Sd4mat PintarBermatematika Irwan
Sd4mat PintarBermatematika Irwan
Pintar Bermatematika
Matematika untuk SD Kelas 4
372.7
IRW IRWAN Kusdinar
p Pintar Matematika 4: Untuk SD/MI Kelas 4,
penulis, Irwan Kusdinar, Zikri ; penyunting, Effendi
-- Jakarta : Pusat Perbukuan, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, 2009.
viii, 210 hlm. : ilus. ; 30 cm.
ii
Di unduh dari : Bukupaket.com
Kata Sambutan
Puji syukur kami panjatkan ke hadirat Allah SWT, berkat rahmat dan karunia-Nya,
Pemerintah, dalam hal ini, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, pada tahun 2009, telah
membeli hak cipta buku teks pelajaran ini dari penulis/penerbit untuk disebarluaskan
kepada masyarakat melalui situs internet (website) Jaringan Pendidikan Nasional.
Buku teks pelajaran ini telah dinilai oleh Badan Standar Nasional Pendidikan dan telah
ditetapkan sebagai buku teks pelajaran yang memenuhi syarat kelayakan untuk digunakan
dalam proses pembelajaran melalui Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan Nasional Nomor 9 Tahun
2009 tanggal 12 Februari 2009
Kami menyampaikan penghargaan yang setinggi-tingginya kepada para penulis/
penerbit yang telah berkenan mengalihkan hak cipta karyanya kepada Departemen
Pendidikan Nasional untuk digunakan secara luas oleh para siswa dan guru di seluruh
Indonesia.
Buku-buku teks pelajaran yang telah dialihkan hak ciptanya kepada Departemen
Pendidikan Nasional ini, dapat diunduh (down load), digandakan, dicetak, dialihmediakan,
atau difotokopi oleh masyarakat. Namun, untuk penggandaan yang bersifat komersial
harga penjualannya harus memenuhi ketentuan yang ditetapkan oleh Pemerintah.
Diharapkan bahwa buku teks pelajaran ini akan lebih mudah diakses sehingga siswa dan
guru di seluruh Indonesia maupun sekolah Indonesia yang berada di luar negeri dapat
memanfaatkan sumber belajar ini.
Kami berharap, semua pihak dapat mendukung kebijakan ini. Kepada para siswa
kami ucapkan selamat belajar dan manfaatkanlah buku ini sebaik-baiknya. Kami menyadari
bahwa buku ini masih perlu ditingkatkan mutunya. Oleh karena itu, saran dan kritik sangat
kami harapkan.
iii
Di unduh dari : Bukupaket.com
Kata Pengantar
iv
Di unduh dari : Bukupaket.com
Bagaimana menggunakan buku
ini?
Pendahuluan, merupakan
Bab pertanyaan pengantar anak untuk
1 Sifat Operasi
Hitung Bilangan mempelajari bab tersebut dan
tujuan pembelajarannya
v
Di unduh dari : Bukupaket.com
Terapan Matematika
Sumber: www.google.co.id
Sumber: www.google.co.id
memahami kehidupannya tidak
jauh dari matematika
vi
Di unduh dari : Bukupaket.com
Daftar Isi
Kata Sambutan ........................................................................................... iii
Kata Pengantar ........................................................................................... iv
Bagaimana menggunakan buku ini? ............................................................ v
Daftar Isi ...................................................................................................... vii
Bab 3 Pengukuran
A. Sudut ...................................................................................... 70
B. Waktu ..................................................................................... 85
C. Panjang .................................................................................. 89
D. Berat ....................................................................................... 92
E. Permasalahan yang Berkaitan dengan Waktu, Panjang,
dan Berat ................................................................................ 94
F. Satuan Ukuran Kuantitas ......................................................... 96
Mari Mengulang Bab 3 ................................................................ 99
vii
Di unduh dari : Bukupaket.com
Uji Kemampuan 1 ..................................................................................... 121
viii
Di unduh dari : Bukupaket.com
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6 Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
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8 Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
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50" 72"î"”" ?" 47"î"72
60" ”"î"6" ?" 6"î"347
70" ”"î"72"" ?" :"î"”
80" 6:"î"47" ?" ”"î"6:
90" 74"î"83" ?" 83"î"”
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320" ”"î";3" ?""”"î"47
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rgplwoncjcp"fgpicp"rgtmcnkcp."rgplwoncjcp"fgpicp"rgodcikcp0"Ugmctcpi."
qrgtcuk"vgtugdwv"cmcp"fkwncpik"ncik0"Rgtjcvkmcp"eqpvqj"dgtkmwv0
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lcycdcpp{c."rgtjcvkmcpncj"wtckcp"dgtkmwv0
32 Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
" 32"î"*8"-"9+"?"000
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Lcfk."ugnwtwjp{c"cfc"352"dwcj0
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C{q"iwpcmcp"ukhcv"rgp{gdctcp"wpvwm"ogp{gnguckmcpp{c0
30" 47"î"*6"-"8+" ?" *47"î"6+"-"*47"î"”+
40" 55"î"*7-"5+" ?" *55"î"”+"-"*55"î"”+
50" 64"î"*33"-";+" ?" *64"î"”+"-"*64"î"”+
60" 3;"î"*32"-":+"" ?" *3;"î"”+"-"*3;"î"”+
70" 59"î"*38"-"32+" ?" *”"î"”+"-"*”"î"”+
Dcd"3"/"Ukhcv"Qrgtcuk"Jkvwpi"Dkncpicp 33
Eqpvqj<
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fcp"vkcr"fwu"crgn"dgtkuk"9"dwcj"crgn0"Dgtcrc"ugnkukj"dwcj"lgtwm"fgpicp"dwcj"
crgnA"Rgtjcvkmcpncj"ectc"ogp{gnguckmcpp{c0
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fwu"crgn"cfc"9"crgn0"Ugnkukjp{c"fcrcv"fkjkvwpi"fgpicp"ectc<
32"î"*9"⁄"8+"?""000
34 Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
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C{q"iwpcmcp"ukhcv"rgp{gdctcp"wpvwm"ogp{gnguckmcpp{c0
30" 47"î"*"7"⁄"6+" ?"*47"î"7+"⁄"*47"î"”+
40" 43"î"*"8"⁄"4+" ?"*43"î"”+"⁄"*43"î"”+
50" 58"î"*"9"⁄"7+" ?"*58"î"”+"⁄"*58"î"”+
60" 7;"î"*"87"⁄"77+" ?"*7;"î"”+"⁄"*7;"î"”+
70" ::"î"*"92"⁄"88+" ?"*”"î"”+"⁄"*”"î"”+
60" Ukhcv"Rgplwoncjcp"fcp"Rgpiwtcpicp"Dkncpicp"fgpicp"Dkncpicp"
Pqn
Lkmc"uwcvw"dkncpicp"fklwoncjmcp"cvcw"fkmwtcpimcp"fgpicp"dkncpicp"pqn."
jcuknp{c"vgvcr"dkncpicp"kvw"ugpfktk0"Rgtjcvkmcp"eqpvqj"dgtkmwv0
Eqpvqj
3"-"2"" ?"3
45"-"2" ?"45
44;"⁄"2" ?"44;
Uwcvw"dkncpicp"lkmc"fklwoncjmcp"cvcw"fkmwtcpimcp"
fgpicp"dkncpicp"pqn."jcuknp{c"vgvcr"dkncpicp"kvw"
ugpfktk0
Dcd"3"/"Ukhcv"Qrgtcuk"Jkvwpi"Dkncpicp 35
70" Ukhcv"Rgtmcnkcp"fgpicp"Dkncpicp"Pqn
Lkmc"uwcvw"dkncpicp"fkmcnkmcp"fgpicp"dkncpicp"pqn."jcuknp{c"cmcp"ogplcfk"
pqn0"Rgtjcvkmcpncj"eqpvqj"dgtkmwv0
Eqpvqj
7"î"2" ?"2
79"î"2" ?"2
324"î"2" ?"2
778"î"2" ?"2"
Lkmc"uwcvw"dkncpicp"fkmcnkmcp"fgpicp"pqn"*2+."
jcuknp{c"cfcncj"pqn"*2+0
Ncvkjcp
C{q"mgtlcmcp"uqcn/uqcn"dgtkmwv"kpk0
30" 57"î"2" ?"”" 80" 634"î"2" ?"”
