Modeling and Control Analysis of a Hybrid Unified

Power Quality Conditioner

Long-hua Zhou Qing Fu Chang-shu Liu
Institute for Solar Energy System Institute for Solar Energy System Titans Technology Co., Ltd
Sun Yat-sen University Sun Yat-sen University Zhuhai, 519000, China
Guangzhou, 51006, China Guangzhou, 51006, China Zhuhlcs@163.com
zhoulhua@mail2.sysu.edu.cn fuqing@mail.sysu.edu.cn

Abstract-With the widespread use of large-capacity power
electronic devices, there are too much harmonic current and
harmonic voltage in power system at the same time. The active
power filter (APF) or hybrid active power filter (HAPF) can only
eliminate harmonic current or harmonic voltage, and possibility
resonance. To eliminate harmonic current and harmonic voltage
in power system simultaneously and enhance the capacity, the
paper presents a hybrid unified power quality conditioner
(HUPQC). Compared with UPQC, the HUPQC is made up of a
hybrid series active power filter (the series device) and a shunt
active power filter (the shunt device). The shunt device employs
an injection circuit to lower the capacity of the active part to fit
high-voltage power system. Designed reasonably, and controlled
with composite control method, the HUPQC can filter the
harmonic current and harmonic voltage effectively at the same
time. At the end of this paper, the simulation and experiment
results improve that the HUPQC can prove the power quality
greatly and achieve satisfactory effect.
Keywords—harmonic current; harmonic voltage; UPQC;
HUPQC; active power filter; power quality
I. INTRODUCTION
The power quality problems in power system become
increasingly serious due to the wide application of nonlinear
loads and power electronic equipments. Many scholars are
concerning how to solve the operation and economy effect in
power system caused by power quality problems, such as
harmonic current, reactive power etc. HAPF is made up of
passive filters (PF) and a series APF [1]. So, HAPF share the
advantages which PF and APF have. PFs can endure high
voltage and capacity, on the other hand, APF can filter
harmonic effectively, so HAPF is very practical and
economical. Designed and controlled reasonably, HAPF can
eliminate the interference of source voltage and the harmonic
current of loads. So, HAPF fits the loads which are easily
affected by source voltage and will put out the harmonic
interference into the power system.
Control the output of series APF, make it equate to the
high impedance referring to harmonic current of loads, and
then, compel the most of harmonic current flow through the
shunt PF branches. Always, PF can only compensate harmonic
current with fixed frequencies, such as 5th and 7th. To other
harmonic currents, impedance is still some high in PF
branches, and harmonic current will put out harmonic voltage
on this impedance, worsen the waveform of load voltage. To
overcome these disadvantages, a unified power quality
conditioner (UPQC) was proposed by Hirofumi Akagi in 1998.
Combining shunt APF and series APF by haring a DC
capacitance, UPQC can improve voltage quality and current
quality at the same time. Though, UPQC can well solve the
problems mentioned, always, the shunt APF capacity UPQC
needed is very large as well as other disadvantages such as
much cost, low efficiency [2]-[4].
To improve the classical configuration of UPQC and
HAPF, this paper proposes a hybrid unified power quality
conditioner (HUPQC) as well as its control analysis. The
HUPQC can carry out insulating the source voltage’s
inferences (including harmonic current, voltage drop etc),
compensating the loads’ harmonic current, adjusting the
fundamental amplitude of the voltage at point of common
compensation (PPC), adjusting power factor, limiting fault
current and so on. Otherwise, HUPQC can solve the problem
about PPC voltage distortion caused by classical SHAPF, and
the capacity of active converter in shunt branch is much lower
than the classical UPQC at the same condition. HUPQC has
many other advantages such as multi-function and economical
performance.
II. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
Fig1 shows the detailed system configuration of the
HUPQC. esa (esb, esc) represent the three-phase utility voltage,
IS is utility current, ZS is utility impedance, IL is load current,
eca (ecb, ecc) represent the voltage compensated by series APF,
C is a big DC capacitance, L1, Z1 as well as C1 make up
low-pass filter (LPF) to filter carrier wave coming from the
inverter [5]-[6], IF is compensation current injected into grid

