Wyant, 2003 1
Zernike Polynomials
1 Introduction
Often, to aid in the interpretation of optical test results it is convenient to express wavefront data in polynomial form. Zernike polynomials are often used for this
purpose since they are made up of terms that are of the same form as the types of aberrations often observed in optical tests (Zernike, 1934). This is not to say that
Zernike polynomials are the best polynomials for fitting test data. Sometimes Zernike polynomials give a poor representation of the wavefront data. For example,
Zernikes have little value when air turbulence is present. Likewise, fabrication errors in the single point diamond turning process cannot be represented using a
reasonable number of terms in the Zernike polynomial. In the testing of conical optical elements, additional terms must be added to Zernike polynomials to accurately
represent alignment errors. The blind use of Zernike polynomials to represent test results can lead to disastrous results.
Zernike polynomials are one of an infinite number of complete sets of polynomials in two variables, r and q, that are orthogonal in a continuous fashion over the interior
of a unit circle. It is important to note that the Zernikes are orthogonal only in a continuous fashion over the interior of a unit circle, and in general they will not be
orthogonal over a discrete set of data points within a unit circle.
Zernike polynomials have three properties that distinguish them from other sets of orthogonal polynomials. First, they have simple rotational symmetry properties that
lead to a polynomial product of the form
r@ρD g@θD,
where g[q] is a continuous function that repeats self every 2p radians and satisfies the requirement that rotating the coordinate system by an angle a does not change the
form of the polynomial. That is
g@θ + αD = g@θD g@αD.
The set of trigonometric functions
± mθ
g@θD = ,
where m is any positive integer or zero, meets these requirements.
The second property of Zernike polynomials is that the radial function must be a polynomial in r of degree 2n and contain no power of r less than m. The third property
is that r[r] must be even if m is even, and odd if m is odd.
The radial polynomials can be derived as a special case of Jacobi polynomials, and tabulated as r@n, m, rD. Their orthogonality and normalization properties are given
by
‡ 2 Hn + 1L
1
1
r@n, m, ρD r@n ', m, ρD ρ ρ = KroneckerDelta@n − n 'D
0
and
ZernikePolynomialsForTheWeb.nb James C. Wyant, 2003 2
r@n, m, 1D = 1.
As stated above, r[n, m, r] is a polynomial of order 2n and it can be written as
H2 n − m − sL !
r@n_, m_, ρ_D := ‚ H−1Ls ρ2 Hn−sL−m
n−m
s=0 s ! Hn − sL ! Hn − m − sL !
In practice, the radial polynomials are combined with sines and cosines rather than with a complex exponential. It is convenient to write
i y
∆w@ρ_, θ_D := ∆w + „ j j
j
z
‚ Hb@n, mD rcos@n, m, ρD + c@n, mD rsin@n, m, ρDLz
z
nmax
j z
n
¯¯¯¯¯
k {
a@nD r@n, 0, ρD +
m=1
n=1
where Dw[r, q] is the mean wavefront opd, and a[n], b[n,m], and c[n,m] are individual polynomial coefficients. For a symmetrical optical system, the wave aberrations
are symmetrical about the tangential plane and only even functions of q are allowed. In general, however, the wavefront is not symmetric, and both sets of trigonometric
terms are included.
2 Calculating Zernikes
For the example below the degree of the Zernike polynomials is selected to be 6. The value of nDegree can be changed if a different degree is desired.
The array zernikePolar contains Zernike polynomials in polar coordinates (r, q), while the array zernikeXy contains the Zernike polynomials in Cartesian, (x, y),
coordinates. zernikePolarList and zernikeXyList contains the Zernike number in column 1, the n and m values in columns 2 and 3, and the Zernike polynomial in
column 4.
nDegree = 6;
i = 0;
Do@If@m == 0, 8i = i + 1, temp@iD = 8i − 1, n, m, r@n, m, ρD<<,
8i = i + 1, temp@iD = 8i − 1, n, m, Factor@rcos@n, m, ρDD<,
i = i + 1, temp@iD = 8i − 1, n, m, Factor@rsin@n, m, ρDD<<D, 8n, 0, nDegree<, 8m, n, 0, −1<D;
ZernikePolynomialsForTheWeb.nb James C. Wyant, 2003 3
!!!!!!!
è!!!!!!!!
zernikeXyList = Map@TrigExpand, zernikePolarListD ê. 9ρ → =;
!
è!!!!!!!! !!!!!
! !!!!!!!
