belt in an automobile).
d. Lanyard - A lanyard is an approved device located between the fall arrestor and the worker's
safety harness. Lanyard must incorporate a shock absorber and be fitted with double action
devices.
e. Shock absorber - This is a device that limits the force applied to the user when a fall occurs. It
is designed to absorb the kinetic energy of the fall as the worker is stopped. The shock absorber
prevents both injuries to the worker and the amount of force transferred to the lifeline and anchor.
A shock absorber may be a separate device or built into the lanyard design.
f. Full body safety harness - This is a device designed to contain the torso and pelvic area of a
worker and to support the worker during and after a fall. Body type harnesses of the parachute
type should be used. The harness should be connected to the lanyard or lifeline at the dorsal
(back) position. If a lifeline and rope-grab device is used on steeply sloping surfaces, the user
needs to have the device located in front. This will allow safe manual operation of the mechanism
6. Fall Containment Systems a Safety Net - where it is impractical to provide a fixed barrier or
fall arrest system, an alternate solution is the provision of safety nets. Safety nets are used most
often where it is difficult or impossible to arrange for guard railing or to provide a proper anchoring
and lifeline system for fall arrest. The most common applications for safety nets are bridge work
and structural steel erection.
b. Safety Mesh - Safety mesh, which is securely fixed, provides fall protection for roof installers
and offers long term protection against falling for maintenance and repair works. Safety mesh
should be used in conjunction with appropriate edge protection, guardrails or fall arrest systems
and devices. However, it should not be used for access to or egress from a work area or as a
working platform.
To influence work attitudes and motivation, the safety professional must work with
and through the line supervisors or foreman or the individual in closest contact with
a group of employees. A successful work program depends on trust and acceptance on the part of affected
employees.
Motivation is usually considered to most want to have something. It is also equally and often, not wanting
something. An employee may want to use a safety device, while others may not want to use. Others may
be motivated to avoid injury, others wants speed work to increase production. Motivation is derived from
generic, social, and cultural factors, attitudes of family, friends, workplace peers and supervisors.
Behavior motivation is a safety observation process that involves significant workforce participation,
targets specific unsafe behaviors, it is based on observational data collection, it involves data-driven
decision making process, involves a systematic observational improvement intervention, involves regular
focused feedback about ongoing performance, and lastly, it requires visible ongoing support from all
management levels.
MOTIVATION is defined as inducing people to work with will to achieve a given task.
OBJECTIVE OF MOTIVATION
To improve safety performance through behavior motivation.
All of these are nothing if we would not use the above results of success as tools to attain or
provide “HAPPINESS”
The objective of MOTIVATION is for us and our subordinates to gain success where:
We develop talents
We strengthen or improve our position
We gain power
We reap honors
We win friends
JOB MOTIVATORS
Achievement
Recognition
Work itself
Responsibility
Professional growth
MOTIVATION
Individual’s tendency toward action in a given situation.
It is the individual who acts or behaves in a given situation
Goal-Directed School of Motivation
Needs Hierarchy Theory
Need Achievement Theory
Theories of motivation
Traditional theory- theory made by Frederick W. Taylor. Taylor’s ideas were based on his belief
that existing reward systems were not designed to reward employees/ individuals for high
production, but he felt that if productive people discovered that they are being compensated
basically the same with less productive people, then the output of highly productive people will
decrease. His solution for this was to design a system where an employee was compensated
according to individual production; thus, employees could in many cases significantly increase pay
for production above the standard.
Hawthorne Effect- the attention to employees, not work conditions, was the dominant influence on
productivity.
The Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs- the human needs in the form of a hierarchy should be
satisfied in order, form the lowest to the highest needs.
o Physiological Needs- the
needs of the human
body that must be
satisfied in order to
sustain life
o Safety and Security
Needs- are concerned with
participation against
danger, threat or
deprivation
o Social Needs- is the need for love, affection, belonging- all are concerned with establishing one’s
position relative to others.
o Ego or Esteem Needs- influences the development of various kinds of relationships based on
adequacy, independence and the giving and receiving of indications of self- esteem and acceptance.
o Self- Actualization or Self- Fulfillment Needs- are the needs of people to reach their full potential in
applying their abilities and interests to functioning in their environment.
