E l e c t r i c a l Engineering i n J a p a n , Vol. 110, No.
1, 1990
Translated from Denki Cakkai Konbunshi, Vol. 109-D, No. 12, December 1989, pp. 913-920
Characteristics of Variable Speed Brushless-Type
Double-Frequency Synchronous Generators
SAKUTARO NONAKA
F a c u l t y of E n g i n e e r i n g , Kyushu U n i v e r s i t y
and TAKEMI KAWAGUCHI
Kurume C o l l e g e of Technology
1. Introduction
V a r i a b l e speed g e n e r a t o r s and t h e i r
stand-alone o r i n t e r c o n n e c t e d e l e c t r i c power
g e n e r a t i o n systems are drawing c o n s i d e r a b l e
a t t e n t i o n f o r e f f e c t i v e u t i l i z a t i o n of wind
power and small hydropower r e s o u r c e s [l-151.
Machines used f o r t h e s e purposes g e n e r a l l y
a r e o p e r a t e d under v e r y s e v e r e c o n d i t i o n s and
t h e r e f o r e s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n must b e p a i d t o
t h e i r r e l i a b i l i t y and maintenance. They a l s o
have t o r.ork s t a b l y and respond q u i c k l y under
v a r y i n g s h a f t speed. I n a d d i t i o n , i t i s de-
s i r e d t h a t t h e i r c o n t r o l systems be a s simple
a s possible.
I t h a s been proposed 1151 t h a t a cage-
t y p e v a r i a b l e speed i n d u c t i o n g e n e r a t o r b e
connected t o a commercial power network a t a
u n i t y power f a c t o r through a b i l a t e r a l v o l -
tage-source-type PWM frequency c o n v e r t e r [ 1 6 ] .
Although t h i s system h a s a d v a n t a g e s i n t h a t
t h e machine i s r o b u s t and can be m a i n t a i n e d
e a s i l y , it a l s o has disadvantages i n t h a t the
vector control i s applied f o r torque control
and t h e r e f o r e t h e c o n t r o l system becomes
s l i g h t l y complicated. I n a n o t h e r scheme,
winding-type i n d u c t i o n machines a r e con-
t r o l l e d by a s t a t i c S c h e r b i u s system u s i n g
secondary e x c i t a t i o n [ 2 , 5, 8, 9 , 121 o r an
a c e x c i t e d synchronous machine [ l o , 171.
T h i s scheme h a s an a d v a n t a g e i n t h a t t h e con-
v e r t e r c a p a c i t y need n o t b e s o l a r g e , b u t i t
r e q u i r e s b r u s h e s and s l i p r i n g s f o r connect-
i n g t h e secondary c o n v e r t e r . I n t h e brush-
less s t a t i c S c h e r b i u s system d i s c u s s e d i n
[18] and [ 1 9 ] , i n d u c t i o n machines a r e con-
n e c t e d i n c a s c a d e and t h e i r secondary wind-
i n g s are e x c i t e d from t h e s t a t o r s i d e .
E a r l i e r , Nonaka e t a l . d i s c u s s e d a
double-frequency synchronous g e n e r a t o r [20,
211; one of i t s two-phase s t a t o r windings,
s a y , winding WAY is connected t o a r e c t i f i e r
and a s i n g l e - p h a s e c y l i n d r i c a l - t y p e r o t o r
119
winding, s a y , winding W F , i s connected t o a
condenser. A v o l t a g e induced by the r e s i d u a l
magnetism o f winding WA produces a c u r r e n t of
synchronous frequency f i n winding WF. This
c u r r e n t produces two k i n d s of magnetic f i e l d s
-one of which i s a t a s t a n d s t i l l i n t h e
s p a c e , and t h e o t h e r i s r o t a t i n g a t a speed
t w i c e a s h i g h a s synchronous speed i n t h e
same d i r e c t i o n a s t h e r o t o r .
A v o l t a g e of f r e q u e n c y 2f a l s o i s i n -
duced i n t h e s t a t o r two-phase winding and
winding W i s e x c i t e d by a half-wave r e c t i -
F
f i e d c u r r e n t . T h i s means t h a t a double-fre-
quency power i s s u p p l i e d t o t h e l o a d connect-
ed t o t h e remaining s t a t o r winding.
The machine d i s c u s s e d i n t h i s paper con-
s i s t s of a h a l f - s p e e d b r u s h l e s s synchronous
motor w i t h s i n g l e - p h a s e s h o r t - c i r c u i t e d r o t o r
winding [22-251. I t i s connected t o a b i l a -
t e r a l frequency c o n v e r t e r t o s u p e r p o s e a dc
e x c i t i n g c u r r e n t on t h e s t a t o r c u r r e n t . The
double-frequency v o l t a g e g e n e r a t e d f o l l o w i n g
t h e same p r i n c i p l e a s mentioned i n t h e f o r e -
going i s c o n v e r t e d t o a v o l t a g e of t h e main
network f r e q u e n c y . The phase d i f f e r e n c e of
t h i s power g e n e r a t i o n system [ 2 6 ] i s f i x e d i n
t h e g e n e r a t i o n r e g i o n u s i n g a frequency con-
v e r t e r which i s s y n c h r o n i z e d w i t h t h e wave-
form d e f i n e d by t h e s i n e of t w i c e t h e r o t a -
t i o n a n g l e of t h e r o t o r . The r e q u i r e d d c
e x c i t i n g c u r r e n t i s s u p p l i e d from t h e dc l i n k
and c o n v e r t e r . S i n c e t h e r o t o r p o s i t i o n i s
used a s a feedback r e f e r e n c e s i g n a l , t h e
machine i s o p e r a t e d s t a b l y under v a r y i n g
s h a f t speed.
A s w i l l b e shown l a t e r , t h e e x c i t i n g
c u r r e n t ( a c c o r d i n g l y , t h e g e n e r a t e d power and
t o r q u e , t o o ) c a n b e a d j u s t e d by a s l i g h t
asymmetrical c o n t r o l of t h e c o n v e r t e r . T h i s
paper p r e s e n t s f i r s t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e
proposed system and c o n t r o l system. I t s
ISSN0424-7760/90/0001-0119$7.50/0
0 1990 S c r i p t a Technica, I n c .