40" 85"î"2" ?"”" 90" 678"î"2" ?"”
50" 334"î"2" ?"”" :0" 763"î"2" ?"”
60" 457"î"2" ?"”" ;0" 889"î"2""?"”
70" 588"î"2" ?"”" 320" 943"î"2" ?"”
Ukhcv/ukhcv"nckp"fctk"qrgtcuk"jkvwpi"{cpi"ognkdcvmcp"dkncpicp"pqn"cfcncj<
/" Lkmc"dkncpicp"pqn"fkdcik"qngj"uwcvw"dkncpicp."jcuknp{c"cmcp"vgvcr"pqn0
" Eqpvqj<"2"<"4;"?"2
36 Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
80" Ukhcv"Rgtmcnkcp"fgpicp"Dkncpicp"Ucvw
Okucnmcp."mcow"ogoknkmk"8"fwu"mwg0"Vkcr"fwu"dgtkuk"3"mwg0"Dgtcrc"lwoncj"
mwg"ugnwtwjp{cA
Cfc"8"fwu"dgtkuk"3"mwg0"Ctvkp{c.
8"î"3"?"8
Lcfk."dcp{cm"mwg"cfc"80
Ugmctcpi."dgtcrc"dcp{cm"mwg"lkmc"jcp{c"vgtfcrcv"3"fwu"{cpi"dgtkuk"8"mwg0
Cfc"3"fwu"dgtkuk"8"mwg0"Ctvkp{c.
3"î"8"?"8
Dkncpicp"8"fk"cvcu"fkmcnkmcp"vgtjcfcr"dkncpicp"3."jcuknp{c"vgvcr"80"Lcfk.
Uwcvw"dkncpicp"lkmc"fkmcnkmcp"fgpicp"dkncpicp"3."
jcuknp{c"vgvcr"dkncpicp"kvw"ugpfktk0
Ugmctcpi."eqdc"mcow"mgtlcmcp"ncvkjcp"dgtkmwv0
Ncvkjcp
C{q"mgtlcmcp"uqcn/uqcn"dgtkmwv"kpk0
30" 7"î"3" ?"”" " 80" 3"î"669"?"”
40" 34"î"3" ?"”" " 90" 3"î"78;"?"”
50" 48"î"3" ?"”" " :0" 3"î"884"?"”
60" 325"î"3"?"”" " ;0" 3"î"997"?"”
70" 556"î"3"?"”" " 320" 3"î"::7"?"”
Dcd"3"/"Ukhcv"Qrgtcuk"Jkvwpi"Dkncpicp 37
Ncvkjcp
C{q"mgtlcmcp"uqcn/uqcn"dgtkmwv"kpk0
30" 72"<"3" ?"”" 60" 765"<"3"?"”
40" 344"<3"?"”" 70" 556"<"3"?"”" " "
50" 485"<"3"?"”
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Mcow"vgncj"ogpigpcn"dkncpicp"ucorck";;0"Ugmctcpi."mcow"cmcp"ogpigpcn"
dkncpicp"30222"ucorck"720222"fcp"wtwvcpp{c0
30" Ogpigpcn"Dkncpicp"30222"ucorck"fgpicp"720222
c0" Ogodcec"Ncodcpi"Dkncpicp
Dcecncj"dkncpicp"{cpi"fkvwplwmmcp"qngj"icodct"dgtkmwv"kpk0
ugtkdw "fwc"tkdw
30222
40222
38 Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
50222 60422
Rgpqpvqp"ugrcm"dqnc"
cfc"vkic"rwnwj"tkdw
d0" Ogpwnku"Ncodcpi"Dkncpicp
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ogpwnkumcp"dkncpicp" rgtjcvkmcp"wtckcp"fk"
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30222
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mcpcp0
Dcd"3"/"Ukhcv"Qrgtcuk"Jkvwpi"Dkncpicp 39
60" Dgtfcuctmcp"wtckcp"fk"cvcu."ocmc"mcow"fcrcv"ogpwnkumcp"dkncpicp"ugtkdw"
ugtcvwu"gorcv"rwnwj"nkoc"ugdcick"dgtkmwv0
ugtkdw"ugtcvwu"gorcv"rwnwj"nkoc" ?"30222"-"322"-"62"-"7
" ?"30367
70" Dcickocpcmcj"ogpwnkumcp"ncodcpi"dkncpicp"ugrwnwj"tkdw"gpco"tcvwu"fwc"
rwnwj"nkocA
Ectcp{c<
"ugrwnwj"tkdw"gpco"tcvwu"fwc"rwnwj"nkoc" ?"320222"-"822"-"42"-"7
" ?"320847
80" Dcickocpcmcj"ogpwnkumcp"ncodcpi"dkncpicp"vkic"rwnwj"fwc"tkdw"fwc"tcvwu"
vkic"rwnwj"gorcvA
" Ectcp{c<
vkic"rwnwj"fwc"tkdw"fwc"tcvwu"vkic"rwnwj"gorcv" ?"520222"-"40222"-"422"
-"52"-"6" " """"""" ?"540456
Ncvkjcp
C0" C{q"vwnku"ncodcpi"dkncpicp"dgtkmwv0
30" Vkic"dgncu"tkdw"fwc"tcvwu"?"350422
40" Fwc"rwnwj"nkoc"tkdw"gorcv"tcvwu"fwc"rwnwj"fwc"?"”0
50" Vkic"rwnwj"vkic"tkdw"nkoc"tcvwu"vwlwj"rwnwj"gpco"?"”0
60" Gorcv"rwnwj"tkdw"fwc"tcvwu"nkoc"rwnwj"nkoc"?"”0
70" Nkoc"rwnwj"tkdw"ucvw"?"”0
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Mgnkrcvcp"4"cfcncj"4."6."8.":."32."34."”
Mgnkrcvcp"5"cfcncj"5."8.";."34."37."3:."”
MRM"fctk"4"fcp"5"cfcncj"80"
Lcfk." ogtgmc" cmcp" mgodcnk" dgtucoc/ucoc" dgtqpfc" ocnco" wpvwm" {cpi"
mgfwc"mcnkp{c"ugvgncj"8"jctk"mgowfkcp."{ckvw"rcfc"9"Ugrvgodgt"42290
Ncvkjcp
C{q"iwpcmcp"MRM"wpvwm"ogp{gnguckmcpp{c0
30" Dw" Octpk" fcp" Dw" Ycvk" dgtockp" dcfokpvqp" dgtucoc/ucoc" rcfc" jctk"
ugncuc0"Dw"Octpk"dgtockp"dcfokpvqp"ugvkcr"5"jctk"ugmcnk."ugfcpimcp"
Dw"Ycvk"ugvkcr"6"jctk"ugmcnk0"Mcrcp"ogtgmc"cmcp"dgtockp"dcfokpvqp"
ugectc"dgtucoc/ucoc"ncik"wpvwm"{cpi"mgfwc"mcnkp{cA
40" Rcfc"ugdwcj"ncorw"jkcu."ncorw"dgtyctpc"ogtcj"ogp{cnc"ugvkcr"5"fgvkm."
