The Hindu Review February 2018 For Upcoming Competitive Exam

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8/30/2017
ENGLISH FOR SSC
SHARMA
Instagram:- v.s.sharma4
VIPIN SHARMA (8816017688)

JISHARMA798@GMAIL.COM
ENGLISH FOR SSC
www.GOSSC.in Telegram Channel: t.me/gossc
English
 Pats of speech:-
1. Noun: - anything and everything
2. Pronoun: - I, you, we, he, she, it, they
Instead of noun in order to avoid its repletion.
3. Adjective: - describes noun/pronoun
Ad.+noun
Ex: good+ boy
4. Verb: - is, am, are, was, were, play, read etc.……
5. Adverb: - describes verb
He writes slowly/fast.
6. Conjunction: - joining words
7. Articles: - a, an, the
8. Preposition: - at, on, in, of…….
9. Interjection: - exclamatory word
VERB
Subject + verb +other words
Singular singular
Plural plural
Present present
Past past

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Instagram-: v.s.sharma4
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 Subject number: -
Pronoun: -
I singular
You plural
We plural
They plural
He singular
She singular
It singular
 Noun: - chair, table, officer…….
Chairs, tables, students…….
Sub.+ s/es = plural
 Subject time:-
Instagram:- v.s.sharma4 I…… today. Present
I….. yesterday. Past
I…. tomorrow. Future
 Time expressing words.
 Common sense
Jaylalita past
I …… born in Delhi. Past
 Confusion: -
Sub.+s/es = plural
Verb+s/es= singular
 Singular verb: - verb + s/es= is, was, has, does, am
Plural verb: - are, were, have, do
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No number: - had & did

Past verb: - was, were, had, did
Present verb: - am, is, are, has, have, do, does
 Identification of subject: -
Subject is a word that does the work of verb.
For ex. He is playing.
The price of cosmetics is rising.
 Short Trick: -
Subject is all the words that come before the first verb.
For ex. He is playing.
The price of cosmetics is rising.
 Many verbs in a sentence.
For ex. He might have been studying.
Instagram:- v.s.sharma4 1st verb
Nearest to the subject
Closest to the subject
True verb
 The needle have a narrow edge.
Have Plural Present
Needle Singular Present
Now
Write singular at the place of plural and answer will be has at
the place of have.
 They have visited us yesterday.

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Have P pr
They P past
Here, time is different so we should correct the time therefore,
the answer is had at the place of have.
 God do not harm us.
Do p Pr
God S Pr
Again here subject number is different so the answer will be
does at the place of do.
 Birbal has a close relationship with the emperor Akbar.
Has S pr
Birbal S past
The answer is , had at the place of has.
 The kids were dancing to the music of Hony singh now.
Were P past
The kids P pr
The answer is, are at the place of were.
 Education was the key to success and teachers are making
lasting impact on the lives of the students.
Was S Past
Education S Pr
The answer is, is at the place of was.
 Level 1 subject 1 word pronoun/noun
Level 2 subject 2-6 words noun+adjective
Adjective adj+noun
Good + boy
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RULES
1. Adj+s/es plural
He is strong. Correct
They are strongs. Incorrect
2. Adj No number
3. Subject’s number cannot be identified by its adjective.
For ex. One boy
My markers is black. Are
Our country are great. Is
4. Subject’s number is identified by only noun.
 Short Trick:- If a subject consist of more than one word and it does
not have any proposition and ‘and’, just then the noun (true subject)
is located just before the true verb.
For ex. Manager’s comments is not appreciated by the employees.
Is S pr
Comments P pr
The answer is, are at the place of is.
Too many problems are still remaining to be solved.
Are P Pr
Problems P Pr
The answer is no error.
 Level 3 subject 3-7 words noun+adj+and
 AND plural
Tom and harry. Plural
You and I. Plural

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 AND singular
Procter and gamble company. Singular
Iron and steel plant. Singular
Metal and mineral industry. Singular
 Rules:-
1) Noun+and+noun plural
Ram and Mohan are good friends.
N N
2) Adj+and+adj Subject’s number identified by its noun.
Strong and united nation has strength.
Adj Adj N
3) Adj+and+noun
Strong and boy
 SHORT TRICK: - When a subject has ‘and’, noun has to be
the word just before the verb.
 An intelligent and beautiful girl is rare.
 A boy and a girl are sitting under a tree.
 Moral and social values has to be taught to school
students.
Has S Pr
Values P Pr
The answer is have at the place of has.

 Small and medium industries is mostly affected by the
gradual withdrawl of safety mechanism.
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The answer is are at the place of is.

 The fifth and final play has sleepwalking scene.
The answer is no error.
 India’s travel and tourism industry have poised on growth
at seven percent this year.
The answer is, has at the place of have.
 Their ideas and technical knowledge is yielding
unprecedent growth.
 Level 4 subject 5-14 words
Noun/adj/and/preposition
 Prepositon:- about, above, blow, across, after, before,
against, amid, among, around, round, over, behind,
beneath, beside, besides, between, beyond, by, through,
Instagram:- v.s.sharma4 down, up, except, for, of, from, at, on, in, to, towards,
under, underneath.
For example:-
i) The pages of the book are blue.
ii) The manager’s comments on the preparation of the
test matches for this tour have been generally
praised.
iii) The tax treatly between India and Switzerland has
been amended and we shall be able to obtain
information about any swiss bank account.
iv) The message and emails of my friend are lost.
 Short trick:- When a subject has preposition, the true subject is all the
words that come before the first preposition.

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 The behavior of young boys are the subject comment all over
the world.
The answer is, is at the place of are.
 The call of sea have always found on echo in me.
The answer is, has at the place of have.
 The list of the names of tax defaulters were published in the
newspaper.
The answer is, was at the place of were.
 The theme and the concept of the international festival was
universally appreciated.
The answer is, were at the place of was.
 At certain reasons, some areas on Mars is subjected to strong
wind.
 Radicalization and the growing apeal of the ideology of global
jihad are real threats.
The answer is, No error.
 Note:- words which ends with ‘tion’ and ‘sion’ are always
noun.
Article
Determinor/Informer/demonstrator/indicator/qualifier/adjective
Status of Noun
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General status Particular status

Indefinite Article definite article
A/An The
One/any This, that – singular noun
These, those – Plural noun
Ex:-
i) The boy who is standing there is my best friend.

ii) A boy is going to play cricket right now.
 Proper usage of Indefinite article (a/an):-

 Always use ‘a’ before a consonantal noun, ‘an’ before
vowelized noun.
 But, a consonantal having vowelized sound, is always
preceded by ‘an’ whereas vowelized noun having,
consonantal noun will always be preceded by ‘a’ Ex:-


i. An engineer should complete his project tactfully.
ii. She is a B.A. but her husband is an M.A.
iii. His brother is a one eyed man.
Rule 1:- We must use a/an before that adjective which had been
followed by a singular countable noun.
Ex:-
i) He is a great poet.

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ii) Being a miserly man he cannot send him money.
Rule 2:- We can not be allowed to use a/an before that adjective which had
been followed by a uncountable as well as plural countable noun or being used
in the absence of man.
Ex:-
i) A fresh water is required to protect water.

ii) They are none but great poets
Rule 3:- We should always use a/an before a common noun of a sentence a
part from man/woman regarding these two we should not write ‘a’ unless
they are to be categorized in sense of ‘one’.
Ex:- A student must be punctual for attaining target.
 In Good/bad condition:-
Rule 4:- To point out the positive understanding in between man and woman
we should always us ‘a’ before man only, but to denote there negative
understanding it will have to use before both of them respectively.
Ex:-
i) A man and woman have been working together in this office for two years.
ii) I saw a man and a woman quarrelling there on the road yesterday.
Rule 5:- To denote the two particulars identities of a person in presence of ‘and’
we should always use ‘a/an’ before the former one
of them but to express then in presence of both and/not only………but
also/neither………nor/either………or, it will have to be used there before
both of them respectively.
Ex:-
i) Mohan is a poet and singer.

ii) V.V.S Lakshman is both a doctor and a cricketer.
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iii) Mr. Sinha is not only a teacher but also philosopher.
Rule 6:- If How/so/as/too is being used as a preceder of an adjective in a

particular sentence, ‘a/an’ will have to be used. There just before that noun
by which it is going to be followed.
How/so/as/too+adj.+a/an+noun Adverbs of
extent/limitation
a/an+very/extremely/+adj.+S.S.noun ex:-
i) How fine a say it is.
ii) Too weak a student he is.
iii) He is a too weak.
 When ‘most’ is being used just before an adjective in respect of a particular

contexts before it will have to use ‘the’ but when on the other hand it is to
be used in the absence of a particular contexts, we will have to use ‘a’
before it because it is required to be treated there as very.
Ex:-
i) It is most interesting story.

ii) Ramesh is the most cooperative person in my village.
iii) It is the most interesting story out of those three.
iv) Ramesh is a most cooperative person.
v) Life is not a bed of roses.
 Some important idiomatic expressions to be used always in
presence of Indefinite article:-
 A bed of roses – easy and comfortable
  Ex:- life is not a bed of roses.
 An apple of discord – the reason of conflict.


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Ex:- The Himalayan range had become an apple of discord

between India and China.

  An apple of one’s eye – very dear
Ex:- He is only son is an apple of his eye.

 To be born with a silver spoon in one’s mouth to bring to a very
 rich family.
Ex:- He is born with silver spoon in his mouth.

 To be fit to hold a/The – to be equal in quality

Ex:- He is the son of very famous writer but he is not fit to hold a
candle to his father.

 Under a cloud – under suspicions

Ex:- His secret connections with the singulars have brought him
under a cloud.

 Instagram:- v.s.sharma4
 At a stone’s throw – nearby/at the shortest
Ex:- My friend is standing at a stone throw from here.

 At an arm’s length – to be at a certain distance forever Ex:- We
should try our best to keep our enemies at an arm’s length from us.

 To have a knowledge/a faith/a hand Ex:-

1 Having a good knowledge of mathematics you will be able to
get your target comfortable.
2 I don’t have a faith upon him edge he is a very smart
cheater.
3 Ram doesn’t have a hand in that murder at all.
 A little knowledge – incomplete knowledge

Ex:- It is a very famous saying that little knowledge is a
dangerous thing.

