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版 本 号:V1.00
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出版日期:2016.11
Version:V1.00
Doc. Code:0000138393
Issued Date:2016.11
Copyright owner: Beijing Sifang Automation Co., Ltd
Note: the company keeps the right to perfect the instruction. If equipment
does not agree with the instruction at anywhere, please contact our company
in time. We will provide you with corresponding service.
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is registered trademark of Beijing Sifang Automation Co., Ltd.
We reserve all rights to this document, even in the event that a patent is issued and a different
commercial proprietary right is registered. Improper use, in particular reproduction and
dissemination to third parties, is not permitted.
This document has been carefully checked. If the user nevertheless detects any errors, he is
asked to notify us as soon as possible.
The data contained in this manual is intended solely for the product description and is not to be
deemed to be a statement of guaranteed properties. In the interests of our customers, we
constantly seek to ensure that our products are developed to the latest technological
standards as a result; it is possible that there may be some differences between the
hardware/software product and this information product.
Manufacturer:
Beijing Sifang Automation Co., Ltd.
Email: support@sf-auto.com
Website: http://www.sf-auto.com
Add: No.9, Shangdi 4th Street, Haidian District, Beijing, P.R.C.100085
Preface
Purpose of this manual
This manual describes the functions, operation, installation, and placing into service
of device CSC-103. In particular, one will find:
Information on how to configure the device scope and a description of the device
functions and setting options;
A compilation of the most significant data for experienced users in the Appendix.
Target Audience
This manual is valid for SIFANG Line Protection IED CSC-103; firmware version
V1.00 and higher
Indication of Conformity
Additional Support
We can provide protection function training and operation training for the customer.
We can provide 5 year guranrantee after operation manufacture.
Safety information
Avoid to touching the circuitry when covers are removed. The IED
contains electirc circuits which can be damaged if exposed to static
electricity. Lethal high voltage circuits are also exposed when covers
are removed.
Using the isolated test pins when measuring signals in open circuitry.
Potentially lethal voltages and currents are present.
Changing the setting value group will inevitably change the IEDs
operation. Be careful and check regulations before making the
change.
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1
1 Overview .............................................................................................................................. 2
2 Features ............................................................................................................................... 3
3 Functions .............................................................................................................................. 7
3.1 Protection functions ............................................................................................... 7
3.2 Monitoring functions .............................................................................................. 8
3.3 Station communication .......................................................................................... 9
3.4 Remote communication ......................................................................................... 9
3.5 IED software tools.................................................................................................. 9
Chapter 2 General IED application........................................................................................ 11
1 Display information ............................................................................................................. 12
1.1 LCD screen display function ................................................................................ 12
1.2 Analog display function........................................................................................ 12
1.3 Report display function ........................................................................................ 12
1.4 Menu dispaly function .......................................................................................... 12
2 Report record ..................................................................................................................... 13
3 Disturbance recorder.......................................................................................................... 14
3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 14
3.2 Setting .................................................................................................................. 15
4 Self supervision function .................................................................................................... 16
4.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 16
4.2 Self supervision principle ..................................................................................... 16
4.3 Self supervision report ......................................................................................... 16
5 Time synchronization ......................................................................................................... 18
5.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 18
5.2 Synchronization principle..................................................................................... 18
5.2.1 Synchronization from IRIG ........................................................................... 19
5.2.2 Synchronization via PPS or PPM ................................................................. 19
5.2.3 Synchronization via SNTP ........................................................................... 19
6 Setting ................................................................................................................................ 20
6.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 20
6.2 Operation principle............................................................................................... 20
7 Authorization ...................................................................................................................... 21
7.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 21
Chapter 3 Basic protection elements ................................................................................... 23
1 Startup element .................................................................................................................. 24
1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 24
1.2 Sudden-change current startup element ............................................................. 24
1.3 Zero-sequence current startup element .............................................................. 25
1.4 Overcurrent startup element ................................................................................ 26
1.5 Low-voltage startup element (for weak infeed systems) ..................................... 27
1.6 Steady state consistence loosing startup ............................................................ 27
2 Phase selector ................................................................................................................... 29
2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 29
2.2 Sudden-change current phase selector .............................................................. 29
2.3 Symmetric component phase selector ................................................................ 30
2.4 Low-voltage phase selector ................................................................................. 31
3 Directional elements........................................................................................................... 33
3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 33
3.2 Memory voltage directional element ................................................................... 33
3.3 Zero sequence component directional element .................................................. 33
3.4 Negative sequence component directional element ........................................... 34
3.5 Impedance directional elements.......................................................................... 35
4 Setting parameters ............................................................................................................. 37
4.1 Setting list ............................................................................................................ 37
4.2 Setting explanation .............................................................................................. 37
Chapter 4 Line differential protection ................................................................................... 39
1 Line differential protection .................................................................................................. 40
1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 40
1.2 Protection principle .............................................................................................. 40
2 Phase-segregated current differential protection ............................................................... 41
3 Sudden-change current differential protection ................................................................... 43
4 Zero-sequence current differential protection .................................................................... 45
5 Other principle .................................................................................................................... 47
5.1 Startup element.................................................................................................... 47
5.1.1 Weak-source system startup........................................................................ 47
5.1.2 Remote beckon startup ................................................................................ 47
5.2 Capacitive current compensation ........................................................................ 48
5.3 CT saturation discrimination ................................................................................ 50
5.4 Tele-transmission binary signals ......................................................................... 51
5.5 Direct transfer trip ................................................................................................ 51
5.6 Time synchronization of Sampling ...................................................................... 51
5.7 Redundant remote communication channels ...................................................... 52
5.8 Switch onto fault protection function ................................................................... 52
5.9 Logic diagram ...................................................................................................... 52
5.10 Input and output signals ...................................................................................... 54
5.11 Setting parameters .............................................................................................. 55
5.11.1 Setting list ..................................................................................................... 55
5.11.2 Setting explanation ....................................................................................... 57
5.12 Reports ................................................................................................................ 60
5.13 Technical data ...................................................................................................... 62
Chapter 5 Distance protection .............................................................................................. 63
1 Distance protection ............................................................................................................ 64
1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 64
1.2 Protection principle .............................................................................................. 65
1.2.1 Full scheme protection ................................................................................. 65
1.2.2 Impedance characteristic ............................................................................. 66
1.2.3 Extended polygonal distance protection zone characteristic ....................... 71
1.2.4 Minimum operating current .......................................................................... 73
1.2.5 Measuring principle ...................................................................................... 73
1.2.6 Distance element direction determination .................................................... 76
1.2.7 Power swing blocking ................................................................................... 77
1.2.8 Phase-to-earth fault determination ............................................................... 86
1.2.9 Logic diagram ............................................................................................... 86
1.3 Input and output signals ...................................................................................... 92
1.4 Setting parameters .............................................................................................. 93
1.4.1 Setting list ..................................................................................................... 93
1.4.2 Setting explanation ....................................................................................... 99
1.4.3 Calculation example for distance parameter settings ................................ 101
1.4.4 Load Encroachment area ............................................................................114
1.5 Reports ...............................................................................................................118
1.6 Technical data ....................................................................................................119
Chapter 6 Teleprotection .................................................................................................... 121
1 Teleprotection schemes for distance................................................................................ 122
1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 122
1.2 Teleprotection principle ..................................................................................... 122
1.2.1 Permissive underreach transfer trip (PUTT) scheme ................................ 122
1.2.2 Permissive overreach transfer trip (POTT) scheme .................................. 123
1.2.3 Blocking scheme ........................................................................................ 124
1.2.4 Additional teleprotection logics................................................................... 126
1.3 Input and output signals .................................................................................... 127
1.3.1 Phase separation transmission mode ........................................................ 127
1.3.2 Phase separation transmission disable mode ........................................... 128
1.4 Setting parameters ............................................................................................ 130
1.4.1 Setting list ................................................................................................... 130
1.4.2 Setting explanation ..................................................................................... 131
1.5 Reports .............................................................................................................. 131
1.6 Technical data ................................................................................................... 132
2 Teleprotection for directional earth fault protection .......................................................... 132
2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 132
2.2 Protection principle ............................................................................................ 132
2.3 Input and output signals .................................................................................... 133
2.3.1 Phase separation transmission mode ........................................................ 134
2.3.2 Phase separation transmission disable mode ........................................... 134
2.4 Setting parameters ............................................................................................ 136
2.4.1 Setting lists ................................................................................................. 136
2.5 Reports .............................................................................................................. 137
Chapter 7 Overcurrent protection ....................................................................................... 139
1 Overcurrent protection ..................................................................................................... 140
1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 140
1.2 Protection principle ............................................................................................ 140
1.2.1 Measured quantities ................................................................................... 140
1.2.2 Time characteristic ..................................................................................... 140
1.2.3 Direciton determination feature .................................................................. 142
1.2.4 Logic diagram ............................................................................................. 143
1.3 Input and output signals .................................................................................... 144
1.4 Setting parameters ............................................................................................ 145
1.4.1 Setting list ................................................................................................... 146
1.5 Reports .............................................................................................................. 147
1.6 Technical data ................................................................................................... 147
Chapter 8 Earth fault protection ......................................................................................... 151
Directional/Non-directional earth fault portection .................................................................... 152
1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 152
1.2 Protection principle ............................................................................................ 152
1.2.1 Time delays characteristic .......................................................................... 153
1.2.2 Inrush restraint feature ............................................................................... 154
1.2.3 Earth fault direction determination ............................................................. 155
1.2.4 Logic diagram ............................................................................................. 157
1.3 Input and output signals .................................................................................... 159
1.4 Setting parameters ............................................................................................ 160
1.4.1 Setting lists ................................................................................................. 160
1.4.2 Setting calculation example ....................................................................... 162
1.5 Reports .............................................................................................................. 163
1.6 Technical data ................................................................................................... 164
Chapter 9 Emergency/backup overcurrent and earth fault protection ............................... 167
Emergency/backup overcurrent protection ............................................................................. 168
1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 168
1.2 Protection principle ............................................................................................ 168
1.2.1 Tripping time characteristic ........................................................................ 168
1.2.2 Inrush restraint feature ............................................................................... 169
1.2.3 Logic diagram ............................................................................................. 170
1.3 Input and output signals .................................................................................... 170
1.4 Setting parameters ............................................................................................ 171
1.4.1 Setting lists ................................................................................................. 171
1.5 Reports .............................................................................................................. 173
1.6 Technical data ................................................................................................... 173
2 Emergency/backup earth fault protection ........................................................................ 175
2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 175
2.2 Protection principle ............................................................................................ 175
2.2.1 Tripping time characteristic ........................................................................ 175
2.2.2 Inrush restraint feature ............................................................................... 176
2.2.3 Logic diagram ............................................................................................. 177
2.3 Input and output signals .................................................................................... 177
2.4 Setting parameters ............................................................................................ 178
2.4.1 Setting list ................................................................................................... 178
2.5 IED report .......................................................................................................... 180
2.6 Technical data ................................................................................................... 180
Chapter 10 Switch-Onto-Fault protection ............................................................................. 183
1 Switch-Onto-Fault protection ........................................................................................... 184
1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 184
1.2 Function principle............................................................................................... 184
1.2.1 Function description ................................................................................... 184
1.2.2 Logic diagram ............................................................................................. 185
1.3 Input and output signals .................................................................................... 185
1.4 Setting parameters ............................................................................................ 187
1.4.1 Setting lists ................................................................................................. 187
1.4.2 Setting calculation example ....................................................................... 188
1.5 Reports .............................................................................................................. 188
1.6 Technical data ................................................................................................... 189
Chapter 11 Overload protection ........................................................................................... 191
1 Overload protection .......................................................................................................... 192
1.1 Protection principle ............................................................................................ 192
1.1.1 Function description ................................................................................... 192
1.1.2 Logic diagram ............................................................................................. 192
1.2 Input and output signals .................................................................................... 192
1.3 Setting parameters ............................................................................................ 193
1.3.1 Setting lists ................................................................................................. 193
1.4 Reports .............................................................................................................. 193
Chapter 12 Overvoltage protection ...................................................................................... 195
1 Overvoltage protection ..................................................................................................... 196
1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 196
1.2 Protection principle ............................................................................................ 196
1.2.1 Phase to phase overvoltage protection ...................................................... 196
1.2.2 Phase to earth overvlotage protection ....................................................... 197
1.2.3 Logic diagram ............................................................................................. 197
1.3 Input and output signals .................................................................................... 197
1.4 Setting parameters ............................................................................................ 198
1.4.1 Setting lists ................................................................................................. 198
1.5 Reports .............................................................................................................. 199
1.6 Technical data ................................................................................................... 199
Chapter 13 Undervoltage protection .................................................................................... 201
1 Undervoltage protection ................................................................................................... 202
1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 202
1.2 Protection principle ............................................................................................ 202
1.2.1 Phase to phase underovltage protection ................................................... 202
1.2.2 Phase to earth undervoltage protection ..................................................... 203
1.2.3 Depending on the VT location .................................................................... 203
1.2.4 Logic diagram ............................................................................................. 204
1.3 Input and output signals .................................................................................... 205
1.4 Setting parameters ............................................................................................ 207
1.4.1 Setting lists ................................................................................................. 207
1.5 Reports .............................................................................................................. 208
1.6 Technical data ................................................................................................... 208
Chapter 14 Circuit breaker failure protection ........................................................................ 211
1 Circuit breaker failure protection ...................................................................................... 212
1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 212
1.2 Function Description .......................................................................................... 213
1.2.1 Current criterion evaluation ........................................................................ 214
1.2.2 Circuit breaker auxiliary contact evaluation ............................................... 214
1.2.3 Logic diagram ............................................................................................. 216
1.3 Input and output signals .................................................................................... 219
1.4 Setting parameters ............................................................................................ 220
1.4.1 Setting lists ................................................................................................. 220
1.5 Reports .............................................................................................................. 221
1.6 Technical data ................................................................................................... 222
Chapter 15 Dead zone protection ........................................................................................ 223
1 Dead zone protection ....................................................................................................... 224
1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 224
1.2 Protection principle ............................................................................................ 224
1.2.1 Function description ................................................................................... 225
1.2.2 Logic diagram ............................................................................................. 225
1.3 Input and output signals .................................................................................... 226
1.4 Setting parameters ............................................................................................ 227
1.4.1 Setting lists ................................................................................................. 227
1.5 Reports .............................................................................................................. 228
1.6 Technical data ................................................................................................... 228
Chapter 16 STUB protection ................................................................................................ 229
1 STUB protection ............................................................................................................... 230
1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 230
1.2 Protection principle ............................................................................................ 230
1.2.1 Function description ................................................................................... 230
1.2.2 Logic diagram ............................................................................................. 231
1.3 Input and output signals .................................................................................... 231
1.4 Setting parameters ............................................................................................ 232
1.4.1 Setting lists ................................................................................................. 232
1.5 Reports .............................................................................................................. 232
1.6 Technical data ................................................................................................... 233
Chapter 17 Poles discordance protection ............................................................................ 235
1 Poles discordance protection ........................................................................................... 236
1.1 Introdcution ........................................................................................................ 236
1.2 Protection principle ............................................................................................ 236
1.2.1 Function description ................................................................................... 236
1.2.2 Logic diagram ............................................................................................. 237
1.3 Input and output signals .................................................................................... 237
1.4 Setting parameters ............................................................................................ 239
1.4.1 Setting lists ................................................................................................. 239
1.5 Reports .............................................................................................................. 239
1.6 Technical data ................................................................................................... 240
Chapter 18 Synchro-check and energizing check function .................................................. 241
1 Synchro-check and energizing check function ................................................................ 242
1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 242
1.2 Function principle............................................................................................... 242
1.2.1 Synchro-check mode.................................................................................. 242
1.2.2 Energizing ckeck mode .............................................................................. 243
1.2.3 Override mode ............................................................................................ 244
1.2.4 Logic diagram ............................................................................................. 244
1.3 Input and output signals .................................................................................... 245
1.4 Setting parameters ............................................................................................ 246
1.4.1 Setting lists ................................................................................................. 246
1.4.2 Setting explanation ..................................................................................... 247
1.5 Reports .............................................................................................................. 247
1.6 Technical data ................................................................................................... 248
Chapter 19 Auto-reclosing function ...................................................................................... 251
1 Auto-reclosing .................................................................................................................. 252
1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 252
1.2 Function principle............................................................................................... 252
1.2.1 Single-shot reclosing .................................................................................. 252
1.2.2 Multi-shot reclosing .................................................................................... 254
1.2.3 Auto-reclosing operation mode .................................................................. 256
1.2.4 Auto-reclosing initiation .............................................................................. 257
1.2.5 Cooperating with external protection IED .................................................. 258
1.2.6 Auto-reclosing logic .................................................................................... 259
1.2.7 AR blocked conditions ................................................................................ 261
1.2.8 Logic diagram ............................................................................................. 262
1.3 Input and output signals .................................................................................... 265
1.4 Setting parameters ............................................................................................ 266
1.4.1 Setting lists ................................................................................................. 266
1.5 Reports .............................................................................................................. 268
1.6 Technical data ................................................................................................... 268
Chapter 20 Secondary system supervision.......................................................................... 271
1 Current circuit supervision................................................................................................ 272
1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 272
1.2 Function diagram ............................................................................................... 272
1.3 Input and output signals .................................................................................... 272
1.4 Setting parameters ............................................................................................ 272
1.4.1 Setting lists ................................................................................................. 273
1.4.2 Setting explanation ..................................................................................... 273
1.5 Reports .............................................................................................................. 273
2 Fuse failure supervision ................................................................................................... 274
2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 274
2.2 Function principle .............................................................................................. 274
2.2.1 Three phases (symmetrical) VT Fail .......................................................... 274
2.2.2 Single/two phases (asymmetrical) VT Fail ................................................. 275
2.2.3 Logic diagram ............................................................................................. 275
2.3 Input and output signals .................................................................................... 276
2.4 Setting parameters ............................................................................................ 277
2.4.1 Setting list ................................................................................................... 277
2.5 Technical data ................................................................................................... 278
Chapter 21 Monitoring .......................................................................................................... 280
1 Check Phase-sequence for voltage and current ............................................................. 281
1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 281
2 Check 3I0 polarity ............................................................................................................ 281
2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 281
3 Check the third harmonic of voltage ................................................................................ 281
3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 281
4 Check auxiliary contact of circuit breaker ........................................................................ 281
4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 281
5 Broken conductor ............................................................................................................. 282
5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 282
5.1.1 Logic diagram ............................................................................................. 282
5.2 Input and output signals .................................................................................... 282
5.3 Setting parameters ............................................................................................ 283
5.3.1 Setting list ................................................................................................... 283
5.4 Reports .............................................................................................................. 284
6 Fault locator...................................................................................................................... 284
6.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 284
Chapter 22 Station communication ...................................................................................... 288
1 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 289
2 Protocol ............................................................................................................................ 289
2.1 IEC 61850-8 communication protocol ............................................................... 289
2.2 IEC 60870-5-103 communication protocol ........................................................ 289
3 Communication port ......................................................................................................... 290
3.1 Front communication port.................................................................................. 290
3.2 RS485 communication ports ............................................................................. 290
3.3 Ethernet communication ports........................................................................... 290
4 Typical communication scheme ....................................................................................... 290
4.1 Typical substation communication scheme....................................................... 290
4.2 Typical time synchronizing scheme................................................................... 291
5 Technical data .................................................................................................................. 292
5.1 Front communication port.................................................................................. 292
5.2 RS485 communication port ............................................................................... 292
5.3 Ethernet communication port ............................................................................ 292
5.4 Time synchronization......................................................................................... 293
Chapter 23 Remote communication ..................................................................................... 294
1 Binary signal transfer ....................................................................................................... 295
2 Remote communication channel...................................................................................... 295
2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 295
3 Technical data .................................................................................................................. 297
3.1 Fiber optic communication ports ....................................................................... 297
Chapter 24 Hardware ........................................................................................................... 300
1 Introduction....................................................................................................................... 301
1.1 IED structure ...................................................................................................... 301
1.2 IED appearance ................................................................................................. 301
1.3 IED module arrangement .................................................................................. 302
1.4 The rear view of the protection IED ................................................................... 302
2 Local human-machine interface ....................................................................................... 303
2.1 Human machine interface.................................................................................. 303
2.2 LCD .................................................................................................................... 304
2.3 Keypad ............................................................................................................... 304
2.4 Shortcut keys and functional keys ..................................................................... 305
2.5 LED .................................................................................................................... 306
2.6 Front communication port .................................................................................. 307
3 Analog input module ........................................................................................................ 308
3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 308
3.2 Terminals of Analogue Input Module (AIM) ....................................................... 308
3.3 Technical data ................................................................................................... 309
3.3.1 Internal current transformer ........................................................................ 309
3.3.2 Internal voltage transformer ....................................................................... 310
4 CPU module ......................................................................................................................311
4.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................311
4.2 Communication ports of CPU module (CPU) .....................................................311
5 Communication module ................................................................................................... 313
5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 313
5.2 Substaion communication port .......................................................................... 313
5.2.1 RS232 communication ports ...................................................................... 313
5.2.2 RS485 communication ports ...................................................................... 313
5.2.3 Ethernet communication ports ................................................................... 313
5.2.4 Time synchronization port .......................................................................... 314
5.3 Terminals of Communication Module ................................................................ 314
5.4 Operating reports ............................................................................................... 315
5.5 Technical data ................................................................................................... 315
5.5.1 Front communication port .......................................................................... 315
5.5.2 RS485 communication port ........................................................................ 316
5.5.3 Ethernet communication port ..................................................................... 316
5.5.4 Time synchronization ................................................................................. 317
6 Binary input module ......................................................................................................... 318
6.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 318
6.2 Terminals of Binary Input Module (BIM)............................................................ 318
6.3 Technical data ................................................................................................... 320
7 Binary output module ....................................................................................................... 321
7.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 321
7.2 Terminals of Binary Output Module (BOM) ....................................................... 321
7.2.1 Binary Output Module A ............................................................................. 321
7.2.2 Binary Output Module C ............................................................................. 324
7.3 Technical data ................................................................................................... 326
8 Power supply module ....................................................................................................... 327
8.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 327
8.2 Terminals of Power Supply Module (PSM) ....................................................... 327
8.3 Technical data ................................................................................................... 329
9 Techinical data ................................................................................................................. 330
9.1 Basic data .......................................................................................................... 330
9.1.1 Frequency................................................................................................... 330
9.1.2 Internal current transformer........................................................................ 330
9.1.3 Internal voltage transformer ....................................................................... 330
9.1.4 Auxiliary voltage ......................................................................................... 331
9.1.5 Binary inputs ............................................................................................... 331
9.1.6 Binary outputs ............................................................................................ 331
9.2 Type tests .......................................................................................................... 332
9.2.1 Product safety-related tests ....................................................................... 332
9.2.2 Electromagnetic immunity tests ................................................................. 333
9.2.3 DC voltage interruption test........................................................................ 335
9.2.4 Electromagnetic emission test ................................................................... 335
9.2.5 Mechanical tests......................................................................................... 336
9.2.6 Climatic tests .............................................................................................. 337
9.2.7 CE Certificate ............................................................................................. 337
9.3 IED design ......................................................................................................... 337
Chapter 25 Appendix ............................................................................................................ 338
1 General setting list ........................................................................................................... 339
1.1 Function setting list ............................................................................................ 339
1.2 Binary setting list ............................................................................................... 352
2 General report list............................................................................................................. 360
3 Typical connection............................................................................................................ 367
4 Glossary ........................................................................................................................... 371
5 CT requirement ................................................................................................................ 375
5.1 Overview ............................................................................................................ 375
5.2 Current transformer classification...................................................................... 375
5.3 Abbreviations (according to IEC 60044-1, -6, as defined) ................................ 376
5.4 General current transformer requirements ........................................................ 377
5.4.1 Protective checking current ........................................................................ 377
5.4.2 CT class ...................................................................................................... 378
5.4.3 Accuracy class ........................................................................................... 380
5.4.4 Ratio of CT ................................................................................................. 380
5.4.5 Rated secondary current ............................................................................ 380
5.4.6 Secondary burden ...................................................................................... 381
5.5 Rated equivalent secondary e.m.f requirements .............................................. 381
5.5.1 Line differential protection .......................................................................... 382
5.5.2 Transformer differential protection ............................................................. 383
5.5.3 Busbar differential protection ..................................................................... 384
5.5.4 Distance protection..................................................................................... 384
5.5.5 Definite time overcurrent protection and earth fault protection .................. 385
5.5.6 Inverse time overcurrent protection and earth fault protection .................. 387
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 1 Introduction
1
Chapter 1 Introduction
1 Overview
The CSC-103 is selective, reliable and high speed comprehensive
transmission line protection IED (Intelligent Electronic Device) for
overhead lines, cables or combination of them, with powerful capabilities
to cover following applications:
Short lines
Satisfy the requirement for single and /or three pole tripping
The wide application flexibility makes the IED an excellent choice for both
new installations and retrofitting of the existing stations.
