CHAPTER 5: INTRODUCTION TO
COASTAL STRUCTURES
1
INTRODUCTION TO COASTAL STRUCTURES
• Coastal protection, shore protection and sea defense
• Protection of the coast and the shore against the erosive forces of waves,
currents and storm surge can be performed in many ways, and protection
of coast areas against flooding adds ever more types to the protection
defense measures.
• A summary of the various types of protection and management
measures are categories as follows:
• Coastal protection
• Shore protection
• Beach construction
• Management solution
• Sea defense
2
INTRODUCTION TO COASTAL STRUCTURES
• Coastal protection, shore protection and sea defense
• Coastal protection
• Sea wall, revetment, emergency protection, bulkhead
• Shore protection
• Regulation of coastal land scape, nourishment, beach de-watering or
beach drain
• Mixed Coastal/Shore protection
• Groynes, detached breakwaters, headlands, perched beach, cove
and artificial pocket beach
• Beach construction
• Artificial beach, beach parks, and beach reclamation
• Management solution
• Land use restrictions
• Sea defense
• Sea dike, artificial dune, Marsh/Magrove platform restoration
3
INTRODUCTION TO COASTAL STRUCTURES
Coastal Structures
Sea dike
Sea wall
Revetment
Emergency protection Today’s
content for
Bulkheads discussion
Groynes
Jetty
Breakwater
Headland
4
INTRODUCTION TO COASTAL STRUCTURES
Sea dike
• Sea dikes are onshore structures with the principal function of protecting
low-lying areas against flooding.
• Sea dikes are usually built as a mound of fine materials like sand and clay
with a gentle seaward slope in order to reduce the wave runup and the
erodible effect of the waves.
• The surface of the dike is armored with grass, asphalt, stones, or concrete
slabs.
6
INTRODUCTION TO COASTAL STRUCTURES
Sea wall
Applicability: A sea wall is passive structure, which protects the coast
against erosion and flooding.
Seawalls are often used at location off exposed city fronts, where good
protection was needed and where space was scarce.
7
INTRODUCTION TO COASTAL STRUCTURES
Revetments:
• Revetments are onshore structures
with the principal function of
protecting the shoreline from
erosion.
• Revetment structures typically
consist of a cladding of stone,
concrete, or asphalt to armor
sloping natural shoreline profiles.
• In the Corps of Engineers, the
functional distinction is made
between seawalls and revetments
for the purpose of assigning project
benefits; however, in the technical
literature there is often no
distinction between seawalls and
revetments.
http://www.pilebuck.com/highways-coastal-environment-second-
edition/chapter-6-coastal-revetments-wave-attack/ 8
INTRODUCTION TO COASTAL STRUCTURES
Revetments can be an exposed as well as a buried structure.
9
INTRODUCTION TO COASTAL STRUCTURES
10
INTRODUCTION TO COASTAL STRUCTURES
Revetments:
12
INTRODUCTION TO COASTAL STRUCTURES
Emergency protection:
Emergency protection is a quick
installation of a temporary
revetment type structure made by
available material as “response” to
unexpected coastal erosion.
It is normally applied for securing
building or infrastructure against
unexpected erosion.
There are by nature quickly build
and not well designed.
Rock dumping Emergency revetment constructed by
rubble concrete
Sand bagging
Dumping of any other easily
available material
13
INTRODUCTION TO COASTAL STRUCTURES
Emergency protection:
Applicability: Private and public land owners are sometime forced
to “construct” emergency protection at locations where “unexpected”
erosion occurs.
• The emergency protection is installed in order to prevent further
damage to coastal installation.
• “Unexpected” can have different causes as discussed below:
• It can be in forms of a rare extreme events
• It can be development of ongoing chronic erosion at locations
where it has not been possible to provide fund for a proper and
timely protection.
14
INTRODUCTION TO COASTAL STRUCTURES
Bulkheads:
• A bulkhead is a structure or
partition used to retain or prevent
sliding of the land.
• A secondary purpose is to protect
the coast against damage from
wave action.
