ECE 526 Session 8; Page 1/13

Protection of Power Systems II Spring 2017

ECE 526
Quadrilateral Distance Element Example
The impedances for the system below are given in secondary ohms. The zone 1 reach of the
relay at BUS 1 is set to cover 85% of the line.

BUS 1 BUS 2

ZL ZR
ZS Relay1

VsecLL  120V Note that this is a line to line voltage.

θL1  arg  ZL1 

j  85deg j  85deg
ZL1  6ohm e ZS1  2.5ohm e ZR1  j  3ohm θL1  85 deg

ZL2  ZL1 ZS2  ZS1 ZR2  ZR1

ZL0  3 ZL1 ZS0  3 ZS1 ZR0  3 ZR1

A. With the breaker at Bus 2 open calculate how much fault resistance can be present before the the distance element
is unable to see the a SLG fault on phase A in Zone 1 for faults at the following locations: (a) 10% of the line, (b)
50% of the line and (c) 80% of the line if the relay is
(1) self polarized,
(2) cross polarized (use VB+VC)
(3) positive sequence memory polarized (use the prefault source voltage)
ECE 526 Session 8; Page 2/13
Protection of Power Systems II Spring 2017

Define some useful quantities:

Z1MAG  ZL1 Z1ANG  arg  ZL1  k  0 1  719

MVA  1000kW pu  1

1 1 1 
a  1 e
j  120deg  2 
A012   1 a a 
 2
1 a a 
ZL0  ZL1
k0  k0  0.667
3 ZL1

Sequence impedances to left of fault:

ZLeft1 ( m)  ZS1  m ZL1 ZLeft1 ( 0.5)  ( 0.479  5.479i) Ω

ZLeft2 ( m)  ZS1  m ZL1 ZLeft2 ( 0.5)  ( 0.479  5.479i) Ω

ZLeft0 ( m)  ZS0  m ZL0 ZLeft0 ( 0.5)  ( 1.438  16.437i) Ω

jVsecLL
Vf  Vf  69.282iV
3

Define a vector of Rf values (this is just for illuatration, not the actual solution values)

Rf  0ohm 2.0ohm  10.0ohm

ECE 526 Session 8; Page 3/13
Protection of Power Systems II Spring 2017

Zero sequence fault current as a function of fault resistance (recall that the Rf vector starts at 0)

Vf
I0  m Rf  
ZLeft1 ( m)  ZLeft2 ( m)  ZLeft0 ( m)  3 Rf I1  m Rf   I0  m Rf 

I2  m Rf   I0  m Rf 

V1  m Rf   Vf  I1  m Rf   ZS1

V2  m Rf   0  I2  m Rf   ZS2

V0  m Rf   0  I0  m Rf   ZS0

 I0  m Rf    V0  m Rf  
   
IABC  m Rf   A012   I1  m Rf   VABC  m Rf   A012   V1  m Rf  
 I m R   V m R 
 2 f   2 f 

B. Repeat part A with the breaker at Bus 2 closed. Comment on your results for both part A and part B.
 Update fault calculations:

Sequence impedances to right of fault:

ZR1  3iΩ ZR2  3iΩ ZR0  9iΩ

ZRight1 ( m)  ZR1  ( 1  m)  ZL1 ZRight1 ( 0.5)  ( 0.261  5.989i) Ω

ZRight2 ( m)  ZR1  ( 1  m)  ZL1 ZRight2 ( 0.5)  ( 0.261  5.989i) Ω

ECE 526 Session 8; Page 4/13
Protection of Power Systems II Spring 2017

ZRight0 ( m)  ZR0  ( 1  m)  ZL0 ZRight0 ( 0.5)  ( 0.784  17.966i) Ω

Thevenin equivalent (not counting fault resistance)

1
ZThev1 ( m)   
1 1
  ZThev1 ( .5)  ( 0.19  2.863i) Ω
 ZLeft1 ( m) ZRight1 ( m) 
1
ZThev2 ( m)   
1 1
 
 ZLeft2 ( m) ZRight2 ( m)  ZThev2 ( 0.5)  ( 0.19  2.863i) Ω
1
ZThev0 ( m)   
1 1
  ZThev0 ( 0.5)  ( 0.571  8.588i) Ω
 ZLeft0 ( m) ZRight0 ( m) 
Zero sequence fault current as a function of fault resistance (recall that the Rf vector starts at 0)

Vf
I0F  m Rf  
ZThev1 ( m)  ZThev2 ( m)  ZThev0 ( m)  3 Rf I1F  m Rf   I0F  m Rf 

I2F  m Rf   I0F  m Rf 

Current divider to get the current through the relay

ZRight0 ( m)
I0B  m Rf   I0F  m Rf  
ZLeft0 ( m)  ZRight0 ( m)

