UNIT II

Projection of Points

Point
A point can be treated as physically visible and can be located
as small dot (or) small cross.

Location of Point
The point can be located by
i) In space, in any one of the quadrants formed by the
horizontal plane (H.P) and vertical plane (V.P) of projection.
ii) In any one of the reference planes.
iii) In both the reference planes.

Method of drawing the projection of point

Projectors should be drawn from the point which is perpendicular to
the planes. The point of intersection of projector with the surface of the
plane is called as projection of the point.

Notation of a Point
A point is denoted by a capital letter (A). The projection of the point
on the HP is denoted by the lowercase letter(a) and its projection on the
VP is shown by the lowercase letter with a dash (a’).

Hints

Hint-1:
Above HP, Infront of VP - I Quadrant
Above HP, Behind of VP - II Quadrant
Below HP, Behind VP - III Quadrants
Below HP, Infront of VP - IV Quadrants
Hint-2:
Above HP - Always above XY line
Below HP - Always below XY line
Infront of VP - Always below XY line
Behind VP - Always above XY line
Hint-3:
Mark dash (’) only for HP

Note:
The first & third quadrants are always opened out and the second &
fourth quadrants are closed while rotating the planes.
Depending upon the quadrant in which the point is situated, the
positions of its views with respect to the reference line xy will change and
shown above or below the xy. The view may be lie on xy also.
Projections of a first quadrant: (Above HP, Infront of VP)

Projections of a Second quadrant: (Above HP, Behind VP)

Projections of a third quadrant: (Below HP, Behind VP)

Projections of a four quadrant: (Below HP, Infront of VP)

Problems:

1. Draw the projections of the following points on a common reference

line:
i) M, 35 mm behind VP and 20 mm below HP.
ii) N, 40 mm infront of VP and 30 mm above HP.
iii) O, 50 mm behind VP and 15 mm above HP.
iv) P, 40 mm below HP and on VP.
v) Q, 30 mm infront of VP and 50 mm below HP.
vi) R, 35 mm behind VP and on HP.

2. Mark the projection of the following points on a common reference line.

i) P, 35 mm behind the VP and 20 mm below the HP
ii)Q, 40 mm infront of the VP and 30 mm above the HP
iii) R, 50 mm behind the VP and 15 mm above the HP
iv) S, 40 mm below the HP and in the VP
v) T, 30 mm infront of the VP and 50 mm below the HP
vi) U, 35 mm behind the VP and in the HP.
3. The projections of different points are shown in below. Define the
position of the points in relation to the reference planes. The distances
marked are in millimetres.

Answer:

i) Point A is 25 mm above HP and 40 mm infront of VP.

ii) Point B is 20 mm behind VP and 50 mm above HP.
iii) Point C is 40 mm in front of VP and in HP.
iv) Point D is 35 mm above HP and in VP.
v) Point E is 25 mm behind VP and 35 mm below HP.
Assignments:

1. Draw the projection of following point on a common reference line.

 Point A 30 mm above HP & 40 mm infront of VP.

 Point B 40 mm above HP & 30 mm behind VP.
 Point C 50 mm below HP & 60 mm behind VP.
 Point D 50 mm below HP & 60 mm infront of VP.
 Point E 20 mm below HP & in VP.
 Point F 30 mm above HP & in VP.
 Point G 20 mm infront of VP & in HP.
 Point H both in HP & VP

2. Draw the projection of following point on common common reference.

Take 30 mm distance between projectors.

 Point A 35 mm above HP & 25 mm infront of VP.

 Point B 40 mm below HP & 15 mm behind VP.
 Point C 50 mm above HP & 25 mm behind VP.
 Point D 45 mm below HP & 25 mm behind VP.
 Point E 30 mm behind VP & on HP.
Projection of Lines

Straight Line:
By joining of two points in a shortest distance which is called as the
straight line.

A B

Conditions for the projection of Straight Line:

1. A straight line perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP.
2. A straight line perpendicular to VP and parallel to HP
3. A straight line parallel to HP and VP
4. A straight line inclined to HP and parallel to VP
5. A straight line inclined to VP and parallel to HP
6. A straight line inclined to both HP and VP

Condition 1: Straight line perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP.

