021 03 Powerplant
Piston Engines 080 PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
Turbines
022 Instrumentation
Flight Instruments
Automatic Flight Control Systems
Warning and Recording Equipment
Powerplant & System Monitoring Instruments
JAR AIR LAW
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
010 01 02 02
The Conventions of Tokyo, The Hague, Montreal
Conventions and Supplements for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation
− Analyse the facts that lead to the Conventions and Supplements against the Safety of Civil Aviation and make a general
statement about the content of the following documents:
− Unlawful Acts Committed on Board Aircraft:
− Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft,
Tokyo 14.9.1963
− Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft
− Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft,
The Hague 16.12.1970
− Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation,
Montreal 23.9.1971
JAR AIR LAW
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
− Eurocontrol
− Make a statement about the Convention relating to Co-operation for the Safety of Air Navigation (Eurocontrol)
010 01 02 04
Warsaw convention and associated documents
(Multilateral Conventions, Protocols and Agreement / Private Law)
− Analyse and describe on the basis of the following documents the Warsaw System of Conventions,
Protocols and Agreements, designed to cover for liability towards persons and goods
− Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air, Warsaw, October 2. 1929
− Protocol to Amend the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air, The
Hague, September 28. 1955, cited as the Hague Protocol.
− Convention Supplementary to the Warsaw Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International
Carriage by Air Performed by a Person other than the Contracting Carrier, Guadalajara September 18. 1961
− Protocol to Amend the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air, signed at
Warsaw on October 12,1929 as Amended by the Protocol,
Done at The Hague on September 28. 1955, signed at Guatemala City on March 8. 1971
− Additional Protocols No.1 - 4 to Amend the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International
Carriage by Air, signed at Warsaw on October 12. 1929
JAR AIR LAW
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
− Explain the legal significance of the issue of a passenger ticket and / or baggage / cargo documents
− Describe the consequences for an airline / the PIC when a passenger tickets is not issued
− Describe the actual development and the situation after the implementation of the IATA Intercarrier Agreement of Kuala Lumpur,
October 31.1995
010 01 03 00 The PIC’s authority and responsibility regarding safety and security
− Explain the authority and responsibility of the PIC regarding safety and security on the basis of
relevant documents
010 01 04 00 Operators and pilots liabilities towards persons and goods on the ground, in case of damage and injury caused by the
operation of the aircraft
− Explain the different systems regarding the coverage for liability in European Countries
− The Convention of Rome
− Analyse the different systems to cover for liability towards persons and goods on the ground on the basis of the document
known as the Convention of Rome and alternative provisions laid down in the legal system of Nations
− International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to Damage Caused by ACFT to Third Parties on the
Surface. Signed at Rome on 29 th May 1933
− Protocol supplementing The Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to Damage Caused by ACFT to Third
Parties on the Surface. Rome 1933, concluded at Brussels 1938
− Convention on Damage by Foreign Aircraft to Third Parties on the Surface, signed October 7.1952
− Protocol to Amend the Convention on Damage Caused by Foreign Aircraft to third Parties on
the Surface, Signed at Rome on October 7. 1952,
Montreal September 23.1978
JAR AIR LAW
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
− Explain who takes the decision whether a damaged ACFT is airworthy or not
− Note: The standards of Annex 8 / Part III represent the core of the airworthiness regulations covered in Annex 8
− State, to which aeroplanes these Standards shall apply
− State to which parts of an aeroplane the Standards of Annex 8 Part III apply
− State whether there is any Statement about the minimum number of power-units required for
aeroplanes the Airworthiness Standards of which are covered by Annex 8 Part III
− Certificate of registration
− Describe where the certificate of registration shall be kept at all times
010 03 00 00
− Differences between national regulations
Differences between the national regulations and practices of States and the corresponding international Standards contained in
ANNEX 7
− Indicate in which form ANNEX 7 contains information concerning
− Contracting States which have notified ICAO of differences
− Contracting States which have notified ICAO that no differences exist
− Contracting States from which no information has been received
− Summary of differences
Aeroplane, aircraft, aircraft - category, aircraft certificated for single-pilot operation, aircraft - type of, certify as airworthy (to),
co-pilot, dual instruction time, flight crew member, flight plan, flight procedures trainer, flight simulator, flight time, instrument
flight time, instrument ground time, instrument time, maintenance, medical assessment, pilot (to), pilot-in-command, rating,
rendering (a license) valid, synthetic flight trainer (flight simulator, flight procedures trainer, basic instrument flight trainer)
010 05 01 00 − Describe the provisions for transmitting a position report to the appropriate air traffic services unit including time of
transmission and normal content of the message
− Describe the necessary action of an ACFT when experiencing COM failure
− State what information an ACFT being subjected to unlawful interference shall give to the appropriate ATS unit
− Explain why ICAO urges the Contracting States to apply ICAO recommendations concerning interceptions of civil aircraft in a
uniform manner
− State the deviation from TAS, to be reported to the appropriate ATS Service Unit
− State the flight time deviation of an estimate for the next RP, that has to be reported to the appropriate ATS unit
− Describe the required actions to be carried out, if the continuation of a controlled VFR flight in VMC is not practicable
anymore
− Describe the provisions for transmitting a position report to the appropriate air traffic services unit including time of
transmission and normal content of the message
010 05 01 00 − Describe the necessary action of an ACFT when experiencing COM failure
− State what information an ACFT being subjected to unlawful interference shall give to the appropriate ATS unit
− Explain why ICAO urges the Contracting States to apply ICAO recommendations concerning interceptions of civil aircraft in a
uniform manner
010 06 06 00 − Describe when the vertical position of an aircraft passing through the transition layer shall be expressed in terms of flight
levels and when in terms of altitude
− State when the QNH altimeter setting shall be made available to departing ACFT
− Explain when the vertical separation of aircraft during en-route flight shall be assessed in terms of altitude and when in terms
of flight levels
− Explain when, in air-ground communications during an en-route flight the vertical position of an ACFT shall be expressed in
terms of altitude and when in terms of flight levels
− Describe why QNH altimeter setting reports should be provided from sufficient locations
− State how a QNH altimeter setting shall be made available to ACFT approaching a controlled
AD for landing
− State under which circumstances the vertical positioning of an ACFT above the transition
level may be by reference to altitudes (QNH)
010 06 06 00
− Procedures Applicable to Operators and Pilots
− Name the three different “qualities“ the altitudes or flight levels selected for a flight should have
− Describe a preflight operational test in case of QNH setting and in case of QFE setting including
indication (error) tolerances referred to the different test ranges
− State on which setting at least one altimeter shall be set prior to taking off
− State where during climb the altimeter setting shall be changed from QNH to 1013,2 hPa
− Describe when a pilot of an ACFT intending to land at an AD shall obtain the “number“ of the
transition level
− Describe when a pilot of an ACFT intending to land at an AD shall obtain the actual QNH altimeter setting
− State where the altimeter settings shall be changed from 1013,2 hPa to QNH during descent for
landing
JAR AIR LAW
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
010 06 07 00 − State to which mode and code a pilot shall set the transponder of his ACFT
− in a state of emergency or indicating a COM failure
− if his ACFT is subject to unlawful interference in flight
010 07 01 01
− General
− Name the objectives of the air traffic services / ATS
− Describe
− the three basic air traffic services / ATS
− the three basic air traffic control services / ATC
− State the designation for those portions of the airspace where flight information service / FIS and alerting service will be provided
− State the designations for those portions of the airspace where ATC service will be provided
010 07 01 01 − Indicate whether or not CTAs and CTRs designated within a FIR shall form part of that FIR
− Distinguish between the various classes of airspace (A through G) and explain whether
− IFR or VFR flights are permitted
− what kind of air traffic services are offered (e.g. air traffic control service, separation,
traffic information, air traffic advisory service, flight information service)
− State the meaning of the expressions RNP 4, RNP 1 etc. (see also definitions)
− Describe the purpose for establishing FICs
− State the reason for the establishment of ATC units
JAR AIR LAW
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
010 07 01 01 − Airspace
− Explain which airspace shall be included in an FIR
− Name the lower limit of a CTA as far as ICAO standards are concerned
− State whether or not the lower limit of a CTA has to be established uniformly
− Explain why an UIR or Upper CTA should be delineated to include the Upper Airspace within the lateral limits of a number of
lower FIR or CTAs
− Describe in general the lateral limits of CTRs
− State the minimum extension (in NM) of the lateral limits of a CTR
− State the upper limits of a CTR located within the lateral limits of a CTA
− Minimum Flight Altitudes
− State where MNM Flight Altitudes shall be determined (and promulgated) and who is responsible for this
− Emergencies
− Describe the operation of a transponder (Mode and Code) in case of distress, emergency or unlawful interference
010 07 01 01 − State on which emergency frequency a pilot can expect the ATS to contact him in case of an interception
− Time units
− Name the time units used by ATS
JAR AIR LAW
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
010 07 01 02 − Separation
− State how separation between ACFT shall be obtained by an ATC unit
− State the ICAO documents in which details of current separation minima are prescribed
− Clearances
− List the various (five possible) parts of an ATC clearance
− Describe the various aspects of clearance co-ordination
− State how ATC shall react when it becomes apparent that traffic, additional to that one already
accepted, can not be accommodated (or only at a given time)
010 07 02 00
Missing Number
This number is missing in AMC-FCL 1.4
010 07 03 00
Rules of the air and air traffic service – Doc 4444 - RAC / 501/11
(Differences in Doc. 7030 - Regional Supplementary Procedures)
− Explain in plain language, the meaning of the abbreviation “PANS-RAC“.
− Essential Definitions
− Recall all definitions given in Doc 4444 to such an extent that you can choose the correct one
from a series of offered samples except the following:
accepting unit / controller, AD taxi circuit, aeronautical fixed service (AFS), aeronautical fixed station, air-taxiing, allocation, approach
funnel, assignment, data convention, data processing, discrete code, D-value, flight status, ground effect, normal operating zone
(NOZ), no transgression zone, receiving unit / controller, sending unit / controller, transfer of control point, transferring unit / controller,
unmanned free balloon
010 07 03 01 − the general aim for the issuance of ATC clearances by air traffic services units
− how a PIC (or an operator) may be involved if traffic, additional to that already accepted, can not be
− Describe the complete ALT setting procedures, which include
− Expressing the vertical position of an ACFT in the vicinity of an AD
− Defining the expressions transition level and transition altitude (see definitions)
− Indicating the expression of vertical position when ascending or descending through the transition layer
− Describing the reasons which call for the expression of the vertical position of the ACFT in terms of height above THR ELEV
− Stating how the vertical position of an ACFT shall be expressed in case of en route flights
− Mentioning who shall establish the transition level to be used in the vicinity of the relevant AD
− Explaining the term “Transition Level / TL“
010 07 03 01 − Stating whether or not the pilot can request the TL to be included in the APP CLR
− Describing when QNH ALT setting will be given to arriving or departing ACFT
− Stating when the QFE shall not refer to the AD ELEV
− Stating whether or not the ALT setting is rounded up and if so to what extent this is done
− Describe when and where the term “Heavy“ shall be included in an initial RTF message and
to what class of ACFT it is applicable
− State where the specifications for wake turbulence categories can be found
− Explain the meaning of the abbreviation “MLS“
− State when the appropriate MLS capability designator shall be included in RTF contact
− Describe where position reports shall be made on routes defined by designated significant points
− Describe the contents of position reports as well as the possible exceptions pending upon regional air navigation agreements or
when using SSR Mode C
JAR AIR LAW
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
− Vertical separation
− Describe how vertical separation is obtained
− State the required vertical separation minimum
− Describe how minimum flight altitudes and lowest usable flight levels correspond to each other
− Describe how the cruising levels of ACFT flying to the same destination at the expected approach sequence are correlated
between each other
010 07 03 02 − Name the conditions that must be adhered to, when two ACFT are cleared to maintain a specified
vertical separation between them during climb or descent
−
JAR AIR LAW
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
− Horizontal separation
− List the two main methods for horizontal separation
− Describe how lateral separation of ACFT at the same level may be obtained
− Explain the term “Geographical Separation“
− Describe track separation between ACFT using the same navigation aid or method
− Describe the three basic means for the establishment of longitudinal separation
− Reduction in separation
− Describe the circumstances under which a reduction in separation minima may be allowed
010 07 03 02 − ATC Clearances
− State why ATC clearances must be issued “early enough“ to en-route ACFT
− Prove that you are acquainted with the required contents of a clearance as given in DOC 4444 of ANNEX 11
− Define the term “clearance limit“
− Explain the meaning of the following terms: “cleared via flight planned route“, “cleared via (designation) departure” and
“cleared via (designation arrival”
− State whether or not a clearance for a controlled flight can only concern level flight, climb or descent whilst maintaining own
separation in VMC
− Explain the meaning of the term “essential traffic“
− List the content of essential traffic information
− State whether in case of a level change en-route if more than one level has been given in the
original flight plan all levels shall be included in the re-clearance or only the changed level
JAR AIR LAW
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
10 07 03 04 − State three basic conditions that must be fulfilled before a departing ACFT will normally be permitted to commence take off
− Describe the required action when, in the interest of expediting traffic, a “clearance for immediate take-off“ has been issued to
an ACFT before it enters the RWY
− State the three basic conditions that must be fulfilled before a landing ACFT will normally be permitted to cross the beginning
of the RWY on its final approach
− List the three categories of ACFT on which wake turbulence separation minima are based
− State the minimum ground visibility required for the authorization of a special VFR flight to enter a CTR for the purpose of
landing or to take off and depart directly from a CTR
− State the minimum ground visibility required for the authorization of a Special VFR flight to operate locally within a CTR
010 07 03 05 FIS and Alerting Service
− Define the term “Air Traffic Advisory Service“
− Describe the objective of the air traffic advisory service
− State to which ACFT air traffic advisory service will be provided
− Explain why air traffic advisory service does not deliver “Clearances“ but only “Advisory Information“
− Describe the various aspects of the “Alerting Service“
010 07 03 06 Radar Services
− State to what extent the use of radar in air traffic services may be limited
− State what radar derived information shall be available for display to the controller as a minimum
− Define the term “SSR“
− State the SSR Codes reserved for emergency, COM failure or unlawful interference
− Name the two basic identification procedures used with radar
JAR AIR LAW
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
010 08 01 00 − General
− State during which period of time an aeronautical information service shall be available with reference to an ACFT flying in the
area of responsibility of an AIS, provided a 24-hours service is not available
− Name (in general) the kind of aeronautical information / data which an AIS service shall make available in a suitable form for
flight crews
− Summarize the duties of an aeronautical information service concerning aeronautical information data for the territory of the
State
− Give a brief statement about the WGS 84 system
− Aeronautical Information Publications (AIP)
− State the primary purpose of the AIP
− List the main parts of an AIP
− Name that chapter of the AIP in which the pilot can find a List of significant differences between the national regulations and
practices of the State and the related ICAO Standards, Recommended Practices and Procedures
− State how permanent changes to the AIP shall be published
010 08 01 00 − Explain what kind of information shall be published in form of AIP Supplements
− Describe how conspicuousness of AIP Supplement pages is achieved
− NOTAM
− Describe how information shall be published which in principal would belong to NOTAMs but includes extensive text and/or
graphics
− Summarize essential information which lead to the issuance of a NOTAM
− Summarize information which should not be notified by NOTAMs
− State to whom NOTAMs shall be distributed
− Explain how information regarding snow, ice and standing water on AD pavements shall be reported
− State which information an ASHTAM may contain
− Describe the means by which NOTAMs shall be distributed
JAR AIR LAW
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
010 08 01 00 − State which post-flight information from aircrews shall be submitted to AIS for distribution as required by the circumstances
− State in which main part of the AIP the following information can be found
− for training purposes the sequence of topics should be varied,
− for questions a considerable reduction in the number of used topics is advisable
− entry, transit and departure of ACFT, passengers, crew and cargo
− ACFT instruments, equipment and flight documents
− Differences from ICAO Standards, Recommended Practices and Procedures
− Location indicators, aeronautical information services, minimum flight altitude, VOLMET-service, SIGMET-service
JAR AIR LAW
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
10 08 01 00 − General rules and procedures (especially general rules, VFR, IFR, ALT setting procedure, interception of civil ACFT,
unlawful interference, air traffic incidents)
− ATS airspace (especially FIR, UIR, TMA)
− ATS routes (especially lower ATS routes, upper ATS routes, area navigation routes
− Navigation warnings (especially prohibited, restricted and danger areas)
− Aprons, TWYs and check locations/positions data
− AD surface movement guidance and control system and markings
− RWY physical characteristics, declared distances, APP and RWY lighting
− AD radio navigation and landing aids
− charts related to an AD
− Reference Code
− Describe, in general terms, the intent of the AD reference code as well as its composition of two elements
JAR AIR LAW
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
010 09 01 02 − Name the different kinds of operations for which a simple APP lighting system shall be used
− Describe the basic installations of a simple APP lighting system including the dimensions and distances normally used
− Describe the principle of a precision APP category l lighting system including such information as location and characteristics
− Describe the principle of a precision APP category II and III lighting system including such information as location and
characteristics, especially mentioning the inner 300 m of the system
− Describe the wing bars of PAPI and APAPI
− Describe what the pilot will see during approach, using PAPI or APAPI
− Name application, location and characteristics of:
RWY edge lights, RWY threshold and wing bar lights, RWY end lights, RWY centre line lights, RWY touchdown zone
lights, stopway lights, taxiway centre line lights, taxiway edge lights, stop bars, taxiway intersection lights, RWY
guard lights, road holding position lights
− No knowledge is required about light spacing
010 09 01 02 − Signs
− State the general purpose for installing signs
− Explain what signs are the only ones on the movement area utilizing red
− List the provisions for illuminating signs
− State the purpose for installing mandatory instruction signs
− Name the kind of signs which “mandatory instruction signs“ shall include
− Describe by which sign a pattern “A“ taxi-holding position (i.e. at an intersection of a taxiway and a non-instrument, non-
precision approach or take-off RWY) marking shall be supplemented
− Describe by which sign a pattern “B” taxi-holding position (i.e at an intersection of a taxiway and a Precision approach
Category l, ll or lll RWY) marking shall be supplemented
− Describe the location of a RWY designation sign at a taxiway / RWY intersection, of a NO ENTRY
sign and a category I, II or III holding position sign
JAR AIR LAW
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
010 09 01 02 − Name the sign with which it shall be indicated that a taxiing ACFT is about to infringe an obstacle limitation surface or to
interfere with the operation of radio navigation aids (e.g. ILS/MLS critical / sensitive area)
− Name the colours used with a mandatory instruction sign
− Describe the various possible inscriptions on RWY designation signs and on holding position signs (Category I, II, III or joint
Category II/III )
− Describe the inscription on a taxi-holding position sign “en-route“ on a taxiway (i.e. other than a taxi- way / RWY-, RWY /
RWY- or taxiway / taxiway-intersection)
− State when information signs shall be provided
− State the role of “information signs“
− Describe the colours used with information signs
− Describe the possible inscriptions on information signs
− Explain application, location and characteristics of aircraft stand identification signs and of road-holding position signs
010 09 01 02 − Markers
− Describe the following:
Markers used to delimit a RWY when no lights are provided, Application, location and characteristics (especially colour) of
unpaved RWY edge markers, TWY edge markers, TWY centre line markers, unpaved TWY edge markers, boundary
markers
010 09 01 04
Visual Aids for Denoting Areas of Restricted Use
− Describe (in general) closed markings on RWYs and taxiways or portions thereof (including colours)
− State how the pilot of an ACFT moving on the surface of a taxiway, holding bay or apron shall be warned that the shoulders of
these surfaces are “non-load-bearing”
− Describe the pre-threshold marking (including colours)when the surface before the threshold is not
suitable for normal use by ACFT
010 09 01 05 Emergency and other services
010 10 00 00
FACILITATION ANNEX 9
− Foreword
− Explain the aim of ANNEX 9, as indicated in the foreword
− Essential Definitions
− Recall the following definitions to such an extent that you can choose the correct one from a series of offered samples:
- Aircraft equipment, airline, airline and operator‘s documents, baggage, cargo, crew member, flight crew member, ground
equipment, international airport, pilot-in-command, State of registry
010 10 01 00
Entry and departure of ACFT
− Describe, purpose and use of ACFT documents - as far as the “General declaration“ is concerned
010 10 01 00 − State whether or not a “General Declaration“ will be required by an ICAO Contracting State under normal circumstances
−
JAR AIR LAW
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
− State the kind of information to be given by crew members whenever a “General Declaration“ is required by a Contracting
State
010 10 02 00 Entry and departure of persons and their baggage
− Requirements and procedures only as far as the crew and other operators personnel are concerned
− Explain the reasons for the use of Crew Member Certificates / CMC for flight crews and cabin attendants engaged in International
Air Transport
− Explain in which cases ICAO States shall accept the CMCs as an identity document instead of a passport or visa
− State whether the entry-privileges for crews of scheduled international air services can be extended to other flight crews of ACFT
operated for remuneration or hire but not engaged in scheduled International Air Services
010 11 00 00 SEARCH AND RESCUE / SAR (Based on ANNEX 12)
010 11 01 00 ANNEX 12
− Essential Definitions
− Recall the following definitions to such an extent that you can choose the correct one from a series of offered samples
alert phase, distress phase, emergency phase, operator, pilot-in-command, radio direction-finding station, rescue co-
ordination center, rescue unit, State of registry, uncertainty phase
010 11 01 01 Organisation
− Establishment of SAR regions and service units
− Describe the areas within which SAR services shall be established from ICAO contracting States
− State the period of time per day within which SAR services shall be available
− State who delineates SAR regions
− Describe for which areas rescue coordination centres shall be established
010 11 01 02 Co-operation
− Co-operation between States and services
− Describe why contracting States should develop common SAR procedures
− State why contracting States shall arrange for all ACFT, vessels and local services and facilities which do not form part of the
SAR organisation to co-operate fully with the latter
JAR AIR LAW
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
010 11 01 03
Operating Procedures
− State how long a PIC who observes that either another ACFT or a surface craft is in distress should keep the “craft in distress“ in
sight.