ugfcpimcp"ncorw"yctpc"mwpkpi"ogp{cnc"ugvkcr"7"fgvkm0"Lkmc"fkjkvwpi"
ownck"fctk"2"fgvkm."ocmc"rcfc"fgvkm"mg"dgtcrc"mgfwc"ncorw"cmcp"ogp{cnc"
ugectc"dgtucoccp"ncikA
Dcd"4"/"Hcmvqt"fcp"Mgnkrcvcp 85
Vgtcrcp"Ocvgocvkmc
Sumber: Gpectvc"4227
" Octu"fcp"lwrkvgt"cfcncj"rncpgv/rncpgv"{cpi"ogpignknkpik"ocvcjctk"ugrgtvk"
dwok0"Rncpgv"octu"ogpignknkpik"ocvcjctk"ugvkcr"4"vcjwp"ugmcnk."ugfcpimcp"rncpgv"
lwrkvgt"ogpignknkpik"ocvcjctk"ugvkcr"8"vcjwp"ugmcnk0"Lkmc"ugmctcpi"ogtgmc"uglclct"
ucvw"ucoc"nckp"fgpicp"ocvcjctk"*vgtngvcm"rcfc"ucvw"ictku"nwtwu+."ocmc"rcfc"
vcjwp"mg"dgtcrc"ogtgmc"cmcp"uglclct"mgodcnk"rcfc"rqukuk"kpkA
Wpvwm"ogp{gnguckmcpp{c."mcow"fcrcv"ogpiiwpcmcp"MRM0"MRM"fctk"4"fcp"
8"cfcncj"80"Lcfk."rcfc"vcjwp"mg"gpco"fctk"ugmctcpi."mgfwc"rncpgv"kvw"cmcp"
uglclct"mgodcnk"rcfc"rqukuk"vgtugdwv0
Sumber: Gpectvc"4227
86 Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
Tghngmuk
Dcd"4"/"Hcmvqt"fcp"Mgnkrcvcp 87
C0" Kukncj"vkvkm/vkvkm"rcfc"uqcn"dgtkmwv"fgpicp"ukpimcv0
30" Hcmvqt"fctk"34"cfcncj"3."4."”."”."”."340
40" Mgnkrcvcp"fctk":"cfcncj":."38."”."”."”."”."”."”."”."”0
50" Vgtfcrcv"fwc"mgnkrcvcp"dgtkmwv<
" 6"?"6.":."34."38."42."46."4:."54."58."62."”
" 7"?"7."32."37."42."47."52."57."62."67."”
" Mgnkrcvcp"rgtugmwvwcp"fctk"6"fcp"7"cfcncj"42."”."”0
D0" Dgtkncj"vcpfc"*Z+"rcfc"lcycdcp"{cpi"dgpct0
30" Mgnkrcvcp"rgtugmwvwcp"fctk"4"fcp"9"cfcncj"”0
c0" 3."4."”" " "
d0" 3."36."”" "
e0" 3."43."”
40" Hcmvqt"rgtugmwvwcp"vgtdguct"fctk"3:"fcp"36"cfcncj"”0
c0" 4" " " "
d0" 9" " " "
e0" 36
50" 32."42."52."62."”0
" Mgnkrcvcp"fk"cvcu"cfcncj"mgnkrcvcp"rgtugmwvwcp"fctk"0”
c0" 4"fcp"7" "
d0" 9"fcp";" " "
e0" 33"fcp"36
60" MRM"fctk"42"fcp"46"cfcncj"”0
c0" :2" " " "
d0" 342"" " "
e0" 362
70" HRD"fctk"34"fcp"3:"cfcncj"”0
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d0" :" " " "
e0" 32
80" HRD"fcp"MRM"fctk"3:"fcp"6:"cfcncj"”0
c0" 8"fcp"366" " d0" :"fcp"342" " e0" 32"fcp"442
88 Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
E0" Lcycdncj"uqcn/uqcn"dgtkmwv"fgpicp"dgpct0
30" Vgpvwmcpncj"hcmvqt"rgtugmwvwcp"fctk<
c0" 3:"fcp"47" "
d0" 4:"fcp"78" "
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40" Vgpvwmcpncj"mgnkrcvcp"rgtugmwvwcp"fctk<
c0" 6"fcp"7" " "
d0" 5"fcp"7" " "
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50" Ectkncj"MRM"fctk"dkncpicp/dkncpicp"dgtkmwv<
c0" 44"fcp"47" " "
d0" 36"fcp"46" " "
e0" 42"fcp"52
f0" 46"fcp"4:
g0" 54"fcp"56
60" Ectkncj"HRD"fctk"dkncpicp/dkncpicp"dgtkmwv<
c0" 36"fcp"38" " "
d0" 38"fcp"44" " "
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f0" 56"fcp"62
g0" 82"fcp":2
70" Ectkncj"HRD"fcp"MRM"fctk"dkncpicp/dkncpicp"dgtkmwv<
c0" :"fcp"36" " "
d0" 32"fcp"34" " "
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f0" 46"fcp"58
g0" 62"fcp"6:
Dcd"4"/"Hcmvqt"fcp"Mgnkrcvcp 89
8: Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
C{q"rgtjcvkmcp"icodct"fk"cvcu0
Fk"fcnco"twcpicp"vgtfcrcv"dgpfc/dgpfc"{cpi"dgtiwpc0
Crc"hwpiuk"lco"fkpfkpi"{cpi"ogpgorgn"fk"fkpfkpiA
Dgpfc/dgpfc"crc"uclc"{cpi"ogoknkmk"uwfwvA
Dgpfc"crc"uclc"{cpi"ogoknkmk"rcplcpiA
Mcow"cmcp"dgnclct
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Dcd"5"/"Rgpiwmwtcp 8;
30" Ogpigpcn"Uwfwv
Fk"mgncu"5."mcow"ogorgnclctk"ocvgtk"vgpvcpi"uwfwv0"Ugmctcpi."ocvgtk"vgtugdwv"
cmcp"fkdcjcu"mgodcnk0"Pcowp."jcp{c"ugmcfct"wpvwm"ogpikpicvmcpow"uclc0"
C{q"cocvk"twcpi"mgncuow0"Vgpvw"cfc"{cpi"fkpcocmcp"rqlqm"twcpicp0
Rqlqm"twcpicp"fkugdwv"lwic"uwfwv0"Rqlqm"twcpicp"fkdcvcuk"qngj"fwc"fkpfkpi"
{cpi"dgtvgow"rcfc"uwcvw"vkvkm"rqlqm"*vkvkm"uwfwv+0"
Wpvwm" rgpcoccp." dkcucp{c" pcoc" uwfwv" fkdgtkmcp" uguwck" fgpicp" vkvkm"