McGregor’s Theory X & Y- McGregor categorizes the assumptions upon which traditional
organizations based into theory “X” and the assumptions consisted with the modern organizations
and current research literature into theory “Y”.
Theory X managers believes that:
o The average person is by nature lazy, he works as little as possible
o He lacks ambition, dislikes responsibility, prefer to be led
o He is inherently self- centered, indifferent to organizational change
o He is gullible and not very bright
Theory Y managers believe that:
o If work can be made interesting, it becomes natural and needed part of human
existence.
o People are able to organize and direct their own if they are aware of what is
expected and are trusted.
o Everybody wants to feel important and will welcome responsibility if properly given.
o Most people are more intelligent, creative and interested than their supervisors
realize.
REINFORCERS
POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
an act is followed by a pleasurable reward (e.g. you do something right and your boss
praises you)
NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
you do something right and your boss doesn't criticize you as he usually does.
EXTINCTION
you do something wrong and your boss doesn't praise you as he often does.
PUNISHMENT
LAW OF EFFECT
If our actions have pleasant effects, then we will be more likely to repeat them in the future.
If however, our actions have unpleasant effects, we are less likely to repeat them in the future.
HABIT
VALUES
Behavior motivation is a safety observation process that involves significant workforce participation,
targets specific unsafe behaviors, it is based on observational data collection, it involves data-driven
decision making process, involves a systematic observational improvement intervention, involves
regular focused feedback about ongoing performance, and lastly, it requires visible ongoing support
from all management levels.
Communication is defined as the transfer of information, ideas, feelings, knowledge and emotions
between one individual and group of individuals and another. The elements of communication are the
Sender, Receiver, Message, and Feedback. In regards to safety, the success of preventing an accident,
a delay or miscommunication is in the effort of how well the workers communicate with one another.
The Supervisor holds the key to the communication between the top management and the workers.
Good communication is vital to the supervisor’s success in his accident prevention program, for creating a
zero accident workplace, etc. The workers are also vital in the supervisors success because they are the
ones who are receiving the message and gives feedback.
Communication does not limit to what the workers and supervisor says, it also depends on what they do or
don’t do. This is an example of non-verbal communication.
Non-verbal communication can be communicated if the workers don’t do what they are supposed to do,
or if they do something that is not right.
Communication can also be written. Writing a memo is an example of a written communication, however,
getting the feedback may be difficult that face-to-face communication. Follow up verbal or oral
communication should be followed.
Importance of Communication
Clarity
Completeness
Conciseness
Consideration (The 'You' Attitude)
Correctness (Accuracy)
Concreteness
Courtesy
Questioning Techniques
Open Questions
Open questions evoke longer answers. Open questions usually begin with what, why, how. Such a
question asks the respondent for his or her knowledge, opinion or feelings.
When to Use:
• To develop an open frank conversation
• To find out more detail
• To learn about other person's opinion, feelings or issues
Example:
• Why did he react that way?
Closed Questions
Closed questions generally evoke a single word or very short, factual answer
When to Use:
• To test your or the other person's understanding
• To conclude a discussion or making a decision
• To set a reference frame for the person within which to answer
Example:
• Are you hungry?
Funnel Questions
Asking funnel questions involves starting with general questions, and then zooming in on a point in each
answer. Then, you move on to asking more and more detail at each level. Hence, generally, when using
funnel questioning, start with closed questions. As you progress through the funnel, start using more open
questions.
When to Use:
• To find out more detail about a specific point.
• To gain the interest or increase the confidence of the person you're speaking with.
Example:
• "How many people were involved in the fight?"
• "About seven."
• "Were they kids or adults?"
• "Mostly adults.”
Probing Questions
Probing questions are asked to find out more detail. In such questions, use questions that include the
word "exactly" to probe further. An effective way of probing is to use the 5 Whys method, which can help
you quickly get to the root of a problem.
When to Use:
• To gain clarification
• To draw information out of people unwilling to give information
Example:
• Who, exactly, wanted this report?