ZRight1 ( m)
I1B  m Rf   I1F  m Rf  
ZLeft1 ( m)  ZRight1 ( m)

ZRight2 ( m)
I2B  m Rf   I2F  m Rf  
ZLeft2 ( m)  ZRight2 ( m)
ECE 526 Session 8; Page 5/13
Protection of Power Systems II Spring 2017

V1B  m Rf   Vf  I1B  m Rf   ZS1

V2B  m Rf   0  I2B  m Rf   ZS2

V0B  m Rf   0  I0B  m Rf   ZS0

 I0B  m Rf    V0B  m Rf  

   
IABC_B  m Rf   A012   I1B  m Rf   VABC_B  m Rf   A012   V1B  m Rf  
 I m R   V m R 
 2B  f   2B  f 

Quadrilateral Element

Zone 1 Settings:

XA_Z1  0.65 ZL1 XA_Z1  3.9 Ω Note that Zone 1 is set shorter than the fault at 80%

RA_Z1  8 XA_Z1 RA_Z1  31.2 Ω This ratio assumes a short line.

 Plot the element characteristics for relay A  0 

ZL_zone1   
 0.65 ZL1 

 0.65 ZL1 
Xzone1   
 0.65 ZL1  RA_Z1 
ECE 526 Session 8; Page 6/13
Protection of Power Systems II Spring 2017

 Forward resistive reach

 RA_Z1 
Rzone1   
 0.65 ZL1  RA_Z1 
 So far the characteristics above just you the X=0 as the lower boundary
 There is normally a directional element supervising the element, and this forms the lower boundary
 This is offset from the line impedance by 90 degrees:

θdir  arg  ZL1   90deg θdir  5 deg arg  ZL1   85 deg

 We need to define the boundaries of the triangle (this includes extending the resistive reach line downward)

  RA_Z1 j  θdir 
   cos  θdir  e  R j  θdir 
 A_Z1  cos  θdir  e 
Dirz1    2  Rzone1 
 j  θdir   0.65 Z  R 
 
 RA_Z1  cos  θdir  e
L1 A_Z1

 We also need to extend the resistive reach to the left of the line impedance vector

 RA_Z1    RA_Z1 j  θdir 

0.65 ZL1      cos  θdir  e 
 
Rz1_L  
Xzone1   2  2
 0.65 ZL1  RA_Z1   RA_Z1 
   0.65  Z L1  
 2 
ECE 526 Session 8; Page 7/13
Protection of Power Systems II Spring 2017

Plot of Zone 1 for quadrateral element

6

Im  Z L_zone1  4

Im  Xzone1

Im  Rzone1
2

Im  Dirz1
 10
Im  Rz1_L
0 10 20 30

2

Re  ZL_zone1  Re  Xzone1 Re  Rzone1 Re  Dirz1 Re  Rz1_L

 Calculate Tilt Angle (note that in this case I0 calculated for the relay is equal to the total I0 at the fault so there is no tilt since
there is no remote infeed)

1. Relay A: I0 ( 1.0 0ohm)

A_at_TA  A_at_TA  1
I0 ( 1.0 0ohm)
TA  arg  A_at_TA TA  0 deg
ECE 526 Session 8; Page 8/13
Protection of Power Systems II Spring 2017


 j  T A
Im VABC  m Rf    3 I0  m Rf    e 
XGA  m Rf    0

Im  1e


 j  θL1


 IABC  m Rf   k0   3 I0  m Rf     3 I0  m Rf    e
0 
j  TA



Im VABC  m Rf    1e
 

j  θL1
 
 IABC  m Rf   k0   3 I0  m Rf  

RFA  m Rf  
0 0
3


Im    I2  m Rf   I0  m Rf     1e
j  θL1
 
 IABC  m Rf   k0  3 I0  m Rf  
 
2 0

0.1 ZL1  0.6 Ω 0.5 ZL1  3 Ω 0.8 ZL1  4.8 Ω

XGA  0.1 Rf  RFA  0.1 Rf   XGA  0.5 Rf  RFA  0.5 Rf   XGA  0.8 Rf  RFA  0.8 Rf  
0.6 Ω 0 Ω 3 Ω 0 Ω 4.8 Ω 0 Ω
0.6 2 3 2 4.8 2
0.6 4 3 4 4.8 4
0.6 6 3 6 4.8 6
0.6 8 3 8 4.8 8
0.6 10 3 10 4.8 10

 Add remote infeed

 Calculate Tilt Angle (note that in this case I0 calculated for the relay is equal to the total I0 at the fault

1. Relay A:

I0F ( 1.0 0ohm)