978-1-4244-2487-0/09/$25.00 ©2009 IEEE

from the HUPQC, L0 and C0 are used to filter the
high-frequency harmonic in the inverter output pulse [7]-[8].
The shunt device and series device share the DC capacitor.
The series device is mainly insulating the source voltage
interference, adjusting loads voltage etc [9]. The shunt device
is consist of inverter and PF. PF has 5th and 7th harmonic
branch, otherwise, by designing parameters of L3, C31, C32, the
series resonant injection branch can filter the 3th harmonic
current as a reactive branch, and then combine active part to
make up hybrid injection circuit which will compensate the 2th
and 4th harmonic current synthetically, and more, apply
certain reactive power.
Figure 1. Configuration of hybrid unfied power quality conditioner
III. MODELING
A. Series Device
Fig2 shows the single phase equivalent circuit of the series
device. Suppose the voltage transfer ratio of the transformer
between the active part side and grid side is 1/n1. The main
circuit and control circuit of the active part are in the dashed
box, KC is the transfer function of the current transformers
signal output conditional circuit, Zm is the impedance of the
transformer. A(s) is the transfer function of harmonic
calculation link [5], [10]-[11].
Zm
L1
ec R1
C1
Kc A(s)
Figure 2. The single-phase equivalent circuit of the series device
In the shunt device, using the coupling transformers, active
part shunt the series resonant branch made up by L3 and C32,
then, connect into grid with injection circuit in series. Making
use of the characteristic that L3 and C32 are resonant at the
fundamental frequency, the active part flow little fundamental
voltage and current, thus, can decrease the capacity of the
APF, which overcome the capacity of the APF greatly and
make it is much easier to bring it in application
The HUPQC is very fit for the load which needs to
compensate high-capacity fixed reactive power, and which is
sensitive to harmonic voltage as well as where there are too
much fluctuating harmonic currents.
Under ideal situation (neglect switching loss), Fig3 shows
the open-loop transfer function from the input current IS of the
circuit in the dashed box to the output voltage VC of the
inverter.
I(s) Ei(s) Vc(s)
Kc(s) A(s) Kv(s)
Figure 3. The transfer function of the active part
VC ( s )
K ( s) = = K C ( s ) • A( s ) • KV ( s ) (1)
I ( s)
VC ( s ) = K C ( s ) • A( s ) • KV ( s ) • I ( s ) (2)
Where, KV(s) is the transfer function of the inverter. Given
the gain of A(s) is 1 for describing conveniently, the harmonic
calculation link and transformer varying coefficient are always
considered into the gain of KC(s) together in the real system.
B. Shunt Device
Fig.4 shows the single phase equivalent circuit of the shunt
device. In the shunt device of fig. 1, the turn ratio between the
passive part and the active part of the transformer is 1/n, so the
­U L = e S + n1 e C − Z S I S
active part has been converted to the passive part. The active
°
part of the shunt device could be considered equivalent to an ®U L = Z eq I F + U eq (5)
ideal controlled voltage source UC, the Load harmonic source °
is equivalent to a current source IL. The impedance of the ¯IS = IL + IF
output filter L0 and Z0 are ZL0 and ZC0. So,
Is Zs IF
eS + ne
1 C + Zeq IL −Ueq eS + ne
1 C + Zeq IL − KU
IS = =
1 C
+ ZC31 n2ZL0 (6)
UL
ZC5 ZC7
ZS + Zeq ZS + Zeq
+ ZC32 +
Where,
IL n2ZC0 nUc
es+n ec
1
ZL3
- ZL5 ZL7 -
-
Z1 Z ef nZ C 0
K1 =
Figure 4. The single-phase equivalent circuit of the shunt device
Z 2 Z C 31 + Z ef Z C 0 + Z L 0
From formula (6), we can find out, control the UC can
According to the Thevenin’s Equivalent Theorem, Fig4 change the grid harmonic current IS to achieve good filtering
can be equivalent to the electric model as Fig5 shows. effect.
Is Zs IF Zeq
IV. CONTROL ANALYSIS
+
UL A. Series Device
+ + Fig3 shows the open-loop transfer function from the input
IL Ueq current IS of the circuit in the virtual box to the output voltage
e s+ n e c
1
- - - of the inverter VC. Used the open-loop control method to
control the series device, the error would fluctuate with the
input I(s). It is usually increase negative feedback to make sure
Figure 5. The electric model of the shunt device
the output from the inverter can track the dictate current. In
this paper, feeding back the VC, the close-loop transfer
From Figure 5, we can get
function is shown in Fig6.