Leading Questions
Leading questions are asked to try to lead the respondent to your way of thinking. It is important to note
here that leading questions tend to be closed.
When to Use:
• To get the answer you want but letting the other person believe
that they had a choice.
• To close a sale.
Example:
• Option 2 is better, isn't it?
*******************************************************************
Tool box meeting or gang meeting” refers to daily meeting among workers and their respective
supervisors for the purpose of instruction, discussion and proper briefing on the planned work, the
assessment of past work, the possibility or actual occurrence of accidents at the site, tips and suggestions
on how to prevent possible accidents and other related matters.
a)informed of potential safety and health hazards to which they may be exposed at their workplace; and
b)instructed and trained on the measures available for the prevention, control and protection against
those hazards.
12.5 Each supervisor or any designated person (e.g. foreman, leadman, gangboss, etc.) shall conduct
daily tool box or similar meetings prior to starting the tasks for the day to discuss with the workers and
anticipate safety and health problems related to every task and the potential solutions to those problems.
The supervisor shall remind the workers on the necessary safety precautions that need to be undertaken.
Let the team know where and when the meeting is. At the start of the day works best with most
workplaces.
2. Set the scene for the meeting — keep it real and be positive
Encourage everyone to join in and provide their own feedback, knowledge and experiences. Use simple
language for everyone to understand to convey the key health and safety messages.
Toolbox meetings are an opportunity to provide positive feedback for safe actions, hard work and
initiatives. It’s also important to avoid criticism and acknowledge everyone for their contributions. The
meeting shouldn’t be a lecture, but a chance for engagement with the team.
Ensure that running and attending toolbox safety meetings is recognized as an important part of a
person’s role. If the worker regards health and safety as an add-on, it will often be neglected.
3. Follow an agenda
Have company leaders talk about the business direction or a particular topic
Thank the team for their time and let them get to work.
Managers or supervisors have a direct bearing on health and safety since they have control and can give
instruction. They are also the focal point of a lot of employee
attention and the manner of their behavior and the way they view
on safety and health greatly affects the employees’ attitudes.
The largest share of responsibility in the substantial reduction of accidents and injuries on the job falls
on the shoulders of the supervisors, not because it has been arbitrarily assigned to him, but because
accident prevention and production control are closely associated to supervisory functions. Whether or not
a company has a safety program, the supervisor has these principal responsibilities:
1. Promotion & maintenance of the physical, mental and social well-being of workers;
2. Prevention of illness;
3. Protection of workers from ‘risks’ at work;
4. Placement and maintenance of workers in an occupational environment appropriate to his
capacity.
Physical Hazards
1. Noise- An unwanted sound; Noise can block, distort, change or interfere with the meaning of a
message in both human and electronic communication.
Frequency- is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time; measured in
Hertz cycles per second.
Loudness- Intensity of the sound; measured in Decibel (dB)
Duration- Continuous, intermittent, burst, waxing/ waning
Footnote(1)
When the daily noise exposure is composed of two or more periods of noise exposure of different
levels, their combined effect should be considered, rather than the individual effect of each. If the sum
of the following fractions: C(1)/T(1) + C(2)/T(2) C(n)/T(n) exceeds unity, then, the mixed exposure
should be considered to exceed the limit value. Cn indicates the total time of exposure at a specified
noise level, and Tn indicates the total time of exposure permitted at that level. Exposure to impulsive
or impact noise should not exceed 140 dB peak sound pressure level
Adverse Health Effects of Noise:
Acute Effects:
o Acoustic Trauma (explosion, Gunshot); acoustic trauma refers to permanent cochlear
damage from a one-time exposure to excessive sound pressure.
o Temporary Threshold Shift (Disco)
o Poor Communication
Control of Noise
1. Engineering methods
Purchase new equipment
Preventive maintenance
Isolation/damping
2. Administrative Control
Job rotation / breaks
3. PPE
Ear plugs / ear muffs
2. Heat Stress- (Hyperthermia) occurs when the body produces or absorbs more heat than it can
dissipate.