è!!!!!!!!
x y
x2 + y2 , Cos@θD → , Sin@θD →
x2 + y2 x2 + y2
Do@zernikeXy@i − 1D = zernikeXyList@@i, 4DD, 8i, 1, Length@zernikeXyListD<D
Each term contains the appropriate amount of each lower order term to make it orthogonal to each lower order term. Also, each term of the Zernikes minimizes the rms
wavefront error to the order of that term. Adding other aberrations of lower order can only increase the rms error. Furthermore, the average value of each term over the
unit circle is zero.
# n m Polynomial
0 0 0 1
1 1 1 ρ Cos@θD
2 1 1 ρ Sin@θD
3 1 0 −1 + 2 ρ2
4 2 2 ρ2 Cos@2 θD
ρ H−2 + 3 ρ2 L Cos@θD
5 2 2 ρ2 Sin@2 θD
ρ H−2 + 3 ρ2 L Sin@θD
6 2 1
7 2 1
8 2 0 1 − 6 ρ2 + 6 ρ4
9 3 3 ρ3 Cos@3 θD
10 3 3 ρ3 Sin@3 θD
ZernikePolynomialsForTheWeb.nb James C. Wyant, 2003 4
ρ2 H−3 + 4 ρ2 L Cos@2 θD
ρ2 H−3 + 4 ρ2 L Sin@2 θD
11 3 2
ρ H3 − 12 ρ2 + 10 ρ4 L Cos@θD
12 3 2
ρ H3 − 12 ρ2 + 10 ρ4 L Sin@θD
13 3 1
14 3 1
15 3 0 −1 + 12 ρ2 − 30 ρ4 + 20 ρ6
16 4 4 ρ4 Cos@4 θD
ρ3 H−4 + 5 ρ2 L Cos@3 θD
17 4 4 ρ4 Sin@4 θD
ρ3 H−4 + 5 ρ2 L Sin@3 θD
18 4 3
ρ2 H6 − 20 ρ2 + 15 ρ4 L Cos@2 θD
19 4 3
ρ2 H6 − 20 ρ2 + 15 ρ4 L Sin@2 θD
20 4 2
ρ H−4 + 30 ρ2 − 60 ρ4 + 35 ρ6 L Cos@θD
21 4 2
ρ H−4 + 30 ρ2 − 60 ρ4 + 35 ρ6 L Sin@θD
22 4 1
23 4 1
24 4 0 1 − 20 ρ2 + 90 ρ4 − 140 ρ6 + 70 ρ8
25 5 5 ρ5 Cos@5 θD
ρ4 H−5 + 6 ρ2 L Cos@4 θD
26 5 5 ρ5 Sin@5 θD
ρ4 H−5 + 6 ρ2 L Sin@4 θD
27 5 4
ρ3 H10 − 30 ρ2 + 21 ρ4 L Cos@3 θD
28 5 4
ρ3 H10 − 30 ρ2 + 21 ρ4 L Sin@3 θD
29 5 3
ρ5 H−6 + 7 ρ2 L Cos@5 θD
37 6 6 ρ6 Sin@6 θD
ρ5 H−6 + 7 ρ2 L Sin@5 θD
38 6 5
ρ4 H15 − 42 ρ2 + 28 ρ4 L Cos@4 θD
39 6 5
ρ4 H15 − 42 ρ2 + 28 ρ4 L Sin@4 θD
40 6 4
−1 + 2 Hx2 + y2 L
2 1 1 y
3 1 0
4 2 2 x2 − y2
−2 x + 3 x Hx2 + y2 L
5 2 2 2xy
−2 y + 3 y Hx2 + y2 L
6 2 1
1 − 6 Hx2 + y2 L + 6 Hx2 + y2 L
7 2 1
2
8 2 0
9 3 3 x3 − 3 x y2
−3 x2 + 3 y2 + 4 x2 Hx2 + y2 L − 4 y2 Hx2 + y2 L
10 3 3 3 x2 y − y3
−6 x y + 8 x y Hx2 + y2 L
11 3 2
3 x − 12 x Hx2 + y2 L + 10 x Hx2 + y2 L
12 3 2
2
3 y − 12 y Hx2 + y2 L + 10 y Hx2 + y2 L
13 3 1
2
−4 x3 + 12 x y2 + 5 x3 Hx2 + y2 L − 15 x y2 Hx2 + y2 L
17 4 4 4 x3 y − 4 x y3
12 x y − 40 x y Hx2 + y2 L + 30 x y Hx2 + y2 L
20 4 2
2
−20 x3 + 60 x y2 + 105 x3 Hx2 + y2 L − 315 x y2 Hx2 + y2 L − 168 x3 Hx2 + y2 L + 504 x y2 Hx2 + y2 L + 84 x3 Hx2 + y2 L − 252 x y2 Hx2 + y2 L
41 6 4
2 2 3 3
−60 x2 y + 20 y3 + 315 x2 y Hx2 + y2 L − 105 y3 Hx2 + y2 L − 504 x2 y Hx2 + y2 L + 168 y3 Hx2 + y2 L + 252 x2 y Hx2 + y2 L − 84 y3 Hx2 + y2 L
42 6 3
2 2 3 3
15 x2 − 15 y2 − 140 x2 Hx2 + y2 L + 140 y2 Hx2 + y2 L + 420 x2 Hx2 + y2 L − 420 y2 Hx2 + y2 L − 504 x2 Hx2 + y2 L + 504 y2 Hx2 + y2 L + 210 x2 Hx2 + y2 L − 210 y2 Hx2 + y2 L
43 6 3
2 2 3 3 4 4
−6 x + 105 x Hx2 + y2 L − 560 x Hx2 + y2 L + 1260 x Hx2 + y2 L − 1260 x Hx2 + y2 L + 462 x Hx2 + y2 L