uwfwvp{c" cvcw" uguwck" fgpicp" ukpct" {cpi" ogodgpvwmp{c0" Rgodgtkcp" pcoc"
uwfwv"fkcycnk"fgpicp"ncodcpi"∠0"C{q"rgtjcvkmcp"eqpvqj"dgtmwv"kpk0
C
uwfwv ukpct uwfwv
D E T
S
*c+ *d+
/" Uwfwv" rcfc" icodct" *c+" fkdgtk" pcoc" ∠ D" *fkdcec" uwfwv" D+" cvcw" ∠ CDE"
*fkdcec"uwfwv"CDE+0
/" Uwfwv"rcfc"icodct"*d+"fkdgtk"pcoc"∠ S"*fkdcec"uwfwv"S+"cvcw"∠ RST"
*fkdcec"uwfwv"RST+0
Uwfwv"ogtwrcmcp"fcgtcj"{cpi"fkdcvcuk"qngj"fwc"ukpct"
*mcmk"uwfwv+"{cpi"dgtrqvqpicp"rcfc"uwcvw"vkvkm0
92 Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
C E S T V W
∠"CDE ∠"000 ∠"000
60" "W 70 Z \
X Y [
∠"000 ∠"000
40" Ogpigpcn"Uwfwv"Ukmw/Ukmw."Ncpekr."fcp"Vworwn
c0" Ogpigpcn"Uwfwv"Ukmw/Ukmw
Rgtjcvkmcp"uwfwv"oglcow0"Dcickocpcmcj"ukhcv/ukhcvp{cA
Uwfwv"kvw"dgtdgpvwm"
ukmw/ukmw0
Dcd"5"/"Rgpiwmwtcp 93
Cict"mcow"ngdkj"ogocjcok"rgpigtvkcp"uwfwv"ukmw/ukmw."ncmwmcp"mgikcvcp"
dgtkmwv"kpk0
Cmvkxkvcu"Ocvgocvkmc
30" Ugfkcmcpncj"ugngodct"mgtvcu0
40" Nkrcvncj"mgtvcu"vgtugdwv"ogplcfk"fwc"dcikcp"ucoc"dguct0
50" Mgtvcu"{cpi"vgncj"fknkrcv"vgtugdwv."mgowfkcp"nkrcv"mgodcnk"ogplcfk"gorcv"
dcikcp"{cpi"ucoc"dguct0
60" Ugncplwvp{c."dwmcncj"nkrcvcp"mgtvcu"vgtugdwv0"Crc"{cpi"mcow"vgowmcpA
94 Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
Dgtfcuctmcp" mgikcvcp" {cpi" vgncj" fkncmwmcp" " fk" cvcu." fcrcv" fkukorwnmcp"
dcjyc"fwc"ictku"{cpi"ucnkpi"vgicm"nwtwu"cmcp"ogodgpvwm"uwfwv"ukmw/ukmw0
Uwfwv""ukmw/ukmw
d0" Ogpigpcn"Uwfwv"Ncpekr"fcp"Vworwn
Crcmcj"mcow"rgtpcj"ogpgowmcp"dgpfc"ugrgtvk"fk"dcycj"kpkA"
C{q" rgtjcvkmcp" uwfwv" dcpiwp" fk" cvcu" {cpi" fkvcpfck" qngj" jwtwh"C0" Uwfwv"
dcpiwp"vgtugdwv"ngdkj"mgekn"lkmc"fkdcpfkpimcp"fgpicp"uwfwv"ukmw/ukmw0"Ugogpvctc"
kvw."uwfwv"{cpi"fkvcpfck"fgpicp"jwtwh"D."ngdkj"dguct"fctkrcfc"uwfwv"ukmw/ukmw0
Dcd"5"/"Rgpiwmwtcp 95
e0" Ogpiicodct"Uwfwv"Ukmw"/"Ukmw
Cict"mcow"fcrcv"ogpiicodct"uwfwv"ukmw/ukmw."ncmwmcpncj"mgikcvcp"dgtkmwv"
kpk0
Cmvkxkvcu"Ocvgocvkmc
Ugfkcmcp<"3"dwcj"lcpimc="3"dwcj"rgpukn="fcp"3"dwcj"rgpiictku0
30" Fgpicp"ogpiiwpcmcp"rgpukn"fcp"okuvct."vctkmncj"ugdwcj"ictku"ugrcplcpi"
8"ugpvkogvgt0"Dgtk"pcoc"ictku"CD0
C D
40" Fgpicp"ogpiiwpcmcp"okuvct."vgpvwmcpncj"vkvkm"vgpicj"ictku"CD"vgtugdwv0"
Vcpfck"vkvkm"vgtugdwv"fgpicp"jwtwh"E0
C E D
96 Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
C E D
60" Ugncplwvp{c."wlwpi"lctwo"lcpimc"fkvcpecrmcp"mg"vkvkm"D"fcp"rgpukn"mg"vkvkm"C0"
Nkpimctmcpncj"lcpimc"vgtugdwv"ugjkpiic"ictku"nkpimctcpp{c"ogoqvqpi"ictku"
nkpimctcp"{cpi"rgtvcoc0"Vcpfckncj"vkvkm"rgtrqvqpicp"kvw"fgpicp"jwtwh"F0
C E D
70"" Mgowfkcp"vctkmncj"ictku"fctk"vkvkm"F"mg"vkvkm"E0
F
C E D
80" Rgtjcvkmcpncj"dcjyc"rcfc"vkvkm"E"cfc"fwc"uwfwv0"Uwfwv/uwfwv"vgtugdwv"
cfcncj"ukmw/ukmw0"Pcoc"uwfwv/uwfwvp{c"cfcncj"∠DEF"fcp"∠CEF0
Dcd"5"/"Rgpiwmwtcp 97
Dgtucoc"mgnqorqmow."fkumwukmcpncj"dcickocpc"ectc"ogodwcv"uwfwv"ukmw/
ukmw"fgpicp"ogpiiwpcmcp"fwc"dwcj"okuvct"ugikvkic"ugrgtvk"icodct"fk"dcycj"
kpk0"Ncpimcj/ncpimcjp{c"fcrcv"fkectk"fk"dwmw"nckp"{cpi"cfc"fk"rgtrwuvcmccp"
cvcw" vcocp" dceccp0" Mcow" lwic" fcrcv" ogpectkp{c" fk" kpvgtpgv0" Wpvwm" kvw."
dgtmwplwpincj"mg"vgorcv/vgorcv"vgtugdwv"wpvwm"ogpfcrcvmcp"kphqtocukp{c0
50" Ogpiwmwt"fcp"Ogodcpfkpimcp"Dguct"Uwfwv"
Fcnco"ogpiwmwt"dguct"uwfwv."mcow"fcrcv"ogpiiwpcmcp"ucvwcp"vcm"dcmw"
cvcw"ucvwcp"fgtclcv0"Cict"mcow"fcrcv"ogocjcokp{c."c{q"rgtjcvkmcp"rgplgncucp"
dgtkmwv"kpk0
c0" Ogpiwmwt"Uwfwv"fgpicp"Ucvwcp"Vcm"Dcmw
1) Mengukur Besar Sudut dengan Sudut Satuan
Dcickocpcmcj" ectc" ogpiwmwt" dguct" uwfwv" fgpicp" uwfwv" ucvwcpA"C{q"
kmwvk"mgikcvcp"dgtkmwv"kpk0
Cmvkxkvcu"Ocvgocvkmc
Ugfkcmcp"ugngodct"mgtvcu."mgowfkcp"nkrcv"ugrgtvk"icodct"dgtkmwv0
