CH 06 Welding NDT Symbols

CHAPTER 6
--```,`,`,`,,``,`,`,``,`,``,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Welding and
Nondestructive
Examination Symbols
Contents
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................... 72
Elements of the Welding Symbol.................................................................................................................................... 72
Summary .......................................................................................................................................................................... 91
Review-Chapter &Welding and Nondestructive Examination Symbols .............................................................. 94
71
COPYRIGHT 2003; American Welding Society, Inc. Document provided by IHS Licensee=Shell Services International B.V./5924979112,
User=, 08/20/2003 04:40:58 MDT Questions or comments about this message: please
call the Document Policy Management Group at 1-800-451-1584.
CHAPTER &WELDING AND NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION SYMBOLS
Chapter 4- Welding and Nondestructive Examination Symbols
Introduction other parts of that symbol. Once it is understood how a

symbol is constructed, that information can be applied in
The previous chapters discussed the importance of ef- reverse to gain insight as to what is actually required for
fective communication between the welding inspector a weld to be in compliance with a symbol. The following
and others involved in the fabrication of welded products. is a detailed description of the steps used in the construc-
Much of this communication is achieved through the use tion of a welding or nondestructive examination symbol.
of various types of documents that describe what at-
tributes such products must exhibit. While these docu-
--```,`,`,`,,``,`,`,``,`,``,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
ments provide the basis for performing the inspection,

the confusion can occur if there is a tremendous amount Elements of the Welding Symbol
of material involved. Spending a great deal of time study- It is important to understand some of the terminology
ing this information may detract from the welding in- relating to symbols, before describing the various parts
spector’s actual inspection. of a welding symbol. A basic distinction is the difference
One method for reducing the mass of information con- between the terms weld symbol and welding symbol. As
tained in documents (especially drawings) is through the stated in AWS A2.4, the weld symbol “indicates the type
practice of using symbols. This practice replaces written of weld, and when used, is a part of the welding symbol.”
words and detailed graphic illustrations with specific The weld& symbol is defined as “a graphical repre-
symbols to convey the same information in an abbrevi- sentation of a weld.” It is a method of representing the
ated manner. To provide continuity, AWS has developed weld symbol on drawings, and includes supplementary
a standard, AWS A2.4, Standard Symbols for Welding information and consists of the following eight elements.
and Nondestructive Examination, which describes the NOTE: It is not necessary to use all elements, unless re-
construction and interpretation of all types of welding quired for clarity (see Figure 6.1).
and nondestructive examination symbols, and details all
requirements relating to the use of these symbols. (1) Reference line (shown horizontally)
Welding and nondestructive examination symbols are ( 2 ) Arrow
a “shorthand” method for conveying pertinent informa- (3) Basic weld symbols
tion. This system provides a simple, yet powerful method (4) Dimensions and other data
of describing detailed information. For example, by using (5) Supplementary symbols
symbols the designer can easily communicate a vast (6) Finish symbols
amount of information regarding numerous aspects of (7) Tail
the welding project to both fabrication and inspection (8) Specification, process, or other reference
personnel.
Welding or examination symbols can provide a great
Reference Line
deal of information; however, they must be used properly
to be effective. If misapplied or misinterpreted, the sym- In the construction of a welding symbol, the primary
bols can cause confusion, rather than aid in the under- element that is always included is the reference line, which
standing of some welding or testing detail. For that is simply a horizontal line segment that provides the basis
reason, it is important to understand how the welding and for all other parts of the symbol. The reference line must
nondestructive examination symbols are used. appear on the drawing as a horizontal line, because it is
There are numerous elements of a symbol that have significant whether information is positioned above or
specific meaning, due to their location with respect to below the line.
72
CHAPTER 6-WELDING AND NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION SYMBOLS
GROOVE ANGLE; INCLUDED ANGLE

CONTOUR SYMBOL OF COUNTERSINK FOR PLUG WELDS
ROOT OPENING DEPTH OF FILLING
GROOVE WELD SIZE FOR PLUG AND SLOT WELDS
LENGTH OF WELD
DEPTH OF BEVEL; SIZE OR PITCH (CENTER-TO-CENTER
STRENGTH FOR CERTAIN WELDS SPACING) OF WELDS
SPECIFICATION
--```,`,`,`,,``,`,`,``,`,``,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
TAIL OMITTED
WHEN REFERENCE
IS NOT USED
WELD SYMBOL
REFERENCE LINE TO
STUD, PLUG, SLOT, OR ARROW SIDE MEMBER
PROJECTION WELDS OF JOINT OR ARROW
SIDE OF JOINT
ELEMENTS IN THIS
AREA REMAIN AS SHOWN
WHEN TAIL AND ARROW
ARE REVERSED
Figure 6.1-Standard Location of Elements of a Welding Symbol
Arrow Basic Weld Symbols