− List the information a PIC shall report to the rescue co-ordination centre or air traffic services unit when he observes that another
ACFT or a surface craft is in distress
− Describe the duties of the first ACFT reaching the scene of an accident (and not being a SAR ACFT) with regard to all other
ACFT subsequently arriving at the scene of distress
− ANNEX 14
− Describe what minimum distance an isolated ACFT parking position (after the ACFT is subject of unlawful interference)
should have from other parking positions, buildings or public areas
− Document 4444
Describe the considerations that must take place with regards to a taxi clearance in case an ACFT is known or believed to be subject of
unlawful interference
JAR AIR LAW
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
− National Law
Learning objectives with reference to National Law will be published after decision of the JAR-FCL C
JAR ALTERNATING CURRENT
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
− Describe the differences between a rotating armature and a rotating field AC generator and state the relative advantages.
− Describe the mechanical difference between a single phase and three phase alternator and the electrical relationship between
the output phases of a three phase machine
− State the two different methods of connection of three phase alternators (star, delta) and the relationship between phase and
line voltage and current for each type
− State the units of rated output for an AC generator.
− Describe two methods of field excitation and their relative merits. (Brushed, Brushless).
− State the difference between internal and external excitation.
− State the requirement for Voltage control.
− Describe the method of controlling voltage.
− State the difference between constant frequency and frequency wild AC and give examples of use for each.
− State the method of obtaining constant frequency AC from a frequency wild supply.
JAR ALTERNATING CURRENT
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
021 02 02 04 Transformers
− Describe the types, construction, operation and function of transformers in an AC circuit.
− Identify their electrical symbol.
021 02 02 06 Transformer / rectifier units
− Describe the function of rectifiers (half wave, full wave, three phase)
− State the function of a transformer/rectifier unit and its use in an AC distribution system
Inverters
− State the function of an inverter and its use in an AC distribution system.
021 02 02 05 Ac motors
− Describe the principle of operation of synchronous and induction motors, their control and application.
021 02 03 00 SEMICONDUCTORS
− Describe the principle of operation of a semiconductor.
− Describe the construction and application of a diode and identify its electrical symbol.
− Describe the construction and application of a transistor and identify its electrical symbol.
021 02 04 00 BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF COMPUTERS
− Differentiate between an analog and a digital computer.
− Explain the functional principles of an analog computer.
− Name the components of a digital computer and describe their purposes.
− Explain what is meant by the terms ”hardware” and ”software”.
JAR ALTERNATING CURRENT
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
021 02 04 02 − Identify the six main logic gates and describe their function.
021 02 04 03 − Describe how logic gates may be used to build a switching circuit.
− Explain the basic operating principle of a flip flop.
JAR AS & DE-ICE
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− Describe the controls and indicators associated with a typical pneumatic de-icing system.
− State how mechanical (pneumatic ) is initiated and how varying icing conditions are accommodated giving typical cycle times.
021 01 09 00 AIR DRIVEN SYSTEMS (turbopropeller and jet aircraft)
021 01 09 01 List the sources of supply of compressed air for aircraft
pneumatic systems.
− heat exchangers
− cold air unit compressors and turbines.
− ground cooling air fan
− water separator
− check valves, flow control valves, pressure regulating valves, mass flow controller, isolation valves, ram air valves, mixing
valves.
− temperature sensors and controllers
− recirculation fans, recirculation ducting and filters
− trim air, gasper air and window demist air lines.
− Describe the working principle of typical air cycle machines i.e.
− the turbine drives the compressor and in some cases the fan
− the compressor increases air temperature so that the heat exchanger can extract heat more efficiently
− the temperature of the air leaving the pack is controlled by cabin temperature monitoring system operating the cold air unit
by-pass valve .
− the temperature of cooler zones of the aircraft is controlled by trim air,
− recirculation fans are used to increase the ventilation flow at relatively low pack flow
− airflow through the packs is controlled by the operation of the mass flow controller
− the cabin may be ventilated by ram air in the event of total pack failure.
− List the controls, indications and warnings used in monitoring the air conditioning system
JAR AS & DE-ICE
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− Pressurisation.
− State the normal maximum regulated cabin altitude is 8000ft, that the rate of change of cabin pressure or cabin altitude can be
controlled and for normal operation are between 300 and 500 feet per minute.
− State that the ground/flight logic system has inputs to the cabin pressure controller and will equalise cabin pressure with
ambient at a rate not exceeding 500 feet per minute.
− Sketch and describe a flight pressurisation profile for a typical flight identifying significant features.
− State that the indications required for a pressurisation system are:-
− Cabin altimeter
− Cabin vertical speed indicator
− Differential pressure gauge
- State that there must be an AURAL and VISUAL warning when the cabin altitude exceeds 10 000ft.
021 01 09 03 Thermal anti-icing
− List the parts of the aircraft that are protected by against ice formation by hot air
− i.e. mainplanes, tailplanes and fin leading edges.
− engine nacelles
− small aircraft windscreens
− List the three main sources of hot air used in a typical hot air system
− Turbine engine compressor bleed, combustion heated ram air, heat exchanger in exhaust gas flow.
− List the component parts of the of the anti -ice system stating the function of each.
− system valves such as shut-off valves, isolation valves temperature control valves
− temperature sensing devices and indicators , overheat warning .
− distribution ducts , piccolo tubes etc.
JAR AS & DE-ICE
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− Describe the working principle of the hot air system and state that the system is manually selected on after receipt of an ice
build up warning and that some systems can be automatic in operation if selected in “auto” .
− List the methods of detecting ice formation i.e.
− Visual (hot rod and /or spotlights)
− Vibrating probe(Rosemount)
− Smiths (differential pressure type)
− Serrated rotor
− Sangamo Weston (moisture/temperature sensing
− Beta particle ice detector
021 01 10 01 Non-pneumatic operated de-ice and anti-ice systems.
− Describe the construction and the principle of operation of propeller de-icing and anti-icing systems :
− State which part of the propeller requires de-icing
− Describe a typical propeller fluid ice protection system stating the function of the components
− Describe a typical propeller electrical ice protection system stating the function of the components
− Describe a typical areofoil fluid ice protection (weeping wing) system stating the function of the components.
− Describe the normal methods of protecting the following;
− Pitot heads or probes
− Alpha probes
− Q feel probes
JAR AS & DE-ICE
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− P1 probes
− TOAT probes
− Waste water drain probes
− Windscreen anti-icing and side window demisting
− Describe typical windscreen rain protection systems;
− windscreen wipers
− washers
− rain repellent systems
JAR DC ELECTRICS
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
021 02 00 00 ELECTRICS
021 02 01 00 Direct Current
021 02 01 01 Understand the basic principles, laws and values
pertaining to DC electricity and the common components
used therein
− Describe a DC Electrical circuit
− Define Voltage, Current and Resistance as applicable to DC electricity
− State Ohm’s law
− State and transpose the formulae associated with Ohm’s law
− Calculate the total value of resistance in both series and parallel DC electrical circuits
− Describe the effect on the resistance value of a material as a function of temperature
− Describe electrical power and electrical work and state the associated formulae.
− Describe different types of switch – switchlight, toggle, guarded, bi-metallic, proximity.
− State the function of an electrical fuse
− State the types of electrical fuse and their mode of operation
− State the function of an electrical circuit breaker
− State the types of electrical circuit breaker and their modes of operation
− State when a circuit breaker may be used as a switch
− Define electrical field, State the principle of construction and operation of a capacitor, series and parallel connection.
021 02 01 02 Demonstrate knowledge of the electrical batteries used in
aviation
− State the characteristics and components of a simple cell.
JAR DC ELECTRICS
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− Describe the types of batteries used in aviation and their characteristics. (Lead Acid, NiCd)
− State the capacity of the types of batteries used in aviation
− Describe the uses of batteries in aviation
− State the hazards associated with batteries
021 02 01 03 Demonstrate an understanding of magnetism as applicable
to DC electricity
− State the properties of a magnet.
− Define the term “permanent magnet”
− Define the term “electromagnetism”
− Describe the principle, function and application within a DC electrical circuit of:-
- A relay.
- A circuit breaker.
- A solenoid.
− Describe electromagnetic power - factors affecting inductance
− Describe electromagnetic induction - factors affecting induced voltage
021 02 01 04 Demonstrate an understanding of DC generators and
motors
− Describe the principle of operation of a DC generator
− State the types of DC generator
− Describe the functions and applications of a DC generator
− Describe typical devices used to monitor a DC generator
− Describe the methods used to regulate, control and protect a DC generator
JAR DC ELECTRICS
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− Explain operation of systems fire extinguishants - automatic or manual from flight deck.
− Describes various types of extinguishers and use. Explain functional test for contents, gauging.
021 04 05 00 AIRCRAFT OXYGEN EQUIPMENT
− Describe the effects of lack of oxygen on the human body
− State the reasons for the use of oxygen systems on pressurised passenger aircraft
− List the methods used for storage of oxygen on passenger aircraft
− Describe how oxygen is supplied to both crew and passengers
− Describe the operation of the passenger ‘drop down’ masks
− Describe the operation of a continuous (constant) flow system including flight deck indications and system protection devices
− Describe the operation of a diluter demand system including flight deck indications and protection devices
− Describe the operation of chemical oxygen generators
− List the possible causes and effects of sudden decompression and the associated flight deck indications
− Describe the loss of pressurisation and emergency drill to be carried out
− Explain the dangers of oxygen use and list and describe the general safety precautions associated with oxygen systems
021 04 06 00 EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT
− Describe use, container colour and positioning of hand held fire extinguishers.
− Describe crew/passenger portable oxygen system. Explain usage.
− State the occasions when portable oxygen systems may be required
− List the locations and describe the operation of portable oxygen systems
− Describe smoke mask/protection hood. Explain usage
− Describe life jacket, life raft. Explain usage and aids carried
JAR EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
- Metals
- Composites
- Plastics
− Compare the characteristics of materials used in airframes:-
- relationship between strength, weight and stiffness
- fatigue behaviour
− Describe the stresses present in airframe components i.e. tensile, compressive, shear and torsional
− State where these stresses occur and their causes e.g hoop and axial stress of fuselage, bending stresses of main planes
etc
− List the type of damage that may occur following a heavy landing
− State the type of damage possible due to a heavy landing or other hazardous incident e.g. flight through turbulent air etc.
− List the structural safety factors and their relationship to each other:-
- Limit load
- Ultimate load
− State that airframe life is limited by fatigue
− List the factors involved in fatigue
- Take-off
- Landing
- Pressurisation cycles
- Load cycles
− Describe the load path philosophies used in airframes:-
JAR FUSELAGE, WINGS & STABILISING SURFACES
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
- Safe life
- Fail safe
- Damage tolerant
− Briefly describe airframe structure reference systems:-
- Datum zero
- Station numbers
021 01 02 00 Flight deck and Cabin windows
− Describe the construction and materials used for the flight deck windows e.g. layers, heating
− List typical loads and limitations :-
- Pressurisation
- Bird impact (JAR 25 -4lb bird up to Vc or 0.85 Vc)
- Structural limitations
- Impact resistance increased by heating
− State the requirements for crew visibility i.e. that certain horizontal and vertical angles are specified
021 01 03 00 Wings (Mainplanes)
− Identify the types of wing construction:-
- Braced
- Cantilever
- Single spar
- Multi-spar
- Torsion box
- Torsion nose box
JAR FUSELAGE, WINGS & STABILISING SURFACES
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
- Metals
- Composites and expanded (foam)
− Compare the characteristics of the materials used
− List the factors involved in flutter of control surfaces and the structure to which they are attached:-
- Mass distribution
- Backlash
- Aero-elastic coupling
- Speed
− Use of sandwich construction for high stiffness/ low-weight in-flight control surfaces
− Describe methods of preventing and compensating for “flutter”
− Explain why “mach trim” is required
− Describe the methods of achieving “mach trim”
PISTON ENGINES
JAR LEARNING OBJECTIVE
REFERENCE
021 03 00 00 POWERPLANT
021 03 01 00 Piston Engine
021 03 01 01 General
− Describe the various types of engine design with regard to cylinder arrangement and working cycle.
− Describe the gas state changes, the valve positions and the ignition time during the four strokes of the theoretical piston
engine cycle.
− Explain the main differences between the theoretical and practical four stroke piston engine cycles.
− Define the term “specific fuel consumption“.
− Define the term “engine efficiency“.
− Define the term “compression ratio“
− Describe the main mechanical engine components and state their function.
021 03 01 02 Lubrication system
− Describe tasks of a piston engine lubrication system.
− Describe the schematic construction of both a wet and dry sump lubrication system, list the main components with their
function and state the disadvantages of each system.
− List the basic lubrication system monitoring instruments.
− Describe the term ‘viscosity’ including the effect of temperature.
− Describe the viscosity grade numbering system used in aviation.
− Compare straight oil and compounded oil.
− Describe all typical operational procedures regarding the lubrication system.
PISTON ENGINES
JAR LEARNING OBJECTIVE
REFERENCE
021 03 01 03 Air cooling
− Specify the reasons for cooling a piston engine.
− Compare and contrast the advantages of liquid and air cooling systems.
− State that the majority of modern aero piston engines are air-cooled.
− Identify the cylinder head temperature indication to monitor engine cooling.
− Describe the task and the operation of cowl flaps.
− Describe all operational procedures regarding the cooling system.
021 03 01 04 Ignition
− State why aero piston engines are equipped with two electrically independent ignition systems.
− Describe the construction and operation of a magneto ignition system with the aid of a schematic diagram.
− Identify the auxiliary methods of spark augmentation, state their task and describe their operating principle.
− Describe all checks to be carried out to ensure the serviceability of the ignition system.
021 03 01 05 Engine fuel supply
− State the basic tasks of a carburettor.
− Describe the operating principle of the simple float chamber carburettor.
− Explain the purpose of the venturi.
− Describe the method of achieving correct mixture ratio over the engine speed range.
− Describe the method of achieving reliable idle operation.
− Describe the methods of obtaining mixture control including provision of a method of stopping the engine.
− Explain the purpose and the operating principle of an accelerator pump.
− Describe the purpose of a priming pump and explain its operation.
PISTON ENGINES
JAR LEARNING OBJECTIVE
REFERENCE
− Describe the causes and effects of carburettor icing and the action to be taken if carburettor icing is suspected.
− Name the meteorological conditions within which carburettor icing may occur.
− Describe the indications that will occur upon selection of carburettor heat if ice is present or not.
− Describe the functional check of the carburettor heat system.
− Explain the effect of carburettor heat on mixture ratio.
− Explain the reason for the use of alternate air on fuel injection systems and describe its operating principle.
− Name the meteorological conditions within which intake icing may occur.