2
Chapter 1 Introduction
2 Features
Protection and monitoring IED with extensive functional library, user
configuration possibility and expandable hardware design to meet
special user requirements
3
Chapter 1 Introduction
delay
Blocking scheme
Inter-tripping scheme
Current reversal
Weak-infeed end
4
Chapter 1 Introduction
Remote communication
5
Chapter 1 Introduction
6
Chapter 1 Introduction
3 Functions
Tele-protection
Communication scheme for distance
85–21, 21N PSCH
protection
Communication scheme for earth fault
85–67N PSCH
protection
Current protection
3IINV>
Overcurrent protection 50, 51, 67 PTOC 3I >>
3I >>>
I0INV>
Earth fault protection 50N, 51N, 67N PEFM I0>>
I0>>>
Emergency/backup overcurrent 3IINV>
50, 51 PTOC
protection 3I >
Emergency/backup earth fault I0INV>
50N, 51N PTOC
protection I0 >
3I >HS
Switch-onto-fault protection 50HS PSOF
I0>HS
Overload protection 50OL PTOC 3I >OL
Voltage protection
3U>
Overvoltage protection 59 PTOV
3U>>
3U<
Undervoltage protection 27 PTUV
3U<<
7
Chapter 1 Introduction
Description
Self-supervision
Fault locator
Fault recorder
8
Chapter 1 Introduction
Description
Communication protocols
Description
Communication port
Communication distance
Up to 100kM
Connection mode
Functions
Setting
9
Chapter 1 Introduction
Functions
IED testing
IED configuration
Printing
10
Chapter 2 General IED application
11
Chapter 2 General IED application
1 Display information
The LCD screen displays measured analog, report ouputs and menu.
The analog display includes measured Ia, Ib, Ic, 3I0, IN, Ua, Ub, Uc, UX
The menu dispaly includes main menu and debugging menu, see
Chapter 23 for detail.
12
Chapter 2 General IED application
2 Report record
The report record includes tripping, alarm and operation reports. See
Chapter 24 for detail.
13
Chapter 2 General IED application
3 Disturbance recorder
3.1 Introduction
To get fast, complete and reliable information about fault current, voltage,
binary signal and other disturbances in the power system is very
important. This is accomplished by the disturbance recorder function and
facilitates a better understanding of the behavior of the power system and
related primary and secondary equipment during and after a disturbance.
An analysis of the recorded data provides valuable information that can
be used to explain a disturbance, basis for change of IED setting plan,
improvement of existing equipment etc.
Fault wave recorder with great capacity, can record full process of any
fault, and can save the corresponding records. Optional data format or
wave format is provided, and can be exported through serial port or
Ethernet port by COMTRADE format.
In the disturbance recorder, the trip signal and analogue vaule change
can be recorded. The engineer can analysis operation of protection by
the recording data.
The IED can support 5 records in ring buffer FIFO, each record lasts 2.4s
with 24 samples per cycle.
14
Chapter 2 General IED application
3.2 Setting
15
Chapter 2 General IED application
4.1 Introduction
The IED may test all hardware components itself, including loop out of
the relay coil. Watch can find whether or not the IED is in fault through
warning LED and warning characters which show in liquid crystal display
and display reports to tell fault type.
Watch dog can monitor software running and avoid program into
endless loop
16
Chapter 2 General IED application
17
Chapter 2 General IED application
5 Time synchronization
5.1 Introduction
Time definitions
The error of a clock is the difference between the actual time of the clock,
and the time the clock is intended to have. The rate accuracy of a clock is
normally called the clock accuracy and means how much the error
increases, i.e. how much the clock gains or loses time. A disciplined clock
is a clock that “knows” its own faults and tries to compensate for them, i.e.
a trained clock.
Synchronization principle
18
Chapter 2 General IED application
The built in GPS clock module receives and decodes time information
from the global positioning system. The module is located on the
Communication Module (MASTER). The GPS interfaces to the IED
supply two possible synchronization methods, IRIGB and PPS (or PPM).
19
Chapter 2 General IED application
6 Setting
6.1 Introduction
The setting procedure can be ended at the time by the key “SET” or
“QUIT”. If the key “SET” is pressed, the display shows the question
“choose setting zone”. The range of setting zone is from 1 to 16. After
confirming with the setting zone-key “SET”, those new settings will be
valid. If key “QUIT” is pressed instead, all modification which have been
changed will be ignored.
20
Chapter 2 General IED application
7 Authorization
7.1 Introduction
To safeguard the interests of our customers, both the IED and the tools
that are accessing the IED are protected, subject of authorization
handling. The concept of authorization, as it is implemented in the IED
and the associated tools is based on the following facts:
There are different levels (or types) of guest, super user and
protection engineer that can access or operate different areas of the
IED and tools functionality.
21
Chapter 2 General IED application
22
Chapter 3 Basic protection elements
23
Chapter 3 Basic protection elements
1 Startup element
1.1 Introduction
i I _ abrupt
or
3i0 I _ abrupt
Equation 1
where
24
Chapter 3 Basic protection elements
Equation 2
Where
k is internal coefficient
3I0_EF1 is the setting value of definite time stage 1 of the earth fault
protection
3I0_EF2 is the setting value of definite time stage 2 of the earth fault
protection
3I0_EF Inv is the setting value of inverse time stage of the earth fault
protection
25
Chapter 3 Basic protection elements
Equation 3
where
k is internal coefficient
Ioc is min{ I_OC1, I_OC2, I_OC Inv, I_Em/BU OC, I_Inv_Em/BU OC,
I_STUB, I_SOTF }
I_OC Inv is the setting value of inverse time stage of the overcurrent
protection function.
26
Chapter 3 Basic protection elements
In conditions that one end of the protected line has a weak-source and
accordingly the fault sudden-change phase to phase current is too low to
startup the IED, low-voltage startup element can come into service to
startup the tele-protection communication scheme with weak-echo logic.
When IED receives signaIs from another side, its operation criteria are as
follows:
or
Equation 4
where:
k is internal coefficient
The operation criteria of steady state consistance loosing startup are (OR
logic) as followings:
Ia > I_PSB, Ib > I_PSB, Ic > I_PSB, and the sudden-change current
27
Chapter 3 Basic protection elements
If any of the conditions has continued for 30ms, steady state consistence
loosing startup will operated.
28
Chapter 3 Basic protection elements
2 Phase selector
2.1 Introduction
29
Chapter 3 Basic protection elements
are small at the same time, IED will determine fault type as AB.
Phase
Selected
A B C AB BC CA ABC
I
IAB + + — ++ + + ++
IBC — + + + ++ + ++
ICA + — + + + ++ ++
30
Chapter 3 Basic protection elements
I0a
0 0
+30 AN,BCN -30
ABN BCN
0 0
+90 -90
CN,ABN BN,CAN
0 0
+150 CAN -150
.
Figure 1 relation between angle of zero and negative sequence component for various
fault types
For example, if the angle between I2 and I0 is in the range of -30°to +30°
the fault type may be A-phase to ground or BC-phases to ground.
31
Chapter 3 Basic protection elements
considered in the weak-infeed sides. In this case the IED will monitor VT
Fail condition. When there is no problem with VT and IED receives
signaIs from another side, low-voltage phase selector can operate
according to the following criteria:
or
Equation 5
where:
32
Chapter 3 Basic protection elements
3 Directional elements
3.1 Introduction
The IED uses the memory voltage and fault current to determine the
direction of the fault. Therefore, transient voltage of short circuit
conditions won’t influence the direction detection. Additionally, it improves
the direction detection sensitivity for symmetrical or asymmetrical
close-in faults with extremely low voltage. But it should be noted that the
memory voltage cannot be effective for a long time. Therefore, the
following directional elements will work as supplement to detect direction
correctly.
33
Chapter 3 Basic protection elements
90°
3I 0
0°
3U 0_Ref
Angle_EF
Angle_Range
EF
Forward Bisector
-3 I 0
where:
34
Chapter 3 Basic protection elements
3I2 90°
0°
3 U 2_ Ref
Angle_Neg
Angle_Range
Neg
Forward
-3 I 2 Bisector
where:
35
Chapter 3 Basic protection elements
X
X_Set
Forward
-n∙R_Set
R_Set
R
Reverse
-n∙X_Set
where:
36
Chapter 3 Basic protection elements
4 Setting parameters
Sudden-change
I_abrupt A 0.08Ir 20Ir 0.2Ir current threshold of
startup element
The reset time of
T_Relay Reset s 0.5 10 1
relay
Rated primary
U_Primary kV 30 800 230 voltage (phase to
phase)
Rated secondary
U_Secondary V 100 120 100 voltage (phase to
phase)
Rated primary
CT_Primary kA 0.05 5 3
current
Rated secondary
CT_Secondary A 1 5 1
current
The setting values are all secondary values if there is no special note.
Impedance setting is set according to impedance of line.
37
Chapter 3 Basic protection elements
38
Chapter 4 Line differential protection
39
Chapter 4 Line differential protection
1.1 Introduction
M N
CB TA TA CB
IM A、B、C IM A、B、C
IN A、B、C IN A、B、C
40
Chapter 4 Line differential protection
IDiff
operating area
K2
I_2Diff
K1
I_1Diff
where:
K1 = 0.6
K2 = 0.8
I_1Diff= 1 I_Set;
I_2Diff= 3 I_Set
I_2Res= 5 I_Set
I_Set= I_Diff High or I_Diff Low, the different current high setting or low
setting
41
Chapter 4 Line differential protection
The differential current IDiff and the restraining current IRes are
calculated in the IED using the measured current flowing through both
ends of the protected feeder (end M and end N), according to following
formula:
I Re s ( IM IMC ) ( IN INC )
where:
IMC and INC: The capacitive charging current in each phase of the
protected line, which are calculated from the measured voltage in each
end of the line
IDiff I _ Set
IDiff K1I Re s , at 0 IDiff 3I _ Set
IDiff K 2 I Re s I _ Set , at IDiff 3I _ Set
42
Chapter 4 Line differential protection
ΔIDiff
operating area
K2
ΔI_2Diff
K1
ΔI_1Diff
where:
K1 = 0.6
K2 = 0.8
ΔI_1Diff= 1 I_Set
43
Chapter 4 Line differential protection
ΔI_2Diff= 3 I_Set
ΔI_2Res= 5 I_Set
I Re s IM IN
ΔIM : Variable of current flowing toward the protected feeder from end M
ΔIN : Variable of current flowing toward the protected feeder from end N
IDiff I _ Set
IDiff K1I Re s , at 0 IDiff 3I _ Set
IDiff K 2I Re s I _ Set , at IDiff 3I _ Set
44
Chapter 4 Line differential protection
I0Diff
Operating area
I_0Diff
I0Res
where:
K=0.75
The differential current I0Diff and the restraining current I0Res are
calculated in the IED using the measured current flowing through both
sides of the protected feeder (End M and N), according to following
formula.
45
Chapter 4 Line differential protection
I 0 Diff (I MA IMAC ) (I MB IMBC ) (I MC IMCC ) ( INA INAC ) ( INB INBC ) ( INC INCC)
I 0 Diff (I MA IMAC ) (I MB IMBC ) (I MC IMCC ) ( INA INAC ) ( INB INBC ) ( INC INCC )
where:
IMx and INx: the measured currents of phase x flowing toward the
protected object in ends M and N, respectively
IMxC and INxC: the capacitive charging currents calculated for phase x in
ends M and N, respectively
x: represents Phase A, B or C
46
Chapter 4 Line differential protection
5 Other principle
If one of the ends of the protected line is weak source or without source,
the current may be very small when internal fault occurs and IED can’t be
initiated. Under this circumstance, the weak-source system startup
element could be started by low-voltage and differential current.
If all the following conditions are satisfied, IED in weak-source end could
be started after it receives startup signal from remote terminal. Thus, it
will trip after sending out a permissive signal to the remote end (to let it
trip).
If fault occurs in high resistance line, IED far from fault location may not be
able to start as its current may be very small, even if IED near the fault
location can start reliably. Under this circumstance, the remote beckon
startup element could be started by differential current and
sudden-change voltage. If all the following conditions are satisfied, Remote
beckon startup element could be started:
47
Chapter 4 Line differential protection
48
Chapter 4 Line differential protection
UM 1
IMC1
j 2 XC1
UM 2
IMC 2
j 2 XC 2
UM 0
IMC 0
j 2 XC 0
UM 1 UM 2 UM 0 UM 0 UM 0
j 2 XC1 j 2 XC 0
UMA UM 0 UM 0
j 2 XC1 j 2 XC 0
2
IMBC * IMC1 * IMC 2 IMC 0
2
*UM 1 *UM 2 UM 0 UM 0
UM 0
j 2 XC1 j 2 XC 0
UMB UM 0 UM 0
j 2 XC1 j 2 XC 0
49
Chapter 4 Line differential protection
2
IMCC * IMC1 * IMC 2 IMC 0
2
*UM 1 *UM 2 UM 0 UM 0
UM 0
j 2 XC1 j 2 XC 0
UMC UM 0 UM 0
j 2 XC1 j 2 XC 0
UNA UN 0 UN 0
INAC
j 2 XC1 j 2 XC 0
UNB UN 0 UN 0
INBC
j 2 XC1 j 2 XC 0
UNA UN 0 UN 0
INCC
j 2 XC1 j 2 XC 0
50
Chapter 4 Line differential protection
IDiff
Operating area
I_LDiffCT
IRes
where:
K=0.9
In the IED, two binary signals can be transmitted to the remote end of the
line in the binary bits of each data frame, which are tele-transmission
command 1 and tele-transmission command 2. When the remote IED
receives the signals, relevant operation will be performed.
In the IED, one binary input is provided for remote trip to ensure the
remote IED fast tripping when fault occurs between CT and circuit
breaker, or in case of a breaker failure. It is used to transmit the trip
command of dead zone protection or circuit breaker failure protection to
trip the opposite end circuit breaker.
The differential protection of both end IEDs can be set as master or slave
51
Chapter 4 Line differential protection
mode. If one IED is set as master, the IED at the other end should be set
as slave. To ensure sampling synchronization between both IEDs, the
salve IED sends a frame of synchronization request to master IED. After
the master IED receives the frame, it returns a frame of data including its
local time. Then the slave IED can calculate both the communication
delay time and the sampling time difference with the master IED. Thus,
the slave IED adjusts its sampling time and the IEDs of both ends come
to complete sampling synchronization.
3I0>I_Diff ZeroSeq A
N T_Diff ZeroSeq
Relay trip
No CT Fail D
52
Chapter 4 Line differential protection
A O
IA_diff>I_Diff TA Fail
N R
Block Diff CT_Fail off D
IB_diff>I_Diff High A
N O
B Phase CT fail D R
A O
IB_diff>I_Diff TA Fail
N R
Block Diff CT_Fail off D
IC_diff>I_Diff High A
N
C Phase CT fail D
A O
IC_diff>I_Diff TA Fail R
N
Block Diff CT_Fail off D
A Phase CT fail
O
B Phase CT fail
R
C Phase CT fail A
N
Block Diff CT_Fail on D
53
Chapter 4 Line differential protection
A DTT By Z2 on
ZONE2 forward
N
D
DTT By Z3 on
ZONE3 forward A
N
D DTT By startup
O
General startup R
DTT By Z2 on
DTT By Z3 on A
N
DTT By startup on D
A
Relay trip
N
Dtt singal receive
D
Tele_Trans1 BO_DTT
Tele_Trans2 Tele_Trans1
DTT Tele_Trans2
Chan_A_Test Channel A Alarm
Relay Trip
Signal Description
IP1 Signal for current input 1
IP2 Signal for current input 2
IP3 Signal for current input 3
UP1 Signal for voltage input 1
UP2 Signal for voltage input 2
UP3 Signal for voltage input 3
54
Chapter 4 Line differential protection
Signal Description
Tele_Trans1 Tele transmission binary input 1
Tele_Trans2 Tele transmission binary input 2
DTT DTT
Chan_A_Test Channel A test
Chan_B_Test Channel B test
Signal Description
Relay Startup Relay Startup
Relay Trip Relay Trip
Trip PhA Trip phase A
Trip PhB Trip phase B
Trip PhC Trip phase C
Trip 3Ph Trip three phases
Relay Block AR Permanent trip
Curr Diff Trip Current differential protection trip
BO_DTT DTT binary output
Tele_Trans1 Tele transmission binary output 1
Tele_Trans2 Tele transmission binary output 2
Channel A Alarm Channel A alarm
Channel B Alarm Channel B alarm
55
Chapter 4 Line differential protection
CT failure
Default
Min. Max.
Setting Unit setting Description
(Ir:5A/1A) (Ir:5A/1A)
(Ir:5A/1A)
differential protection
Func_Diff Curr 0 1 1
enable(1)/disable(0)
sudden change
Func_Diff Curr
0 1 1 differential protection
Abrupt
enable(1)/disable(0)
double
Dual_Channel 0 1 1 channels(1)/single
channel(0)
master mode (1)/
Master Mode 0 1 1
slaver mode (0)
capacitive current
Comp Capacitor
0 1 0 compensation
Cur
enable(1)/disable(0)
56
Chapter 4 Line differential protection
CT failure block
Block Diff CT_Fail 0 1 1 differential protection
enable(1)/disable(0)
CT fail block 3
Block 3Ph Diff
0 1 0 phases(1)/ CT fail
CT_Fail
block single phase(0)
AR initiated by zero
Diff_Zero Init AR 0 1 1 sequence differential
protection
Channel A apply
Chan_A external clock
0 1 0
Ext_Clock enable(1)/internal
clock disable(0)
Channel A at 64Kb/s
Chan_A 64k Rate 0 1 0 enable(1)/2M Kb/s
disable(0)
Channel B apply
Chan_B
0 1 0 external clock
Ext_Clock
enable(1)/disable(0)
Channel B at 64Kb/s
Chan_B 64k Rate 0 1 0
enable(1)/disable(0)
channel loop test
Loop Test 0 1 0 mode
enable(1)/disable(0)
DTT under startup
DTT By Startup 0 1 1
element control
DTT under Zone 2
DTT By Z2 0 1 0 distance element
control
DTT under Zone 3
DTT By Z3 0 1 0 distance element
control
57
Chapter 4 Line differential protection
1
XC1 NTA / NTV
2fC1
1
XC 0 NTA / NTV
2fC 0
When the capacitive current exceeds 0.1In. The control world “Comp
Capacitor Cur” should be set "1". Set according to secondary value of
line full-length. Table 10 provide reference to capacitive reactance and
58
Chapter 4 Line differential protection
” XC1”:3736*(100/130)*1200/2200=1567Ω
” XC0”:5260*(100/130)*1200/2200=2206Ω
2
X1_ Reactor NTA / NTV U / S
2
X 0 _ Re actor NTA / NTV (U / S+3XN)
59
Chapter 4 Line differential protection
2 6
XDK 1 2000 / 7500 800000 / 3 100 10 568.8
If shunt reactor is not installed at one terminal of line, this setting is set to
the upper limit (secondary value) :
XDK1 = 9000Ω
XDK0 = 9000Ω
Each pilot protection system has one and only address identification
code in the power grid. Identification code of equipment address can be
set via the setting of “Local Address” and “Opposite Address”.
8) The IED sends “Local Address” together with reports to the remote
when reports are transportted. Only the address code in received report
equals to “Opposite Address” could the IED work normally. If the address
code in received report not equal to “Opposite Address”, but equal to
“Local Address”, the IED will alarm “Chan_A(B) Loop Err”. If the address
code in received report neither equals to “Local Address” nor equals to
“Opposite Address”, the IED will alarm “Chan_A(B) Addr Err”.
9) To make optic self-looping test, the control bit of “Loop Test” has to
be set to “1”. In normal operation, this setting should be set as “0”.
5.12 Reports
Abbr. Meaning
Curr Diff Trip Current differential protection trip
Zero Diff Trip Zero-sequence current differential protection trip
Curr Diff Evol Current differential evolvement trip
DTT DTT
Tele_Trans1 OPTD Tele transmission 1 operated
Tele_Trans2 OPTD Tele transmission 2 operated
Tele_Trans1 Drop Tele transmission 1 dropout
Tele_Trans2 Drop Tele transmission 2 dropout
WeakInfeed Init WeakInfeed initiated
OppositeEnd Init Opposite end initiated
3Ph Diff_Curr Current for three phase differential current
3PH Res_Curr Current for three phase restraining current
60
Chapter 4 Line differential protection
Abbr. Meaning
BI_DTT DTT binary input
BI_Tele_Trans1 Tele transmission 1 binary input
BI_Tele_Trans2 Tele transmission 2 binary input
OppositeEnd Trip Opposite end Trip
Sample No_Syn sample without synchronization
Sample Syn OK sample is synchronized successfully
Channel A Data Data from channel A
Channel B Data Data from channel B
Curr Diff SOTF SOTF on current differential fault
Abbr. Meaning
Local CT Fail Local CT fail
Opposite CT Fail Opposite CT fail
Diff_Curr Alarm Differential current exists for long period
TeleSyn Mode Err Synchronizing mode error
Chan_A Loop Err Channel A loop error
Chan_B Loop Err Channel B loop error
Chan_A Comm Err Channel A communication error
Chan_B Comm Err Channel B communication error
Chan_A Samp Err No sampling data for channel A
Chan_B Samp Err No sampling data for channel B
BI_DTT Alarm DTT binary input alarm
Chan_Loop Enable Channel loop enabled
Chan_A Addr Err Channel A address error
Chan_B Addr Err Channel B address error
ChanA_B Across Channel A and B across
Opposite CommErr Opposite side communication error
Func_CurDiff Err Current differential error
DoubleChan Test Double channel test
Abbr. Meaning
Func_DiffCurr On Differential current protection on
FuncDiffCurr Off Differential current protection off
Chan_A Tele_Loop Channel A loop on
Chan_A Loop Off Channel A loop off
Chan_B Tele_Loop Channel B loop on
Chan_B Loop Off Channel B loop off
61
Chapter 4 Line differential protection
NOTE:
Ir: CT rated secondary current, 1A and 5A;
62
Chapter 5 Distance protection
63
Chapter 5 Distance protection
1 Distance protection
1.1 Introduction
X
Zone 5
Zone 4
Zone 3
Zone 2
Zone Ext.
Zone 1
Zone 4 Reverse
(optional)
Zone 5 Reverse
(optional)
64
Chapter 5 Distance protection
Characteristic).
X
Zone 5
Zone 4
Zone 3
Zone 2
Zone Ext.
Zone 1
Zone 4 Reverse
(optional)
Zone 5 Reverse
(optional)
The execution of the different fault loops are of full scheme type, which
means that each fault loop for phase to earth faults and phase to phase
faults for forward and reverse faults are executed in parallel.
65
Chapter 5 Distance protection
X_Zset
Φ_Ztop
Φ_Zleft
Φ_Zright
R_Zset R
Φ_Zbottom
where:
66
Chapter 5 Distance protection
The IED has the function of cutting out the load encroachment, which is
shown in the figure below.
And the the load zone to be cut out can be set via setting.
The dash area in the figure below represents the cutout load area.
67
Chapter 5 Distance protection
Φ_Load
R_Load
Load Area
R
jX
X_Zset Φ_Ztop
line
R
line
XS
where:
68
Chapter 5 Distance protection
The X_REC setting, line impedance angle Φline and fixed angleΦ_Ztop
are calaculated based on X_Zset setting, and then the diameter and
center of a circle can be obtained from calculation.
The IED has the function of normal load enchrochement cutting out,
which is shown in the figure below.
And the load area to be cut out can be set via setting.
The dash area in the figure below represents the load area to be cut out.
69
Chapter 5 Distance protection
jX
Φ_Load
R_Load
R
Load Area R
70
Chapter 5 Distance protection
jX
line
R
-R_Zset R_Zset
The R_Zset of each section is set as the maximum when the load limit is
not considered;
When a fault occurs on the piont of the protection relay installed, the
voltage can be zero, theoretically, at the point of the fault. Considering
the VT and other errors, when the polarity of the impedance
measurement does not reflect the true distance from the fault, two
incorrect cases may occur:
The fault is near the bus and in the forward direction but measured
impedance is not within the forward quadrilateral characteristic.
The fault is near the bus and in the reverse direction but measured
impedance is not within the reverse quarilateral characteristic
Using fault phase current and voltage only, resistance value can not
71
Chapter 5 Distance protection
XSet
ΦTop
ΦLeft
XOffset ΦRight
ΦBottom R
ROffset RSet
where:
72
Chapter 5 Distance protection
A separate measuring system has been provided for each of the six
possible impedance loops A-E, B-E, C-E, A-B, B-C, C-A. The impedance
calculation will be continued whether a fault has been detected.
d(Iφ K X 3I 0 )
U Φ LΦ R Φ (IΦ K r 3I 0 ) : A, B, C
dt
Equation 6
dI
UΦ LΦ R Φ IΦ : AB, BC, CA
dt
Equation 7
73
Chapter 5 Distance protection
Kx=(X0-X1)/3X1
Equation 8
and
Kr=(R0-R1)/3R1
Equation 9
For example, solving above equations leads to the following relation for
phase-phase (A-B) short circuit which can be used to calculate the
phase-to-phase loop impedance.