The next element of the welding symbol is the arrow, Once the reference line and arrow are in place, the
which is the line segment that connects to one end of the weld symbol that describes what the actual weld configu-
reference line and points to one side of the weld joint. ration will be can be added. Weld symbols that depict
The side to which the arrow points is referred to as the arrow side welds will be positioned below the reference
arrow side, while the opposite side is called the other line and symbols refemng to other side welds will be po-
side. Once the arrow side and other side have been de- sitioned above the reference line. Note that some weld
termined by the placement of the arrow, information re- symbols are placed so that the reference line splits them
lating to either or both sides can then be specified (see in half (e.g., spot, projection, and seam welds), which
Figure 6.2). means that the weld has no side significance, and either
The AWS rule is that any information placed below side can be called the arrow side. With the exception of
the reference line relates to the arrow side of the joint, the sulfating weld and the stud, which always appears as
and that information above the reference line describes an arrow side weld, all other types can be shown as arrow
what will occur on the other side of the joint. No matter side, other side, or both sides.
which end of the reference line is attached to the arrow or Because most of the weld symbols resemble the actual
which direction the arrow may point, the rule remains the weld configuration, it is easier to remember exactly what
same. Even with the arrow oriented in different direc- type of weld is specified by a particular weld symbol.
tions and at either end of the reference line, the opera- Note that for weld symbols that represent welds with
tions will be performed on the side of the joint to which only one of the two members prepared, the perpendicular
the arrow points. side of the symbol will always appear on the lejì side (e.g.,
73
OTHER SIDE
/ARROW SI DE
ARROW / SIDE OTHERSIDE
,
I I/ ARROW SIDE
l
OTHER SIDE
- OTHER SIDE
/ARROWSIDE
Figure 6.2-Arrow Location Significance
bevel, J- and flare-bevel grooves, fillet, and comer-flange entire length of the joint. A dimension to the right of the
welds). For these groove welds, the designer can desig- weld symbol refers to the length of groove weld segment
nate which of the two members actually receives the prep- required.
aration by using an arrow with a break in the line. The rule
is that the last segment of the urrow points to that member Fillet Weld Detailing
receiving the specìjed preparation (see Figure 6.3).
There is also dimensional information pertinent to fil-
let welds. As was the case for groove welds, the size of a
Dimensions and Other Data fillet weld is dimensioned to the left of the weld symbol.
Groove Weld Detailing Another feature identical to the groove weld applica-
tion is that the length of a fillet weld is dimensioned to
After designating the type of groove weld required the right of the weld symbol.
and determining at which side or sides of the joint the N o dimension to the right of the fillet weld symbol in-
weld will be deposited, other data are necessary-primarily dicates that the fillet weld is to be continuous for the en-
relating to dimensional requirements. Groove weld features tire length of the joint. A specific length of fillet weld is
that need dimensions include the joint configuration, weld denoted by the single dimension to the right of the weld
size, and the extent of welding. symbol. This dimension, however, does not indicate where
Some of the groove weld dimensions are placed the weld is to be placed. Such information must be pro-
within, or slightly outside, the weld symbol. A dimen- vided elsewhere; for example, the tail, the drawing, etc.
sion within the weld symbol indicates the required root (see Figure 6.7).
opening, while a dimension just outside (above or below) A common welding practice is to use intermittent fil- .
the weld symbol refers to the necessary groove angle. let welds instead of a continuous fillet weld to reduce
Another important dimension for the preparation of the distortion and the amount of time required for welding.
groove is the depth of preparation. This dimension is al- The dimensions for intermittent fillet welds are shown as
ways shown to the left of the groove weld symbol. This two numbers separated by a hyphen. The first number is
depth is measured from the base material surface. In each the length of each individual weld segment and the sec-
case, the specified depth of preparation is that dimension ond number refers to the center-to-center spacing of
outside of the parentheses. In general, dimensions to the these weld segments. The spacing from one segment to
left of the weld symbol refer to the weld size required. the next is referred to as the pitch. The pitch is measured
The dimensions (in parentheses) placed to the left of as the center-to-center distance of each adjacent length of
the symbol refer to the groove weld size (or joint pene- fillet weld.
tration) required. For groove welds, absence of dimen- Intermittent fillet welds may be applied to both sides
sions for depth of preparation or weld size implies that of a joint in one of two ways. If the individual segments
the required weld is to have complete joint penetration are directly opposite each other, the application is re-
(see Figures 6.4-6.6). The final piece of dimensional in- ferred to as chain intermittent welding. When the seg-
formation necessary for a groove weld is the required ments on either side of the joint coincide with spaces
length. This detail is always shown on the welding sym- between individual segments on the other side of the
bol to the right of the weld symbol. If no dimension is joint, the application is referred to as staggered intermir-
shown, it is assumed that the specified weld is to be the tent welding. In both types of intermittent welds, the
--```,`,`,`,,``,`,`,``,`,``,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
74
SQUARE SCARF V
- --
BEVEL
GROOVE
U J FLARE-V FLARE-BEVEL
y_ -
.--
-71- '-A--
-- I
FILLET
PLUG
OR STUD
SPOT
OR SEAM
BACK
OR SURFACING
FLANGE
-
-
SLOT 'ROJECTIOP BACKING EDGE CORNER
- h.
U -a-
-v- .--- . W'
--```,`,`,`,,``,`,`,``,`,``,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-
(NOTE: THE REFERENCE LINE IS SHOWN DASHED FOR ILLUSTRATIVE PURPOSES.)
Figure 6.3-Weld Symbols
pitch distance refers to the center-to-center spacing on ing member. The symbol for both plug and slot welds is
that side of the joint only. The dimensions for either stag- simply a rectangular box.
gered or chain intermittent welding do not indicate where Dimensions for plug welds include plug weld size,
the weld is to begin; such information must be provided depth of filling, pitch distances between adjacent plugs,
elsewhere (see Figure 6.8). and groove angle for tapered plug holes. The plug weld
size dimension appears to the left of the weld symbol and
indicates its diameter. If the hole is intended to be only
partially filled, the required depth of filling is indicated
within the plug weld symbol. Pitch distances are shown
to the right of the plug weld symbol. If the hole is to be
tapered to provide better root access, the angular dimen-
sion appears just outside (above or below) the weld symbol.
In general, the rules for plug welds also apply to the
welding symbols for slot welds. A number to the left of
the slot weld symbol indicates the width of the slot. If the
hole is intended to be only partially filled, the required
depth of filling is indicated within the slot weld symbol.
The number to the right of the symbol specifies its length.
Plug and Slot Weld Detailing If another number appears farther to the right, it indicates
The symbolization of plug and slot welds involves the pitch of the slot welds. A number directly above or
several different features, due to the uniqueness of their below the symbol indicates the countersink, and a num-
configurations. Both welds join overlapping members by ber above that in parenthesis specifies the number of slot
filling a hole in the top member to connect it to the back- welds (see Figure 6.9).
75
(A) WELD CROSS SECTION SYMBOL