• Bulkhead area normally smaller
than seawalls, as their primary
function is to retain fill at locations
with only limited wave action and
not to resist coastal erosion. Bulkhead structure constructed by
• A bulkhead cannot really be Gabion mesh boxes
characterized as a coastal
protection structure; it is rather a
structure that is used to retain fills
along the water perimeter of
reclaimed areas and in port basins.
15
INTRODUCTION TO COASTAL STRUCTURES
Bulkhead:
Applicability: These function well as a separation between land and
sea in marine basins and along protected shorelines.
These are used along natural shorelines and along filled area, where a
well defined separation between land and sea is required.
These can be used against sea level rise if adjusted in height and if the
area is still protected against wave despite the sea level rise.
These are not used to protect against erosion.
16
INTRODUCTION TO COASTAL STRUCTURES
Groynes:
• These are normally straight structures perpendicular (could be slightly
oblique) to the shoreline. They work by blocking the littoral drift (sediment
transport), whereby they trap/maintain sand on their upstream side.
17
INTRODUCTION TO COASTAL STRUCTURES
Groynes:
Groyne field at south coast of Beira, An old groyne field at Danish north sea
Mozambique coast
18
INTRODUCTION TO COASTAL STRUCTURES
Groynes:
• They can have special shapes and they can be emerged, sloping
or submerged, they can be constructed as single structure or as a
groyne field.
• They are build a rubble mound structures but they can be
constructed in other materials such as concrete, timber, geo-tube
etc.
19
INTRODUCTION TO COASTAL STRUCTURES
Jetty or Jetties:
• They are shore-normal stone structures commonly used for
training navigation channels and stabilizing inlets.
• They prevent intrusion of long shore sediment transport
• They cause higher flow velocity that scour the channel to a depth
required for safe navigation
Breakwater
coastalresearch.sakura.ne.jp
21
INTRODUCTION TO COASTAL STRUCTURES
Detached breakwaters-Emerged breakwaters;
22
INTRODUCTION TO COASTAL STRUCTURES
Detached breakwaters-Emerged breakwaters:
A detached breakwater provides
shelter from waves, whereby the
littoral transport behind the
breakwater is decreased and the
transport pattern adjacent to the
breakwater is modified.
23
INTRODUCTION TO COASTAL STRUCTURES
Detached breakwaters-offshore breakwaters:
• These are located relatively far outside the surf zone x*>3. The purpose
of an offshore breakwater is normally to protect an offshore ship wharf
against wave action, which means that offshore breakwater is a special
type of port.
25
INTRODUCTION TO COASTAL STRUCTURES
Detached breakwaters-beach breakwaters:
• These are located within less than half the width of the surf-zone from the
shoreline, x*<0.5.
• Beach breakwater traps sand on the foreshore without interfering
significantly with the overall transport pattern.
26
INTRODUCTION TO COASTAL STRUCTURES
• A segment breakwater
scheme provides many
possibilities ranging from
total coastal protection to
mid shore protection
27
INTRODUCTION TO COASTAL STRUCTURES
Applicability:
Breakwater are able to protect sections of shoreline in a more
diversified and less harmful way than groynes
A breakwater can, for example, trap sand on a coast line with a
perpendicular wave approach, which is hardly the case for a groyne.
The applicability of breakwater to different types of needs to be studies
before opting a particular design.
28
INTRODUCTION TO COASTAL STRUCTURES
Other type of breakwater:
Submerged breakwater
Floating breakwater
Special type breakwater
29
INTRODUCTION TO COASTAL STRUCTURES
Other type of breakwater:
Submerged breakwater: They function by provoking wave-breaking
and by allowing some wave transmission so that a milder wave
climate is obtained in lee of the submerged structure, although it is
not as mild as if the structure was emerged.
30
INTRODUCTION TO COASTAL STRUCTURES
Other type of breakwater:
Floating breakwater: They work by dissipating and reflecting part of
wave energy. No surplus water is brought into the sheltered area in
this situation.
31
INTRODUCTION TO COASTAL STRUCTURES
Other type of breakwater:
Special type breakwater: Various specially designed concrete
element type submerged and permeable breakwaters and flexible
tube breakwaters have been introduced onto the market.
32
INTRODUCTION TO COASTAL STRUCTURES
Headlands or modified
breakwater:
A series of breakwater and
groynes constructed in an
“attached” fashion.