1. A line AB 60 mm long has its end A 20 mm above HP and 30 mm
infront of VP. The line is kept perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP. Draw
its projections.

Condition 2: Straight line perpendicular to VP and parallel to HP

2. A line CD 60 mm long has its end C 30 mm above HP and 40 mm
infront of VP. The line is kept parallel to HP and perpendicular to VP.
Condition 3: Straight line parallel to HP and VP.
3. A line AB 60 mm long has its end A, B 20 mm above HP and 30 mm in
front of VP. The line is kept parallel to both HP and VP.

Condition 4: Straight line inclined to HP and parallel to VP.

4. A line EF 60 mm long has its end F 30 mm above HP and 20 mm infront
of VP. The line is kept inclined at 400 to HP and parallel to VP. Draw its
projections.

5. A line KL 55 mm long has its end K 20 mm above and is in VP. The line
is inclined at 450 to HP. Draw its projections.
Condition 5: Straight line inclined to VP and parallel to HP
6. A line GH 60 mm long has its end G 30 mm above HP and 20 mm
infront of VP. The line is inclined at 500 to VP and parallel to HP. Draw its
projections.

7. A line AB 55 mm long is in HP and inclined to VP. The end A is 20 mm

infront of VP. Length of elevation is 35 mm. Draw its projections and also
find the inclination of the line with VP.
Condition 6: Straight line inclined to both HP and VP
Type : 1
8. A line AB 80 mm long has its end A 20 mm away above HP and 25 mm
infront of VP. The line is inclined at 450 to HP and 350 to VP with the line.
Draw its projection.

Type: 2
9. A line AB 75 mm long has its end A in both HP and VP. The line is kept
inclined at 450 to HP and 350 to VP. Draw its projection.
Type: 3
10. A line AB 70 has its end A 15 mm above and 20 mm infront of VP. The
end B is 40 mm above HP and 50 mm infront of VP. Draw its projections
and true inclinations with HP and VP.

Type: 4
11. A line AB 70 mm long, has its end A 35 mm above HP and 30 mm
infront of VP. The top view and front view has a length of 45 mm and 60
mm respectively. Draw its projections.
Type:5
12. The mid point of a straight line AB 90 mm long is 60 mm above HP
and 50 mm infront of VP. It is inclined at 300 to HP and 450 to VP. Draw
its projections.

Type :6
13. One end p of a line PQ is 15 mm above HP and 20 mm infront of VP.
While end Q is 50 mm above HP and 45 mm infront of VP. If end
projectors are at a distance of 60 mm , draw the projections of line. Find
the true inclination and traces.
Important Problems:
Type 1
1. A straight line AB 80 mm long is inclined at an angle of 300 to HP and
450 to VP. The end A is 20 mm above HP and 30 mm infront of VP. Draw
its projection.

2. One end P of a line PQ 55 mm long is 35 mm infront of VP & 25 mm

above HP. The line is inclined at 400 to HP and 300 to VP. Draw the
projection of the line PQ.

3. A line JK is 80 mm long. It is making an angle 300 in HP and 200 with

VP a line is such that the lower most point J is 15 mm above HP and 25
mm infront of VP. Draw the projection of the line JK.

4. A line AB 75 mm long has its end A 20 mm infront of VP and 25 mm

above HP. The line is inclined at 500 to HP and 300 to VP. Draw the
projection of line.

Type 2

5. The line AB 70 mm long is in both HP and VP. The line is inclined at

400 to HP and 350 to VP. Draw its projection.

6. A line AB 80 mm long is in both HP and VP. The line is inclined at 350 to

HP and 450 to VP. Draw its projection.

Type 3

7. A line AB 80 mm long has it end A is 10 mm above HP and 15 mm

infront of VP. The other end B is 65 mm above HP and 50 mm infront of
VP. Draw the projection of line and find its true inclination in HP and VP.

8. A line PQ 60 mm long has its end P 30 mm above HP and 15 mm

infront of VP. The end Q is 65 mm above HP and 45 mm infront of VP.
Draw the projection of line and find its true inclination in HP and VP.