--```,`,`,`,,``,`,`,``,`,``,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
1I4 (318)
' 318
(6) WELD CROSS SECTION SYMBOL
NOTE OVERLAP OF 118 114 (318)
(C) WELD CROSS SECTION SYMBOL
NOTE: TOTAL WELD SIZE = 518 in.
Figure 6.4-Specification of Groove Weld Size and Depth of Bevel
Spot and Seam Weld Detailing

- welds, the first number to the right of the symbol is the
length of the seam weld, while the second number is the
Spot and seam can be described by the use pitch. The symbol does not indicate where the weld is to
of welding symbols. The size dimension that refers to the start; that information must be provided elsewhere (see
diameter of the spot or width of the seam is shown to the
Figure 6. io>.
left of the weld symbol. Another way to describe degree
of welding is by specifying the required shear strength of
Back and Backing Weld Detailing
the resulting spot weld or the shear strength per inch of
weld for a seam weld. Two other types of welds are the back and backing
The pitch distance of adjacent spot welds is shown in welds. While both are represented by the same weld sym-
the same manner as for plug and slot welds. The required bol, they differ in that the back weld is deposited after
number of spots is shown by the number enclosed in pa- one side has been welded and the backing weld is depos-
rentheses just above or below the weld symbol. In seam ited before depositing the opposite side. Some treatment,
76
2 (2-118)
2 (2-1/8)
25"
WELD CROSS SECTION SYMBOL
Figure 6.5-Groove Weld Symbol with Combined Dimensions
A 6oo 4 60"
Figure 6.6-Symmetrical Groove Welds with Backgouging
such as backgouging, may be required before application surfacing treatment. The surfacing symbol appears only
of a back weld and after the deposition of a backing weld. as an arrow side weld (see Figure 6.12).
There are two ways to describe the sequencing of these
welds. They can be differentiated by using a symbol with Stud Weld Detailing
a note in the tail or by using multiple reference lines to The stud weld symbol appears as a circle with an en-
show a sequence of operations (see Figure 6.11). closed "X' and is only shown as an arrow side weld. A
dimension to the left of the stud weld symbol refers to its
Surfacing Weld Detailing
required size. The number of studs required can be indi-
The detailing of surface welds is quite simple-the cated by a number enclosed in parentheses just below the
primary information required is the thickness of the sur- stud weld symbol. To indicate the spacing of adjacent
facing and the weld filler metal. The welding symbol studs, a number can be placed to the right of the stud weld
must then indicate the region of the part requiring the symbol (see Figure 6.13).
77
--```,`,`,`,,``,`,`,``,`,``,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
CHAPTER GWELDING AND NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION SYMBOLS
-5116
IL?+ hbj 4-112