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  To go for a walk – to get refreshment
  To take a rest – to be released for sometimes
  In a fix – confused
  In a rage/temper – highly irritated
  In a proper way/manner/respect – orderly

 In a mess – in danger

 Some important idiomatic expressions to be used always in the
absence of indefinite article:-
  In detail – thoroughly
  In final/conclusion – finally
  In silence – silently
  To be ill at ease – to feel uncomfortable

 In brief/short/long


 At one’s finger tips – to have ready and authentic
knowledge
 Ex:- A competent lawyer should keep all the sections of law
at his finger tips.
Note:-
 In a nutshell
 In a bad mood/state
 Omission of indefinite article:-
Rule 1:- We can not be allowed to us a/an regarding a proper a bring

material as well as an abstract from up noun until and unless it is to be
treated as a common noun in a particular operation.
Ex:-
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i) Shakespeare was a great play writer.

ii) Now a days my brother is writing like a Shakespeare.
iii) We should read a news paper daily to fresh up our general
knowledge.
iv) A book is printed on paper.
v) Beauty needs no outer ornaments.
vi) She has a real beauty.
Rule 2 :- Regarding breakfast, lunch, dinner as well as supper we should

not write any article unless they are being specially.
Ex:-
i) I am going to take dinner right now.

ii) It was nothing but an expensive dinner.
Use of definite article (The)

(The) +noun relative pronoun+verb (singular/plural)
Antecedent – who, which, what, when, where, that
Rule 1:- We must use The before that noun which has been followed by a
relative pronoun in a particular sentence.
Ex:-
i) The boy who is standing there is my best friend.

ii) The students who have just been selected for this competition are very
intelligent.
iii) This is the house where they have been living since 1980.
Rule 2:- We should always use The before that comparative adjective by which
the certain quality of an individual is being selected regarding he two others.
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Ex:-
i) He is the better of the two students.

ii) Mira is the more sincere than two girl
iii) Out of these two completions this is definitely the lesser.
 Idiomatic Phrases:- subject

One of, everyone of, each of, either of, neither of, anyone of + the +
noun(plural) + verb(singular)
Ex:-
Each of the students of third class is highly disciplined an goal
i)
oriented.
ii) One of the villagers has just decided to raise this particular issue
in the next meeting of the committee.
Rule 3:- ‘The’ must be used before the non-roman form of an ordinal
adjective.
Instagram:- v.s.sharma4 Ordinal Adjective
The * Roman The Non-Roman

I, II, III
Digital Scriptional
1st, 2nd, 3rd first, second, …

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NUMBER
COUNTABLE FORM OF NOUN
SINGULAR
 Noun Plural in form but Singular in function:-
PLURAL
Summons, mathematics, politics, dynamics, economics ethics,…….

 Note:- summons es (plural)
The/possessive adjective/any such subjects/plural
noun.(understood)
Example:-
i) No summons has yet been issued form the court.
ii) Two summonses have already been issued from the court.
iii) Mathematics is an interesting subject.
iv) His mathematics are perfect so he can get his target very comfortably.
v) Politics is a dirty game.

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vi) His politics are very convencing so he is going to be elected in the forthcom-
ing general election.
 Nouns Singular in form but Plural in function.:-
Cattle, clergy, cavalvy, infantry, artillery, gentry, peasentry, staff,
electorate, people etc.
 Note:-
i) A/this/that+cattle+singular verb
A herd of cattle.
ii) People- more than one person
Peoples- more than one nation (country)
Example:-
i) There are not many gentry in that village.
ii) All the staff of that office are highly disciplined.
iii) A number of electorate are going to take part in the forthcoming general
election.
iv) A cattle was found grazing there yesterday.
v) A lot of peoples have already decided not to be involved in nuclear war at
any cost.
 Noun Singular in form and Singular in function:-
Admiration, adoration, eulogization, anger, conduct, craze, luggage,
baggage, poetry, jewellery, scenery, crockery, drapery, relativity,
honesty, society, safety, soap, money, music, magic, maintenance,
land, labour, luck, ice, rice, research, progress poverty, wealth, health,
death, fuel, furniture.
Example:-
i) I sent to Patna all the furniture that I have bought in Chennai.
ii) I like Shakespear’s and Tagore’s poetry very much.
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iii) Nobody knows when death knocks at the door.

iv) Two labourers were found standing there yesterday.
 Note:- All the abstract and material noun will always be
treated singularly in our expression.
 Noun Plural in form and Plural in function:-
Alms, annals, archives, aborigines/aboriginals, bitters bygones,
confines, congratulations, dues, doings, earnings, surroundings,
eatables, edibles, movables, valuables, vegetables, odds, remains
ruins, scissors, trousers, spectacles, riches.
Example:-
i) Riches grow in hell.
ii) All the bitters in between these two brothers have just been
shorted out in beautiful atmosphere.
iii) I never seen such a lovely pair of spectacles in my life.
 Pluralization of Latin nouns:-
Such nouns are always pluralized by bringing the required change in
their ends only.
Latin Ends Plural
(required change)
…um being replaced by a
...on being replaced by a
…ex/x being replaced by ices/ces
…is/sis being replaced by es/ses
…us being replaced by i
…a not replaced but we add a a+e
Singular Plural

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Agendum agenda
Addendum addenda
Bacterium bacteria
Datum data
Medium media
Momentum momenta
Maximum maxima
Minimum minima
Equilibrium equilibria
Criterion criteria
Phenomenon phenomena
Index indices
Appendix appendices
Axix axes
Analysis analyses
Basis bases
Crisis crises
Synopisis synopises
Dygonosis dygonoses
Thisis thises Exception
Genius+es genii /geniuses
Radius radii
Focus+es foci /focuses
Locus loci
Fungus fungi
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Formula+s formulae / formulas

Lacuna lacunae
 Exception:-
Agenda, Data, Media:- These three are the nouns that can always be uses
similarly in their singular and plural forms.
Examples:-
i) Media plays an important role in our life.
ii) Almost all the media of our country wasting their en-
ergy in trifles an important matter.
iii) The economic servey of India had just brought out an
authentic data to access the actual growth rate of
our country.
iv) The present assessment regarding the infaint morali-
ty rate in our country is based on the various data
SERIES, NEWS, INNINGS, APPARTUS:-
presented by the economic servey of India.
These four must remain always singular. These can’t

be made plural at all in any condition.
Ex.:
i) A series of lectures is to be arranged on the
particular topic by the eminent scholars of the
college in near future.
ii) This news is too good to be true.
iii) It is too difficult to chase a huge score for any
team in the last innings of a cricket test match.
NOUN ENDS
Um +S PLURAL FORMS

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Album albums
Album, decorum, nostrum, euphonium, quorum, forum, geranium, auditorium,
asylum, mausoleum, pendulum, premium, stadium, harmonium, gymnasium
AQUARIUM AQUARIA/AQUARIUMS
Aquarium, collegium, dictum, medium, millennium, memorandum, podium,
rostrum, stratum, ultimatum
 SOME MOST CONFUSING NOUNS:-
SINGULAR (SENSE) VARIATION PLURAL MEANING
Advice>suggestion advices> a lot of information
Alphabet>letter alphabets>languages
Air>wind airs>egos
Amend>improvement amends>compensation/damages
Appearance>presentation
Abuse>wrong word
appearances>show off
abuses>wrong traditions
Beef>flesh/meet beeves>cattle
Chain>series/link of metal chains>shackles/hand cuffs
Colour>hue colours>flags/characteristics
Compass>direction denoting compasses>circle drawing instrument
instrument
custom>old tradition customs>taxes being collected on borders
Damage>harm/suffering damages>compensation
Force>a strength forces>troops
Good>profit/benefit/betterment goods>movable property
Ground>earth grounds>important factors

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Greeting>friendly expression greetings>blessing/well wishes

Humanity>kindfulness humanities>study about
literature history and philosophy
Iron>a kind of metal irons>shackles/hand cuffs
Issue>offspring issues>important points
Order>sequence orders>directives
Pain>bodily suffering/ache pains>troubles take in/efforts made in
Paper> a kind or writing material papers>important documents
Proceeding>a kind of action proceedings>judicial/official action
Particular>a specialty particulars>detail/description
Letter>alphabet letters>literature
Quarter>one-fourth quarters>small house
Return>pay back returns>profit/benefit
Regard>respect regards>blessing/well wishes
Vesper>evening vespers>evening prays of church
Sand>very small particles of metal sands>desert
Water>a kind of liquid waters>oceans
Way>path ways>manners/technique
Wood>timber woods>forest
Work>action works>contributions
Manner>etiquette manners>methods/techniques
Spectacle>sight/seen spectacles>glasses
Ex.:-
i) He does not know the certain alphabet of English at all.
ii) You should have absolute command on various alphabets of your country.

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iii) His present appearance in the class looks only too satisfactory.
iv) Despite having a very poor background she has just purchased a number of
clothes to keep up her appearances.
v) They are the students of humanities.
vi) Do you not know that ultimately humanity prevails in our society.
 Pluralisation of compound nouns:-
Such nouns are always pluralized by bringing the required change in
their main existing part only.
Intelligent student
Designator main existing noun (M.E.N.)

Sister in law
Sister >M.E.N.
In law>designator
Public place
Public>designator
Place>M.E.N.
Girl student
Girl>designator
Student>M.E.N.
in law
in>designator
law>M.E.N.
woman
wo>designator

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man>M.E.N.
 Compound/phrasal noun:-
Exception:-
i) Non-Inhirent/Acquired identities:-
Man+doctor=men doctors
Woman+engineer= women engineers
ii) Inhirent/Inborn identities:-
Man + eater= man eaters
Woman + hater= woman haters
Example:-
i) All the women teachers of that college are well qualified.
ii) Two man eaters were found there yesterday.
 Noun + end
Consonant + o + es= plural
Desperdo=desperadoes
Flamingo, grotto, echo, veto, mosquito, manifesto, memento, mango,
innvendo, negro, tornado, volcano
 Exception:-
Noun + end
Consonent+o+s= plural
Canto =cantos
Canto, concerto, commando, dynamo, embryo, eskimo, ego, quarto, maestro,
proviso, photo, solo
 Noun + end

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f/ef/fe+v+es=plural
calf = calves
calf, wolf, knife etc.
 Exception:-
Noun+end
f/ef/fe/ff +s=plural
chief=chiefs
chief, belief, grief, proof, roof, dwarf, gulf, cafe, cliff,
handcuff etc..
 Idiomised pluralization of some other expressions:-
Do=do’s he=he’s M.B.A.’s=MBAs
Doesn’t=doesn’ts she=she’s If and But=If’s and But’s
Have=haves 6=6’s or 6s
Have not=have nots 7=7’s or 7s
Shall= shall’s B=B’s or Bs
Will=will’s D=D’s or Ds
Examples:-
i) Why are you using unnecessary shall’s and will’s in your expression?
ii) We should try our best to follow all the do’s and doesn’ts of our socie-
ty in a proper way.
iii) A number of he’s and she’s are going to take part in that function at
night today.
iv) There should be a proper understanding between the haves and have
nots in our society.

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v) Your if’s and but’s will definitely bring a lot of obstacles on the way of
your success.
CASE
That which is used as a formidable medium to categorise the
important essentials of our sentences is called case.
CASE: -
i) Nominative case: - the existence of subject
ii) Possessive case: - the possession of noun upon another one (
‘s/of)
iii) Objective case: - the existence of object
 Proper usage of (‘s)/of: -
Noun possessed noun

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Personal/living (‘s) personal/living

Ram’s horse.
Personal/living (‘s) impersonal/non-living
Ram’s house.
Impersonal/non-living (of) impersonal/non-living
The arm of that chair.
Examples: -
i) Mohan’s brother is very intelligent so I like him very much.
ii) Ram’s office is well furnished.
iii) The roof of that building is badly damaged.
 Exception: -
Impersonal noun personification
Ocean’s roar (is being personified in your expression)
Nature’s beauty
Computer’s behavior
Court’s decree (judgement/decision)
Mountain’s peak
River’s bank
Moon’s tranquility
Sun’s rays
To denote the possession of that non-living noun which is to be personified in our
expression we will have to use (‘s) only.
Example: -
Commander in chief’s orders

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Father in law’s house

NOTE: - The possession of a compound is always denoted by using (‘s) with its
last word only.
Commander in chief’s orders.
Father in law’s house.
 To denote the joint possession of the two particular nouns upon another
one (‘s) will always be used with the latter one of them but their separate
possessions upon that very noun will have to be denoted always by using it
with both of them respectively.
Examples: -
i) There is no money in the bank in Ram and Mohan’s joint account
right now.
ii) I like Shakespears’s and Tagore’s poetry very much.
iii) Mohan’s and Sohan’s proper contributions are equally important re-

garding tactful completion of that project.
To denote the possession of that noun upon another one which is being fol-
lowed by the noun in apposition in a particular expression (‘s) will always
be used with that appositional noun only.
Noun + noun in apposition
Examples: -
i) She married my friend Mohan’s brother in recent past.
ii) Ram my friend’s behavior is cooperative in his family.
 Possessive adjective.:-
My, your, his, her, its, our, his,+noun noun
The possession of a possessed noun upon another one is always denoted by
using ‘of’ only.
Examples: -
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i) The performance of his brother in the class is looking highly satisfac-

tory.
ii) A friend of Sita’s husband is a great scholar.
 The possession of an adjectival subject/object is always denoted upon its
following noun by using ‘of’ only.
Examples: -
i) The problems of the poor should be resolve tactfully for maintaining
absolute peace in our society.
ii) The behaviours of intelligent are always admired in our society.
 How to denote the possession of pronoun: -
Pronoun
Personal/living impersonal/non-living
One, anyone, anybody, (‘s) nothing, something,
Nobody, no one, someone, anything, everything of
Somebody, everyone, everybody
The possession of personal noun is always possessed by (‘s) whereas the
possession of impersonal noun is always possessed by ‘of’.
Examples; -
i) One should do one’s duty oneself.
ii) Anyone’s contribution is required to complete this project tactfully
within the given schedule.
iii) Everybody’s business is nobody’s business.
iv) The existence of nothing is permanent.