Equation 10
With:
74
Chapter 5 Distance protection
U L1-E -U L2-E
ZL =
I L1 -I L2
Equation 11
RE X
U L1-E =I A R L +JX L -I E ( R L J E X L ) I A R L +JX L -I E (K r R L JK x X L )
RL XL
Equation 12
75
Chapter 5 Distance protection
The first zone: it is used as fast zone commonly. Since high speed
and required selectivity are quite essential, requirements for the direction
component must be “forward” direction.
76
Chapter 5 Distance protection
The extended first zone: it is different from the other five zones. It
doesn't work until the Auto-reclosing has been fully charged. It is a back
up of teleprotection.
The second zone: it is used as time delay zone commonly.
Considering enough reliability, its direction criterion is “not reverse”
direction.
The third zone: Generally, it is used as the last forward direction zone.
The delay time is longer. Its direction criterion is “not reverse” direction.
The fourth zone: it is used as non-forward direction zone commonly, so
requirement for the direction component is “not forward” direction.
The fifth zone: like zone 4, if it is used as reverse direction, its
direction criterion is “not forward” direction.
1.2.7.1 Introduction
Power swings are oscillations in power flow. The power grid is a very
dynamic network that connects generation to load via transmission lines.
A disturbance-such as a sudden change of load whereas the mechanical
power input to generators remains relatively constant, a power system
fault, or a trip of a large generation unit-may break the balance, cause the
oscillations among the generator rotor angles and force the generators to
adjust to a new operating condition. The adjustment will not happen
instantaneously due to the inertia of the generator prime movers.
Oscillation rate is determined by the inertia of the system and
impedances between different generators.
77
Chapter 5 Distance protection
Power swings are variations in power flow that occur when the internal
voltages of generators at different locations of the power system slip
relative to each other. In this way, voltage and current waveforms will
have a low frequency oscillation over the power system nominal
frequency. Therefore impedance trajectory seen by a distance IED may
enter the fault detection zones and cause unwanted IED operation. For
example consider a simple case with two machine system shown in
Figure 24 to show the system behavior in power swing condition.
The current passing through the feeder (IL) will be calculated in any time by:
ES ER
IL
ZS ZL ZR
Equation 13
The direction of current flow will remain the same during the power swing
event. Only the voltage displacement will change.
Equation 14
It is assumed that that ES has a phase advance of δ over ER and that the
ratio of the two source voltage magnitudes, ES/ER, is k. Then:
78
Chapter 5 Distance protection
Equation 15
For the particular case where the two sources magnitudes are equal or k
is one, Equation 15 can be expressed as:
ES 1
(1 j cot )
ES ER 2 2
Equation 16
VA ( ZS ZL ZR)
Z (1 j cot ) ZS
IL 2 2
Equation 17
79
Chapter 5 Distance protection
To ensure the correct operation of the protection logic and avoiding IED
mal-operation in power swings conditions, power swing blocking function
has been integrated in IED. The main purpose of the PSB function is to
differentiate between faults and power swings and block distance.
However, faults that occur during a power swing must be detected and
cleared with a high degree of selectivity and dependability. Power swing
blocking happens if one of the following conditions remains for 30ms.
All phase currents are bigger than the current setting of “I_PS”, and
the sudden-change current elements have not operated.
As mentioned, if any of the above conditions has been valid for 30ms,
power swing startup will operate and protection program is switched to
power swing blocking routine. At the same time, “I_PS STARTUP” (for
the first condtion) or “Z STARTUP” (for the second condition) and
“RELAY STARTUP” signals are reported. It should be note that “I_PSB”
should be set larger than maximum load current in the protected feeder.
80
Chapter 5 Distance protection
This unblocking logic of the zones which have already blocked with
power swing blocing has been shown in Figure 27. In this logic,
“Z1(2,3,4,5)_PS blocking” indicates corresponding setting value for
blocking of the zones in power swing condition.
“I_PSB” startup
Zero- sequence
current startup O A
R N
D
|150 0|
Current change A O NO PS 1 (2,3,4,5)
startup N R
D
Z1(2,3,4,5)_PS blocking
81
Chapter 5 Distance protection
|I0|>m1|I1| or I 2>m2|I 1|
Equation 18
82
Chapter 5 Distance protection
83
Chapter 5 Distance protection
84
Chapter 5 Distance protection
o
Figure 30 Trajectory of the measuring resistance with δ=180 and TZMAX
ΔR ≥ ΔRmin(180°,TZMAX, τ)
Equation 19
ΔR ≥ K×ΔRmin(180°,TZMAX, τ)
Equation 20
concluded that three phase short has occurred during the power
swing.
85
Chapter 5 Distance protection
No Power swing
One of the main criteria in tripping logic of different zones is that IED
doesn’t detect power swing. Power swing blocking can be activated
individually by different binary settings (Zx_PS blocking, where x
indicates a zone number). In IED, power swing will be detected by power
swing startup elements (for detail information refers under heading
“Power swing blocking/unblocking”).
Zone 1 faults
86
Chapter 5 Distance protection
Impedance
Within Z1
Forward direction
No PS 1
A Z1 detection
Func_Z1=1 N
D
Imp.Oper.Zone=0
Test Pos.Imp=0
Zone 2 faults
87
Chapter 5 Distance protection
Impedance
Within Z2
No PS 2
A Z2 detection
Func_Z2=1 N
D
Imp.Oper.Zone=0
Test Pos.Imp=0
Zone 3 faults
88
Chapter 5 Distance protection
Impedance Within Z3
Imp.Oper.Zone=0 O Z3 detection
Test.Pos.Imp=0 R
Impedance Within Z3
Symmetric fault
No PS 3 A
Func_Z3=1 N
D
Imp.Oper.Zone=0
Test Pos.Imp=0
Above figure shows the fault detection logic of zone 3. The main
condition of detection is that the calculated impedance lies within Z3
characteristic zone. In addition, detection logic is different for symmetric
and asymmetric faults. For asymmetric faults IED checks direction
criteria to be not reverse while in symmetric faults only the calculated
impedance will be considered. Same as previous ones, power swing
blocking for zone 3 can also be selected individually by binary setting
“Z3_PS blocking”. If “Z3_PS blocking” is set to “off”, power swing
blocking is disabled. If “Z3_PS blocking” is set to “on”, power swing
blocking will be enabled.
89
Chapter 5 Distance protection
Impedance Within Z4
Test.Pos.Imp=0
No PS 4
O Z4 detection
R
Impedance Within Z4
Func_Z4=1 A
N
Reverse_Z4=1 D
Imp.Oper.Zone=0
Test Pos.Imp=0
Impedance Within Z5
Test.Pos.Imp=0
No PS 5
O Z5 detection
R
Impedance Within Z5
Func_Z5=1 A
N
Reverse_Z5=1 D
Imp.Oper.Zone=0
Test Pos.Imp=0
90
Chapter 5 Distance protection
detection (for more detail, refer to under heading “VT Fail detection”). In
addition in the case of Switch-onto-Fault condition, the delay timers of
zone 1, 2 and 3 will be bypassed and short circuit will be immediately
removed.
IED provides two binary settings, “AR Init by 3p” “AR Init by 2p” to set
auto-reclosing operation for three phase faults, phase to phase fault, and
single phase faults.
If both binary settings “AR Init by 3p” and “AR Init by 2p” are disabled,
IED only initiates auto-reclosing for single phase faults.
If both “AR Init by 3p” and “AR Init by 2p” are enabled, IED can operate
both for three phase faults, phase to phase fault, and single phase faults.
If binary setting “AR Init By 2p” is enabled, while “AR Init By 3p” is
disabled, AR will only be initiated by phase to phase fault or single phase
faults.
VT fail
Func_SOTF On
A
SOTF N
D
O
R
A
Z1 detection |T1 0|
N Unpermenent trip
A O
Z2 detection |T2 0| Permenent trip
N R
Z3 detection |T3 0|
O D
R
Z4 detection |T4 0|
Z5 detection |T5 0|
91
Chapter 5 Distance protection
AR not ready
A Trip single
phase
N
Single fault D
Relay Trip 3pole off
AR Init By 3p on
Permenent
Three phase fault Trip
O
AR Init By 3p off
R
AR Init By 2p off O
R
Note:
The above trip logic applies to the first zone and the extended first zone
of distance protection as well as teleprotection
Zone5 Trip
Zone1Ext Trip
Relay Startup
Relay Trip
92
Chapter 5 Distance protection
Signal Description
Signal Description
93
Chapter 5 Distance protection
Max. Default
Min.
Setting Unit (Ir:5A/1 setting Description
(Ir:5A/1A)
A) (Ir:5A/1A)
compensation factor of zero
Kx -0.33 8 1
sequence reactance
compensation factor of zero
Kr -0.33 8 1
sequence resistance
compensation factor of zero
Km -0.33 8 0 sequence mutual
inductance of parallel line
positive reactance of the
X_Line Ohm 0.01 600 10
whole line
positive resistance of the
R_Line Ohm 0.01 600 2
whole line
Line length km 0.1 999 100 Length of line
current threshold of power
I_PSB A 0.5 20Ir 2Ir
system unstability detection
resistance reach of zone 1
R1_PE Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 1/5 of phase to earth distance
protection
reactance reach of zone 1 of
X1_PE Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 1/5 phase to earth distance
protection
resistance reach of zone 2
R2_PE Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 1.6/8 of phase to earth distance
protection
reactance reach of zone 2 of
X2_PE Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 1.6/8 phase to earth distance
protection
resistance reach of zone 3
R3_PE Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 2.4/12 of phase to earth distance
protection
reactance reach of zone 3 of
X3_PE Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 2.4/12 phase to earth distance
protection
resistance reach of zone 4
R4_PE Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 3/15 of phase to earth distance
protection
reactance reach of zone 4 of
X4_PE Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 3/15 phase to earth distance
protection
R5_PE Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 3.6/18 resistance reach of zone 5
94
Chapter 5 Distance protection
Max. Default
Min.
Setting Unit (Ir:5A/1 setting Description
(Ir:5A/1A)
A) (Ir:5A/1A)
of phase to earth distance
protection
reactance reach of zone 5 of
X5_PE Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 3.6/18 phase to earth distance
protection
resistance reach of
R1Ext_PE Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 1.6/8 extended zone 1 of phase to
earth distance protection
reactance reach of
X1Ext_PE Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 1.6/8 extended zone 1 of phase to
earth distance protection
delay time of zone 1 of
T1_PE s 0 60 0 phase to earth distance
protection
delay time of zone 2 of
T2_PE s 0 60 0.3 phase to earth distance
protection
delay time of zone 3 of
T3_PE s 0 60 0.6 phase to earth distance
protection
delay time of zone 4 of
T4_PE s 0 60 0.9 phase to earth distance
protection
delay time of zone 5 of
T5_PE s 0 60 1.2 phase to earth distance
protection
delay time of extended zone
T1_Ext_PE s 0 60 0.05 1 of phase to earth distance
protection
resistance reach of zone 1
R1_PP Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 1/5 of phase to phase distance
protection
reactance reach of zone 1 of
X1_PP Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 1/5 phase to phase distance
protection
resistance reach of zone 2
R2_PP Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 1.6/8 of phase to phase distance
protection
reactance reach of zone 2 of
X2_PP Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 1.6/8 phase to phase distance
protection
95
Chapter 5 Distance protection
Max. Default
Min.
Setting Unit (Ir:5A/1 setting Description
(Ir:5A/1A)
A) (Ir:5A/1A)
resistance reach of zone 3
R3_PP Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 2.4/12 of phase to phase distance
protection
reactance reach of zone 3 of
X3_PP Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 2.4/12 phase to phase distance
protection
resistance reach of zone 4
R4_PP Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 3/15 of phase to phase distance
protection
reactance reach of zone 4 of
X4_PP Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 3/15 phase to phase distance
protection
resistance reach of zone 5
R5_PP Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 3.6/18 of phase to phase distance
protection
reactance reach of zone 5 of
X5_PP Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 3.6/18 phase to phase distance
protection
resistance reach of
R1Ext_PP Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 1.6/8 extended zone 1 of phase to
phase distance protection
reactance reach of
X1Ext_PP Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 1.6/8 extended zone 1 of phase to
phase distance protection
delay time of zone 1 of
T1_PP s 0 60 0 phase to phase distance
protection
delay time of zone 2 of
T2_PP s 0 60 0.3 phase to phase distance
protection
delay time of zone 3 of
T3_PP s 0 60 0.6 phase to phase distance
protection
delay time of zone 4 of
T4_PP s 0 60 0.9 phase to phase distance
protection
delay time of zone 5 of
T5_PP s 0 60 1.2 phase to phase distance
protection
delay time of extended zone
T1_Ext_PP s 0 60 0.05
1 of phase to phase
96
Chapter 5 Distance protection
Max. Default
Min.
Setting Unit (Ir:5A/1 setting Description
(Ir:5A/1A)
A) (Ir:5A/1A)
distance protection
current threshold of manual
I_SOTF_Di
A 0.08Ir 2Ir 0.2Ir switch onto faulty line for
st
distance+G252
zero sequence current
3I0_Dist_P
A 0.1Ir 2Ir 0.1Ir threshold of phase to earth
E
distance protection
zero sequence voltage
3U0_Dist_
V 0.5 60 1 threshold of phase to earth
PE
distance protection
AngleLoa
Load encroachment cutout
dCutout ° 0.00 60.00 0
angle
PE
R
Load encroachment cutout
LoadCuto Ohm 0.02 600.0 0.02 Ir
resistance
ut PE
AngleLoa
Phase-to-phase encroahent
dCutout ° 0.00 60.00 0
cutout angle
PP
R Phase-to-phase load
LoadCuto Ohm 0.02 600.0 0.02 Ir encroachment cutout
ut PP resistance
-12.00/-60.0
Xs_OHM Ohm 120/600 0.01 MHO Characteristic
0
97
Chapter 5 Distance protection
98
Chapter 5 Distance protection
single-phase fault
Whether to cut out load
Use PP LoadCutout area in case of 0 0 1
phase-to-phase fault
Whether to enable fast
Fast Distance 1 0 1
distance protection
(0)The direction element is
active; The small rectangular
near zero point is reactive;
Imp.Oper.Zone (1)The direction element is 1 0 1
reactive; The small
rectangular near zero point is
active
(0)The direction element is
Test Pos.Imp active ; (1)The direction 1 0 1
element is reactive
Note: The two settings, ‘Imp.Oper.Zone’ and ‘Test Pos.Imp’, should set
as 1 only for testing. They must be set as 0 in service.
KX = (X0-X1) / 3X1
KR = (R0-R1) / 3R1
99
Chapter 5 Distance protection
IED is located.
Km= X0m/3X1
Zone 1 FUNC, Zone Ext FUNC, Zone 2 FUNC, Zone 3 FUNC, Zone 4
FUNC and Zone 5 FUNC can be set by “Func_Z1”, “Func_Z1Ext”
“Func_Z2”, “Func_Z3”, “Func_Z4”, “Func_Z5”individually.
100
Chapter 5 Distance protection
The solidy grounded 400kV overhead Line A-B has been shown in
A B
C
127km 139km
21/21N
21/21N
PTR:400/0.1kV
CTR:2000/5
Figure 37 and line parameters are as follows. It is assumed that the line
does not support teleprotection scheme beacuase lack of any
communication link.
A B
C
127km 139km
21/21N
21/21N
PTR:400/0.1kV
CTR:2000/5
S1 (length): 127 km
101
Chapter 5 Distance protection
For line 2:
S2 (length) = 139 km
So, The line angle can be derived from the line parameters:
The resistance ratio RE/RL and the reactance ratio XE/XL should be
applied for zero sequence compensation calculations. They are calculated
separately, and do not correspond to the real and imaginary components
of ZE/ZL.
R 0 R1
RE/RL = =3.00
3R1
102
Chapter 5 Distance protection
X 0 X1
XE/XL = 0.52
3X 1
Time Delays:
T5 inactive
2500 / m 2 ph ph spacing
Rarc
I 3 PH MIN
To calculate the minimum three phase short circuit current, it is required
to calculate the short circuit current in the end of line:
SCC_pu: 6.92 pu
103
Chapter 5 Distance protection
Z_source_ohm: 23.12 Ω
L_source= 0.073598 H
Rarc =4.417Ω
CTR=2000/5A
104
Chapter 5 Distance protection
CTR/PTR=0.100
PTR=400/0.1kV
L1=127km
Since, there is not any tele-protection scheme, to get fast tripping on the
longer length, Z1 setting for phase to phase fault is set to%85 of the line
instead%80.
X (Ω)
XDZ
7°
14°
63.4°
14° RDZ R (Ω)
Figure 38
Line
X (ohm) angle
0.04
3.81 7°
85.1°
63.4°
R (ohm)
0.33
105
Chapter 5 Distance protection
Figure 39
So,
Line
X (ohm) angle
0.04
3.58 7°
85.1°
63.4°
R (ohm)
0.33
106
Chapter 5 Distance protection
So,
The phase to earth fault resistance reach is calculated along the same
way as ph-ph faults. For the earth fault however, not only the arc voltage
but also the tower footing resistance must be considered.
I2
RTF (1 ) Effective Tower Resistance
I1
In the above equation, I2/I1 is the ratio between earth fault currents at the
opposite end to the local one. Where no information is available on the
current ratio, a value of approx. 3 is assumed for a conservative
approach.
Assumed I2/I1=3
So,
RTF=8Ω
For the calculation of Rarc using the formula introduced above, without
detail information about the tower configuration, ph totower spacing is
assumed to be 3m in the worst case (conservative solution).
107
Chapter 5 Distance protection
Min 1ph short circuit current in the local end, Isc: 5kA
I_base: 1.445 kA
I3ph- min=4.965 A
Rarc=7.55 Ω
108
Chapter 5 Distance protection
XE
1
0.8 X ( Z1) RE ( Z1) XL 2.5 X ( Z1)
RE
1
RL
X+Line2 =48.928 Ω
CTR=2000/5 A
109
Chapter 5 Distance protection
CTR/PTR=0.100
PTR=400/0.1kV
So,
Line
X (ohm) angle
0.07
6.72 7°
85.1°
63.4°
R (ohm)
0.58
Resistance coverage for all arc faults up to the set reach must be applied.
As this zone is applied with overreach, an additional safety margin is
included, based on a minimum setting equivalent to the X(Z2) setting and
arc resistance setting for internal faults, R(Z1) setting. Therefore:
X ( Z 2)
R( Z 2) Min R( Z1)
X ( Line1sec ondary )
Similar to the R(Z2) setting, the minimum required reach for RE(Z2)
setting is based on the RE(Z1) setting which covers all internal fault
110
Chapter 5 Distance protection
X ( Z 2)
RE ( Z 2) 1.2 RE ( Z1)
X ( Line1secondary )
So,
On the other hand, the resistance reach setting for Z2 and Z3 are set
according to the maximum load current and minimum load voltage. The
values are set somewhat (approx. 10 %) below the minimum expected
load impedance.
Zload_Sec=52 Ω
Zload_Sec. =47 Ω
The spread angle of the load trapezoid Φ load (Ø-E) and Φload (Ø-Ø)
must be greater (approx. 5°) than the maximum arising load angle
(corresponding to the minimum power factor cosΦ).
111
Chapter 5 Distance protection
X (Ω)
XDZ
7°
14°
63.4°
14° RDZ R (Ω)
X (ohm)
30.1
26.6°
37° 63.4°
R (ohm)
Rload=40
15.1
The calculated resistance for Z2 is far from the above maximum value
and so is acceptable. Finally, the zone 2 and 3 setting should as follows:
Operating mode Z2
Forward
112
Chapter 5 Distance protection
Operating mode Z3
Forward
Zone Z4
Similar to the R(Z4) setting, the upper and lower limits are defined by
minimum required reach and symmetry. In this application RE(Z4) reach
is set same as R(Z4). And finally:
113
Chapter 5 Distance protection
Zone Z5
On the long heavily loaded lines, the load impedance may easily
encroach into the distance tripping zones. To exclude the risk of
unwanted fault detection by the distance protection during heavy load
flow, a load trapezoid characteristic may be set for tripping characteristics
with large R-reaches, which excludes such unwanted fault detection by
overload.
Φ_Load
R_Load
Setting Parameters:
0-- 60 AngleLoadCutout PE
0.02--600Ω R LoadCutout PE
0-- 60 AngleLoadCutout PP
114
Chapter 5 Distance protection
0.02-600Ω R LoadCutout PP
The values are set approx. 10 % below the minimum load impedance.
The minimum load impedance appears when the maximum load current
and minimum operating voltage exist.
For 1-pole tripping, the setting of the load trapezoid characteristic for
earth loops must consider the load current in the earth path. This is very
critical for double circuit lines (on a tower with significant coupling
between both lines). Due to the zero sequence mutual coupling, a
significant amount of load current will flow in the “zero sequence“ path
when the parallel line has a single pole open condition.
The R setting for the ground loops (or load encroachment setting) must
take into account the ground current that flows when the parallel line has
a single pole open condition.
Calculation Example 1:
Umin = 0.9 Un
CT 500 A / 5 A
VT 100kV / 0.1 kV
RLprim= 0.9*Umin/(√3*ILmax)=0.9*100kV/(√3*577.3A)=90Ω
115
Chapter 5 Distance protection
cosΦmin = 0.63
ϕmax = 51°
Calculation Example 2:
For applications with parallel line (zero sequence mutual coupling) and
single pole tripping:
500kV overhead line (200 km) on double tower with the following data:
CT 2500 A/5 A
VT 500 kV/0.1 kV
RLprim=0.9*Un/(√3*ILmax)=0.9*500kV/(√3*1732A)=150Ω
116
Chapter 5 Distance protection
For the calculation, it is given as a ratio relative to the load current Imax
calculated above.
Ratio between IE on healthy line and Imax when parallel line has a single
pole open condition:
IEpole_open/Imax = 0.4
This ratio depends on the line length as well as on the source and line
impedances.
RL prim_Ph-E= RLprim/(1+0.4(1+RE/RL))=74.4Ω
117
Chapter 5 Distance protection
1.5 Reports
Abbr. Meaning
Relay Startup Protection startup
Dist Startup Impedance element startup
3I0 Startup Zero-current startup
I_PS Startup Current startup for Power swing
Zone1 Trip Zone 1 distance trip
Zone2 Trip Zone 2 distance trip
Zone3 Trip Zone 3 distance trip
Zone4 Trip Zone 4 distance trip
Zone5 Trip Zone 5 distance trip
Zone1Ext Trip Zone 1 Extended distance trip
Distance element instantaneous trip after switching on to fault
Dist SOTF Ttrip
(SOTF)
PSB Dist OPTD Distance operated in power swing
Z2 Speedup Trip Z2 instantaneous trip in SOTF or auto-reclosing on fault
Z3 Speedup Trip Z3 instantaneous trip in SOTF or auto-reclosing on fault
Trip Blk AR(3T) Permanent trip for 3-ph tripping failure
Relay Trip 3P Trip 3 poles
3P Trip (1T_Fail) three phase trip for 1-ph tripping failure
Distance zone 1 evolvement trip, for example, A phase to earth fault
Dist Evol Trip happened, and then B phase to earth fault followed, the latter is
considered as an evolvement trip
Fault Location Fault location
Impedance_FL Impedance of fault location
Abbr. Meaning
Func_Dist Blk Distance function blocked by VT fail
Abbr. Meaning
118
Chapter 5 Distance protection
Abbr. Meaning
Test mode On Test mode On
Test mode Off Test mode Off
Func_Dist On Distance function on
Func_Dist Off Distance function off
Func_PSB On PSB function on
Func_PSB Off PSB function off
NOTE:
Ir: CT rated secondary current, 1A and 5A;
119
Chapter 5 Distance protection
120
Chapter 6 Teleprotection
Chapter 6 Teleprotection
121
Chapter 6 Teleprotection
1.1 Introduction
According to this scheme, IED will generate a trip command if a fault has
been detected in second protection zone (Z2) and a carrier signal has
been received for at least 5ms. According to the mode selected (single
phase operation, three phase protection and also auto-reclosing mode),
teleprotection scheme can generate single or three phase tripping.For
more detail about tripping mode refer under heading “Automatic reclosing
function”.
122
Chapter 6 Teleprotection
Relay startup A
N
Relay reset D
A
O |200 0| CARR Send
N signal
Zone 1 operation R Trip
D
A
Zone 2 operation A
N Relay trip
N
D
D
Delay time 5ms A
N
D
CARR Received
Startup element operates when an internal fault occurs. If the fault has
been detected in Z1, IED trips local CB and sends signal to the remote
end. If fault occurs in the protected line outside Z1 setting, local CB will
be tripped instantaneously by detection of fault in Z2 and receiving of the
carrier signal from remote end for at least 5ms.
This mode of operation can also be useful for extremely short lines where
a typical setting of 85% of line length for Z1 is not possible and selective
non-delayed tripping could not be achieved. In this case zone Z1 must be
delayed by a time, to avoid non- selective tripping of distance protection
by Z1.
123
Chapter 6 Teleprotection
“POR mode” is set to “1-on”. The permissive overreach transfer trip logic
has been shown in the below figure.