33
INTRODUCTION TO COASTAL STRUCTURES
Headlands or modified breakwater:
http://www.vims.edu/
34
INTRODUCTION TO COASTAL STRUCTURES
Headlands or modified breakwater:
Applicability:
• The curved breakwater, the breakwater connected to the shore, and
headland are useful substitute for traditional groyne and breakwaters
on coasts.
• The curved breakwater can be used for all types of coasts, while
choice of traditional breakwater depends on coast type.
• Neither the breakwater connected to the shore nor the headland can
be used as replacement for traditional segmented breakwater with
small gaps and pocket beaches.
• The impact of sea water level on curve breakwater is same as for the
traditional breakwater
• Headland are generally applicable against chronic erosion as
headlands are active when there is a net longshore transport.
35
SUMMARY
36
REFERENCE
Shore protection guideline, DHI
Coastal Engineering manual
37
THANK YOU
38
DESIGN OF COASTAL STRUCTURES
Detached breakwaters-Emerged Breakwaters;
It is structure parallel or close to parallel, to the coast, build inside or
outside the surf-zone.
Detached breakers are mainly with two purposes, either to protect a
ship wharf from wave action or as a coast/shore protection measure.
Breakwater
coastalresearch.sakura.ne.jp
39
DESIGN OF COASTAL STRUCTRUES
Types of Breakwaters
Floating Breakwater
40
DESIGN OF COASTAL STRUCTURES
Types of Breakwaters:
• Rubble Mound Breakwater - consists of interior graded layers of stone
and an outer armor layer. Armor layer may be of stone or specially
shaped concrete units.
www.fao.org
41
DESIGN OF COASTAL STRUCTURES
Types of Breakwaters:
• Rubble Mound Breakwater
http://constructionmanuals.tpub.com/
43
DESIGN OF COASTAL STRUCTURES
• Composite or Wall-Type Breakwaters
44
DESIGN OF COASTAL STRUCTURES
The main design concern for
composite breakwaters is
stability of the vertical section.
DESIGN OF COASTAL STRUCTURES
Advantages and disadvantages of breakwaters
46
DESIGN OF COASTAL STRUCTURES
Floating Breakwaters: potential application for boat basin protection, boat
ramp protection, and shoreline erosion control.
47
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
• Rubble Mound Breakwater Design
• Layout Options for Rubble Mound Breakwaters and Jetties
• General Description
• Design Wave
• Water Levels and Datums
• Design Parameters
• Design Concept/ Procedure
• Structure Elevation, Run-up and Overtopping
• Crest/Crown Width
• Armor Unit Size and Stability
• Underlayer Design
• Bedding and Filter Design
• Toe Structures
• Low Crested Breakwaters
48
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
• Rubble Mound Breakwater Design
• Layout Options for Rubble Mound Breakwaters and Jetties
Attached or Detached.
a. Jetties: usually attached to stabilize an inlet or eliminate channel shoaling.
b. Breakwaters: attached or detached.
Overtopped or Non-overtopped.
a. Overtopped: crown elevation allows larger waves to wash across the
crest >> wave heights on the protected side are larger than for a non-
overtopped structure.
b. Non-overtopped: elevation prevents any significant amount of wave
energy from coming across the crest.
Emerged or submerged.
49
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
• Rubble Mound Breakwater Design
• General description
50
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
• Rubble Mound Breakwater Design
• General description
• Multi-layer design. Typical design has at least three major layers:
• 1. Outer layer called the armor layer (largest units, stone or specially
shaped concrete armor units)
• 2. One or more stone underlayers
• 3. Core or base layer of quarry-run stone, sand, or slag (bedding or
filter layer below)
51
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
• Rubble Mound Breakwater Design
• Design Wave
1. Usually H1/3, but may be H1/10 to reduce repair costs (USACE recommends
H1/10)
2. The depth limited breaking wave should be calculated and compared with
the unbroken storm wave height, and the lesser of the two chosen as the
design wave. (Breaking occurs in water in front of structure)
3. Use Hb/hb~ 0.6 to 1.1
4. For variable water depth, design in segments
52
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
• Rubble Mound Breakwater Design
• Design Wave
The design breaker height (Hb) depends on the depth of water some
distance seaward from the structure toe where the wave first begins to break.