,b
'I
s t e a d y - s t a t e o p e r a t i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s are
analyzed by both approximate and s t a t e v a r i -
a b l e methods. The v a l i d i t y of t h e a n a l y s i s
i s confirmed experimentally. I t h a s a l s o
been confirmed e x p e r i m e n t a l l y t h a t t h e pro-
posed system i s a b l e t o supply a power of
u n i t y power f a c t o r over a wide speed range.
2. System Construction and
Control Scheme
The b r u s h l e s s double-frequency synchro-
nous g e n e r a t o r d i s c u s s e d i n t h i s paper i s
shown i n Fig. 1. It h a s t h e same s t r u c t u r e
a s t h e half-speed synchronous motor. The
s t a t o r comprises three-phase balanced wind-
i n g s and t h e r o t o r comprises a single-phase
s h o r t - c i r c u i t e d winding i f i t i s of c y l i n d r i -
c a l type and q-axis damper winding i f it i s
of s a l i e n t - p o l e t y p e .
i,
Micro-
comDuter
* Base dr. cir.
I J
Fig. 2 . V a r i a b l e speed and b r u s h l e s s t y p e double-frequency syn-
chronous generator-system.
The t o r q u e of t h e h a l f - s p e e d synchronous
motor i s produced by t h e mutual i n t e r a c t i o n
of t h e d i f f e r e n c e between d- and q - a x i s reac-
t a n c e s w i t h t h e s t a t i c magnetic f i e l d super-
posed on t h e r o t a t i n g magnetic f i e l d of t h e
s t a t o r . The half-speed synchronous motor
o p e r a t e s i n t h e same manner whether o r n o t i t
i s of s a l i e n t - p o l e t y p e . It i s assumed i n
lb
t h i s paper t h a t t h e machine is of n o n s a l i e n t -
pole type.
I n t h e e a r l i e r p a p e r s on half-speed syn-
chronous motors [ 2 4 , 2 5 1 , a s t a t i c magnetic
f i e l d i s superposed on t h e r o t a t i n g magnetic
f i e l d of t h e s t a t o r by i n s e r t i n g a d i o d e t o
one of t h e s t a t o r phase windings. I n t h e
system d i s c u s s e d i n t h i s paper (Fig. Z), t h e
microcomputer i s c o n t r o l l e d so t h a t t h e ter-
minal v o l t a g e of c o n v e r t e r I o r t h e double-
frequency synchronous g e n e r a t o r c o n t a i n s a dc
component. More p r e c i s e l y , t h e PWM waveform
i s determined u s i n g a t r i a n g u l a r c a r r i e r wave
and a modulating wave which c o n t a i n s a small
amount of dc component. A small dc component
of t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e produces a s u f f i c i e n t l y
l a r g e dc c u r r e n t . I t i s n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e
c o n v e r t e r t o be synchronized a t a frequency
twice a s h i g h a s t h e r o t o r speed. For t h i s
purpose, t h e r o t o r p o s i t i o n i s sampled a t i n -
t e r v a l s of 1 m s f o r real time d e t e r m i n a t i o n
of PWM wave.
The e f f e c t of t h e p r o c e s s i n g t i m e of t h e
microcomputer i s taken i n t o account i n c a l c u -
l a t i n g t h e p u l s e width [ 2 7 ] . Denoting t h e
p r e d i c t e d r o t o r p o s i t i o n by B t , modulating
waves h'df), M,,(t) and Mc(f)
are determined a s
follows :
Converter Inverter
(converter 1) (converter 11)
1:
S
T
f
1 H "7
120
 I=O Ma(() Carrier wave As voltage E rises with the increase of gen-
d
erator output power, the polarity of reference
value of output current is reversed and the
driving signals of upper and lower arms are
changed over t o operate the converter I1 as
an inverter. In view of the operating prin-
ciple of converter 11, the reference value
of Ed is set at a level slightly higher than
the peak value of the full-wave rectified
voltage.