45 6 2 30 x y − 280 x y + + 840 x y + − 1008 x y + + 420 x y +
2 3 4 5
−6 y + 105 y Hx2 + y2 L − 560 y Hx2 + y2 L + 1260 y Hx2 + y2 L − 1260 y Hx2 + y2 L + 462 y Hx2 + y2 L
46 6 1
2 3 4 5
3 Zernike Plots
A few sample plots are given in this section. More plots can be found at http://www.optics.arizona.edu/jcwyant/Zernikes/ZernikePolynomials.htm.
zernikeNumber = 8;
temp = zernikeXy@zernikeNumberD;
DensityPlot@If@x2 + y2 ≤ 1, HCos@2 π tempDL2 , 1D, 8x, −1, 1<, 8y, −1, 1<,
PlotLabel → "Zernike #" <> ToString@zernikeNumberD, ColorFunction → GrayLevel, PlotPoints −> 150, Mesh −> FalseD;
Zernike #8
1
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
ZernikePolynomialsForTheWeb.nb James C. Wyant, 2003 8
3.2 3D Plots
zernikeNumber = 8;
0.5 1
0 0.5
-0.5
-1 0
-0.5
0 -0.5
0.5
-1
1
ZernikePolynomialsForTheWeb.nb James C. Wyant, 2003 9
zernikeNumber = 8;
temp = zernikeXy@zernikeNumberD;
Graphics3D@Plot3D@If@x2 + y2 ≤ 1, temp, 1D, 8x, −1, 1<, 8y, −1, 1<, PlotPoints → 40,
LightSources −> 8881., 0., 1.<, RGBColor@1, 0, 0D<,
881., 1., 1.<, RGBColor@0, 1, 0D<, 880., 1., 1.<, RGBColor@0, 0, 1D<,
88−1., 0., −1.<, RGBColor@1, 0, 0D<, 88−1., −1., −1.<, RGBColor@0, 1, 0D<,
880., −1., −1.<, RGBColor@0, 0, 1D<<DD;
0.5 1
0 0.5
-0.5
-1 0
-0.5
0 -0.5
0.5
1 -1
ZernikePolynomialsForTheWeb.nb James C. Wyant, 2003 10
zernikeNumber = 8;
temp = zernikePolar@zernikeNumberD;
gr = CylindricalPlot3D@temp, 8ρ, 0, 1<, 8θ, 0, 2 π<, BoxRatios → 81, 1, 0.5<, Boxed → False, Axes → FalseD;
ZernikePolynomialsForTheWeb.nb James C. Wyant, 2003 11
zernikeNumber = 5;
temp = zernikePolar@zernikeNumberD;
gr = CylindricalPlot3D@8temp, Hue@tempD<, 8ρ, 0, 1<,
8θ, 0, 2 π<, BoxRatios → 81, 1, 0.5<, Boxed → False, Axes → False, Lighting → FalseD;
ZernikePolynomialsForTheWeb.nb James C. Wyant, 2003 12
zernikeNumber = 5;
temp = zernikePolar@zernikeNumberD;
gr = CylindricalPlot3D@temp, 8ρ, 0, 1<, 8θ, 0, 2 π<, BoxRatios → 81, 1, 0.5<,
Boxed → False, Axes → False, LightSources −> 8881., 0., 1.<, RGBColor@1, 0, 0D<,
881., 1., 1.<, RGBColor@0, 1, 0D<, 880., 1., 1.<, RGBColor@0, 0, 1D<,
88−1., 0., −1.<, RGBColor@1, 0, 0D<, 88−1., −1., −1.<, RGBColor@0, 1, 0D<,
880., −1., −1.<, RGBColor@0, 0, 1D<<D;
ZernikePolynomialsForTheWeb.nb James C. Wyant, 2003 13
zernikeNumber = 16;
temp = zernikePolar@zernikeNumberD;
gr = CylindricalPlot3D@temp, 8ρ, 0, 1<, 8θ, 0, 2 π<, BoxRatios → 81, 1, 0.5<,
Boxed → False, Axes → False, LightSources −> 8881., 0., 1.<, RGBColor@1, 0, 0D<,
881., 1., 1.<, RGBColor@.5, 1, 0D<, 880., 1., 1.<, RGBColor@1, 0, 0D<,
88−1., 0., −1.<, RGBColor@1, 0, 0D<, 88−1., −1., −1.<, RGBColor@.5, 1, 0D<,
880., −1., −1.<, RGBColor@1, 0, 0D<<D;