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 If the personal pronoun is to be idiomised regarding a particular contacts

we will have to use ‘else’ regarding each of them respectively and its fur-
ther possession upon its following noun is always denoted by using (‘s) just
after else only.
Examples: -
i) At present he is working on this project not on my advice but on
somebody else’s.
ii) This is not the duty of mine rather this is the duty of anybody else’s.
 Noun + end
S’/ss’ hissing sound
When a noun is being ended with s/ss it will always produced hissing sound
so its further possession upon its following noun will always be denoted by
using (‘) sign only.
Examples: -
i)
ii)
Jesus’ death.
Princess’ attire.
iii) Students’ friends.
iv) Girls’ college.
 Noun + end
Ness/ce/ion abstract noun
‘ +sake( in favour of)
Goodness’sake
A noun having been ended by ness/ce/ion will always attain abstract
status so its possession will always be denoted in presence of (‘) sign being
followed by ‘sake’ only.
Examples: -
i) Justice always stands for justice’sake.
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ii) I am going to take this particular step for goodness’sake.

 To denote the idiomatic possession of an abstract noun we will have to
follow the structure given below.
The+sake+of+any abstract noun
Ex :-
i) Are you not going to take this particular step for goodnness’sake/the
sake of goodness?
ii) Does justice not stand for the sake of justice/justice’sake?
 We cannot be allowed to use any possessive sign to denote the posses-
sion of a particular day/month upon its following noun but regarding to-
day/tomorrow/yesterday etc. we will have to use (‘s) only.
Ex:-
i) Saturday Newspaper
ii) Friday reviews.
iii) August revolution
iv) Yesterday’s approach
v) Today’s fashion
vi) Tomorrow’s trend.
 Regarding spring, autumn, as well as rainy etc. we must not use any pos-
sessive sign to denote their certain possession upon their following nouns
but rest of the seasons will always be followed by (‘s) only in showing their
proper possessions upon their following nouns.
Ex:-
i) The spring day.
ii) The autumn night.
iii) The rainy day.
iv) Winter’s night.
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v) Summer’s day
vi) Summer’s vacation.
PRONOUN
That which is used in place of noun is called pronoun.
Ex:- Ram is my brother. He is very intelligent so I like him upto great extent.
 Antecedent of Pronoun:- That which has been followed by a relative pro-
noun is called antecedent according to which will have to go forward in our
expression.
Ex:-
i) You who are a very deserving candidates will get your target com-
fortably.
ii) He who is a very reputed person of my village is being invited in that
function.
 KINDS OF PRONOUN:-
i) P- personal pronoun
ii) P- possessive pronoun
iii) D- demonstrative pronoun
iv) I- indefinite pronoun
v) I- interrogative pronoun
vi) D- distributive pronoun
vii) R- relative pronoun

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viii) R- reciprocal pronoun

ix) R- reflexive pronoun
x) E- emphasizing pronoun
xi) E- exclamatory pronoun
i) Personal pronoun:- The pronoun that denotes a person is called personal
pronoun.
Person
First person (I)
Second person (you)
Third person (He, She,It)

Various forms of personal pronoun:-
Person Case Gender
Nominative possessive Objective
p.adj. p.pronon
1st(sing) I My Mine Me M &F
Plural We Our Ours Us M&F
2ndsing Thou Thy Thine Thee M&F
Plural You Your Yours You M&F
3rdsing He His His Him M
She Her Hers Her F
It Its - It N/c
Plural They Their Theirs Them For all
Ex:-

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i) I have just purchased a number of pens from market, they are

very costly.
ii) The pieces of glass windows were spread for miles but they ap-
parently killed no one.
iii) The shopkeeper told me that the glasses were broken unless
they were well packed.
 Proper order of personal pronoun regarding positive na-
ture of action:-
Order Nature of action(+ve)
Subjective possessive objective
2,3,and 1 2,3,and 1
You, He and I (consider we) our you, him and me
2 and 1 2 and 1
You and I (we) our you and me
3 and 1 Instagram:- v.s.sharma4 3 and 1
He and I (we) our him and me
2 and 3 2 and 3
You and He (you) your you and him
Ex:-
i) You, he and I are doing our duties well right now.
ii) You and he have just completed you responsibilities in a proper way.
 Proper order of personal pronoun regarding negative

nature of action:-
order nature of action (-ve)
subjective possessive objective
1, 2 and 3 1, 2 and 3
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I, You and He (consider they) their me, you and him

1 and 3 1 and 3
I and He (they) their me and him
2 and 3 2 and 3
You and He (they) their you and him
1 and 2 1 and 2
I and you (you) your me and you
Ex:-
i) I, you and he are not doing their duties well right now .
ii) I and you have not competed your responsibilities in a proper way.
 Note:- To arrange the plural form of personal pronoun in a par-
ticular order will have to follow the rule of 1, 2 and 3 only, with-
out having any consideration about the actual nature of action.
Ex:- We, you and they have already decided to go there and
complete our responsibilities in a proper way.
 Proper uses of personal pronoun:-
Rule 1:- At the place of subject we should always use the nominative form
of personal pronoun.
Ex:-
i) You and I can handle that situation in a proper way.
Rule 2:- The object being introduced by the subjective ‘it’ will always be the
nominative form a personal pronoun as well.
Ex:-
i) It is you and I who can handle that situation in a proper way.
ii) It was they against whom finger was raised in that office.
iii) It is the he who wants to come into my close contact.
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Rule 3:- In form of the objective complement of an imaginative sentence,

the nominative form of personal pronoun will always be used.
Ex:- If I were he, I would manage all that tactfully.
Rule 4:- ‘Let’ must be followed always by the objective form of personal
pronoun.
Ex:-
i) Let you and me go there regarding proper handling of that situ-
ation.
ii) Let him work there independently.
Rule 5:- Just after the preposition of a sentence the objective form
of personal pronoun will always be used.
Ex:-
i) Who is more intelligent between you and me?
This project can be completed by anyone of them besides him.

ii)
Reflexive pronoun:-
The pronoun by which the ‘self’ of a particular subject has been reflected in
a certain context is called reflexive pronoun.
Subjective self reflexive pronoun
I myself reflexive object/
You yourself/yourselves object complement
He himself
She herself
It itself
We ourselves
They themselves
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Ex:-
i) He does not want to make contact with his brother himself.
ii) I am going to take the required step against him myself.
1st Note:- Absent, avail, acquite, adjust, accumulate, concentrate, exert, enjoy,
introduce, improve, present, pride, prostrate, overreach, resign etc. are the
verbs against them, we should always use the required reflexive pronoun in our
expression.
Ex:-
i) He went to the Red Fort a day before yesterday and enjoyed himself.
ii) He will have to present himself before the judge to clarify the whole issue
in detail.
iii) You should have prostrated yourself before your father to seek his con-
scent regarding further continuation of that project.
2nd Note:- Bathe, break, burst, feed, form, hide, gather, lengthen, keep, make,
move, open, qualify, speed, stop, steal, turn etc. are the verbs which cannot be
used in presence of any reflexive pronoun.
Ex:-
i) He bathed in the river just now.
ii) She has just qualified as a doctor.
iii) It is moving towards its target slowly and steadily.
 Emphasizing pronoun:- When a reflexive pronoun has been placed just af-
ter the subject of a sentence that will be called emphasizing pronoun which
cannot be used in form of an initiator because it is the ultimate follower of
our subject only.
Ex:-
i) I myself can handle that situation in a proper way.
ii) He himself is a highly reputed doctor.

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 Reciprocal pronoun:-
The pronoun by which the mutual interaction as well as the common
attachment regarding two or more than two will be called reciprocal
pronoun.
Ex:-
i) Each other- to be used for the two only.
ii) One another- to be used for more than two.
a) These four brothers respect one another’s desire.
b) Ram and Mohan always help each other to maintain their outstanding
position in their village.
 Relative pronoun:- The pronoun that is used as a representative of its an-
tecedent(proceeder) will be called relative pronoun.
Ex:-
i) The boy who wants to come into my close contact looks highly ener-
getic.
ii) This is the book which I like very much.
iii) That is the house where he has been living since 1980.
1st Note:- We should always use ‘that’ as a representative of the generalized
subject/object of a sentence.
Ex:-
i) There is none that will be allowed to handle that situation inde-
pendently.
ii) All that glitters is not gold.
iii) All’s well that ends well.
 Special note:- Anyone, none, someone, anybody, nobody,
somebody, anything, nothing, something, everything, all, a

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few, etc. are the certain expression against them ‘that’ will
have to be used to inform of their representative.
2nd Note:- Very, certain, particular, indeed, the same, etc. when being used as
an emphasizer are required to be represented further by ‘that’ as well as.
Ex:-
i) He is the very student that is to be selected for this competition.
ii) I am indeed happy with him that he had just completed his target accord-
ing to my proper expectation.
iii) He is the same person that has been working here as an S.D.O. for the last
few months.
3rd Note:- ‘that’ will also be used as a representative of the superlative form of
adjective.
Ex:-
i) It was the coldest day that we ever experienced.
ii) Instagram:- v.s.sharma4
He is one of the most intelligent students that have been working on this
project for the last few weeks.
4th Note:- so/as/such is always used in presence of ‘as’ until and unless it is to
be attached by the dependent noun clause in a particular expression for this
attachment we will have to use ‘that’ as well.
Ex:-
i) He is so weak as his father is.
ii) He is so intelligent that everybody likes him up to great extent.
iii) He is such a great poet as is always respected in our society
iv) Such students as shirk work hardly succeed in life.
v) He wants to have such a great concentration that he may succeed in
achieving his target.
vi) As many students as came here were will up to the mark.
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vii) He is as clever as his friend is.