3. Principle of Power Generation and

Analysis of Steady-State
Characteristics
Ed
3.1 Principle of power generation
0
Flux vectors are given in Fig. 4 , where
it is assumed that the fundamental component
- Ed

Fig. 3. Each reference wave and output

waveform.
t'

wsr-a/2

where a , 6 are modulation factors of fundamen-

tal and dc components, respectively, yo is
the setting phase angle (electrical angle)*
of fundamental component of converter terminal
voltage in reference to the wave defined by
the sine of twice the rotation angle of the
rotor.
The value of setting phase angle y 0 is
determined so that the phase difference is
set in the generation region. The value of B
is also normally small (less than unity).
The instantaneous values of currents i K , is, ir
supplied from the inverter (converter 11) to
the main network are controlled by the hys-
teresis comparator so that the fundamental
power factor becomes unity and the dc link
voltage Ed agrees with the reference signal.
w, 1-21?
(a) F l u vector
diagram i (b) Time vector
diagram

Fig. 4. Diagrams of flux vector and

If the system is to be started or the phasor of double frequency synchronous
generator output power is smaller than the generator.
converter loss, converter 11 is operated as
a converter to establish the dc link voltage.

*The relation between yo and e0 [to be

given in E q . (8)] is expressed by

a,= yuc; (1')

where 5 is a constant determined from the

setting position of the rotor position sensor Fig. 5. Linkage flux, voltage and cur-
on the rotor shaft. rent in rotor winding.

121
of phase-a c u r r e n t t a k e s a maximum v a l u e a t 3.2 Approximate a n a l y s i s [ 2 6 ]
wst = 0. I t i s a l s o assumed t h a t t h e s t a t o r
c u r r e n t of each phase c o n t a i n s a dc component. I n t h i s s e c t i o n , o n l y t h e fundamental
The r o t o r r o t a t e s a t a n g u l a r speed of w S / 2 ( 0 s = and dc components of t h e c o n v e r t e r o r gener-
27rf) and t h e number of p o l e s i s two. AC com- a t o r t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e a r e t a k e n i n t o account.
ponents of s t a t o r c u r r e n t s ia, ih ic produce a The winding r e s i s t a n c e is n e g l e c t e d a s f a r
r-o t a-t i n g magnetic f l u x @ and t h e dc c u r r e n t s as t h e ac components of v o l t a g e and c u r r e n t
. .
i , , z 6 i c produce t h e s t a t , i c magnetic f i e l d a r e concerned, w h i l e i t i s t a k e n i n t o account
Pd. The r e s u l t a n t f l u x YS r o t a t e s a t a n g u l a r i n d i s c u s s i n g t h e dc components. Assumptions
speed of W S / ~w i t h v a r y i n g magnitude. made f o r s i m p l i f y i n g a n a l y s i s are a s f o l l o w s :
I f flux i n t e r l i n k s with the d i r e c t a x i s ( i ) The r o t o r r o t a t e s a t a c o n s t a n t
a t angle 6 ' , then t h e magnitude of t h e f l u x speed of W T = W S / ~ .
a s given by (1.,,=IYslsin 6' changes a l t e r n a t e l y
a t frequency f / 2 a s shown i n Fig. 5. Conse- ( i i ) The w i r i n g r e s i s t a n c e i s n e g l i g i -
q u e n t l y , t h e frequency of v o l t a g e e i s a l s o ble.
r
equal t o f / 2 . Neglecting t h e r e s i s t a n c e of
q-axis winding of the r o t o r f o r s i m p l i c i t y of ( i i i ) The c o r e s a t u r a t i o n and s p a c e
d i s c u s s i o n , c u r r e n t i l a g s by 90' behind harmonics a r e n e g l e c t e d .
r
voltage e Since only t h e fundamental and dc com-
r'
ponents a r e taken i n t o account, t h e phase
The mmf produced by t h i s c u r r e n t is a l - v o l t a g e of t h e g e n e r a t o r i s given by
ways i n t h e o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n t o f l u x JI
sr'
The f l u x produced by t h e q-axis mmf a l t e r -
n a t e s a t frequency f / 2 and i t i s decomposed
i n t o two components, s a y , ly, and Yrd. The
former component r o t a t e s a t a n g u l a r speed of
ws/2 i n t h e same d i r e c t i o n a s t h e r o t o r and
t h e l a t t e r a t t h e same speed i n t h e o p p o s i t e
d i r e c t i o n . Since t h e r o t o r r o t a t e s a t angu-
l a r speed of w s / 2 , f l u x Yrd r o t a t i n g i n t h e
o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n is a t s t a n d s t i l l when
where E i s t h e e f f e c t i v e v a l u e of t h e funda-
viewed from t h e s t a t o r .
mental component of phase v o l t a g e , w i s t h e
S
S t a t i c f l u x @d produced by t h e s t a t o r i s a n g u l a r frequency of t h e fundamental compo-
compensated t o some e x t e n t by t h e f l u x %,i n e n t , and Eao i s t h e dc component of phase-a
and t h e r e s u l t a n t f l u x i s .given by &. Posi-
voltage.
t i v e phase-sequence f l u x Yr produced by t h e
q-axis mmf r o t a t e s a t a n g u l a r speed of w s t o R e f e r r i n g t o t h e second term of Eq. ( 2 ) ,
produce a power g e n e r a t i o n t o r q u e under t h e it i s learned t h a t
mutual i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h t h e r o t a t i n g magnetic
f i e l d of t h e s t a t o r .