This depth varies with tidal stage.
Therefore, the design breaker height depends on the critical design depth at
the structure toe, the slope on which the structure is built, incident wave
steepness, and the distance traveled by the wave during breaking.
Assume that the design wave plunges on the structure >>
h=d
If the maximum design depth at the structure toe and the incident wave
period are known, the design breaker height can be determined from the
chart below (Figure 7-4 of the SPM, 1984). Calculate ds/(gT2), locate the
nearshore slope and determine Hb/ds.
53
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
• Tide prediction
• Datum Plane
55
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
• Rubble Mound Breakwater Design
• Design Parameters
56
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
• Rubble Mound Breakwater Design
• Design Parameters
• h =water depth of structure relative to design high water (DHW)
• hc =breakwater crest relative to DHW
• R =freeboard, peak crown elevation above DHW
• ht =depth of structure toe relative to still water level (SWL)
• B =crest width
• Bt =toe apron width
• α =front slope (seaside)
• αb =back slope (lee)
• t =thickness of layers
• W =armor unit weight
1. Specify Design Condition: design wave (H1/3, Hmax, To, Lo, depth, water
elevation, overtopping, breaking, purpose of structure, etc.)
2. Set breakwater dimensions: h, hc, R, ht, B, α, αb
3. Determine armor unit size/type and underlayer requirements
4. Develop toe structure and filter or bedding layer
5. Analyze foundation settlement, bearing capacity and stability (not
discussed here)
6. Adjust parameters and repeat as necessary
58
SUMMARY
59
SUMMARY
60
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
• Rubble Mound Breakwater Design
• Structural elevation, run-up and overtopping
61
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
• Rubble Mound Breakwater Design
• Structural elevation, run-up and overtopping
• Overtopping occurs if the freeboard (R) is less than the [set-up + Ru]
• Generally neglect wave setup for sloped structures
• Freeboard may be zero if overtopping is allowed. Freeboard may also be
set to achieve a given allowed overtopping.
• Run-up and run-down are functions of surf similarity parameter, ξ,
permeability, porosity and surface roughness of the slope.
• Effects of Permeability - Flow fields induced in permeable structures by
wave action result in reduced run-up and run-down, but increased
destabilizing forces (see diagram).
62
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
• Rubble Mound Breakwater Design
• Structural elevation, run-up and overtopping
Run-up may be determined by surf similarity parameter (ξm) and core
permeability (Abbot and Price, 1994)
63
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
• Rubble Mound Breakwater Design
• Structural elevation, run-up and overtopping
64
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
• Rubble Mound Breakwater Design
• Structural elevation, run-up and overtopping
Designing to an Allowable Overtopping - Overtopping depends on relative
freeboard, R/Hs, wave period, wave steepness, permeability, porosity, and
surface roughness. Usually overtopping of a rubble structure such as a
breakwater or jetty can be tolerated only if it does not cause damaging
waves behind the structure.
65
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
• Rubble Mound Breakwater Design
• Structural elevation, run-up and overtopping
66
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
• Rubble Mound Breakwater Design
• Crest/ Crown Width
Depends on degree of allowed overtopping. Not critical if no overtopping is
allowed. Minimum of 3 armor units or 3 meters for low degree of overtopping.
67
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
• Rubble Mound Breakwater Design
• Wave Transmission
Wave transmission behind rubble mound breakwaters is caused by wave
regeneration due to overtopping and wave penetration through voids in the
breakwater.
It is affected by: Crest elevation; Crest width; seaside and lee-side face
slopes; Rubble size; Breakwater porosity; Wave height, and wave length
and water depth
Given an acceptable lee-side wave height, the crest elevation (hc) and width
(B) can be determined by using the diagram below (note: the diagram is
based on experiments by N. Tanaka, 1976, on a symmetric breakwater with
1:2 seaside and lee-side slopes.)