− Describe the low pressure, continuous flow type fuel injection system used on light aircraft piston engines with the aid of a
schematic diagram.
− Explain the requirement for two different pumps in the fuel injection system and describe their operation.
− Describe the task and explain the operating principle of the fuel and mixture control valves in the injection system.
− Describe the task and explain the operating principle of the fuel manifold valve, the discharge nozzles and the fuel flow meter
in the fuel injection system.
021 03 01 06 Engine performance
− Define the terms “pressure/density altitude“ and write down a simple equation to determine the pressure altitude.
− Describe engine performance as a function of pressure and temperature.
− Explain the effect of changes in aircraft altitude on the engine power.
− Define the term “normally aspirated“ engine.
− Define the term “critical altitude“.
021 03 01 07 Power Augmentation Devices
− Summarise the reason for the installation of Turbochargers and Superchargers in aircraft engines.
PISTON ENGINES
JAR LEARNING OBJECTIVE
REFERENCE
− Describe the difference between turbochargers and superchargers.
− Describe the principle of operation of a turbocharger.
− Explain the difference between an altitude-boosted turbocharger and a ground-boosted turbocharger.
− Explain the function of an intercooler.
− Describe the purpose of the waste gate, its location and its operating principle.
− List and describe methods of controlling the waste gate position.
− Describe the positions of the waste gate throughout a normal flight.
− Compare and contrast the curves of maximum power versus altitude of normally aspirated, turbo-charged and supercharged
engines identifying significant points.
− Describe the purpose and the operating principle of manifold pressure gauges.
− Define the terms “full throttle height“ and “rated altitude“.
− Define the term “turbo lag“.
021 03 01 08 Fuel
− Name the types / grades of fuel used today for aero piston engines.
− Describe how different fuel grades are identified.
− Define the term “octane rating“.
− Describe the combustion process inside a piston engine cylinder.
− Define the term “flame rate“ and describe its variations depending on the fuel-air mixture.
− Define the term “detonation“ and describe the causes and effects of detonation.
− Identify situations and power settings that promote detonation.
− Describe how detonation is recognized and prevented.
PISTON ENGINES
JAR LEARNING OBJECTIVE
REFERENCE
− List two anti-detonation fuel additives.
− Describe the method of checking the fuel for water content.
− State the typical value of fuel density for aviation gasoline.
021 03 01 09 Mixture
− Define the terms “chemically correct ratio“, „best power ratio“, “lean (weak) mixture” and “rich mixture“.
− Describe the advantages and disadvantages of weak and rich mixtures.
− Describe the relation between specific fuel consumption and mixture ratio.
− List the mixture ratios used for normal operation, depending on engine power.
− Describe the use of the exhaust gas temperature as an aid to mixture setting.
− Identify the mixture setting required for maximum power and for maximum fuel economy.
021 03 01 10 Propeller
− Describe the fixed pitch propeller, its operating modes and explain its disadvantage.
− Explain why the propeller is twisted.
− Describe a variable pitch propeller and explain its advantages by comparing it with the fixed pitch propeller.
− Define the terms “Alpha range“ and “Beta range“ as applied to a variable pitch propeller.
− Describe the operating principle of a single acting and a double acting variable pitch propeller.
− Describe the operating principle of a constant speed propeller system for both single and multi engine aircraft with the aid of a
schematic diagram.
− Describe the operation of a constant speed propeller system during flight. Describe the operating principle of a constant speed
propeller system when feathering and unfeathering a propeller, including the operation of cockpit controls.
PISTON ENGINES
JAR LEARNING OBJECTIVE
REFERENCE
− Explain the purpose and the basic operating principle of an auto-feather system.
− Describe the purpose of the beta range and how it is selected on the flight deck.
− State the purpose and describe the operation of a low pitch stop (centrifugal latch).
− State the purpose and describe the operation of a low pitch stop (centrifugal latch).
− Define the terms “synchronising“ and “synchrophasing“.
− Describe the basic operating principle of synchronising and synchrophasing systems.
− Define the term “propeller efficiency“.
− Describe how the efficiency of fixed and variable pitch propellers varies with flightspeed
− State the highest propeller efficiency usually attained.
− Describe the checks to be carried out on the propeller after engine start.
− State the purpose of reduction gearing.
− Name the two typical types of reduction gearing.
− State the purpose of a torque-meter and describe its operating principle.
021 03 01 11 Engine handling and manipulation
− Describe the necessity for checking the propeller for its physical condition before flight.
− Describe the general procedures for setting the engine controls during a normal flight from engine start until shut-down.
− State the possible use of time limits for take-off and climb power.
− Define the term “rated power“ or “maximum continuous power“.
021 03 01 12 Operational criteria
− State that for normal operations there is a maximum and minimum rpm.
− Define the term “critical rpm“ and state the consequence for engine operation
JAR GAS TURBINES
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− State that some engines use both axial and centrifugal compressors.
− Explain the convergent air annulus through an axial compressor.
− State the entrance and the outlet velocity of an axial compressor stage.
− State that axial compressors have pressure ratios of up to 35 and outlet temperatures of up to 600°C.
− Describe the reason for twisting the compressor blades with the aid of velocity triangles.
− State the task of inlet guide vanes.
− State the reason for the clicking noise if the compressor rotates on the ground, e.g. due to windmilling.
− Describe the two (and three) shaft compressor design in modern engines and its principle, and list its advantages.
− Define the terms ‘compressor stall’ and ‘surge’.
− State that the following conditions are causes for stall and surge
− rapid increase in fuel flow during increase of RPM
− low engine RPM, e.g. idle
− engine air inlet icing
− contaminated or damaged compressor blades
− damaged engine air inlet
− increased EGT
− sometimes burning gas out of inlet and exhaust
− List the actions to be taken by the pilot in the case of surge.
− Describe the constructional methods used to minimize the occurrence of stall and surge.
− State measures taken by the pilot to prevent stall and surge.
− Describe a compressor map (surge envelope) with RPM-lines, stall limit, steady state line and acceleration line.
021 03 03 03 Diffuser
− Describe the function of the diffuser.
021 03 03 04 Combustion Chamber
− Define the task of the combustion chamber.
− List the requirements for combustion.
− Describe the principle of operation of the combustion chamber.
− State that the low flame front velocity is the reason for diffusing the airflow at the combustion chamber entrance.
− Define the terms ‘primary airflow’ and ‘secondary airflow’.
− Explain the mixture ratios fuel: primary airflow and fuel: total airflow.
− Describe the change of the gas parameters (p,t,v) through the combustion chamber.
− State that the outlet temperature of the combustion chamber is between 1000°C and 1500°C.
− Name the main components of a combustion chamber and their tasks.
− Describe the ‘multiple combustion chamber system’, the ‘turbo-annular, the annular and the reverse-flow annular combustion
chamber’ and state the differences between them.
− Describe the principle of operation of the different fuel spray nozzles.
JAR GAS TURBINES
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
021 03 03 05 Turbine
− Explain the tasks of the turbine in single- and multi-shaft turbojets, turbofans and turboprops.
− Name the main components of a turbine stage and their function.
− Describe the gas parameter (p,t,v) changes in a turbine stage.
− Describe the principles of operation of impulse, reaction and impulse-reaction axial turbines.
− Explain the divergent gasflow annulus through the turbine.
− Describe turbine blade convection, impingement and film cooling.
− Explain why there is high mechanical and thermal stress in the turbine blades.
− State that the exhaust gas temperature, measured after the high pressure turbine or after the low pressure turbine, is used to
monitor the turbine stress.
− Describe the effect of acceleration and deceleration on the EGT.
021 03 03 06 Jet Pipe
− Define the task of the jet pipe of the gas turbine engine.
− Specify the danger created by the high velocity exhaust gas.
− Explain the operating principle of the jet pipe.
− Describe the gas parameter changes and exhaust mach-numbers in both a convergent and a convergent-divergent nozzle.
− Define the term ‘choked exhaust nozzle’.
− Describe the two different exhaust nozzle systems of turbofan engines.
− Explain how engine exhaust noise can be reduced.
021 03 03 07 Pressure, Temperature and Airflow in a Turbine engine
− Describe the variation of the static pressure, the temperature and the axial velocity inside a gas turbine engine during cruise
JAR GAS TURBINES
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− Name the components of a gas turbine engine lubrication system and describe their tasks with the aid of a system
schematic:
− oil tank
− pressure pump
− oil cooler (oil-fuel heat exchanger)
− oil filter
− return pumps
− magnetic chip detectors
− centrifugal breather
− Identify the indications used to monitor the lubrication system.
021 03 04 06 Fuel
− List the types of fuel used for gas turbine engines and their flash and freezing points, their colour and their specific weight.
− Identify the possible problems with the fuel at low temperatures.
− State that the fuel must be checked for dissolved water.
021 03 04 07 Thrust
− Describe the simple form of the thrust equation.
− State the idle values of RPM and thrust as approx. 25% N1 and 5% of takeoff thrust.
− Describe the variation of thrust with altitude.
− Describe the thrust variation with TAS for turbojets, turbofans and turboprops with the help of the simple thrust equation.
− Define the term ‘engine pressure ratio’ (EPR).
− Describe the variation of thrust with outside air temperature.
JAR GAS TURBINES
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− Interpret the term flat rated engine by describing the change of take-off thrust, turbine inlet temperature and engine RPM with
OAT.
− Define the term ‘engine thrust rating’.
021 03 04 08 Powerplant Operation and Monitoring
− Name all engine ratings (takeoff, go-around, max. continuous, max. climb, max. cruise) and their use during operation.
− Distinguish between ground idle and flight idle by stating the reasons for the differences (short acceleration time, bleed air
supply).
− Describe how thrust/power are controlled in turbojet, turbofan and turboprop engines.
− Describe the terms α-range and β-range of the turboprop power lever.
− Describe the differences in thrust lever operation between FADEC and non-FADEC equipped aircraft.
− Name the turbofan engine monitoring instruments and state their use.
− Name the turboprop engine monitoring instruments and state their use.
021 03 05 00 Auxiliary Power Unit (APU)
021 03 05 01 General
− Explain the operating principle of the auxiliary power unit (APU) and list its tasks.
− State that the APU is able to generate electric and pneumatic power.
− State that the APU usually provides power on the ground when the engines are shut down, but also can be used to provide
emergency power during flight, especially for ETOPS operations.
− Define maximum operating and maximum starting altitude.
− Describe how an APU is protected against overloading at high altitudes.
− Name the typical APU controls and monitoring instruments.
− Describe the APU’s automatic shut-down protection in case of malfunctions.
JAR GAS TURBINES
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
- Automatic cut-out
- Control piston
- Off-load
− Accumulators:-
- The purpose of.
- The effect of high pre-charge pressure
- The effect of low pre-charge pressure
- Hydraulic acurators
- Servodynes as used in flying control units
− Powerpacks
- Construction
- operation
− Hydraulic pressure control:-
- Relief valve
- Pressure maintaining valve
- Pressure reducing valve
- Thermal relief valve
− Hydraulic system flow control:-
- Non return valve
- Restrictor valve
− Hydraulic system selectors:-
- Electrical
- Manual
021 01 07 02 Hydraulic Systems
− Identify aircraft hydraulic systems and explain their principle of operation
JAR HYDRAULICS
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− Define:-
- Main system
- Standby system
- Emergency systems, including shuttle valve and fuse unit
− State typical flight indications of normal and abnormal operation with regard to:-
- Quantity
- Pressure
- Flow indication
- Temperature
Ancillary systems
− Identify ancillary hydraulic systems and explain their principle of operation, including:-
- Hydraulic motors, including flow control valve
- Air Turbine Motors (ATM)
- Hydraulic Ram AIR Turbines (HYDRAT)
- Electrically driven hydraulic supplies
− State the services which can be powered/assisted by hydraulic means:-
- Flaps
- Slats/leading edge devices
- Brakes
- Doors, ramps, stairs, thrust reversers, windscreen wipers
- Spoilers
- Speed brakes
- Flying Controls
-
JAR LANDING GEAR
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Construction
− Describe the component parts of a typical aircraft landing gear including the advantages and disadvantages of various types
of construction
− Main gear
− Loads sustained by the Main Gear
− Types of bogie - (single wheel/multi wheel)
− Wing growth
− Nose gear
− Loads sustained by the Nose Gear.
− Requirements of the Nose Gear
− Castoring.
− Self centering.
− Steering.
− Shimmy (causes and prevention).
Operation
− State the systems that can be used for normal landing gear extension and retraction
- Hydraulic.
- Electrical.
- Pneumatic
Emergency Operation
− State the methods that may be used to lower the landing gear in an emergency
JAR LANDING GEAR
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
- Free fall
- Blow down
- Alternate hydraulic system
Landing gear locking systems
− Describe the methods used to prevent inadvertent landing gear retraction
− Hydraulic
− Down locks
− Mechanical
− Geometric.
− Spring applied.
− Internal jack locks
− Ground locks
− Types
− Pins
− Sleeves
− When fitted and when removed.
− Where stowed.
− Warning flags
− Ground/Air Logic Solenoid
− Landing gear solenoid
JAR LANDING GEAR
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Wheels
− Describe the types of wheel used in aviation and show an understanding of their construction
- Materials used in Construction
- Loose/Detached Flange
- Dived/Split Rim
- Fusible Plugs
- Tubed/Tubeless
Tyre Creep
− State the methods used to prevent tyre creep
- Knurled Flange
- Tapered bead seat
- Creep marks
Tyre Construction
− Describe the constituent parts of a tyre.
− Construction
− Bead, plies, breaker strips etc.
− Side wall, shoulder, crown.
− Tread patterns
− Ribbed.
− All weather
JAR LANDING GEAR
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− Tubeless.
− Inner tubes.
− Inflation valves
- Low pressure.
- Medium pressure.
- High pressure.
- Extra high pressure
− Information Markings
- Size.
- Ply rating.
- Speed rating.
- DRR.
- Awl vents - colour.
- Light spot - colour
Tyre Pressures
− State the percentage factor that must be applied to the quoted tyre pressure
JAR LANDING GEAR
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− Brake drag.
− Brake fade
− Brake wear
− Operation
− Normal brakes.
− Emergency brakes.
− Parking brake
− Anti-skid systems
− Mechanical.
− Electrical
− Auto braking systems
− Modes
− Advantages
− Associated systems
− Indications
− Pressures
− Temperatures
− Warnings
- Brake Kinetic Energy Capacity
JAR LANDING GEAR
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
-graphs
interpretation
courses of action
consequences
020 AIRCRAFT GENERAL KNOWLEDGE – FLIGHT CONTROLS
JAR LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REFERENCE
021 01 06 00 FLIGHT CONTROLS (CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION)
021 01 06 01 Primary Controls
− List the various forms of primary flight control surfaces , identifying their specific features:
- Longitudinal control – elevators, flying tail,
- Lateral control – ailerons, spoilers, high speed ailerons
- Directional control – rudder
- Combination control surfaces – elevons, ruddervators , stabilators.
− Describe the methods of actuation including control linkages and the relationship to the flight deck control movements and forces
- Manual with aerodynamic balance as required depending on aircraft size and speed.
− Balance tab
− Servo tab
− Spring tab
− Horn balance
− Pressure balance
− Inset hinge
020 AIRCRAFT GENERAL KNOWLEDGE – FLIGHT CONTROLS
JAR LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REFERENCE
- Hydraulic power assisted with manual signalling
- Hydraulic fully powered irreversible
− Mechanical signalling
− Electrical signalling
− Fly by wire – electronically or fibre optical signalled with computer modulation and/or limiting
- Safety features
− Multiple systems
− Split(multiple) control surfaces
− Redundancy
- Position indication
− Mechanical
− Electronic EICAS ECAM
Artificial feel systems
− Spring
- q-feel
- Hydraulic q-feel
- V3 feel
- State that the pilots control loads are related to the strength of the average pilot and airworthiness requirements.
020 AIRCRAFT GENERAL KNOWLEDGE – FLIGHT CONTROLS
JAR LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REFERENCE
021 01 06 02 Secondary controls, lift augmentation and wing flaps
− List the secondary flight controls and describe their operation
- Methods of trimming
− Tabs
− Variable incidence tailplane
- Operating systems
− Mechanical
− Electrical
− Hydraulic
- Spoilers
− Flight
− Ground
− Autospoilers
− Lift dumpers
− Speed brakes
− Airbrakes
− Wheel spin up / gear deflection relationship to auto spoiler/auto-brake systems, system arming
− Excess IAS protection
020 AIRCRAFT GENERAL KNOWLEDGE – FLIGHT CONTROLS
JAR LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REFERENCE
- Lift augmentation devices (trailing edge)
− Plain flaps
− Split flaps
− Slotted flaps
− Fowler flaps
− Excess IAS and asymmetric protection
- Lift augmentation devices(leading edge)
− Leading edge flaps
− Kreuger flaps
− Variable camber flaps
− Slats
− Asymmetric protection
− Ice protection
- Describe the methods of actuating secondary flight controls and list the sources of power used.
− Automatic (aerodynamic)
− Mechanical /hydraulic/pneumatic,
− Electric
− Normal and alternate operation.
020 AIRCRAFT GENERAL KNOWLEDGE – FLIGHT CONTROLS
JAR LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REFERENCE
- Describe the secondary flight control selectors, indicators and warning devices:
− Flap lever
− Flap position indicator
− Trim wheels, levers, switches, position indicators, “green band” longitudinal trim position range
- Describe configuration warnings and possible dangers:
− Leading edge devices not in position
− Spoilers deployed
− Tailplane incidence out of “green band” range
− Tailplane leading edge position/aft cg limit warning
− Explain why “mach trim” is required
− Describe the methods of achieving “mach trim”
JAR BASIC RADIO PROPAGATION
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
021 02 00 00 ELECTRICS
021 02 05 00 BASIC RADIO PROPAGATION THEORY
021 02 05 01 BASIC PRINCIPLES
Electromagnetic waves
− List the bands of the frequency spectrum for electromagnetic waves.
− Define the following terms:
− superposition
− beat frequency
− fading
− mixture
− modulation
Wave length, amplitude, phase angle, frequency
− With reference to a sine wave, and using a line and vector diagram, define the following terms:
− amplitude
− angular frequency
− frequency
− wavelength
− Explain the relation between frequency, wavelength, and velocity of propagation.
JAR BASIC RADIO PROPAGATION
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− Name typical applications for inductive/capacitive resonant circuits and quartz crystal controlled resonant circuits.