High Temperature
High Humidity
Poor Ventilation
Multiple Heat Source
3. Cold Stress- (Hypothermia) is a condition in which core temperature drops below that required
for normal metabolism and body functions which is defined as 35.0 °C (95.0 °F).
Control Methods
1. Engineering Control
Isolation / enclosure / insulation
2. Administrative Control
Shift work, rest periods
Warm food and drinks / medical exams
3. PPE
Thermal clothing / electric blanket
Gloves / cap / jacket / wool lined shoes
4. Vibration- refers to mechanical oscillations about an equilibrium point. The oscillations may be
periodic such as the motion of a pendulum or random such as the movement of a tire on a gravel
road; continuous low frequency oscillation that is more likely felt than heard; affects the body
through direct contact.
5. Illumination- is the deliberate application of light to achieve some aesthetic or practical effect.
Lighting includes use of both artificial light sources such as lamps and natural illumination of
interiors from daylight. Daylighting (through windows, skylights, etc.) is often used as the main
source of light during daytime in buildings given its low cost.
Control Methods
Improve illumination by adding:
artificial light sources
natural light sources
Reduce by:
Isolation or enclosure
PPE
Eye examination / Eye protection devices
6. Pressure- Pressure is an effect which occurs when a force is applied on a surface. Pressure is
the amount of force acting on a unit area; is the atmospheric force that is constantly applied on the
body, as a result of normal changes in altitude or artificially induced conditions; Pressure changes
cause body stress.
Work in compressed air, for example in pressurized caissons and diving bells, and in diving
operations, may expose people to the risk of decompression sickness.
Control methods
Pre-employment screening
Training (Pre-event)
Scheduled work duration
Exercise (During event)
Medical monitoring
Medications
Pressure vessels / chamber
Rehabilitation (Post-event)
Pressurized suits
Chemical Hazards
Chemical Hazard is the danger caused by chemicals to the environment and people.
A chemical hazard arises from contamination with harmful or potentially harmful chemicals.
Health Effects
Irritation
Blindness
Swelling
Ingestion- enters thru mouth; accidental swallowing from eating in contaminated area;
smoking on the job with contaminated fingers and hands; ingestion of inhaled materials.
Health Effects
Vomiting
Dizziness
Health Effects
Lack of oxygen
Difficult to breathe
Injection
Biological Hazards
Also known as biohazards, refer to biological substances that pose a threat to the health of living
organisms, primarily that of humans. This can include medical waste or samples of a microorganism,
virus or toxin (from a biological source) that can impact human health; these are the factors that
cause infectious and contagious diseases. These are common problems among health care workers
and laboratory personnel handling biologic specimens.
Some Biologic Hazards that can are Contiguous or can lead to Death
Tuberculosis- Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body.
It is spread through the air, when people who have the disease cough, sneeze, or spit. Most
infections in humans result in an asymptomatic, latent infection, and about one in ten latent
infections eventually progresses to active disease, which, if left untreated, kills more than 50% of
its victims.
URTI- Upper respiratory tract infections, (URI or URTI), are the illnesses caused by an acute
infection which involves the upper respiratory tract: nose, sinuses, pharynx or larynx.
Sore Eyes- painful and uncomfortable, usually as a result of an injury, infection, or too much
exercise.
Ergonomic Hazards
Job
the task needed to achieve a result
governed by guidelines designed to prevent muscle overload
requires learning, training and skill
Workstation
place of deployment
where duties are carried out
where equipment are located
machines are the tools
8 hours are spent
most accidents happen
Tool
integral part of the man-machine system
powerful, fast, tireless
enables man to accomplish his job with reduced effort
Man
Integral part of the man-machine-system.
intelligent, adaptive and versatile
the basis of existence - survival
Workplace Design
Fit the workplace to the worker; not the worker to the workplace
Tool Design
Fit the tool to the worker; not the worker to the tool
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Ergonomics is the study of designing equipment and devices that fit the human body, its movements
and its cognitive abilities.
1.Safety - Medicine bottles: The print on them could be larger so that a sick person who may have
bad vision (due to sinuses, etc.) can more easily see the dosages and label. Ergonomics could
design the print style, color and size for optimal viewing.