ZernikePolynomialsForTheWeb.nb James C. Wyant, 2003 14
zernikeNumber = 8;
temp = zernikePolar@zernikeNumberD;
SurfaceOfRevolution@temp, 8ρ, 0, 1<, PlotPoints → 40, BoxRatios → 81, 1, 0.5<,
LightSources −> 8881., 0., 1.<, RGBColor@1, 0, 0D<,
881., 1., 1.<, RGBColor@.5, 1, 0D<, 880., 1., 1.<, RGBColor@1, 0, 0D<,
88−1., 0., −1.<, RGBColor@1, 0, 0D<, 88−1., −1., −1.<, RGBColor@.5, 1, 0D<,
880., −1., −1.<, RGBColor@1, 0, 0D<<D;
0.5
1
0
0.5
-0.5
-1 0
-0.5
0 -0.5
0.5
-1
1
ZernikePolynomialsForTheWeb.nb James C. Wyant, 2003 15
zernikeNumber = 5;
è!!!!!!!!!!!!! è!!!!!!!!!!!!!
temp = zernikeXy@zernikeNumberD;
ShadowPlot3DAtemp, 9x, − 1 − y2 , 1 − y2 =, 8y, −1, 1<, PlotPoints → 40E;
ZernikePolynomialsForTheWeb.nb James C. Wyant, 2003 16
zernikeNumber = 3;
temp = zernikeXy@zernikeNumberD;
MovieDensityPlotAIfAx2 + y2 < 1, Sin@Htemp + t y2 L πD , 1E, 8x, −1, 1<, 8y, −1, 1<,
2
8t, −7, 4, 1<, PlotPoints → 100, Mesh −> False, FrameTicks −> None, Frame → FalseE;
ZernikePolynomialsForTheWeb.nb James C. Wyant, 2003 17
zernikeNumber = 5;
è!!!!!!!!!!!!! è!!!!!!!!!!!!!
temp = zernikeXy@zernikeNumberD;
g = ShadowPlot3DAtemp, 9x, − 1 − y2 , 1 − y2 =, 8y, −1, 1<, PlotPoints → 40, DisplayFunction → IdentityE;
SpinShow@ g, Frames −> 6,
SpinRange −> 80 Degree, 360 Degree< D
ZernikePolynomialsForTheWeb.nb James C. Wyant, 2003 18
zernikeNumber = 5;
temp = zernikePolar@zernikeNumberD;
gr = CylindricalPlot3D@8temp, Hue@Abs@temp + .4DD<, 8ρ, 0, 1<, 8θ, 0, 2 π<,
BoxRatios → 81, 1, 0.5<, Boxed → False, Axes → False, Lighting → False, DisplayFunction → IdentityD;
SpinShow@ gr, Frames −> 6,
SpinRange −> 80 Degree, 360 Degree< D
ZernikePolynomialsForTheWeb.nb James C. Wyant, 2003 19
zernikeNumber = 8;
1 − 6 Hx2 + y2 L + 6 Hx2 + y2 L
Zernike #8
2
ZernikePolynomialsForTheWeb.nb James C. Wyant, 2003 20
zernikeNumber = 8;
temp = zernikeXy@zernikeNumberD;
tempPlot = Plot3D@If@x2 + y2 < 1, temp, 1D, 8x, −1, 1<, 8y, −1, 1<, PlotPoints → 400, DisplayFunction → IdentityD;
SIRDS@tempPlotD;
Clear@temp, tempPlotD;
ZernikePolynomialsForTheWeb.nb James C. Wyant, 2003 21
thirdOrderAberration = 88"piston", w00 <, 8"tilt", w11 ρ Cos@θ − αTilt D<, 8"focus", w20 ρ2 <,
8"astigmatism", w22 ρ2 Cos@θ − αAst D2 <, 8"coma", w31 ρ3 Cos@θ − αComa D<, 8"spherical", w40 ρ4 <<;
TableForm@thirdOrderAberrationD
H−1 + 2 ρ2 L z3
y−tilt ρ Sin@θD z2
focus
astigmatism at 0 degrees & focus ρ2 Cos@2 θD z4
ρ H−2 + 3 ρ2 L Cos@θD z6
astigmatism at 45 degrees & focus ρ2 Sin@2 θD z5
ρ H−2 + 3 ρ2 L Sin@θD z7
coma and x−tilt
H1 − 6 ρ2 + 6 ρ4 L z8
coma and y−tilt
spherical & focus
The Zernike expansion above can be rewritten grouping like terms and equating them with the wavefront aberration coefficients.