 Distributive pronoun:- The pronoun by which our subject or object is being
individualized in our expression is called distributive pronoun.
Each, every, either, neither
Every ( never give -ve sense)- it cannot be used without noun.
To be used for showing individual approach regarding more than two.
Every +one – to be used in the case of two/more than two
Either ( always give +ve sense)
Neither ( always give -ve sense)
These to be used in between two only. We can use them without noun.
Structure – affirmative + without ‘not’
Nobody/none- more than two
Ex:-
i) Ram and Shyam are my very close friends so will have to invite each
specially on that occasion.
ii) Each of the students of this class is highly disciplined and goal orient-
ed.
iii) Of Ram, Shyam and Suresh everybody wants to have a thorough dis-
cussion.
iv) Of those two students either is going to be selected for this competi-
ton.
Note :-
I) Each boy and each girl – each girl
She, her, her
II) Each girl and each boy – each boy
He, his, him
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III) Every student and every teacher - every teacher – he

Ex:-
i) Each boy and each girl is paying her proper attention right now.
ii) Each girl and each boy has already completed his task in a
proper way.
iii) Every student and every teacher will have to realized his abso-
lute responsibility regarding positive creation of our society.
SYANTAX
The proper agreement of very regarding its subject is called syntax.
According to that agreement a singular subject requires a singular
verb whereas a plural subject is always followed by a plural verb.
Ex:-
i) He wants to play cricket.
ii) They usually play cricket in the evening.
Syntax
Subject+verb+agreement
Singular subject( S.S) – singular verb(S.V.)
Plural subject (P.S.) – plural verb(P.V.)
Verb+s – singular
Noun+s – plural
Rule 1:- When two or more than two subjects are to be used being
connected together with ‘and’, having plural status, they will always
be followed by a plural verbs.
Ex:-

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i) Ram and I are going to market right now.

ii) You, he and I are doing our duties well right now.
 When the two particular designations/ranks/posts etc. are to be used as the
subjects of our sentences being connected together with ‘and’, they will al-
ways be treated singularly if the former one of them has been proceeded
there either by ‘the’ or by a ‘possessive adjective’ (my, your, his, her, its, our,
their).
Ex:-
i) The collector and magistrate is being invited to take part in
that function.
ii) My teacher and guide always advises me to maintain my pa-
tience even in any critical situation.
 Whenever we are using these ( the, possessive adjective) demonstrators be-
fore both of these (collector and magistrate) designation respectively having
plural status, they will always be followed by a plural verb.
Ex:-
i) The poet and the singer are going to take parts in that function at
night.
ii) My brother and guardian have already expressed their views against
further continuation of that project.
Rule 2:- Whenever with the help of two uncountable subjects a singular context
is to be indicated in our expression, they will always be treated singularly but on
the other hand when the two different context are to be pointed out them
respectively having plural status, they will have to be followed there after by a
plural verb.
Ex:-
i) Bread and butter is my favourite dish.
ii) Slow and steady wins the race.
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iii) Bread and butter are always prepared from wheat and milk.
NOTE:- ‘Time and tide’ must be treated always a plural countable subject being
followed by a plural verb.
Ex:- Time and tide wait for none.
Rule 3:- When the two subjects are to be used in presence of ‘as well as’, along
with, together with, altogether with, accompanied by, in addition to, apart
from, except, with, besides, etc. are the verb will be designed there according to
the former subject only.
Ex:-
i) He as well as I , has just decided.
ii) The principal altogether with their students is looking in favour of the
management.
Rule 4:- When the two subjects are being connected together with not
only……but also, neither…..nor, either…..or, or, the verb will be designed there
according to the latter one of them only.
Ex:-
i) Neither he nor I am going to play cricket right now
ii) Not only I but also he has just decided to go there regarding proper han-
dling of that situation.
iii) Either Ram or his friends are going to be selected for that competition.
Rule 5:- When a particular clause/phrase is to be used as the subject of a
sentence having singular status, they will always be followed by a singular verb.
Ex:-
i) What they think at present is too difficult to understand.
ii) Being courteons to others is consider to be one’s very good habit.

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Rule 6:- When two or more than two clauses/phrases are being used as an
independent subject of a sentence having plural status, they will always be
followed by a plural verb.
Ex:-
i) Where to go, what to do and how to have everything managed properly
are yet to be decided.
ii) What he thinks and what he wants to do regarding proper handling of that
situation have become highly mystrical
Rule 7:- One, any, either, neither, every, each+noun(singular) + verb(singular)
Note :- No+noun(singular/plural)+verb(singular/plural)
No+one/none
One, any, either, neither, every, each are the certain adjectives regarding them
will have to use always a singular noun in presence of a singular verb.
Ex:-
i) Instagram:- v.s.sharma4
One student of this class is to be allowed to go there.
ii) Any boy has go there and get everything managed in a proper way.
Anything, nothing, something, everything, someone, anyone, no one,
everybody, somebody, nobody etc. are two pronouns which always
maintain singular status so in form of subject they will always be
satisfied by the singular verb.
Ex:-
i) Something is better than nothing.
ii) Nothing succeeds like success.
iii) Of Ram, Shyam and Suresh everybody looks highly dedicated to his
target.
Rule 8:- Many, some, several, a few, all etc. are the pronouns regarding them a
plural verb is generally used as they will always be followed by a plural noun.

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Ex:-
i) All villagers of my village are being invited to take part in that function.
ii) A few politician generally maintain the absolute dignity of our democracy.
iii) Many students do not get their targets in the absence of proper guidance.
Note I:- ‘All’ in form of pronoun is required to be treated always as ‘everything’
being followed by a singular verb.
Ex:-
i) All that glitters is not gold.
ii) All is well.
iii) All’s well that ends well.
iv) All is going to be managed by me according to its proper demand.
II :- ‘No’ is that kind of adverb against them we can use either a singular noun
or a plural verb.
Ex:-
i)
No student is being allowed to take the rein into his all command.
ii) No villagers are going to be involved in that function at night today.
Rule 9:- Better, had better, rather, would rather, sooner, would sooner etc.
are the certain expression regarding them we will have to use the infinitives
without to only. i.e. bare infinitive
Ex:-
i) I had better go there yesterday.
ii) Better reign in hell than serve in heaven.
iii) I would rather work than suffer so.
iv) He would sooner die than tell a lie.
Rule 10:- Just after the Modals such as may, must, might, can, could, shall,
should, would, will etc. as well as need/dare, when being used as a helping
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verb in a particular sentence the infinitives without to/bare infinitives will

have to be used as well.
Ex:-
i) I can handle that situation tactfully.
ii) You need not disclose this fact before him at all.
iii) He does no need to take any initiative regarding further continuation of
that project.
iv) How dare you take any risk at this critical juncture.
v) How do you dare to take any risk at this critical juncture.
Rule 11:- Just after causative verbs such as help, have, let, make etc. this
infinitives without to will always be used.
Ex:-
i) I cannot make him laugh right now.
When he was suffering from great depression I made him complete his
ii)
target in a proper way.
iii) I had my hair cut a day before yesterday.
iv) I cannot help him establish in society at any cost.
Rule 12:- Just after the possessive adjective ( my, our, your, his, her,…..) of a
sentence we will have to use the gerundial form of noun. i.e. v+ing
Ex:-
i) His father does not like him going to pictures everyday (him replaced by
his)
ii) Do you like her playing cricket all the time.
iii) I could not understand the proper reason of his wasting energy against
nothing.

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Rule 13:- In, of, after, from, without, besides, except, to etc. are the certain
prepositions against them we will have to provide almost the gerundial form
of noun as well.
Ex:-
i) I completed my target tactfully after making contact with him yesterday.
ii) I am confident of winning.
iii) He is used to working at night.
iv) Besides being perfect in studies, you will have to take interest in social
work.
Rule 14:- To be used to, habituated to, addicted to, accustomed to, to
give importance to, accessory to etc. are the propositional phrases,
regarding them we will have use the gerundial form of noun i.e. v+ing
Ex:-
i) He is used to working at night.
ii) He comes here with a view to playing cricket.
Modals:- infinited ( to maintain) ‘to’ is not used
Modals ( can, could, might, must, shall, will, never change according to gender)
Rule 15:- Any use, no use, some use, any good, no good, some good, etc
are the certain phrases regarding them we will have to use the gerundial form of
noun as well.
Ex:-
i) Is there any used to maintaining punctuality just after your examination.
ii) There is no use crying over the spilt milk.
iii) There is no good wasting one’s energy in trifles.
Idiomatic Phrases
Rule:-
 A number of
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 A few of +noun(plu)+ verb(plu)

 The majority of
 Many of The + noun(plu)+verb(plu)
 All of
 Several of
 Some of
i) Some of the students want to be involved in that project.
ii) A number of students are reading this novel right now.
iii) The majority of the computer professionals recommended that effective
measures should be taken against the software piracy.
Exception:-
i) The number of + noun(plural) + verb (singular)
ii) Many a/an + noun (singular) + verb (singular)
iii) A great many + noun (plural) + verb (plural)
A great many- a huge number of
iv) The majority singular
+ verb (sing/plural)
Plural
Ex:-
i) The number of foreign tourists visiting indics is increasing day by day.
ii) Many a man was found standing there yesterday.
iii) A great many politicians do no maintain the certain dignity of our democ-
racy.
iv) The majority is/are not in favour of him right now.

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Rule :-
 More than + one+noun(sing)+verb(sing)
 More than + two/three + noun (plural) + verb(plura)
 More + noun(plural) + +one+ verb(plural)
Ex:-
i) More than one candidate is to be selected for this post.
ii) More than two students have been working on this project for the last few
months.
iii) More players than one have battled well in that match.
Rule:-
A lot of i) + noun (plural) + verb(plural)
Lots of (plural status)
Most of
Half of ii) + uncountables/sing. Noun+verb(sing)
One third of (singular status)
Two third of
Ex:-
i) A lot of time is required to adorn our future.
ii) A lot of villagers are being invited to take part in that function.
Rule :-
One of + the +noun(plural)+verb(sing)
Anyone of Note:-
Everyone of i) None of +the+noun(plural)+verb(plural)
Each of ii) None of + us/them+verb(sing)
Either of

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Neither of
Ex:-
i) Each of the students of this class is highly discipline and goal oriented.
ii) None of us is stronger than all of us.
iii) None of villagers are going to take part in that function.
 None of us – no one of us
Singular collective Idiomatic phrases
One group, a group of, a gang of, a band of, a bar bunch of, a crew of, a
collection of, a congregation of, a composition of, a garland of, a series of, a
team of, a herd of, an anthology of, an assembly of + noun (plural) + verb
(singular)
 Two groups of + noun(plural) + verb (plural)
 Congregation –
Ex:-
i)
A series of lectures is to be arranged on this particular topic by the eminent
scholar of this collage is near future.
ii) A herd of cattle was found grazing there yesterday.
iii) A group of student has been working on this project for the last few
months.
Rule:- Regarding the name of a book/novel/hotel/restaurant etc. we will
have to use always singular verb though they are attaining plural status in
themselves.
Ex:-
i) ‘The Rising prices of Love’ has been written by Patric diction.
ii) ‘The god of small things’ has been written by Arundhati Roy.
iii) ‘The Taj Groups’ is one of the leading hotels of India..

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iv) ‘Crime and Punishment’ has been written by very famous Russian writer.
Rule :- When a proper noun has been preceded by the being completely
pluralized that will start attaining plural starts, being followed there after by a
plural verb.
Ex:-
i) The Ram’s are looking directly involved in that matter.
ii) The Mohan’s are to be invited specially on that occasion.
 There – adverb of place – commitment of verb
Sub+verb+object( there) there = dummy subject
There is Ram.
There are two students.
Rule:- If we getting start with here/there its verb will always be designed
according to its following subject only.
Ex:-
i) There goes Ram and tries his best to find out an amicable solution of this
problem.
ii) Here comes lenticular catches the ball and hits it directly to the stumps.
 It – personal pronoun nominative
Subjective
Absolute singular
Note:- ‘It’ in form of the dummy subject of a sentence will always attain singular
status being followed there after a singular verb.
It + singular verb
Ex:-
i) It was they against whom finger was raised in that office.
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ii) It is I who want to be involved there.