F E F E F E
C D C C
Iwpcmcpncj"∠CEF"fk"cvcu"ugdcick"uwfwv"ucvwcp"wpvwm"ogpiwmwt"dguct"∠RST"
dgtkmwv0
R R
S S
T T
98 Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
30" Lgncumcp" dguct" vkcr/vkcr" uwfwv" ugvgncj" fkwmwt" qngj" uwfwv" ucvwcp"
kvw0
40" Uwfwv"ocpcmcj"{cpi"rcnkpi"dguctA"Fcp"uwfwv"ocpc"{cpi"rcnkpi"
50" mgeknA
Wmwtncj"uwfwv"dwmwow"fgpicp"uwfwv"ucvwcp"fk"cvcu0"Dgtcrc"dguct"uwfwv"
dwmwowA
Ugmctcpi."c{q"dgtncvkj"ogpiwmwt"dguct"uwfwv"fgpicp"uwfwv"ucvwcp0
Ncvkjcp
Eqdc"lkrncm"uwfwv"ucvwcp"dgtkmwv"rcfc"mgtvcu0"Ugvgncj"kvw."iwpvkpincj0
Wmwtncj"uwfwv/uwfwv"dgtkmwv"fgpicp"ogpiiwpcmcp"uwfwv"ucvwcp"fk"cvcu0
30 40
50 60
70
Dcd"5"/"Rgpiwmwtcp 99
Cmvkxkvcu"Ocvgocvkmc
Ugfkcmcp"ugngodct"mgtvcu."mgowfkcp"nkrcvncj"mg"ctcj"ngdctp{c0
Ugncplwvp{c."nkrcvncj"mgtvcu"kvw"mg"ctcj"rcplcpip{c0
Uwfwv"ukmw/ukmw
Ugvgncj"uwfwv"ucvwcp"ukmw/ukmw"fkrgtqngj."ugncplwvp{c"wmwtncj"uwfwv"ukmw/
ukmw"dgtkmwv"mg"uwfwv"nckpp{c0"
Lkmc"wmwtcp"ugdwcj"uwfwv"ngdkj"mgekn"fctk"uwfwv"ucvwcp"ukmw/ukmw."ocmc"
uwfwv" vgtugdwv" fkpcocmcp" uwfwv" ncpekr0" Lkmc" wmwtcp" uwfwv" ucoc" fgpicp"
wmwtcp"uwfwv"ucvwcp"ukmw/ukmw."ocmc"uwfwv"vgtugdwv"fkpcocmcp"uwfwv"ukmw/
ukmw0"Ugogpvctc"kvw."lkmc"wmwtcp"ugdwcj"uwfwv"ngdkj"dguct"fctk"uwfwv"ucvwcp"
ukmw/ukmw."ocmc"uwfwv"vgtugdwv"fkpcocmcp"uwfwv"vworwn0
Ugmctcpi."wmwtncj"uwfwv/uwfwv"oglc"fk"mgncuow."dwmw/dwmwow."fcp"dgpfc/
dgpfc"{cpi"cfc"fk"ugmkvctow0"Mgowfkcp."ncrqtmcp"jcuknp{c"mgrcfc"iwtwow0"
Lgncumcp"ocpc"uwfwv"ukmw/ukmw."uwfwv"ncpekr."fcp"uwfwv"vworwn0
9: Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
60 70 80
90 :0 ;0
320
d0" Ogpiwmwt"Uwfwv"fgpicp"Ucvwcp"Fgtclcv
Ectc" nckp" fcnco" ogpiwmwt" uwfwv" cfcncj" fgpicp" ogpiiwpcmcp" dwuwt"
fgtclcv0"Rgpiwmwtcp"fgpicp"ogpiiwpcmcp"dwuwt"fgtclcv"fkugdwv"rgpiwmwtcp"
fgpicp"ucvwcp"dcmw0"Dcickocpcmcj"ncpimcj/ncpimcj"ogpiwmwt"ugdwcj"uwfwv"
fgpicp"dwuwt"fgtclcvA"Ectc"ogpiwmwt"dguct"uwfwv"fgpicp"dwuwt"fgtclcv"cfcncj"
ugdcick"dgtkmwv<
30" Dwuwt"fgtclcv"{cpi"uwfcj"fkugfkcmcp."ngvcmmcp"rcfc"uwfwv"{cpi"cmcp"fkwmwt0
40" Vkvkm" rwucv" dwuwt" fgtclcv" fkngvcmmcp" rcfc" vkvkm" uwfwv" {cpi" cmcp" fkwmwt"
dguctp{c0
50" Ucncj"ucvw"mcmk"uwfwv"fkkorkvmcp"fgpicp"cncu"dwuwt"fgtclcv0
60" Mcmk"uwfwv"{cpi"nckpp{c"cmcp"dgtkorkv"fgpicp"ucncj"ucvw"ictku"rcfc"dwuwt"
fgtclcv0
Dcd"5"/"Rgpiwmwtcp 9;
Cict"mcow"ngdkj"ogocjcokp{c."c{q"rgtjcvkmcp"wtckcp"dgtkmwv"kpk0
Ncvkjcp
C{q"rgtjcvkmcp"icodct"dgtkmwv0
H G
I
J ;2£ :2£ F
332£
342£ 82£
K E
362£
L 62£ D
372£ 52£
M C
Dgtfcuctmcp"icodct"fk"cvcu."vgpvwmcpncj"dguct"uwfwv/uwfwv"dgtkmwv#
30" Dguct"uwfwv"CQD"cfcncj"ӣ" " 80" Dguct"uwfwv"CQK"cfcncj"ӣ
40" Dguct"uwfwv"CQE"cfcncj"ӣ" " 90" Dguct"uwfwv"CQL"cfcncj"ӣ
50"" Dguct"uwfwv"CQF"cfcncj"ӣ" " :0"" Dguct"uwfwv"DQG"cfcncj"ӣ
60" Dguct"uwfwv"CQG"cfcncj"ӣ" " ;0" Dguct"uwfwv"EQI"cfcncj"ӣ
70" Dguct"uwfwv"CQI"cfcncj"ӣ"" 320" Dguct"uwfwv"EQL"cfcncj"ӣ
:2 Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
:2£
62£
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40" uwfwv"D"”"uwfwv"G
50" uwfwv"E"”"uwfwv"F
60" uwfwv"F"”"uwfwv"C
70" uwfwv"D"”"uwfwv"F
60" Ogpigpcn"Gorcv"Ctcj"Ocvc"Cpikp
Fk" ugdgncj" ocpcmcj" ocvcjctk" vgtdkvA" Fk" ugdgncj" ocpcmcj" ocvcjctk"
vgtdgpcoA" Lkmc" mcow" ogpijcfcr" mg" ctcj" ocvcjctk" vgtdgpco." fk" ugdgncj"
mcpcpow"ctcj"crc"fcp"fk"ugdgncj"mktkow"ctcj"crcA
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dctcv."wvctc."fcp"ugncvcp0"Mggorcv"ctcj"vgtugdwv"fkpcocmcp"ctcj"ocvc"cpikp0"
Lkmc"fkicodctmcp."ctcj"ocvc"cpikp"cfcncj"ugdcick"dgtkmwv0
Dcd"5"/"Rgpiwmwtcp :3
Q
D V
Ctcj"wvctc"fkukpimcv"W."ctcj"vkowt"fkukpimcv"V."ctcj"ugncvcp"fkukpimcv"U."