112
-
I Y I U L r l n
I
II I -iM
(D) SIZE OF UNEQUAL LEG FILLET WELD
WELD CROSS SECTION
(E) CONTINUOUS FILLET WELD

PLP SYMBOL
I
WELD SYMBOL
(F) LENGTH OF FILLET WELD
Figure 6.7-Specification of Size and Length of Fillet Welds
78
--```,`,`,`,,``,`,`,``,`,``,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
~ ~~~~~~~ ~ ~
WELDS SYMBOL
(A) LENGTH AND PITCH OF INTERMITTENTWELDS
WELDS SYMBOL
(6) LENGTH AND PITCH OF CHAIN INTERMITTENTWELDS
3-1O
3-10
WELDS SYMBOL
(C) LENGTH AND PITCH OF STAGGERED INTERMITTENTWELDS
Figure 6.8-Applications of Intermittent Fillet Weld Symbols
79
--```,`,`,`,,``,`,`,``,`,``,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
IpGq-r
I
I
I
I
I
0 1/2 +I
(A) WELD SIZE
--```,`,`,`,,``,`,`,``,`,``,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
I
I
(B) INCLUDED ANGLE OF COUNTERSINK
I / T
<T
112
I
(C) DEPTH OF FILLING
I IA
*c 1
SYMBOL
(D) PITCH AND NUMBER
y 2 I C I/? 3/4 518 16
WELDS (7 REQUIRED)
SECTION A A -
u SYMBOL
(E) COMBINED DIMENSIONS
Figure 6.9-Applications of Information to Plug Weld Symbols
80
0.25
SECTION A A-
WELD CROSS SECTION (A) WELD SIZE SYMBOL

(B) SIZE OF SEAM WELDS
y G B W
SECTION A - A
WELD CROSS SECTION (C) STRENGTH SYMBOL

--```,`,`,`,,``,`,`,``,`,``,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
SECTION A - A
(D) STRENGTH OF SEAM WELDS
Figure 6.10-Applications of Information to Spot and Seam Weld Symbols
81
I-- I
SECTION A -
A-
(E) NUMBER AND PITCH
SECTION A A -
(F)SIZE, LENGTH AND PITCH OF INTERMITTENTSEAM WELDS

--```,`,`,`,,``,`,`,``,`,``,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Figure 6.10 (Continued)-Applications of Information to Spot and Seam Weld Symbols
Supplementary Symbols The next commonly used supplementary symbol is

the melt-through symbol, which can be used to describe
The basic weld symbols can be supplemented with weld penetration beyond the back surface of the joint.
additional symbols to detail other important information. The melt-through symbol itself appears as a darkened-in
This group of symbols is referred to as supplementary backhacking weld symbol. The amount of melt-through
symbols, because they can be combined with many of the can be detailed by including a dimension to the left of the
basic weld symbols (see Figure 6.14).
symbol (see Figure 6.17).
The first of these symbols is the weld all around
symbol. This symbol, consisting of a circle around the Another way to show the backside treatment of a weld
junction of the arrow and reference line, describes a weld is through the use of a symbol for backing or spacer ma-
that is to be continuous around the joint, despite abrupt terial. If a weld requires some type of backing material or
changes in direction (see Figure 6.15). Another commonly a spacer within the joint, it can be symbolized by placing
used supplementary symbol is the field weld symbol. This a rectangular box opposite the groove weld symbol.
symbol, shown as a flag at the junction of the arrow and While this symbol appears similar to the plug weld
reference line, defines welding in the field rather than in symbol, it can be differentiated by the fact that the back-
the shop. The field weld flag is placed at a right angle to, ing material symbol always appears in conjunction with
and on either side of, the reference line at the junction some groove weld symbol. Details such as the material
with the arrow (see Figure 6.16). type and size can be noted in the tail.
82
V-GROOVE WELD MADE BEFORE

WELD FROM OTHER SIDE
(A) APPLICATION OF BACK WELD SYMBOL
GROOVE WELD MADE AFTER

ACKING WELD ON OTHER SIDE
BACKING WELD El3

--```,`,`,`,,``,`,`,``,`,``,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(B) APPLICATION OF BACKING WELD SYMBOL
V-GROOVE WELD MADE AFTER

WELD ON OTHER SIDE
BACKING WELD
1 / 8 4 IC-
(C) APPLICATION OF BACKING WELD WITH ROOT OPENING SPECIFIED
Figure 6.11-Applications of Back or Backing Weld Symbol
83
SECTION A - A
(A) SIZE (THICKNESS O) OF SURFACING WELD
1 3 A4 SECTION A - A
WELD CROSS SECTION e SYMBOL
(B)WIDTH AND LENGTH OF SURFACING WELD
-2-4 ---+-2+1
WELD CROSS SECTION