− Explain how capacitive reactance depends on the frequency.
− Explain how the inductive reactance depends on the frequency.
− Using diagrams, explain the functional principles involved in the magnetron and klystron.
NB THE RELEVANCE OF THE FOLLOWING (UNDERLINED) SECTION ON ‘R/T AIRBORNE EQUIPMENT’ IS, AT PRESENT,
THE SUBJECT OF DISCUSSION BY THE JAR-FCL EXAMINATIONS SUB COMMITTEE
R/t airborne equipment
− Identify the task of a transmitter.
− Name the major components of a transmitter.
− Explain the purpose of an amplifier.
− Name types of amplifier.
− Explain the purpose of an oscillator.
− Explain the purpose of a channel selector.
− Explain the purpose of a frequency synthesizer.
− Explain the purpose of the power amplifier.
− Explain the purpose of a receiver.
− Name the main components of a receiver.
− Explain the purpose of filters.
− State that digital filters can be used in addition to as analog types.
JAR BASIC RADIO PROPAGATION
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− State that, where the atmosphere is subject to intensified ionization due to solar radiation, the propagation range of a radio
signal is affected.
− List the factors that affect the degree of ionization.
− Show how ionization intensities vary with time and altitudes.
− List the layers of the ionosphere by height and diurnal variation.
− State the reasons for frequency-dependent physical phenomena of electromagnetic waves
− Explain the connection between frequency and range.
JAR BASIC RADIO PROPAGATION
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Ground waves
− Define ‘ground wave’
− Define ‘skip zone’ and ‘skip distance’
Space waves
− Define ‘sky wave’
Propagation with the frequency bands
− State how VHF and higher frequencies are propagated
− Calculate the reception range for VHF frequencies.
− State the reasons why ranges may vary from those expected.
− State the range of ground waves in the HF band.
− State that multiple reflections (from the ionized layers) can result in such large ranges that worldwide communication is
possible
− Name the ionized layer which absorbs frequencies in the LF/MF band.
− State that the range of the ground wave is greater over water than over land, and is also significantly affected by the
transmitting power
− State that the range in this band is increased at twilight and at night
− State that radio waves in the VLF band propagate between the surface of the Earth and the ionosphere like a wave guide
− State that the range permits global coverage if the transmitter is sufficiently powerful.
Frequency prognosis (prediction, MUF)
− List the ranges of frequencies of the different navigational aids
JAR BASIC RADIO PROPAGATION
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Fading
− Explain the reason for fading.
Factors affecting propagation (reflection, absorption, interference, twilight)
− State that the direction of propagation is altered by refraction at shore-lines.
− State that there may be reflections by terrain elevations, buildings, etc., leading to multi-path propagation effects
Shoreline, mountain, static
− List bearing errors arising from atmospheric disturbances, and explain their causes and effects
JAR AUTOMATIC FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEMS
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
– State that the yaw damper movement is added/subtracted to/from the rudder deflection controlled by the autopilot or
rudder pedals
– Name the different modes for which the thrust computation will be calculated.
– Describe the functions of the Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC)
022 02 07 00 AUTO THRUST
022 01 01 02 Altimeter
− State the principle of operation of the Altimeter
− State how the non-linear distribution of atmosphere is converted to linear indication
− Indicate methods of temperature compensation and matching to the barometric pressure gradient
− Describe the construction of a Simple Altimeter
− State the purpose of vibration (knocking or vibrator) in some altimeters
− Explain the use of the three pointer Altimeter
− Describe the Sensitive Altimeter
− Explain the advantages of the Sensitive Altimeter
− Define the errors of the Altimeter
− Illustrate and define QNH, QFE, SPS (1013), RQNH,TDZE
− Explain Transition Altitude
− State the Standard Pressure Setting
− Describe Temperature error
− Describe Barometric error
− Explain static pressure blockage
− Explain problem of static pressure leaks
− Describe the Servo-assisted altimeter
− Describe the height encoding system
− List the errors of the Servo-assisted altimeter
− Apply corrections from the Aircraft Operating Manual (AOM) to altimeter readings
JAR FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− Using a Block Diagram, Illustrate a simple ADC, showing the processing of the input data to the final result as used by the
relevant instruments
− Describe the effect of loss of input/output signal of the ADC to the pilots instrument indications
022 01 02 00 GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS
− List the instruments that make use of Gyroscopic Theory
- Artificial Horizon
- Turn and Slip
- Turn Coordinator
- Gyro Compass
- Inertial Navigation System
- Inertial Reference System
022 01 02 01 Gyro Fundamentals
− State the properties of a Gyroscope
− Explain Rigidity and Precession
− Explain Drift, Topple and Wander
− Explain planes of freedom and axis
− Describe different methods of drive and control
− List the advantages and disadvantages of different systems
− Name the different types of gyro in use:
JAR FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
- Vertical
- Directional
- Rate
- Rate Integrating
- Single Degree of Freedom
- Ring Laser Gyro
022 01 02 02 Directional Gyro
− State the principles of the Directional Gyro(DG)
− Describe the construction of the DG
− Define the relationship with the Direct Reading Magnetic Compass
− Explain the need to set and reset the DG
− Identify the difference between Air Driven and Electrically Driven Directional Gyro Indicators(DGI)
− Explain - Total Drift = Real Drift and Apparent Drift
− Define - Real Drift = Real wander +/- Latitude Driver Nut
− Define - Apparent Drift = Earth Rate rotation +/- Transport Wander
− Explain the formula - Latitude Nut = +/- 15 Sin set Latitude
− Explain the formula - Earth Rate = +/- 15 Sin Lat
− Explain Transport Wander
− Explain how Northern or Southern Hemisphere affects Total drift
JAR FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− Explain “Sensitivity”
− Explain “Aperiodicity”
− Describe the principle of the Magnetic Compass(MC)
− Describe the construction of the MC
− List the errors of the MC
022 01 04 00 RADIO ALTIMETER
− List the components of the Radio Altimeter(RA)
− List the frequency band of the RA (4200 to 4400Mhz - SHF Band)
− State and explain the principle of operation of the RA
− Illustrate and examine the display and explain:
- Height
- Mask
- Failure Warning Flag
- Press to test
- Low Height Warning
− Digital Readout
- Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS) Display
- Discuss the Auto Pilot link and the FD response to ILS Glide-path
− List the errors of the RA
JAR FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− Measuring sensors
− Identify options for measuring the volume of liquids and describe their methods of operation and calibration.
− Identify options for measuring the mass of liquids and describe their methods of operation and calibration.
− Compare the advantages and drawbacks of each of these options
− Explain the functional principle involved in capacitive quantity measurement.
− Explain how measuring errors due to changes in aircraft attitude, are compensated.
− Content, quantity indicators
− Interpret the indication for
− oil supply
− fuel supply
− hydraulic fluid supply
− Explain the purpose of a totalizer.
− Describe how a quantity gauge system can be checked.
− Reasons for incorrect indications
− Describe the effects of temperature changes and accelerations on the indications given by simple types of fuel
quantity measurements.
022 04 06 00 Torque Meter
− Explain the task of the torque indicator.
− Name methods of measurement used for torquemeters.
− Describe the connection between power, torque and RPM.
− Indicators, units
JAR POWERPLANT AND SYSTEMS MONITORING INSTRUMENTS
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− Warning system
− Identify possible warning outputs.
022 04 09 00 Remote (signal) Transmission System
− Mechanical
− State that flap and gear position can be given by mechanical transmission
− Electrical
− Describe how analogue sensors transmit positions of different systems.
− Describe how the positions of different systems are transmitted.
− Explain the function of a remote control system.
− Describe the construction, function and principles of operation of different remote control systems.
− Compare the advantages/disadvantages of different remote control systems.
022 04 10 00 Electronic Displays (ECAM, EICAS)
− State that the Engine Indication and Crew Alerting System (EICAS) has, in principle, the same task as the Electronic
Centralized Aircraft Monitoring (ECAM) system
− State the purpose of the ECAM/EICAS .
− Explain how to operate the ECAM/EICAS system.
− Describe the inhibiting functions in relation to different flight phases.
− Identify the display units (DU) of ECAM/EICAS System.
− Identify the types of DU’s.
− Interpret the important colours used by the DU’s.
− Explain the function of the control panel and how it is operated.
JAR POWERPLANT AND SYSTEMS MONITORING INSTRUMENTS
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Function
− Explain the function of the overspeed warning system.
− Name the different types of warning.
Input data, signals
− List the overspeed warning system inputs.
JAR WARNING AND RECORDING EQUIPMENT
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Display, indicators
− State where the maximum allowable speed is shown.
Function test
− Describe the typical warning sound which will be heard in case of activating the test function
Effects on operation in case of failure
− State that in case of system-failure the pilot will receive no warning if vMO or MMO is exceeded.
022 03 06 00 STALL WARNING
Function
− Describe the function of the stall warning system.
− Explain how the stall warning is given to the pilot.
− Indicate the regulatory margin between stall and stall warning
Constituent components of a simplified system
− List the components of a stall warning system.
Block diagram, components of a system with angle of attack indicator
− Using a simple block diagram of the stall warning system, explain the task of the components.
− Identify the inputs of a stall warning system
JAR WARNING AND RECORDING EQUIPMENT
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
031 03 02 02 − Calculate the movement of a cg. With the addition of fuel, load and ballast.
031 03 02 03 − State practical methods of calculation. Slide rule, graphical and tables
031 03 03 00 Securing of load
031 03 03 01 − State the importance of adequate tie down.
− Describe aircraft cargo compartment systems for securing baggage containers and pallets
031 03 03 02 − State the effects of load-shift
JAR MASS AND BALANCE
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− Extract forecast visibility, cloud type, cloud base, meteorological information/hazards for all stages of flight
− Extract wind velocity at pertinent airfields and for cruising levels
JAR FLIGHT PLANNING AND MONITORING
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− State the possible events and incidents that necessitate the carriage of contingency fuel
− Quote and describe the requirements for contingency fuel for small aircraft as detailed in JAR-OPS
− Calculate contingency fuel
− Enumerate the components of reserve fuel
− State that additional fuel is required in special circumstances when trip, contingency, alternate and final reserve fuel are in
sufficient for:
− Holding at 1500'(450m) above the airfield in ISA conditions
− an engine failure and /or depressurisation at the critical point between alternates and/or destination
− Calculate the additional fuel if necessary
033 01 02 04 Total Fuel required for the flight−
− Calculate the block fuel for a flight:
− Trip fuel
− Contingency fuel
− Alternate fuel
− Extra fuel at captain's discretion
− Taxi fuel (depending on aircraft type and airfields)
− Final reserve fuel
JAR FLIGHT PLANNING AND MONITORING
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
State that, in the case of a flight revision, the commander has to check the traffic at, and the condition of, the new destination
airfield and its designated alternate. The commander must also check the meteorological conditions at the new destination and
designated alternate airfield before the decision to continue the flight to the new destination or alternate. The aircraft must be able
to land with the final ( minimum ?) reserve fuel
033 01 04 00 Radio communication and navigation aids
− Extract communication frequencies from the manuals/ directories and charts provided.
033 01 04 01 Communication frequencies and callsigns for appropriate control agencies and in-flight services such as weather stations
− Obtain communication frequencies and callsigns for appropriate control agencies and in-flight service facilities, Flight
Information Services, Automatic Terminal Information Service stations, and weather information
033 01 04 02 Radio navigation and approach aids
− Locate selected radio navigation aids and determine the:
− type of facility and service available
− frequency
− identification
− modulation/emission designator, where appropriate
033 02 03 03 Explain the circumstances when a State requires earlier filing of a Flight Plan
033 02 04 00 Closing the flight plan
033 02 04 01 Responsibilities and Procedures
− State who is responsible for closure of the flight plan
− Indicate the closure time-scale
033 02 04 02 Nominate the flight plan processing agency
033 02 04 03 Checking slot time
− Define slot time/calculated take-off time produced by Central Flow Management Unit (CFMU)
033 02 05 00 Adherence to flight plan
033 02 05 01 Tolerances allowed by the state for types of flight plan
− State that there are national differences (Details not required)
JAR FLIGHT PLANNING AND MONITORING
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− Frequency changes
− Status of en-route navaids
− Frequency changes to en-route navaids
− Airway restrictions/closures
− Information on Prohibited, Danger and Restricted areas
033 04 03 02 Selection of the altitudes or flight levels for each leg of the flight.
− Select the correct altitude/flight level for each sector of the flight
− Calculate the MSA for the flight
− Calculate true altitudes to ensure statutory minimum clearance
− Calculate , given mass, TAS and air distance, the altitude which gives the wind component for the best fuel mileage
− Compute the fuel mileage penalty when the optimum altitude is not available
− Contingency fuel
− Alternate fuel
− Extra fuel
− Taxi fuel
− Calculate the final reserve fuel
033 04 03 06 Pre-flight briefing on Instrument Approach Procedures and Instrument Approach Minima at destination and alternate
aerodrome(s)
− State the reasons for the above requirement
− Select, given a wind velocity, an appropriate STAR at a destination and alternate
033 04 03 07 See 033 02 00 00 ICAO ATC FLIGHT PLAN
033 05 00 00 JET AEROPLANE FLIGHT PLANNING (Additional considerations)
− Explain, interpret and apply ETOPS rules
− State and interpret decision point procedures
− Calculate the fuel required for an Extended Range Twin Operations (ETOPS) flight
033 00 01 00 Additional Flight Planning aspects for Jet Aeroplanes (Advanced Flight Planning)
033 00 01 01 Fuel planning
− Calculate:
− en-route time, distance and fuel
− the fuel flow from appropriate data
− the air distance and fuel consumption for a given leg/route
− Determine time and fuel for climb, cruise and descent
JAR FLIGHT PLANNING AND MONITORING
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− Determine time and fuel, overhead to overhead, at the given flight level, making allowances for additional time and fuel for
the climb and descent
− Calculate required trip fuel from an average fuel flow
− Compute required trip fuel by summating the fuel needed for each component sector of a route, using the integrated range
tables and air nautical miles flown in the separate sectors
− Determine the following fuel amounts:
− Taxi fuel
− Trip fuel
− Contingency fuel
− Alternate fuel
− Extra fuel for safety or economy
− Block fuel take-off fuel
− State the principle of the Are-clearance point@ ( RECPLT) or Adecision point@ flight planning procedure
− State the reason for implementing the re-clearance flight plan when the difference between Minimum Take-off Fuel
(MINTOF) and the Allowable Take-Off Fuel (ALLTOF) is equal to, or smaller than, the Contingency FUEL (CONT)
− Explain :
− Mass re-clearance
− Fuel re-clearance
− Determine the first possible RECPLT/decision point using
the rule of thumb, given flight plan and re-clearance airport
− Calculate the fuel quantities required for MINTOF
JAR FLIGHT PLANNING AND MONITORING
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− tracks/courses
− distances
− obstacle heights and elevations
− classification of airspace
033 06 01 02 Extraction of meteorological data
− Decode and extract:
− Wind velocity and required levels
− Jetstream position
− Areas of turbulence and clear air turbulence (TURB)
− Temperatures at different levels
− Icing conditions and freezing level
− Cloud base/thickness
− Precipitation
− thunderstorms
033 06 01 03 Extraction of aircraft performance data
− Determine, from performance data
− TOC/TOD time, distance and fuel
− TAS
− Fuel flow
− Final reserve fuel
− Short distance cruise altitude
JAR FLIGHT PLANNING AND MONITORING
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
- Hyperventilation
- Describe the effects of hyperventilation on the acid-base balance of the blood, the capacity of the hemoglobin to transport oxygen
and the supply of oxygen to the cells.
- List the signs and symptoms of hyperventilation and define their charactersitics.
− Humidity
- Define the terms ‘humidity’ and ‘relative humidity’.
- List the factors which affect the relative humidity of both the atmosphere and cabin air.
- State the methods of reducing the effects of too high or too low humidity.
- List the physiological effects of dry cabin air and indicate measures to diminish their effects.
- Extreme Temperatures
- Define the oxygen requirements under the exposure of extreme
temperatures.
040 02 02 00 Man and environment: the sensory system
− List the different senses.
− State the multi-sensory nature of human perception.
−
JAR 040 HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
040 02 02 01 Central and peripheral nervous system
− Name the main parts of the central nervous system.
− State the basic functions of the central nervous system.
− Define the function of the brain as the ‘processor’ of different sensory inputs ad the origin of cognitive processes and the site of
memory.
− State the part that the cerebellum plays in balance and coordination.
− Define the division of the peripheral nerves into sensory and motor nerves.
− State the nature of a nerve impulse as an electro-chemical phenomenon.
− Define the term ‘sensory threshold.
− Define the term ‘sensitivity’, especially in the context of vision.
− Give examples of sensory adaptation.
− Define the term ‘habituation’ and state its implication on safety in flight.
− State the basic functions of the autonomous (vegetative) nervous system.
− Define biological control systems as neuro-hormonal processes that are
highly self regulated in the normal environment.
− Define the reaction called 'reflex'.
JAR 040 HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
040 02 02 02 Vision
− Name the most important parts of the eye and the pathway to the visual cortex.
− State the basic functions of the parts of the eye.
− Define 'accommodation'.
− State the effect of speed on the function of the photosensitive cells.
− Distinguish between the functions of the rod and cone cells.
− Describe the distribution of rod and cone cells in the retina and explain their relevance on perception.
− Explain the terms ‘visual acuity’, ‘visual field’, ‘central vision’, ‘peripheral vision’, 'fovea' and
explain their function in the process of perception.
− List the factors which may degrade visual acuity.
− State the limitations of night vision.
− Explain the adaptation mechanism in vision to cater for reduced levels of illumination.
− State the time necessary for the eye to adapt to the dark.
− State the effect of hypoxia and smoking on night vision.
− Explain the basic principles of colour vision and their relevance to flight duties.
− Explain the nature of colour blindness.
− Distinguish between monocular and binocular vision.
− Explain the basis of depth perception and its relevance to flight performance.
− List possible monocular cues for depth perception.
JAR 040 HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
− State the problems of vision associated with higher energy blue light and ultra violet rays.
040 02 02 03
Hearing
− State the audible range of the human ear.
− State the unit of measure for the intensity of sound.
− Name the most important parts of the ear and the associated neural pathway.
− State the basic functions of the different parts of the auditory system.
− Differentiate between the functions of the vestibular apparatus and the cochlea in the inner ear.