Here am I who want to be involved there.
ADJECTIVE
That which is used to qualify a noun or pronoun is called adjective.
Ex:-
i) An intelligent student is always appreciated in our society.
ii) He looks intelligent so I like him very much.
Kinds of Adjective:-
i) Participle – verbal adjective
a) Present participle/ progressive adjective
(v+ing) – v4 – adjectival use
b) Past participle – v3 (v+d/ed)
Retired teacher
Spent time
ex:-
1) That accident was so frightening that I became highly horrified.
2) My brother is just going to market to purchase a revolving chair.
3) The earth is a moving body.
4) Narender Modi is a well known politician.
5) One cannot utilize the spent time in one’s life.
6) I want to have this dispute settled amicably in the coming two or three
days.

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ii) Pronominal – various forms of adjectival use

 Possessive adjective – my, your, his, her, its, their, our, +
noun(sing/plural)
 Demonstrative adjective – this, that + noun(sing); these, those,
such + noun(plural)
 Interrogative adjective – what/which/whose + noun(sing/plural)
 Infinite adjective – one, any, no, some, all, a few, many, several,
other.
a) One/any + noun(sing) + verb(sing)
b) No/some+noun(sing/plural)
c) All+noun(sing/plural)
d) A few/many/several + noun(plural)
e) Other + noun(sing)
 Distributive adjective – each, every, either, neither + noun(sing) +
verb(sing)
 SOME OTHER FORMS OF AJECTIVES :-
i) Descriptive adjective/qualitative adjective:- The adjective by which
the certain quality of an individual has being denoted in our expres-
sion is called qualitative adj.
a) Normal – single/mono syllablic adjective
Accent
Without variation
Great – er/est
Clever – er/est
b) Abnormal – multiple syllablic adjective
Variation of accent

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Active – more active/ most active

EXCEPTIONS:-
Positive comparative superlative
Wise wiser wisest
Happy happier happiest
Handsome handsomer handsomest
ii) Proper adjective:- The adjective that is b eing extracted proper noun
will be called proper adjective.
Proper noun proper adj
India+n Indian
iii) Numeral adjective:- The adjective by which the numeric ability is to
be demonstrated in our expression will be called numeral adjective.
There are three kinds of numeral adjective:-
a)
b)
Cardinal:- adjectives of number (one, two, three…)
Ordinal:- adjectives of order (first, second, third…)
c) Multiplicative:- (single, double, ….)
1) Normal coodnation:- ordinal+cardinal+noun verb
2) Fractional coordination:- cardinal+ordinal+noun
iv) Quantitative adjective/adjective of quantity:-
a) Definite:- phrasal verb (a cup of, aglass of, a kilo of,…..)
b) Indefinite :- ( a little, all, some,…..)
 Gradable function of adjective/degree of comparision:-
a) Positive deg. – good – generalization
b) Comparative deg. – better – comparision between the two
c) Superlative deg. – best – selection regarding more than two

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 Formation of sentences in positive degree:-

No other+noun(sing)+of/in+a particular context+verb(sing)+as/so+
positive degree of adj + as+ other requirement(sub.+verb+etc)
 Follower of ‘so’ – unpleasant adj
 Follower of ‘as’ – pleasant adj
Ex:- No other student in that class is as intelligent a he is.
 Formation of sentences in comparative degree:-
Referred sub. + required verb + comparative form of adj.+ than + 1
anyother + noun(sing) + of/in + etc
2 allother + noun(plural) + of/in +etc
Ex:-
i) He is more intelligent than anyother student in that class.
ii) He is more intelligent than allother student in that class.
Note:- We cannot be allowed to use ‘other’ in positive degree as well
as in comparative degree when the relevant noun is being related to
the two different contexts.
Ex:-
i) No city of Bihar is as beautiful as Paris.
ii) No river of China is as holy as the Ganga.
 Formation of sentences in superlative degree:-
Referred sub.+ required verb+ the + superlative form of adj.
+noun(sing) + of/in + etc..
Ex:- He is the most intelligent student in that class.
 Degree of comparison regarding Plural background of expression:-
 Positive formation of sentences:-

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Very few+noun(plural) + of/in + a particular context +

verb(plural) + as/so + positive form adj. + as + other
requirement
Ex:- Very few students in that class are as intelligent as
Ramesh.
 Comparative formation of sentences:-
Referred sub. + required verb + comparative form of adj. +
than + most other + noun(plural) + of/in +etc.
Ex:- Ramesh is more intelligent than most other students in that
class.
 Superlative formation of sentences :-
Referred sub. + required verb + one of the + superlative form
adj. + noun(plural) + of/in + etc.
Ex:- Ramesh is one of the most intelligent student in that class.
1st Note: - ‘Equally’ cannot be used at all in positive degree.
Ex:- Ram is equally as clever as Mohan . ( incorrect)
( if we remove equally from this sentence, then sentence is correct)
Ram and Mohan are equally clever. (correct)
2nd Note: - comparatively, relatively, twice, three times etc… cannot be used in
comparative degree but positive degree as well as the positive form of adjective.
Ex:-
i) She is twice older than her husband. (older than replaced by as old as)
ii) This box is two times heavier than that. ( heavier than – as heavy as)
iii) It is relatively hotter today. ( hotter – hot)
3rd Note: - For having the required comparison in between the two particular
qualities of an individual we will have to use only the positive form of the
adjectives in presence of more than.
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Ex:- He is better than wise.( better than – more good)

4th Note: - ‘enough’ in form of adverb is always preceded by the positive form of
adjective only.
Ex:-
i) He is intelligent enough to better upon that situation.
ii) You will have to be attentive enough to the utmost requirement of the tar-
get.
iii) Mr. Sinha is great enough to be respected.
Exceptions:-
 Non – gradable adjectives:- selective adjective
i) Latin adjective + end(or):-
Senior, superior, junior, minor, major….
ii) Absolute adjective:-
To be used in the sense of ultimate – preferable, unique,
universal, excellent, perfect, diving, invincible, inaudible,
invisible, ideal, milky, golden, right, wrong, blind, black, round,
rectangular, etc…
Ex:-
a) This event is prior to that.
b) This book is preferable to that.
c) Virat Kohli is an excellent cricketer.
iii) Idiomised presentation of the various degree of comparision:-
Ex:-
a) This institute is better than many more.
This institute is not as popular as many more.
This institute is better than if not as popular as many more.
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b) Sita is as clever as Gita.

Sita is not more active than Gita.
Sita is as clever as if not more active than Gita.
c) Ramesh is one of the richest men in this village.
Ramesh is not the richest man in this town.
Ramesh is one of the richest men if not the richest man in this
town.
d) This book is preferable to that.
This book is more interesting than that.
This book is preferable to and more interesting than that.
 Some important adjectival distinctions:-
Good : Well
Merit/quality denoting status denoting adjective
Adjective adverbial use
……..good + noun ...well+past participle/descriptive adj+noun
…verb+well+etc…
Ex:-
i) After all he is a good singer.
ii) Sonu Nigam is well known singer.
iii) Ram cannot sing as well as Mohan.
First : Foremost
Order denoting adjective Importance denoting adjective
Ex:- The first Prime Minister of India was the foremost leader of his time.
First : Last – to be used regarding more than two

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Former : Latter – to be used regarding the two only

Ex:-
i) Between Raghav and Deepa the former is better than the latter.
ii) Among Ravi, Vivek and Shantanu the last one is highly dedicated person.
Positive deg. Comp. deg. Super. Deg.
Little less/lesser least
Lesser – to be used for the selection regarding the two only.
(lesser………of)
Less – to be used for the comparison between the two only.
(less…….than)
Ex:-
i) This question is less difficult than that.
ii) This is the lesser of the two evils.
iii) Instagram:- v.s.sharma4
This is the least of the five evils.
Old older/elder oldest/eldest
Elder/eldest – for blood relation
Elder/eldest – to be used living being only
Older/oldest – other than blood relation
Older/oldest – to be used non-living objects
Follower of ‘older’ – than ( older……than) comparison
Follower of ‘elder’ – to (elder……to) selection
Ex:-
i) Ram is older than Mohan.
ii) Sita is elder to her sister.

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Little : a little : the little

Quantitative
reference (material/abstract noun)
Few : a few : the few
Countable reference
(common noun)
Little/few – to be used for the strong negative sense
Little – nothing
Few – none
A little – something
A few – someone
The little/the few – for the rest of all
Ex:-
i)
ii)
One cannot get one’s target with the help of little attention.
This town is not very well known and there is not much to see in it so few
tourists come here.
iii) A few students are still working on this project being fully committed.
iv) Give me a little water you have in the bottle.
v) I am still doing with the little money what I have at present.
vi) The few of the villagers are totally non-cooperative.
Utter : outer
Utmost : outermost
To be used to denote the great to be used to denote the extreme distance
importance
ex:-
i) You will have to be attentive enough to the utmost requirements.
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ii) The outermost wall of that fort is badly damaged.
ADVERB
That which is used to qualify almost all the parts of speech besides noun
or pronoun is called adverb. It can also qualify a sentence as well as a
particular clause so it is known as an ultimate qualifier.
Ex:-
i) He always runs fast.
ii) He looks fully committed to his target.
iii) He is working on that project very attentively.
iv) The bird flew just over my head.
v) The train started just before I reached the station.
vi) Consequently I have to take the charge of that office.
vii) As you sow so shall you reap.
 Some important adverbial distinctions:-
Very : too
To be followed by a to be followed by an unpleasant
Pleasant adj. adj.
a+very+adj.(pleasant)+ too+adj.+a/an+noun(sing)
noun(sing)
NOTE:- ‘too’ can also be followed by a pleasant adjective in the sense of
more than enough.
Ex:-
i) This news is too good to be true.
ii) Ram is too humble to make such a tall claim.
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iii) He is too intelligent to believe.

He is so intelligent that it cannot be believed.
Only too : none too
Both are followed by a pleasant/an unpleasant adjective.
ex:-
only too = very good
none too = not very good pleasant adj
only too bad = too bad
none too bad = not too bad unpleasant adj
ex:-
i) I am only too happy to be respected in the class.
ii) The performance of your brother in the class is none too satisfactory.
Very : much
To be followed by a to be followed by a past participle
Pleasant participle adj
Adj.
Very interesting much interested
Ex:-
i) His statement is very inspiring regarding tactful handling of that
situation.
ii) I became much inspired just after his diving statement regard-
ing tactful handling of that situation.
Very : much
To be followed by positive to be followed by the
Degree of adj. comparative degree of adj.

