Energy Meters Software Features

‘Energy Meter S/W features’
By
N.K. BHATI
(Electricity metering school)

Yadav Measurements Pvt. Ltd.
Udaipur
Reflecting the Truth
What s/w has

to do with
energy
meter???
I know a bit !
2005/01/15 N.K.Bhati, YMPL copy right 2005 2
1
Energy Meter S/W features
Course objectives.
Familiarise you with
• Basic software features built in modern energy meters.
• Some definitions.
• Some derivations or implementations
• Fortunately there are no standards for S/W yet.
Only CBIP report 88 specifies a few requirement.
2
• Metering engineer and business managers view point
• Unlike old FWM meters, Most Static meters are
intelligent instruments.
• A static energy meter is as powerful as its s/w features.
• Generally operation of the meter is simple though s/w
implemented may be complex, its features are given in
operation manual.
• Meter s/w is driven from the planned Metering System
implementation, application and customer
specifications.
• Same meter H/W may have different s/w to be suitable
for different applications.
• The Metering system implementation has

3 basic elements
– The Consumer Energy Meter (CEM),
– The Meter Reading Instrument (MRI),
– The Base Computer System (BCS) for
information management, setting up
configuration of meters etc,
– appropriate s/w is required for each of these
to get application delivered.
3
• Basic functions
• Electrical measurement
• Displays
• Communication
• Pulse I/O.
• Real time clock
• Not all functions are available in all type of
meters
• Derived functions:
– Various energy registers.
– Demand measurement.
– Tariff and billing information.
– Data storage: Load survey or parameter profiles
– Other electrical parameters.
– Tamper detection and logging.
– Configurability support.
– Communication and Data security.
– External CT/PT error compensation
4
Energy meter…. basic functions
Electrical Measurement.
• Phase wise Voltage, line current, power, pf.,
• Sum of three phase active power, reactive
power (Reactive leading is generally taken as negative )
• Average instantaneous power factor
(Be careful , what is the definition of average
instantaneous pf ?)
• Apparent power
• Power and energy measurement may be
Total or fundamental basis.

• Power
• P = v.i
• or Pf =Vf If cosΦf
– If measurement is on fundamental basis then internally Fourier analysis
will be applied to derive fundamental components.
• Energy =?P.dt or ? P.∆t where ∆t is a fixed

interval of measurement.
• Energy is stated in units of Wh (Watt-hours), kWh or MWh.
• Internally meter s/w will apply calibration, correction for
sensor errors and scaling and MF in case of CT or
CT/VT meters. Also calibration LED pulse o/p will be
driven.
5
• Apparent power
VA= W2 +VAr2
– Where W is net active power and VAr is net reactive power
• Power factor:
pf = active (real ) power / apparent power
= W / VA

• Energy Quadrants
6
Power Flow Quadrants: IEC62053-23
V
Q4 Import Active Power
PF: Leading
/capacitive
Export Reactive Power Q1

PF: lagging/
Inductive
Q3
PF: lagging
/Inductive Import Reactive Power
Export Active Power

Q2
PF: Leading
2005/01/15 N.K.Bhati, YMPL copy right 2005/ capacitive 13
Energy meter…. Derived functions

• Energy registers
Mainly 4 or 5 types
– Active (kWh) import
– Active (kWh) export
– Reactive (kVArh) import
– Reactive (kVArh) export
– Apparent (kVAh)
• However reactive registers definition varies from utility
to utility and depends on tariff
• kVArh Lag (kW import) (Q1), kVArh Lead (kW import)
(Q2), kVArh Import (Q1+4) , kVArh Export (Q2+3),
kVArh Import and Export (all four)
7
• Apparent Energy
Depends on tariff… for import meters
Lag only: The kVAh register accumulates metered energy only when
the kWh is imported. In lagging power factor quadrant (Q1).
VA = W 2 + VAr 2
In leading pf, (Q2) kVAh = kWh
Lag+lead: The kVAh register accumulates metered energy only when
the kWh is imported. In both lagging power factor quadrant (Q1) and
leading power factor quadrant (Q2).
VA = W 2 + VAr 2
Other register implementation:

• Fraud register.
• Forwarded register
(Net forwarded or phase wise forwarded.)
8
• Demand: average power required during a defined time, normally
called Demand Integration Period (DIP)
Energy consumed in DIP

Average Demand =
DIP time (in hours)
• Rising demand:
Energy consumed in time t1
Rising Demand at elapsed time t1 =
DIP time (in hours)

• Example to illustrate principle of demand and rising
demand
Rising demand
Demand=100kW
100kW
Load Accumulated energy 50kWh
0 30 60
Elapsed time in min.
9
• Example to illustrate principle of demand and rising

demand
RD=8.33kVA
RD=41.67 kVA
100
75 RD= Demand =58.33kVA

Load KVA
50
25
0.0 30 60
2005/01/15 N.K.Bhati, time
Elapsed YMPLin
copy right 2005
minutes 19

• Demand can be measured over a fixed DIP
– ie 12:00 to 12:30 or 14:15 to14:30 etc
• Some utilities ask for sliding window DIP, this helps catch
consumers who take high power for durations close to DIP but
spread over two DIPs.
Contract Demand=100
D=80 D=80 Actual demand =120
120
Load in kVA
40
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10 20 30 40 50
Elapsed time in min
10
Energy m eter… . D erived functions
• M axim um D em and (M D ) MD
register: is defined as the
largest am ount of power KVA # 2
dra wn (average dem and) over 120
a defined DIP since the m eter 100
was last read/ or dem and 80
reset 60 `
40
• It is com m on to use kVA as a 20
m easure of MD rather than 0
kW since kVA is used to
12 AM
1: M
AM
2: M
2: AM
3: M
3: M
4: M
AM
A
A
A
A
0
00
00
30
00
30
0
30
00
:0
:3
1:
12
define the size of conductors
and transm ission hardware.
• M D occurrence date and tim e
is also recorded.
2005/01/15 N .K.Bhati, YM PL copy right 2005 21

• Primary objective of meter is to measure
energy used and bill to consumer based on
applicable Tariffs.
• Tariffs are of two types.
– Fixed rate ( may be slabs based) or multi rate based on time of
use.
– May be two (normal and peak or surplus time) or 4 or 8 TOU
registers.
– In some countries STOD is used,
• Example
• TOD 1 - 6 am to 9 am, TOD 2 -9 to 6 PM.
• TOD 3 - 9 PM to 12:00, TOD 4 -12 to 6am
• MD register also has bill register and one
register is maintained for 24 hrs. known as
Universal MD register
11
E nergy m eter… . D erived functions
B illing R ate/M axim um D em and R egisters
• O n each B ill action, m ain registers are copied to
bill registers .
• B illing actions:
• O n fixed date an d tim e.
• M anual billing b y b utto n
• T hru M R I .
• O n B illin g actio n, M D re gister is co pied to bill re gister a nd
reset autom atically.
• M ost of tim e, there is C um ulative M D reg ister a lso, each
tim e dem and is reset it is add ed into this reg iste r. A lso a
M a x D em and reset cou nter is kept . (wh y?)
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• History registers.
– Some customers ask for histories of Bill
register for selected or all type of registers for
3 or 6 months.
• Average monthly power factor:
– This is defined as kWh consumed / kVAh
consumed and used for penalty or incentive.
12
Load Surveys
• Record of how energy consumption has varied over time.
• Average consumption/ demand for every SIP/ DIP stored.
• 48 or 96 records per day., for 30/45/60 days.
• Data may be for 1 to 4 parameters.
• May be 10/12/16 bit resolution
• This requires large memory size,
Typical parameters for load survey include:
• kW import/export, kVA import/export, kVAr import/export.
• These days, many customer ask for even other
parameters also to be recorded, then it is called as
‘parameter profile’
• Time stamped info on events, such as power on/ power
off, RTC/ battery status, self diagnostic status etc.

• A typical load survey
Typ ic a l D e m a nd cur v e fo r fla t ta r if f
S er ies 2
14 0
12 0
10 0
80
Demand(kW)
60
40
20
0
Da y1 D ay 1 D ay 1 D ay 2 D ay 2 Da y2
D a y pro gres s ion in hours ( 4 d a ys )
13
Energy meter… . Derived functions
Other electrical param eters.

