Ing.

José Correa Guarniz

Capitulo de Ingeniería Eléctrica
Presidente
CDL - CIP
PRESENTACIÓN CIP

Selección de Pararrayos
Lindher Rojas Tovar
ABB - Power Grids High Voltage
Agenda

Step by step selection

June 29, 2018 Slide 2

Step by step selection
IEC60099-5

1. Determine application/type of equipment to be protected

2. Match the electrical characteristics

3. Determine the energy requirements

4. Calculate protection levels

5. Check protection margins

6. Consider environmental factors

June 29, 2018 Slide 3

Step 1
Application

Type of equipment being protected

– Transformers
– Transformer neutrals
– Transmission lines
– Cables
– Cable sheaths
– Rotating machines
– Switchgear
– Capacitor banks
– Reactors
– GIS
– Series Capacitors
– HVDC

June 29, 2018 Slide 4

Step 2
Match the electrical characteristics

Electrical
selection complete

June 29, 2018 Slide 5

Step 2a
Determine Uc

– Uc is determined from actual service voltage across the arrester, Uca

– For phase-ground arresters in 3-phase system: Uca = Us/√3
so any Uc ≥ Us/√3 may be considered equal after consideration of possible voltage fluctuations
• Recommended (IEC 60099-5): Uc ≥ 1.05 x Us/√3
– A larger than necessary Uc may or may not be beneficial, and must be verified in the various type tests.

Common choice guide

Uc for the arrester need not be higher than the minimum of

Ur x 0.8 or in any case 1.1 x Us/3 (for Us ≥ 123kV)

where: 0.8 is the “design factor” for ZnO arresters

and 1.1 covers prolonged undue voltage fluctuations

June 29, 2018 Slide 6

Step 2b
Determine TOV strength

– Calculate TOV strength (Tr)

• Refer manufacturer’s curves
• TOV = k x Us/√3 = k x Uca
where k = overvoltage fault factor
• Ur > TOV/Tr
where Tr = arrester TOV withstand strength

– Always consider TOV at earth-fault

• ke < 1.4 Effectively earthed
• ke = 1.73 Non-effectively earthed

– Consider all other known TOV (amplitude and duration)

where:
• Ure > TOVe/Tre
NOTE!
Every arrester type has its own specific TOV curve • Ur1 > TOV1/Tr1, Ur2 > TOV2/Tr2, etc.

June 29, 2018 Slide 7

Step 2c
Select Ur

– Minimum Ur0 = Uca/0.8 = (Us/√3) / 0.8

– Select rated voltage Ur Ur > TOV/Tr > (k x Us/√3) /Tr
• Ur = Highest of Ur0, Ure, Ur1, Ur2, etc
• Select next highest standard rating from manufacturer’s
catalog

Common choice guide as preliminary selection criteria

To be cautious when specifics are not known
(includes combined effects of earthfault and some load rejection)
Effectively earthed Non-effectively earthed
Us < 123kV Us > 123 kV
k 1.55 1.5 1.73
Duration 1s 1s 10 s or 1 h

June 29, 2018 Slide 8

Calculation example
Ur and Uc

Selection Example: Arresters for 66 kV System

Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
1 Nominal system voltage Un kV 66 66 66
2 Max. system voltage Us kV 72,5 72,5 72,5
3 Arrester location Phase-ground connection
4 System earthing Direct Indirect Indirect
5 System fault clearance time 1s 10 s 2 hr

What arrester Ur and Uc would you select?

6 Assume arrester type already chosen.
7 Available arrester rated voltages: 54, 60, 66, 72, 84, 90, 96 kV
8 From arrester's TOV curves for given times and considering full duty
TOV strength Tr p.u 1,16 1,1 0,96

June 29, 2018 Slide 9

Calculation example
Ur and Uc

Selection Example: Arresters for 66 kV System

Case 1
1 Nominal system voltage Un kV 66
2 Max. system voltage Us kV 72.5
3 Arrester location
4 System earthing Direct
5 System fault clearance time 1s

Max. cont. voltage Uca kV 72,5/√3 Uca=Us/√3

41.86
Min. rated voltage Ur0 kV Uca/0,8 Ur0=Uca/0.8
52.32
Nearest standard rating Ur0 kV 54

June 29, 2018 Slide 10

 Calculation example
Ur and Uc

Case 1 Case 2 Case 3

Max. cont. voltage Uca kV 41.86 41.86 41.86

During earth-fault, TOVe TOVe kV1,55*Uca TOVe=kexUca 1,73*Uca

64.88 72.42 72.42
From TOV curves for given times and considering full duty
TOV strength Tre p.u 1.16 1.1 0.96
Min. rated voltage, TOV/Tr Ure kV 55.93 Ure>TOVe/Tre 75.43
i.e nearest standard Ure kV 60 66 84

Hence, chosen Ur kV 60 66 84
(Uc = 0,8*Ur for Us< 123kV) Uc kV 48 53 67

June 29, 2018 Slide 11

Calculation example
Ur and Uc

Selection Example: Arresters for 66 kV System

Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
1 Nominal system voltage Un kV 66 66 66
2 Max. system voltage Us kV 72,5 72,5 72,5
3 Arrester location Phase-ground connection
4 System earthing Direct Indirect Indirect
5 System fault clearance time 1s 10 s 2 hr

What arrester Ur and Uc would you select?