T i m e v e c t o r s of f l u x e s and v o l t a g e s are
shown i n Fig. 4 ( b ) . Vectors I? and B r e p r e -
0
s e n t t h e fundamental component of g e n e r a t o r
t e r m l n a l v o l t a g e and,induced emf, r e s p e c t i v e -
l y ; E' i s equal t o -E. Flux vg represents
t h e a i r gap f l u x produced by t h e f l u x e s tY and
K . (The e f f e c t s of winding r e s i s t a n c e and
leakage r e a c t a n c e are n e g l e c t e i . ) I n t h e
proposed system, t h e phase of E i s set i n
r e f e r e n c e t o t h e f l u x #r which i s synchro-
nized with t h e speed twice a s h i g h a s t h e
r o t o r s,peed. Since t h e phase d i f f e r e n c e be-
where T a ( t ) , f t , ( t ) , T , ( t ) r e p r e s e T t t h e dc compo-
n e n t s of s t a t o r c u r r e n t and i n ( t ) i s e q u a l t o
- Edr, where r r e p r e s e n t s t h e r e s i s t a n c e of
8
each phase winding of t h e s t a t o r .
Equation ( 2 ) i s used t o d e r i v e t h e equa-
t i o n f o r l i n e - t o - l i n e v o l t a g e . The v o l t a g e
e q u a t i o n t h u s d e r i v e d i s solved n o t i n g t h a t
+
(.i t ) i,(t) 4- ic(t)=O t o o b t a i n
'

tween Yr and EO i s equal t o n/2, t h e i n t e r n a l

phase a n g l e 6 i s k e p t c o n s t a n t . The r e l a t i o n
between a n g l e s 6 , 6 2 and 8 i s g i v e n by
0
6=26,=-2&, where 6 2 and e0 w i l l be i n t r o -
duced l a t e r . For t h i s reason, O0 i s desig-
nated i n t h i s paper simply as t h e phase
difference.

122
 3.3 A n a l y s i s by s t a t e v a r i a b l e method
[281

The fundamental and d c components a r e

(4)
where Jab, $&, Jca a r e i n t e g r a t i o n c o n s t a n t s .
The p r o c e s s of d e r i v i n g t h e f o r e g o i n g equa-
t i o n i s omitted due t o s p a c e l i m i t a t i o n s ( s e e
[26l).
taken i n t o account i n t h i s s e c t i o n , i n a d d i -
t i o n t o t h e s t a t o r and r o t o r winding resis-
t a n c e s . The a n a l y s i s i n t h i s s e c t i o n i s e f -
f e c t i v e f o r v e r i f y i n g t h e v a l i d i t y of t h e
analysis i n the previous section.
The v o l t a g e e q u a t i o n i n t h e d-(1 c o o r d i -
n a t e system r o t a t i n g w i t h t h e r o t o r i s ob-
t a i n e d by l e t t i n g p = d / d t and u s i n g t h e
transformation matrix C as follows:

Angle 6 a t an a r b i t r a r y t i m e t ( r e f e r
1
t o Fig. 2 ) i s given by

where L s = I a + ( 3 / 2 ) L a , Ia i s t h e l e a k a g e induc-
t a n c e of each s t a t o r phase winding, La i s t h e where Y, i s t h e r e s i s t a n c e of r o t o r winding
and
s e l f - i n d u c t a n c e of each s t a t o r phase winding,
u = 1 - ( 3 / 2 ) M $ / ( L s L , ) , M s , i s t h e mutual i n -
d u c t i o n between s t a t o r and r o t o r windings,
and L i s t h e s e l f - i n d u c t a n c e of t h e r o t o r
r
winding.

Taking i n t o account t h e dc component of

v o l t a g e and r e p r e s e n t i u g t h e s t a t o r d c cur- Choosing t h e s t a t e v a r i a b l e such a s
r e n t by t h e sum of t h e t h i r d and f o u r t h terms
of Eq. ( 4 ) , w e obtain [ 2 6 ] xl=[ed, eq,e d d , e q d , id, iq, ZrlT (11)

the following state equation i s obtained:

fix1= A 1x1
where

0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 0
- w: 0 0 0 (4 x3)
From t h e f o r e g o i n g e q u a t i o n s , t h e g e n e r a t e d Ai= 0 -w: 0 0
power i s g i v e n by ..... .. ..

(7)
Di i 0 0 2

; (3x2)
where X S = W S L XS ,~ = ~ X Sand f - 1/Ls 0 7

The g e n e r a t o r o u t p u t power i s given by sub-

t r a c t i n g t h e t o t a l copper l o s s from t h e f o r e -
mentioned g e n e r a t e d power. I t i s l e a r n e d
a l s o t h a t t h e g e n e r a t e d power i s p r o p o r t i o n a l
t o t h e dc component of phase-a s t a t o r cur-
r e n t i f e0 and V/f are f i x e d .

123
 assumed that the modulating wave is synchro-
nized with the carrier wave. More precisely,
_.-. .. I
it is assumed that period T of the fundamen-
tal modulating scheme is related to period TC
of the carrier wave in such a way that MT =
NTc(M<N),where M and N are integers. Rep-
resenting the state variable z2 in each mode
by
xz=[ed, eq,id, ip,&Ir
A9OS0
I I (19)
-90.
45.0 Equations (9) and (10) give
. .’
.-

where
E=50V
n =1500rpm
0 0 Wr j
-1. OL
- ~ r 0 (2x3)
Az= . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ . .
-- - Cal. byappr. m e t h o d t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t
- O n l y t h e fundam. anddccomp. c a l c u l a t e d
by s t a t e v a r i a b l e m e t h o d taking i n t o Di Dz
a c c o u n t o n l y t h e fundam. anddccomp.

Fig. 6. Power angle characteristic. The general solution for the forementioned
equation is given by

Xz(t)=a(t-ti)z2(ti) (i=O, 1 , 2 * * * k ) (22)

where @(t)=exp(Azt), t0=0 and !*+I= T.

Symbol ti denotes the time when the

Variables edd and e are used for dealing mode changes. Its value can easily be calcu-
qd
with the dc components and they are defined lated by microcomputer by a piecewise-linear
by approximation of the modulating wave [26].
Since voltages ed and e vary discontinuously
4
at time t
(16) i’ vector A X z i is defined by the
variations of these voltages as follows:
The solution for Eq. (12) is given by dJhi=(dedi, deqi, 0, 0, 0)‘ (i=kO) (23)
Xl(t +At)= @(dt)J!l(t) (17) Defining the state transition matrix by
where T is the period, At=Tlm(m : integer), @(ti+i- ti)=exp{Az( t i + l - ti)} (24)
@ ( d t ) = e x p ( A , A t ) . Matrix B to connect the ini-
tial value a ( 0 ) ’ with final value d T ) is the following equations hold at each mode
given by -I(I:unit matrix) and, therefore, transition time [29]:
the initial value is obtained from
tZ( to) =r z ( 0 )
(I+@(T))x1(O)=O (18)
3z(tl)=@(tl-f0)Xz(to)+dXZl
Various quantities such as power, current, 12(tz)= tl)XZ(tJ+dX22
etc., can be obtained by solving Eq. (17). (25)

3.4 Analysis by state variable method XZ( t h ) = a(t*- tk-l)&( a-l)+ dX Z*

1281 J!Z(tk+l)=@(tk+l- th)Xdt*)

This section considers the calculation In addition,

of the converter voltage waveform. The main
elements of the converter are assumed to have BZZ( t k + I = XZ(0) ( B= - I ) (26)
ideal characteristics and their on-state
voltage drop is neglected. Equations (25) and (26) give the initial
value SZ(O). The instantaneous torque is
To simplify the discussion, it is given by

124
 . .
r = pJ@h4srldlr
where p i s t h e number o f p o l e p a i r s .