• Many M eters has capability to m easure, display
and record m any other param eters also like
• Frequency,
• Phase to phase voltages,
• Angle between voltage phases,
• Harmonic energy
• Phase sequence
• Som e m eters are capable to give param eters
such that com plete vectorial analysis can be
done.
2005/01/15 N.K.Bhati, YM PL copy right 2005 27
Tamper detection capability of

electronic meters
I will fix your
meter to save
money
14
What is a tamper?
– An intentional change in electrical parameters such that it
gives an advantage to the customer by registering less
energy than actually consumed
Tamper detection and logging:

• Meter analyses the electrical parameters and their relationships
to make a judgment whether this is a situation which may
happen due to normal load condition or is artificially caused.
• Tamper detection logics can be as powerful as application
knowledge and its appropriate implementation in s/w. some
tamper detection needs special h/w support also.
• 4th Current sensor and support circuit,
• Magnetic field detection .
• Meter cover/ TB cover open detection
Commonly logged tampers

• Missing potential
• Invalid voltage
• CT reversal
• CT short or CT By-pass
• Current unbalance
• Voltage unbalance
• Neutral disturbance ,
• Magnetic tampers etc
• Power on /off
S/w must be capable to differentiate between
system conditions and actual tampers
15
Tamper detection and logging
• Tamper detection is generally allowed some

time called persistence time Pt.(60 to 300 sec)
• There are threshold values for V, I etc below
which tampers are difficult to detect.
• Tamper has two event
• Occurrence
• Restoration
• Tamper recording is done as events with
following info
- Date and time of occurrence and restoration,
- type of tamper,
- Instantaneous parameters when tamper event has occurred

• Tampers are recorded in separate
records. There may be a single folder or
multiple folders called compartments.
• These may be recorded as FIFO with roll
over or stay put type.
16
Event log with
date & time
Snapshot of
electrical
parameters

• A few designs have tamper deterrence
features such as recording energy at
Imax.
• A few designs may have forward
recording or deficiency metering.
• A few designs have tamper isolation
specially Neutral isolation.
• Not all tampers can be detected like h/w
modifications,
17
Energy meter…. Configurability support.
• Meter s/w allows many features to be
configured.
• Ptime/ threshold for tamper detection.
• Number and type of parameters to be recorded
in Load surveys
• DIP/SIP time
• Apparent energy and reactive energy calculation
basis, generally called energy definitions.
• Tariffs related parameters like No. of TOU
registers, their timings ,
• Bill dates and MD reset methods .
• Histories of bill registers,
Energy meter…. Configurability support.
• The configuability must be secure and an

audit trail must be kept.
• These are done thru meter transactions.
18
Energy meter s/w .. Security
• Meter s/w must have adequate security against any unauthorised
• change in s/w configurations.
• Reading of data recorded.
• Change of calibration data.
• Writing into memory which may disrupt functioning or
recorded data
• This is done thru authorised transactions.
• Several techniques of authenticated message processing
like pass word and advanced methods.
• Each transaction processed is recorded for
audit trail and is transferred to BCS system
along with meter reading electronically.
Energy meter s/w …Communication and Data

security.
• Most meters support one or two communication ports.

• One port is normally optically isolated port, using two
signals (Tx and Rx.) serial data transfer at baud rates
upto 9600 bps. Mostly simplex communication is used.
• Communication ports may have proprietary or
1107/ANSI form factor.
• S/w protocol may be proprietary or as per some of new
standards like 1107/ DLMS etc.
• Information is generally packet based.
• Some meters allow ASCII protocol for reading
instantaneous parameters and registers etc.
19
Energy m eter s/w … Com m unication and D ata
security.
• O ther com m . port is norm ally isolated serial port R S

232 or RS 485 port.
• W ork is being done for com m unication over power lines
too. Low power radio is being used.
• The protocol m ay be as per custom er specification.
Advanced protocols m ay include EDC.
• This is used in industrial or in panels etc substation
m onitoring etc.
• This port is also used for Rem ote reading of m eters thru
PSTN dial up lines or G SM m odem s. In this case
com patible s/w needs to be provided.