Z eq = (( Z C 32 + Z L3 ) // Z eq' + Z C 31 ) // Z ef (3) I(s) E i(s) E c(s)

K c(s) A(s) K v(s)

K 1(s)
Z Z ef
U eq = 1 U eq' (4)
Z 2 Z C 31 + Z ef Figure 6. The close-loop dynamic structure of the active part

Where, In Fig4, K1(s) is the voltage feedback coefficient and the

close-loop transfer function as blow,
Z eq' = n 2 Z C 0 //(n 2 Z L 0 )
Z ef = ( Z C 5 + Z L5 ) //( Z C 7 + Z L 7 ) K C ( s ) • A( s ) • KV ( s )
K ' ( s) = (7)
2
1 + KV ( s ) • K1 ( s )
n ZC 0 nZ C 0
U eq' = nU C = UC
n ZC 0 + n Z L0 ZC 0 + Z L0
2 2 Compared to K(s), K’(s) is added K1(s) link. Designed
reasonably, this link can eliminate the pole impact caused in
( Z C 31 + Z ef )( Z C 32 + Z L 3 ) the process of signal conversion, can improve the stability of
Z1 =
Z ef + Z C 31 + Z 32 + Z L 3 the system greatly.

( Z C 31 + Z ef )( Z C 32 + Z L 3 ) B. Shunt Device
Z2 = + Z ef
Z ef + Z C 31 + Z 32 + Z L 3 1) Control method by detecting load current harmonic:
According to load harmonic current to control the output
According to Kirchhoff Current and Voltage Theorem, we voltage coming from the inverter, in other words, control UC
can draw, =K噝IL, this control strategy virtually equal to by controlling
the APF to be a current source to improve the harmonic
impedance characteristic of the PF, at the same time, to V. SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENT
increase the grid harmonic impedance, so, improve the
filtering effect greatly. According to Fig5 and formula (6), we To validate the proposed structure and control method,
can get: some simulations were carried out by Matlab 7.0/Simulink 4.
In Fig1, based on the fundamental grid frequency, the circuit
­ eS + n1eC + Z eq I L − K1U C parameters were set as below, ZS=0.04+j0.04¡; C=0.015F;
°IS = esa=200 ∠0 V, esb=240 ∠-110 V, esc=240 ∠ 140 V; L0=2mH;
o o o
® Z S + Z eq (8)
the three-phase loads are three controlled converters where the
°U = K • I loads on the DC side are all 20+j0.063ȍ. The turn ratio
¯ C L
between the active part and grid of the transformer is 1:2 in
Simplified to: the series device, and between the passive part and the active
part of the transformer is 1:3 in the shunt device. To filter the
Z eq − KK1 eS + n1eC
IS = • IL + (9) 3th, 5th and 7th harmonic current, the parameters of the
Z S + Z eq Z S + Z eq passive filter in the shunt device are in the TABLE.I below:

With this method, HAPF can’t avoid the possibility of TABLE I. PARAMETERS OF THE PASSIVE FLITER IN SHUNT DEVICE
resonance between HAPF and grid, the system resonance
suppression is absolutely relied on a small additional reactor. PF Parameters
So, this method demands the reasonable design of the related
3th L3 = 5.05mH C31 = 333.9μF C32 = 668.9μF
parameters in the system much more highly. In this paper, it
5th L5 = 3.36mH C5 = 120.7 μF
makes use of the composite control method.
7th L7 = 1.52mH C7 = 140.1μF
2) Composite control method: Composite control method
integrate the advantages of the control method by detecting Given the three-phase source voltage is asymmetric and
load current harmonic and the control method by detecting distort, load is three-phase symmetric and nonlinear. Fig7
grid current harmonic. In this method, it needs to detect shows the simulation waves before the active converters of
source and load harmonic current simultaneously. The output HUPQC (the shunt device and series device) were installed
voltage of inverter is controlled as UC = KS 噝IS+ KL 噝IL. and after, take a-phase as an example. In Fig7, u L h is the
According to Fig.5 and formal (6), we can draw: harmonic component of u L , u C is the output voltage from
the inverter of the shunt device. The other parameters are
­ eS + n1eC + Z eq I L − K1U C shown in Fig.1. The series device and the shunt device are
°IS =
® Z S + Z eq (10) respectively put into use at t=0.04s and t=0.08s.
°U = K • I + K • I According to Fig7, uT, uL, IS and IL are all very distorted
¯ C S S L L
and asymmetric. Especially, the THD of a, b, c three-phase of
Simplified to: uL and iS are respectively as high as 8.48%, 8.01%, 8.39% and
30.74%, 29.42%, 30.27%.
Zeq − KL K1 eS + n1eC
IS = • IL + (11)
ZS + Zeq + KS K1 ZS + Zeq + KS K1

KS Zeq + KLZS + KLZeq KS (eS + n1eC )

UC = • IL + (12)
ZS + Zeq + KS K1 ZS + Zeq + KS K1
In proposed control method, though detect source harmonic
current and load harmonic current at the same time, the dictate
current mostly come from load current. Make use of it, can
achieve good filtering effect. It is mainly for suppressing the
resonant between PF and grid. The source current link doesn’t
compensate harmonic current, so, KS don’t have to be very
large, which can make the system much more stable.
According to formula (11), using the composite control
method, the control coefficient KS and KL are decoupling. So,
according to the need, it could control the two coefficients
fully independently to achieve satisfactory effect.

Figure 7. The simulation waveforms

 After half period the series device put into use, the
fundamental component of iS and eC has the same wave and
phase, and iS is closer to sine than before. Although the
compensated voltage become three-phase asymmetric and the
fundamental virtual values are adjust to the rating (220V), at
this time, the wave of uL hasn’t been improved, the THD (the
THD of a, b, c three-phase of uL are respectively 8.34%,
8.13% and 8.16%) and the amplitude of harmonic component
is almost the same. Since before the shunt device put into use,
the structures of HUPQC and traditional Series HAPF are the
same, the simulation prove that the Series HAPF even distort
the load voltage when it is put into use.
In the last periods in Fig7, there are the simulation waves
after the shunt device is put into use. The output voltage uC of
active part in the shunt device is mostly used to suppress the
harmonic voltage and current of the load and maintain the DC
voltage. According to the wave of uL, the load-voltage and
load-current are improved greatly, the THD of a, b, c
three-phase respectively decrease to 6.22%, 5.37% and 5.52%.
Otherwise, the using of the shunt device makes the harmonic
component of system current decrease further.
Fig8 shows the simulation waveforms iS and uT in HAPF,
the APF start work at t=0. Compared with Fig7, it not only
doesn’t eliminate the current voltage of uT, but resonance
occurred, and the load current fluctuates following uT.
The simulation proves the HUPQC can isolate the source
voltage disturbance, compensate the load harmonic current,
adjusts the fundamental amplitude at load nodes and the THD
of the system and so on.
Figure 8. The simulation waveforms of HAPF
VI. CONCLUSION
UPQC is one of important technology to improve the
power quality in power system. This paper has proposed a new
configuration called HUPQC. Compared to the traditional
UPQC, the shunt APF in the HUPQC is added a injection
circuit, it can control less fundamental current flow into the
inverter, so can decrease the capacity. According to the
modeling, control analysis presented and simulation, it proved
that the active capacity of the HUPQC is much less, and more,
it can compensate the load-voltage and current further, and
compensate high-capacity and fixed reactive power. The
HUPQC is applied to mange the power quality in the high-volt
and high-capacity power system.
$CKNOWLEDGMENT
Thanks for the supports of the priming scientific research
foundation for the junior teachers in Sun Yat-sen University
(2006-39000-1131058), Key Project of Zhuhai Science and
Technology office (PC20071082 and PC20072005).
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