fcp"ctcj"dctcv"fkukpimcv"D0
Fctk"icodct"ctcj"ocvc"cpikp"fk"cvcu."ctcj"wvctc"fcp"vkowt"ogodgpvwm"
uwfwv" vgicm" nwtwu" cvcw" ∠WQV" ?" ;2£." ugfcpimcp" ctcj" wvctc" fgpicp" ugncvcp"
ogodgpvwm"uwfwv"nwtwu"cvcw"∠WQU"?"3:2£0
Ncvkjcp
Vgpvwmcpncj"dguct"uwfwv"{cpi"fkdgpvwm"qngj"fwc"ctcj"ocvc"cpikp"dgtkmwv0
30" ctcj"U"fcp"D" 60" ctcj"V"fcp"D
40" ctcj"V"fcp"U" 70" ctcj"D"fcp"D
50" ctcj"W"fcp"D
70" Dguct"Uwfwv"Ucvw"Rwvctcp."Ugvgpicj"Rwvctcp."fcp"Ugrgtgorcv"
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C{q"mgtlcmcp"uqcn/uqcn"dgtkmwv"kpk0
30" 6"nwukp" ?"”"dwcj" 80" 94"dwcj" ?"”"nwukp
40" 8"mqfk" ?"”"jgnck" 90" :2"jgnck" ?"”"mqfk
50" 40222"ngodct"?"”"tko" :0" 32"tko" ?"”"ngodct
60" 7"itqu" ?"”"dwcj" ;0" 322"mqfk" ?"”"jgnck
70" 622"ngodct" ?"”mqfk" 320" 50222"jgnck"?"”"mqfk
Vgtcrcp"Ocvgocvkmc
Dkcucp{c."dctcpi"{cpi"fkmktko"mg"vqmq"fcnco"
ucvw"oqdknp{c"cfcncj"722"mqfk"rcmckcp0
Lkmc" mcow" dguct" pcpvk." mcow" dqngj"
dgtfcicpi" rcmckcp0" Pcowp." mcow" jctwu"
vcjw"dgtcrc"dcp{cm"rcmckcp"ucvw"mqfk"kvw0
Dcd"5"/"Rgpiwmwtcp ;9
Tghngmuk
Mcow"vgncj"ogorgnclctk"rgpiwmwtcp0"Ocphccv"crc"{cpi"mcow"rgtqngj"
ugvgncj"ogorgnclctkp{cA
c0" Crcmcj"mcow"fcrcv"ogpgpvwmcp"dguct"uwfwvA
d0" Crcmcj"mcow"fcrcv"ogpgpvwmcp"jwdwpicp"cpvctucvwcp"ycmvwA
e0" Crcmcj"mcow"fcrcv"ogpgpvwmcp"jwdwpicp"cpvctucvwcp"rcplcpiA
f0" Crcmcj"mcow"fcrcv"ogpgpvwmcp"jwdwpicp"rcplcpi"fcp"dgtcvA
;: Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
C0" Kukncj"vkvkm/vkvkm"rcfc"uqcn"dgtkmwv"fgpicp"ukpimcv0
30" 7"mo"?"72"jo"?"”"o"?"”"eo
40" 6"nwukp"?"”"dwcj
50" 5"tko"?"”"ngodct
D0" Dgtkncj"vcpfc"*z+"rcfc"lcycdcp"{cpi"dgpct0
30"
3 4 5
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40"
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60" 3"itqu"?"”"dwcj0
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70" 622"mi"?"”"mwkpvcn0
c0" 4" " " " d0" 5" " " " e0" 6
80" 34"okpiiw"?"000"jctk0
c0" 6:" " " " d0" :6" " " " e0" ;8
90" 322"vqp"?"”"mwkpvcn0
c0" 322"" " " d0" 30222" " " e0" 320222
Dcd"5"/"Rgpiwmwtcp ;;
60"
" Dgtcrc"nwukp"igncu"fk"cvcuA
70"
" Dgtcrc"ngodct"mgtvcu"fk"cvcuA
F0" Lcycdncj"uqcn/uqcn"fk"dcycj"kpk"fgpicp"dgpct0
30" Jcfk"dgtockp"ugrcm"dqnc"ugncoc"3.7"lco0"Mgowfkcp."kc"dgtucoc"vgocp/
vgocpp{c"ogpqpvqp"VX"ugncoc"3"lco0"Dgtcrc"fgvkm"kc"dgtockp"ugrcm"dqnc"
fcp"ogpqpvqp"vgngxkukA
40" Rcm"Jcfkocp"ogocpgp"rcfk"fk"ucycj0"Kc"ogoknkmk"vkic"rgvcm"ucycj0"Rgvcm"
rgtvcoc"ogpijcuknmcp"rcfk"4"vqp."rgvcm"mgfwc"ogpijcukn"rcfk":"mwkpvcn."
fcp"rgvcm"mgvkic"ogpijcuknmcp"rcfk"3.7"vqp0"Dgtcrc"mknqitco"jcukn"rcpgp"
rcfk"Rcm"Jcfkocp"ugnwtwjp{cA
50" Lctcm"fctk"Cegj"mg"Lcmctvc"cfcncj"30222"mo0"Lctcm"Lcmctvc"mg"Ugoctcpi"
cfcncj"622"mo0"Dgtcrc"ogvgt"lctcm"fctk"Cegj"mg"UgoctcpiA
60" Dw"[cpvk"ogodgnk"rktkpi"5"nwukp."ugpfqm"6"nwukp."fcp"igncu"ugvgpicj"nwukp0"
Dgtcrc"dwcj"dgncplccp"Dw"[cpvk"ugnwtwjp{cA
70" Twocj"Cpfk"dgtlctcm"4"mo"fctk"ugmqncj0"Ugogpvctc"kvw."lctcm"twocj"Tkpc"
mg"ugmqncj"cfcncj"3"mo0"Dgtcrc"ogvgt"lctcm"twocj"Tkpc"mg"twocj"CpfkA"
Lgncumcp#
322 Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
Sumber: yyy0iqqing0eq0kf
Rgtjcvkmcp"icodct"twocj"fk"cvcu0
Vwplwmmcp"ocpc"{cpi"dgtdgpvwm"ugikvkic"fcp"lclctigplcpi0"Fcrcvmcj"mcow"
ogpijkvwpi"mgnknkpi"fcp"nwcup{cA"Dcickocpcmcj"ectc"ogpijkvwpi"mgnknkpi"fcp"
nwcup{cA"C{q"dgtucoc"fkrgnclctk0
Mcow"cmcp"dgnclct
Ogpijkvwpi"mgnknkpi"fcp"nwcu"lclctigplcpi"fcp"ugikvkic0
Dcd"6"/"Lclctigplcpi"fcp"Ugikvkic 323
Kvw"lclctigplcpi0
ukuk"oktkpi vkpiik
cncu
30" Ogpgowmcp"Mgnknkpi"Lclctigplcpi
Crc"{cpi"fkocmuwf"fgpicp"mgnknkpiA"Mgnknkpi"cfcncj"rcplcpi"ugowc"ukuk"
{cpi"ogodcvcuk"uwcvw"dkfcpi"fcvct0"Dkfcpi"fcvct"wpvwm"rgodcjcucp"mcnk"kpk"
cfcncj" lclctigplcpi0" Wpvwm" ogpgowmcp" mgnknkpi" lclctigplcpi." eqdcncj" mcow"
ncmwmcp"mgikcvcp"dgtkmwv0
Cmvkxkvcu"Ocvgocvkmc
Ugfkcmcp<"ugdwcj"dgpcpi."ugngodct"mgtvcu"mctvqp."fcp"gorcv"dwcj"
lctwo"rgpvwn0
30" Fk"cvcu"mgtvcu"mctvqp."dwcvncj"ugdwcj"lclctigplcpi"fgpicp"rcplcpi"cncu"
32"eo"fcp"vkpiik"8"eo0
40" Mgowfkcp."rcfc"vkcr/vkcr"rqlqmp{c"fkvcpecrmcp"ugdwcj"lctwo"rgpvwn0
50" Wmwtncj"ugnwtwj"ukuk"lclctigplcpi"kvw"qngj"dgpcpi"fgpicp"dcpvwcp"lctwo"
rgpvwn"vcfk0
60" Fgpicp"ogpiiwpcmcp"okuvct."wmwtncj"rcplcpi"vcnk"vcfk0