security.
• Once meter is manufactured its security is locked,
means no change can be effected with out proper
and secure method.
• Data transferred from Meter to MRI or on line
reading shall be secure, to indicate any change in
data intentionally or unintentionally (any corruption).
• Most meters will use some form of message
authentication.
• Base computer system will check and validate data
before using it,
20
Energy meter s/w …Communication and
Data security.
• Meters are supplied with meter specific ‘keys’
which are used for data validation.
• These keys are also used for preparing
transactions for effecting any change in the meter,
like changing any configuration parameter etc.
• A proper management and safe custody of meter
keys is very important and utility engineers must
give required attention to this.

security.
• Many designs allow several levels of

access to meter data.
• Selected levels can access to certain
allowed data.
• This is managed thru access codes and
multiple levels of passwords.
• Each user can define his own password.
21
Energy meter s/w .. Advanced features
• External CT /PT error compensation.

• Transformer loss compensation.
• Scaling meters for different CT PT ratios.
• Power quality parameter monitoring and
recording.
• Vsquared hours or DASH Metering.
• Summation metering.
• Traction metering.
Energy meter s/w…
Some self diagnostics are included like

• RTC battery voltage,
• RTC health,
• Lamp test of display,
• memory test,
• A few of these are really useful, others
are superfluous
22
Energy meter s/w…RTC
• RTC is required to implement all time based functions,
like MD, LS, billing , TOD and event logging.
• Meter displays date and time and also appended in
electronic reading.
• Quartz crystal controlled Real Time Clock with battery
back up is used.
• Battery life of >10 years in circuit and 2 years in box .
• Time is read every power up and periodically from RTC.
• Once time is set meter maintains it.
• Some meters allow time correction in circuit thru MRI in
small range.
• Time can be set only by special transactions.
Energy Meter S/W….. Displays
• Meters have large amount of data and

can display several parameters , as
configured.
• Prudence needs to be applied to what
needs to be displayed and why ?, who
will use it and how?
• A large number of displays will be
confusing and will lead to mistakes or
frustration, large reading time etc.
23
Simple form of displays are LEDs.

• In most meters we find one /two or five
LEDs.
– Activity indicator
– Calibration LED.
– Phase indicators 1 or 3 .
– Tamper LED.
• In some low cost meters electromechanical
counter is used.
• Intelligent meters have LED or LCD

displays.
• Displays may be dot matrix or character
based.
• Generally displays are mix of 7 segment,
star burst and legends.
24
a ty p ic a l L C D d is p la y
7 d ig it 7 s e g m e n t n u m e ric d is p la y
1 4 s e g m e n t a lp h a n u m e ric
Im p o rt E xp o rt
in d ic a to r
P h a s e s ta tu s
Lag in d ic a to rs U n it le g e n d s
le a d P f
2 0 0 5 /0 1 /1 5 N .K .B h a ti, Y M P L c o p y rig h t 2 0 0 5 49
• Meters display information in two modes:

• Auto display: A sequential display with a fixed On
and off time. Number of parameters can be
configured.
• Manual display thru buttons: one or two buttons for
scroll up or down.
• In some cases 4 buttons are used and page
formatted displays are given. Left and right
buttons used for page selection.
25
Displays
• LAM P TEST
– In this display, all the segm ents of the LCD are
lighted up to confirm the proper working of the
display LC D.
• D ATE
– This display shows the Current Date in the m eter
(based on the real tim e m aintained by m eter clock
called RTC) in DD:M M:YY form at.
• RE AL TIM E
– This display shows the Current Tim e in the m eter
(based on the real tim e m aintained by m eter clock
called RTC) in HH:M M:SS
Energy meter … s/w features
Pulse input/out put.

