(kwh/year)
USA 13467
China 2986
India 714
Currently Installed Generation
Capacity % share in Generation
Hydro-
Source of Power Share in MW Large
19%
Fossil Fuels 140206
67% Renewable
Hydro-Large 39291 Sources
Renewable Sources 24998
Nuclear
Nuclear
4780
TOTAL 2,09,276
Supply 125234 MW
Deficit 14856 MW
Reference=http://cea.nic.in/reports/yearly/lgbr_report.pdf
Most parts of India receive good solar
radiation 5-7 kWh/sq. m/day
Within 6 hours deserts receive more
energy from the sun than humankind
consumes within a year – Gerhard Knies
I = 6 kwh/m2/day or 250w/m2
Efficiency = 15%
=> Power Produced = 37.5 W/m2
i.e. 37.5 MW/KM2
i.e. 1 GW/25 KM2
http://www.mnre.gov.in/solar-mission/jnnsm
Solar capital of India with Asia’s largest solar park
Which are…
Free of cost (just requires initial investment)
Provides more reliability
Helps in contributing for saving environment
4. Requirement analysis
At the mean distance of sun and earth, rate at which energy is received
from sun on unit area perpendicular to rays of sun is solar constant
Location
Day of year
Time of day
Here the Object is solar panel, but it is true of any object (For solar thermal also!)
*Only for easy visualization
Day of the year is characterized by an angle
Called as Declination angle (δ)
Angle made by line joining center of the sun and the earth
w.r.t to projection on equatorial plane (+23.45o to -23.45o)
Study the effect of day /season through fixed tilt
with our Simulation software PVsyst
Time of the day
Time is based on the rotation of the Earth with respect to the Sun
W = 15 (12 - LAT )
Ib
beam flux θ
Ibn
Normal to Vertical
the plane
Solid lines are reference lines
β
θ
Hence =
30
20
Declination (degree)
10
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
-10
-20
-30
Days of year
Azimuth orientation from PVsyst
Continuous tracking of sun will ensure that the sunrays are
always perpendicular to the solar panel
(tilt angle=β is changed to ensure that incident angle=ϴ = 0)
Axis tracking from PVsyst
Now you know what should be the orientation of solar
panels to get maximum output from fixed collector
Daily load
requirements
Constraints-
Future load Cost and
requirement space
constraints
Customer
concerns
Seasonal
load
requirement Type of load
24x7power
requirement
for critical
loads
Prepare the load chart to analyze total energy consumption
Type Rated No. of Total Load Total Avg. Hour Total Energy
of Power Loads Rated Duty Power s of Consumption
Load (Watts) Power Factor (Watts) use (Watt-
(Watts) (0-1) hours/Wh)
Types of Battery
Lead Acid Nickel Cadmium
Lithium Ion Nickel Metal Hydride
Li-ion battery
Nickel
Cadmium
battery Nickel metal
hydride
battery
Dominant Energy Storage medium is Lead-Acid batteries
(Mostly used in off-grid systems)
Advantages
Simple and cheap to
make
Capable of high
discharge rates
Battery Sizing
Remarks –
Standard deep cycle lead acid battery voltage rating available is 12V
Graphical representation
Characteristics and Efficiency
I Max. Cell Power
Isc Pm
Incident light Intensity
Im X
Vm I m
Pin
Vm Voc V
Material
Depends on
Temperature
Efficiency
To compare solar cells
Uses
To estimate actual output
1st Generation 2nd Generation 3rd Generation
• silicon wafer- • Thin-film deposits • Multi-junction solar
based of semiconductors cells
photovoltaic, • Dyesensitized
• amorphous silicon, nanocrystalline
• Single-crystalline cadmium telluride, Gratzel solar cells
and multi- copper indium • Organic polymer-
crystalline wafers gallium diselenide based photovoltaic
or copper indium • Thermo
sulfide photovoltaic solar
cells.
1.00
1.00
0.80
0.80 Series
Current (A)
Current (A)
0.60 0.60 connection
0.40
0.40 adds the
0.20
0.20 voltage,
0.00
0.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40
Voltage (V)
Voltage (V)
2.00 2.00
1.60
Parallel
1.60
Current (A)
connection
Current (A)
1.20 1.20
0.80
adds the
0.80
0.40
currents
0.40
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40
Voltage (V) Voltage (V)
PV Sizing
1. Load Wh = Daily energy requirements
2. Average daily peak sun hours (PSH) in design month for selected tilt and
orientation of PV array.
Factors % Loss
PV Response to Insolation 2-4
PV Mismatch 1-3
PV Soiling 1-3
PV Thermal Loss 5-10
DC Cable Loss 1-2
MPPT Charge Controller 1-2
Battery 10-15
Inverter including Transformer 4-6
AC Cable Loss 0.5-1
Total System Loss 25-40
Design of PV Array
1. Integral No. of modules in string = system voltage/module nominal
voltage
Types
Increases
battery life
For battery
Regulate
power
Charge Preventing
controller reverse current
Optimize
power output
Charge Controller Selection
2. Controller input voltage rating >= 1.2 x array open circuit voltage
3. Max. charge current >= 1.25 x array max. power point current.
PV technology
c-Si/TF-governed by environment, space, cost etc.
Mounting system
Rooftop/Terrace mounted/Ground mounted PV array
also determine orientation and tilt of PV array based on
latitude and usage pattern.
Types of Mounting system
4. Implement design.
In the form of
Savings
Eco-friendly energy utilization
Reliable solutions
Let’s see how much I saved by implementing this new energy solution
Run simulation in PVsyst
Off-Grid Systems: Scope, Applications and Costs
Applications
Remote housing
Water pumping
Telecom
Costing
Module cost is 30-40% of system cost, battery cost is recurring and
appliances cost is often included in system cost.
System cost is in the range of Rs. 1.25-1.5 Lakhs/kW
Solar PV system
Sine wave inverter
Mechanism
continually Square
changes wave Induced to Sine wave
current
direction
1. Stand alone inverter
Used in isolated systems where the inverter draws its DC energy from
batteries charged by photovoltaic arrays.
Unlike grid tie inverters, stand-alone inverters use batteries for storage.
The grid tie inverter must synchronize its frequency with that of the grid
(e.g. 50 or 60 Hz) using a local oscillator and limit the voltage to no higher
than the grid voltage
A
L
O
N
E
G
R
I
D
T
I
E
D
Inverter Selection
Match inverter DC input voltage to system voltage.
Inverter output power rating 1.5 to 2 times (min. 1.2 times) max. load
power to allow for future expansion.