Relay startup A
N
Relay reset D
A
O |200 0| CARR Send
N signal
R Trip
D
A
Zone 2 operation A
N Relay trip
N
D
D
Delay time 5ms A
N
D
CARR Received
124
Chapter 6 Teleprotection
Relay startup A
N
Relay reset D
A
CARR Send
Zone 4 (reverse) N signal
operation D
Zone 2 operation A A
N N Relay trip
D D
Delay time 25ms A
N
CARR Received D
IED sends blocking signal if startup elements operate and a fault has
been detected in reverse direction, e.g. Z4 considered as reverse. In this
scheme, IED generates a trip command if a fault has been detected in Z2
of the protection zones and no blocking signal received for at least 25ms.
According to the selected mode (single phase operation, three phase
protection and also auto-reclosing mode), teleprotection scheme can
generate single or three phase tripping. For more detail about tripping
mode refer under heading “Auto-reclosing function”.
If an internal fault occurs, startup element operates and IED trips local
CB instantaneously if it is within Z1 zone. Since the fault is not reverse,
no blocking signal will be sent and remote end will generate trip
command by detection the fault in its Z2 zone. If fault occurs in the
protected line but outside of the Z1 setting, local CB tripping happen
instantaneously by detection of fault in Z2 and no receiving blocking
signal from remote end for at least 25ms.
For external faults in the reverse direction, IED sends a distance carrier
blocking signal. Therefore, remote end distance relay doesn’t generate
an instantaneous trip command by only detection of a fault in its Z2
characteristic zone. Conversely, in the case of external fault in forward
direction, local IED may detect the fault in Z2 but it doesn’t generate trip
command because of the receiving blocking signal from remote end.
125
Chapter 6 Teleprotection
Therefore both local and remote end distance IED will not trip for this
external fault.
For parallel lines, an external fault can cause direction reversal that may
generate unwanted tripping, if no suitable solution is considered. For
example, in Figure 47, there are parallel lines protected by distance
protection on each side. Additionally, the lines are protected using POTT
scheme. In this figure, a fault is occurred on line C-D and next to breaker
D. IED A can see the fault in its Z2 but its tripping will be prevented
because no carrier signal is received from side B. Now, if breaker in D is
tripped by its local IED before circuit breaker C, the fault current direction
in line A-B will suddenly reverse. This may cause distance teleprotection
in B to send carrier signal and therefore generate unwanted tripping of
breaker A. To have a reliable and selective trip command in each side
and solve the problem in these transition situations, some coordination
time should be considered. For this purpose, IED sends signal with a
setting delay time, “T_Tele Reversal”, if direction changes from reverse to
forward. This setting delay time exceeds the period when both sides
detect forward direction. Additionally, to have a reliable and selective trip
command for another internal fault, both sides will trip only after receiving
signal for at least 15ms.
A special case for the application of permissive over reach transfer trip is
that fast tripping must be achieved for a feeder that has a weak infeed at
one end. In this case an additional echo-circuit with tripping supplement
must be provided at this end.
126
Chapter 6 Teleprotection
During a fault behind the weak infeed end, short circuit current flows
through the protected feeder to the fault location. The IED at the weak
infeed end will start with this current and recognize the fault in the reverse
direction. It will therefore not send a release signal to the strong infeed
end. The permissive over reach transfer trip protection is stable.
During an internal fault near the strong source side the IED at the weak
infeed end will not pickup, as insufficient current flows from this side into
the feeder. The signal received by the weak infeed end is returned as an
echo and allows the tripping at the strong infeed.
Simultaneously with the echo, the circuit breaker at the weak infeed end
may be tripped by the IED.
The IED can be applicable for double circuit parallel transmission line,
with the function of phase separation transmission of permissive signal.
When binary setting “Sep_Ph_Signal Mode” is enabled, the “PUR Mode”
or “POR Mode” must be enabled. Otherwise, if the “Blocking Mode”
enabled, alarm report “Tele Mode Alarm” will be issued. The IED also can
be used for other transmission line istead of double circuit parallel
transmission line, the binary setting “Sep_Ph_Signal Mode” should be
disabled and the signal will be sent without pahse separation.
Note: if the IED is not used for pahse separation transmission mode,
Only “Carr SendA(Dist)” and “Carr SendA(DEF)” used for BO, and “Carr
RecvA(Dist)” and “Carr RecvA(DEF)” used for BI.
127
Chapter 6 Teleprotection
Relay Startup
Relay Trip
Relay Startup
Relay Trip
128
Chapter 6 Teleprotection
Signal Description
Signal Description
Signal Description
129
Chapter 6 Teleprotection
Signal Description
130
Chapter 6 Teleprotection
2) POR mode: If this bit is set to “1/on” then the bits “Blocking mode”
and “PUR mode” must be set to “0/off”. Under this mode, if zone2 module
needs to send permissive signal, close the contacts of sending signal,
“Carr Send (Dist)”, to send permissive signal. If zone2 module needs to
stop sending permissive signal, open this contact to stop sending
permissive signal. At the same time, the binary setting “Func_Z2” should
be enabled.
3) PUR mode: If this bit is set to “1/on”, bits “Blocking mode” and “POR
mode” must be set to “off”. Under this mode, if zone2 module needs to
send permissive signal, close the contacts of sending signal, “Carr
Send(Dist)”, to send permissive signal. If zone2 module needs to stop
sending permissive signal, open the contacts of sending signal to stop
sending permissive signal. At the same time, both binary settings of
“Func_Z1” and “Func_Z2” should be enabled.
1.5 Reports
Abbr. Meaning
Tele_DIST_Trip Distance protection tripping using tele-protection signal
Tele Evol Trip Tele evolvement trip
Carr Stop(Dist) Carrier signal stopped for Dist protection, only in blocking mode
Carr Stop(CBO) Carrier signal stopped for CB open, only in blocking mode
Carr Stop(Weak) Carrier signal stopped for weak-infeed end , only in blocking mode
Carr SendA(Dist) Carrier signal A sent for Dist protection
Carr SendB(Dist) Carrier signal B sent for Dist protection
Carr SendC(Dist) Carrier signal C sent for Dist protection
Carr Send(CBO) Carrier signal sent for Dist protection
Carr Send(Weak) Carrier signal sent for weak-infeed end
Abbr. Meaning
Carr Fail (Dist) Carrier fail in distance tele-protection
131
Chapter 6 Teleprotection
Abbr. Meaning
Tele Mode Alarm Tele Mode Alarm
Abbr. Meaning
Func_TeleDist On Distance tele-protection function on
FuncTeleDist Off Distance tele-protection function off
2.1 Introduction
132
Chapter 6 Teleprotection
Relay startup A
N
Relay reset D
A O |200 0| CARR (DEF)
Zero-Forward N Trip Send
direction
R
D
3I0>3I0_Tele EF A
POR Mode on
N
A |T_tele EF|
D Relay trip
N
D
A
CARR (DEF) N
Received D
Tele_EF Inrush unblock
When an external fault occurs, fault direction in one end will be reverse.
Therefore, in this end, no tripping command will be generated by
directional earth fault carrier receiving.
In addition, carrier sending will prolong for 200ms for reliable operation of
remote end. The prolongation of the send signal only comes into effect
when the protection has already issued a trip command. This ensures
that the permissive signal releases the opposite line end even if the earth
fault is very rapidly cleared by a different independent protection.
For detail please refer “1.2.4.1 Direction reversing for external fault”.
133
Chapter 6 Teleprotection
Relay Startup
Relay Trip
Relay Startup
Relay Trip
134
Chapter 6 Teleprotection
Signal Description
Signal Description
Signal Description
135
Chapter 6 Teleprotection
Signal Description
Blocking
Mode,common binary
Blocking Mode 0 0 1
setting for both
Tele-Dist and Tele-EF
PUR Mode, common
PUR Mode binary setting for both 0 0 1
Tele-Dist and Tele-EF
POR Mode, common
POR Mode binary setting for both 1 0 1
Tele-Dist and Tele-EF
136
Chapter 6 Teleprotection
Note: For tele-EF protection, the setting binary “POR Mode” must be
enabled, while the setting binary “PUR Mode” must be disabled.
2.5 Reports
Abbr. Meaning
Tele evolvement trip, for example, A phase to earth fault happened,
Tele Evol Trip and then B phase to earth fault followed, the latter is considered as
an evolvement trip
Carr SendA(DEF) Send carrier signal A in DEF
Carr SendB(DEF) Send carrier signal B in DEF
Carr SendC(DEF) Send carrier signal C in DEF
Tele_DEF_Trip Tele_DEF trip
Abbr. Meaning
Carr Fail(DEF) Carrier fail in TeleDEF
Tele Mode Alarm Tele Mode Alarm
Abbr. Meaning
Func_Tele_DEF On TeleDEF function on
Func_TeleDEF Off TeleDEF function off
137
Chapter 6 Teleprotection
138
Chapter 7 Overcurrent protection
139
Chapter 7 Overcurrent protection
1 Overcurrent protection
1.1 Introduction
The phase currents are fed to the IED via the input current transformers. The
earth current 3I0 could also be connected to the starpoint of the current
transformer set directly as measured quantity.
140
Chapter 7 Overcurrent protection
There are 2 definite time stages and 1 inverse time stage. All 12 kinds of the
time-inverse characteristics are available. It is also possible to create a user
defined characteristic. Each stage can operate in conjunction with the
integrated inrush restraint, directional determination feature. Furthermore,
each stage is independent from each other and can be combined as desired.
Each phase current is compared with the corresponding setting value with
delay time. If currents exceed the associated pickup setting value, after the
time delay elapse, the trip command is issued.
The pickup value for time-inverse stage can be set in setting value. The
measured phase currents compare with corresponding setting value. The
protection will issue a trip command with corresponding time delay if any
phase exceeds the setting value.
A _ OC Inv
T P _ OC Inv
B _ OC Inv K _ OC INV
i
I _ OC Inv
Equation 21
where:
The IED may detect large magnetizing inrush currents during transformer
energizing. Inrush current comprises large second harmonic current which
does not appear in short circuit current. Therefore, inrush current may affect
the protection functions which will operate based on the fundamental
component of the measured current. Accordingly, inrush restraint logic is
provided to prevent overcurrent protection from maloperation.
141
Chapter 7 Overcurrent protection
The inrush restraint feature operates based on evaluation of the 2nd harmonic
content which is present in measured current. The inrush condition is
recognized when the ratio of second harmonic current to fundamental
component exceeds the corresponding setting value for each phase. The
setting value is applicable for both definite time stage and inverse time stage.
The inrush restraint feature will be performed as soon as the ratio exceeds
the set threshold.
Additionally, the inrush restraint feature has a maximum inrush current setting.
Once the measuring current exceeds the setting, the overcurrent protection
will not be blocked any longer.
Forward 90° IA
Bisector
Angle_Range
OC
Angle_OC
0°
U BC_Ref
-IA
where:
142
Chapter 7 Overcurrent protection
Table 40 Assignment of the current and corresponding reference voltage for directional
element
A Ia U bc
B Ib U ca
C Ic U ab
The logic diagram for Phase-A has been shown in the below figure. The logic
is valid for other phased in similar way.
143
Chapter 7 Overcurrent protection
Ia>I_OC1
OC1 Direction Off
OC1 Direction On
AND
Phase A forward
AND
VT fail
T_OC1
Func_OC1
OC1 Inrush Block Off AND Trip
Ia2/Ia1 >
Ib2/Ib1 > OR
T2h_Cross_Blk<
144
Chapter 7 Overcurrent protection
OC Inv Trip
Relay Startup
Relay Trip
Signal Description
Signal Description
145
Chapter 7 Overcurrent protection
146
Chapter 7 Overcurrent protection
the maximum
Imax_2H_Un
A 0.25 20Ir 5Ir current to release
Blk
harmornic block
ratio of 2rd
harmonic to
Ratio_I2/I1 0.07 0.5 0.2
fundamental
component
delay time of cross
T2h_Cross_B
s 0 60 1 block by 2rd
lk
harmormic
Name Description
1.5 Reports
Information Description
147
Chapter 7 Overcurrent protection
NOTE:
Ir: CT rated secondary current, 1A and 5A;
Long inverse
ANSI Inverse; ≤ ±5% setting + 40ms, at 2
Short inverse; <I/ISETTING < 20, in
Long inverse; accordance with ANSI/IEEE
C37.112,
Moderately inverse;
Very inverse;
Extremely inverse;
Definite inverse
User-defined characteristic ≤ ±5% setting + 40ms, at 2
T= <I/ISETTING < 20, in accordance
with IEC60255-151
Time factor of inverse time, 0.005 to 200.0s, step 0.001s
A
Delay of inverse time, B 0.000 to 60.00s, step 0.01s
Index of inverse time, P 0.005 to 10.00, step 0.005
Set time Multiplier for step 0.05 to 999.0, step 0.01
n: k
Minimum operating time 20ms
Maximum operating time 100s
Reset mode instantaneous
Directional element
Operating area range 170° ≤ ±3°, at phase to phase
Characteristic angle 0°to 90°, step 1° voltage >1V
148
Chapter 7 Overcurrent protection
149
Chapter 7 Overcurrent protection
150
Chapter 8 Earth fault protection
151
Chapter 8 Earth fault protection
1
Directional/Non-directional earth fault
portection
1.1 Introduction
152
Chapter 8 Earth fault protection
Three earth fault protection stages are provided, two definite time stages and
one inverse time stage. All stages can operate in conjunction with the
integrated inrush restraint and directional functions.
Furthermore, the stages are independent from each other and can be
combined as desired. They can be enabled or disabled by dedicated binary
settings. These binary settings include “Func_EF1”, “Func_EF2” and
“Func_EF Inv”. For example, by applying setting “1/on” to “Func_EF1”,
corresponding stage of earth fault protection would be enabled.
Individual pickup value for each definite stage can be defined by settings
“3I0_EF1” and “3I0_EF2”. By applying the settings, the measured zero
sequence current is compared separately with the setting value for each
stage. If the corresponding current is exceeded, startup signal will be
reported.
The timer is set to count up for a pre-defined time delay. The time delay can
be set for each definite stage individually through settings “T_EF1” and
“T_EF1”. Accordingly, whenever the set time delays elapsed, a trip command
is issued.
A _ EF Inv
T P _ EF Inv
B _ EF Inv K _ EF INV
i
I _ EF Inv
Equation 22
where:
153
Chapter 8 Earth fault protection
By applying the desired setting values, the device calculates the tripping time
from the zero sequence current. Once the calculated time elapsed, report “EF
Inv Trip” will be issued.
The integrated earth fault protection may detect large magnetizing inrush
currents when a power transformer installed at downstream path is energized.
The inrush current may be several times of the nominal current, and may last
from several tens of milliseconds to several seconds. Inrush current
comprises second harmonic as well as a considerable fundamental
component.
154
Chapter 8 Earth fault protection
Max(Ia1,Ib1,Ic1) <
Imax_2H_UnBlk
A
Max(Ia2/Ia1, Ib2/Ib1, N Inrush BLK 3I0
Ic2/Ic1)>Ratio_I2/I1 D
The integrated directional function can be applied to each stage of earth fault
element via individual binary settings. These control words include “EF1
Direction”, “EF2 Direction” and “EF Inv Direction”. There are two possibilities
for direction determination of earth faults. The first is based on zero sequence
components and the second is based on negative sequence components.
The following subsections go on to demonstrate basic principle of the two
methods.
155
Chapter 8 Earth fault protection
90°
3I 0
0°
3U 0_Ref
Angle_EF
Angle_Range
EF
Forward Bisector
-3 I 0
where:
This method is particularly suitable when the zero sequence voltage has a
small magnitude, for instance when a considerable zero sequence mutual
coupling exists between parallel lines or when there is an unfavorable zero
sequence impedance. In such cases it may be desirable to determine
direction of fault current by using negative sequence components. To do so, it
is required to set binary setting “EF U2/I2 Dir” to “1/On”. By applying this
setting, the direction determination of earth fault current is performed by
default using the zero sequence components. However, when the magnitude
of zero sequence voltage falls below permissible threshold of 1V and
negative sequence voltage is larger that 2V, the direction determination turns
to use the negative sequence components. In this case, the direction
determination is performed by comparing the negative sequence system
quantities. To do so, three times of the calculated negative sequence current
3I2 (3I2=IA+a2IB+aIC) is compared with three times of the calculated
negative sequence voltage 3V2 (3U2=UA+a2UB+aUC) as reference voltage,
where a is equal to 120°.
On the contrary, by applying setting “0/Off” to the binary setting “EF U2/I2 Dir”,
the direction of earth fault current is only determined by using the zero
156
Chapter 8 Earth fault protection
3I2 90°
0°
3 U 2_ Ref
Angle_Neg
Angle_Range
Neg
Forward
-3 I 2 Bisector
where:
157
Chapter 8 Earth fault protection
shown in below figure. As shown, the tripping logic of the earth fault protection
will be affected individually by inrush and direction criteria. Whenever the zero
sequence current exceeds the related setting value and other mentioned
criteria is satisfied, corresponding timer will be started and tripping command
will be generated by expiring the time setting.
3U0<1V
A O Forward
Forward direction(by N R
negative sequence direction D
element)
EF U2/I2 Dir on
Figure 55 Tripping logic of the first stage of definite earth fault protection
158
Chapter 8 Earth fault protection
Figure 56 Tripping logic of the second stage of definite earth fault protection
The whole tripping logics for EF1 and EF2 are the same as Figure 58, if
binary setting of “EF1 Init AR” and “EF2 Init AR” are enabled respectively.
IN Trip 3Ph
UP2 EF1_Trip
UP3 EF2_Trip
EF Inv_Trip
Relay Startup
Relay Trip
Signal Description
159
Chapter 8 Earth fault protection
Signal Description
Signal Description
Default
Min. Max.
setting
Setting Unit (Ir:5A/1A (Ir:5A/ Description
(Ir:5A/1
) 1A)
A)
zero sequence current
3I0_EF1 A 0.08Ir 20Ir 0.5Ir threshold of earth fault
protection stage 1
delay time of earth fault
T_EF1 s 0 60 0.1
protection stage 1
zero sequence current
3I0_EF2 A 0.08Ir 20Ir 0.2Ir threshold of earth fault
protection stage 2
delay time of earth fault
T_EF2 s 0 60 0.3
protection stage 2
160
Chapter 8 Earth fault protection
Default
Min. Max.
setting
Setting Unit (Ir:5A/1A (Ir:5A/ Description
(Ir:5A/1
) 1A)
A)
No. of inverse time
Curve_EF Inv 1 12 1 characteristic curve of earth
fault protection
start current of inverse time
3I0_EF Inv A 0.08Ir 20Ir 0.2Ir
earth fault protection
time multiplier of customized
inverse time characteristic
K_EF Inv 0.05 999 1
curve for earth fault
protection
time constant A of
customized inverse time
A_EF Inv s 0 200 0.14
characteristic curve for earth
fault protection
time constant B of
customized inverse time
B_EF Inv s 0 60 0
characteristic curve for earth
fault protection
index of customized inverse
P_EF Inv 0 10 0.02 time characteristic curve for
earht fault protection
the angle of bisector of
Angle_EF Degree 0 90 70 operation area of zero
sequnce directional element
the angle of bisector of
Angle_Neg Degree 50 90 70 operation area of negative
sequnce directional element
161
Chapter 8 Earth fault protection
162
Chapter 8 Earth fault protection
A B
C
127km 139km
21/21N
21/21N
PTR:400/0.1kV
CTR:2000/5
Here, a typical setting calculation of the inverse stage of the earth fault
protection is presented. The characteristic is selected as IEC Normal Inverse.
Additionally the function is set for operation in forward direction.
So,
By comparing the IEC Normal Inverse characteristic and IED setting values
are considered as follows:
1.5 Reports
163
Chapter 8 Earth fault protection
Information Description
st
EF1 Trip 1 stage EF Trip
nd
EF2 Trip 2 stage EF Trip
EF Inv Trip Inverse time stage EF Trip
Information Description
Func_EF On EF function on
Func_EF Off EF function off
Func_EF Inv On Inverse stage EF function on
Func_EF Inv Off Inverse stage EF function off
NOTE:
Ir: CT rated secondary current, 1A and 5A;
Long inverse
ANSI Inverse;
ANSI/IEEE C37.112,
Short inverse;
Long inverse; ≤ ±5% setting + 40ms, at 2
164
Chapter 8 Earth fault protection
Very inverse;
Extremely inverse;
Definite inverse
user-defined characteristic IEC60255-151
T= ≤ ±5% setting + 40ms, at 2
<I/ISETTING < 20
Time factor of inverse time, A 0.005 to 200.0s, step
0.001s
Delay of inverse time, B 0.000 to 60.00s, step
0.01s
Index of inverse time, P 0.005 to 10.00, step
0.005
set time Multiplier for step n: k 0.05 to 999.0, step 0.01
Minimum operating time 20ms
Maximum operating time 100s
Reset mode instantaneous
Directional element
Operating area range of zero ≤ ±3°, at 3U0≥1V
160°
sequence directional element
Characteristic angle 0°to 90°, step 1°
Operating area range of ≤ ±3°, at 3U2≥2V
negative sequence directional 160°
element
Characteristic angle 50°to 90°, step 1°
165
Chapter 8 Earth fault protection
166
Chapter 9 Emergency/backup overcurrent and earth fault
protection
Chapter 9 Emergency/backup
overcurrent and earth fault
protection
167
Chapter 9 Emergency/backup overcurrent and earth fault
protection
1
Emergency/backup overcurrent
protection
1.1 Introduction
In the case of VT Fail condition, all distance zones and protection functions
related with voltage input are out of service. In this case, an emergency
overcurrent protection comes into operation.
168
Chapter 9 Emergency/backup overcurrent and earth fault
protection
time delay.
A _ EM / BU OC Inv
T P _ EM / BU OC Inv
B _ EM / BU OC Inv K _ EM / BU OC INV
i
I _ EM / BU OC Inv
where:
B_Em/BU OC Inv: Time delay setting for emergency inverse time overcurrent
By applying the desired setting values, the device calculates the tripping time
from the measured current. Once the calculated time elapsed, repoprt
“Em/Bu OC Trip” will be issued.
The protection IED may detect large magnetizing inrush currents during
transformer energizing. In addition to considerable unbalance fundamental
current, inrush current comprises large second harmonic current which does
not appear in short circuit current. Therefore, the inrush current may affect the
protection functions which operate based on the fundamental component of
the measured current. Accordingly, inrush restraint logic is provided to
prevent emergency/backup overcurrent protection from maloperation.
The inrush restraint feature operates based on evaluation of the 2nd harmonic
content which is present in measured current. The inrush condition is
recognized if the ratio of second harmonic current to fundamental component
exceeds the corresponding setting value. The setting value is applicable for
both definite time stage and inverse time stage. The inrush restraint feature
will be performed as soon as the ratio exceeds the set threshold.
169
Chapter 9 Emergency/backup overcurrent and earth fault
protection
The inrush restraint function has a maximum inrush current setting. Once the
measuring current exceeds the setting, the protection will not be blocked any
longer.
Ia>I_Em/BU OC
Func_Em/BU OC
VT fail A
Func_BU OC on N
D
T_Em/BU OC
O Trip
Em/BU OC Inrush Block Off
R
Max{Ia, Ib,
Ic}<Imax_2H_UnBlk A
T2h_Cross_Blk
N Cross blocking
D
Ia2/Ia1 >
O
Ib2/Ib1 > R
Ic2/Ic1 >
170
Chapter 9 Emergency/backup overcurrent and earth fault
protection
IP1 Trip PhA
Relay Startup
Relay Trip
Signal Description
Signal Description
171
Chapter 9 Emergency/backup overcurrent and earth fault
protection
Table 57 Funciton setting list for emergency/backup overcurrent protection
Max.
Min. Default
(Ir:5
Setting Unit (Ir:5A/ setting Description
A/1A
1A) (Ir:5A/1A)
)
current threshold of
I_Em/BU OC A 0.08Ir 20Ir 1Ir emergency/backup overcurrent
stage 1
delay time of emergency/backup
T_Em/BU OC s 0 60 0.3
overcurrent stage 1
No.of inverse time characteristic
Curve_Em/BU OC
1 12 1 curve of emergency/backup
Inv
overcurrent
start current of inverse time
I_Inv_Em/BU OC A 0.08Ir 20Ir 1Ir
emergency/backup overcurrent
time multiplier of customized
K_Em/BU OC Inv 0.05 999 1 inverse time characteristic curve
for emergency/backup overcurrent
time constant A of customized
A_Em/BU OC Inv s 0 200 0.14 inverse time characteristic curve
for emergency/backup overcurrent
time constant B of customized
B_Em/BU OC Inv s 0 60 0 inverse time characteristic curve
for emergency/backup overcurrent
index of customized inverse time
P_Em/BU OC Inv 0 10 0.02 characteristic curve for
emergency/backup overcurrent
the maximum current to release
Imax_2H_UnBlk A 0.25 20Ir 5Ir
harmornic block
ratio of 2rd harmonic to
Ratio_I2/I1 0.07 0.5 0.2
fundamental component
delay time of cross block by 2rd
T2h_Cross_Blk s 0 60 1
harmormic
Name Description
172
Chapter 9 Emergency/backup overcurrent and earth fault
protection
Name Description
1.5 Reports
Information Description
NOTE:
Ir: CT rated secondary current, 1A and 5A;
Long inverse
ANSI Inverse; ≤ ±5% setting + 40ms, at 2
Short inverse; <I/ISETTING < 20, in
Long inverse; accordance with ANSI/IEEE
C37.112,
Moderately inverse;
173
Chapter 9 Emergency/backup overcurrent and earth fault
protection
Very inverse;
Extremely inverse;
Definite inverse
User-defined characteristic ≤ ±5% setting + 40ms, at 2
T= <I/ISETTING < 20, in accordance
with IEC60255-151
Time factor of inverse time, 0.005 to 200.0s, step 0.001s
A
Delay of inverse time, B 0.000 to 60.00s, step 0.01s
Index of inverse time, P 0.005 to 10.00, step 0.005
Set time Multiplier for step 0.05 to 999.0, step 0.01
n: k
Minimum operating time 20ms
Maximum operating time 100s
Reset mode instantaneous
174
Chapter 9 Emergency/backup overcurrent and earth fault
protection
2.1 Introduction
In the case of VT Fail condition, all distance protection element and protection
functions relating with voltage input are out of operation. In this case an
emergency earth fault protection can come into operation.