TableForm@zernikeThirdOrderAberrationD
ρ2 H2 z3 + Cos@2 θD z4 + Sin@2 θD z5 − 6 z8 L
tilt
ρ3 H3 Cos@θD z6 + 3 Sin@θD z7 L
focus + astigmatism
coma
spherical 6 ρ4 z8
è!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
These tilt, coma, and focus plus astigmatism terms can be rearranged using the equation
a Cos@θD + b Sin@θD = a2 + b2 Cos@θ − ArcTan@a, bDD.
4.4.1 Tilt
è!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!
tilt = tilt ê. a_ Cos@θ_D + b_ Sin@θD → a2 + b2 Cos@θ − ArcTan@a, bDD
"################################
#######################
ρ Cos@θ − ArcTan@z1 − 2 z6 , z2 − 2 z7 DD Hz1 − 2 z6 L2 + Hz2 − 2 z7 L2
4.4.2 Coma
!!!!!!!
è!!!!!!!!
coma = SimplifyAcoma ê. a_ Cos@θ_D + b_ Sin@θD → a2 + b2 Cos@θ − ArcTan@a, bDDE
ZernikePolynomialsForTheWeb.nb James C. Wyant, 2003 24
4.4.3 Focus
This is a little harder because we must separate the focus and the astigmatism.
focusPlusAstigmatism
ρ2 H2 z3 + Cos@2 θD z4 + Sin@2 θD z5 − 6 z8 L
!!!!!!!
è!!!!!!!!
focusPlusAstigmatism = focusPlusAstigmatism ê. a_ Cos@θ_D + b_ Sin@θ_D → a2 + b2 Cos@θ − ArcTan@a, bDD
i y
j2 z3 − "########
ρ2 j z24 +######
z25# + 2 CosAθ − ArcTan@z4 , z5 DE "########
z24 +######
z25# − 6 z8 z
z
k {
2
1
2
Let
i "############### y
focusMinus = ρ2 j j2 z3 − z24 + z25 − 6 z8 z
z;
k {
è!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!2! è!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Sometimes 2 I z4 + z5 M ρ is added to the focus term to make its absolute value smaller and then 2 I z4 2 + z5 2 M ρ2 must be subtracted from the astigmatism
2 2
i "############### y
focusPlus = ρ2 j
j2 z3 + z24 + z25 − 6 z8 z
z;
k {
For the focus we select the sign that will give the smallest magnitude.
It should be noted that most commercial interferogram analysis programs do not try to minimize the absolute valus of the focus term so the focus is set equal to
focusMinus.
4.4.4 Astigmatism
ArcTan@z4 , z5 DE "########
z24 +######
z25#
2
1
2 ρ2 CosAθ −
2
ArcTan@z4 , z5 DE "########
z24 +######
z25#
2
1
−2 ρ2 SinAθ −
2
i1 π y 2 "########
#######
astigmatismPlus = −2 ρ2 CosAθ − j
j D z
zE
k {
ArcTan@z4 , z5 + z24 + z25 ;
2 2
Note that in going from astigmatismMinus to astigmatismPlus not only are we changing the sign of the astigmatism term, but we are also rotating it 90°.
We need to select the sign opposite that chosen in the focus term.
4.4.5 Spherical
spherical = 6 z8 ρ4
seidelAberrationList êê TableForm
è!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
z0 − z3 + z8
ρ Cos@θ − ArcTan@z1 − 2 z6 , z2 − 2 z7 DD Hz1 − 2 z6 L2 + Hz2 − 2 z7 L2
piston
IfAAbsA2 z3 + "########
z24 +######
z25# − 6 z8 E < AbsA2 z3 − "########
z24 +######
z25# − 6 z8 E, focusPlus, focusMinusE
tilt
IfAAbsA2 z3 + "########
z24 +######
z25# − 6 z8 E < AbsA2 z3 − "########
z24 +######
z25# − 6 z8 E, astigmatismPlus, astigmatismMinusE
focus
coma
spherical 6 ρ4 z8
è!!!
piston 1
è!!!!!!
