Excavation Safety

INSTITUT KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN NEGARA INSTITUT KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN NEGARA
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
www.niosh.com.my www.niosh.com.my
Site Safety Supervisor

Competency Course
Part VI (D) – Occupational Safety

Excavation Safety
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INSTITUT KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN NEGARA
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
www.niosh.com.my
Introduction
Excavations were done for preparation of

foundation, sewerage and other underground
utilities.
© 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced
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without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Introduction
Excavation:
- A man-made cut, cavity, trench, or

depression in the earth’s surface formed
by earth removal
- The width is wider that the depth.
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Introduction
Trenches:
- A narrow underground excavation.
- Depth is deeper than the width.
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Introduction
Typical Plant/Machinery
Excavator
Dumper Truck
Backhoe
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Introduction
1m3 of soil is approximately 1.5 tonnes.
A small fall of earth is capable of causing

serious injury and even worse might result in
fatality.
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Introduction
Factors Affecting Stability
Rain
Insufficient
Large Load Shoring Vibration
Settlement Cracks High Water

Seepage Table
Broken Pipe Line
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Typical Hazards
Collapse of side due to lack of or
inadequate or weak shoring.
Workers falling into excavation due
to lack of barriers or inadequate
fencing.
Asphyxiation from exhaust gases
from plant, machinery and other
work process which collected at
the bottom of excavation.
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Typical Hazards
Falling of soil placed at
edge of excavation.
Failure to maintain
shoring/support system.
Workers working too close

together or to machinery.
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Typical Hazards
Falls through the unsafe means of access
and egress.
Vehicles being driven into the excavation due

to driving errors, inadequate barriers, or due
to absence of stop-blocks.
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Typical Hazards
Striking of underground
services such as gas lines,
water mains and electrical
cables.
Collapse of adjacent structure due to

disturbance to its foundations.
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General Control Measures

Planning
Nature and condition of soil – types and failure
mode, and previous use of land.
Weather condition and ground water level.
Proximity of adjacent structures and

underground services.
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Planning
Size of work and method of excavation.
Underground services.
Types of side protection.
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Sides Protection
Sloping & Shoring

Benching
Trench Box
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Prior to Commencement
Conduct HIRARC or JHA.
Brief workers on hazards and control measures.
Equipped with necessary tools and PPE.
Check soil condition – stability.
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Availability and adequacy of support material.
Machinery and plant in good working condition –

inspected by operators.
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Locate and mark underground services.
Adequately support adjacent structures.
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Machinery and plant are sitting on firm ground or
base.
Post warning and directional signs at

conspicuous locations.
Installed and operate deep well for lowering

underground water level.
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Provide water pumps, if needed.
Install stop blocks for reversing dumping

vehicles.
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During Excavation
Supervise by competent designated person.
Workers are wearing the necessary PPE.
Segregate work area and pedestrian route.
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During Excavation
Ensure safe working distance between workers
and machinery.
Non-operators kept away from machinery.
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During Excavation
Provide safe mean of access and egress – at
every 30m.
Excavated soil (spoil) deposited at a distance of

610mm from edge of excavation.
610 610
mm mm
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During Excavation
Sides are protected as work progressing.
Continuously check stability or adjacent
structures.
Keep water pumps running in watery areas.
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During Excavation
Conduct gas test where appropriate.
Provide adequate warning lights for work in dark

hours.
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Safe Digging Practices
Consult service provider and get service plan
from them.
Hand dig trial pits – confirm position of services.
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Safe Digging Practices
Continuously hand dig until all services are
covered.
Notify superior and service provider for

damaged services, and keep away from it.
Notify service provider if position of services

differ from service plan.
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Upon Completion
Clear off all debris, spoils, signs – return back
the workplace to normal condition.
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Summary
No disturbed soil can stand on its own.
Excavation and trenching work to be supervised

by competent designated person.
Factors affecting their stability are to be

minimised and controlled.
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Summary
Side protection can be in the form of battered
slope; benching, shoring, guardrails or barriers,
etc.
Underground services and adjacent structures to

identified and inspected prior to commencement
of work.
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INSTITUT KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN NEGARA INSTITUT KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN NEGARA

Site Safety Supervisor

Part VI (D) – Occupational Safety

Excavations were done for preparation of

- A man-made cut, cavity, trench, or

- The width is wider that the depth.

- A narrow underground excavation.

- Depth is deeper than the width.

A small fall of earth is capable of causing

Settlement Cracks High Water

Workers working too close

Vehicles being driven into the excavation due

Collapse of adjacent structure due to

General Control Measures

Weather condition and ground water level.

Proximity of adjacent structures and

General Control Measures

Size of work and method of excavation.

Types of side protection.

General Control Measures

Sloping & Shoring

General Control Measures

Brief workers on hazards and control measures.

Equipped with necessary tools and PPE.

Check soil condition – stability.

General Control Measures

Machinery and plant in good working condition –

General Control Measures

Adequately support adjacent structures.

General Control Measures

Post warning and directional signs at

Installed and operate deep well for lowering

General Control Measures

Install stop blocks for reversing dumping

General Control Measures

Workers are wearing the necessary PPE.

Segregate work area and pedestrian route.

General Control Measures

Non-operators kept away from machinery.

General Control Measures

Excavated soil (spoil) deposited at a distance of

General Control Measures

General Control Measures

Provide adequate warning lights for work in dark

General Control Measures

General Control Measures

Notify superior and service provider for

Notify service provider if position of services

General Control Measures

Excavation and trenching work to be supervised

Factors affecting their stability are to be

Underground services and adjacent structures to

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