2.Comfort - Alarm clock display: Some displays are harshly bright, drawing oneʼs eye to the light
when surroundings are dark. Ergonomic principles could re-design this based on contrast
principles.
3.Ease of use - Street Signs: In a strange area, many times it is difficult to spot street signs. This
could be addressed with the principles of visual detection in ergonomics.
5.Aesthetics - Signs in the workplace: Signage should be made consistent throughout the
workplace to not only be aesthetically pleasing, but also so that information is easily accessible
2. Force
3. Frequency
b. Rest breaks
Source: https://www.microsoft.com/accessories/en-us/support/ergonomic-comfort
First Aider
Nurse
Physician
Occupational Health defines as the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree
of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations.
Occupational Health Hazards are classified on the Physical, Chemical, Biological and
Ergonomic hazards.
Heat Stress (Hyperthermia) occurs when the body produces or absorbs more heat than
it can dissipate.
Cold Stress or Hypothermia is a condition in which core temperature drops below that
required for normal metabolism and body functions which is defined as 35.0 °C
(95.0 °F).
Vibration is a continuous low frequency oscillation that is more likely felt than heard.
Ergonomics is the science of designing the job, equipment, and workplace to fit the
worker
Industrial hygiene is strict and rigorous scientific methodology and often requires professional
experience in determining the potential for hazard, exposures or risk in workplace and environmental
studies.
Safety is the state of being "safe", the condition of being protected against physical, social, spiritual,
financial, political, emotional, occupational, psychological, educational or other types or
consequences of failure, damage, error, accidents, harm or any other event which could be
considered non-desirable. This can take the form of being protected from the event or from exposure
to something that causes health or economical losses. It can include protection of people or of
possessions. Or in short, safety is freedom from accidents.
Accident is usually a result of contact of a body with a source of energy above the threshold limit of
the body or structure. It is an occurrence that interrupts the normal and orderly progress of any
activity. Accidents can result to physical harm, damage to property or delay in operation.
Causes of Accidents
3. Correct = Control
• Increased breaks
• SOPs
• Isolation (time)
• Medical Exams
• Workplace monitoring
• Scheduled reduced work hours in contaminated areas
➢ PPE. Use protective barrier to protect the worker from the hazard.
1. Substitution of non-toxic or less-toxic for one which is harmful to health (lead in paint pigment
with zinc, barium or titanium oxide)
2. Change in the process to improve working condition (spray paint to dipping or brushing)
3. Isolation or enclosure of a process or work operation to reduce the number of employees
exposed
4. Wet methods to reduce generation of dust
5. Local exhaustion ventilation at the point of generation or dispersion of contaminants
6. Dilution ventilation to provide safe, healthful atmosphere
7. Personal Protective Equipment (devices) such as special clothing, eye or respiratory protection
8. Good housekeeping, including cleanliness of workplace, waste disposal, adequate washing,
toilet and eating facilities
9. Administrative exposure controls, including adjusting work schedules or rotating job
assignments so no employee receives an overexposure
10. Special control methods for specific hazards, such as shielding, monitoring devices and
continuous sampling with preset alarms
11. Medical controls to detect evidence of absorption of toxic chemicals
12. Training and education to supplement engineering controls
Environmental monitoring - describes the processes and activities that need to take place to
characterize and monitor the quality of the environment. Environmental monitoring is used in the
preparation of environmental impact assessments, as well as in many circumstances in which
human activities carry a risk of harmful effects on the natural environment. All monitoring
strategies and programmed have reasons and justifications which are often designed to establish
the current status of an environment or to establish trends in environmental parameters. In all
cases the results of monitoring will be reviewed, analyzed statistically and published. The design
of a monitoring programmed must therefore have regard to the final use of the data before
monitoring starts.
Sources of Data
PSDS (Product Safety Data Sheet) - Normal written on the labels of the products
themselves. It contains the necessary information about:
o Description
o Structural formula
o Hazard/ toxicity
classification
o First aid
o Physical data
o Fire and explosion data
o Emergency
Physical Agents
Chemical Agents-
Industrial Hygiene (IH)–is the science and art devoted to recognition, evaluation and control of
environmental factors and stresses arising in or from the workplace, which may cause
sickness, impaired health and well-being, or significant discomfort among workers or among
citizens of the community.