/////
--```,`,`,`,,``,`,`,``,`,``,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(C) MULTIPLE LAYER SURFACINGWELD
REDUCE ROOT
+ + 1/8 MIN OPENING TO
3 16 MAX 118 MIN, 3/16 MAX
I J
(D) CORRECTION OF DIMENSIONS
Figure 6.12-Applications of Surfacing Weld Symbol
84
~~ ~~~~ ~
-
314 314 . 314
- - _-
I\
WELDS SYMBOL
(A) STUD WELD SYMBOL WITH COMBINED DIMENSIONS
J8---- 6Q4=24
4
"i
t o o o o o o o L3t4
8
I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SYMBOL
FOR MULTIPLE ROWS
Figure 6.13-Applications of Stud Weld Symbols
BACKING CONTOUR
MELT >ONSUMABLI
WELD-ALL FIELD WELD OR
THROUGH INSERT FLUSH
AROUND SPACER CONVEX >ONCAVE
(SQUARE) (RECTANGLE) OR FLAT
P- P F1
P
Figure 6.14-Supplementary Symbols
--```,`,`,`,,``,`,`,``,`,``,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 85
SYMBOL
WELDS
n
SYMBOL
u WELDS
--```,`,`,`,,``,`,`,``,`,``,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
WELDS SYMBOL
Figure 6.15-Applications of Weld-All-Around Symbol
86
--```,`,`,`,,``,`,`,``,`,``,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
tively to convey other important information that cannot

be conveniently communicated elsewhere on the welding
symbol. When used, the tail is placed on the end of the
reference line opposite the arrow. Typical information to
include in the tail is procedure number, process type,
specification number, filler metal type, need for back-
gouging, reference to other drawing details, need for NDE,
etc. (see Figure 6.21).
Specifications,Process, or Other Reference
Use of Multiple Reference Lines

Discussion thus far has dealt with using weld symbols
and other elements to create a welding symbol that de-
Figure 6.ló-Applications of scribes the requirements to weld a particular weld joint.
Field Weld Symbols Sometimes it is necessary to convey more detailed expla-
nations of exactly how a weld is to be performed. For ex-
ample, it is often convenient to describe the order, or
sequence, of the entire welding.~ operation, which is im-
portant if the weld joint in question requires measures to
If some material is to be placed at the joint root for
prevent excessive distortion or reduce the possibility of
a double groove weld, it is referred to as a spacer. To
cracking due to high restraint.
depict the use of a spacer on a welding symbol, an open
One way to describe this sequence of operations is to
rectangular box is placed within the groove weld symbol
combine several individual reference lines on the same
at the diagrammatic joint root. Use of this symbol is iden-
arrow, with each line containing information to be ap-
tical to the backing material symbol (see Figure 6.18).
plied at a certain step in the welding operation. The con-
Another type of backing that is commonly used with
vention is that the order of operations depends on the
the gas tungsten arc process is referred to as the consum-
relative location of each reference line with respect to the
able insert, which appears much like the backing mate-
arrow. That is, the first operation is described by the ref-
rial symbol except it is square instead of rectangular (see
erence line closest to the arrow. Reference lines for sub-
Figure 6.19).
sequent operations will then appear in order, moving away
from the arrow so that the last operation is described by
Finish Symbols the reference line furthest from the arrow (see Figure 6.22).
The last group of supplementary symbols to be dis-
cussed describes the desired shape of the completed Brazing Symbols
weld. Contour symbols for various configurations in-
clude flush, convex, and concave. The symbols for these With some minor changes, the use of welding sym-
contours correspond to the actual configurations desired. bols can also be applied to various brazing joints.
The letters outside the contour symbols indicate the When a brazing symbol is used, certain dimensions
method of mechanical finishing to produce the desired should be specified to fully describe the important as-
contour. The letter designations for the various methods pects of the braze joint. A dimension within the square-
are as follows (see Figure 6.20 for use of “C” and “G’): groove symbol describes the amount of clearance be-
tween the two members when fit up. The dimension to
C = Chipping
the right of the braze symbol refers to the amount of over-
G = Grinding
lap, and the dimension to the left of the braze symbol in-
H = Hammering
dicates the size of the reinforcing fillet on the outside of
M= Machining
the joint.
R = Rolling
While the symbols for some of the braze joints are
identical to those used for welding, the scarf groove is a
The Tail of the Symbol joint design specifically used with brazing. For this type
The final element of the welding symbol is referred to of joint, the angle of the scarf cut is shown as an angular
as the tail. While not considered to be an essential dimension to the right of the braze symbol (see Figure
element of a welding symbol, the tail can be used effec- 6.23).
87
WELD CROSS SECTION