70" Dgtcrcmcj"rcplcpi"vcnkA"Rcplcpi"vcnk"cfcncj"mgnknkpi"lclctigplcpi0
324 Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
F E
CD"?"FE"fcp"CF"?"DE
C D
Mgnknkpi"lclctigplcpi"?"CD"-"DE"-"EF"-"CF
" " ?"CD"-"EF"-"DE"-"CF
" " ?"CD"-"CD"-"CF"-"CF
" " ?"*4"î"CD+"-"*4"î"CF+
Mctgpc"CD"cfcncj"rcplcpi"cncu"fcp"CF"cfcncj"rcplcpi"ukuk"oktkpi."ocmc<
Mgnknkpi"lclctigplcpi"?"*4"î"rcplcpi"cncu+"-"*4"î"rcplcpi"ukuk"oktkpi+
Vwicu
Dgtucoc"mgnqorqmow."ectkncj"dcpiwp/dcpiwp"fk"ugmqncjow"{cpi"ogp{gtwrck"
lclctigplcpi0"Mgowfkcp."wmwtncj"mgnknkpip{c0
Eqpvqj
Vgpvwmcpncj"mgnknkpi"lclctigplcpi"dgtkmwv0
Lcycd
7"eo
9"eo
Rcplcpi"cncu"?"9"eo="rcplcpi"ukuk"oktkpi"?"7"eo
Mgnknkpi"lclctigplcpi" ?"*4"î"rcplcpi"cncu+"-"*4"î"rcplcpi"ukuk"oktkpi+
" ?"*4"î"9"eo+"-"*4"î"7"eo+
" ?"36"eo"-"32"eo"?"46"eo
Lcfk."mgnknkpi"lclctigplcpi"cfcncj"46"eo0
Dcd"6"/"Lclctigplcpi"fcp"Ugikvkic 325
8"eo 8"eo
:"eo 32"eo
42"eo
40" Ogpgowmcp"Nwcu"Lclctigplcpi
Crc"{cpi"fkocmuwf"fgpicp"nwcuA"
Fcnco" mgjkfwrcp" ugjctk" jctk." mcow" owpimkp" rgtpcj" ogpfgpict" kuvkncj"
ugorkv"fcp"nwcu."ugrgtvk"icpi"ugorkv"cvcw"ncrcpicp"ugrcm"dqnc"{cpi"nwcu0"
Nwcu"cfcncj"wmwtcp"ugorkv"cvcw"vkfcmp{c"uwcvw"dkfcpi"fcvct0"Dkfcpi"fcvct"{cpi"
fkocmuwf"fcnco"rgodcjcucp"ugmctcpi"cfcncj"lclctigplcpi0
Dcickocpcmcj"ectc"ogpectk"nwcu"lclctigplcpiA"Ncmwmcpncj"mgikcvcp"dgtkmwv0
Cmvkxkvcu"Ocvgocvkmc
30" Ugfkcmcp"ugdwcj"mgtvcu"dgtrgvcm0
40" Dwcvncj"ugdwcj"lclctigplcpi0
vkpiik
cncu
326 Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
Iwpvkpi"fk"ukpk
" Dcpiwp"crcmcj"{cpi"mcow"fcrcvmcp"ugmctcpiA
" Dgtcrc"rcplcpi"dcpiwp"vgtugdwvA"Dgtcrc"ngdctp{cA
60" Nwcu"dcpiwp"vgtugdwv"ucoc"fgpicp"nwcu"lclctigplcpi0
cncu rcplcpi
vkpiik ? ngdct
" Rcplcpi"?"cncu"fcp"Ngdct"?"vkpiik
" Nwcu"lclctigplcpi"?"""000"î"000
Ugrgtvk"rcfc"mgikcvcp"vcfk."nwcu"lclctigplcpi"fcrcv"fkectk"fctk"nwcu"rgtugik"
rcplcpi0"Rcfc"lclctigplcpi."rcplcpi"?"cncu"fcp"ngdct"?"vkpiik."ugjkpiic"twowu"
wpvwm"ogpectk"nwcu"fcrcv"fkvwnku<
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Eqpvqj
30" Cfk" ogoknkmk" ugdwcj" dcpiwp" lclctigplcpi" ugrgtvk"
icodct"fk"ucorkpi0"Vgpvwmcpncj"dgtcrc"nwcup{c0
6"eo
Lcycd
cncu"?":"eo="vkpiik" ?"6"eo
Nwcu"lclctigplcpi"?"Cncu"î"vkpiik :"eo
" ?":"eo"î"6"eo
" ?"54"eo4
Dcd"6"/"Lclctigplcpi"fcp"Ugikvkic 327
4"eo 5"eo
40 :"eo 70 32"eo
6"eo
7"eo
50 42"eo
8"eo
D0" C{q"mgtlcmcp"uqcn/uqcn"dgtkmwv"kpk0
30" Fk"ugdwcj"twocj"vgtfcrcv"tcpimc"mc{w"{cpi"dgtdgpvwm"lclctigplcpi."
cncup{c"62"eo"fcp"vkpiikp{c"32"eo0"
" Dgtcrcmcj"nwcu"lclctigplcpi"vgtugdwvA
328 Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
34"eo
50" [gpk"dgtlcncp/lcncp"mg"ugdwcj"vcocp0"Fk"vcocp"kc"ognkjcv"ugdwcj"icycpi"
{cpi" uwfcj" oktkpi" mg" mcpcp0"Crcdknc" fkrgtjcvkmcp" fgpicp" ucmucoc."
icycpi"vgtugdwv"dgtdgpvwm"lclctigplcpi"*nkjcv"icodct"dgtkmwv+0
" Lkmc"cncu"icycpi"7"ogvgt"fcp"vkpiikp{c"4"ogvgt."dgtcrcmcj"nwcu"icycpi"
vgtugdwvA
D0 Mgnknkpi"fcp"Nwcu"Ugikvkic
Crc"ugikvkic"kvwA"Ugrgtvk"crc"dgpvwmp{cA"Crcmcj"fk"twocjow"cfc"dgpfc"
{cpi"dgtdgpvwm"ugikvkicA"Ugdwvmcpncj0
Dgtkmwv"kpk"cfcncj"eqpvqj"icodct"ugikvkic0
vkpiik
vkpiik
vkpiik
Dcd"6"/"Lclctigplcpi"fcp"Ugikvkic 329
30" Ugdwvmcpncj"ukhcv/ukhcv"fctk"ugikvkic"ucoc"mcmk0
40" Ugdwvmcpncj"ukhcv/ukhcv"fctk"ugikvkic"ukmw/ukmw0
50" Ugdwvmcpncj"ukhcv/ukhcv"fctk"ugikvkic"ucoc"ukuk0
30" Ogpgowmcp"Mgnknkpi"Ugikvkic
Wpvwm"ogpgowmcp"twowu"mgnknkpi"ugikvkic."ncmwmcp"mgikcvcp"dgtkmwv0
Cmvkxkvcu"Ocvgocvkmc
30" Ugfkcmcp"ugngodct"mgtvcu"mctvqp."vcnk"dgpcpi."fcp"lctwo"rgpvwn0"
Mgowfkcp."dwcvncj"ugdwcj"ugikvkic"ukmw/ukmw"rcfc"mgtvcu"mctvqp"
vgtugdwv0
40" Nknkvmcp"dgpcpi"ogpignknkpik"ukuk/ukuk"ugikvkic0"Vcjcpncj"dgpcpi"rcfc"ucvw"
rqlqmcp"ogpiiwpcmcp"lctwo"rgpvwn0
50" Ugvgncj" ugnguck" rgpiwmwtcp." wmwtncj" rcplcpi" dgpcpi" ogpiiwpcmcp"
dgpcpi
okuvct0"Dgtcrc"rcplcpi"dgpcpi"vgtugdwvA"Rcplcpi"dgpcpi"cfcncj"mgnknkpi"
ugikvkic0
Fctk"mgikcvcp"vcfk."fcrcv"fkukorwnmcp"dcjyc"twowu"mgnknkpi"wpvwm"ugikvkic"
cfcncj<
32: Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
Eqpvqj"
30" Vgpvwmcp"mgnknkpi"ugikvkic"dgtkmwv0
8"eo ;"eo
32"eo
" Lcycd
" Mgnknkpi"ugikvkic"?"lwoncj"rcplcpi"mgvkic"ukukp{c
" " ?"32"eo"-";"eo"-"8"eo
" " ?"47"eo
" Lcfk."mgnknkpi"ugikvkic"cfcncj"47"eo0
40" Dgtcrcmcj"mgnknkpi"ugikvkic"ucoc"ukuk"dgtkmwvA