A_at_TB  A_at_TB  3.831 TB  arg  A_at_TB TB  3.696 deg
I0B ( 1.0 0ohm)
ECE 526 Session 8; Page 9/13
Protection of Power Systems II Spring 2017


 j  T B
Im VABC_B  m Rf    3 I0B  m Rf    e 
XGB  m Rf    0


 j  θL1
Im  1e
 

 IABC_B  m Rf   k0   3 I0B  m Rf     3 I0B  m Rf    e
0 
j  TB



Im VABC_B  m Rf    1e


j  θL1

 
 IABC_B  m Rf   k0  3 I0B  m Rf  

RFB  m Rf  
0 0
3


Im    I2B  m Rf   I0B  m Rf     1e
j  θL1
 
 IABC_B  m Rf   k0  3 I0B  m Rf  
 
2 0

XGB  0.1 Rf   RFB  0.1 Rf  

0 Ω
XGB  0.5 Rf   RFB  0.5 Rf   XGB  0.8 Rf   RFB  0.8 Rf  
0.6 Ω 0 Ω
2.74 3 Ω 0 Ω 4.8 Ω
0.692 5.491
5.481 3.1 3.84 4.882
0.784 10.982
8.221 3.201 7.681 4.964
0.876 16.473
10.962 3.301 11.521 5.046
0.969 21.964
13.702 3.401 15.361 5.128
1.061 27.455
3.502 19.202 5.21

ZGB  m Rf   RFB  m Rf   j  XGB  m Rf 

 Now include the effect of the tilt for faults at different points on the line. Note that the characteristic tilts up for faults closer than the
location where the tilt was calaculated. A downward slope is to be avoided.
ECE 526 Session 8; Page 10/13
Protection of Power Systems II Spring 2017

Im  Z L_zone1 

Im  Xzone1
4
Im  Rzone1

Im  Dirz1
2
Im  Rz1_L

Im  Z GB  1 Rf  

Im  Z GB  0.8 Rf  
 10 0 10 20 30
Im  Z GB  0.5 Rf  

Im  Z GB  0.1 Rf  
2

Re  Z L_zone1  Re  Xzone1 Re  Rzone1 Re  Dirz1 Re  Rz1_L Re  Z GB  1 Rf   Re  ZGB  0.8 Rf   Re  ZGB  0.5 Rf   Re  ZGB  0.1 Rf  
ECE 526 Session 8; Page 11/13
Protection of Power Systems II Spring 2017

Quadrilateral Element Calculations

for Non-Homogeneous Systems
 Voltage at the fault point for SLG fault:

VAF = V1f  V2f  V0f = IAF RF = 3 I0F RF

 The voltage at the relay is shifted by the voltage drop across the transmission line
between the fault point and the relay

VARelay = V1R  V2R  V0R  VAF = V1R  V2R  V0R  3 I0F RF

Rewriting this:

VARelay = m ZL1  I1R  m ZL1  I2R  m ZL0  I0R  3 I0F RF

 ZL0 
or VARelay = m ZL1   I1R  I2R   I0R  3 I0F RF
 ZL1 
 ZL0 
VARelay = m ZL1   I1R  I2R  I0R   I0R  I0R  3 I0F RF
 ZL1 
Now take advantage of known definitions:
ZL0  ZL1
VARelay = m ZL1   IAR  3 I0R k0   3 I0F RF where k0 =
3 ZL1

or in terms of ground currents

VARelay = m ZL1   IAR  IG_relay k0   IG_total RF

ECE 526 Session 8; Page 12/13
Protection of Power Systems II Spring 2017

 Challenges
1. We don't know m
2. We don't know IG_total at the local relay
3. Have 2 equations and 3 unknowns
j  θZL1
VARelay = m ZL1  e   IAR  IG_relay k0  IG_total RF

 Multiply this equation by complex conjugate of the relay current rotated by the line angle

 

VAR e
j  θZL1
  IAR  IGR k0 = m ZL1   IAR  IG_relay k0   IG_total RF e
 2 j  θZL1
  IAR  IGR k0 

 Equate the imaginary parts:


   
Im VAR e   IAR  IG_relay k0 = Im IG_total RF e   IAR  IGR k0
j  θZL1 j  θZL1

Note that: IG_total = IG_relay  IG_remote = ( 1  ε)  IG_relay

 This is a phasor sum
 In a homogeneous system,  is real
 Otherwise it is complex
 
    
  IAR  IGR k0 = Im VAR e
   IAR  IG_relay k0 
j  θZL1 j  θZL1
Im ( 1  ε)  IG_relay  RF e


 
Im VAR e   IAR  IG_relay k0
j  θZL1
RF ( 1  ε) = 
 
Im  IG_relay  e   IAR  IGR k0
j  θZL1
ECE 526 Session 8; Page 13/13
Protection of Power Systems II Spring 2017

  varies with respect ZS, ZR and m

 As a result the relay at one end can't measure accurate RF
 The important part is that is causes the reactive reach equation to tilt up or down
 Calculate tilt and add as a correction factor.