9. A line AB 60 mm long has its end B 20 mm above HP and 25 mm

infront of VP. The end A is 50 mm above HP and 50 mm infront of VP.
Draw the projection of line and find its true inclination in HP and VP.

10. A straight line 70 mm long has one end 15 mm infront of VP and 50

mm above HP, while the other end is 35 mm infront of VP and 20 mm
above HP. Draw the plan and elevation.

11. A straight line AB 75 mm long has one end A is 15 mm infront of VP

and 50 mm above HP. The other end is 50 mm infront of VP and 15 mm
above HP. Draw its projection.
Type 4

12. A line AB 85 mm long has its end A is 20 mm above HP and 20 mm

infront of VP. The top and front view of the line has length of 55 mm and
70 mm respectively. Draw the projection of line and find its inclination
with HP and VP.

13. The front and top view of a 100 long line AB measures 85 mm and 75
mm respectively . The end A is 10 mm above HP and 20 mm infront of VP.
Draw the projection and find the true inclination with HP and VP.

14. A line PQ 70 mm long has its end B 10 mm above HP and 15 mm

infront of VP. Its top and front view measures 60 mm and 40 mm
respectively. Determine its inclination with HP and VP.

15. A line AB 70 mm long, the end A is 15 mm above HP and 20 mm

infront of VP. The other end B is 40 mm above HP. Its plan is inclined 450
to VP. Draw the projection of line and find its true inclination with HP and
VP.

16. One end P of a line PQ 80 mm long is 25 mm above HP and 15 mm

infront of VP, a line is inclined at350 to VP its top view has its length of 50
mm . Draw the projection of line and find its true inclination with HP.

17. The end A of a line AB is 10 infront of VP and 20 mm above HP the

line is inclined at 300 to HP and front view is 450 to XY, the top view is 60
mm long. Complete the view and find its true length with VP.

18. A line AB 100 mm long has its front view inclined at an angle of 450 to
reference line separating the views the end A is in VP and 25 mm above
HP the length of front view is 60 mm. Draw the top view of the line and
find its true length with VP.

19. A line 100 mm long has one of its end 50 mm infront of VP and 20
mm above HP. The other end is 20 mm infront of VP and above of VP and
above HP. The length of the top view of the line measures 80 mm. Draw
the projection and find the inclination.

20. Top view of the line 65 mm long is inclined at 300 to reference line VP,
one end is 20 mm above HP and 10 mm infront of VP. The other end is 60
mm above HP and infront of VP. Draw the projection and find true length
of line and its inclination with HP and VP.
Type 5:
21. A mid point of a line AB 80 mm long is 30 mm above HP and 45 mm
infront of VP. It is inclined at 350 to HP and 550 to VP. Draw its projection.

22. A mid point of a straight line AB is 60 mm above HP and 50 mm

infront of VP. The line measures 60 mm long and inclined at 300 to HP and
450 to VP. Draw its projection.

23. A straight line ST has its end S 10 mm infront of VP and nearer to it.
The mid point M of the line is 50 mm infront of VP and 40 mm above HP.
The front and top view measures 40 mm and 120 mm respectively. Draw
the projections of the line also find its true length and true inclination with
HP and VP.

Type 6:
24. A line PQ has its end P 10 mm above HP and 25 mm infront of VP. The
end Q is 35 mm infront of VP, the front view measures 75 mm . The
distance between the end projectors is 50 mm. Draw the projection of line
and find its true length and true inclination with HP and VP.
Projection of Planes:
Plane: It is a two dimensional entity having only length and breadth with
negligible thickness which is to be considered as zero.

Traces: The lines along which a plane meets the reference planes are called the
traces of the plane.

Horizontal Trace (H.T): The line of intersection of a plane with the horizontal
plane(HP) is called as Horizontal trace(H.T)

Vertical Trace (V.T): The line of intersection of a plane with the vertical
plane(VP) is called as vertical trace(V.T)

Conditions:
1. Planes perpendicular to VP and parallel to HP.
2. Planes perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP.
3. Planes perpendicular to both HP and VP.
4. Planes perpendicular to VP and inclined to HP.
5. Planes perpendicular to HP and inclined to VP.
6. Planes inclined to both HP and VP.