Additionally, the protection can be set as backup non directional earth fault
protection according to the user’s requirement.
175
Chapter 9 Emergency/backup overcurrent and earth fault
protection
related delay time. If current exceed the associated pickup value, the trip
command is issued after expiry of the set time delay.
A _ EM / BU EF Inv
T P _ EM / BU EF Inv
B _ EM / BU EF Inv K _ EM / BU EF INV
i
I _ EM / BU EF Inv
where:
By applying the desired setting values, the device calculates the tripping time
from the measured current. Once the calculated time elapsed, repoprt
“Em/Bu EF Trip” will be issued.
The IED may detect large magnetizing inrush currents during transformer
energizing. In addition to considerable unbalance fundamental current, inrush
current comprises large second harmonic current which does not appear in
short circuit current. Therefore, the inrush current may affect the protection
functions which operate based on the fundamental component of the
measured current. Accordingly, inrush restraint logic is provided to prevent
emergency/backup earth fault protection from maloperation.
176
Chapter 9 Emergency/backup overcurrent and earth fault
protection
The inrush restraint function has a maximum inrush current setting. Once the
measuring current exceeds the setting, the protection will not be blocked any
longer.
3I0>3I0_Em/BU EF
Func_Em/BU EF on
VT fail A T_Em/BU EF
Func_BU EF on N Trip
D
Relay Startup
Relay Trip
Signal Description
177
Chapter 9 Emergency/backup overcurrent and earth fault
protection
Signal Description
Signal Description
Min. Default
Un Max.
Setting (Ir:5A/1 setting Description
it (Ir:5A/1A)
A) (Ir:5A/1A)
zero sequence current
3I0_Em/BU EF A 0.08Ir 20Ir 0.2Ir threshold of earth fault
protection stage 1
delay time of earth fault
T_Em/BU EF s 0 60 0.3
protection stage 1
No. of inverse time
Curve_Em/BU characteristic curve of
1 12 1
EF Inv emergency/backup earth
fault protection
178
Chapter 9 Emergency/backup overcurrent and earth fault
protection
Min. Default
Un Max.
Setting (Ir:5A/1 setting Description
it (Ir:5A/1A)
A) (Ir:5A/1A)
start current of inverse time
3I0_Inv_Em/BU
A 0.08Ir 20Ir 0.2Ir emergency/backup earth
EF
fault protection
time multiplier of customized
inverse time characteristic
K_Em/BU EF Inv 0.05 999 1
curve for emergency/backup
earth fault protection
time constant A of
customized inverse time
A_Em/BU EF Inv s 0 200 0.14 characteristic curve for
emergency/backup earth
fault protection
time constant B of
customized inverse time
B_Em/BU EF Inv s 0 60 0 characteristic curve for
emergency/backup earth
fault protection
index of customized inverse
time characteristic curve for
P_Em/BU EF Inv 0 10 0.02
emergency/backup earht
fault protection
Name Description
179
Chapter 9 Emergency/backup overcurrent and earth fault
protection
2.5 IED report
Information Description
NOTE:
Ir: CT rated secondary current, 1A and 5A;
Long inverse
ANSI Inverse; ≤ ±5% setting + 40ms, at 2
Short inverse; <I/ISETTING < 20, in
Long inverse; accordance with ANSI/IEEE
C37.112,
Moderately inverse;
Very inverse;
Extremely inverse;
Definite inverse
user-defined characteristic ≤ ±5% setting + 40ms, at 2
T= <I/ISETTING < 20, in accordance
with IEC60255-151
Time factor of inverse time, A 0.005 to 200.0s, step
0.001s
180
Chapter 9 Emergency/backup overcurrent and earth fault
protection
Delay of inverse time, B 0.000 to 60.00s, step
0.01s
Index of inverse time, P 0.005 to 10.00, step
0.005
set time Multiplier for step n: k 0.05 to 999.0, step 0.01
Minimum operating time 20ms
Maximum operating time 100s
Reset mode instantaneous
181
Chapter 9 Emergency/backup overcurrent and earth fault
protection
182
Chapter 10 Switch-onto-faultprotection
Chapter 10 Switch-Onto-Fault
protection
183
Chapter 10 Switch-onto-faultprotection
1 Switch-Onto-Fault protection
1.1 Introduction
184
Chapter 10 Switch-onto-faultprotection
Additionally, it can be selected that overcurrent and earth fault element of switch-onto-fault
protection to be blocked in the case of inrush current. If binary setting “SOTF Inrush Block”
set to “1/on”, blocking will be applied to distance zone 2, zone 3, overcurrent and earth fault
element. Setting to “0/off” will lead to ignoring of the inrush blocking for switch-onto-fault
function. Similarly, if the measured current value exceeds the setting “Imax_2H_UnBlk”, it
is assumed that a short circuit happened and inrush blocking will not be considered.
Figure 62 shows the tripping logic diagram of switch-onto-fault protection.
Func_SOTF on
BI“MC/AR Block”1 to 0
O
R
BI “PhA CB Open”0 to 1
BI “PhB CB Open”0 to 1
A 10s
N
BI “PhC CB Open”0 to 1 D
Relay Startup
A
Trip
N
Relay startup D
Impedance within
zone1,2,3
Over current O
T_OC_SOTF
operation R A
Zero-sequence N
T_EF_SOTF
operation D
T_Relay Reset Relay reset
SOTF Inrush Block Off
A
N
No fault D
185
Chapter 10 Switch-onto-faultprotection
PhA CB Open
PhB CB Open
PhC CB Open
MC/AR Block
Signal Description
Signal Description
Signal Description
186
Chapter 10 Switch-onto-faultprotection
Signal Description
Default
Uni Min. Max.
Setting setting Description
t (Ir:5A/1A) (Ir:5A/1A)
(Ir:5A/1A)
phase current threshold of
I_SOTF A 0.08Ir 20Ir 2Ir overcurrent element of
switch onto fault protection
delay time of overcurrent
T_OC_SOT
s 0 60 0 element of switch onto fault
F
protection
zero sequnce current
3I0_SOTF A 0.08Ir 20Ir 0.5Ir threshold of switch onto fault
protection
delay time of zero sequce
T_EF_SOTF s 0 60 0.1 overcurrent of switch onto
fault protection
SOTF protection
Func_SOTF 1 0 1
operating mode
SOTF protection
SOTF Inrush Block 1 0 1
blocked by inrush
187
Chapter 10 Switch-onto-faultprotection
The data related to 400kV overhead line are used here to set overcurrent
and zero-sequence element of SOTF function.It is assumed that maximum
transmission power is equal to: 250 MVA
So,
I>>> sec=2.17A
1.5 Reports
Information Description
Dist SOTF Ttrip Distance relay speed up trip after switching on to fault (SOTF)
EF SOTF Trip Earth Fault relay speed up after SOTF
OC SOTF Trip Overcurrent relay speed up after SOTF
188
Chapter 10 Switch-onto-faultprotection
Information Description
NOTE:
Ir: CT rated secondary current, 1A and 5A;
189
Chapter 10 Switch-onto-faultprotection
190
Chapter 11 Overload protection
191
Chapter 11 Overload protection
1 Overload protection
Ia>I_OL Alarm
O T_OL Alarm
Ib>I_OL Alarm
R
A
Ic>I_OL Alarm
Func_OL on N Trip
D
IP1
IP2
IP3
Signal Description
192
Chapter 11 Overload protection
Default
Min.
Uni Max. setting
Setting (Ir:5A/1A Description
t (Ir:5A/1A) (Ir:5A/1
)
A)
current threshold of overload
I_OL Alarm A 0.08Ir 20Ir 2Ir
alarm
T_OL
s 0.1 6000 20 delay time of overload alarm
Alarm
Name Description
1.4 Reports
Information Description
193
Chapter 11 Overload protection
194
Chapter 12 Overvoltage protection
195
Chapter 12 Overvoltage protection
1 Overvoltage protection
1.1 Introduction
All the three phase voltages are measured continuously, and compared with
the corresponding setting value. If a phase voltage exceeds the set
thresholds, “U_OV1” or “U_OV2”, after expiry of the time delays, “T_OV1’ or
“T_OV2”, the protection IED will issue alarm signal or trip command
according to the user’s requirement.
There are two stages included in overvoltage protection, each stage can be
set to alarm or trip separately in binary setting, and the time delay for each
stage can be individually set. Thus, the alarming or tripping can be
time-coordinated based on how severe the voltage increase, e.g. in case of
high overvoltage, the trip command will be issued with a short time delay,
whereas for the less severe overvoltage, trip or alarm signal can be issued
with a longer time delay.
196
Chapter 12 Overvoltage protection
The phase to earth overvoltage protection operates just like the phase to
phase protection except that it detects phase to earth voltages.
Ua>U_OV1
O OV PE on
Ub>U_OV1
R
Uc>U_OV1
OV Trip on
Trip
Uab>U_OV1
O
T_OV
Ubc>U_OV1 O R
OV PE off
R OV Trip off
Alarm
Uca>U_OV1
197
Chapter 12 Overvoltage protection
Signal Description
Signal Description
198
Chapter 12 Overvoltage protection
Name Description
1.5 Reports
Information Description
Information Description
199
Chapter 12 Overvoltage protection
200
Chapter 13 Undervoltage protection
201
Chapter 13 Undervoltage protection
1 Undervoltage protection
1.1 Introduction
Settable dropout ratio, both for single phase and three phases
All the three phase voltages are measured continuously, and compared with
the corresponding setting value. If one phase voltage or three phase voltages
(by “UV PE” and “UV Chk All Phase”) falls below the set thresholds, “U_UV1”
or “U_UV2”, after expiry of the time delays, “T_OV1’ or “T_OV2”, the
protection IED will issue alarm signal or trip command according to the user’s
requirement.
There are two stages included in overvoltage protection; each stage can be
set to alarm or trip separately by binary settings, “UV1 Trip” and “UV2 Trip”.
Thus, the alarming or tripping can be time-coordinated based on how severe
the voltage collapse, e.g. in case of severe undervoltage happens, the trip
command will be issued with a short time delay, whereas for the less severe
undervoltage, trip or alarm signal can be issued with a longer time delay.
202
Chapter 13 Undervoltage protection
The undervoltage protection integrated can also be set for selection of the
measureing quantities. In this way, the user can select that the undervoltage
detection occurs when at least one phase sees voltage reduction or the
reduction of voltage should occur in all three phases. This feature can be
selected using binary setting “UV Chk All Phase”.
The phase to earth undervoltage protection operates just like the phase to
phase protection except that the quantities considered are phase to earth
voltages.
A
B
C
Protection
IED
A
B
C
N
When a tripping command is issued and the circuit breaker is open, the
voltage remains on the source side while the line side voltage drops to zero.
In this case, undervoltage protection may remain pickup. Therefore, to
resolve the problem, additional current criterion is considered. With the
current criterion, undervoltage protection can be maintained only when the
undervoltage criterion satisfied and a minimum current are exceeded the
203
Chapter 13 Undervoltage protection
The IED can operate based on circuit breaker auxiliary contact supervision
criterion, for more security. With this feature, the IED would issue a trip
command when the circuit breaker is closed. This criterion can be enabled or
disabled via binary setting “UV Chk CB”. If it is not desired to supervise the
circuit breaker position for undervoltage protection, the criterion can be
disabled by the binary setting.
204
Chapter 13 Undervoltage protection
Ua<U_UV
Uc<U_UV
O UV PE on
R
Ua<U_UV
A
Ub<U_UV N
UV Chk All Phase on
D
Uc<U_UV
O
R
Uab<U_UV
Uca<U_UV
O UV PE off
R
Uab<U_UV
A
Ubc<U_UV N
UV Chk All Phase off
D
Uca<U_UV
UV Chk CB off
BI_PhA CB Open O
O R UV Trip on
BI_PhB CB Open
R UV Chk CB on
Trip
BI_PhC CB Open
Func_UV
T_UV
UV Chk Current on
IA(IB,IC)>I_UV_ A
Chk O
N
R
UV Chk Current off
D Alarm
UV Trip off
VT Fail on
VT fail
BI_AR In Progress 1
205
Chapter 13 Undervoltage protection
Signal Description
Signal Description
Signal Description
206
Chapter 13 Undervoltage protection
Signal Description
Min. Default
Uni Max.
Setting (Ir:5A/1A setting Description
t (Ir:5A/1A)
) (Ir:5A/1A)
voltage threshold of undervoltage
U_UV1 V 5 150 40
stage 1
T_UV1 s 0 60 0.3 delay time of undervoltage stage 1
voltage threshold of undervoltage
U_UV2 V 5 150 45
stage 2
T_UV2 s 0 60 0.6 delay time of undervoltage stage 2
Dropout_U
1.01 2 1.05 reset ratio of undervoltage
V
I_UV_Chk A 0.08Ir 2Ir 0.1Ir current threshold of undervoltage
Name Description
207
Chapter 13 Undervoltage protection
Name Description
UV Chk All Phase Three phase voltage checked for undervoltage protection
UV Chk Current Current checked for undervoltage protection
UV Chk CB CB Aux. contact checked for undervoltage protection
1.5 Reports
Information Description
Information Description
208
Chapter 13 Undervoltage protection
Reset time ≤ 50 ms
209
Chapter 13 Undervoltage protection
210
Chapter 14 Circuit breaker failure protection
211
Chapter 14 Circuit breaker failure protection
1.1 Introduction
The circuit breaker failure (CBF) protection function monitors proper tripping
of the relevant circuit breaker. Normally, the circuit breaker should be tripped
and therefore interrupt the fault current whenever a short circuit protection
function issues a trip command. Circuit breaker failure protection provides
rapid back-up fault clearance, in the event of circuit breaker malfunction in
respond to a trip command.
Bus
Trip
IFAULT
Figure 67 Simplified function diagram of circuit breaker failure protection with current flow
monitoring
212
Chapter 14 Circuit breaker failure protection
Initiation of CBF protection can be carried out by both internal and external
protection functions. If CBF needs to be initiated by means of external
protection functions, specified binary inputs (BI) should be marshaled to the
equipment. 4 digital inputs are provided for externally initiation of the
integrated CBF function. The first one is 3-phase CBF initiation “3Ph Init CBF”.
For phase segregated initiation other three binary inputs has been considered
as “PhA Init CBF”, “PhB Init CBF” and “PhC Init CBF”. These can be
applicable if the circuit breaker supports separated trip coil for each phase
and single phase auto-recloser function is active on the feeder. Additionally,
internal protection functions that can initiate the CBF protection integrated are
as following:
Distance protection
Teleprotection based on distance/DEF
Directional earth fault protection
Over current protection
SOTF protection
Emergency/Backup EF protection
Emergency/Backup overcurrent protection
Overvoltage protection (trip stages)
External initiation using binary input
There are two criteria for breaker failure detection: the first one is to check
whether the actual current flow effectively disappeared after a tripping
command had been issued. The second one is to evaluate the circuit breaker
auxiliary contact status. Since circuit breaker is supposed to be open when
current disappears from the circuit, the first criterion (current monitoring) is
the most reliable means for IED to be informed about proper operation of
213
Chapter 14 Circuit breaker failure protection
circuit breaker if the CBF initiating function had been based on current
measurement. Therefore,, both current monitoring and CB aux.contact are
applied to detect circuit breaker failure condition. In this context, the
monitored current of each phase is compared with the pre-defined setting,
“I_CBF”. Furthermore, it is also possible to select current checking in case of
zero-sequence and negative-sequence currents via binary setting “CBF Chk
3I0/3I2”. If setting “1/On” is applied at the binary setting, zero-sequence and
Ia > I_CBF
CBF Chk 3I0/3I2 Off
3I0 > 3I0_CBF
O
A CBF Curr. Crit. A
3I2 > 3I2_CBF R
O N CBF Chk 3I0/3I2 on
Ib > I_CBF R D
Ic > I_CBF
Ib > I_CBF
CBF Chk 3I0/3I2 Off
3I0 > 3I0_CBF
A O CBF Curr. Crit. B
3I2 > 3I2_CBF N R
O CBF Chk 3I0/3I2 on
Ic > I_CBF R D
Ia > I_CBF
Ic > I_CBF
CBF Chk 3I0/3I2 Off
3I0 > 3I0_CBF
A O CBF Curr. Crit. C
3I2 > 3I2_CBF N R
O CBF Chk 3I0/3I2 on
Ib > I_CBF R D
Ia > I_CBF O
R CBF Curr. Crit. 3P
214
Chapter 14 Circuit breaker failure protection
For protection functions where the tripping criterion is not dependent on current
measurement, current flow is not a suitable criterion for detection of circuit breaker
operation. In this case, the position of the circuit breaker auxiliary contact should be used
to determine if the circuit breaker properly operated. It is possible to evaluate the circuit
breaker operation from its auxiliary contact status. To do so, binary setting “CBF Chk CB
Status” should be set to “1/On” to integrate circuit breaker auxiliary contacts into CBF
function. A precondition for evaluating circuit breaker auxiliary contact is that open status of
CB should be marshaled to digital inputs of ““PhA CB Open”, “PhB CB Open” and “PhC CB
Open”. The logic for evaluation of CB auxiliary contact for CBF protection is shown in
Figure 69. In this logic, the positions of the circuit breaker poles are determined from CB
aux. contacts if IED doesn’t detect current flowing in the diagram.
BI_PhA CB Open A
N CB A is closed
BI_PhB CB Open A
N CB B is closed
BI_PhB Init CBF A D
N
CBF Curr. Crit. B O D
R
BI_PhC CB Open A
N CB C is closed
BI_PhC Init CBF D
A
N
CBF Curr. Crit. C
O D
R
BI_PhA CB Open
A
BI_PhB CB Open N
D
BI_PhC CB Open
A
N CB ≥1P is closed
D
215
Chapter 14 Circuit breaker failure protection
A
N O PhB Init CBF
BI_PhB Init CBF
D R
Inter PhB Init CBF
A
N O
BI_PhC Init CBF PhC Init CBF
D R
Inter PhC Init CBF
A
N
D
A
N
D
A O
N R 3Ph Init CBF
A D
N
BI_3Ph Init CBF
D
Inter 3Ph Init CBF
Note: In this figure, “T_alarm” is a time period already designed in the program. T_alarm
equals to max {15s, T_CBF1+1s, T_CBFs+1s, T_Dead Zone +1s}, when the
corresponding functions are enabled. After this period, the alarm event “BI_Init CBF Err
” will be issued.
216
Chapter 14 Circuit breaker failure protection
CB A is closed
CBF Chk CB Status O
CBF Curr. Crit. A R
A
N CBF A Startup
PhA Init CBF D
CB B is closed O
CBF Chk CB Status
CBF Curr. Crit. B
R
A
N CBF B Startup
PhB Init CBF D
CB C is closed
CBF Chk CB Status
O
CBF Curr. Crit. C R
A
CBF C Startup
N
PhC Init CBF
D
CB ≥1P is closed O
CBF Chk CB Status
CBF Curr. Crit. 3P R
A
N CBF 3P Startup
3Ph Init CBF D
217
Chapter 14 Circuit breaker failure protection
CBF A Startup
O T_CBF 1P Trip 3P
R CBF 1P Trip 3P On
CBF B Startup O
O T_CBF 1P Trip 3P
CBF1 1P Trip 3P
R CBF 1P Trip 3P On
R
CBF C Startup
O T_CBF 1P Trip 3P
218
Chapter 14 Circuit breaker failure protection
Signal Description
Signal Description
219
Chapter 14 Circuit breaker failure protection
Signal Description
Default
U Min.
Max. setting
Setting ni (Ir:5A Description
(Ir:5A/1A) (Ir:5A/1A
t /1A)
)
phase current threshold of circuit breaker
I_CBF A 0.08Ir 20Ir 1Ir
failure protection
zero sequence current threshold of
3I0_CBF A 0.08Ir 20Ir 0.2Ir
circuit breaker failure protection
negative sequence current threshold of
3I2_CBF A 0.08Ir 20Ir 0.2Ir
circuit breaker failure protection
T_CBF1 s 0 32 0 delay time of CBF stage 1
T_CBF2 s 0.1 32 0.2 delay time of CBF stage 2
T_CBF 1P delay time of three phase tripping of CBF
s 0.05 32 0.1
Trip 3P stage 1
220
Chapter 14 Circuit breaker failure protection
CBF protection
Func_CBF 1 0 1
operating mode
Three pole tripping in
CBF 1P Trip 3P the case of single 0 0 1
pole failure
zero and negative
sequence current
CBF Chk 3I0/3I2 1 0 1
checking by CBF
protection
CB Auxiliary contact
CBF Chk CB Status checking for CBF 0 0 1
protection
1.5 Reports
Information Description
Information Description
Information Description
221
Chapter 14 Circuit breaker failure protection
NOTE:
Ir: CT rated secondary current, 1A and 5A;
222
Chapter 15 Dead zone protection
223
Chapter 15 Dead zone protection
1.1 Introduction
The IED provides this protection function to protect dead zone, the short area
between circuit breaker and CT in the case that CB is open. Therefore, by
occurrence of a fault in dead zone, the short circuit current is measured by
protection IED while CB auxiliary contacts indicate the CB is open.
In the case of feeders with bus side CTs, once a fault occurs in the dead zone,
the IED trips the relevant busbar zone CBs. Tripping concept is illustrated in
the below figure.
Trip
Bus
IFAULT
Legend:
Opened CB
Closed CB
For feeders with line side CTs, when a fault occurs in the dead zone,
protection IED sends a transfer trip to remote end IED to isolate the fault.
224
Chapter 15 Dead zone protection
Inter trip
Bus
IFAULT
Trip
Relay
Legend:
Opened CB
Closed CB
Figure 76 Dead zone tripping concept for feeders with line side CTs
Internal/external initiation
Self-adaptive for bus side CT or line side CT. For bus side CTs, the dead
zone protection will select to trip breakers on other lines connected to the
same busbar. For line side CTs, the dead zone protection will select trip
opposite side breakers on the same line.
225
Chapter 15 Dead zone protection
BI_PhA CB Open
A
BI_PhB CB Open N
D
BI_PhC CB Open
PhA CB Open
PhB CB Open
PhC CB Open
Signal Description
226
Chapter 15 Dead zone protection
Signal Description
Signal Description
227
Chapter 15 Dead zone protection
1.5 Reports
Information Description
Information Description
Func_DZ On DZ function on
Func_DZ Off DZ function off
NOTE:
Ir: CT rated secondary current, 1A and 5A;
228
Chapter 16 STUB protection
229
Chapter 16 STUB protection
1 STUB protection
1.1 Introduction
The STUB protection protects the zone between the CTs and the open
disconnector. The STUB protection is enabled when the open position of the
disconnector is informed to the IED through connected binary input. The
function supports one definite stage with the logic shown inbelow figure.
Busbar A
CB1
CT1
Stub fault Feeder1
Disconnector1
CB3
CT3
Feeder2
Disconnector2
CT2
CB2
Busbar B
If IED detects short circuit current flowing while the line disconnector is open,
STUB fault is detected for the short circuit in the area between the current
230
Chapter 16 STUB protection
transformers and the line disconnector. Here, the summation of CT1 and CT3
presents the short circuit current.
Ia>I_STUB
Ib>I_STUB O
R
Ic>I_STUB
Func_STUB A
T_STUB Permanent
N trip
D
BI_STUB Enable
Signal Description
231
Chapter 16 STUB protection
Signal Description
Signal Description
Min. Default
Max.
Setting Unit (Ir:5A/1 setting Description
(Ir:5A/1A)
A) (Ir:5A/1A)
current threshold of STUB
I_STUB A 0.08Ir 20Ir 1Ir
protection
T_STUB s 0 60 1 delay time of STUB protection
Name Description
1.5 Reports
232
Chapter 16 STUB protection
Information Description
NOTE:
Ir: CT rated secondary current, 1A and 5A;
233
Chapter 16 STUB protection
234
Chapter 17 Poles discordance protection
235
Chapter 17 Poles discordance protection
1.1 Introdcution
Under normal operating condition, all three poles of the circuit breaker must
be closed or open at the same time. The phase separated operating circuit
breakers can be in different positions (close-open) due to electrical or
mechanical failures. This can cause negative and zero sequence currents
which gives thermal stress on rotating machines and can cause unwanted
operation of zero sequence or negative sequence current functions.