− Define the main causes of the following hearing defects:
- 'Conductive deafness'
- 'Noise Induced Hearing Loss' (NIHL)
- 'Presbycusis'.
− Summarise the effects of environmental noise on hearing.
− State the decibel level of received noise that will cause NIHL.
− Indicate the factors, other than noise level, which may lead to NIHL.
− Identify the potential occupational risks to hearing loss.
− State the role of the Eustachian tube in equalizing pressure between the middle ear and the environment
- Indicate the effects of colds or flu on the ability to equalize pressure in the above.
JAR 040 HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
040 02 02 04
Equilibrium
− List the main elements of the vestibular system.
− State the functions of the vestibular organ on the ground and in flight.
− Distinguish between the component parts of the vestibular system in the detection of linear and angular acceleration as well as on
gravity.
− Explain how the semicircular canals are stimulated.
− Describe air-sickness and its accompanying symptoms.
− Indicate the range (Hertz) where vibration and tuned resonances can effect human performance.
− List the causes of motion sickness.
− Describe the necessary actions to be taken to counteract the symptoms of motion sickness.
040 02 02 05
Integration of sensory inputs
− State the interaction between vision, equilibrium, proprioception and hearing to obtain spatial orientation in flight.
− Define the term ‘illusion’.
− Give examples of visual illusions based on shape constancy, size constancy, aerial perspective, atmospheric perspective, the
absence of focal or ambient cues, autokinesis, vectional false horizons and surface planes;
− Relate these illusions to problems that may be experienced in flight and identify the danger attached to them.
− State the conditions which cause the ‘black hole’ effect and ‘empty field myopia’.
− Give examples of approach and landing illusions, state the danger involved and give recommendations to avoid or counteract these
problems.
JAR 040 HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
− State the problems associated with flickering lights (strobe-lights, anti-collision lights, etc.)
− List the type of external stimuli that the components of the inner ear are able to perceive.
− Give examples of vestibular illusions such as somatogyral, coriolis, somatogravic, and g-effect illusions as well as inversion and 'the
leans';
− Relate the above mentioned vestibular illusions to problems encountered in flight and state the dangers involved.
− Be familiar with oculogyral and oculogravic illusions and the associated risks involved in flight.
− List and describe the function of the proprioceptive senses ('Seat-of-the Pants-Sense').
− Relate illusions of the proprioceptive senses to the problems encountered during flight.
− State that the 'Seat-of-the-Pants-Sense' is completely unreliable when visual contact with the ground is lost or when flying in IMC.
− Define 'vertigo', list the corresponding symptoms and identify the flight maneuvers provoking it.
− Differentiate between vertigo, coriolis effect and spatial disorientation.
− Explain flicker-vertigo and give counter measures.
− Explain how spatial disorientation can result from a mismatch in sensory input and information processing.
− List the measures to prevent and/or overcome spatial disorientation and/or vertigo in flight.
040 02 03 00 Health and hygiene
040 02 03 01
Personal hygiene
− Summarise the role of personal hygiene as a factor in human performance.
JAR 040 HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
040 02 03 02
Common minor ailments
− List the negative effects of suffering from colds or flu on flight operations especially with regard to the middle ear, the sinuses, and
the teeth.
− Explain the effects of pressure changes to structures in the ear and the implications of these effects.
− State the role of the Eustachian tube in equalizing pressure between the middle ear and
the environment.
− Indicate the effects of colds or flu on the ability to equalize pressure in the above.
− Describe the measures to prevent and/or clear problems due to pressure changes during flight.
− Define 'Barotrauma'.
− Indicate the major sources of gastro-intestinal upsets , state the effects that may result during flight and exhibit precautions that
should be observed to reduce the possibility of these problems.
JAR 040 HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
040 02 03 03 − Problem areas for pilots
− Hearing loss
- List the main cause of hearing loss.
- List the main sources of hearing loss in the flying environment.
- List the precautions that may be taken to reduce the probability of onset of hearing loss.
Defective vision
- Presbyopia
- Cataracts
- Glaucoma
- Astigmatism.
- Explain, why it is important to visually scan the area by using regularly spaced eye movements each covering an overlapping sector of
about 10 degrees.
- State the duration of a saccade (dwelling time) while performing the outside visual scan.
- Explain the difference between the scanning technique used during the day and the appropriate
technique to be used when flying at night.
− Describe the significance of the 'blind spot' on the retina in detecting other traffic in flight.
- Hypertension
JAR 040 HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
- Define 'hypotension' and its importance on medical disqualification.
- List the effects that low blood pressure may have on some
normal functions of the human body.
- Hypertension
- Define 'hypertension'.
– State the harmful effects that high blood pressure will have on the normal functioning of the body and on medical qualification.
- List the factors which can lead to hypertension in an individual.
- State the corrective actions that may be taken to reduce high blood pressure.
- Stress that hypertension is the major factor in ‘strokes’ in the general population.
- Coronary disease
− State the techniques that may be used to control or reduce the effect of coronary disease.
− State the role played by physical exercise in reducing the chances of developing coronary disease.
JAR 040 HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
− Obesity
- Define 'obesity'.
- State the cause of obesity.
- State the harmful effects of obesity on:
- Possibility of developing coronary problems
- Increased chances of developing diabetes
- Ability to withstand g forces
- The development of problems with joints of the limbs
- General circulation problems
- Higher risk of developing gout
- Ability to cope with hypoxia or DCS
- State the relationship between obesity and Body Mass Index (BMI).
- Calculate the BMI of an individual (given weight in Kg and height in metres) and state whether this BMI indicates that the individual
is underweight, overweight, obese or within the normal range of body weight.
JAR 040 HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
− Nutrition hygiene
- State the major constituents of a healthy diet.
- State the measure to avoid hypoglycamia.
- State the role vitamins and trace elements are playing in a healthy diet.
- List the major contaminating sources in foodstuffs.
- State the actions to be taken to avoid food contamination.
− Tropical climates
- List the problems associated with operating in tropical climates.
- State the possible causes/sources of incapacitation in tropical or poorly developed countries
with reference to:
- Standards of hygiene
- Quality of water supply
- Insect-borne diseases
- Parasitic worms
- Rabies or other diseases that may be spread by contact with animals.
- State the precautions to be taken to reduce the risks of developing problems in tropical areas.
JAR 040 HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
− Epidemic diseases
- State the major epidemic diseases that may kill or severely incapacitate individuals.
- State which preventative hygenic measures, vaccinations, drugs, and other measures, reduce the chances of catching these
diseases.
- State the precautions which must be taken to ensure that disease carrying insects are not transported between areas.
040 02 03 04 − Intoxication
Tobacco
- State the harmful effects of using tobacco on:
- The respiratory system
- The cardio-vascular system
- The ability to resist hypoxia
- The ability to tolerate g forces
- Night vision
− Caffeine
- Indicate the dose where the effects of caffeine are degrading performance.
- Besides coffee, indicate other beverages containing caffeine.
JAR 040 HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Alcohol
- Indicate a general rule governing flying and drinking alcohol.
- State the effects of consuming alcohol on:
- Ability to reason
- Inhibitions and self control
- Vision
- Sense of balance and sensory illusions
- Sleep patterns
- Susceptibility to hypoxia
- List the factors which may be associated with the development of alcoholism.
- Indicate the basis of the ‘unit’ of alcohol and the factors determining the rate of metabolisation.
− State the maximum daily and weekly intake of units of alcohol which may be consumed without causing damage to organs and
systems in the body.
− State the actions to be taken if a crew member is suspected of being an alcoholic.
- Drugs and self medication
- State the dangers associated with the use of non prescription drugs.
JAR 040 HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
- State the side affects of common non prescription drugs used to treat colds, flu, hay fever and other allergies especially medicines
containing anti-histamine preparations.
- Interpret the general rule that ‘if a pilot is so unwell that he requires any medication then he should consider him/herself unfit to fly.
− Toxic materials
- List those materials present in an aircraft which may, when uncontained, cause severe health problems.
- State the dangers of mercury spillage in an aircraft.
- List the possible sources of mercury in an aircraft.
- List those aircraft component parts which if burnt may give off toxic fumes.
040 02 03 05
Incapacitation in flight
− State that incapacitation is most dangerous when it is insinuating.
− List the major causes of in-flight incapacitation.
− Differentiate between ‘fits’ and ‘faints’.
− State the assistance that my be given by EEG tracings in deciding the likelihood of an individual suffering a fit.
− Recognise the importance of simulator training as a method of reducing accident/incident rate in cases of incapacitation.
JAR 040 HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
040 03 00 00 BASIC AVIATION PSYCHOLOGY
040 03 01 00 Human information processing
Safety awareness
− Justify the need for being aware of one's own performance before and during a flight and possible consequences of its result as part
of a pilot's professionalism.
− Define the term 'situation(al) awareness'.
− Name the three cognitive elements which are necessary to create an adequate situation awareness.
− Identify factors which interfere with being 'situationally aware'.
− List cues which indicate the loss of situation awareness.
− Name the main steps towards regaining lost situation awareness.
− Justify the value of situation awareness in the context of flight safety
JAR HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
040 03 04 03
Co-operation
− Distinguish between co-operation and co-action.
− Define the term 'group'.
− Illustrate the influence of interdependence in a group.
− List the advantages and disadvantages of team work.
− Explain the term 'synergy'.
− Define the term 'cohesion'.
− Define the term 'groupthink'.
− Define the term ‘risky shift’.
− State the essential conditions for good teamwork.
− Explain the function of role and norm in a group.
− Name the different roles in a group situation.
− Explain how behaviour can be affected by the following factors:
- Persuasion
- Conformity
- Compliance
- Obedience.
− Distinguish between status and role.
− Explain the terms ‘leadership’ and 'followership’.
JAR HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
− Describe the trans-cockpit authority gradient and its affiliated leadership styles.
− Illustrate different leadership styles (BLAKE & MOUTON) and judge their influence on communication patterns and behaviour of crew
members.
− Name the most important attributes for a positive leadership style.
− Explain the duty and role of the Pilot in Command (PIC).
− Explain the duty and role of the First Officer (FO) and other crew member.
040 03 04 04
Communication
− Explain the function and measurement of 'information'.
− Define the term 'communication'.
− List the very basic four components of interpersonal communication (e.g., BERLO).
− Explain the advantages of two-way communication as opposed to one-way communication.
− Interpret the statement "One cannot not communicate." (Watzlawick).
−
JAR HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
− Distinguish between verbal and non-verbal communication.
− Name the functions of non-verbal communication.
− Describe general aspects of non-verbal communication.
− Explain the various levels of communication (SCHULZ VON THUN):
- Factual level
- Appeal level
- Self-disclosure level
- Relation level.
040 03 06 05
Fatigue and stress management
− List strategies which prevent or delay the onset of fatigue and hypovigilance.
− List and describe coping strategies for dealing with stress factors and stress reactions.
− Distinguish between short-term and long-term methods of stress management.
− Give examples of short term methods of stress management.
− Give examples of long-term methods of coping with stress.
JAR HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
040 03 07 00 Advanced cockpit automation
− Define and explain the basic concepts of automation.
040 03 07 01 Advantages and disadvantages (criticalities)
− List the advantages/disadvantages of automation in the cockpit in respect of level of vigilance, attention, workload, situational
awareness, and crew coordinat
− State the advantages and disadvantages of the two components of the man-machine system in regard to information input and
processing, decision making, and output activities.
− Explain the ‘ironies of automation’.
− Give examples of methods to overcome the disadvantages of automation.
− Interpret the present philosophy on automation in regard to the usage of automated systems by available man-machine interfaces
and pilots' duties.
040 03 07 02
Automation complacency
− State the main weaknesses in the monitoring of automatic systems.
− Explain the following terms in connection with automation:
- Passive monitoring.
- Blinkered concentration.
- Confusion.
− Give examples of actions to overcome the weaknesses in monitoring.
Define ‘complacency’.
JAR HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
040 03 07 03 Working concepts
− Analyse the influence of automation on crew communication and propose necessary consequences.
− Summarise approaches to counteract negative effects of automation on pilots.
− Interpret the role of automation in respect to flight safety.
JAR METEOROLOGY
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
References:
− SN = School Notes
− HAM = Handbook of Aviation Meteorology (1994)
− EM = Elementary Meteorology (HMSO 1981)
− MG = Meteorological glossary (HMSO 1991)
− WS = Weather Systems (LF Musk C.U.P 1996)
− GS = Ground Studies for Pilots Vol 1 (1993)
− Annex 3 = Annex 3 to the convention on International Civil Aviation (July 1995)
− AP3307 = Elementary Meteorology for Aircrew
− UK AIP GEN = Meteorological section of UK Air Pilot
− AIC = UK CAA Aeronautical Information Circular
050 00 00 00 METEOROLOGY
050 01 00 00 THE ATMOSPHERE
050 01 01 00 Composition, Extent, Vertical & Division
050 01 01 01 − State the 4 main components of the dry atmosphere and list the 13 trace components.
− State the limits of the WADC atmosphere (chemosphere, stratosphere, troposphere).
050 01 02 00 Temperature
050 01 02 01 − State how temperature varies with height above the surface in an ideal atmosphere.
050 01 02 02 − List and explain the means by which heat is transferred within the atmosphere and variations in effect.
050 01 02 03 − Define the term ‘lapse rate’.
− Explain ‘stability’ and ‘instability’ in the meteorological context
JAR METEOROLOGY
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− Understand the meaning of the term ‘ISA deviation’ and be able to calculate deviations given different heights and
temperatures.
050 01 06 00 Altimetry
050 01 06 01 − Explain the terms ‘Pressure altitude’, ’Density altitude’ and ‘True altitude’ and show their uses in aircraft operation.
− Explain qualitatively the influence of the air temperature on the distance between
− The ground and the level read on the altimeter
− Two flight levels
− Determine with a rule of thumb the density altitude for a given flight level and a given ISA temperature deviation
050 01 06 02 − Explain the terms ‘Height’, ‘Altitude’ and ‘Flight level’ and their uses in aircraft operation.
050 01 06 03 − Explain the terms ‘QNH’, ‘QFE’, ‘QFF’, ‘Standard setting’ and their relationship to serials 01 and 02 above.
050 01 06 04 − Calculate terrain clearance given terrain height/ elevation, altimeter setting and QFE/ QNH.
− Calculate lowest usable flight level given terrain elevation, QNH, minimum terrain clearance.
− Know the Rule of Thumb for calculating altimeter readings/ true altitudes given variation in pressure and temperature. (HI-
LO-HI)
050 01 06 05 − Understand the effect of accelerated airflow due to topography and its relevance to aircraft operations.
050 02 00 00 WIND
050 02 01 00 Definition and Measurement
050 02 01 01 − State the meteorological definition of wind
− Show how winds are measured at the surface and at altitude
− State the units used world-wide for the measurement of winds
− Know the terms used for the change of direction/ speed of winds.
JAR METEOROLOGY
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
050 02 05 02 − Show how the passage of a frontal system affects the speed and direction of the wind. Differentiate between cold warm
fronts
050 02 06 00 Local Winds
050 02 06 01 − Describe the formation, location, strength and where applicable, local names of the following types of wind:-
- Anabatic
- Katabatic
- Land and Sea breezes
- Valley or ravine
050 02 07 00 Jet Streams
050 02 07 01 − Understand the principle of thermal winds and calculate approximate speeds given thermal gradient
− Define “Thermal Wind” and find upper winds given lower winds and thermal winds
− Define “Jet Streams” and show their relationship to mean temperature
050 02 07 02 − Describe the two main types of high level jet stream and their locations.
050 02 07 03 − List the names (probably means “types”), heights and seasonal movement of jet streams. (Polar Front, Sub-tropical,
Equatorial)
050 02 07 04 − List the characteristics of jet streams which enable them to be recognised in the air, from the ground and on meteorological
charts.
050 02 07 05 − Explain the reason for CAT in jet streams
− Show by means of a diagram the location of maximum CAT
− Describe how jet stream CAT may be forecast
050 02 08 00 Standing Waves
050 02 08 01 − Describe the formation of standing waves and list the requirements for their occurrence
JAR METEOROLOGY
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
050 03 00 00 THERMODYNAMICS
050 03 01 00 Humidity
050 03 01 01 − Describe the processes by which water vapour appears in the atmosphere and its importance in meteorology.
050 03 01 02 − Define “dewpoint”
− Define “ mixing ratio” (probably means humidity mixing ratio)
− Define “relative humidity” and show how it varies with temperature.
− Describe how dewpoint, humidity mixing ratio and relative humidity may be measured.
050 03 02 00 Change of State of Aggregation
(This term is connected with the formation of snow flakes and should perhaps be “liquid”)
050 03 02 01 − Define and explain:-
- Condensation
- Evaporation
- Sublimation
- Freezing and melting
- Latent heat
- (Saturation)
- Freezing Nuclei
050 03 03 00 Adiabatic Processes
050 03 03 01 − Define “adiabatic temperature changes”
JAR METEOROLOGY
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
050 05 00 00 PERCIPITATION
050 05 01 00 Development of Precipitation
050 05 01 01 − Describe the Bergeron process
− Describe the coalescence process
050 05 02 00 Types of Percipitation
050 05 02 01 − List the types of precipitation, the clouds in which they form, (their significance to aircraft operations)
050 06 00 00 AIRMASSES AND FRONTS
050 06 01 00 Types of Airmasses
050 06 01 01 − Define the term “air mass”
− State the requirements of source regions
− List the properties of an air mass
− State how these properties are acquired
050 06 01 02 − List the main classification of air masses
− Identify source regions on a chart
− Show how air mass properties are modified when moving away from the source region
− Describe the characteristics of each air mass and weather produced in Europe
050 06 02 00 Fronts
050 06 02 01 − Define the term “front”
− List the main global fronts and show their locations on a chart
050 06 02 02 − Define the term “warm front”
− Contrast ‘ana’ and ‘kata’ fronts
JAR METEOROLOGY
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− List the clouds associated with the front, their positions vertically and horizontally
− List the weather expected
− Show how wind changes with frontal passage
− Know the symbology used on charts
050 06 02 03 − Define the term “Cold Front”
− List the clouds associated with the front, their positions vertically and horizontally
− List the weather expected
− Show how wind changes with frontal passage
− Know the symbology used on charts
050 06 02 04 − Define the term “warm sector”
− List the clouds associated with the warm sector
− List the weather expected
− Draw a warm sector depression showing changes of temperature pressure and winds
050 06 02 05 − Describe the weather expected after the passage of a cold front
050 06 02 06 − Describe the formation of an occlusion
− Show the difference between warm and cold occlusions
− Know the symbology used on charts
− Draw cross sections through the 2 occlusions showing frontal surfaces, clouds and areas of precipitation
− Identify cold/warm occlusions on weather charts
JAR METEOROLOGY
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
050 07 04 02 − List the names, locations and times of occurrence of tropical revolving storms and the WMO warning system
050 08 00 00 CLIMATOLOGY
050 08 01 00 Climatic Zones
050 08 01 01 − Draw a diagram showing air circulation over an idealized globe showing wind flow patterns and pressure distribution.