Problems.
1. A circular lamina of diameter 60 mm is held vertical with its surface inclined at
450 to the VP. Its centre is 40 mm above the HP and 30 mm in front of the VP.
Draw the top and front views as also its traces.
2. A pentagonal of side 30 mm rest on the ground on one of its corner with the
side containing the corner being equally inclined to the ground. The side opposite
the corner which it rest is inclined to 300 to VP is parallel to HP. The surface of the
pentagon inclined at 500 with the ground . Draw the top and front view.

3. A square plane PQRS of side 40 mm is rest on ground (HP) with one of its
corner P in such a way that the diagonal PR is inclined at 450 to HP and
apparently inclined at 300 to VP. Draw its projections.
4. A rectangular plate 70 x 40 mm has one of its shorter edges in VP inclined at
400 to VP. Draw its top view and its front view. Square is side 40 mm.

5. A hexagonal plate of side 20 mm rest on HP on one of its sides and inclined at

450 to VP. The surface of the plane makes an angle of 30 0 to HP. Draw the top
view and front view
6. A circular plate of diameter 50 mm is resting on HP on a point on the
circumference with its surface inclined at 450 to HP and perpendicular to VP. Draw
its projection.

7. A hexagonal lamina of side 30 mm rests on one of its edges on HP. This edge
is parallel to VP. The surface of the lamina is 600 to HP. Draw its projection.
8. A pentagonal lamina of side 30 mm is resting on HP with one of its corners.
The surface is at 600 to HP. The edge opposite to this corner is parallel to VP and
further nearer to it. Draw its projection

9. A rectangular plate of side 75 X 25 mm is resting on its shorter side on HP and

inclined at 300 to VP. Its surface is inclined at 600 to HP. Draw its projection.
10. A hexagonal plate of side 30 mm is resting on one of its sides on VP and
inclined at 400 to HP. Its surface is inclined at 350 to VP. Draw its projection.

11. A triangular lamina of sides 40 mm is resting on HP with one of its corners

touching it such that the lamina makes 600 to HP. If the side opposite to this
corner makes 300 to VP. Draw its projection.
1.Draw the projections of the following points on a common reference line
1) P 35 mm behind the V.P and 20 mm below
2) Q 35 mm in front of the V.P and 30 mm above the
3) R 50 mm behind the V.P and 15 mm above the H.P
4) S 40 mm below the H.P and in
5) T 30 mm in front of the V.P and 50 mm below the H.P(10 marks) (AUC – Jan 2013)

2.The end P of a line PQ, 70 mm long is 15 mm above the H.P and 20 mm in front of V.P
its plain is inclined at 450 to the V.P. Draw the projections of the line and find its true
inclination V.P and the H.P. (10 marks) (AUC – Jan 2013)
3.The circular plate of diameter 70 mm has the end of P of the diameter PQ in the H.P
and the plate is inclined at 400 to the H.P. Draw its projection
1) The diameters PQ appear to be inclined at 450 to the V.P in the top view.
2) The diameter PQ makes 450 to the V.P. (20 marks) (AUC – Jan 2013)

4.The top view of a 75 mm long line AB measures 65 mm while the length of its front
view 50 mm. It’s one end A is in H.P and 12 mm in front of the V.P. Draw the projections
of the AB and determine its inclinations with the H.P and the V.P (20marks) (AUC –
Jan 2013)
5.Draw the projection of the regular hexagon of 25 mm side having one of its sides in the
H.P and inclined at 600 to the V.P and its surface making an angle of 450 with the H.P.
(20marks) (AUC – Jan 2013)

6.One end P of a line PQ, 55 mm long is 35 mm in front of the V.P and 25 mm above the
H.P the line is inclined at 400 to the H.P and 300 to the V.P. Draw the projection of PQ.
(20marks) (AUC – Jan 2014)
7.A hexagonal plate of side 20 mm rests on HP on one of its sides inclined at 45 0 to VP.
The surface of plate makes an angle of 300 with HP. Draw the front and top view of the
plate.(20marks) (AUC – Jan 2014)