6 Assume arrester type already chosen.
7 Available arrester rated voltages: 54, 60, 66, 72, 84, 90, 96 kV
8 From arrester's TOV curves for given times and considering full duty
TOV strength Tr p.u 1,16 1,1 0,96

June 29, 2018 Slide 12

Calculation example
Ur and Uc

Selection Example: Arresters for 66 kV System

Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
1 Nominal system voltage Un kV 66 66 66
2 Max. system voltage Us kV 72,5 72,5 72,5
3 Arrester location Phase-ground connection
4 System earthing Direct Indirect Indirect
5 System fault clearance time 1s 10 s 2 hr

Max. cont. voltage Uca kV 72,5/√3 72,5/√3 72,5/√3

41,86 41,86 41,86
Min. rated voltage Ur0 kV Uca/0,8 Uca/0,8 Uca/0,8
52,32 52,32 52,32
Nearest standard rating Ur0 kV 54 54 54

June 29, 2018 Slide 13

Calculation example
Ur and Uc

Case 1 Case 2 Case 3

Max. cont. voltage Uca kV 41.86 41.86 41.86

During earth-fault, TOV Ue kV 1,55*Uca 1,73*Uca 1,73*Uca

64.88 72.42 72.42
From TOV curves for given times and considering full duty
TOV strength Tr p.u 1.16 1.1 0.96
Min. rated voltage, TOV/Tr Ure kV 55.93 65.83 75.43
i.e nearest standard Ure kV 60 66 84

Hence, chosen Ur kV 60 66 84
Uc kV 48 53 67

June 29, 2018 Slide 14

Step 3
Determine energy requirements

– For new installations, a proper transient system study will give

an indication of the required arrester classification according
to IEC 60099-4, Ed 3.0

– For replacement in existing networks, and/or where a system

study has not been made, the following common choice
guides are proposed

Repetitive Charge Transfer rating, Qrs

– Check the line discharge class of the existing surge arresters
used in the network

– If the performance of the old arresters has been satisfactory,

then select an arrester with a charge capability at least 10%
above the IEC example (L.3) to ensure the discharge capability
of the new arresters would not be too low compared with the
old ones because of the different test procedures

June 29, 2018 Slide 15

Step 3
Determine energy requirements

Rated Thermal Energy, Wth

– Check the line discharge class of the existing surge arresters For example, generically for ABB HVAC arresters:
used in the network

– If the performance of the old arresters has been satisfactory,

then select an arrester with a corresponding thermal energy
rating (rounded to the nearest classification value) based on
the total energy absorbed in two impulses in the switching
surge operating duty test cycle from IEC 60099-4 Ed 2.2,
cl 8.5.5

June 29, 2018 Slide 16

Step 4
Determine Protection levels

– For chosen arrester obtain the residual voltages at different

impulses and co-ordinating currents

Common choice guide

Co-ordinating currents

Upl (LIPL), 8/20 µs impulse

– 10 kA for Us < 362 kV
– 20 kA for Us > 362 kV

Ups (SIPL), 30/60 µs impulse

– 0.5 kA for Us < 170 kV
– 1.0 kA for Us < 300 kV
– 2.0 kA for Us > 362 kV
NOTE!
Every arrester type has its own specific protection characteristic curves

June 29, 2018 Slide 17

Step 5
Check protective margins

– Check if protective margins are sufficient for all types of

impulses

– Withstand level
• LIWV = Lightning impulse withstand voltage
• SIWV = Switching impulse withstand voltage
– Protection level
• Upl = Lightning protection level
• Ups = Switching protection level

– Margins in the order of 15 – 20 % (including distance effects)

are generally recommended to consider aged non self-
restoring insulation
• Distance effect for fast impulses reduce margins
considerably and must be accounted for
• Higher margins are recommended if system details are
not fully analysed

June 29, 2018 Slide 18

ABB Surge Arresters
Standard insulation levels

Standard insulation levels (LIWL) for

equipment are specified in IEC 60071-1
Step 5
Example of protection margins
A 420 kV transformer with arresters fitted has the following parameters
System Arresters
LIWL 1425 kV  LIPL 897 kVp
SIWL 1050 kV  SIPL 728 kVp

What are the protective margins to the transformer’s insulation levels?

a) excluding distance effect

11 m
Overhead Line

9m

June 29, 2018 Slide 20

Step 5
Example of protection margins

a) Excluding distance effect

– Margin to LIWL = ((1425/897) –1) x 100 = 58%
– Margin to SIWL = ((1050/728) – 1) x 100 = 44%

June 29, 2018 Slide 21

Step 6
Consider other environmental conditions

Arrester housing insulation withstand

(requirements as per IEC 60099-4 up to 1000 masl)
LIWV > 1,3 * Upl
from 1,15 * e1000/8150 which reflects a 15% co-ordination factor to take into
The correction factor Ka is based on the dependence of the account discharge currents higher than nominal and the statistical nature
atmospheric pressure on the altitude. of the withstand voltage of the insulation, and a 13% margin to account for
where variation in air pressure from sea level up to normal service altitudes not
H is the altitude above sea level (in metres) and the value of m is exceeding 1 000 m and discharge currents higher than nominal.
Lightning m = 1,0
Switching < 800kV m = 1,0 SIWV > 1,25 x Ups
> 800 kV m according to fig 9 IEC 60071-2 from 1,1 * em(1000/8150) which reflects a 10% co-ordination factor to take into
account discharge currents higher than normal and the statistical nature of
the withstand voltage of the insulation, and a 13% margin to account for
Common choice guide variation in air pressure from sea level up to normal service altitudes not
exceeding 1 000 m
IEC design altitude: 1000 m
PFWV > 1,06 x Ups (as peak value)
factor of 1,06 takes into account a safety margin of 1,1 for higher switching
impulse currents, an altitude correction factor of 1,13 for 1000 m altitude,
and a test conversion factor of 0,6×√2 acc. Table 2 of IEC 60071-2:1996.

June 29, 2018 Slide 22

Muchas Gracias!
Lindher Rojas Tovar
Lindher.rojas@pe.abb.com
ABB - Power Grids High Voltage