t SYMBOL
(A) SQUARE-GROOVE WELD
(B) SINGLE-BEVEL-GROOVE WELD
--```,`,`,`,,``,`,`,``,`,``,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
WELD CROSS SECTION
4 SYMBOL
(C) SINGLE-V-GROOVE WELD
(D) EDGE-FLANGE WELD
Figure 6.17-Applications of Melt-Through Symbol
88
r300-7 I
f
1 7J-j
F L
(A) CINGLE-V-GROOVE WELD WITH BACKING
\- 20"- 1 20"
\
1I2
1-114
12
(6) DOUBLE-V-GROOVE WELD WITH SPACER
Figure 6.18-Joints with Backing or Spacers
Nondestructive Examination (NDE) Symbols

CLASS
The preceding section described the methodology for 3
the application of symbols to welding and brazing joints, INSERT
to detail how members are to be joined. Once joined,
those joints may need inspection to determine if the ap-
plicable quality requirements have been satisfied. As will
be discussed in Chapter 11, there are numerous nonde-
structive examinations that can be performed to monitor
the apparent weld quality. If required, those tests can be
specified through the use of nondestructive examination
symbols, which are constructed in a similar manner as Figure 6.19-Consumable
the symbols described earlier. Insert Symbol
89
--```,`,`,`,,``,`,`,``,`,``,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
WELD APPROXIMATELY FLUSH

WITH THE BASE METAL
(A) ARROW-SIDE FLUSH CONTOUR SYMBOL
--```,`,`,`,,``,`,`,``,`,``,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
C
x7
REINFORCEMENT REMOVED
BY CHIPPING
(6) OTHER-SIDE FLUSH CONTOUR SYMBOL
G
n
FINISH TO CONVEX CONTOUR

BY GRINDING W
G
(C) BOTH SIDES CONVEX CONTOUR SYMBOL
Figure 6.20-Applications of Flush and Convex Contour Symbols
90
3rd OPERATION
GTAW-AU
2nd OPERATION
WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESS SPECIFICATION
1st OPERATION
1st
2nd
REFERENCES
OF OPERATIONS)
3rd
Figure 6.21-Siipplementary Data 1//
Shown in the Tail of
the Welding Symbol Figure 6.22-Multiple Reference Lines
As was the case for the welding symbol, information Summary

below the reference line refers to a testing operation per-
formed on the arrow side of the joint and information The welding inspector spends a great deal of time
above the line describes the treatment of the other side communicating with others involved in the welded fabri-
(see Figure 6.24). Instead of weld symbols, there are cation of various structures and components. The use of
basic testing symbols that are letter designations for vari- welding and nondestructive examination symbols is an
ous testing processes, as shown in Table 6.1. important part of that communication process, because
symbols are the “shorthand” of welding and inspection
that is used to convey information from the designer to
Table6.1 those involved in the production and inspection of that
Designations and Abbreviations product. The welding inspector, therefore, is expected to
of NDE Testing Processes understand the many features of these symbols so that
weld and inspection requirements can be determined.
Designation Abbreviation
Although generally straightforward, welding symbols
Acoustic Emission AET can be confusing; therefore, the welding inspector must
Eddy Current ET learn their meanings. To fully understand the meaning of
Leak LT welding and testing symbols, the inspector must know
Magnetic Particle MT
both the basic elements of the symbols and the signifi-
--```,`,`,`,,``,`,`,``,`,``,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Neutron Radiographic NRT

Penetrant m cance of their relative locations with respect to the refer-
Proof PRT ence line. It is important to remember that even the most
Radiographic RT complicated symbol can be interpreted, if the meanings of
Ultrasonic UT individual parts of the symbol are understood and a com-
Visual VT
bined determination can be made.
91
BRAZE CROSS SECTION SYMBOL
CL - CLEARANCE
L - LENGTH OF OVERLAP
S - FILLET SIZE
--```,`,`,`,,``,`,`,``,`,``,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
l
I
CL it) \
Figure 6.23-Applications of Brazing Symbols
92
__ ~~ ~ ~
~- ~ -~~~
~ ~ _ ~ ~ ~ _
NUMBER OF EXAMINATIONS 7
REFERENCE LINE LENGTH OF SECTION
TO BE EXAMINED
SPECIFICATION OR
OTHER REFERENCE
EXAMINE-ALL-
EXAMINATION METHOD
LETTER DESIGNATIONS [ARROW
Figure 6.24-Location of Elements of a Nondestructive Examination Symbol
--```,`,`,`,,``,`,`,``,`,``,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
93
Review-Chapter &Welding and Nondestructive Examination Symbols

Q6-1 The primary element of any welding symbol is referred to as the:
a. tail
b. arrow
c. reference line
d. arrow side
e. weld symbol
46-2 Information appearing above the reference line refers to the:
a. nearside
b. arrow side
c. far side
d. other side
e. none of the above
Q6-3 The graphical representation of the type of weld is called the:
a. tail
b. welding symbol
c. weld symbol
d. arrow
Q6-4 Which of the symbols below represents the weld shown?
a. b. C. d.