68
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
• Rubble Mound Breakwater Design
• Armor Unit Size and Stability
69
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
• Rubble Mound Breakwater Design
• Armor Unit Size and Stability
Considerations:
• Slope: flatter slope >> smaller armor unit weight but more material required
• Seaside Armor Slope - 1:1.15 to 1:2
• Harbor-side (leeside) Slope
• Minor overtopping/ moderate wave action - 1:1.25 to 1:1.5
• Moderate overtopping/ large waves - 1:1.33 to 1:1.5
• * harbor-side slopes are steeper, subject to landslide type failure
70
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
• Rubble Mound Breakwater Design
• Armor Unit Size and Stability
Considerations:
• Trunk vs. head (end of breakwater) >> head is exposed to more
concentrated wave attack >> want flatter slopes at head (or larger armor
units)
• Overtopping >> less return flow/ action on seaward side but more on
leeward
• Layer dimensions >> thicker layers give more reserve stability if damaged
• Special placement >> reduces size requirements, generally limited to
concrete armor units
• Concrete armor units (may be required for more extreme wave
conditions)
71
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
• Rubble Mound Breakwater Design
• Armor Unit Size and Stability
Advantage - increase stability, allow steeper slopes (less material required),
lighter weight
Disadvantage - breakage results in lost stability and more rapid deterioration.
Hydraulic studies have indicated that up to 15 percent random breakage of
doles armor units may be experienced before stability is threatened, and up
to five broken units in a cluster can be tolerated.
Considerations
• 1. Availability of casting forms
• 2. Concrete quality
• 3. Use of reinforcing (required if > 10-20t)
• 4. Placement
• 5. Construction equipment availability
**When using special armor units, underlayers are sized based on stone armor unit weight
72
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
• Rubble Mound Breakwater Design
• Armor Unit Size and Stability
Hudson's Formula for Determining Armor Unit Weight:
Ref. Hudson, R. Y. (1959)
Formula is based on a balance of forces to ensure each armor unit maintains
stability under the forces exerted by a given wave attack.
γstone=165lb/ft3
SGstone=2.34
From Table
76
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
• Rubble Mound Breakwater Design
• Armor Unit Size and Stability
77
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
78
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
79
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
• Rubble Mound Breakwater Design
• Armor Unit Size and Stability
Modified Allowable Wave Height Based on Damage
The concept of designing a rubble-mound breakwater for zero damage is
unrealistic, because a definite risk always exists for the stability criteria to be
exceeded in the life of the structure.
Table 3 shows results of damage tests where H/HD=0 is a function of the
percent damage, D, for various armor units. H is the wave height
corresponding to damage D. HD=0 is the design wave height corresponding to
0 to 5 percent damage, generally referred to as the no-damage condition.
Information presented in table 3 may be used to estimate anticipated annual
repair costs, given appropriate long-term wave statistics for the site.
If a certain level of damage is acceptable, the design wave height may be
reduced.
81
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
• Rubble Mound Breakwater Design
• Armor Unit Size and Stability
3
82
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
• Rubble Mound Breakwater Design
• Under layer design
Underlayers Design
Armor Layer provides structural stability against external forces (waves)
Underlayers prevent core or base material from escaping.
Requirements:
• 1. Prevent fine material from leaching out.
• 2. Allow for sufficient porosity to avoid excessive pore pressure build-up
inside the breakwater that could lead to instability or liquefaction in
extreme cases
83
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
• Rubble Mound Breakwater Design
• Under layer design
84
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
• Rubble Mound Breakwater Design
• Under layer design
(Guidance from Shore Protection Manual)
First Underlayer (directly under the armor units)
• minimum two stone thick (n = 2)
• (1) under layer unit weight = W/10
• if cover layer and first underlayer are both stone
• if the first underlayer is stone and the cover layer is concrete armor units
with KD ≤ 10
• (2) under layer unit weight = W/15 when the cover layer is of armor units
with KD > 10
Second Underlayer
• Minimum two stone thick, (n = 2)
• Under layer unit weight= W/200
85
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
• Rubble Mound Breakwater Design
• Bedding of Filter Layer Design
• Layer between structure and foundation or between cover layer and bank
material for revetments.
• Purpose is to prevent base material from leaching out, prevent pore
pressure build-up in base material and protect from excessive settlement.