Single pole opening of the circuit breaker is permitted only in the short period
related to single pole dead times, otherwise the breaker is tripped three pole
to resolve the problem. If the problem still remains, the remote end can be
intertripped via circuit breaker failure protection function to clear the
unsymmetrical load situation.
The CB position signals are connected to IED via binary input in order to
monitor the CB status. Poles discordance condition is established when
binary setting “Func_PD” is set to “1/on” and at least one pole is open and at
the same time not all three poles are closed. The auxiliary contacts of the
circuit breakers are checked with corresponding phase currents for
plausibility check. Error alarm “CB Err Blk PD” is reported after 5 sec
whenever CB auxiliary contacts indicate that one pole is open but at the same
time current is flowing through the pole.
Additionally the function can be informed via binary setting “PD Chk 3I0/3I2” for
additionaly zero and negative sequence current as well as current criteria
involved in CBF protection. Pole discordance can be detected when current is
not flowing through all three poles. When current is flowing through all three
poles, all three poles must be closed even if the breaker auxiliary contacts
indicate a different status.
236
Chapter 17 Poles discordance protection
BI_PhA CB Open A
N
Ia > 0.06Ir
D
BI_PhB CB Open A O
N R
Ib > 0.06Ir
D
BI_PhC CB Open A A
N N 5s CB Err Blk PD
Ic > 0.06Ir
D D
BI_PhA CB Open
A
BI_PhB CB Open N
D
BI_PhC CB Open
BI_PhA CB Open A
N
Ia < 0.06Ir
D
BI_PhB CB Open A
O A
N T_PD PD Trip
Ib < 0.06Ir R N Func_PD On
D
D
BI_PhC CB Open A
N
Ic< 0.06Ir
D
PD Chk 3I0/3I2 on
237
Chapter 17 Poles discordance protection
IP3 PD_Trip
IN Relay Startup
PhB CB Open
PhC CB Open
AR In Progress
Signal Description
Signal Description
Signal Description
238
Chapter 17 Poles discordance protection
Min.
Max. Default setting
Setting Unit (Ir:5A/1 Description
(Ir:5A/1A) (Ir:5A/1A)
A)
zero sequence current
3I0_PD A 0 20Ir 0.4Ir threshold of pole discordance
protection
negative sequence current
3I2_PD A 0 20Ir 0.4Ir threshold of pole discordance
protection
delay time of pole discordance
T_PD s 0 60 2
protection
Name Description
1.5 Reports
Information Description
Information Description
239
Chapter 17 Poles discordance protection
Information Description
NOTE:
Ir: CT rated secondary current, 1A and 5A;
240
Chapter 18 Synchro-check and energizing check function
241
Chapter 18 Synchro-check and energizing check function
1.1 Introduction
The synchronism and voltage check function ensures that the stability of the
network is not endangered when switching a line onto a busbar. The voltage
of the feeder to be energized is compared to that of the busbar to check
conformances in terms of magnitude, phase angle and frequency within
certain tolerances.
The synchro-check function checks whether the voltages on both sides of the
circuit breaker are synchronize, or at least one side is dead to ensure closing
can be done safely.
When comparing the two voltages, the synchro check uses the voltages from
busbar and outgoing feeder. If the voltage transformers for the protective
functions are connected to the line side, the reference voltage has to be
connected to a busbar voltage.
If the voltage transformers for the protective functions are connected to the
busbar side, the reference voltage has to be connected to a line voltage.
Note:
242
Chapter 18 Synchro-check and energizing check function
At the end of the dead time, synchronization request will be initiated and the
synchronization conditions are continuously checked to be met for a certain
time during maximal extended time “T_MaxSynExt”. By satisfying
synch-check condition in this period, the monitor timer will stop and close
command will be issued for AR.
All three phases voltage U(a,b,c) should be above the setting value
“Umin_Syn”.
243
Chapter 18 Synchro-check and energizing check function
monitor timer will stop and close command will be issued for AR.
Energizing check for dead line and live bus for AR enabled or disabled,
when the control word “AR_EnergChkDLLB” is on
Energizing check for live line and live bus for AR enabled or disabled,
when the control word “AR_EnergChkLLDB” is on
Energizing check for dead line and dead bus for AR enabled or disabled,
when the control word “AR_EnergChkDLDB” is on
244
Chapter 18 Synchro-check and energizing check function
O
Ua(Ub,Uc) >Umin_Syn AR_Syn Check on R
A
Ux>Umin_Syn
N A Synchr-check or
Anglediff<Angle_Syn Diff D O N T_Syn Check energizing check
R D meet
Freqdiff<Freq_Syn Diff
Udiff<U_Syn Diff
Synchr-check or
AR_EnergChkDLLB off T_MaxSynExt energizing check
fail
Ux <Umax_Energ
AR_EnergChkDLLB O
A on
R
Ua(Ub,Uc) N
>Umin_Syn
VT_Line off D
AR_EnergChkLLDB
off
AR_EnergChkDLLB
on
O
Ux>Umin_Syn A R O
Ua(Ub,Uc) N R
<Umax_Energ
D
VT_Line off AR_EnergChkDLDB
off
AR_EnergChkDLDB
on
O
A R
Ux<Umax_Energ
N
Ua(Ub,Uc)
<Umax_Energ
D
AR_EnergChkDLLB
off
AR_EnergChkDLLB O
on
R
Ux >Umin_Syn
A
Ua(Ub,Uc) N
<Umax_Energ
VT_Line on D
AR_EnergChkLLDB
off
AR_EnergChkLLDB O
on
Ux<Umax_Energ A R
Ua(Ub,Uc) N
>Umin_Syn D
VT_Line on
245
Chapter 18 Synchro-check and energizing check function
UP1
UP2
UP3
UPX
Signal Description
246
Chapter 18 Synchro-check and energizing check function
Name Description
1.5 Reports
247
Chapter 18 Synchro-check and energizing check function
Information Description
Information Description
248
Chapter 18 Synchro-check and energizing check function
249
Chapter 18 Synchro-check and energizing check function
250
Chapter 19 Auto-reclosing function
251
Chapter 19 Auto-reclosing function
1 Auto-reclosing
1.1 Introduction
Individually settable dead time for three phase and single phase fault and
for each shot
Internal/external AR initiation
CB ready supervision
CB Aux. interrogation
252
Chapter 19 Auto-reclosing function
is being executed. Dead time will be started by falling edge of the external
initiation signal. When dead time interval “T_1P AR1” or “T_3P AR1” has
elapsed, monitoring time “T_MaxSynExt” is started. During this period,
whenever synchronization condition is continuously met for “T_Syn Check”, a
closing pulse signal is issued. At the same time, reclaim time “T_Reclaim” is
started. If a new fault occurs before the reclaim time elapses, AR function is
blocked and cause final tripping of CB. However, if no fault occurs in reclaim
time, AR is reset and therefore will be ready for future reclosing attempts.
3) After the auto-reclosing delay time, T_1P AR1 (or T_3P AR1), elapses,
the reclosing command is issued if all reclosing conditions (e.g. synchro-
-check for 3-pole tripping) are satisfied without any blocking reclosing
input.
6) From the end of reclaim time, auto-reclosing function is blocked for the
AR reset time “T_AR Reset”.
7) If another fault occurs after the time, T_AR Reset, elapses, the auto-
-reclosing is ready now, and then a new tripping-reclosing procedure is
started and performed in same way.
253
Chapter 19 Auto-reclosing function
Fault
Trip Command
CB Open PosItion
AR Initiate
T_3P AR1
Synchro-check or
voltage check OK
T_Action T_Action
Closing Command
T_Reclaim
T_Reset
The first reclosing shot is, in principle, the same as the single-shot
auto-reclosing. If the first reclosing is unsuccessful, it doesn’t result in a final
trip, if multi-shot reclosing is set to be performed. In this case, if a fault occurs
during reclaim time of the first reclosing shot, it would result in the start of the
next reclose shot with dead time “T_1pAR1”, “T_1p AR2”, ”T_1p AR3”, “T_1p
AR4”, “T_3P AR2”, “T_3P AR3” or “T_3P AR4”. This procedure can be
repeated until the whole reclosing shots which are set inside the device is
performed. Different dead times can be set to various shots of AR function.
This can be performed through settings “T_1pAR1”, “T_1p AR2”, ”T_1p AR3”,
“T_1p AR4”, T_3p AR1”, “T_3p AR2”, ”T_3p AR3”, “T_3p AR4”. However, if
none of reclosing shots is successful, i.e. the fault doesn’t disappear after the
last programmed shot, a final trip is issued, and reclosing attempts are
announced to be unsuccessful.
254
Chapter 19 Auto-reclosing function
3) After the auto-reclosing delay time, T_1P AR1 (or T_3P AR1), elapses,
the reclosing command is issued if all reclosing conditions (e.g. synchro-
-check for 3-pole tripping) are satisfied without any blocking reclosing
input.
6) If the circuit breaker is closed on a fault during the period between the
dropout of closing command and the end of T_Reclaim, second tripping-
-reclosing procedure for second shot is started and performed like the
first tripping-reclosing procedure.
10) From the end of reclaim time, auto-reclosing function is blocked for the
AR reset time “T_AR Reset”.
11) If another fault occurs after the time, T_AR Reset, elapses, the auto-
-reclosing is ready now, and then a new multi shots tripping-reclosing
procedure is started and performed in same way.
255
Chapter 19 Auto-reclosing function
Fault
Trip Command
CB Open PosItion
AR Initiate
T_3P AR1
Synchro-check or
voltage check OK
T_Action T_Action
Closing Command
T_Reclaim
T_Reset
Figure 83 A permanent three-phase fault, two reclosing shots and final tripping
“AR_1p mode”
“AR_3p mode”
“AR_1p(3p) mode”
256
Chapter 19 Auto-reclosing function
“AR_Disable”
Note: If any illegal setting has been done, “AR FUNC Alarm” is
reported.
Distance Z1
257
Chapter 19 Auto-reclosing function
PhA Init AR
PhB Init AR
PhC Init AR
3Ph Init AR
The AR can cooperate with external protection IED. The AR can be initiated
or blocked by external protection IED via dedicated binary inputs.
258
Chapter 19 Auto-reclosing function
259
Chapter 19 Auto-reclosing function
Fault
Trip Command
CB Open PosItion
AR Initiate
T_3P AR1
t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6
Synchro-check or
voltage check OK
T_Syn Check
T_MaxSynExt
T_Action
Closing Command
T_Reclaim
T_Reset
Note:
T_Syn Check > t1, t2, t4, t5, t6;
T_Syn Check ≤ t3
Close command pulse lasts for “T_Action” at most. During this time, it
does not check synchronization conditions any longer. Before the end of
close command pulse, if any function tripping happen, the close
command is terminated.
260
Chapter 19 Auto-reclosing function
Fault
Trip Command
CB Open Position
To prevent automatic reclosing during feeder dead status (CB Open), for
example, in the IED testing, AR is initiated at first shot only when the CB
has been closed for more than setting time, “T_AR Reset”.
261
Chapter 19 Auto-reclosing function
3 Phase no current
3 Phase no current
OR 3 phase Startup AR
3 Phase no current
262
Chapter 19 Auto-reclosing function
AND
1P CBOpen Init AR on
AND
1P CBOpen Init AR on
3P CBOpen Init AR on
3P CBOpen Init AR on
3P CBOpen Init AR on
AR_Chk3PVol =0
1)
AR_Chk3PVol =1 t 0
OR
AND
Ua(Ub,Uc) >Umin_Syn
AND Check 3Ph Voltage OK
2) 3)
t 0 t 0
Note:
1) t = T_Syn Check
2) t = T_3P AR Check 3 Ph failure
3) t = T_MaxSynExt
263
Chapter 19 Auto-reclosing function
AR_1p mode =1
AND
AR_1p(3p) mode =1 OR 1)
t 0
AND
OR
AR_3p mode = 1
AR_1p(3p) mode =1 OR
AND
3 phase initiate AR 2)
t 0
AND
NO check
Energizing check OK OR
3)
t 0
Synchro-check OK
AND AR Closing
OR
Alarm: Relay fault
OR
AR_Disable =1
4)
BI_CB Faulty t 0
AR Fail
AR_3p mode =1
Ph A Tripping: 0-1
OR AR Lockout
Ph B Tripping: 0-1
OR
3 Ph Tripping: 0-1
AND
Relay trip 3 Ph = 1
AR_1p mode = 1
Note:
1) t = T_1P AR
2) t = T_3P AR
3) t = T_MaxSynExt
4) t = T_CB Faulty
264
Chapter 19 Auto-reclosing function
IP1 AR Close
IP2 AR Lockout
IP3 AR Not Ready
UP1 AR Final Trip
UP2 AR In Progress
UP3 AR Successful
UP4 AR Fail
PhA Init AR
PhB Init AR
PhC Init AR
3Ph Init AR
MC/AR Block
AR off
CB Faulty
PhA CB Open
PhB CB Open
PhC CB Open
Signal Description
Signal Description
AR Off AR function off
MC/AR Block AR block
PhA Init AR PhaseA initiate AR
PhB Init AR PhaseB initiate AR
PhC Init AR PhaseC initiate AR
3Ph Init AR Three phase initiate AR
CB Faulty CB faulty
265
Chapter 19 Auto-reclosing function
Signal Description
AR Close AR Close
AR Lockout AR Lockout
AR Not Ready AR Not Ready
AR Final Trip AR Final Trip
AR In Progress AR In Progress
AR Successful AR Successful
AR Fail AR Fail
266
Chapter 19 Auto-reclosing function
267
Chapter 19 Auto-reclosing function
1.5 Reports
Table 136 Event report list
Information Description
1st Reclose First reclose
2nd Reclose Second reclose
3rd Reclose Third reclose
4th Reclose Fourth reclose
1Ph Trip Init AR Autoreclose by one phase trip
1Ph CBO Init AR Autoreclose by one phase circuit breaker opening
1Ph CBO Blk AR Autoreclose blocked by one phase circuit breaker opening
3Ph Trip Init AR Autoreclose initiated by three phase trip
3Ph CBO Init AR Autoreclose initiated by three phase breaker opening
3Ph CBO Blk AR Autoreclose blocked by three phase trip
AR Block Autoreclose blocked
BI MC/AR BLOCK Autoreclose BI blocked
AR Success Autoreclose success
AR Final Trip Final trip for autoreclose
AR in progress Autoreclose is in progress
AR Failure Autoreclosure failed
Information Description
268
Chapter 19 Auto-reclosing function
269
Chapter 19 Auto-reclosing function
270
Chapter 20 Secondary system supervision
271
Chapter 20 Secondary system supervision
1.1 Introduction
IN CT Fail
Signal Description
Signal Description
CT Fail CT Fail
272
Chapter 20 Secondary system supervision
Max.
Default
Min. (Ir:5
Setting Unit setting Description
(Ir:5A/1A) A/1A
(Ir:5A/1A)
)
zero sequence current threshold
3I0_CT Fail A 0.08Ir 2Ir 0.2Ir
of CT failure detection
1.5 Reports
Information Description
CT Fail CT fail
273
Chapter 20 Secondary system supervision
2.1 Introduction
There are three main criteria for VT failure detection; the first is dedicated to
detect three-phase broken faults. The second and third ones are to detect
single or two-phase broken faults in solid earthed and isolated/resistance
earthed systems, respectively. A precondition to meet these three criteria is
that IED should not startup and the calculated zero sequence and negative
sequence currents should be less than setting of “3I02_ VT Fail”. The criteria
are as follows:
274
Chapter 20 Secondary system supervision
phase-to-earth voltages is less than the setting of “Upe_VT Fail” and at the
same time, maximum of three phase currents is higher than setting of “I_ VT
Fail”. This condition may correspond to three phase broken fault in secondary
circuit of the voltage transformer if no startup element has been activated.
1. The calculated zero sequence voltage 3U0 is more than the setting of
“Upe_VT Fail”. This condition may correspond to single or two-phase broken
fault in secondary circuit of the voltage transformer, if the system starpoint is
solidly earthed and no startup element has been activated.
2. The calculated zero sequence voltage 3U0 is more than the setting of
“Upe_VT Fail”, and at the same time, the difference between the maximum
and minimum phase-to-phase voltages is more than the setting of “Upp_VT
Fail”. This condition may correspond to single or two-phase broken fault in
secondary circuit of the voltage transformer, if the system starpoint is isolated
or resistance earthed and no startup element has been activated.
1. Without IED startup, minimum phase voltage becomes more than setting of
“Upe_VT Normal” for 500ms.
2. Without IED startup, minimum phase voltage becomes more than setting of
“Upe_VT Normal” and at the same time, the calculated zero sequence and
negative sequence current of corresponding side becomes more than the
setting of “3I02_ VT Fail”.
275
Chapter 20 Secondary system supervision
Max(Ia,Ib,Ic)>I_VT Fail
A
max{Ua,Ub,Uc}<
Upe_VT Fail N
D
3U0 < (Upe_VT Fail-1)
O
Max{Uab,Ubc,Uca}- A
Min{Uab,Ubc,Uca}> R
Upp_VT Fail
N
D A
N O
D R
Relay Start up
BI_V3P MCB A
Fail 0-1 VT Fail Alarm
N 10S
block report
VT Fail on
D
VT Fail block
min{Ua,Ub,Uc}> A A
Upe_VT Normal N N 500ms
D D
A
3I0>3I02_VT Fail or N O VT Fail
3I2>3I02_VT Fail R unblock
D
A A
N 10S
N
D D
276
Chapter 20 Secondary system supervision
IP1 VT Fail
IP2
IP3
IN
IU1
IU2
IU3
V3P MCB Fail
Signal Description
Signal Description
Signal Description
VT Fail VT Fail
277
Chapter 20 Secondary system supervision
Default
Min.
Max. setting
Setting Unit (Ir:5A/1 Description
(Ir:5A/1A) (Ir:5A/1A
A)
)
current threshold of PT failure
I_VT Fail A 0.08Ir 0.2Ir 0.1Ir
detection
Negative sequence/zero
sequence current threshold of
3I02_VT Fail A 0.08Ir 0.2Ir 0.1Ir
release blocking due to VT
failure
voltage (phase to earth)
Upe_VT Fail V 7 20 8
threshold of PT failure detection
voltage (phase to phase)
Upp_VT Fail V 10 30 16
threshold of PT failure detection
Upe_VT restore voltage threshold of PT
V 40 65 40
Normal failure detection
VT Fail Check VT 1 0 1
The system is solid
Solid Earthed 1 0 1
earthed system
NOTE:
Ir: CT rated secondary current, 1A and 5A;
278
Chapter 20 Secondary system supervision
voltage
Normal phase to earth 40.0V to 65.0V, step 0.01V ≤ ±3% setting or ±1 V
voltage
279
Chapter 21 Mornitoring
Chapter 21 Monitoring
280
Chapter 21 Monitoring
1.1 Introduction
2.1 Introduction
By comparing value and phasor of calculated 3I0 (IA+IB+IC) with that of 3I0
external connected, whether the polarity of external 3I0 is connected in
reverse or not can be differentiated. If it is in reverse, “3I0 Reverse” will be
reported.
3.1 Introduction
If the third harmonic voltage exceeds 4V, “Harmonic Alarm” will be reported
with 10s delay time, but the protection is not blocked.
4.1 Introduction
If auxiliary contact of CB indicates that circuit breaker pole is open but at the
same time and current is flowing trough corresponding phase, “CB Open A (B
or C) Err” is reported after 2sec delay time..
281
Chapter 21 Mornitoring
5 Broken conductor
5.1 Introduction
The system supervises load flow in real time. If negative current is greater than
the setting of “3I2_Broken Conduct”, after “T_Broken Conduct”, “BRKN COND
Alarm” is reported. The following logic shows the logic diagram of thebroken
conductor.
BI_PhA CB Open
BI_PhA CB Open O
R
BI_PhA CB Open
A
3I2>3I2_Broken N
Conduct D
A Broken
T_Broken
N Conduct
Conduct
D Broken Conduct Alarm
Trip Off
Func_Broken Conduct on
A Broken
T_Broken
N Conduct Conduct
D Broken Conduct Trip
Trip On
IP3
PhA CB Open
PhB CB Open
PhC CB Open
282
Chapter 21 Monitoring
Table 149 Analog input list
Signal Description
Signal Description
Signal Description
Default
Min. Max.
Uni setting
Setting (Ir:5A/1 (Ir:5A/ Description
t (Ir:5A/1
A) 1A)
A)
nagative sequence current
3I2_Broken
A 0.08Ir 2Ir 2Ir threshold of conduct broken
Conduct
detection
T_Broken time delay of conduct broken
s 0 250 10
Conduct detection
283
Chapter 21 Mornitoring
Table 153 Broken conductor supervision binary setting list
Broken Conduct
Func_Broken Conduct 1 0 1
function
Broken Conduct Trip
Broken Conduct Trip 0 0 1
function
5.4 Reports
Information Description
Information Description
6 Fault locator
6.1 Introduction
Fault location is a process aimed at locating the occurred fault with the
highest possibly accuracy. A fault locator is mainly the supplementary
protection equipment, which apply the fault location algorithms for estimating
the distance to fault.
IED reports fault location after protection tripping. Fault location is calculated
according fundamental frequency component of the measured voltages and
currents corresponding to the faulty phases. Making use of the fundamental
frequency voltages and currents at the line terminal, together with the line
paramenters appears as the most popular way for detrmining the fault
location.
284
Chapter 21 Monitoring
Additionally, there are some conditions that affect the calculated impedance so
that it is not exactly corresponding to distance of the fault. For example, zero
sequence coupling compensation on parallel transmission lines affects the
fault location calculated by protection relays.Therefore, for parallel
transmission lines, IED need to consider mutual inductance, so it should be
informed about the zero sequence current of the other line, “IN(mutual)” via
analogue module of the equipment (Figure 93).
L1
L2
L3
52 52
CSC-101
IA
IB
IC
IN
IN (M)
U A(B,C)
Z=
IA(B,C) +K N 3I0+jK m IN M
Equation 23
where
Z0-Z1
KN =
3Z1
X0M
KM =
X1
Other condition that affect on calculated distance is remote end infeed (Figure
94), which can be suitably compensated in order that fault location can be
calculated as accurate as possible. For this purpose, imaginary part of ZL1, XL1,
is calculated from the following equation. This is done by separating the real
285
Chapter 21 Mornitoring
and imaginary parts of the following equation.
U A I m ZL1 +I k R g I
Zm1 = = =ZL1 + K R g eiα
Im Im Im
Equation 24
jX
M N Ik
R e jα
L1 L2 XL1
ZL1
Im g
XM1
Im Ik Rg In
ZM1
286
Chapter 21 Monitoring
287
Chapter 22 Station communication
288
Chapter 22 Station communication
1 Overview
Each IED is provided with a communication interface, enabling it to connect to
one or many substation level systems or equipment.
2 Protocol
IEC 61850-8-1 allows two or more intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) from
one or several vendors to exchange information and to use it in the
performance of their functions and for correct co-operation.
289
Chapter 22 Station communication
3 Communication port
There is a serial RS232 port on the front plate of all IEDs. Through this port,
the IED can be connected to the personal computer for setting, testing, and
configuration using the dedicated Sifang software tool.
290
Chapter 22 Station communication
Server or Server or
Work Station 1 Work Station 2
Switch
Work Station 3 Work Station 4
291
Chapter 22 Station communication
5 Technical data
Item Data
Number 1
Connection Isolated, RS232; front panel,
9-pin subminiature connector, for software
tools
Communication speed 9600 baud
Max. length of communication cable 15 m
Item Data
Number 0 to 2
Connection 2-wire connector
Rear port in communication module
Max. length of communication cable 1.0 km
Test voltage 500 V AC against earth
For IEC 60870-5-103 protocol
Communication speed Factory setting 9600 baud,
Min. 1200 baud, Max. 19200 baud
Item Data
Electrical communication port
Number 0 to 3
Connection RJ45 connector
Rear port in communication module
Max. length of communication cable 100m
For IEC 61850 protocol
Communication speed 100 Mbit/s
For IEC 60870-5-103 protocol
Communication speed 100 Mbit/s
292
Chapter 22 Station communication
Optical communication port ( optional )
Number 0 to 2
Connection SC connector
Rear port in communication module
Optical cable type Multi-mode
Max. length of communication cable 2.0km
IEC 61850 protocol
Communication speed 100 Mbit/s
IEC 60870-5-103 protocol
Communication speed 100 Mbit/s
Item Data
Mode Pulse mode
IRIG-B signal format IRIG-B000
Connection 2-wire connector
Rear port in communication module
Voltage levels differential input
293
Chapter 23 Remote communication
294
Chapter 23 Remote communication
2.1 Introduction
The IEDs are able to communicate with each other in two types:
Single-mode FO
Length: <60kM or
60~100kM
Channel A
IED IED
295
Chapter 23 Remote communication
Single-mode FO
Length: <60kM or
60~100kM
Channel A
Channel B
IED IED
The link between the IED and a multiplexed communication network is made by dedicated
communication converters (CSC186). They have a fiber-optic interface with 1310 nm and 2
FC connectors to the protection IED. The converter can be set to support an electrical
G703-64 kbit/s or G703-E1 2Mbit/s interface, according the requirement of the multiplexed
communication
network.