Accident is usually a result of contact of a man with a source of energy above the threshold
limit of the body or structure.
Work environmental monitoring is carried out to evaluate occupational hazards resulting from
exposure to the following agents: Physical Agents, Chemical Agents, and Biological Agents.
Safety inspection should be part of every phase of production and a regular element of the standard
operating procedure. When a safety inspection has become part of a supervisor’s routine, the safety
responsibilities of each department will then be integrated to improve the whole company.
It is recommended that formal inspection must be done at least once a month, using a checklist. However,
in some areas, frequent safety inspections should be done.
Types of inspections
Checklists
A checklist is a type of informational job aid used to reduce failure by compensating for potential limits of
human memory and attention. It helps to ensure consistency and completeness in carrying out a task. A
basic example is the "to do list." A more advanced checklist would be a schedule, which lays out tasks to
be done according to time of day or other factors.
1. Enumerate every potential hazard within the category that you know exists in our work area
2. Check the written source you have available to add any hazards that you did not think of.
3. Examine the work area itself to see if you overlooked any conditions that needed to be checked,
and note the specific location of the hazards already listed.
4. Have your employees review your list to make sure you have included all the hazards and
unidentified the locations of each one.
Chemical Hazard Mechanical Hazard Ergonomics Hazard
There are several factors necessary for effective safety observation. These are:
It is important to discuss the result of the inspections with the employees. If poor work practices and bad
habits have developed, employees must be advised of the observations immediately and explain the
correct ways on how the work is to be done. Many supervisors forget to mention the positive actions and
practices that take place in their department. It is important to encourage people to follow good work
practices.
Site Visit
This activity would depend if there would be a construction site project that will allow the COSH
class to perform an exercise on what they have learn during the discussion of Safety Inspection.
The COSH Class will be divided into several groups and will be assigned to several allowed
locations within the selected construction (if allowed) and will perform simulated safety inspection
looking for any unsafe acts and unsafe conditions based on the recent learning of past COSH
Training topics.
If they may be allowed to take pictures, they will asked to show it during their group presentations
together with their findings and subsequent recommendations.
Safety inspection should be part of every phase of production and a regular element of the
standard operating procedure.
A checklist is a type of informational job aid used to reduce failure by compensating for potential
limits of human memory and attention.
Accident investigation is a necessary and effective technique for preventing recurring or future
accidents. Thorough accident investigation can point out the problem areas within the
organization. Investigations are conducted to prevent recurrence, comply with policies and
regulatory requirements, improve supervisor’s management approach, and maintain employee
awareness-HSE. Accident investigation must be fact-finding not faultfinding. This means that
investigation itself should be concerned only with facts. All accidents are incidents and should be
investigated. The supervisor is the person who most often investigates accident and makes out
reports. Supervisors are more familiar with the people involved; they have better understanding of
the operations and equipment, and have personal interest in investigations. LTI, NON-LTI,
Property Damage, Near Misses that did not happened and could happen need to be
investigated.
Accident Investigations are done to…
prevent recurrence
comply with policies and regulatory requirements
improve supervisor’s management approach
maintain employee awareness
Method of Investigation
Secure the Accident Site. It is essential to secure the accident site for the duration of
the investigation. In some cases, it may be necessary to barricade or isolate the
accident area to warn people about the accident. Nothing should be removed from the
site to preserve the evidence and not contaminate other passersby.
Sources of information:
Witnesses
Physical Evidences
Existing records
Collect facts/ Data Gathering. Start the investigation as soon as the accident has taken place to
preserve evidences like chemicals that are easy to evaporate and to prevent physical and
chemical changes. Time is of the essence during investigation.
Look for…
Witnesses should be interviewed one at a time and ASAP. For their memories
fade and minimize the possibility for the witness to subconsciously adjust, edit, or
alter the story.
Victim
Onlookers
Those who heard what happened
Saw the area prior to the accident
Others with info about involved individuals, equipment or
circumstances.