86
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
• Rubble Mound Breakwater Design
• Bedding of Filter Layer Design
• Cohesive Material: May not need filter layer if foundation is cohesive
material. A layer of quarry stone may be placed as a bedding layer or
apron to reduce settlement or scour.
• Coarse Gravel: Foundations of coarse gravel may not require a filter
blanket.
• Sand: a filter blanket should be provided to prevent waves and currents
from removing sand through the voids of the rubble and thus causing
settlement.
• When large quarry-stone are placed directly on a sand foundation at depths
where waves and currents act on the bottom (as in the surf zone), the rubble
will settle into the sand until it reaches the depth below which the sand will
not be disturbed by the currents.
Large amounts of rubble may be required to allow for the loss of rubble
because of settlement. This, in turn, can provide a stable foundation.
87
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
• Rubble Mound Breakwater Design
• Bedding of Filter Layer Design
88
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
• Rubble Mound Breakwater Design
• Bedding of Filter Layer Design
89
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
• Rubble Mound Breakwater Design
• Toe Structures
No rigorous criteria. Design is complicated by interactions between main
structure, hydrodynamic forces and foundation soil. Design is often ad hoc or
based on laboratory testing. Toe failure often leads to major structural failure.
90
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
• Rubble Mound Breakwater Design
• Toe Structures
91
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
• Rubble Mound Breakwater Design
• Toe Structure
92
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
• Rubble Mound Breakwater Design
• Toe Structure
93
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
• Rubble Mound Breakwater Design
• Toe Structure
94
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
• Rubble Mound Breakwater Design
• Low Crested Breakwater (from Sorensen)
96
DESIGN EXAMPLE
99
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
• Solution:
10
0
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
Specify Design Condition
Still water level (SWL) = 5.5 m,
Design high water (DHW) = 1.7 m
Water depth h (or d) = 5.5 + 1.7 = 7.2m
101
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
Specify Design Condition
Calculate depth limited breaking wave height at structure toe, compare with
unbroken wave height and use less of the two for design
Both waves heights are greater than Hs which means waves are not
breaking and design H=Hs=2m
10
2
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
Set BW Dimensions (controlled by height & slope):
Set-up: waves are not breaking per the previous calculation therefore no set-
up
η =0
NOTE: there will be a set-down, but this will be neglected and considered an
added factor of safety unless required to reduce the structure size
Wave set up,
10
3
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
Overtopping Discharge (CEM VI-5, pp. 19-33)
Note
q=Q
105
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
Run up:
106
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
Run up:
107
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
Run up:
108
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
BW Dimension Summary:
• Assumed
• structure is symmetric, α = αb
• no set-down
• no crown, hc = R
• total settlement = 0.1 m (adjust later)
109
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
Armor Unit Design:
Assume Armor unit is rough quarry stone, 2 layers, no breaking >> Table
VI-5-22 applies
111
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
Armor Thickness:
112
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
Armor Thickness:
113
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
Under Layer Design:
The goal to reduce the size of the stone to at point where W/wcore ≤ 15-25,
where W is the stone in the layer covering the core.
Roughly, this gives a size of ~W/4000 for the core >> ½ lb stones, with 2 inch
diameter. If some other size is readily available, that might be the goal. Must
check to ensure the W/wcore ≤ 15-25 is met once the core over-layer is
known.
114
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
Under Layer Design:
115
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
First Under layer:
~0.7m
116
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
First Under Layer:
117
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
Second Under-Layer:
118
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
Second Under-Layer :
119
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
Core:
• Dynamic load requirement based on layer above:
• W/wcore ≤ 15 to 25 W=
• W = 4.5 kg
• wcore ≥ 4.5/25 – 4.5/15 = 0.18 – 0.3 kg
120
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
Core design:
121
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
Toe Design:
122
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
Toe Design:
123
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
Toe Design: (Tanimoto, K., Yagyu, T., and Goda, Y., 1982)
125
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
Toe Design:
126
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
Filter Bed Design:
127
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
Structure Summary:
128
RUBBLE MOUND STRUCTURE DESIGN
Settlement & Bearing Capacity:
Similar to foundation eng…
129
THANK YOU