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NOTE:-
i) The + very + superlative deg. Of adj. + noun (sing)
ii) Much + the + superlative deg. Of adj. + noun (sing)
Ex:-
i) He is the very best student of this class.
ii) Much the best solution of this problem.
Too much : much too
Adv. adj. adverb adverb
To be followed by a noun to be followed by an adj only
Only
Ex:- too much pain much too painful
i) She entered the room just now being much too suspicious.
ii) He went there yesterday having too much suspicion.
iii) You should not have too much doubt upon your friends.
iv) You should not be much too doubtful against your friends.
Fairly : rather
Pleasant adj. un-pleasant adj.
Fairly beautiful rather ugly
Fairly genious rather ingenious
Fairly intelligent rather dull
Very : quite
Positive form of absolute adj
Adj.
Very good quite perfect
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Very great quite excellent
Cooly : coldly
Warmly : hotly
Merit denoting adverbs demerit denoting adverbs
Ex:-
i) Petrol price are hike issue has been debated more hotly than the uria scam.
ii) He received me very warmly despite living in a critical situation.
iii) He always behaved coldly despite living in a prosperous situation.
Just, lately, recently, before, : just now, soon after, ago

Yet, still
To be used in present perfect/ to be used always in simple past
Present continuous if required tense
Ex:-
i) My brother is just going to market to purchase a revolving chair.
ii) I have just completed my task being all very careful.
iii) He came here soon after he arrived in Delhi.
 ‘Seldom’ being followed by ‘or never’ or by ‘if never’ always denotes the
strong negative sense (never) in our expression.
Or never
Seldom strong negative sense ‘never’
If never
Ex:-

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i) He seldom or never has sweet talks with his elders.

ii) Ramesh seldom or never looks dedicated to his seniors.
iii) Our national channel seldom if ever telecasts a good and encourag-
ing program.
NOTE:-
Adverbs of frequencies such as almost, often, always, usually, generally,
seldom, hardly, scarcely, rarely, apart from daily/regularly will always be
placed just before the main verbs of our expressions whereas manners denoting
adverbs such as beautifully, carefully, attentively, surprisingly, brightly, hard,
fast, etc. will have to be placed just after the verb or before the complimentary
adjective/adverb of our sentence.
Ex:-
i) He often comes here late.
ii) The moon is shining brightly in the sky.
iii)
iv)
He is usually seen playing in the evening.
He runs tremendous fast.
v) Ram looks highly dedicated.
PREPOSITION
That which is used to connect a noun or a pronoun with another one is
called preposition.
Ex:-
i) He gave a book to me just now.
ii) This project can be completed by anyone of them besides him.
 Omission of preposition:-
Verb confusing preposition other requirements

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Attack + on/upon/at + someone/somebody+with+something

Ex:- He attacked me with dagger just now.
He made an attack on me with dagger just now.
Discuss/describe/explain + Of /about + something +
in/before/with/behind + someone/something
Ex:-
i) Should you not explained the proper reason of your failure on that project?
ii) In the very first canto of this poem the author describes the absolute beau-
ty of nature in a tactful way.
iii) She has already discussed her problems with me in detail.
iv) Of these two explanations, the former is more convincing than the latter.
v) I can say nothing about his latest de4xcruption regarding this particular
develop in this family.
Marry + to/with
to/with +someone/somebody (if being used active voice) subject
based expression
(If being used in passive voice to/with is used) object based expression
F M
Ex:-
i) She married my friend Mohan’s brother in recent past.
ii) She has just been married to Mohan in a proper way.
iii) Mohan is to be married with her on Monday.
Order + to + someone/somebody + to do something
Order + For + something
Order in form of verb is not accept of these two prepositions.
Ex:-
i) He ordered his servant to go there.
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ii) I have just ordered his dismissal because of his constant negligence of
beauty.
Resemble + to/with + someone/something
Note:-
To have resemblance with someone.
To have resemblance to something.
To resemble someone/something.
Ex:-
i) She resembles her mother.
ii) She does not have any resemblance with her mother at all.
iii) This event resembles that.
Does this event not have any resemblance to that?
Write + to + someone(I.D.O.-indirect object) + something(D.O.-direct
object)
Note:-
a) Write + something + to + someone
b) Write + to + possessive adj. + noun + for + etc.
Ex:-
i) I wrote him a letter just now.
ii) I wrote a letter to him a day before yesterday.
iii) Have you not written to your father for money upto now.
 Uses of Prepositions:-
I. Preposition of direction:-
to, towards, in, into, up, down, along, across, against
 To : towards

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To be used to denote to be sued for showing

Destination direction
Ex:-
i) He just going to market to purchase a revolving chair.
ii) I saw him coming towards me yesterday.
 In : into
(Static) ( dynamic)
Motion denoting preposition
Ex:-
i) The lectured is being continued in the class.
ii) He jumped into the river just now.
iii) The teacher is just going into the class.
 Up : down
(upward) (downward)
Motion denoting prepositions
Ex:-
i) My brother is just coming down the roof.
ii) The monkey is climbing up the tree.
 Along:- to be used in the sense of “by the side of”
Ex:- Mohan is running all along the road right now.
 Across:- to be used in the sense of:-
a) “from one side to another”
b) “opposite direction”
c) “both sides”
Note:- To come across :- accidental meeting
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Ex:-
i) There is a bridge across the river.
ii) My friend is standing just across the road.
iii) She threw her shawl across her shoulders.
 Against :- to be used in the sense of:-
a) “in the contravention of “
b) “opposite direction”
c) “pressing on”
Ex:-
i) There is a ladder against the wall.
ii) He is leaning against the table right now.
iii) It is too difficult to swim against the current.
II. Prepositions of place of positions:-
To, from, of, off, before, in front of , beside, besides, between, among,
amongst, amid amidst, at, on, in, over, upon, above
 to : from
to be used of : off to be used for showing
for showing mutual separation
mutual interaction
ex:-
i) He gave a book to me just now.
ii) My friend is just coming from market.
iii) Kalidas is known as the Shakespeare of India.
iv) No sooner had she entered the room then the light went off.
 Before : In front of

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To be used for personal to be used for impersonal

Object/indirect object object/direct object
Both are used for “face to face”
Ex:-
i) He presented himself before the judge to clarify the whole issues in detail.
ii) He is standing just in front of this building right now.
Note :-
When a particular sentence is to be completed in presence of any of the given
idiomatic phrases such as in queue/in row/in a line we can comfortably use
in front of regarding personal object as well.
Ex:- Sita is standing in front of her father in queue.
 Beside : besides
For “by the side of” for “in addition to/apart from/except
Ex:-
i) He was found standing just beside Mohan’s house a day before yes-
terday.
ii) Besides being perfect in studies you will have to take interest in social
work.
iii) Any one of them can complete this work comfortably besides
Ramesh.
 Between : among/amongst
To be used for the two Amid/amidst
To be used for more than two
Among/amid – for consonantal objects
Amongst/amidst – for vowelized objects (us)
Amid/amidst – for impersonal objects(non – living)
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Any of these four can be used for personal objects.

Ex:-
i) Who is more intelligent between you and me?
ii) Amongst/amidst all the students of that class the performance of your
brother looks only too satisfactory.
iii) The returns of that company are being divided among/amid them accord-
ing their proper investment.
iv) Amidst all the houses of that village Mohan’s house is elegant.
Note:- To denote the equal arrangement as well as the common intersection
regarding more than two, we will have to be used Between in place of
among/amongst.
Ex:-
i) Prepositions are being discussed between all the student in this class right
now.
This property is to be divided between all its co-shares in near future.
iii) There is still existing of formidable treaty between all its neighboring coun-
tries of Asia.
 AT:- To be used for the smallest place. The particular spot regarding a certain
destination.
 IN:- To be used for biggest/largest place. The name of a coun-
try/continent/metrocity/capital/state
 ON:- To be used for showing surface contact regarding static/dynamic posi-
tions of an object.
Ex:-
i) This institute is being run at G.T.B. Nagar in a proper way.
ii) It is too hot at the center of the earth.
iii) Yesterday I met him at Hauzkhas in south Delhi.
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iv) My friend is living in Delhi in India right now.

v) There is a book on the table.
vi) What are carrying on you right now.
vii) The bus is running on the road at the speed of 120km/h.
Note:-
I) S.P./D.P. – S.C. = OVER
S.P.= STATIC POSITON
D.P. = DYANAMIC POSITION
S.C. = SURFACE CONTACT
II) for showing surface contact due to the sudden change of state – upon
III)for showing unlimited vertical height – Above
Ex:-
i) The bird flew exactly over my head.
The fan is running just over your head right now.
iii) He jumped upon the table just now.
iv) Coming down the wicket Maxwell lifts the ball all above the ground for a
glorious six.
 Preposition of time:-
By : about for the approximation
For authentic approach Around of time
of time before
ex:-
i) By this month next year he will have settled himself in America.
ii) This project is expected to be completed before/about/around Monday.
 AT:-

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a) to be used for the smallest part of a day sun-

set/sunrise/dawn/dust/midnight
b) The exact point of time
3:10 PM, 8’O clock
c) The particular age of an individual/ the certain stage of develop-
ment
Ex:-
i) He had to die at the age of forty only.
ii) This project is still at its very first stage.
 IN:- to be used for the
i) Longest part of a day
In the morning/afternoon/evening ( at night – exception)
ii) Name of a month/year

In September/ in October/ in 1999
ON:- It is always used regarding a particular day/date/as well as a par-
ticular occasion.
On Monday/Tuesday
On 4th august 2017
On Republic day.
 To/till/until:- to denote the proper interval of time, we can use to/until
in presence of ‘from’ but regarding the end point of time we should use
either till/until in absence of from.
Ex:-
i) I am going to stay there from moon to/till/until Saturday.
ii) I can complete my task till/until Saturday.
 Proper usage of complimentary prepositions:-
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Rule1:- Whenever a particular sentence is being started with an

interrogative adverbial object such as what, which, where etc. we will
have to use complimentary preposition there to have it completed in a
proper way.
Ex:-
i) What are you talking about?
ii) Where are you coming from?
iii) Which class do you read in?
Rule2:- When the passive form of sentence is being used in the absence of its
optional agent(by+agent) that will have to be concluded always in presence of
the complimentary preposition.
Ex:-
i) The case is being probed into.
ii) The patient is being operated on.
Rule3:- When a sentence is being winded up in presence of an infinitive being
preceded by its object just after it we will have to use a complimentary
preposition.
Ex:-
i) I have just purchased a beautiful house to live in.
ii) He is already given a pen to me to write with.
CONJUNCTION
That which s used to connect two or more than two sentences/clauses in a
particular order is called conjunction.
Ex:-
i) He is an optimist but his brother is pessimist. (but – co-ordinating conjunc-
tion/coordinator)
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ii) If you labour hard, then you will get your target very comfortably. (, then –
subordinating conjunction/subordinator)
 Some important requirement of the various conjunction phrases :-
Rule 1:- NO sooner always comes into existence in presence of ‘than’ whereas
hardly/scarcely will always be used in presence of when.
No sooner…………………………than
Hardly/scarcely………………..when
Ex:-
i) No sooner had I reached the station than the train departed.
ii) Hardly had the speaker finished his speech when one of participants
started crying in the assembly.
iii) Scarcely had she entered the room when somebody knocked at the
door.
Rule 2:- As soon as/as long as will always be used being followed by (,) only.
Ex:- Instagram:- v.s.sharma4
i) As long as God is with you, you need not fear.
ii) As soon as he comes into my close contact, I will get everything clarified in
a proper way.
iii) As soon as I reach Patna, I will disclose this fact before him.
Rule 3:- If can be followed by either by (,) or by (,+then)
Ex:-
i) If it rains today, I will not go out.
ii) If you go there, then you will get an amicable solution of your problem.
Rule 4:- Although/though will always be used either in presence of (,) or being
followed by (,+ yet)
Ex:-

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i) Although he is an optimist, yet he is looking highly depressed right now.

ii) Although he looks highly dedicated to his elders, he does not convince then
at all.
iii) Although he is poor, yet he is honest.
Rule 5:- Lest always denotes the hidden fright being followed there after by
the dependent clause that will always be expended in presence of ‘should’
only.
Lest……………………………………….should
Ex:-
i) Labour hard lest you should miss the mar.
ii) Beware of dogs lest they should bite you.
iii) The role and procedure of the proposed judicial commission must be spelt
out clearly lest it should be a case of jumping from the frying pan into
the fire(- seeing one dream after the other)
Rule 6:- Unless always denotes the on going condition whereas until denotes
the existence of time.
Ex:-
i) Unless you labour hard you will not succeed in achieving your target.
ii) Until you reach the airport in time you cannot catch the flight.
Rule 7:- None/nothing/nothing else is always brought into action in presence of
but whereas none other/nothing other will always be followed by than only.
Ex:-
i) None but you can be allowed to go there.
ii) He does nothing but waste his energy in trifles.
iii) It is nothing else but his great dedication to his elders.
iv) It is none other than I who can handle that situation in a proper way.