7"eo 7"eo
7"eo
Ncvkjcp
C0" C{q"jkvwpi"mgnknkpi"ugikvkic"dgtkmwv0
30 40
;"eo 9"eo 9"eo 32"eo
:"eo ;"eo
Dcd"6"/"Lclctigplcpi"fcp"Ugikvkic 32;
33"eo 6"eo
70
:"eo
D0" Eqdc"ugnguckmcp"uqcn/uqcn"dgtkmwv0
30" Ugdwcj" ugikvkic" ogoknkmk" rcplcpi" ukuk" 34" eo." 36." eo" fcp" 42" eo0"
Mgnknkpip{c"cfcncj"”"eo0
40" Rcm"Fctocp"ogoknkmk"mgdwp"dgtdgpvwm"ugikvkic"fgpicp"rcplcpi"ukuk"7"
o."9"o."fcp";"o0"Mgnknkpi"mgdwp"Rcm"Fctocp"cfcncj"”"o0
50"
37"eo 37"eo
C
60" Cokp"ogoknkmk"ockpcp"ugikvkic"ugrgtvk"icodct"dgtkmwv0
72"eo
42"eo
52"eo
" Mgnknkpi"ugikvkic"oknkm"Cokp"vgtugdwv"cfcncj"”"eo0
332 Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
4"o
" Mgnknkpi"ugikvkic"rcfc"twocj"vgtugdwv"cfcncj"”"o0
40" Ogpgowmcp"Nwcu"Ugikvkic
Fk"mgncu"vkic."mcow"uwfcj"dgnclct"vgpvcpi"nwcu"rgtugikrcplcpi0"Twowu"nwcu"
rgtugikrcplcpi"cfcncj"ugdcick"dgtkmwv<
Nwcu"rgtugik"rcplcpi"?"rcplcpi"î"ngdct
Fctk"nwcu"rgtugik"rcplcpi"vgtugdwv."mcow"fcrcv"ogpgowmcp"nwcu"ugikvkic0"
Dcickocpcmcj"ectcp{cA"Wpvwm"ogpigvcjwkp{c."ncmwmcpncj"mgikcvcp"dgtkmwv0
Cmvkxkvcu"Ocvgocvkmc
30" Ugfkcmcpncj"ugngodct"mgtvcu"dgtrgvcm0"Mgowfkcp."dwcvncj"ugdwcj"
rgtugikrcplcpi""fgpicp"rcplcpi"9"rgvcm"ucvwcp"fcp"ngdct"6"rgvcm"
ucvwcp0"Dgtcrc"rgvcm"ucvwcp"nwcup{cA
ngdct"?"vkpiik
rcplcpi"?"cncu
" Cfc"dgtcrc"dcp{cm"rgvcm"ucvwcp"{cpi"ogpwvwrk"rgtugikrcplcpiA
Dcd"6"/"Lclctigplcpi"fcp"Ugikvkic 333
Dcpiwp"kpk"
vkpiik cfcncj"ugdwcj"
ugikvkic"ukmw/
ukmw
cncu
" Dcpiwp"{cpi"fkjkvcomcp"cfcncj"ugikvkic0"
50" Jkvwpincj"nwcu"ugikvkic"fgpicp"ectc"ogpijkvwpi"dcp{cm"rgvcm"ucvwcp"{cpi"
ogpwvwrk"ugikvkic"vgtugdwv0"Cfc"dgtcrc"rgvcmmcjA
60" Dcpfkpimcp"nwcu"ugikvkic"vgtugdwv"fgpicp"nwcu"rgtugikrcplcpi0"Ocpc"{cpi"
ngdkj"nwcuA"Dgtcrc"mcnk"nwcu"ugikvkic"fctk"nwcu"rgtugikrcplcpiA
Fctk"mgikcvcp"vcfk"fcrcv"fkukorwnmcp"dcjyc"nwcu"ugikvkic."{ckvw<
3
Nwcu"ugikvkic"?"¤"î"cncu"î"vkpiik
4
Cict"mcow"fcrcv"ngdkj"ogocjcokp{c."rgtjcvkmcpncj"eqpvqj"dgtkmwv"kpk0
Eqpvqj
30" Jkvwpincj"nwcu"ugikvkic"dgtkmwv"kpk0
8"eo
:"eo
Lcycd
cncu"?":"eo="vkpiik"?"8"eo
3
Nwcu"ugikvkic"?"¤"î"cncu"î"vkpiik
4
3
" ?"¤"î":"eo"î"8"eo
4
" ?"6"eo"î"8"eo"?"46"eo4
Lcfk."nwcu"ugikvkic"cfcncj"46"eo40
334 Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
8"eo
32"eo
cncu"?"32"eo="vkpiik"?"8"eo
3
Nwcu"ugikvkic"?"¤"î"cncu"î"vkpiik
4
3
" ?"¤"î"32"eo"î"8"eo
4
" ?"7"eo"î"8"eo
" ?"52"eo4
Lcfk."nwcu"ugikvkic"cfcncj"52"eo40
Ncvkjcp
Jkvwpincj"nwcu"ocukpi/ocukpi"ugikvkic"dgtkmwv0
30 40
6"eo
7"eo
32"eo
:"eo
50 60
8"eo 32"eo
:"eo
33"eo
70 80
36"eo
;"eo
9"eo
8"eo
Dcd"6"/"Lclctigplcpi"fcp"Ugikvkic 335
43"eo
37"eo
52"eo
44"eo
42"eo
E0 Ocucncj"{cpi"Dgtmckvcp"fgpicp"Mgnknkpi"fcp"Nwcu"
Lclctigplcpi"fcp"Ugikvkic
Fcnco" mgjkfwrcp" ugjctk/jctk." dcp{cm" ocucncj" {cpi" dgtmckvcp" fgpicp"
mgnknkpi"fcp"nwcu"fctk"lclctigplcpi"fcp"ugikvkic0"Dgtkmwv"kpk"cfcncj"eqpvqjp{c0
Eqpvqj
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vgtugdwv"dgtdgpvwm"lclctigplcpi0"Ugrgtvk"{cpi"fkvwplwmmcp"qngj"icodct"dgtkmwv0"
Dgtcrcmcj"mgnknkpi"fcp"nwcu"rgtowmccp"cvcu"mwg"wncpi"vcjwp"DwfkA
34"eo 37"eo
3;"eo
Lcycd
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c0" Mgnknkpi" ?"4"î"*rcplcpi"cncu"-"rcplcpi"ukuk"oktkpi+
" " ?"4"î"*3;"eo"-"37"eo+
" " ?"4"î"56"eo"?"8:"eo
336 Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
Ncvkjcp
Mgtlcmcpncj"uqcn/uqcn"dgtkmwv"kpk0
30" Cfk"ogoknkmk"ockpcp"{cpi"dgtdgpvwm"lclctigplcpi0"Rcplcpi"cncup{c"8"
eo"fcp"ukuk"oktkpi"6"eo."ugfcpimcp"vkpiikp{c"5"eo0"Dgtcrcmcj"mgnknkpi"
fcp"nwcu"lclctigplcpi"vgtugdwvA
40" Fk" fcnco" ugdwcj" etcpg" wpvwm" ogodwcv" dcpiwpcp." vgtfcrcv" tcpimc/
tcpimc"dguk"{cpi"ogodgpvwm"lclctigplcpi0"Lkmc"ngdct"tcpimc"vgtugdwv"
cfcncj"72"eo"fcp"rcplcpi"cncup{c"3"o."dgtcrcmcj"nwcu"lclctigplcpiA
50" Oktpc"ogoknkmk"rcict"twocj"{cpi"vgtdwcv"fctk"tcpimc"dguk0"Rcictp{c"
vgtugdwv"dgtdgpvwm"ugrgtvk"icodct"dgtkmwv0
" Rcplcpi"tcpimc"ucoc."{ckvw":2"eo."ugfcpimcp"vkpiik"rcict"cfcncj"342"
eo0"Dgtcrcmcj"mgnknkpi"fcp"nwcu"lclctigplcpi"{cpi"cfc"rcfc"rcictA
60" Rcm" Uwlcpc" ogoknkmk" ucycj"
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fcp"64"o."ugfcpimcp"vkpiikp{c" 54"o
54" o0" Dgtcrcmcj" mgnknkpi" fcp" 64"o
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