4. Comparison between C a l c u l a t e d
and Measured R e s u l t s

A 1-kW, 110-V, & p o l e wound r o t o r - t y p e

i n d u c t i o n motor i s used a s a t e s t machine
with its r o t o r winding s h o r t - c i r c u i t e d
through a s l i p r i n g . C o n s t a n t s of t h i s
machine a r e

Resistances r and r a r e measured a t tempera-

S r
t u r e of 17°C. T h e i r v a l u e s a r e c o n v e r t e d t o
t h o s e a t 75°C when t h e y a r e used f o r t h e ana-
l y s i s by t h e s t a t e v a r i a b l e method. A l l
o t h e r r e s i s t a n c e s a l s o a r e taken i n t o account
such a s measuring equipment r e s i s t a n c e s ,
shunt r e s i s t a n c e f o r c u r r e n t waveform measure-
ment, w i r i n g r e s i s t a n c e s (0.12'2 on each of
s t a t o r and r o t o r s i d e s ) , e t c .

The c a l c u l a t e d phase a n g l e c h a r a c t e r i s -
t i c s a r e shown i n F i g . 6 . They c l e a r l y i n d i -
c a t e t h e v a l i d i t y of t h e approximate method.

R e s u l t s c a l c u l a t e d d i r e c t l y from t h e
t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e waveform-are shown i n F i g . 7
( a ) , where n = 1500 rpm, in(!) = -6A, L%= -52".
The measured waveforms a r e a l s o shown in F i g s .
7 ( b ) and ( c ) . The measured waveforms a g r e e
approximately w i t h t h e c a l c u l a t e d o n e s e x c e p t
F i g . 7 . Comparison of t h e c a l c u l a t e d
f o r a s m a l l d i f f e r e n c e caused by t h e dead
waveforms w i t h t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l wave-
time used i n t h e a n a l y s i s f o r p r e v e n t i n g t h e
s h o r t c i r c u i t between u p p e r and lower arms.
forms .
Symbols i n F i g . 7 ( a ) have t h e f o l l o w i n g
meanings :

p : i n s t a n t a n e o u s t h r e e phase power, T :
g e n e r a t o r t o r q u e , h, h,,A,+h : f l u x i n -
t e r l i n k a g e s between s t a t o r and r o t o r
windings.*

The t o r q u e p u l s a t e s due t o t h e p r e s e n c e
of t h e dc component of t h e s t a t o r c u r r e n t b u t
i t would be absorbed i n p r a c t i c e by t h e l a r g e

* I n s t a n t a n e o u s v a l u e s of f l u x i n t e r l i n k -
a g e s can be determined from t h o s e of s t a t o r
F i g . 8. L o c i of f l u x v e c t o r s .
and r o t o r c u r r e n t s u s i n g t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p
such t h a t / , + / , + 1 , = 0 [ 2 4 ] . The v o l t a g e equa-
t i o n of r o t o r c i r c u i t a l s o g i v e s t h e f l u x
i n t e r l i n k a g e of r o t o r winding such t h a t
i n e r t i a of a prime mover such a s a w i n d m i l l
d , = M\,(cOS Od" +COS(U, - 2lr/.?)/.+COS(Or - I,dTil)r,I and water t u r b i n e . According t o F i g . 7 ( a ) ,
+ L,,, (2~) $p i s a b o u t t e n p e r c e n t of d,,, ',"I,, and +, .