050 08 01 02 − Draw a diagram showing the climatic zones on an ideal globe and list and describe the associated weather and seasonal
variations
050 08 02 00 Tropical Climatology
050 08 02 01 − Describe and explain:
- The cause and development of tropical showers
- The variation and amount of humidity
- The range and variation of temperature
- The height of the tropopause
050 08 02 02 − Describe and explain:
- Seasonal Variations of Weather
- Seasonal Variations of Wind
- Typical Synoptic Situations
- Trade winds, doldrums, horse latitudes, roaring forties
050 08 02 03 − Define the ITCZ
− Draw the position of the ITCZ on a map of the world for any time of the year
− Explain the variation in seasonal movement in different areas
− Describe the weather to be expected at the ITCZ
050 08 02 04 − Describe and explain:
JAR METEOROLOGY
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
- Monsoons
- Tradewinds
- Sandstorms
- Cold air outbreaks (e.g The Harmattan)
050 08 02 05 − Describe and explain easterly waves.
050 08 03 00 Typical Weather Situations in Mid-Latitudes
050 08 03 01 − Describe and explain westerly waves.
050 08 03 02 − Describe the weather to be expected in mid latitude high pressure areas and their locations
050 08 03 03 − Describe the uniform pressure pattern existing in mid-latitudes. (Continental Europe)
050 08 03 04 − Describe the formation and significance of cold pools over continental Europe
050 08 04 00 Local Seasonal Weather and Winds
050 08 04 01 Describe the formation of, and weather associated with some well-known winds
− Describe the classical mechanism for the development of Foehn winds
− Describe the weather associated with Foehn winds
− Describe the mechanism for the development of large-scale warming winds such as the “Chinook”
− Describe the characteristics of and weather associated with the ‘Mistral’
− Describe the characteristics of and weather associated with the ‘Bora’
− Describe the characteristics of and weather associated with the ‘Sirocco’, the ‘Ghibli’ and the ‘Khamsin’
JAR METEOROLOGY
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− Explain the formation of tropical rain showers, called ‘Sumatras’, in the Malacca Straits
− Explain and describe the weather associated with the ‘Pampero’
− Describe the ‘Harmattan’ wind and associated visibility problems
050 09 04 00 Thunderstorms
050 09 04 01 − Describe:
- The structure of a thunderstorm cell
- Supercells
- The development of squall lines
- The three stages of development
- The structure of cells during each stage
- The production of electricity in storms cells
- Static charges
050 09 04 02 − List the condition necessary for the formation and development of thunderstorms
− State how thunderstorms are forecast (Clouds, temp, rate)
− List the areas where thunderstorms occur
− Describe the difference between the two types of thunderstorms
050 09 04 03 − List the means by which thunderstorms may be avoided and the recommended avoidance distances.
− Describe the types of ground and airborne thunderstorm radars, stormscope (unable to identify, but may be lightweight
CCWR.)
050 09 04 04 − Describe the development and effects of downbursts (Microbursts?)
JAR METEOROLOGY
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
050 09 04 05 − Describe the production of lightning within thunderstorm cells and its effect on aircraft operation.
050 09 05 00 Tornadoes
050 09 05 01 − Describe the formation, location and time of occurrence of tornadoes
050 09 06 00 Low and High Level Inversions
050 09 06 01 − Describe the effects of inversions on aircraft performance/handling at low and high level.
050 09 07 00 Stratospheric Conditions
050 09 07 01 − State how variation of tropopause height and wind, temperature, density and turbulence affects aircraft performance
050 09 07 02 − State the effects of ozone and radioactivity (cosmic radiation?) on aircraft operations and measures to be taken to counter
these effects.
050 09 08 00 Hazards in Mountainous Areas
050 09 08 01 − Describe how terrain in mountainous areas will affect:
- Cloud formation
- Precipitation
- Frontal passage
- FÐhn winds
050 09 08 02 − Describe the occurrence, formation and severity of:
- Vertical movements
- Mountain waves and rotor streaming
- Windshear
- Turbulence
- Ice accretion
050 09 08 03 − Describe how valley inversions are formed by:
JAR METEOROLOGY
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
- Katabatic winds
- Valley winds
− Describe their effect on aircraft operations
050 09 09 00 Visibility Reducing Phenomena
050 09 09 01 − List the meteorological conditions giving rise to the following reductions in visibility giving also where applicable, locations,
time of occurrence, severity, dispersal:
- Mist
- Smoke
- Dust
- Sand
- Precipitation
050 09 09 02 − Describe how low drifting and blowing snow may reduce visibility.
− Understand the basic principles underlying the observation of weather by radar and the interpretation of radar images.
050 10 01 05 − Understand the international requirements for aircraft weather reporting
− Understand the principal data link system in use world-wide
− Describe ASDAR
− Describe PIREPS/ AIREPS
050 10 02 00 Weather Charts
050 10 02 01 − Interpret the following aeronautical meteorological charts:
JAR METEOROLOGY
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
- Declination
- Hour Angle
- Altitude (of an astronomical body)
- Ecliptic
- Plane of the Ecliptic
− Describe the effect of the Earth’s inclination on the length of a day
061 01 02 00 Describe the Form of the Earth
− State the shape of the Earth
− Define ‘Compression’
− Define the term ‘reduced earth’
− Explain how compression affects navigation
− Define East, West, North, South
− Define ‘Pole’
− Use the Sexagesimal system to define Direction
− Define Great Circle, Small Circle, Rhumb line
− Explain the term ‘Position Reference System’
− Explain how a position reference system may be developed on a sphere
− Define Equator, Meridians, Parallel of Latitude
− Define Latitude, Longitude
− Plot a position on a simple chart
− Measure the Latitude/Longitude coordinates of a position
JAR NAVIGATION GENERAL
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− Define:-
- ‘Solar day’ (apparent Solal day)
- Sidereal’ day
- ‘Mean Solar’ day (Civil day)
− Define the term ‘Equation of time’ and state its relevance
− Define and state the value of:-
- Sidereal Year
- Tropical Year
- Calendar Year
− Define Local Mean Time. (LMT)
− Convert arc of longitude into units of time
− Define Universal Coordinated Time (UTC)
− State how UTC is regulated
− State the relationship between LMT at a point and UTC
− State how LMT varies across the 180° meridian
− Calculate LMT/ UTC at different longitudes
− Explain Zone Time
− Calculate Zone Time at a given longitude
− Define standard time. (ST)
− Explain why the International Date Line varies about the 180 meridian
− Extract Standard Time corrections for any country listed in the Air Almanac
JAR NAVIGATION GENERAL
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− Calculate Standard Time for any country listed in the Air Almanac
− Explain the purpose and effect of the Implementation of Summer Time (Daylight Saving Time)
− Solve time problems involving conversion between LMT, UTC and ST
− Define sunrise and Sunset
− Explain how atmospheric refraction affects sunrise/sunset
− Explain the term ‘twilight’
− Define the term ‘Evening Civil Twilight’
− Define the term ‘Duration of Civil Twilight’
− Explain how sunrise, sunset and civil twilight vary with:-
- Declination of the sun (season)
- Latitude
− Extract the LMT for sunrise, sunset and civil twilight from an Air Almanac
− Solve time problems relating to sunrise, sunset and civil twilight
061 01 04 00 Calculate directions on the Earth with relation to true, magnetic, compass and grid datums
− Briefly describe the Earth’s magnetic field
− State the approximate locations of the magnetic poles
− Define the term ‘Magnetic Meridian’
− Define ‘Variation’
− Explain the effect on Variation of the movement of the magnetic poles
− State the relationship between true direction and magnetic direction
− Inter-convert true and magnetic direction
JAR NAVIGATION GENERAL
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
- Normal
- Transverse
- Oblique
− Define scale
− State how scale can be represented
− Explain the term ‘Representative Fraction’
− Solve simple scale problems
− State where, on a simple chart, scale is correct
− Differentiate between small scale and large scale charts in terms of:-
- Area of coverage
- Amount of detail
− Define ‘ORTHOMORPHISM’
− Define ‘Conformal’
− State the ICAO requirements for a conformal chart
− State 2 properties which are required to make a chart ‘orthomorphic’
− Define Chart Convergence
− Explain the term ‘constant of the cone’ (convergence factor / ‘n’)
− State where Chart Convergence is correct on a chart.
− Explain how Chart Convergence differs from (Earth) Convergency
− For each of the following projections:-
JAR NAVIGATION GENERAL
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
- Normal Mercator
- Lamberts conformal conic
- Polar Sterographic
- Transverse Mercator
- Oblique Mercator
− The student will be able to:-
− Briefly explain the method of projection
− State the great circle of tangency/parallel of origin
− State where the scale is correct and how it varies over the chart
− State where scale may be considered to be constant
− State where chart convergency is correct and how it varies over the chart
− Calculate scale at any latitude (Mercator only)
− Calculate the radius of a parallel of latitude given chart scale (Polar Stereo chart only)
− State the most common uses for the chart
061 03 02 00 For the following charts only:-
- Normal Mercator
- Lamberts conformal conic
- Polar stereo
− The student will be able to:-
− State how meridians and parallels are represented
− State the relationship between Rhumb lines/Great Circles/Straight lines
JAR NAVIGATION GENERAL
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− Calculate the directions of Rhumb Lines/Great Circles/Straight lines by applying the appropriate values of conversion angle
and/or chart convergency
− State how radio bearings (VOR, NDB, VDF, RADAR) are plotted on each chart.
For Transverse / Oblique Mercator charts
− State the shape of great circles and rhumb lines
061 03 03 00 Use current aeronautical charts
− Plot positions by Latitude/Longitude or by range/bearing
− State how scale and relief are indicated on the chart
− Identify conventional symbology
− Measure tracks and distances
− Plot navigation bearings and ranges
− Find all the information for flight / flight planning purposes on the following charts:
- ICAO topographical map
- VFR chart
- Crossing chart
- Radio facility chart
- Terminal Area chart
- Standard Instrument Arrival Chart (STAR)
- Standard Instrument Departure Chart (SID)
- Instrument Approach and Landing Chart
- Aerodrome Chart
- Aerodrome Obstruction Chart
JAR NAVIGATION GENERAL
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− Explain the relationship between Required Track, TMG, Track Error (TE) and Drift
061 04 02 00 Use a navigation computer to:-
− Calculate TAS
− Calculate required RAS/Mach Number
− Solve speed/distance/time problems
− Inter-convert units of distance
− Interconvert units of volume (Litres, Imperial Gallons, Us Gallons).
− Calculate fuel weights for a given volume and specific gravity (SG)
− Solve simple fuel consumption problems
− Calculate head/tail/crosswind components
061 04 03 00 Explain the triangle of velocities by:-
− Solving simple triangle of velocity problems on graph paper
− Using a navigation computer to:-
- Calculate drift track and ground-speed
- Calculate heading ground-speed
- Calculate wind velocity
− Calculate a multi-drift wind velocity
061 04 04 00 Explain navigation techniques by:-
− Using the 1:60 rule:-
- Explain the 1:60 rule
- Apply the 1:60 rule to navigation problems
JAR NAVIGATION GENERAL
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
- TAS
- Wind components
- Fuel endurance
− Solve simple CP/PNR problems
061 04 08 00 Miscellaneous DR uncertainties and practical means of correction
− Describe the concept of ‘Circle of Error’
− List the factors that will affect the dimensions of that circle
− Discuss practical methods of compensating these factors
061 05 00 00 IN-FLIGHT NAVIGATION
061 05 01 00 Use of Visual observations and application to in-flight Navigation
− Define ‘map reading’
− Define ‘visual check point’
− Describe map reading technique
− Discuss the general features of a visual checkpoint and give examples
− State that the flight performance and navigation can be refined by evaluating the differences between DR positions and actual
positions
− Establish fixes on navigational charts by plotting visual derived intersecting lines of position
− Describe the use of a single observed position line to check flight progress
− Describe how to prepare and align a map/chart for use in visual navigation
− Describe visual navigation techniques including:
JAR NAVIGATION GENERAL
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− Draw the radiation pattern with respect to the 90 Hz and 150 Hz signals
− Explain the term “difference of depth of modulation (DDM)”
− State the outer limit of the course sector of the LLZ with relation to the width of the beam between the full scale deflections left
and right at the threshold of the runway
− Describe how the UHF glide-path frequency is selected automatically
Presentation and Interpretation
− Describe the ILS identification regarding frequency and Morse code and/or plain text
− Calculate the rate of descent for a given glidepath angle and groundspeed of the aeroplane
− Interpret the different identifications of the markers by means of sound, modulation, frequencies and lights
− Explain how airway markers can be distinguished from other markers from the frequency of the ident and the colour of the light
− Distinguish between marker beacons and Z-markers or fan markers, by reference to their emission diagrams (cylindrical and
rectangular respectively)
− Define the approach segment, minimum sector altitude and landing minima
− Describe the circumstances in which warning flags will appear
− Interpret the indications on course deviation indicators (CDI) and horizontal situation indicators (HSI)
− Interpret the aircraft’s position in relation to the extended runway centre line on a back-beam approach
− Explain the setting of the course arrow of the HSI for front beam and for back beam approaches
− Explain why, in the case of approaches using a CDI, the course corrections are to be performed towards the needle on the front
CRS inbound, but away from the needle on the back CRS inbound
JAR RADIO NAVIGATION
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− Explain the relationship between the maximum theoretical range and the pulse repetition frequency (PRF)
− Calculate the max. theoretical range if the PRF is given
− Show the relationship between the display on the second deflection sweep, dead time, and theoretical range.
− Define radial and azimuth resolution, target size and stretching
− Calculate the radial resolution if the pulse length is given
− Calculate the azimuth resolution if the beam width is given
− Calculate the minimum range if the pulse length is given
− Explain the dependence of the wavelength and pulse repetition interval on the range
− Explain the need to harmonise the rotary speed of the antenna, the pulse duration, the pulse repetition frequency for optimum
scanning rate, focussing and transmission power.
− Describe, in general terms, the effects of the following factors with respect to the quality of the target depiction on the PPI:
− atmospheric conditions: super refraction and sub refraction
− attenuation with distance
− condition and size of the reflecting surface
− Mention the use of permanent-echo erasure (moving target indication, MTI)
− Calculate the distance to the radar horizon in NM
JAR RADIO NAVIGATION
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− Give a brief description of the navigational functions of the following components to be used for area navigation
− a Navigation Computer Unit (NCU)
− a flight data storage unit
− a control display unit
− a Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI)
− an air data computer
− a compass system
− IRS and ILS/MLS/VOR/DME/GNSS receivers
− a Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI)
− a Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI)
− an air data computer
− a compass system
− IRS and ILS/MLS/VOR/DME/GNSS receivers
062 05 02 00 TYPICAL FLIGHT DECK EQUIPMENT AND OPERATION
− Explain that area navigation may be executed by flight management and guidance systems (FMS)
− Describe 3-dimensional RNAV in terms of lateral and vertical navigation
− Identify the following functions:
− navigation, lateral and vertical flight planning, performance management, control of AP/FD and auto thrust (A/THR), flight
envelope computations and display management
− Name the following main components and describe, in general terms, their individual functions :
JAR RADIO NAVIGATION
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− selected guidance in which the aircraft is controlled to the selected value of a given parameter e.g. heading hold, fixed
IAS/Mach to be selected on the Flight Control Panel (FCP)
− State and interpret the four possible modes of operation for dual FMC installations:
− dual: in which one FMC provides the master function and the other the slave function and selections and where inputs into
one FMS are passed on to the other
− independent: in which there is no communication between the two flight management systems
− single: in which only one FMS is operational
− back up navigation: in which there is limited use of the FMS functions as a result of flight management computer failures
− State that, in the master/slave and in the independent mode, the navigational values presented on the EFIS and CDU may differ
− Explain the master/slave function in the dual mode
Means of Entering and Selecting Way-points and Desired Track Angle (course) information (keyboard entry system)
− Name and describe the methods of entering and selecting way-points, SIDs and STARs and desired course information with
respect to the terms:
− standard company route
− ICAO designator of the departure and the destination aerodrome.
− airway designator
− way-points, using their designators.
− way-points, by using their lat./long co-ordinates or range and bearing
− Explain why the gate position should be entered before the automatic alignment of the IRS /INS
− Identify the sources for position processing
JAR RADIO NAVIGATION
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− Explain (in cases of additional estimation and calibration of velocity, attitude and sensor errors) that the error vector can be further
developed by the filter over a specified period of time, in spite of the absence of measurement data (i.e. radio, GPS)
− Explain the importance of the quality and complexity of the Kalman filter design
− State for which radio positioning facilities rho-rho and rho-theta algorithms are used
− Indicate that a first update of the FMS-position is automatically performed before take off
Instrumentation for en-route track (course) guidance
− Explain the use of the magnetic variation stored in the memory
− Name and interpret the following items of a lateral flight plan:
− take off runway
− SID and en-route transition
− en-route way-points and/or airways
− en-route transition and STAR
− missed approach
− alternate flight plan
− List the stages of a flight in which a lateral revision of the flight plan is possible
− Describe the use of the vertical revision function in respect of changes to:
− speed limits in climb and descent phases
− altitude-, speed- and time constraints
− step climb and step descent
− wind data
JAR RADIO NAVIGATION
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− Instrumentation for presenting distance traveled, distance to go and ground speed information only valid for some type of
systems).