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Rule 8:- Scarcely having been followed by but will always denote the strong
positive sense, despite being followed by the understood negative clause.
Ex:-
i) There is a scarcely a school going child but likes television.( who does not
like television)
ii) There is a scarcely a particular politician but goes against the dignified
demand of our democracy.
TIME AND TENSE

 Formation of sentences in Simple Present/present indefinite Tense:-
 Sub.+v1 /v5 + obj. + etc. (affirmative)
 Sub.+ do/does+not+v1 + obj. + etc. (negative)
 Do/does+Sub.+(not)+v1 + obj. + etc ? (yes/no – ques.)

Wh-word + do/does + sub. + (not) +v1 + obj. + etc.? (wh – ques.)
Here Wh – word is interrogative adverbial object.
Ex:-
i) I attend my classes attentively.
ii) Ram does not want to get into that case once again.
iii) Does he not play cricket in the evening?
iv) Why do you not make contact with your brother regarding this?
 Indirect presentations of Interrogative sentences in simple present
tense:-
Main clause Dependent clause(noun clause)
Assertive

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Sub.+v1 /v5 + obj. + etc

Sub.+ do/does+not+v1 +obj.+etc if/whether+ Sub.+v1 /v5 + obj. + etc
if we use if the we cannot use or not
if we use whether the we can use or not
Ex:-
i) I do not know whether he attends his classes dedicatedly or not.
ii) It is too difficult to understand if he wants to disclose this fact before
his father.
Main clause Dependent clause (noun clause)
(Yes/No ques.) Sub.+v1 /v5 + obj. + etc?
Do/does+Sub.+(not)+v1 + obj. + etc
Sub.+ do/does+not+v1 +obj.+etc?
Ex:-
i)
ii)
Do you know that he looks serious in his studies?
Do you not know that he does not want to be involved there com-
pletely?
 Indirect presentation of wh-interrogative in simple present tense:-
Main clause Dependent clause (noun clause)

Sub.+v1 /v5 + obj. + etc Sub.+v1 /v5 + obj. + etc
Sub.+ do/does+not+v1 +obj.+etc wh-word
Sub.+ do/does+not+v1 +obj.+etc
Ex:-

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i) It looks too difficult to understand why he does not have any inten-
sion to finalize the project tactfully.
ii) I do not know why he usually goes out of control in any critical situa-
tion.
 Some important contexts of simple present tense:-
Rule 1:- The habitual action of a individual is always denoted in simple
present tense.
Ex:-
i) He usually plays cricket in the evening.
ii) He always looks dedicated to his elders.
Note :- often, always, almost, regularly, daily, generally, usually, rarely,
hardly, seldom, scarcely, twice, etc.. are that verbs regarding them we will
have to apply the indefinite mode of tense only.
Rule 2:- The historical truth, universal reality, and proverbial
statements etc. are always denoted in present indefinite.
Ex:-
i) The Taj Mahal stands as a monument of love.
ii) The August revolution keeps its great importance in our freedom struggle.
iii) Nothing succeeds like success.
iv) It is the force of gravitation that makes an apple fall on the ground.
v) A bad workman quarrels with his tools.
vi) Barking dogs seldom bite.
vii) Birds of the same feather flock together.
viii) Deep rivers move with silent majesty, shallow books are noisy.
ix) An empty vessel sounds much.
Rule 3:- The fixed program of future is always expressed in simple present
tense.
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Ex:-
i) The PM arrives here at 3:10 pm tomorrow.
ii) The college reopens in July each year.
Rule 4:- The heading of a newspaper as well as the quotation of an individual
is also expressed in present indefinite.
Ex:-
i) Sindhu takes charges as Deputy Collector.
ii) Decisive water remains a mystery.
iii) Brak Obama unveils New Afghan policy.
iv) Tagore says, “Who that is nown needs fear no fall?”
v) Keats says, “A Thing of Beauty is a Joy Forever.”
Rule 5:- Running commentaries on the radio, T.V., etc. are always telecast in
simple present tense.
Ex:-
i) Coming down the wicket Kohli lifts the ball over long on for a glorious six.
Rule 6:- The possibility of present is always denoted in simple present tense
by ‘may’ whereas the ability of an individual will have to be denoted by ‘can’.
Ex:-
i) It seems that it may rain today.
ii) I can handle that situation myself.
iii) He can complete his training by June.
Rule 7:- When a particular fact is being brought into light in the reference of a
book/novel/film/festival/game etc. the mode of tense being applied there is
always related through present indefinite tense.
Ex:-
i) This film presents the ground reality of our society in a proper way.
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ii) The author describes his life very beautifully in the firs two chapter of this
book.
iii) Holi brings a lot of happiness for us.
 Formation of sentences in present continuous tense:-
Sub.+am/is/are+(not)+v4(v1+ing)+etc. (assertive)
Question Tag when not is present –
Am/is/are+not+pronimal sub.?
Is – isn’t – third person singular
Are – aren’t – rest of the subject including I and You.
Question Tag when not is not present –
Am/is/are + pronimal sub.?
Am – am I
Is – third person
Are – you/plural subject
Ex:-
i) His handwriting is improving day by day.
Isn’t he?
ii) A number of students are reading this novel right now.
Aren’t they?
iii) I am going to involved there completely.
Aren’t I?
 How to form interrogative sentences in present continuous tense:-
am/is/are+sub+(not)+v4(v1+ing)+etc? (Yes/No – ques)
Wh-word+ am/is/are+sub+(not)+v4(v1+ing)+etc? (Wh – Ques)
Ex:-

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i) Is he not paying his proper attention in the class right now?

ii) Why are you not discussing your problems with your father in detail?
 Indirect presentation of interrogative sentences in present continuous:-
Main clause
(assertive)
Sub.+ do/does+not+v1 +obj.+etc if/whether+ Sub.+am/is/are+v4 + obj. + etc
Do/does+sub.+(not)+v1+etc.+that +sub.+am/is/are+(not)+v4 + etc?
Ex:-
i) I do not know whether he is getting ready go there or not.
ii) Do you not know that he is trying his best to be successful in his life
right now?
 Indirect presentation of Wh – Interrogative in present continuous:-
Main clause
(assertive) Sub.+am/is/are+v4 + obj. + etc

Sub.+ do/does+not+v1 +obj.+etc Wh-word sub.+am/is/are+(not)+v4 + etc
Ex:-
i) I do not know what you are trying to prove in such a critical situation.
ii) It is too difficult to understand why she is not discussing her problems
with her father in detail.
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 Some important context of Present continuous tense:-

Rule 1:- The progressive action of present is always denoted in present
continuous.
Ex:-
i) What are you doing right now?
ii) Is she not going to be involved there a day after tomorrow.
iii) He is still paying his proper attention on that project.
Note:- Now, now a days, these days, at present, presently, still,
tomorrow, a day after tomorrow, etc.. are that verbs/adverbial phrases
against them we will have to apply the continuous mode of tense only.
Rule 2:- The gradual development as well as the constant deterioration of
present is always denoted in present continuous.
Ex:-
i) It is moving towards its target slowly and steadly.
ii) It is not getting darker and darker.
iii) Why is the condition of that patient declining day by day.
Note:- gradually, orderly, systematically, continuously, constantly,
consistently, incessantly, eternally, slowly and steadly, step by step, day
by day, darker and darker etc.. are that verbs as well as adverbial
phrases regarding them we will have to apply the continuous mode of
tense only.
Rule 3:- We cannot be allowed to apply the continuous mode of tense
regarding the stative verbs (verbs in inert perception/internal cogenition)
of our expression so regarding them we will have to apply the indefinite
mode of tense only.
 Verbs of perception:- smell, taste, perceive, visualise, realise, recog-
nize, capitalize, understand, hear, know, trust, see, implicate, feel,
etc..
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 Verbs of appearing:- appear, look, seem

 Verbs of emotion :- love, hate, abhor, despise, detest, like, dislike,
hope, doubt, admit, confess, accept, prefer, respect, regard, satisfy,
want, wish, intend, deny, displace, etc..
 Verbs of thinking :- think, ponder – to brood on, consider, recall,
recollect, remember, forget, imagine, suppose, etc.
 Verbs of possession:- possess, have, consist of, comprise, keep, ar-
rogate, swindle, usurp etc..
 Some other verbs :- cost, own, owe, need, dare, resemble, require,
suffice (to be enough), tend, etc..
 Exceptions:-
Stative verbs Dynamic verbs
(verbs in inert perception) (verbs in action)
(indefinite mode)
Appear
To seem - to be published
-to come into light
Ex:-
i) He appears to have been very much disturbed.
ii) It appears that it may rain today.
iii) When is new novel appearing in the market?
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iv) The sun is just appearing on the horizon.
Think
To consider to plan
Ex:-
i) I think it is wrong to travel without ticket.
ii) I am thinking go to America next month.
See
To perceive something to meet with others

With eyes
Ex:- Instagram:- v.s.sharma4
i) I can see it thoroughly so it needs no further explanation at all.
ii) The villagers are seeing the C.M. tomorrow to carry on the remaining dis-
cussion on this particular issue.
Hear
To listen to to make someone ‘hear’

Ex:-
i) I always hear a very strange sound outside the gate at night.
ii) The judge is hearing the case tomorrow.
 Present Perfect:-

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Sub. + have/has + (not) + v3 + etc.

Has – third person singular
Have – the rest of the subjects
Have/has + sub. + (not) + v3 + etc?
Wh-word + have/has + sub. + (not) + v3 + etc?
Ex:-
i) I have just taken the required action against him.
ii) Have you not disclosed this fact before your father so far?
iii) Why have you not completed your task upto now?
Note:-
Just, lately, recently, already, yet, ever, never, upto now, so far, during the last
few days, etc.. are always used in the perfect mode of tense only.
 Present Perfect Continuous:-
Sub. + have/has + (not) + been+v4 +since/for+ etc.
Have/has + Sub. + (not) + been+v4 +since/for+ etc?
Wh-word+ Have/has + Sub. + (not) + been+v4 +since/for+ etc?
 Proper usage of since/for:-
Since:- To be used for showing the particular point of time 3:10 PM,
8’O clock, morning, yesterday, April, 1980, childhood, etc..
 For:- To be used for the particular period of time
Two years/months/weeks/days…….
Since+last/next+ a particular period of time
For the +last/next + a particular period of time.
Ex:-
i) He has been living in this house since 1980.