G703.5(E1: 2048kbit/s)
G703.1(64kbit/s)
o Digital e
communication
e network o
Communication Communication
IED converter converter IED
296
Chapter 23 Remote communication
G703.5(E1: 2048kbit/s)
G703.1(64kbit/s)
Channel A
Digital
o communication e
network o
e
o e
Digital
e communication o
network Communication
IED Communication IED
converter converter
Channel B
Single-mode FO
Length: <60kM or
60~100kM
Channel A
o e
Digital
communication
e network o
IED IED
Channel B
G703.5(E1: 2048kbit/s)
G703.1(64kbit/s)
Figure 101 Double channels, one channel through digital communication network, one
channel through dedicated fiber optical cables
3 Technical data
297
Chapter 23 Remote communication
Item Data
Number 1 to 2
Fiber optic cable type Single-mode
Optic wavelength 1310nm, when the transmission distance
<60km;
1550nm, when the transmission
distance >60km
Optic received sensitivity -38dBm
Emitter electric level >-8dBm; (the transmission distance <40km)
>-4dBm; (the transmission distance 40~
60km)
>-3dBm; (the transmission distance >60km)
Fiber optic connector type FC, when the transmission distance <60km)
SC, when the transmission distance >60km
Data transmission rate 64 kbit/s, G703;
2,048 kbit/s, G703-E1
Max. transmission distance 100kM
298
Chapter 23 Remote communication
299
Chapter 24 Hardware
Chapter 24 Hardware
300
Chapter 24 Hardware
1 Introduction
The modules can be combined through the bus on the rear board. Both
the equipment and the other system can be combined through the rear
interfaces.
301
Chapter 24 Hardware
X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 X10
AIM CPU1 CPU2 COM BIM BOM1 BOM2 BOM3 BOM4 PSM
Analogue Input module
output module
CPU module 1
CPU module 2
module
Figure 103 Module arrangement (front view, when open the front panel)
Test port For BIM and BOM Ethernet ports Fiber Optical
ports
X10 X9 X8 X7 X6 X5 X4 X3 X2 X1
PSM COM AIM
302
Chapter 24 Hardware
Front panel adopts little arc streamline and beelines sculpt, and function keys
for MMI are reasonably distributed in faceplate. Panel layout is shown as
Figure 105.
1
5
4
6 7
3 8
303
Chapter 24 Hardware
1
5
4
6 7
3 8
2. LEDs
4. Arrow keys
5. Reset key
6. Quit key
7. Set key
2.2 LCD
2.3 Keypad
The keypad is used to monitor and operate the IED. The keypad has the
same look and feel in all IEDs in the CSC series. LCD screens and other
details may differ but the way the keys function is identical. The keys used to
304
Chapter 24 Hardware
Key function
SET SET key:
Enters main menu or sub-menu, and confirms the setting changes
The shortcut keys and functional keys are below the LCD on the front panel. These
keys are designated to execute the frequent menu operations for user’s convenience.
The keys used to operate the IED are described below.
Key function
F1 Reserved
F2 Reserved
305
Chapter 24 Hardware
F3 Reserved
F4 Reserved
+ Plus key:
Switch next setting group forward as active setting group, meaning
2.5 LED
The definitions of the LEDs are fixed and described below for 8 LEDs.
8 Alarm Red
Flashing: Alarm I, meaning severe internal fault, all
protections are out of service. And power supply for
tripping outputs is blocked as well.
The definitions of the LEDs are fixed and described below for 20 LEDs.
306
Chapter 24 Hardware
The other LEDs which are not described above can be configured.
There is a serial RS232 port on the front plate of all the IEDs. Through this
port, the IED can be connected to the personal computer for setting, testing,
and configuration using the dedicated Sifang software tool.
307
Chapter 24 Hardware
3.1 Introduction
The analogue input module is used to galvanically separate and transform the
secondary currents and voltages generated by the measuring transformers.
There are two types of current transformer: Rated current 5A with linearity
range 50mA~150A and rated current 1A with linearity range 100mA~30A
(please indicate clearly when order the product).
b a
b01 a01
b02 a02
b03 a03
b04 a04
b05 a05
b06 a06
b07 a07
b08 a08
b09 a09
b10 a10
b11 a11
b12 a12
308
Chapter 24 Hardware
Input
b01 I’A
b02 I’B
b03 I’C
a04 I’N
a05 I’NM
a06 Null
b06 Null
a07 Null
b07 Null
a08 Null
b08 Null
a09 Null
b09 Null
b10 U’4
b12 UN
309
Chapter 24 Hardware
sensitive CT
Power consumption (per ≤ 0.1 VA at Ir = 1 A;
phase) ≤ 0.5 VA at Ir = 5 A
≤ 0.5 VA for sensitive CT
Thermal overload capability IEC 60255-1 100 Ir for 1 s
IEC 60255-27 4 Ir continuous
Thermal overload capability for IEC 60255-27 100 A for 1 s
sensitive CT DL/T 478-2001 3 A continuous
310
Chapter 24 Hardware
4 CPU module
4.1 Introduction
The CPU module handles all protection functions and logic. There are two
CPU modules in the IED, CPU1 and CPU2, with the same software and
hardware. They work in parallel and interlock each other to prevent
maloperation due to the internal faults of one CPU modules.
RX
Ch A
TX
RX
Ch B
TX
311
Chapter 24 Hardware
Ports Definition
312
Chapter 24 Hardware
5 Communication module
5.1 Introduction
The time synchronization port is equipped, which can work in pulse mode or
IRIG-B mode. SNTP mode can be applied through communication port.
There is a serial RS232 port on the front plate of all the IEDs. Through this
port, the IED can be connected to the personal computer for setting, testing,
and configuration using the dedicated Sifang software tool.
313
Chapter 24 Hardware
01
02 Ethernet port A
03
04
05
06
07 Ethernet port B
08
09
10
11
Ethernet port C
12
13
14
15
16
Terminal Definition
01 Null
02 Null
03 Null
04 Null
314
Chapter 24 Hardware
09 Time synchronization
11 Null
12 Null
13 Null
14 Null
15 Null
16 Null
Information Description
Item Data
Number 1
315
Chapter 24 Hardware
Item Data
Number 0 to 2
Connection 2-wire connector
Rear port in communication module
Max. length of communication cable 1.0 km
Test voltage 500 V AC against earth
For IEC 60870-5-103 protocol
Communication speed Factory setting 9600 baud,
Min. 1200 baud, Max. 19200 baud
Item Data
Electrical communication port
Number 0 to 3
Connection RJ45 connector
Rear port in communication module
Max. length of communication cable 100m
For IEC 61850 protocol
Communication speed 100 Mbit/s
For IEC 60870-5-103 protocol
Communication speed 100 Mbit/s
Optical communication port ( optional )
Number 0 to 2
Connection SC connector
Rear port in communication module
Optical cable type Multi-mode
Max. length of communication cable 2.0km
IEC 61850 protocol
316
Chapter 24 Hardware
Item Data
Mode Pulse mode
IRIG-B signal format IRIG-B000
Connection 2-wire connector
Rear port in communication module
Voltage levels differential input
317
Chapter 24 Hardware
6.1 Introduction
The binary input module is used to connect the input signals and alarm
signals such as the auxiliary contacts of the circuit breaker (CB), etc.
The negative terminal of power supply for BI module, 220V or 110V, should
be connected to the terminal.
c a
c02 a02
c04 a04
c06 a06
c08 a08
c10 a10
c12 a12
c14 a14
c16 a16
c18 a18
c20 a20
c22 a22
c24 a24
c26 a26
c28 a28
c30 a30
c32 DC - DC - a32
318
Chapter 24 Hardware
319
Chapter 24 Hardware
320
Chapter 24 Hardware
7.1 Introduction
The binary output modules mainly provide tripping output contacts, initiating
output contacts and signaling output contacts. All the tripping output relays
have contacts with a high switching capacity and are blocked by protection
startup elements.
The module provides 16 output relays for tripping or initiating, with total 16
contacts.
321
Chapter 24 Hardware
R R R R R R R R
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
c a
c02 a02
c04 a04
c06 a06
c08 a08
c10 a10
c12 a12
c14 a14
c16 a16
c18 a18
c20 a20
c22 a22
c24 a24
c26 a26
c28 a28
c30 a30
c32 a32
R R R R R R R R
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
322
Chapter 24 Hardware
323
Chapter 24 Hardware
The module provides 16 output relays for signal, with total 19 contacts.
R R R R R R R
4 5 1 2 3 6 7
c a
c02 a02
c04 a04
c06 a06
c08 a08
c10 a10
c12 a12
c14 a14
c16 a16
c18 a18
c20 a20
c22 a22
c24 a24
c26 a26
c28 a28
c30 a30
c32 a32
R R R R R R R R R
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
324
Chapter 24 Hardware
325
Chapter 24 Hardware
326
Chapter 24 Hardware
8.1 Introduction
The power supply module is used to provide the correct internal voltages and
full isolation between the terminal and the battery system. Its power input is
DC 220V or 110V (according to the order code), and its outputs are five
groups of power supply.
(1) +24V two groups provided: Power for inputs of the corresponding
binary inputs of the CPU module
c a
c02 DC 24V + a02
OUTPUTS
c04 a04
c06 a06
c08 a08
DC 24V -
c10 OUTPUTS
a10
c12 a12
c14 a14
c16 a16
c18 a18
c24 a24
c26 AUX. DC - a26
INPUT
c28 a28
c30 a30
c32 a32
327
Chapter 24 Hardware
Terminal Definition
328
Chapter 24 Hardware
329
Chapter 24 Hardware
9 Techinical data
9.1.1 Frequency
330
Chapter 24 Hardware
331
Chapter 24 Hardware
332
Chapter 24 Hardware
333
Chapter 24 Hardware
334
Chapter 24 Hardware
335
Chapter 24 Hardware
336
Chapter 24 Hardware
9.2.7 CE Certificate
Item Data
EN 61000-6-2 and EN 61000-6-4 (EMC
EMC Directive
Council Directive 2004/108/EC)
EN 60255-27 (Low-voltage directive 2006/95
Low voltage directive
EC).
Item Data
Case size 4U×19inch
Weight ≤ 10kg
337
Chapter 25 Appendix
Chapter 25 Appendix
338
Chapter 25 Appendix
Default
Min. Max.
No. Setting Unit setting Description
(Ir:5A/1A) (Ir:5A/1A)
(Ir:5A/1A)
Sudden-change
1 I_abrupt A 0.08Ir 20Ir 0.2Ir current threshold of
startup element
2 T_Relay Reset s 0.5 10 1 The reset time of relay
Rated primary voltage
3 U_Primary kV 30 800 230
(phase to phase)
Rated secondary
4 U_Secondary V 100 120 100 voltage (phase to
phase)
5 CT_Primary kA 0.05 5 3 Rated primary current
Rated secondary
6 CT_Secondary A 1 5 1
current
current threshold of
7 I_VT Fail A 0.08Ir 0.2Ir 0.1Ir
PT failure detection
Negative
sequence/zero
sequence current
8 3I02_VT Fail A 0.08Ir 0.2Ir 0.1Ir
threshold of release
blocking due to VT
failure
voltage (phase to
9 Upe_VT Fail V 7 20 8 earth) threshold of PT
failure detection
voltage (phase to
10 Upp_VT Fail V 10 30 16 phase) threshold of
PT failure detection
restore voltage
Upe_VT
11 V 40 65 40 threshold of PT failure
Normal
detection
zero sequence current
12 3I0_CT Fail A 0.08Ir 2Ir 0.2Ir threshold of CT failure
detection
nagative sequence
3I2_Broken
13 A 0.08Ir 2Ir 2Ir current threshold of
Conduct
conduct broken
339
Chapter 25 Appendix
Default
Min. Max.
No. Setting Unit setting Description
(Ir:5A/1A) (Ir:5A/1A)
(Ir:5A/1A)
detection
340
Chapter 25 Appendix
Default
Min. Max.
No. Setting Unit setting Description
(Ir:5A/1A) (Ir:5A/1A)
(Ir:5A/1A)
resistance reach of
zone 2 of phase to
27 R2_PE Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 1.6/8
earth distance
protection
reactance reach of
zone 2 of phase to
28 X2_PE Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 1.6/8
earth distance
protection
resistance reach of
zone 3 of phase to
29 R3_PE Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 2.4/12
earth distance
protection
reactance reach of
zone 3 of phase to
30 X3_PE Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 2.4/12
earth distance
protection
resistance reach of
zone 4 of phase to
31 R4_PE Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 3/15
earth distance
protection
reactance reach of
zone 4 of phase to
32 X4_PE Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 3/15
earth distance
protection
resistance reach of
zone 5 of phase to
33 R5_PE Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 3.6/18
earth distance
protection
reactance reach of
zone 5 of phase to
34 X5_PE Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 3.6/18
earth distance
protection
resistance reach of
extended zone 1 of
35 R1Ext_PE Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 1.6/8
phase to earth
distance protection
reactance reach of
extended zone 1 of
36 X1Ext_PE Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 1.6/8
phase to earth
distance protection
341
Chapter 25 Appendix
Default
Min. Max.
No. Setting Unit setting Description
(Ir:5A/1A) (Ir:5A/1A)
(Ir:5A/1A)
delay time of zone 1
37 T1_PE s 0 60 0 of phase to earth
distance protection
delay time of zone 2
38 T2_PE s 0 60 0.3 of phase to earth
distance protection
delay time of zone 3
39 T3_PE s 0 60 0.6 of phase to earth
distance protection
delay time of zone 4
40 T4_PE s 0 60 0.9 of phase to earth
distance protection
delay time of zone 5
41 T5_PE s 0 60 1.2 of phase to earth
distance protection
delay time of
extended zone 1 of
42 T1_Ext_PE s 0 60 0.05
phase to earth
distance protection
resistance reach of
zone 1 of phase to
43 R1_PP Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 1/5
phase distance
protection
reactance reach of
zone 1 of phase to
44 X1_PP Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 1/5
phase distance
protection
resistance reach of
zone 2 of phase to
45 R2_PP Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 1.6/8
phase distance
protection
reactance reach of
zone 2 of phase to
46 X2_PP Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 1.6/8
phase distance
protection
resistance reach of
zone 3 of phase to
47 R3_PP Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 2.4/12
phase distance
protection
reactance reach of
48 X3_PP Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 2.4/12
zone 3 of phase to
342
Chapter 25 Appendix
Default
Min. Max.
No. Setting Unit setting Description
(Ir:5A/1A) (Ir:5A/1A)
(Ir:5A/1A)
phase distance
protection
resistance reach of
zone 4 of phase to
49 R4_PP Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 3/15
phase distance
protection
reactance reach of
zone 4 of phase to
50 X4_PP Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 3/15
phase distance
protection
resistance reach of
zone 5 of phase to
51 R5_PP Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 3.6/18
phase distance
protection
reactance reach of
zone 5 of phase to
52 X5_PP Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 3.6/18
phase distance
protection
resistance reach of
extended zone 1 of
53 R1Ext_PP Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 1.6/8
phase to phase
distance protection
reactance reach of
extended zone 1 of
54 X1Ext_PP Ohm 0.01/0.05 120/600 1.6/8
phase to phase
distance protection
delay time of zone 1
55 T1_PP s 0 60 0 of phase to phase
distance protection
delay time of zone 2
56 T2_PP s 0 60 0.3 of phase to phase
distance protection
delay time of zone 3
57 T3_PP s 0 60 0.6 of phase to phase
distance protection
delay time of zone 4
58 T4_PP s 0 60 0.9 of phase to phase
distance protection
delay time of zone 5
59 T5_PP s 0 60 1.2 of phase to phase
distance protection
343
Chapter 25 Appendix
Default
Min. Max.
No. Setting Unit setting Description
(Ir:5A/1A) (Ir:5A/1A)
(Ir:5A/1A)
delay time of
extended zone 1 of
60 T1_Ext_PP s 0 60 0.05
phase to phase
distance protection
current threshold of
manual switch onto
61 I_SOTF_Dist A 0.08Ir 2Ir 0.2Ir
faulty line for
distance+G252
zero sequence current
threshold of phase to
62 3I0_Dist_PE A 0.1Ir 2Ir 0.1Ir
earth distance
protection
zero sequence
voltage threshold of
63 3U0_Dist_PE V 0.5 60 1
phase to earth
distance protection
Earthing load
AngleLoadCut Degr
64 0 60 0 encroachment cut out
out PE ee
angle
Earthing load
R LoadCutout
65 Ohm 0.02/0.1 120/600 0.02/0.1 encroachment cut out
PE
resistance
Phase-to-phase
AngleLoadCut Degr
66 0 60 0 encroachment cut out
out PP ee
angle
Phase-to-phase
R LoadCutout
67 Ohm 0.02/0.1 120/600 0.02/0.1 encroachment cut out
PP
resistance
-12.00/-60
68 Xs_OHM Ohm 120/600 0.01 MHO Characteristic
.00
high current threshold
69 I_Diff High A 0.1Ir 20Ir 0.4Ir of differential
protection
low current threshold
70 I_Diff Low A 0.1Ir 20Ir 0.4Ir of differential
protection
current threshold of
71 I_Diff TA Fail A 0.1Ir 20Ir 2Ir differential protection
at CT failure
zero sequence current
72 I_Diff ZeroSeq A 0.05Ir 20Ir 0.2Ir
threshold of zero
344
Chapter 25 Appendix
Default
Min. Max.
No. Setting Unit setting Description
(Ir:5A/1A) (Ir:5A/1A)
(Ir:5A/1A)
sequence differential
protection
delay time of zero
T_Diff
73 s 0.1 60 0.1 sequence differential
ZeroSeq
protection
74 T_DTT s 0 10 0.1 delay time of DTT
convert factor of CT
75 CT Factor 0.2 1 1
ratio
positive sequence
76 XC1 Ohm 40 9000 9000 capacitive reactance
of line
zero sequence
77 XC0 Ohm 40 9000 9000 capacitive reactance
of line
positive sequence
78 X1_Reactor Ohm 90 9000 9000 reactance of shunt
reactor
zero sequence
79 X0_Reactor Ohm 90 9000 9000 reactance of shunt
reactor
identified code of local
80 Local Address 0 65535 0
end of line
Opposite identified code of
81 0 65535 0
Address opposite end of line
current threshold of
82 I_OC1 A 0.08Ir 20Ir 2Ir
overcurrent stage 1
delay time of
83 T_OC1 s 0 60 0.1
overcurrent stage 1
current threshold of
84 I_OC2 A 0.08Ir 20Ir 1Ir
overcurrent stage 2
delay time of
85 T_OC2 s 0 60 0.3
overcurrent stage 2
No.of inverse time
86 Curve_OC Inv 1 12 1 characteristic curve of
overcurrent
start current of inverse
87 I_OC Inv A 0.08Ir 20Ir 1Ir
time overcurrent
time multiplier of
customized inverse
88 K_OC Inv 0.05 999 1
time characteristic
curve for overcurrent
345
Chapter 25 Appendix
Default
Min. Max.
No. Setting Unit setting Description
(Ir:5A/1A) (Ir:5A/1A)
(Ir:5A/1A)
time constant A of
customized inverse
89 A_OC Inv s 0 200 0.14
time characteristic
curve for overcurrent
time constant B of
customized inverse
90 B_OC Inv s 0 60 0
time characteristic
curve for overcurrent
index of customized
inverse time
91 P_OC Inv 0 10 0.02
characteristic curve
for overcurrent
the angle of bisector
Degr of operation area of
92 Angle_OC 0 90 60
ee overcurrent directional
element
the maximum current
Imax_2H_UnB
93 A 0.25 20Ir 5Ir to release harmornic
lk
block
ratio of 2rd harmonic
94 Ratio_I2/I1 0.07 0.5 0.2 to fundamental
component
delay time of cross
T2h_Cross_Bl
95 s 0 60 1 block by 2rd
k
harmormic
zero sequence current
96 3I0_EF1 A 0.08Ir 20Ir 0.5Ir threshold of earth fault
protection stage 1
delay time of earth
97 T_EF1 s 0 60 0.1 fault protection stage
1
zero sequence current
98 3I0_EF2 A 0.08Ir 20Ir 0.2Ir threshold of earth fault
protection stage 2
delay time of earth
99 T_EF2 s 0 60 0.3 fault protection stage
2
No. of inverse time
100 Curve_EF Inv 1 12 1 characteristic curve of
earth fault protection
346
Chapter 25 Appendix
Default
Min. Max.
No. Setting Unit setting Description
(Ir:5A/1A) (Ir:5A/1A)
(Ir:5A/1A)
start current of inverse
101 3I0_EF Inv A 0.08Ir 20Ir 0.2Ir time earth fault
protection
time multiplier of
customized inverse
102 K_EF Inv 0.05 999 1 time characteristic
curve for earth fault
protection
time constant A of
customized inverse
103 A_EF Inv s 0 200 0.14 time characteristic
curve for earth fault
protection
time constant B of
customized inverse
104 B_EF Inv s 0 60 0 time characteristic
curve for earth fault
protection
index of customized
inverse time
105 P_EF Inv 0 10 0.02 characteristic curve
for earht fault
protection
the angle of bisector
Degr of operation area of
106 Angle_EF 0 90 70
ee zero sequnce
directional element
the angle of bisector
Degr of operation area of
107 Angle_Neg 50 90 70
ee negative sequnce
directional element
current threshold of
108 I_Em/BU OC A 0.08Ir 20Ir 1Ir emergency/backup
overcurrent stage 1
delay time of
109 T_Em/BU OC s 0 60 0.3 emergency/backup
overcurrent stage 1
No.of inverse time
Curve_Em/BU characteristic curve of
110 1 12 1
OC Inv emergency/backup
overcurrent
347
Chapter 25 Appendix
Default
Min. Max.
No. Setting Unit setting Description
(Ir:5A/1A) (Ir:5A/1A)
(Ir:5A/1A)
start current of inverse
I_Inv_Em/BU time
111 A 0.08Ir 20Ir 1Ir
OC emergency/backup
overcurrent
time multiplier of
customized inverse
K_Em/BU OC time characteristic
112 0.05 999 1
Inv curve for
emergency/backup
overcurrent
time constant A of
customized inverse
A_Em/BU OC time characteristic
113 s 0 200 0.14
Inv curve for
emergency/backup
overcurrent
time constant B of
customized inverse
B_Em/BU OC time characteristic
114 s 0 60 0
Inv curve for
emergency/backup
overcurrent
index of customized
inverse time
P_Em/BU OC
115 0 10 0.02 characteristic curve
Inv
for emergency/backup
overcurrent
zero sequence current
116 3I0_Em/BU EF A 0.08Ir 20Ir 0.2Ir threshold of earth fault
protection stage 1
delay time of earth
117 T_Em/BU EF s 0 60 0.3 fault protection stage
1
No. of inverse time
Curve_Em/BU characteristic curve of
118 1 12 1
EF Inv emergency/backup
earth fault protection
start current of inverse
3I0_Inv_Em/B time
119 A 0.08Ir 20Ir 0.2Ir
U EF emergency/backup
earth fault protection
348
Chapter 25 Appendix
Default
Min. Max.
No. Setting Unit setting Description
(Ir:5A/1A) (Ir:5A/1A)
(Ir:5A/1A)
time multiplier of
customized inverse
K_Em/BU EF time characteristic
120 0.05 999 1
Inv curve for
emergency/backup
earth fault protection
time constant A of
customized inverse
A_Em/BU EF time characteristic
121 s 0 200 0.14
Inv curve for
emergency/backup
earth fault protection
time constant B of
customized inverse
B_Em/BU EF time characteristic
122 s 0 60 0
Inv curve for
emergency/backup
earth fault protection
index of customized
inverse time
P_Em/BU EF
123 0 10 0.02 characteristic curve
Inv
for emergency/backup
earht fault protection
current threshold of
124 I_STUB A 0.08Ir 20Ir 1Ir
STUB protection
delay time of STUB
125 T_STUB s 0 60 1
protection
phase current
threshold of
126 I_SOTF A 0.08Ir 20Ir 2Ir overcurrent element
of switch onto fault
protection
delay time of
overcurrent element
127 T_OC_SOTF s 0 60 0
of switch onto fault
protection
zero sequnce current
128 3I0_SOTF A 0.08Ir 20Ir 0.5Ir threshold of switch
onto fault protection
delay time of zero
129 T_EF_SOTF s 0 60 0.1
sequce overcurrent of
349
Chapter 25 Appendix
Default
Min. Max.