125
 - Calc. by s t a t e v a r . method using t h e s t a t i c f l u x [ r e f e r t o F i g . 4 ( a ) ] . Conse-
terminal v o l t a g e waveform
--- Calc. by s t a t e var. method taking q u e n t l y , t h e magnetic d e f l e c t i o n i s n o t s o
i n t o a c c t . only the fund. and dc s e r i o u s even i f t h e s t a t i c f l u x e x i s t s .
components
o Measured
The frequency of t h e fundamental compo-
64 n e n t of t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e of t h i s machine i s
twice as h i g h a s t h a t of t h e main network.
Accordingly, t h e maximum f l u x d e n s i t y i s n o t
so h i g h a s t o s a t u r a t e t h e s t a t o r c o r e even
a
i f t h e r o t o r flux i s deflected as indicated
2:: i n F i g . 8. However, t h e magnetic d e f l e c t i o n
may reduce t h e o u t p u t power of t h e g e n e r a t o r
1 2
0)
due t o t h e i n c r e a s e of leakage c o e f f i c i e n t .
5 T h i s means t h a t t h e c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l a r e a of
s t a t o r c o r e h a s t o be i n c r e a s e d t o some ex-
8,, degrees
t e n t i n d e s i g n i n g t h e machine.

The c a l c u l a t e d g e n e r a t e d power v s . power

Fig. 9 . Generated power v s . power a n g l e . a n g l e c u r v e s a r e compared w i t h t h e measured
ones i n Fig. 9. The v a l u e of V/f ( o r , equi-
v a l e n t l y , Ed> is set lower t h a n t h e r a t e d

measured
D . o . A . ~
v a l u e (110 V/60 Hz) i n t h i s f i g u r e t a k i n g
- calculated s i n t o account t h e e f f e c t of c o r e s a t u r a t i o n
able method and t h e f a c t t h a t t h e c u r r e n t is l a r g e when
term. v o l . w 8 i s large.
0
The e f f e c t s of phase-a s t a t o r dc c u r r e n t
on s t a t o r and r o t o r c u r r e n t s , g e n e r a t e d power
and g e n e r a t o r o u t p u t power a r e shown i n Fig.
10, where 8 = -52'.* Curves i n t h i s f i g u r e
0
indicate that it is possible t o control the
g e n e r a t e d power o r t h e o u t p u t power of t h e
g e n e r a t o r by r e g u l a t i n g t h e dc component of
phase-a s t a t o r c u r r e n t .

Fig. 10. C u r r e n t s , generated power and
output power of g e n e r a t o r v s . s t a t o r dc
current.
This that the produced by the sta-
t o r c u r r e n t s is i n t h e o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n t o
t h a t produced by t h e r o t o r c u r r e n t .
The f l u x v e c t o r s obtained from t h e i n -
s t a n t a n e o u s v a l u e of f l u x i n t e r l i n k a g e of
each s t a t o r winding u s i n g t h e r e s u l t s i n Fig.
7(a) are shown by t h e s o l i d l i n e s i n Fig. 8.
The dashed l i n e is o b t a i n e d under t h e same
c o n d i t i o n except t h a t i a ( t ) = 0. A s i n d i c a t e d
by t h e dashed l i n e , an a c c u r r e n t i s induced
i n t h e r o t o r winding even i f t h e s t a t i c f l u x
of t h e s t a t o r does n o t e x i s t .
The n e g a t i v e phase-sequence magnetic
f l u x produced by t h e ac c u r r e n t d e f l e c t s t h e
s t a t o r f l u x . Even i f t h e s t a t i c f l u x is su-
perposed, most of it i s compensated by t h e
n e g a t i v e phase-sequence f l u x produced by t h e
5. Experimental R e s u l t s of V a r i a b l e
Speed Operation
The o p e r a t i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s under v a r i -
o u s s h a f t speeds are shown i n F i g . 11, where
t h e s t a t o r dc c u r r e n t i s f i x e d and e0 i s k e p t
e q u a l t o -50'. The fundamental component
modulation f a c t o r a o r , e q u i v a l e n t l y , t h e e f -
f e c t i v e v a l u e of t h e fundamental component of
phase-a v o l t a g e ( E i n Fig. 11) i s r e g u l a t e d
a
by microcomputer so t h a t i t i s p r o p o r t i o n a l
t o t h e speed. Consequently, t h e v a l u e of V/f
is k e p t c o n s t a n t . Curves i n F i g . 11 demon-
s t r a t e t h a t t h e proposed system makes i t pos-
s i b l e t o r e g e n e r a t e - t h e e l e c t r i c power over a
wide speed range.
F i g u r e 12 shows how t h e v a r i a t i o n of
prime mover speed a f f e c t s t h e v o l t a g e , cur-
r e n t and o u t p u t power of t h e g e n e r a t o r . The
r e f e r e n c e v a l u e of dc l i n k v o l t a g e Ed is set
a t 150 V and t h e v a l u e s of fa(t> and e0 are
*The v a l u e of E i s set so t h a t t h e ef-
d
f e c t i v e v a l u e of t h e fundamental component
of c o n v e r t e r t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e c o i n c i d e s w i t h
t h e r a t e d v o l t a g e (110 V ) of t e s t e d machine
a t n = 1800 rpm.