• IF this hardware option is available in
meter then s/w support can be provided.
• Pulses can be potential free contacts or
solid state switches.
26
• Pulse inputs can be configured for

• Demand integration period synchronisation in
multiple meter application.
• Receiving energy pulses for summation.
• Counting and accumulating values ie for Gas or
water metering.
• TOD register time zone change in two rate
meters, ie Radio Tele switch operation.
• Pulse outputs can be configured for

• Energy accumulation i.e. per unit or per tenth of
a unit to drive remote registers.
• For summation purpose.
• DIP completion.
• Load control or in driving switches in prepayment
meters
• S/w allows configuartion for which relay
will have what function, rate etc.
27
E nergy m eter … s/w featu re s
• S o m e m e ters provid e 4 to 20 m A D C
cu rre nt loop for integration in P an els in
co ntrol room s of proce ss ind ustrie s and
su bstations.
2005/01/15 N .K .B ha ti, Y M P L copy right 200 5 55
Energy meters….. s/w features
• Some meters provide features of

– Load control.
– Self billing.
– Dial in on events.
– SCADA RTU function.
– Max demand control function.
– Wave form analysis and harmonics
measurement.
– Some new meters are available with
Ethernet and can be web enabled.
28
Energy meter advanced software
implementations
Meters of special types :
Frequency based meters with ABT based
tariff implementation. These are used in
Indian GRID metering.
Energy meter advanced software

implementations
• Rack based meters with multiple meters,
with one common meter function
controller, summation based on pulses
and in real time communication, on line
communication with external world .
29
Energy meters…. s/w features
• What more do you expect r k n ew

o w , I n e v e l t h a t !!
W o al
from a little meter? ca n d
m e te r
• If you can imagine and
specify, some one will do it.
Its intelligence gives it the
capability to do so. Of
course one will need to pay
for it.
• Any ideas??
Any questions please???
30

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‘Energy Meter S/W features’

(Electricity metering school)

What s/w has

2005/01/15 N.K.Bhati, YMPL copy right 2005 2

Energy Meter S/W features

2005/01/15 N.K.Bhati, YMPL copy right 2005 4

2005/01/15 N.K.Bhati, YMPL copy right 2005 5

Energy Meter S/W features

• The Metering system implementation has

2005/01/15 N.K.Bhati, YMPL copy right 2005 7

Energy Meter S/W features

2005/01/15 N.K.Bhati, YMPL copy right 2005 8

Energy meter…. basic functions

• Energy =?P.dt or ? P.∆t where ∆t is a fixed

2005/01/15 N.K.Bhati, YMPL copy right 2005 11

Energy meter…. basic functions

2005/01/15 N.K.Bhati, YMPL copy right 2005 12

Export Reactive Power Q1

Export Active Power

Energy meter…. Derived functions

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2005/01/15 N.K.Bhati, YMPL copy right 2005 15

Energy meter…. Derived functions

Other register implementation:

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Energy consumed in DIP

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Energy meter…. Derived functions

Load Accumulated energy 50kWh

2005/01/15 N.K.Bhati, YMPL copy right 2005 18

• Example to illustrate principle of demand and rising

75 RD= Demand =58.33kVA

Energy meter…. Derived functions

2005/01/15 N.K.Bhati, YMPL copy right 2005 60 20

was last read/ or dem and 80

m easure of MD rather than 0

kW since kVA is used to

Energy meter…. Derived functions

Energy meter…. Derived functions

2005/01/15 N.K.Bhati, YMPL copy right 2005 24

Energy meter…. Derived functions

2005/01/15 N.K.Bhati, YMPL copy right 2005 26

Other electrical param eters.

2005/01/15 N.K.Bhati, YM PL copy right 2005 27

Tamper detection capability of

2005/01/15 N.K.Bhati, YMPL copy right 2005 28

Tamper detection and logging:

Energy meter…. Derived functions

Commonly logged tampers

• Tamper detection is generally allowed some

Tamper detection and logging

2005/01/15 N.K.Bhati, YMPL copy right 2005 32

2005/01/15 N.K.Bhati, YMPL copy right 2005 33

Tamper detection and logging

Energy meter…. Configurability support.

• The configuability must be secure and an

2005/01/15 N.K.Bhati, YMPL copy right 2005 36

Energy meter s/w …Communication and Data

• Most meters support one or two communication ports.

2005/01/15 N.K.Bhati, YMPL copy right 2005 38

• O ther com m . port is norm ally isolated serial port R S

2005/01/15 N.K.Bhati, YM PL copy right 2005 39

Energy meter s/w …Communication and Data