No. Setting Unit setting Description
(Ir:5A/1A) (Ir:5A/1A)
(Ir:5A/1A)
switch onto fault
protection
current threshold of
130 I_OL Alarm A 0.08Ir 20Ir 2Ir
overload alarm
delay time of overload
131 T_OL Alarm s 0.1 6000 20
alarm
voltage threshold of
132 U_OV1 V 40 200 65
overvoltage stage 1
delay time of
133 T_OV1 s 0 60 0.3
overvoltage stage 1
voltage threshold of
134 U_OV2 V 40 200 63
overvoltage stage 2
delay time of
135 T_OV2 s 0 60 0.6
overvoltage stage 2
reset ratio of
136 Dropout_OV 0.9 0.99 0.95
overvoltage
voltage threshold of
137 U_UV1 V 5 150 40
undervoltage stage 1
delay time of
138 T_UV1 s 0 60 0.3
undervoltage stage 1
voltage threshold of
139 U_UV2 V 5 150 45
undervoltage stage 2
delay time of
140 T_UV2 s 0 60 0.6
undervoltage stage 2
reset ratio of
141 Dropout_UV 1.01 2 1.05
undervoltage
current threshold of
142 I_UV_Chk A 0.08Ir 2Ir 0.1Ir
undervoltage
phase current
threshold of circuit
143 I_CBF A 0.08Ir 20Ir 1Ir
breaker failure
protection
zero sequence current
threshold of circuit
144 3I0_CBF A 0.08Ir 20Ir 0.2Ir
breaker failure
protection
negative sequence
current threshold of
145 3I2_CBF A 0.08Ir 20Ir 0.2Ir
circuit breaker failure
protection
146 T_CBF1 s 0 32 0 delay time of CBF
350
Chapter 25 Appendix
Default
Min. Max.
No. Setting Unit setting Description
(Ir:5A/1A) (Ir:5A/1A)
(Ir:5A/1A)
stage 1
delay time of CBF
147 T_CBF2 s 0.1 32 0.2
stage 2
delay time of three
T_CBF 1P Trip
148 s 0.05 32 0.1 phase tripping of CBF
3P
stage 1
zero sequence current
threshold of pole
149 3I0_PD A 0 20Ir 0.4Ir
discordance
protection
negative sequence
current threshold of
150 3I2_PD A 0 20Ir 0.4Ir
pole discordance
protection
delay time of pole
151 T_PD s 0 60 2 discordance
protection
delay time of dead
152 T_Dead Zone s 0 32 1
zone protection
delay time of shot 1 of
153 T_1P AR1 s 0.05 10 0.6
single pole reclosing
delay time of shot 2 of
154 T_1P AR2 s 0.05 10 0.7
single pole reclosing
delay time of shot 3 of
155 T_1P AR3 s 0.05 10 0.8
single pole reclosing
delay time of shot 4 of
156 T_1P AR4 s 0.05 10 0.9
single pole reclosing
delay time of shot 1 of
157 T_3P AR1 s 0.05 60 1.1
three pole reclosing
delay time of shot 2 of
158 T_3P AR2 s 0.05 60 1.2
three pole reclosing
delay time of shot 3 of
159 T_3P AR3 s 0.05 60 1.3
three pole reclosing
delay time of shot 4 of
160 T_3P AR4 s 0.05 60 1.4
three pole reclosing
angle difference
Degr
161 Angle_Syn Diff 1 80 30 threshold of
ee
synchronizing
voltage difference
162 U_Syn Diff V 1 40 10 threshold of
synchronizing
351
Chapter 25 Appendix
Default
Min. Max.
No. Setting Unit setting Description
(Ir:5A/1A) (Ir:5A/1A)
(Ir:5A/1A)
frequency difference
163 Freq_Syn Diff Hz 0.02 2 0.05 threshold of
synchronizing
duration of the circuit
164 T_Action ms 80 500 80 breaker closing
pulse
165 T_Reclaim s 0.05 60 3 Reclaim time
166 T_CB Faulty s 0.5 60 1 duration of CB ready
167 Times_AR 1 4 1 available shot number
delay time of
168 T_Syn Check s 0 60 0.05
synchronizing
duration of quit
169 T_MaxSynExt s 0.05 60 10
synchronizing
duration of CB
170 T_AR Reset s 0.5 60 3
reclosing prepartion
Minimum voltage of
171 Umin_Syn V 30 65 40
synchronizing
Maximum voltage of
172 Umax_Energ V 10 50 30 unenergizing
checking
Default
No. Setting Min. Max. Description
setting
1 1: VT on line side; 0: VT on bus
VT_Line 0 1 0
side
2 phase to phase fault initiate auto
AR Init By 2p 0 1 0
recloser enable(1)/disable(0)
3 three phase fault initiate auto
AR Init By 3p 0 1 1
recloser enable(1)/disable(0)
4 three pole tripping mode
Relay Trip 3pole 0 1 0
enable(1)/disable(0)
5 VT failure detection
VT Fail 0 1 1
enable(1)/disable(0)
6 Solid Earthed 0 1 1 solid earthed system(1)
7 CT failure detection
CT Fail 0 1 1
enable(1)/disable(0)
8 Func_Broken conduct broken detection
0 1 1
Conduct enable(1)/disable(0)
352
Chapter 25 Appendix
Default
No. Setting Min. Max. Description
setting
9 Broken Conduct conduct broken tripping (1)/alarm
0 1 0
Trip (0)
10 weak infeed function
Weak InFeed 0 1 0
enable(1)/disable(0)
11 blocking scheme of
Blocking Mode 0 1 0 tele-protection
enable(1)/disable(0)
12 PUTT scheme of tele-protection
PUR Mode 0 1 0
enable(1)/disable(0)
13 POTT scheme of tele-protection
POR Mode 0 1 1
enable(1)/disable(0)
14 tele-protection based on earth
Func_Tele EF 0 1 0 fault protection
enable(1)/disable(0)
15 Inrush block tele-protection based
Tele_EF Inrush on earth fault protection tele
0 1 0
Block protection based on earth fault
protection enable(1)/disable(0)
16 tele-protection based on earth
Tele_EF Init AR 0 1 0 fault protection initiate recloaser
enable(1)/disable(0)
17 distance zone 1
Func_Z1 0 1 1
enable(1)/disable(0)
18 distance zone 2
Func_Z2 0 1 1
enable(1)/disable(0)
19 distance zone 3
Func_Z3 0 1 1
enable(1)/disable(0)
20 distance zone 4
Func_Z4 0 1 1
enable(1)/disable(0)
21 distance zone 4 reserve direction
Reverse_Z4 0 1 0
(1)/forward direction(0)
22 distance zone 5
Func_Z5 0 1 1
enable(1)/disable(0)
23 distance zone 5 reserve direction
Reverse_Z5 0 1 0
(1)/forward direction(0)
24 distance extended zone 1
Func_Z1Ext 0 1 1
enable(1)/disable(0)
25 power swing element block
Z1_PS Blocking 0 1 1 distance zone 1
enable(1)/disable(0)
26 power swing element block
Z2_PS Blocking 0 1 1
distance zone 2
353
Chapter 25 Appendix
Default
No. Setting Min. Max. Description
setting
enable(1)/disable(0)
354
Chapter 25 Appendix
Default
No. Setting Min. Max. Description
setting
39 (0)The direction element is
Test Pos.Imp 0 1 1 active ; (1)The direction element
is reactive
40 overcurrent stage 1
Func_OC1 0 1 1
enable(1)/disable(0)
41 overcurrent stage 1 with direction
OC1 Direction 0 1 1
element enable(1)/disable(0)
42 overcurrent stage 1 blcoked by
OC1 Inrush Block 0 1 1
inrush enable(1)/disable(0)
43 overcurrent stage 2
Func_OC2 0 1 1
enable(1)/disable(0)
44 overcurrent stage 2 with direction
OC2 Direction 0 1 1
element enable(1)/disable(0)
45 overcurrent stage 2 blcoked by
OC2 Inrush Block 0 1 1
inrush enable(1)/disable(0)
46 inverse time overcurrent
Func_OC Inv 0 1 1
enable(1)/disable(0)
47 inverse time overcurrent with
OC Inv Direction 0 1 0 direction element
enable(1)/disable(0)
48 OC Inv Inrush inverse time overcurrent blocked
0 1 0
Block by inrush enable(1)/disable(0)
49 earth fault protection stage 1
Func_EF1 0 1 1
enable(1)/disable(0)
50 earth fault protection stage 1 with
EF1 Direction 0 1 1 direction element
enable(1)/disable(0)
51 earth fault protection stage 1
EF1 Inrush Block 0 1 1 bloced by inrush
enable(1)/disable(0)
52 earth fault protection stage 2
Func_EF2 0 1 1
enable(1)/disable(0)
53 earth fault protection stage 2 with
EF2 Direction 0 1 1 direction element
enable(1)/disable(0)
54 earth fault protection stage 2
EF2 Inrush Block 0 1 1 bloced by inrush
enable(1)/disable(0)
55 inverse time earth fault protection
Func_EF Inv 0 1 1
enable(1)/disable(0)
56 inverse time earth fault protection
EF Inv Direction 0 1 0
with direction element
355
Chapter 25 Appendix
Default
No. Setting Min. Max. Description
setting
enable(1)/disable(0)
356
Chapter 25 Appendix
Default
No. Setting Min. Max. Description
setting
enable(1)/disable(0)
73 SOTF protection blocked by
SOTF Inrush Block 0 1 1
inrush enable(1)/disable(0)
74 Func_OL 0 1 1 overload enable(1)/disable(0)
75 overvoltage stage 1
Func_OV1 0 1 1
enable(1)/disable(0)
76 overvoltage stage 1 tripping
OV1 Trip 0 1 0
(1)/alarm(0)
77 overvoltage stage 2
Func_OV2 0 1 1
enable(1)/disable(0)
78 overvoltage stage 2 tripping
OV2 Trip 0 1 0
(1)/alarm(0)
79 1: phase to earth voltage applied
OV PE 0 1 1 by overvoltage;0: phase to phase
voltage applied by overvoltage
80 undervoltage stage 1
Func_UV1 0 1 0
enable(1)/disable(0)
81 undervoltage stage 1
UV1 Trip 0 1 0
tripping(1)/alarm(0)
82 undervoltage stage 2
Func_UV2 0 1 0
enable(1)/disable(0)
83 undervoltage stage 2
UV2 Trip 0 1 0
tripping(1)/alarm(0)
84 1: phase to earth voltage applied
by undervoltage;0: phase to
UV PE 0 1 1
phase voltage applied by
undervoltage
85 all three phase voltage must be
UV Chk All Phase 0 1 0 less than threshold
enable(1)/disable(0)
86 current threshold for undervoltage
UV Chk Current 0 1 0
enable(1)/disable(0)
87 criterion of state of circuit breaker
UV Chk CB 0 1 0 for undervoltage
enable(1)/disable(1)
88 circuit breaker failure protection
Func_CBF 0 1 1
enable(1)/disable(1)
89 delay time three-pole tripping
CBF 1P Trip 3P 0 1 0 when one pole of circuit breaker
failure enable(1)/disable(0)
357
Chapter 25 Appendix
Default
No. Setting Min. Max. Description
setting
90 negative sequence current
criterion and zero sequence
CBF Chk 3I0/3I2 0 1 1 current criterion for circuit breaker
failure protection
enable(1)/disable(0)
91 criterion of state of circuit breaker
CBF Chk CB
0 1 0 for circuit breaker failure
Status
protection enable(1)/disable(0)
92 pole discordance protection
Func_PD 0 1 1
enable(1)/disable(0)
93 negative sequence current
criterion and zero sequence
PD Chk 3I0/3I2 0 1 0 current criterion for pole
discordance protection
enable(1)/disable(0)
94 dead zone protection
Func_Dead Zone 0 1 1
enable(1)/disable(0)
95 single pole reclosing mode
AR_1p mode 0 1 1
enable(1)/disable(0)
96 three pole reclosing mode
AR_3p mode 0 1 0
enable(1)/disable(1)
97 complicate reclosing mode
AR_1p(3p) mode 0 1 0
enable(1)/disable(0)
98 AR_Disable 0 1 0 recloser disable
99 overriding synchronization
AR_Override 0 1 1
enable(1)/disable(0)
100 AR_EnergChkDLL check dead line and live bus
0 1 0
B enable(1)/disable(0)
101 AR_EnergChkLLD check live line and dead bus
0 1 0
B enable(1)/disable(0)
102 AR_EnergChkDLD check dead line and dead bus
0 1 0
B enable(1)/disable(0)
103 check synchronization
AR_Syn check 0 1 0
enable(1)/disable(0)
104 1:three phase must be energized
AR_Chk3PVol 0 1 0 before single pole reclosing;0:
recloasing without any condition
105 three pole tripping when recoser
is blocked after recloser was
AR Final Trip 0 1 0
initiated due to single pole tripping
enable(1)/disable(0)
358
Chapter 25 Appendix
Default
No. Setting Min. Max. Description
setting
106 recloser can be initiated by single
1P CBOpen Init
0 1 0 pole tripping due to mechanical
AR
cause enable(1)/disable(0)
107 recloser can be initiated by three
3P CBOpen Init
0 1 0 pole tripping due to mechanical
AR
cause enable(1)/disable(0)
108 differential protection
Func_Diff Curr 0 1 1
enable(1)/disable(0)
109 Func_Diff Curr sudden change differential
0 1 1
Abrupt protection enable(1)/disable(0)
110 double channels(1)/single
Dual_Channel 0 1 1
channel(0)
111
Master Mode 0 1 1 master mode (1)/ slaver mode (0)
Note: The two settings, ‘Imp.Oper.Zone’ and ‘Test Pos.Imp’, should set as
1 only for testing. They must be set as 0 in service.
359
Chapter 25 Appendix
360
Chapter 25 Appendix
361
Chapter 25 Appendix
362
Chapter 25 Appendix
Abbr.
No Meaning
(LCD Display)
363
Chapter 25 Appendix
Abbr.
No Meaning
(LCD Display)
364
Chapter 25 Appendix
Abbr.
No Meaning
(LCD Display)
Abbr.
No. Meaning
(LCD Display)
365
Chapter 25 Appendix
Abbr.
No. Meaning
(LCD Display)
366
Chapter 25 Appendix
Abbr.
No. Meaning
(LCD Display)
3 Typical connection
A. For one breaker of single or double busbar arrangement
367
Chapter 25 Appendix
A
B
C
Protection IED
a01
b01 IA
a02
b02 IB
* * * a03
b03 IC
a04
b04 IN
a10
UA
a09
UB
b09
UC
b10
UN
a07
b07 U4
Figure 114 Typical connection diagram for one breaker of single or double busbar
arrangement
368
Chapter 25 Appendix
* * *
Protection IED
* * * a01
b01 IA
a02
b02 IB
a03
b03 IC
a04
b04 IN
a10
UA
a09
UB
b09
UC
b10
UN
a07
b07 U4
A
B
C
Figure 115 Typical connection diagram for one and half breaker arrangement
369
Chapter 25 Appendix
Protection IED
a01
b01 IA
a02
b02 IB
* * * a03 * * *
b03 IC
a04
b04 IN
a10
UA
a09
UB
b09
UC
b10
UN
a07
b07 U4
a05
b05 INM
370
Chapter 25 Appendix
4 Glossary
AC Alternating current
A/D converter Analog to digital converter
ADBS Amplitude dead -band supervision
ADM Analog digital conversion module, with time synchronization
ANSI American National Standards Institute
AR Autoreclosing
AWG American Wire Gauge standard
BIM Binary input module
BOM Binary output module
BS British standard
BSR Binary signal transfer function, receiver blocks
BST Binary signal transfer function, transmit blocks
C37.94 IEEE/ANSI protocol used when sending binary signals
between IEDs
CAN Controller Area Network. ISO standard (ISO 11898) for serial
communication
CB Circuit breaker
CCITT Consultative Committee for International Telegraph and
Telephony. A United Nations sponsored standards body within the
International Telecommunications Union.
CCVT Capacitive Coupled Voltage Transformer
Class C Protection Current Transformer class as per IEEE/ ANSI
CMPPS Combined mega pulses per second
CO cycle Close-open cycle
Co-directional Way of transmitting G.703 over a balanced line. Involves two
twisted pairs making it possible to transmit information in both
directions
COMTRADE Standard format according to IEC 60255-24
Contra-directional Way of transmitting G.703 over a balanced line. Involves four
twisted pairs of with two are used for transmitting data in both
directions, and two pairs for transmitting clock signals
CPU Central processor unit
CR Carrier receive
CRC Cyclic redundancy check
CS Carrier send
CT Current transformer
CVT Capacitive voltage transformer
DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (The US developer
of the TCP/IP protocol etc.)
DBDL Dead bus dead line
DBLL Dead bus live line
371
Chapter 25 Appendix
DC Direct current
DFT Discrete Fourier transform
DIP-switch Small switch mounted on a printed circuit board
DLLB Dead line live bus
DNP Distributed Network Protocol as per IEEE/ANSI Std. 1379-2000
DR Disturbance recorder
DRAM Dynamic random access memory
DTT Direct transfer trip scheme
EIA Electronic Industries Association
EMC Electro magnetic compatibility
EMF Electro motive force
EMI Electro magnetic interference
EnFP End fault protection
ESD Electrostatic discharge
FOX 20 Modular 20 channel telecommunication system for speech, data
and protection signals
FOX 512/515 Access multiplexer
FOX 6Plus Compact, time-division multiplexer for the transmission of up to
seven duplex channels of digital data over optical fibers
G.703 Electrical and functional description for digital lines used by local
telephone companies. Can be transported over balanced and
unbalanced lines
GI General interrogation command
GIS Gas insulated switchgear
GOOSE Generic object oriented substation event
GPS Global positioning system
GSM GPS time synchronization module
HDLC protocol High level data link control, protocol based on the HDLC standard
HFBR connector Plastic fiber connector
type
HMI Human machine interface
HV High voltage
HVDC High voltage direct current
IEC International Electrical Committee
IEC 60044-6 IEC Standard, Instrument transformers ?Part 6: Requirements for
protective current transformers for transient performance
IEC 60870-5-103 Communication standard for protective equipment. A serial
master/slave protocol for point-to-point communication
IEC 61850 Substation Automation communication standard
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IEEE 802.12 A network technology standard that provides 100 Mbits/s on
twisted-pair or optical fiber cable
IEEE P1386.1 PCI Mezzanine card (PMC) standard for local bus modules.
372
Chapter 25 Appendix
373
Chapter 25 Appendix
Process bus Bus or LAN used at the process level, that is, in near proximity to
the measured and/or controlled components
PSM Power supply module
PT ratio Potential transformer or voltage transformer ratio
PUTT Permissive underreach transfer trip
RFPP Resistance for phase-to-phase faults
RFPE Resistance for phase-to-earth faults
RMS value Root mean square value
RS422 A balanced serial interface for the transmission of digital data in
point-to-point connections
RS485 Serial link according to EIA standard RS485
RTC Real time clock
RTU Remote terminal unit
SA Substation Automation
SC Switch or push-button to close
SCS Station control system
SMS Station monitoring system
SNTP Simple network time protocol ?is used to synchronize computer
clocks on local area networks. This reduces the requirement to
have accurate hardware clocks in every embedded system in a
network. Each embedded node can instead synchronize with a
remote clock, providing the required accuracy.
Starpoint Neutral point of transformer or generator
TCP Transmission control protocol. The most common transport layer
protocol used on Ethernet and the Internet.
TCP/IP Transmission control protocol over Internet Protocol. The de facto
standard Ethernet protocols incorporated into 4.2BSD Unix.
TCP/IP was developed by DARPA for internet working
and encompasses both network layer and transport layer
protocols. While TCP and IP specify two protocols at specific
protocol layers, TCP/IP is often used to refer to the entire US
Department of Defense protocol suite based upon these,
including Telnet, FTP, UDP and RDP.
374
Chapter 25 Appendix
5 CT requirement
5.1 Overview
375
Chapter 25 Appendix
Class P CT
Class PR CT
CT with limited remanence factor for which, in some cased, a value of the
secondary loop time constant and/or a limiting value of the winding
resistance may also be specified.
Class PX CT
Class TPS CT
Class TPX CT
Class TPY CT
Class TPZ CT
376
Chapter 25 Appendix
defined)
Abbrev. Description
Esl Rated secondary limiting e.m.f
Eal Rated equivalent limiting secondary e.m.f
Ek Rated knee point e.m.f
Uk Knee point voltage (r.m.s.)
Kalf Accuracy limit factor
Kssc Rated symmetrical short-circuit current factor
K’ssc Effective symmetrical short-circuit current factor
K”ssc based on different Ipcf
Kpcf Protective checking factor
Ks Specified transient factor
Kx Dimensioning factor
Ktd Transient dimensioning factor
Ipn Rated primary current
Isn Rated secondary current
Ipsc Rated primary short-circuit current
Ipcf protective checking current
Isscmax Maximum symmetrical short-circuit current
Rct Secondary winding d.c. resistance at 75 °C /
167 °F (or other specified temperature)
Rb Rated resistive burden
R’b = Rlead + Rrelay = actual connected resistive
burden
Rs Total resistance of the secondary circuit,
inclusive of the secondary winding resistance
corrected to 75℃, unless otherwise specified,
and inclusive of all external burden connected.
Rlead Wire loop resistance
Zbn Rated relay burden
Zb Actual relay burden
Tp Specified primary time constant
Ts Secondary loop time constant
377
Chapter 25 Appendix
For different protections, Ipcf is the selected fault current in proper fault
position of the corresponding fault, which will flow through the verified CT.
Last but not least, Ipcf calculation should be based on the future possible
system power capacity
To reduce the influence of transient state, Kalf, Accuracy limit factor of CT,
should be larger than the following requirement
5.4.2 CT class
The selected CT should guarantee that the error is within the required
accuracy limit at steady symmetric short circuit current. The influence of short
circuit current DC component and remanence should be considered, based
on extent of system transient influence, protection function characteristic,
consequence of transient saturation and actual operating experience. To fulfill
the requirement on a specified time to saturation, the rated equivalent
secondary e.m.f of CTs must higher than the required maximum equivalent
secondary e.m.f that is calculated based on actual application.
378
Chapter 25 Appendix
For TPS class CT, Eal (rated equivalent secondary limiting e.m.f) is generally
determined as follows:
Where
For TPX, TPY and TPZ class CT, Eal (rated equivalent secondary limiting
e.m.f) is generally determined as follows:
Where:
For the CTs applied to 110 - 220kV voltage level transmission line protection,
110 - 220kV voltage level transformer differential protection, 100-200MW
generator-transformer set differential protection, and large capacity motor
379
Chapter 25 Appendix
For P class and PR class CT, Esl (the rated secondary limited e.m.f) is
generally determined as follows:
For the CTs applied to protection for110kV voltage level and below system,
the CT should be selected based on system steady fault state condition. P
class CT is always applied.
The CT accuracy class should guarantee that the protection relay applied is
able to operate correctly even at a very sensitive setting, e.g. for a sensitive
residual overcurrent protection. Generally, the current transformer should
have an accuracy class, which have an current error at rated primary current,
that is less than ±1% (e.g. class 5P).
If current transformers with less accuracy are used it is advisable to check the
actual unwanted residual current during the commissioning.
5.4.4 Ratio of CT
The current transformer ratio is mainly selected based on power system data
like e.g. maximum load. However, it should be verified that the current to the
protection is higher than the minimum operating value for all faults that are to
be detected with the selected CT ratio. The minimum operating current is
different for different functions and settable normally. So each function should
be checked separately.
Too high flux will result in CT saturation. The secondary e.m.f is directly
proportional to linked flux. To feed rated secondary current, CT need to
generate enough secondary e.m.f to feed the secondary burden.
Consequently, Higher secondary burden, need Higher secondary e.m.f, and
then closer to saturation. So the actual secondary burden R’b must be less
than the rated secondary burden Rb of applied CT, presented
Rb > R’b
The CT actual secondary burden R’b consists of wiring loop resistance Rlead
and the actual relay burdens Zb in whole secondary circuit, which is
calculated by following equation
R’b = Rlead + Zb
The rated relay burden, Zbn, is calculated as below:
Where
Sr: the burden of IED current input channel per phase, in VA;
For earth faults, the loop includes both phase and neutral wire, normally twice
the resistance of the single secondary wire. For three-phase faults the neutral
current is zero and it is just necessary to consider the resistance up to the
point where the phase wires are connected to the common neutral wire. The
most common practice is to use four wires secondary cables so it normally is
sufficient to consider just a single secondary wire for the three-phase case.
381
Chapter 25 Appendix
to saturate.
Where:
Where:
382
Chapter 25 Appendix
Where:
Only at special case, e.g. short output feeder of large power plant, the PX
class CT is recommended. Ek should be verified based on below equation.
Where:
It is recommended that the CT of each side could be same class and with
same characteristic to guarantee the protection sensitivity.
For the CTs applied to 330kV voltage level and above step-down transformer,
TPY class CT is preferred for each side.
For the CTs of high voltage side and middle voltage side, Eal should be
verified at external fault C-O-C-O duty cycle.
For the CT of low voltage side in delta connection, Eal should be verified at
external three phase short circuit fault C-O duty cycle.
Where:
For 220kV voltage level and below transformer differential protection, P Class,
PR class and PX class is able to be used. Because the system time constant
is less relatively, and then DC component is less, the probability of CT
saturation due to through fault current at external fault is reduced more and
more.
Where:
383
Chapter 25 Appendix
Where:
Where:
384
Chapter 25 Appendix
Where:
Where:
Only at special case, e.g. short output feeder of large power plant, the PX
class CT is recommended. Ek should be verified based on below equation.
Where
Where:
385
Chapter 25 Appendix
Where:
Where:
Where:
386
Chapter 25 Appendix
Where:
Where:
Where:
Where:
387
Chapter 25 Appendix
Where:
Where:
388