− Name and indicate the use of the EFIS presentation for en-route course guidance in respect of the following:
− the presentation of the current position in relation to a reference line or the intended track on the display
− the present co-ordinates
− the numerically and graphically presentation of the desired track angle and the distance to next way-point and aircraft
heading, track and drift angle
− the presentation of the cross track error (XTK) and track angle error (TKE)
Instrumentation for presenting current position data
− State the manner of presentation of the current position data on the CDU and on the navigation display of the EFIS
062 05 03 00 INSTRUMENT INDICATIONS
− Illustrate the presentation of the cross track error on the HSI in elderly models with the RNAV coupled
− Interpret the cross track error presentation on the CDU display of some equipment showing a reference line in the middle, an
aircraft symbol and some guidance lines
− Interpret the presentation of the route structure when RNAV is coupled with flight instrument displays such as EFIS
062 05 04 00 TYPES OF AREA NAVIGATION SYSTEMS INPUT
Self-contained on-board systems (inertial navigation systems, Doppler)
− Indicate that the present position on the CDU (of self-contained navigation systems), whether in geographic coordinates or
graphical form, is used as an input.
JAR RADIO NAVIGATION
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
062 06 03 00 LORAN-C
Principle of Operation
− Explain that Loran-C is a hyperbolic navigation system
− Describe briefly the Loran principle of operation using the terms:
− “Master" and "Secondary" transmitters.
− propagation delay time difference
− hyperbolas
− State and define the notions "Base Line", "Bisector Line" and "Base Line Extension".
− Name the transmitting sequence of the stations is Master and slaves, resp. w, x, y and z
− Describe, briefly, the use of ground waves in relation to the basic accuracy of Loran-C
− Name the working frequency and the range of the ground wave over land and over water
− State that each transmitter emits omni-directional signals consisting of groups of pulses. Specify the advantage of a pulse group
in stead of a single pulse
− Explain the necessity of a Secondary-specific delay between master and secondary transmission, (Emission Delay or coding
delay)
− Explain that the lines of position form unambiguous hyperbola families. These are normally processed for use on special charts or
in computers
− Describe the reason for different Pulse Repetition Intervals
− Explain how a Loran C chain is designated in reference to the Group Repetition Interval
− Explain that certain values of ‘propagation delay’ time differences are always measured in every chain as follows:
JAR RADIO NAVIGATION
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− Give the reason why the coverage is limited to max. 300 NM by day and 200 NM by night from the baseline
− Apply corrections for delay in propagation (using the Decca datasheets)
− State that modern receivers have software which calculates the position in lat./ long co-ordinates
− Explain why Decca, on search and rescue helicopters and coastal vessels, has been replaced by GPS
GPS / GLONASS
− State the basic differences between the NAVSTAR/GPS system (GPS) and the GLONASS system regarding ellipsoid, time,
satellite configuration, codes and frequencies
Principles of System Operation
− State the four basic information elements supplied by GPS-Navstar.
− Explain why the measured distances are called pseudo ranges
− Explain why the minimum requirements, to establish the 3 spatial co-ordinates and a possible error in the receiver clock, consist
of the measured distances to 4 satellites and a dead reckoning(DR) position.
− Define the use of the Keplerian orbit data.
− Describe the geometrical interpretation of the position fix using four spherical surfaces, with the satellite being in each case
located at the centre of the sphere involved
− Name the synchronous time system used in the satellites
− Describe the C/A, P and Y code and state the use of these codes
− Explain how pseudo range measurement is achieved using satellite signals
− State that the conversion of pseudo ranges is carried out, by means of transformation equations, in order to obtain geodetic co-
ordinates (ϕ, λ) and altitude over a reference ellipsoid.
JAR RADIO NAVIGATION
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− GPS frequencies
− signal characteristics: spread spectrum
− signal structure, pseudo-random noise P and C/A codes, navigation message
− Describe the level of the receiver Signal-to-Noise Ratio
− Describe the navigation message and list the data in the 5 different subframes
− Explain the relevance of ionospheric delays and indicate how their values are determined
− Illustrate the relationship between the satellites and the control segment in respect of signal formation and transmission
GPS Generic Receiver Description
− Name the basic elements of a GPS receiver
− Name the primary information supplied by a GPS receiver:
− Describe the presentation and interpretation of GPS data on a typical receiver type
− Interpret GPS data presented on a control display unit
− Name the requirements for GPS hardware and integration
− Name the number of receiver channels required for various applications
− Describe the cockpit equipment connected with GPS receivers
− Describe in general terms the signal processing
− Explain the 12.5 minutes to read the complete almanac with the parameters of all the satellites
− In the algorithm to solve the position and receiver clock error from the pseudo range measurements, name the four unknown
parameters.
− Explain the following terms (in connection with the applications and the navigation algorithms)
JAR RADIO NAVIGATION
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− pseudo-range
− Doppler shift
− phase angle
− Explain why, for accelerated satellite selection after a long suspension of use or a change in position, approximate position, time
and date should be entered to shorten the search of the sky time to first fix may take up to 15 minutes
− Describe the operation after a short suspension
− Define the term ‘Time to First Fix’
Signal Perturbations and Errors
− Describe the method of Selective Availability (S/A) as used in the GPS system
− State the intended aim of S/A
− Name the errors produced in the receiver
− Name the cause and the behaviour of ephemeris errors
− Name the errors produced in the troposphere and in the ionosphere in relation to the elevation and mask angle
− Indicate the influence of multipath propagation of GPS signals on navigational accuracy
− Interpret the two methods used for the mitigation of multipath effects:
− special antenna design
− design of software in the receiver
− Explain the effect of masking of satellites
− Name the influence of satellite clock errors on the accuracy of GPS navigation
− State possible interference sources for, and their effects on, a GPS C/A receiver
JAR RADIO NAVIGATION
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− differential corrections
− integrity messages
− reference station in the vicinity of e.g. an aerodrome
− communication direct from ref. station to aircraft
− pseudolite(s) to improve the dilution of precision (DOP)
− Describe the characteristics of Wide Area Augmentation (WAAS) with reference to :
− differential corrections depending on lat./ long co-ordinates
− integrity messages
− reference stations in a wide area
− communication from co-ordination centre station via INMARSAT satellites to aircraft
− INMARSAT satellites with nav. channel
− Describe the characteristics of European Geostationary Navigation Overlay System (EGNOS) including reference to :
− integrity messages
− reference stations in the whole of Europe
− communication from co-ordination centre station via INMARSAT satellite to aircraft
− two INMARSAT satellites, Atlantic Ocean Region East and Indian Ocean Region, with nav. channel
− Pseudolites
JAR RADIO NAVIGATION
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
en-route GPS,
non precision approaches: DGPS, WADGPS or WAAS
precision approaches LAAS and phase measuring
JAR RADIO NAVIGATION
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− availability
− reliability
− integrity by differential stations
− The following are to be described by LOs at a future date when the system architecture has been clarified and the use of GPS for
automatic landings is accepted:
− Automatic Approach and Landing with GPS
− Precision Landing of Aircraft using Integrity Beacons
− Future Implementations
JAR NAVIGATION GENERAL
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− State the maximum distance, from a suitable landing aerodrome, that an aircraft may operate over water without the carriage of
additional life saving equipment.
− Specify the life saving and survival equipment to be carried on over water flights, when necessary, and on flights over designated
land areas.
− Detail the external and internal light requirements for an aeroplane operating at night.
− State the conditions that require the following equipment to be fitted
− a. Weather Radar b. Radiation Indicator c. Machmeter d. GPWS
− Define the function of the minimum equipment list (MEL) and the master minimum equipment list (MMEL)
− Summarise the contents of attachment G (supplementary to Annex 6)
JAR OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES - AEROPLANES
REFERENCE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
− State the occasions on which a Flight Engineer/Flight Navigator must be included in the crew.
− State the minimum recent experience necessary for a pilot to be assigned as pilot-in-command/co-pilot.
− Specify the knowledge and experience of a route or route segment, required by a pilot, before assignment as pilot-in-command.
− State the requirements for proficiency checks on a pilot.
Annex 6 Part 1 Chapter 11 – Manuals, Logs and Records
− State the conditions under which a crew member interphone system and public address system are mandatory
− State the requirements regarding internal doors and curtains
071 01 02 06 Communication and navigation equipment requirements
− State the requirements regarding the provision of an audio selector panel
− List the requirements for radio equipment when flying under VFR by reference to visual landmarks
− List the requirements for communications and navigation equipment when operating under IFR or under VFR over routes not
navigated by reference to visual landmarks
071 01 02 07 Aeroplane maintenance
− Define the meanings of the terms:
− Pre-flight inspection
− Approved standard
− Approved by the authority
− State the general requirements for the approval of a maintenance system
− State the general requirements for ensuring that maintenance is carried out to an appropriate standard
− Describe the operation of a maintenance quality system
− Describe the operator’s responsibility regarding an operator’s Maintenance Management exposition
− Describe the operator’s responsibility regarding an aeroplane maintenance programme
− Describe the operator’s responsibility regarding the continued validity of the AOC in respect of the maintenance system
− Describe the procedure concerning the Equivalent Safety Case
JAR OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES - AEROPLANES
REFERENCE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
− Two-engined aeroplane
− ETOPS approved aeroplane
− A three or four engined aeroplane
− State the factors to be considered in the selection of a take-off alternate
− State when a destination alternate need not be selected
− State when two destination alternates must be selected
− State the factors to be considered in the selection of a destination alternate aerodrome
− State the factors to be considered in the selection of an en-route alternate aerodrome
− State the JAR-OPS requirement regarding the maximum percentage of the landing distance available that may be planned (or
in flight replanned) to be used at the destination and any alternate aerodrome by:
− A turbo-jet powered aeroplane performance class A
− A turboprop aeroplane performance class A
− A performance B aeroplane
− A performance C aeroplane
− Minimum time routes
− Define, construct, interpret minimum time route
JAR LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REFERENCE
071 01 03 02 Transoceanic and polar flight (ICAO Doc 7030 – Regional
Supplementary Procedures).
− Monitoring navigation system accuracy and subsequent actions
− Describe the possible indications of navigation system degradation
− Describe by what emergency means course and INS can be cross checked in the case of:
− 3 navigation systems: comparison between outputs should reveal faulty system
− 2 navigation systems
− Interpret VOR, NDB, VOR/DME information to calculate aircraft position and aircraft course
− Describe the general ICAO procedures applicable in North Atlantic airspace (NAT) if the aircraft is unable to continue the flight in
accordance with its air traffic control clearance
− Describe the ICAO procedures applicable in North Atlantic Airspace (NAT) in case of radio communication failure
− Describe the recommended initial action if an aircraft is unable to obtain a revised air traffic control clearance
− Describe the subsequent action for:
− aircraft able to maintain assigned flight level
− aircraft unable to maintain assigned flight level
JAR LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REFERENCE
− Describe the MNPS organised track system (OTS) organisation
− Determination of tracks and courses for random routes in NAT (partially or wholly outside MNPS Organised Track System (OTS))
− Specify the method by which planned tracks are defined (by latitude and longitude) in the NAT region:
− when operating predominately in an east-west direction south of 70°N
− when operating predominately in an east-west direction north of 70°N
− State the maximum flight time recommended between significant points
− Terrestrial magnetism characteristics in polar zones
− Explain why magnetic compasses become unreliable or useless in polar zones
− State in which area VORs are referenced to true north
− Specific problems of polar navigation
− Describe the general problems of polar navigation*
− Describe what precautions can be taken when operating in the area of compass unreliability as a contingency against INS failure
− Describe how grid navigation can be used in conjunction with a Directional Gyro (DG) in polar areas and:
− Use Polar Stereographic chart and grid co-ordinates to solve polar navigation problems
− Use Polar Stereographic chart and grid co-ordinates to calculate navigation data
− Use INS information to solve polar navigation problems
− Define, calculate: Transport precession, earth rate (astronomic) precession, convergence factor
− Describe the effect of using a free gyro to follow a given course
− Describe the effect of using a gyro compass with hourly rate corrector unit to follow a given course
− Convert grid navigation data into true navigation data, into magnetic navigation data, into compass navigation data
JAR LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REFERENCE
− Justify the selection of a different “north” reference at a given position
− Calculate the effects of gyro drift due to Earth rotation
− Specify the method by which planned tracks are defined for flights operating predominantly in a north-south direction
− Describe how the desired route must be specified in the air traffic control flight plan
− Determination of tracks on polar routes
− Describe the track structure used in polar areas
− State whether adherence to the Polar Track Structure (PTS) is mandatory
− Describe how a polar track should be entered in the air traffic control flight plan:
when the aircraft is planned to operate along th whole length of the PTS track or,
when joining or leaving a PTS track at some intermediate point
− Identify the method used for defining cruising speed
− Describe how desired initial cruising speed and level should be entered in the air traffic control flight plan
071 01 03 03 MNPS Airspace (ICAO Doc. 7030 – Regional supplementary
procedures)
− Definitions
JAR LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REFERENCE
− Define the following abbreviations
− MNPS
− MNPSA
− OCA
− OTS
− PRM
− PTS
− RVSM, MASPS, WATRS
− Geographical limits
− State the lateral dimensions (in general terms) of MNPS airspace
− Vertical limits
− State the vertical limits of MNPS airspace (between FL 285 and FL 420)
JAR LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REFERENCE
− Regulations and Procedures
− State the regulation concerning the Flight Rules to operate in the NAT region
− State the regulation concerning certification to operate in MNPS airspace
− Describe the Organised Track System
− State the hours of validity of westbound and eastbound tracks (based on times at 30°W)
− State the procedure to be adopted by flights crossing 30°W when:
− eastbound between 0930 and 1029 UTC and westbound between 2300 and 2359 UTC
− eastbound at 1030 UTC or later, and westbound at 0000 UTC or later
− Interpret correctly a NAT track message
− Explain the purpose of the Preferred Route Message (PRM) and identify the latest time of submission of a PRM for the daytime
and night-time OTS
− List the recommendations regarding the flight planning and selection of routes
− State the possible limitations of selecting random routes across the OTS
− Define the procedure regarding the selection of cruising levels for flights wholly or partly outside the OTS
− Define the procedure regarding the selection of cruising levels for flights outside the hours of validity of the OTS
− Define the procedure for the selection of significant points to be specified in the flight plan for:
− east and westbound flights
− northbound and southbound flights
JAR LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REFERENCE
− State what type of track should be planned between significant points
− Define the procedure for entering the route on the ATC flight plan when it is wholly or partially along the OTS
− Identify what indication should be inserted on the ATC flight plan to show that the flight is certified as being in compliance with
MNPS
− Aircraft separation within MNPS
− State the components of separation within MNPS airspace with and without RVSM
− State what minimum lateral separation is used in MNPS
− State what minimum longitudinal separation is used for aircraft following the same track when:
− the preceding aircraft is flying at the same Mach number
− the preceding aircraft is flying at a higher Mach number
− Explain how longitudinal separation is maintained in MNPS airspace
− Describe how cruising speed for turbojet aircraft should be entered in the ATC flight plan
− Oceanic ATC clearance
− State what minimum change in ETA at the Oceanic entry must be reported to ATC
− Describe an “ATC system loop” error
− Communications in MNPS airspace
JAR LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REFERENCE
− State the primary method of air/ground communication in MNPS airspace
− Describe the arrangements for passing messages through aeradio stations on HF and VHF
− State where position reports should be made
− Identify the methods of describing position
− State when position reports should be copied to adjacent OCAs
− Describe the procedures for making meteorological reports
− Describe the correct use of SELCAL within MNPS airspace
− Specify the frequency to be used for VHF air to air communication
− Specify which additional frequency should be guarded in MNPS airspace
− HF communications failure procedures
− Describe the initial procedure to be adopted by the pilot in command in the event of HF failure en-route when out of range of VHF
ground stations
− Specify the initial contact frequency for air-to-air use
− Specify the agreed frequency for the relay of position reports
− Specify what action should be adopted when
− communications failure occurs before entry into NAT Oceanic airspace
− communications failure occurs before leaving NAT Oceanic airspace
JAR LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REFERENCE
− SSR
− Identify what SSR transponder code is used and when this code is to be set on after initial entry into NAT Oceanic airspace
− Miscellaneous procedures
− Describe the procedures for:
− step climb
− changes of Mach number
− use of FL 330 westbound and FL 350 eastbound
− Navigation systems requirements and failure procedures
− State the minimum navigation system requirements for unrestricted operation in MNPS airspace
− List the possible options to be considered by the pilot when one system fails before entering MNPS airspace
− Describe the procedures to be adopted by the pilot when one system fails after entering MNPS airspace
− List the actions required by the pilot if the remaining system fails (or when the systems are considered to be unreliable because of
widely differing indications), whilst operating in MNPS airspace
− Describe the type of procedure recommended in order to minimise the effect of a total in flight navigation computer system failure
− Define a Gross Navigation Error (GNE)
− Special procedures for in-flight contingencies
− Describe
− initial action
− subsequent action
− action to be adopted in the event of en-route diversion across the prevailing NAT traffic flow
JAR LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REFERENCE
071 02 00 00 SPECIAL OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES AND HAZARDS
(GENERAL ASPECTS)
071 02 01 00 Minimum Equipment List (MEL)
− State in which document the MEL can be found
− Define the MEL and MMEL
− Identify the responsibilities of the Operator and the Authority with regard to the MEL and MMEL
− State the responsibility of the commander with regard to MEL
− Aeroplane Flight Manual
− State the legal requirement concerning the AFM
− List the items to be included in the AFM
071 02 02 00 Aeroplane De-icing/Anti-icing
− Define the types of De-icing/Anti-icing on the ground
− Define and describe the different stages of a De-icing/Anti-icing procedure
− Describe the procedure when the fluid protection time is exceeded
JAR LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REFERENCE
− List the types of De-icing/Anti-icing fluids available
− Describe the recommended procedure for ground De-icing/Anti-icing
− Interpret the fluid holdover time tables
− List the factors which can reduce the fluid protection on time
− State when the aircraft must be free of anti-icing fluid
071 02 03 00 Bird strike risk and avoidance
− List the sources of information on bird strike hazards:
− ICAO information systems (IBIS)
− Aeronautical charts
− ATS messages
− Define the commander’s responsibilities regarding the reporting of bird hazards and bird strikes
− Identify where the highest risk of bird strike is to be encountered
071 02 04 00 Noise Abatement
− Define the operator’s responsibilities regarding noise abatement procedures
− Identify what equipment noise preferential runways should possess
− Identify what runway conditions would preclude the selection of a noise preferential runway
− State the minimum height for turns and obstacles clearance on noise preferential routes
− Aeroplane operating procedures
− Describe the passenger briefing to be given before making a precautionary/emergency landing or ditchng (including evacuation)
− Detail the aeroplane evacuation procedure
− Describe the actions and responsibilities of crew members after landing
081 04 03 09 Explain the contribution on the elevator position – speed graph of:
− Location of centre of gravity
− Trim (tab and stabiliser trim)
− High lift devices
081 04 03 10 Define the stick force speed graph
− Describe the minimum gradient for stick force versus speed that is required for certification according JAR 23 and JAR 25
− Explain the importance of the stick force gradient for good flying qualities of an aeroplane
− Identify the trim speed in the stickforce speed graph
081 04 03 11 Explain the contribution of:
− Location of the centre of gravity
− Trim (tab and stabiliser trim)
− Mach number and the effect of Mach tuck-under and the Mach trim system
− Downspring
− Bob weight
− Friction
− State that:
− In transonic flow due to the Mach tuck under effect the stick force gradient may be too small or unstable
− The Mach trim system restores stick force gradient
JAR PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
081 04 03 12 Define the stick force per g
− Explain why
− The stick force per g has a prescribed minimum and maximum value
− The stick force per g decreases with pressure altitude at the same Indicated Airspeeds
081 04 03 14 Explain that the stickforce per g is:
− Dependent on location of the centre of gravity
− Independent of the trim setting
− Independent of a down spring in the control system
− Greater with the application of a bob weight in the control system
081 04 03 15 Explain why the prescribed minimum and maximum values of the stickforce per g are dependent on the limit load factor
− Calculate the stick force to achieve a certain load factor at a given manoeuvre stability
081 04 03 16 Refer to 081 05 02 03
081 04 04 00 STATIC DIRECTIONAL STABILITY
081 04 04 01 Define slip angle
− Identify $ as the symbol used for the slip angle
081 04 04 02 Define the yawing moment coefficient CN
− Define the relationship between for an aeroplane with static directional stability
081 04 04 03 Explain why
− CN depends on the angle of slip
− CN equals zero for that angle of slip that provides static equilibrium about the aircraft’s normal axis
− If no asymmetric engine thrust, flight control or loading condition prevails, the equilibrium angle of slip equals zero
− Identify how the slope of the CN - $ graph is a measure for static directional stability
JAR PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
081 04 04 04 Describe how the following aircraft components contribute to static directional stability
− Wing
− Fin
− Dorsal fin
− Ventral fin
− Angle of sweep of the wing
− Angle of sweep of the fin
− Location of the centre of gravity
− Fuselage at high angles of attack
− Strakes
− Explain why both the fuselage and the fin contribution reduce static directional stability after an aft shift of the centre of gravity
081 04 05 00 STATIC LATERAL STABILITY
081 04 05 01 Define bank angle phi
081 04 05 02 Define the rolling moment coefficient CI
081 04 05 03 Explain how without co-ordination, the bank angle creates slip angle
081 04 05 04 Describe CI - $graph
− Identify the slope of the CI - $ graph as a measure for static lateral stability
081 04 05 05 Explain the contribution to the static lateral stability of:
− Dihedral, anhedral
− High wing, low wing
− Sweep angle of the wing
− Ventral fin
− Vertical tail
− Mach number
JAR PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
081 04 05 06 Define effective dihedral
− Explain the negative effects of high static lateral stability in
− Strong crosswind landings
− Asymmetric thrust situations at high power setting and low speed (go-around, take-off)
081 04 06 00 DYNAMIC LATERAL/DIRECTIONAL STABILITY
081 04 06 01 Effects of asymmetric propeller slipstream
081 04 06 02 Explain how lateral and directional stability are coupled
− Explain how high static directional stability and a low static lateral stability may cause spiral divergence (unstable spiral dive) and
under which conditions the spiral dive mode is neutral or stable
− Describe an unstable spiral dive mode with respect to deviations in speed, roll attitude , nose low pitch attitude and decreasing
altitude
081 04 06 03 Describe Dutch Roll
− Explain
− Why Dutch roll occurs when the dihedral effect is large compared to static directional stability
− The condition for a stable Dutch roll motion and those for marginally stable, neutral or unstable Dutch roll motion
− The function of the yaw damper
081 04 06 Explain that increased pressure altitude reduces dynamic lateral /directional stability
081 05 00 00 CONTROL
081 05 01 00 GENERAL
081 05 01 01 Basics
− Define
− Lateral axis
− Longitudinal axis
− Normal axis
− Describe the motion about the three axes
− Name and describe the devices that control these motions
JAR PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
081 05 01 02 Camber change
− Explain how camber is changed by movement of a control surface
081 05 01 03 Angle of Attack change
− Explain the influence of local angle of attack change by movement of a control surface
081 05 02 01 PITCH CONTROL
081 05 02 01 Elevator/all flying tail
− Explain the working principle of the horizontal tailplane (stabilizer)
− Explain the working principle of the elevator and describe its function
− State graphically the effect of elevator deflection on the moment curve
− Explain why the moment curve is independent of angle of attack
− Describe the loads on the tailplane in normal flight, lower than normal flight speeds, at higher than normal speed
081 05 02 02 Downwash effects
− Explain the effect of downwash on the tailplane angle of attack
Explain in this context the use of a T-tail or stabiliser trim.