2 ρ Cos@ 34π + θD
I−10 + 10 M ρ2
tilt
è!!!!!!
focus
DD
è!!!
2
astigmatism −2 10 ρ2 Sin@θ − 12 ArcTan@ 1
3
coma 3 2 ρ3 Cos@ π4 − θD
spherical 12 ρ4
While using P-V to specify wavefront error is convenient and simple, it can be misleading. Stating P-V is simply stating the maximum wavefront error, and it is telling
nothing about the area over which this error is occurring. An optical system having a large P-V error may actually perform better than a system having a small P-V
error. It is generally more meaningful to specify wavefront quality using the rms wavefront error.
The next equation defines the rms wavefront error s for a circular pupil, as well as the variance s2 . Dw(r, q) is measured relative to the best fit spherical wave, and it
generally has the units of waves. Dw is the mean wavefront OPD.
‡ ‡ ∆w ρ ρ θ;
1 2π 1
average@∆w_D :=
π 0 0
i
jCos@θD2 − y zE, w22 NA standardDeviationAρ2 i jCos@θD2 − y
2
w22 averageAρ2 j z j zE, 3E=,
z
1 1
k 2{ k 2{
8"Coma", "w31 ρ3 Cos@θD", w31 average@ρ3 Cos@θDD, w31 N@ standardDeviation@ρ3 Cos@θDD, 3D<, 9"Coma & Tilt",
i 3 2 y i 3 2 y
"w31 Hρ3 − ρL Cos@θD", w31 averageAj jρ − ρz
z Cos@θDE, w31 NA standardDeviationAj jρ − ρz
z Cos@θDE, 3E==;
2
3 k 3 { k 3 {
ZernikePolynomialsForTheWeb.nb James C. Wyant, 2003 28
¯¯¯¯¯
Aberration ∆w ∆w RMS
Defocus w20 ρ2 w20
2 0.288675 w20
w40 ρ4
Hρ4 −ρ2 L
w40
Spherical 3 0.298142 w40
Spherical & Defocus w40 − w640 0.0745356 w20
2
ρ2
HCos@θD − L
w22
Astigmatism w22 Cos@θD 4 0.25 w22
2
Astigmatism & Defocus w22 ρ2 1
2 0 0.204124 w22
If the wavefront aberration can be expressed in terms of Zernike polynomials, the wavefront variance can be calculated in a simple form by using the orthogonality
relations of the Zernike polynomials. The final result for the entire unit circle is
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
*++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
i
j + c@n, mD2 y z
j z
σ = („ j j
j „ z
z
z
nmax n
j z
2 2
j2n+1 z
a@nD 1 b@n, mD
+
n=1 k {
;
2 2n+1−m
m=1
The following table gives the relationship between s and the Zernike polynomials if the Zernike coefficients are unity.
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
è!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!
1
zernikeRms = TableAIfAzernikePolarList@@i, 3DD == 0, ,
2 zernikePolarList@@i, 2DD + 1
E, 8i, Length@zernikePolarListD<E;
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
è!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
1
2 H2 zernikePolarList@@i, 2DD + 1 − zernikePolarList@@i, 3DDL
# n m RMS Polynomial
0 0 0 1 1
1 1 1 1
2 ρ Cos@θD
2 1 1 1
2 ρ Sin@θD
è!!!! −1 + 2 ρ2
1
3 1 0 3
ZernikePolynomialsForTheWeb.nb James C. Wyant, 2003 29
è!!!! ρ2 Cos@2 θD
1
4 2 2 6
è!!!! ρ2 Sin@2 θD
1
5 2 2
ρ H−2 + 3 ρ2 L Cos@θD
6
è!!!!
1
6 2 1
ρ H−2 + 3 ρ2 L Sin@θD
2 2
è!!!!
1
7 2 1
2 2
è!!!! 1 − 6 ρ2 + 6 ρ4
1
8 2 0
5
è!!!! ρ3 Cos@3 θD
1
9 3 3 2 2
è!!!! ρ3 Sin@3 θD
1
10 3 3
ρ2 H−3 + 4 ρ2 L Cos@2 θD
2 2
è!!!!!!
1
11 3 2
ρ2 H−3 + 4 ρ2 L Sin@2 θD
10
è!!!!!!