After the evidences have been collected, witnesses have been interviewed, photographs
have been taking, and it is now time to analyze the facts that have been gathered.
Why-Why Analysis
Cause and Effect Diagram
Fault Tree. Make a fault tree diagram to show where the accident taken place, the
persons involved, the kind of accident that happened and the persons in charge of
that place.
Step Three: Recommending Corrective Actions
Engineering Control. Note what engineering control should be done to prevent the
recurrence of possible similar accidents.
Administrative Control. If the employee did some unsafe acts or did the job
wrong, make sure to have reorientation to check his knowledge about the job his
doing.
PPE. If PPE is needed, the employer should provide a PPE to protect people from
hazards.
Kinds of Reports and Records Used
Accident reports are essential to an efficient and successful safety programs. It has necessary
information to control the conditions and acts that contribute to accidents. Keeping records also
helps the supervisor or the top management evaluate if the employee has been violating safety
rules again and again.
1. The First Aid Report. The first aider or nurse fills out the first aid report for
each new case. Copies of the report are sent to the safety departments or
where the management may wish.
The supervisor is the person who most often investigates accident and makes out
reports.
The sources of information are the witnesses, the physical evidences and the
existing records.
Some type of risk analysis should be performed before every job. Some tasks are routine and the
hazards and controls well understood. For routine tasks consider using a Standard Operating
Procedure, a set of standing orders that control the known hazards. For tasks that are complex,
unusual, difficult, require the interaction of many people or systems or involve new tools or
methods, a JHA should be performed.
JHA should be created by the work group performing the task. Sometimes it is expedient to
review a JHA that has been prepared when the same task has been performed before but the
work group must take special care to review all of the steps thoroughly to ensure that they are
controlling all of the hazards for this job this time. The JHA is usually completed on a form.
Uses of JHA:
Create/ Improve SOP’s
Guide in observing employee performance
Accident investigation
Safety inspection
Sample of JHA:
JHA Procedure
List/ enumerate basic job steps necessary to perform the job from start to finish
Identify every existing or potential hazards associated with each job step.
Develop recommendations for ways to eliminate, or control each hazard
Note: it is best to complete JHA forms one column at a time.
The purpose of JHA is to identify hazards associated with a job and to make recommendations
for ways to eliminate or control these hazards. Describing job steps in terms of what they are
supposed to accomplish provides maximum opportunity to explore alternative ways of performing
the job in a safer, healthier manner.
Solution:
List as steps only those tasks that would be described to someone being trained to
perform the job.
Identify all of the existing or potential actions or conditions that could lead to an injury or
illness, or harm to the environment. To make sure that each step is examined thoroughly,
consider the following:
Hazard guide:
o The physical actions required for that specific step
o The materials used
o The equipments used
o The conditions under which the step is normally performed.
Physical action:
o Force (weight)
o Frequency (repetition)
o Posture (Prolonged)
o Position (distance)
Materials
o Chemicals
o Corrosive
o Flammable
o Volatile
Equipment
o Mechanical hazard
o Electrical hazard
o Conditions
o Noisy environment
o Temperatures extremes
o Vibration present
o Poor or high Illumination
o Pressure (atmospheric force)
o Prolonged hours
3. Recommending Corrective Measures:
Should be developed at the job site whenever possible
Should be developed in sequence, beginning with the first hazard
Must be specific
Administrative control
PPE
Engineering control
Physical action
o Modifying/Rearranging/Combining actions
o Change the process
o Training
o Use of PPE
Material
o Substitution of materials
o Machine guarding or Safe guarding
o Limit employee exposure
o Use of PPE
Equipment
o Installation of machine
o Use of automatic safeguard devices
o Replacement of a particular piece of equipment
o Training, experience, skills
o Use of PPE should also be considered
Work Area Condition
o Relocation (isolation by place)
o Rescheduling (isolation by time)
o Redesign of the work area
1. Develop / improve SOP’s - To constantly improve / develop written procedures to perform the
job in the safest & healthiest way possible.
2. Employee Training
Ensuring that each job step is performed safely & efficiently
To point out particular job steps / hazards that requires special precautions.