081 05 02 03 Ice on tail
− Explain how ice can change the aerodynamic characteristics of the tailplane
Explain how this can affect the tails proper function
081 05 02 04 Location of centre of gravity
− Explain the relationship between pitching moment coefficient and lift coefficient
Explain the relationship between elevator deflection and location of cg in straight flight and in a g manoeuvre
081 05 03 00 Directional control
− Explain the working principle of the rudder and describe its function
− State the relationship between rudder deflection and the moment about the normal axis
Describe the effect of sideslip on the moment about the normal axis
081 05 03 01 Pedal/Rudder ratio changer
− Describe the purpose to the rudder ratio changer
JAR PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
081 05 03 02 Moments due to engine thrust
− Describe the effect of engine thrust on pitching moments
− Explain fin stall due to rudder displacement
091 05 03 03 Engine failure
− Refer 081 08 02 00
081 05 04 00 ROLL CONTROL
081 05 04 01 Ailerons
− Describe the purpose of the ailerons
− Describe the adverse effects of ailerons
− Explain in this context the use of inboard and outboard ailerons
− Explain outboard aileron lockout and conditions under which this feature is used
− Describe the use of aileron deflection in normal flight, flight with side slip, cross wind landings, horizontal turns, flight with one
engine out.
− Define roll rate
− List the factors that affect roll rate
− Flaperons, aileron droop
081 05 04 03 Spoilers
− Explain how spoilers affect lift
Explain how spoilers can be used to control the rolling movement in combination with or instead of the ailerons
081 05 04 04 Adverse yaw
− Explain how the use of ailerons produce adverse yaw
JAR PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
081 05 04 05 Means to avoid adverse yaw
− Explain how the following reduce adverse yaw
− Frise ailerons
− Differential ailerons deflection
− Couple aileron deflection
− Rollspoilers
− Effects of asymmetric propeller slipstream
081 05 05 00 Interaction in different planes (yaw/roll)
− Describe the coupling effect of roll and yaw
− Explain the secondary effect of ailerons
− Explain the secondary effect of rudder
− Backlash
− Aero-elastic coupling
− Mass distribution
− List the flutter modes of an aeroplane
− Wing
− Tailplane
− Fin
− Control surfaces including tabs
− Describe the use of mass and balance to alleviate the flutter problems by adjusting the mass distribution
− Wing mounted pylons
− Control surface mass balance
JAR PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
− List the possible actions in the case of flutter in flight
− Describe the phenomenon in aileron reversal
− At low speeds – aileron deflection/stalling angle relationship
− At high speeds- aileron deflection causing the wing to twist Describe the aileron reversal speed in relationship to VNE and VNO
− Describe the reason for flap/landing gear limitations
− VLO
− VLE
− Explain why there is a difference between VLO and VLE in the case of some aeroplane types
− Define VFE
− Describe flap design features to prevent overload.
081 06 01 01 VMO, VNO, VNE
− Define VMO and VNE
− Describe the difference between VMO and VC
− Define VNO
− Explain that VMO can be exceeded during a descent at constant Mach number
081 06 01 02 MMO
− Define MMO and state its limiting factors
− Explain that MMO can be exceeded during a climb at constant IAS
JAR PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
081 06 02 00 MANOEUVRING ENVELOPE
081 06 02 01 Describe the manoeuvring load diagram
− Identify the varying features on the diagram
− Load factor ’n’
− Speed scale, equivalent airspeed, EAS
− CLMAX boundary
− VA design manoeuvring speed
− VC design cruising speed
− VD design dive speed, a speed set sufficient above VC to allow for the effects of a defined ‘upset’
− State the load factor limits for JAR 23 and 25 aircraft in a typical cruise condition and with flaps extended.
081 06 02 02 Contribution of mass, altitude and mach number
− State the relationship of mass to
− Load factor limits
− Accelerated stall speed limit
− VA, VB and VC
− Explain the relationship between VA and aeroplane mass
− Explain the relationship between VA and VS in a formula
− Calculate the change of VA with changing weight
− Describe the effect of altitude in mach number, in respect to limitations
081 06 03 00 GUST ENVELOPE
081 06 03 01 Gust load diagram
− Recognise a typical gust load diagram
− Identify the various features shown on the diagram
− Load factor ’n’
− Calculate n as a result of increasing angle of attack
JAR PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
− CLMAX boundary
− Vertical gust velocities
− Relationship of VB to VC and VD
− Gust limit load factor
− Define VRA
081 06 03 02 Contribution of mass, altitude, speed, mach number, aspect ratio and wing sweep
− Explain the relationship between mass, altitude, speed, mach number and wing sweep on gust loads
081 07 00 00 PROPELLERS
081 07 01 00 CONVERSION OF ENGINE TORQUE TO THRUST
081 08 01 01 Describe the forces acting on an aeroplane in straight horizontal steady flight:
− List the four forces and state where they act
− Explain how the four forces are balanced
− Describe the function of the tailplane
090 00 00 00 COMMUNICATIONS
090 01 00 00 DEFINITIONS
090 01 01 00 − State the meanings and significance of associated terms
- Stations
- Communication methods
090 01 02 00 Air Traffic Control abbreviations
− State the meaning of commonly used Air Traffic Control abbreviations:
- Flight conditions
- Airspace
- Services
- Time
- Miscellaneous
090 01 03 00 Q-code groups
− Define the Q-code groups commonly used in RTF air to ground communications:
- Pressure Settings
- Directions and bearings
− State the procedure for obtaining bearing information in flight
090 01 04 00 Categories of messages
− List the categories of messages in order of priority
− State the types of messages appropriate to each category
− State the priority of a message (given examples of messages to compare)
JAR COMMUNICATIONS
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− State the action to be taken by the station which receives a URGENCY message
− State the action by all other stations when a URGENCY procedure is in progress
− State the content of a URGENCY signal/message in the correct sequence
090 06 00 00 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF VHF PROPAGATION AND ALLOCATION OF FREQUENCIES
Describe the radio frequency spectrum with particular reference to VHF
− State the names of the bands into which the radio frequency spectrum is divided
− State the frequency range of th VHF band
− Name the band normally used for Aeronautical Mobile Service voice communications
− State the frequency separation allocated between consecutive VHF frequencies
Describe the propagation characteristics of radio transmission in the VHF band
Describe the factors which reduce the effective range and quality of radio transmissions
− State which of these factors apply to the VHF band
− Calculate the effective range of VHF transmissions assuming no attenuating factors
090 07 00 00 IFR COMMUNICATIONS
DEFINITIONS
090 07 01 00 Meanings and significance of associated terms
− As for VFR Plus terms used in conjunction with approach and holding procedures
090 07 02 00 Air traffic services abbreviations
− As for VFR Plus additional IFR related terms
JAR COMMUNICATIONS
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
- VMCA
- VLO
- VLE
- Critical engine
- Speed stability
032 02 02 00 − State the reasons for the calculation of performance data with regard to safety and economical operation
032 02 02 01 − To determine all aspects of performance under normal conditions
032 02 02 02 − State the effect on take-off and landing distances of :
- Pressure altitude
- Temperature
- Wind
- Aeroplane mass
- Runway slope
- Runway surface conditions
032 02 03 00 Elements of performance
− Discuss the variation of drag with speed for various configurations, mass, pressure altitude, temperature,
Discuss the variation of thrust for jet and propeller engines with speed, pressure altitude, temperature
− To use the performance data provided to calculate :
032 02 03 01 - Take-off and landing distances
- Net Flight Path profiles and assess clearance of obstacles in accordance with JAR
032 02 03 02 − Rate of climb and descent
− State the factors affecting rate of climb, and the conditions that give maximum rate.
JAR PERFORMANCE
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− Use the performance data to determine Rate of climb / descent taking account of power setting, speed, and aircraft
configuration
032 02 03 03 − Cruise altitudes and ceiling
− State how the ceiling is determined from power available and power required data.
Define absolute and service ceiling
− Use the performance data to determine :
- The ceiling with all engines operating and with one engine inoperative
- The En-route performance in accordance with JAR
032 02 03 04 − Payload/range trade-offs
Explain the payload ~ range diagram
− Use the graphs or tables to determine the range appropriate to weight and power setting, altitude and temperature.
− Calculate the permissible payload for this range
− Calculate the effect of varying payload on the range
032 02 03 05 − Use the graphs or tables to determine the achievable speed appropriate to weight, altitude, temperature and power setting,
and select the optimum altitude for maximum TAS.
− Calculate the effect on fuel consumption of reduced TAS
032 02 04 00 − Use the performance data provided to calculate operating weights and speeds for all phases of a flight in accordance with
JAR and the prevailing conditions.
032 02 04 01 − Use the Flight Manual to determine all data relating to performance.
JAR PERFORMANCE
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− Extract LCN from aircraft data, and compare with runway LCN
032 03 01 03 Aeroplane Variables
− State the effect on Take-off Distance and climb gradient of :
- Weight
- Flap angle
− Use the data provided to calculate Take-off Weight and speeds with reduced power setting
− State the purpose of increased V2 on take-off
− Use the data provided to allow for the effects of anti-ice and ECS bleed air.
032 03 01 04 Meteorological Variables
− State the effect on the Take-off Distance and climb gradient of pressure altitude and temperature.
− State the factors to be applied to the reported wind component
Wind shear
Wing icing
− Use the data provided to calculate permissible take-off weight from contaminated runways.
032 03 01 05 Take-off Speeds
− State the limitations on V1 and V2
− State the effect of ambient and runway conditions on the take-off speeds
− Use the data provided to calculate V1 VR V2 V3 landing gear and flap retraction speeds.
032 03 01 06 Take-off Distances
− State the considerations involved in the selection of Take-off Distance Required
− Use the data given to calculate the Take-off Distance Required and associated speeds for the ambient conditions.
− State the effects on the Take-off Distance of early or late rotation
JAR PERFORMANCE
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− State the reasons for ground stall and its effect on Take-off distance.
032 03 02 00 Accelerate Stop Distances
- Define the accelerate –stop distance and requirement for all
engines operating and one engine inoperative
032 03 02 01 Balanced Field Length
− Define Balanced Field Length as applied to :
- Aerodrome Distances
- Aeroplane Distances required
− State the effect of assuming a Balanced Field at an aerodrome which is not a Balanced Field, on Take-off weight and V1
speed
032 03 02 02 − Use the data given to determine the Accelerate-Stop Distance Required for the ambient conditions.
− State the allowances made for recognition of engine failure and decision time.
− State the procedures assumed for wheel braking and reverse thrust.
− Use the data given to determine :
- Brake energy limit speed
- Brake cooling time
- Tyre speed limit
032 03 03 00 Initial climb
- Define gross and net climb performance
State obstacle clearance required on take-off flight path
032 03 03 01 Climb segments
Define the segments of the initial climb with regard to aeroplane configuration, speed and power setting.
JAR PERFORMANCE
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− State how the optimum speeds will vary with altitude in terms of IAS, TAS, and Mach No.
032 03 04 03 − Use the data provided to determine the speeds for best rate and best angle of climb, with one engine inoperative.
032 03 05 00 Cruise
State the conditions that give optimum range
032 03 05 01 − State how cruise height and aeroplane mass affect range and achievable speed.
− State how maximum cruise altitude may be limited by power or by buffet boundary.
State the effect of mass and bank angle on these limits
- Explain the use of the step climb procedure
032 03 05 02 Cruise Control
− Define range, specific range, specific fuel consumption.
− State the conditions affecting range, and the conditions which give maximum range.
- Explain the difference between max. range speed and the
scheduled long range cruise speed
− State how maximum range will be affected by aeroplane mass
− Use the data provided to determine the range for a given Flight level, mass and cruise speed.
− Define endurance. State the conditions affecting endurance, and the conditions which will give maximum endurance.
− Use the data provided to determine the fuel consumption, and speed for a given power setting.
032 03 05 03 En-route one Engine inoperative
− State the power setting and speed to be used in the event of an engine failure en-route.
JAR PERFORMANCE
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− State the effect on the landing distance required of pressure altitude, temperature, aeroplane mass, wind, and runway
slope
State the effect on landing distance of wet and contaminated runways
Explain hydroplaning
Explain PCN limitations
− Use the data given to determine :
- The landing distance required for a given weight
- Maximum landing weight for a given landing distance available
− State the factors which determine the target speed and use the data given to determine VAT and VTMAX
032 03 07 00 − State the regulations relating to alternate aerodromes
− State the requirements for landing climb in relation to the determination of landing WAT limits, and the configuration
appropriate, for the landing climb and the discontinued approach climb.
032 03 07 01 Practical application of an aeroplane performance manual
− Use the flight Manual data to :
- Calculate maximum take-off and landing mass, allowing for all the appropriate regulations
- Take account of slope, wind, pressure altitude, temperature and runway surface conditions
- Determine the relevant speeds for take-off and landing
- Calculate the initial climb gradient and net flight path profiles to assess clearance of relevant obstacles
- Calculate time, distance and fuel used for the climb to cruise altitude
032 03 07 02 Cruise computations
− Use the data provided to determine the power settings and speeds necessary to give maximum range, maximum
endurance and for normal cruise options, and determine the associated fuel consumption.
JAR PERFORMANCE
REFERENCE LEARNING OBJECTIVE
− State the procedures in the event of engine failure and pressurisation failure, and calculate the range and endurance
resulting from operation at lower altitude.
− State how operation would be affected by ETOPS
− Use the data provided to compare the effect on fuel consumption of different altitudes and aircraft mass.
− Determine the fuel for holding and fuel to alternate
− Allow for the effect on fuel used resulting from reduced altitude following engine failure and loss of cabin pressure.