Q6-5 When a weld symbol is centered on the reference line, this indicates:
a. that the welder can put the weld on either side
b. that there is no side significance
c. that the designer doesn’t know where the weld should go
d. that the welder should weld in whatever position the weld is in
Q6-6 The symbol below depicts what type of weld?
a. flare-V-groove
b. flare-bevel-groove
c. edge-flange
d. corner-flange
94
--```,`,`,`,,``,`,`,``,`,``,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Q6-7 In the symbol below, the 1/8 dimension refers to what?
a. groove angle
b. root face
c. depth of preparation
d. weld size
e. root opening
Q6-8 In the symbol below, the 314 dimension refers to what?
a. weld size
b. effective throat
d. root opening
Q6-9 If applied to a 1 in. thick weld, the symbol below represents what type of weld?
5/16 (1/2)
a. full penetration double-bevel-groove weld

b. full penetration double-V-groove weld
--```,`,`,`,,``,`,`,``,`,``,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
c. partial penetration double-bevel-groove weld

d. partial penetration double-V-groove weld
Q6-10 Dimensions appearing to the left of the weld symbol generally refer to the:
a. weld length
b. weld size/depth of preparation
c. root opening
d. radius
Q6-11 A triangular-shaped weld symbol represents what type of weld?

a. bevel-groove
b. flare-groove
c. flange-groove
d. V-groove
95
Q6-12 The symbol below represents what type of weld?
a. staggered intermittent fillet weld

b. chain intermittent fillet weld
C. segmented fillet weld
d. intermittent fillet weld
46-13 Dimensions appearing to the right of the weld symbol generally refer to the:
a. weld size
b. root opening
d. weld lengtwpitch
Q6-14 A weld symbolized by a rectangular box that contains a dimension represents a:

a. plug weld
b. slot weld
I
c. plug weld in beveled hole

d. partially filled plug weld
e. plug weld in hole having dimension shown
Q6-15 The required spot weld size can be shown as:

a. a dimension to the right of the symbol
b. a dimension of the required nugget diameter
c. a value for the required shear strength
d. both a and b above
e. both b and c above
Q6-16 A number appearing to the right of the spot weld symbol refers to:
a. spot weld size
b. spot weld length
c. number of spots required
d. pitch distance between adjacent spots
e. none of the above --```,`,`,`,,``,`,`,``,`,``,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Q6-17 In the symbol below, the symbol shown on the other side represents:
J
a. back weld
b. backing weld
c. melt-through weld
d. both a and b above
e. both b and c above
96
46-18 The symbol below shows the use of what type of weld?
--```,`,`,`,,``,`,`,``,`,``,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
a. single-bevel-groove weld
b. single-V-groove weld
c. backing weld
d. back weld
e. b and c above
Q6-19 The symbol below shows what type of groove configuration?
a. square groove
b. skewed groove
c. sloped groove
d. scarf
Q6-20 The part of the welding symbol which can be used to convey any additional information which cannot be shown
otherwise is referred to as:
a. the weld symbol
b. the arrow
c. the reference line
d. the tail
Q6-21 The symbol below shows what type of weld?
a. gas metal arc spot weld

b. resistance spot weld
c. gas tungsten arc seam weld
d. resistance seam weld
97
46-22 What nondestructive examination method is to be applied to the arrow side?
PT
a. magnetic particle testing

b. eddy current testing
c. radiographic testing
d. penetrant testing
Q6-23 A number in parentheses just outside a test symbol represents:

a. the length of weld to be tested
b. the extent of testing
c. the number of tests to perform
d. the type of test to perform
Q6-24 A number to the right of a nondestructive examination symbol refers to the:

a. number of tests to perform
b. the length of weld to be tested
c. the applicable quality standard
d. the test procedure to use
--```,`,`,`,,``,`,`,``,`,``,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Q6-25 Which of the symbols represents the weld shown below?
a. b. C. d.
98
P-e-
cncn
a. b. C. d.
46-27 Which of the symbols represents :..e WL. shown below?
I
a. b. C. d.
--```,`,`,`,,``,`,`,``,`,``,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
a. b. C. d.
99
a. b. C. d.
e. none of lhe above
a. b. c. d.
--```,`,`,`,,``,`,`,``,`,``,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
A-
a. b.
& c.
d.
1O0
a. b. c. d.
46-33 Which of the welds is represented by the symbol shown below?
a. b. c. d.
Q6-34 Which of the welds is represented by the symbol shown below?
a. b. C. d.
101 --```,`,`,`,,``,`,`,``,`,``,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Questions Q6-51 through Q6-55 refer to Figure 3 below:
1/2 (9116)
FIGURE 3
Q6-51 What is the arrow side depth of preparation?