Refresher training (infrequent jobs)
Increase awareness on hazards
3. Employee Observations
Guide in employee performance observations
Allows supervisors to focus on especially hazardous steps
Ensures employee is performing steps according to SOP
4. Inspections - When developing inspection checklists, supervisors can use JHA’s to help identify
hazardous conditions that may need to be included.
5. Accident Investigations
To determine if the job was being performed incorrectly
To tell if a hazard was overlooked in the initial analysis.
Job hazard analysis (JHA) is one of the safety management tools that can be used to
define and control the hazards associated with a certain process, job or procedure.
Should be created by the work group performing the task. Sometimes it is expedient to
review a JHA that has been prepared when the same task has been performed before but
the work group must take special care to review all of the steps thoroughly to ensure that
they are controlling all of the hazards for this job this time.
JHA increases the likelihood of identifying the most appropriate measures of eliminating or
controlling the hazards.
To make sure that each step is examined thoroughly, consider the following: Physical
actions, materials and equipments used, and the working conditions.
Uses of a Job Hazard Analysis: Develop/ Implement SOP’s, Employee Training, Employee
Observations, Inspections, and Accident Investigations.
To practice preparing construction OSH program in compliance to Rule 1410 of the OSHS and
DO 13, series 1998 and best practices.
To submit to DOLE-OSHC the construction OSH program duly signed by the Project Manager
and OSH Consultant, for their review and approval.
To fully understand that construction OSH program must be strictly implemented, monitored
and sustained until project completion.
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
When submitting the construction OSH Program to DOLE-OSHS for their review and approval,
the following must be incorporated:
Standards Operating Procedure and Job Hazard Analysis for the following activities and
other hazardous work not outlined herein.
Site cleaning
Excavations
Erection and dismantling of scaffolds and other temporary working platforms
Temporary electrical connections/installations
Use of scaffolds and other temporary working platforms
Working at unprotected elevated working platforms or surfaces
Use of power tools and equipment
Gas and electric welding and cutting operations
Working in confined spaces
Use of internal combustion engines
Handling hazardous and/or toxic chemical substances.
Use of hand tools
Use of mechanized lifting appliances for movement of materials.
Use of construction heavy equipment.
Demolition
Installation, use and dismantling of hoist and elevators.
ATTACHMENTS
Objective
To explain and update the participants with the Employees Compensation Program of the
Government.
WORK CONTINGENCY PREVENTION is not a 100% guarantee against work-connected
sickness, injury or death.
Compensable Diseases
Conditions or risk factors on the job must be present for the disease to be
compensable
Other diseases not in the list may still be compensable if employee can establish causal
connection with the nature of his work or the working environment
“Increased Risk Theory” but not for pre-existing disease o The Compensability of Injuries
For the INJURY and the resulting disability or death to be compensable, the
injury must be the result of an accident arising out of or in the course of employment.
Work-Connected Injuries
Seven Instances where injury can be compensable:
Excepting Circumstances
Intoxication
Notorious negligence
Willful intent to injure oneself or another
8 ECP Benefits
Loss of Income Benefit Medical
Benefits
Carer’s Allowance
Death Benefits
Rehabilitation Services
It is the incapacity to work (DISABILITY) as a result of the illness or injury that is being
compensated.
10 Types of Disability
Temporary Total Disability (TTD) Permanent Total Disability (PTD) Permanent Partial
Disability (PPD
Medical Benefits
Ward services for hospital confinement
Carer’s Allowance
Granted to employee who gets permanently and totally disabled and has
Death Benefits
Monthly Income Benefit pension to beneficiary plus 10% for each dependent
Physical therapy
To a worker, it will mean not getting sick or injured and be free from its
To the employer, it will mean less absences from work by workers, high
level of productivity, ability to meet delivery schedules and good
company image
In summary
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1.) Review
2.) Application
- When the participant returns their respective companies, they should make a verbal or
written report to their supervisor signifying their intention to apply the contents of the BOSH
training. The simplest way to immediately use the material is by specific task, so as not to
get overwhelmed by the project.
NOTES:
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