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ii) Has he not been working for that organization since/for the last 10 years?
iii) Why have you not been playing cricket for the last few days?
Note:- Whenever we are using the stative verbs in presence of since/for in
our sentence regarding them we will have to apply the perfect mode of
tense in place of perfect continuous.
Ex:- I have thought about it for the last few hours.
 Past Indefinite:-
Sub.+v2+etc.
Sub.+did+not+v1+etc.
Did+sub+(not)+v1+etc?
Wh-word+did+sub.+(not)+v1+etc?
Ex:-
i) He went to the church yesterday to repair the broken gates.
ii)
iii)
I did not want to get this matter investigated once again.
Did you not have any intention to the make contract with him?
iv) Why did you not perform well in that examination despite your prop-
er preparation?
 Some important contexts of simple past tense:-
i) The sentence being started with any of the given idiomatic clauses
such as it is time/it is high time/it is about time/it is opportune
time etc. is required to be concluded always by the dependent
clause of part indefinite only.
It is opportune time + sub+v2 + etc
To+v1+etc.
Ex:-
i) It is time, he went to market.

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ii) It is high time, they returned home.

iii) It is about time, he started that work in a proper way.
ii) The imagination of past will always be denoted by the structures
given below:
If + sub.+v2 + etc , sub.+ would + not + v1 + etc.(complete result)
If + sub.+were+ etc , sub.+ would + v1 + etc.(incomplete result)
Ex:-
i) If the students came to school in time, the principal would not beat them at
all.
ii) If I were a king, I would be very happy.
Note:-
Main clause Dependent clause
Simple present/past
As if/as though
sub+v2+etc.
Sub.+v1/v5+etc. sub.+were+obj.+etc.
Sub.+v2+etc sub.+would+v1+etc.
Ex:-
i) He talks as if he knew everything well.
ii) He behaves as if he were my boss.
iii) He made it appear before the police as if/as though his condition were very
serious.
Main clause Dependent clause
Since/For
Present perfect past Indefinite
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It+is+etc. sub. + v2+ etc.

Sub.+have/has+v3+ etc.
Ex:-
i) It is 20 years since I completed that project at proper way.
ii) 20 years have already passed since I completed that project in a proper
way.
iii) He got success in his life for he has laboured hard.
When – since
As/because – for
Exclamatory phrases/clauses:-
Oh!/oh that!/I/we wish!/ + 1. sub.+were+obj+etc
2. sub.+would+v1+etc.
Ex:-
i)
I wish! He were the president of this party.
ii) Oh that! I were the P.M. of this country.
 Past Continuous:-
Sub.+was/were+(not)+v4+etc.
Was/were+sub.+(not)+v4+ etc?
Wh-word+ was/were+sub.+(not)+v4+ etc?
1st Note:-
Past perfect is always applied for the previously completed action of past in
presence of the following action of simple past tense.
Ex:-
i) The train had started before I reached the station.
ii) The bell had rung after the students reached the school.

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iii) After he had gone, I went to sleep.

Special Note:-
1) No sooner+had+sub.+v3+than+reffered sub+v2+etc.
2) No sooner+did+sub+v1+etc.+than+reffered sub.+v2+etc.
Ex:-
i) No sooner had I taken the charge of this office than he started mak-
ing contact with me.
ii) No sooner did I reached the station than the train departed.
iii) Hardly she entered the room when somebody knocked at the door.
2nd Note:-
Past perfect can also be applied for the conditional clause of the unfulfilled
desire of past in presence of the dependent clause of the perfect of the future
past.
Unfulfilled desire of Past
Conditional clause Dependent clause
Past perfect perfect of Future past
If +sub.+had+v3 sub+would+(not)+have+v3+etc.
Had+sub.+v3
Ex:-
i) If I had gone to Patna, I would have bathed in the Ganga.
ii) If we had had Mohan in our team, we would have won the match definite-
ly.
iii) Had I reached there in time, I would have manage all that in a proper way?
 Past perfect countinuous:-
Sub+had+(not)+been+v4+since/for+etc.
Had+sub+(not)+been+v4+since/for+etc?
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Wh-word+had+sub+(not)+been+v4+since/for+etc?
Ex:- I had been working for that organization for the last 10 years.
 Future Indefinte:-
Sub+shall/will+(not)+v1+etc.
Traditional approach – shall – I/we
Will – rest of the subject
Enforced statement – will – I/we
Shall – rest of the subjects
Modern approach – shall – for court language (enforced statement)
Will – for all the subjects
Note:- Future Indefinite is always applied for the dependent action of future in
presence of the conditional action simple present tense.
Ex:-
i)
If you labour hard, you will definitely succeed in achieving your target.
ii) Unless it rains toady, we will not cancel the match.
 Future Continuous:-
Sub+shall/will+(not)+be+v4+etc.
Ex:- He will be playing cricket through out his life being highly dedicated.
 Future Perfect:-
Sub+shall/will+(not)+have+v3+etc.
Ex:- He will have taken the required action against him in the coming two
or three days.
 Future Perfect Continuous:-
Sub+shall/will+(not)+have+been+v4+since/for+etc.
Ex:- From the year 2019, she will have been working for that organization
for the next 20 years.
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VOICE
That which is used as a formidable medium to express something accepting the
superimacy of the subject as well as the object of our sentence is called voice.
Instagram:- v.s.sharma4 Voice
Subject centric approach object centric approach

Active voice Passive voice
Quasi passive
Active Voice:- The sentence that is formed fulfilling the absolute demand of the
subject is called active voice.
Ex:- He eats mango.
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Passive Voice:- The action that is being performed on the subject the active
sentence projecting its object first is called passive. In other words, object
based expression will called passive voice.
Ex:- Mango is eaten by him.
Quasi Passive:- The active mode of sentence when being understood properly
by attaching the clause of passive voice is called quasi passive.
Ex:-
i) A rose smells sweet. (A rose is sweet when it is smelt.)
ii) This house need repairing. (needs to be repaired)
 How to transform Active into Passive:-
Active Voice:- Sub+verb+object
Passive Voice:- nominative form of object of ‘Active Voice’+ verb to be
changes as requirement +objective form of the subject of Active Voice
(By-agent)
Present Indefinite – am/is/are+v3
Past Indefinite – was/were+ v3
Future Indefinite – shall/will +be+ v3
Present continuous – am/is/are +being+ v3
Past continuous – was/were +being + v3
Present perfect – has/have +been + v3
Past perfect – had +been + v3
Future perfect – will/shall +have +been + v3
Ex:-
i) His statement usually makes me highly inspired.
I am usually made highly inspired by his statements.
ii) I am writing an interesting novel right now.
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An interesting novel is being written by my right now.

iii) Mohini was singing a classical song being highly dedicated.
A classical song was being sung by Mohini being highly dedicated.
iv) Mina has just bought a car.
A car has just been bought by Mina.
v) I will manage all that in a proper way.
All that will be managed by me in a proper way.
vi) He had not completed his task according to its proper demand.
His task had not been completed by him according to its proper
demand.
vii) I will have investigated that case tactfully in the coming two or three
days.
That case will have been investigated by me tactfully inn the coming
two or three days.
viii) The higher you go, the cooler you will receive.
The higher you go, the cooler will be received by you.
 Passive of Double Objects:-
Active Voice:- sub+verb+I.D.O.(personal object) + D.O.(impersonal object)
S1 S2
Passive Voice:- Nominative form of S1 +verb to be changed according to
requirement + S2 + By-agent
Active Voice:- sub+verb+ D.O.(impersonal object) +I.D.O.(personal object)
S2 S1
Passive Voice:- Nominative form of S2 +verb to be changed according to
requirement + to + I.D.O. + By-agent
Ex:-
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i) I wrote him a letter just now.

He was written a letter by me just now.
ii) He has asked a question from me regarding that context.
A question has been asked from me by him regarding that context.
iii) He gave me a glass of water a moment ago.
I was given a glass of water by him a moment ago.
 Passive of interrogative sentence:-
A.V.:- do/does/did +sub+(not)+v1+object? (yes/no)
P.V.:- am/is/are/was/were +nominative form of object of A.V. + (not) + v3
+ By-agent?
A.V.:- Wh-word+ do/does/did +sub+(not)+v1+object?
P.V.:-Wh-word+ am/is/are/was/were +nominative form of object of A.V.
+ (not) + v3 + By-agent?
Ex:-
i) Does he not help me in a critical situation?
Am I not helped by him in a critical situation?
ii) When do I not help you?
When are you not helped by me?
iii) What do you want to do?
What is wanted to be done by you?
Or
What is wanted by you to do?
A.V.:- am/is/are/was/were +sub +(not) + v4 + object? (yes/no)
P.V.:- am/is/are/was/were +nominative form of object of A.V. + (not)
+being+ v3 + By-agent?
A.V.:-Wh-word+ am/is/are/was/were +sub +(not) + v4 + object?
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P.V.:- Wh-word+ am/is/are/was/were +nominative form of object of A.V.

+ (not) +being+ v3 + By-agent?
Ex:-
i) Is she not writing a novel right now.?
Is a novel not being written by her right now?
ii) How were you managing everything in such a critical situation?
How was everything being managed by you in a such a critical
situation?
 Passive of Infinitives:-
A.V.:- sub +am/is/are/have/has/had +to +v1 +object.
P.V.:- Nominative form of object + am/is/are/has/have/had +to +be+v3+
By+ objective mode of sub.
Ex:-
i) I am to start that project in winter next year.
That project is to be started by me in winter next year.
ii) He is yet to open has account in this bank.
His account is yet to be opened by him in this bank.
 Passive of Imperative sentence:-
A.V.:- verb + object + etc. (order confirmed)
P.V.:- Let + nominative form of the object of A.V. + be + v3 + etc.
You are ordered + to + v1 + etc.
You are asked + to + v1 +etc. (order not confirmed)
Ex:-
i) Go there and manage all that in a proper way.
You are asked to go there and manage all that in a proper way.
ii) Open the door.
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Let the door be opened.

iii) Discuss it in a fruitful atmosphere.
Let it be discussed in a fruitful atmosphere.

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No number: - had & did

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The answer is have at the place of has.

The answer is are at the place of is.

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General status Particular status

i) The boy who is standing there is my best friend.

 Proper usage of Indefinite article (a/an):-

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ii) Being a miserly man he cannot send him money.

i) A fresh water is required to protect water.

i) Mohan is a poet and singer.

iii) Mr. Sinha is not only a teacher but also philosopher.

Rule 6:- If How/so/as/too is being used as a preceder of an adjective in a

i) How fine a say it is.

ii) Too weak a student he is.

iii) He is a too weak.

 When ‘most’ is being used just before an adjective in respect of a particular

i) It is most interesting story.

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Ex:- The Himalayan range had become an apple of discord

  To go for a walk – to get refreshment

  To take a rest – to be released for sometimes

  In a rage/temper – highly irritated

  In a proper way/manner/respect – orderly

  To be ill at ease – to feel uncomfortable

at his finger tips.

Rule 1:- We can not be allowed to us a/an regarding a proper a bring

i) Shakespeare was a great play writer.

Rule 2 :- Regarding breakfast, lunch, dinner as well as supper we should

i) I am going to take dinner right now.

Use of definite article (The)

Antecedent – who, which, what, when, where, that

i) The boy who is standing there is my best friend.

i) He is the better of the two students.

 Idiomatic Phrases:- subject

Instagram:- v.s.sharma4 Ordinal Adjective

The * Roman The Non-Roman

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Summons, mathematics, politics, dynamics, economics ethics,…….

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iii) Nobody knows when death knocks at the door.

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Formula+s formulae / formulas

These four must remain always singular. These can’t

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Greeting>friendly expression greetings>blessing/well wishes

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Designator main existing noun (M.E.N.)

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Personal/living (‘s) personal/living

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Father in law’s house

i) The performance of his brother in the class is looking highly satisfac-

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