a. 114in.
b. 318 in.
c. i2 in.
d. 9/16 in.
e. 15í16in.
Q6-52 What is the other side depth of preparation?

a. 1/4in.
b. 318 in.
e. 112 in.
d. 9/16 in.
e. 15116in.
46-53 What is the other side weld size?

a. 114 in.
b. 318 in.
c. U2 in.
d. 9/16 in.
e. 15/16in.
Q6-54 What is the arrow side weld size?

a. 114 in.
b. m i n .
e. 112 in.
d. 9/16in.
e. 15116in.
Q6-55 What is the total weld size?

a. 114 in.
b. 318 in.
c. 112 in.
d. 9116in.
e. 15/16in.
106
--```,`,`,`,,``,`,`,``,`,``,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

CH 06 Welding NDT Symbols

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

CH 06 Welding NDT Symbols

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

CHAPTER 6

Elements of the Welding Symbol.................................................................................................................................... 72

Review-Chapter &Welding and Nondestructive Examination Symbols .............................................................. 94

Chapter 4- Welding and Nondestructive Examination Symbols

Introduction other parts of that symbol. Once it is understood how a

ments provide the basis for performing the inspection,

GROOVE ANGLE; INCLUDED ANGLE

Figure 6.1-Standard Location of Elements of a Welding Symbol

Arrow Basic Weld Symbols

Figure 6.2-Arrow Location Significance

Figure 6.3-Weld Symbols

(A) WELD CROSS SECTION SYMBOL

(6) WELD CROSS SECTION SYMBOL

NOTE OVERLAP OF 118 114 (318)

(C) WELD CROSS SECTION SYMBOL

NOTE: TOTAL WELD SIZE = 518 in.

Figure 6.4-Specification of Groove Weld Size and Depth of Bevel

Spot and Seam Weld Detailing

WELD CROSS SECTION SYMBOL

Figure 6.5-Groove Weld Symbol with Combined Dimensions

WELD CROSS SECTION SYMBOL

Figure 6.6-Symmetrical Groove Welds with Backgouging

IL?+ hbj 4-112

WELD CROSS SECTION

(E) CONTINUOUS FILLET WELD

(F) LENGTH OF FILLET WELD

Figure 6.7-Specification of Size and Length of Fillet Welds

CHAPTER 6-WELDING AND NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION SYMBOLS

(A) LENGTH AND PITCH OF INTERMITTENTWELDS

(6) LENGTH AND PITCH OF CHAIN INTERMITTENTWELDS

(C) LENGTH AND PITCH OF STAGGERED INTERMITTENTWELDS

Figure 6.8-Applications of Intermittent Fillet Weld Symbols

(B) INCLUDED ANGLE OF COUNTERSINK

(C) DEPTH OF FILLING

y 2 I C I/? 3/4 518 16

(E) COMBINED DIMENSIONS

Figure 6.9-Applications of Information to Plug Weld Symbols

WELD CROSS SECTION SYMBOL

WELD CROSS SECTION (C) STRENGTH SYMBOL

(D) STRENGTH OF SEAM WELDS

Figure 6.10-Applications of Information to Spot and Seam Weld Symbols

WELD CROSS SECTION SYMBOL

(E) NUMBER AND PITCH

(F)SIZE, LENGTH AND PITCH OF INTERMITTENTSEAM WELDS

Figure 6.10 (Continued)-Applications of Information to Spot and Seam Weld Symbols

Supplementary Symbols The next commonly used supplementary symbol is

V-GROOVE WELD MADE BEFORE

WELD CROSS SECTION SYMBOL

(A) APPLICATION OF BACK WELD SYMBOL

GROOVE WELD MADE AFTER

BACKING WELD El3

V-GROOVE WELD MADE AFTER

(C) APPLICATION OF BACKING WELD WITH ROOT OPENING SPECIFIED

Figure 6.11-Applications of Back or Backing Weld Symbol

(A) SIZE (THICKNESS O) OF SURFACING WELD

WELD CROSS SECTION e SYMBOL

(B)WIDTH AND LENGTH OF SURFACING WELD

WELD CROSS SECTION

(C) MULTIPLE LAYER SURFACINGWELD

(D) CORRECTION OF DIMENSIONS

Figure 6.12-Applications of Surfacing Weld Symbol

CHAPTER &WELDING AND NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION SYMBOLS

(A) STUD WELD SYMBOL WITH COMBINED DIMENSIONS

FOR MULTIPLE ROWS