1
12 3 2
ρ H3 − 12 ρ2 + 10 ρ4 L Cos@θD
10
è!!!!
1
13 3 1
ρ H3 − 12 ρ2 + 10 ρ4 L Sin@θD
2 3
è!!!!
1
14 3 1 2 3
è!!!! −1 + 12 ρ2 − 30 ρ4 + 20 ρ6
1
15 3 0 7
è!!!!!! ρ4 Cos@4 θD
1
16 4 4 10
è!!!!!! ρ4 Sin@4 θD
1
17 4 4
ρ3 H−4 + 5 ρ2 L Cos@3 θD
10
è!!!!
1
18 4 3
ρ3 H−4 + 5 ρ2 L Sin@3 θD
2 3
è!!!!
1
19 4 3
ρ2 H6 − 20 ρ2 + 15 ρ4 L Cos@2 θD
2 3
è!!!!!!
1
20 4 2
ρ2 H6 − 20 ρ2 + 15 ρ4 L Sin@2 θD
14
è!!!!!!
1
21 4 2
ρ H−4 + 30 ρ2 − 60 ρ4 + 35 ρ6 L Cos@θD
14
ρ H−4 + 30 ρ2 − 60 ρ4 + 35 ρ6 L Sin@θD
1
22 4 1 4
1
23 4 1 4
24 4 0 1
3 1 − 20 ρ2 + 90 ρ4 − 140 ρ6 + 70 ρ8
è!!!! ρ5 Cos@5 θD
1
25 5 5
2 3
è!!!! ρ5 Sin@5 θD
1
26 5 5
ρ4 H−5 + 6 ρ2 L Cos@4 θD
2 3
è!!!!!!
1
27 5 4
ρ4 H−5 + 6 ρ2 L Sin@4 θD
14
è!!!!!!
1
28 5 4
ρ3 H10 − 30 ρ2 + 21 ρ4 L Cos@3 θD
14
ρ3 H10 − 30 ρ2 + 21 ρ4 L Sin@3 θD
1
29 5 3 4
1
30 5 3 4
ZernikePolynomialsForTheWeb.nb James C. Wyant, 2003 30
31 5 2 è!!!!
1
ρ2 H−10 + 60 ρ2 − 105 ρ4 + 56 ρ6 L Cos@2 θD
ρ2 H−10 + 60 ρ2 − 105 ρ4 + 56 ρ6 L Sin@2 θD
3 2
è!!!!
1
32 5 2
ρ H5 − 60 ρ2 + 210 ρ4 − 280 ρ6 + 126 ρ8 L Cos@θD
3 2
è!!!!
1
33 5 1
ρ H5 − 60 ρ2 + 210 ρ4 − 280 ρ6 + 126 ρ8 L Sin@θD
2 5
è!!!!
1
34 5 1
2 5
è!!!!!! ρ6 Cos@6 θD
1
36 6 6 14
è!!!!!! ρ6 Sin@6 θD
1
37 6 6
ρ5 H−6 + 7 ρ2 L Cos@5 θD
14
ρ5 H−6 + 7 ρ2 L Sin@5 θD
1
38 6 5 4
ρ4 H15 − 42 ρ2 + 28 ρ4 L Cos@4 θD
1
39 6 5 4
è!!!!
1
40 6 4
ρ4 H15 − 42 ρ2 + 28 ρ4 L Sin@4 θD
3 2
è!!!!
1
41 6 4
ρ3 H−20 + 105 ρ2 − 168 ρ4 + 84 ρ6 L Cos@3 θD
3 2
è!!!!
1
42 6 3
ρ3 H−20 + 105 ρ2 − 168 ρ4 + 84 ρ6 L Sin@3 θD
2 5
è!!!!
1
43 6 3
ρ2 H15 − 140 ρ2 + 420 ρ4 − 504 ρ6 + 210 ρ8 L Cos@2 θD
2 5
è!!!!!!
1
44 6 2
ρ2 H15 − 140 ρ2 + 420 ρ4 − 504 ρ6 + 210 ρ8 L Sin@2 θD
22
è!!!!!!
1
45 6 2
ρ H−6 + 105 ρ2 − 560 ρ4 + 1260 ρ6 − 1260 ρ8 + 462 ρ10 L Cos@θD
22
è!!!!
1
46 6 1
ρ H−6 + 105 ρ2 − 560 ρ4 + 1260 ρ6 − 1260 ρ8 + 462 ρ10 L Sin@θD
2 6
è!!!!