126
 the generator are shown in Fig. 13. They in-
-. 1.0- 10.0-
dicate that the generator supplies an elec-
tric power to the main network at unity power
4
b 9.0- factor.
P
8 0.8- 8.0-
m
u -
7.0- 6. Conclusions
0.6-216.0-
-50 5
c u C
The proposed system has the following
% g.5.0- -40 'z features:
- h w
.d
2 0.4 -54.0- -30
0
0 3.0-
(1) The machine is of brushless type.
-7

X - 20
1
0.2- 2.0- (2) Both the generator and the converter
I-Q work stably under varying shaft speed due to
I I
the rotor position feedback control.
500 1000
n( r w ) ( 3 ) The output power of the generator
can be controlled very widely from 0 to the
Fig. 11. Characteristics with speed. rated output power by controlling the static
magnetic field using the converter.

(4) The generator can be controlled over

a wide speed range unless the prime mover
speed is very low.

(5) The excitation power of the genera-

tor is supplied from the dc link and convert-
er. It need not be supplied from the main
network and, consequently, it is possible to
w" 1 5 0 v f keep the power factor always equal to unity.

The following problems must be studied

further for practical applications of the
Fig. 12. Variations of voltage, cur- proposed system:
rent and power of power system with
speed. (i) reduction of torque pulsation;

(ii) reduction of harmonic loss; and

(iii) reduction of primary copper loss

due to dc current.

Use of salient-pole-type machine is ef-

fective for reduction of secondary copper
loss or, equivalently, for improvement of
efficiency and reduction of weight.

Acknowledgement

Fig. 13. Waveforms of voltage and cur- The authors thank Mr. Sasaki, graduate
rent of power system. student of Kyushu University (presently with
West Japan Railway Co.), for his cooperation
in developing the proposed system.

REFERENCES
fixed in this experiment. Voltage Ed is kept
constant even if the speed changes and the 1. Koyakumaru. Trans. I.E.E., Japan, Vol.
power proportional to the speed is fed to the 101-B, p. 535, Sept. 1981.
main network. In practice, it is necessary 2. Ohtsubo, Tsuruta and Shibata. Ibid.,
to control the value of T , ( t ) so as to extract Vol. 105-B, p. 684, Aug. 1985.
a maximum power from the prime mover. The 3. Sassaki and Matsuzaka. Ibid., Vol. 105-
waveforms of output voltage and current of B y p. 698, Aug. 1985.

127
 4. Nonaka and Kesamaru. Ibid., Vol. 105-B,
p. 851, Oct. 1985.
5. Matsuhashi, Amano, Saijo and Inoue.
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6. Uchijimi, Fukushima and Saijo. Trans.
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7 . Suzuki, Kamano and Harada. Ibid., Vol.
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8. Jing, Nakamura, Ohnishi and Miyachi.
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10* Umeda, Morita, Suzuki and Okitsu. 1982-
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11 * G. Raina, et al. I.E.E. Trans. Power
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Dec. 1983.
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17. Tamura, Hasegawa and Fujiwara. Trans.
128
I.E.E., Japan, Vol. 103-B, p. 93, Feb.
1983.
18. Nonaka and Oguchi. Ibid., Vol. 92-B, p.
241, Apr. 1972.
19. Nonaka and Oguchi. Ibid., Vol. 97-B, p.
127, Mar. 1977.
20. Nonaka, Ono and Matsudaira. 1962-Kyushu
Br. Joint Conv. Four Insts. Elec., En-
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Conv. Four Insts. Elec. Engrs., Japan,
No. 673.
22. C. Schenfer. Electrotechnik and Mechi-
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23. R. L. Russell et al. Proc. Inst. Elect.
Engrs., Vol. 104, 77, Feb. 1957.
24. Nonaka and Koyama. Trans. I.E.E., Japan,
Vol. 92-B, p. 175, Feb. 1972.
25. Nonaka, Fujii and Kawaguchi. Ibid., Vol.
104-B, p. 841, Dec. 1984.
26. Nonaka and Kawaguchi. 1988-National
Conv. Industrial Applications Society
of I.E.E., Japan, No. 26.
27. Nonaka and Kawaguchi. Trans. I.E.E.,
Japan, Vol. 108-D, p. 685, July 1988.
28. For instance see Nonaka. 1988-National
Conv. I.E., Japan, S 7-7.
29. Shinohara, Sanenari, Irisa, Sakiyama.
Paper of Technical Meeting on Sernicon-
ducting Power Conversion. I.E.E., Japan,
SPC-88-24, Jan. 1988.