1
47 6 1 2 6
6 Strehl Ratio
While in the absence of aberrations, the intensity is a maximum at the Gaussian image point, if aberrations are present this will in general no longer be the case. The
point of maximum intensity is called diffraction focus, and for small aberrations is obtained by finding the appropriate amount of tilt and defocus to be added to the
wavefront so that the wavefront variance is a minimum.
The ratio of the intensity at the Gaussian image point (the origin of the reference sphere is the point of maximum intensity in the observation plane) in the presence of
ZernikePolynomialsForTheWeb.nb James C. Wyant, 2003 31
aberration, divided by the intensity that would be obtained if no aberration were present, is called the Strehl ratio, the Strehl definition, or the Strehl intensity. The Strehl
ratio is given by
AbsA‡ ‡
2π 1 2
1 2 π ∆w@ρ,θD
strehlRatio := ρ ρ θE
π2 0 0
0.0790649
where Dw[r, q] is in units of waves. The above equation may be expressed in the form
strehlRatio = 2 AbsA‡ ‡ H1 + 2
2π 1 2
1
π ∆w@ρ, θD − 2 π ∆w@ρ, θD + ∫L ρ ρ θE
2 2
π 0 0
H2 πL2 ∆w2 E
If the aberrations are so small that the third-order and higher-order powers of 2pDw can be neglected, the above equation may be written as
¯¯¯¯¯ 1 ¯¯¯¯¯¯ 2
strehlRatio ≈ AbsA1 + 2π ∆w −
≈ 1 − H2 πL I∆w − H∆wL M
2
¯¯¯¯¯2¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯2¯
≈ 1 − H2 π σL2
2
Thus, when the aberrations are small, the Strehl ratio is independent of the nature of the aberration and is smaller than the ideal value of unity by an amount proportional
to the variance of the wavefront deformation.
The above equation is valid for Strehl ratios as low as about 0.5. The Strehl ratio is always somewhat larger than would be predicted by the above approximation. A
better approximation for most types of aberration is given by
−H2 πσL2
H2 πσL4
strehlRatioApproximation :=
strehlRatioApproximation ≈ 1 − H2 πσL2 + +∫
2
which is good for Strehl ratios as small as 0.1.
Once the normalized intensity at diffraction focus has been determined, the quality of the optical system may be ascertained using the Marechal criterion. The Marecha1
criterion states that a system is regarded as well corrected if the normalized intensity at diffraction focus is greater than or equal to 0.8, which corresponds to an rms
wavefront error <l/14.
ZernikePolynomialsForTheWeb.nb James C. Wyant, 2003 32
As mentioned above, a useful feature of Zernike polynomials is that each term of the Zernikes minimizes the rms wavefront error to the order of that term. That is, each
term is structured such that adding other aberrations of lower orders can only increase the rms error. Removing the first-order Zernike terms of tilt and defocus
represents a shift in the focal point that maximizes the intensity at that point. Likewise, higher order terms have built into them the appropriate amount of tilt and defocus
to minimize the rms wavefront error to that order. For example, looking at Zernike term #9 shows that for each wave of third-order spherical aberration present, one
wave of defocus should be subtracted to minimize the rms wavefront error and find diffraction focus.
7 References
Born, M. and Wolf, E., (1959). Principles of Optics, pp. 464-466, 767-772. Pergamon press, New York.
Kim, C.-J. and Shannon, R.R. (1987). In "Applied Optics and Optical Engineering," Vol. X (R. Shannon and J. Wyant, eds.), pp. 193-221. Academic Press, New York.
Wyant, J. C. and Creath, K. (1992). In "Applied Optics and Optical Engineering," Vol. XI (R. Shannon and J. Wyant, eds.), pp. 28-39. Academic Press, New York.
Zernike, F. (1934), Physica 1, 689.
ZernikePolynomialsForTheWeb.nb James C. Wyant, 2003 33
8 Index
Introduction...1
Calculating Zernikes...2
Tables of Zernikes...3
OSC Zernikes...6
Zernike Plots...7
Density Plots...7
3D Plots...8
Cylindrical Plot 3D...10
Surfaces of Revolution...14
3D Shadow Plots...15
Animated Plots...16
Animated Density Plots...16
Animated 3D Shadow Plots...17
Animated Cylindrical Plot 3D...18
Two pictures stereograms...19
Single picture stereograms...20
Zernike polynomials and third-order aberrations...21
Wavefront aberrations...21
Zernike terms...21
Table of Zernikes and aberrations...22
Zernike Third-Order Aberration Table...23
Seidel Aberration Table...25
RMS Wavefront Aberration...27
Strehl Ratio...30
References...32
Index...33