FCM II – ASSIGNMENT

Due Date: July 19, 2018

PART I: Define the following terms often used in describing disease occurrence:

1. Sporadic
2. Endemic
3. Hyperendemic
4. Epidemic
5. Outbreak
6. Cluster
7. Pandemic

PART II: Differentiate ‘prevalence’ from ‘incidence.’ Discuss your answer using the
components of their respective mathematical formulae.

PART III:

1. In a study that aims to determine the association between receiving hormone-

replacement therapy (HRT) and development of breast cancer among women in
Santolan, Pasig, 20–50-year-old females with histology-confirmed breast cancer
admitted at Marikina Doctors Hospital from 2008 to 2018 were recruited. At the same
time, 20–50-year-old females admitted at the same hospital for trauma-related issues
during the same time interval were recruited to serve as controls. The data gathered by
the researchers are summarized in the contingency table below:

Breast Cancer
TOTAL
(+) (–)
(+) HRT 175 25 200
(–) HRT 75 225 300
TOTAL 250 250 500

What is the exposure variable? What is the response/outcome variable?

Compute for the measure of association. Show your solution. What conclusion can
you derive from this study based on the measure of association?

2. A cross-sectional study aimed to determine the association between malnutrition and

incomplete immunization among children 1 to 6 years of age in Sampaloc, Manila.
The data gathered by the researchers are summarized in the following contingency
table (next page):
 Malnutrition
TOTAL
(+) (–)
Incomplete
40 30 70
Immunization
Complete
20 110 130
Immunization
TOTAL 60 140 200

What is the exposure variable? What is the response/outcome variable?

Compute for the measure of association. Show your solution. What conclusion can
you derive from this study based on the measure of association?

3. In 2003, a study was conducted wherein investigators enrolled 17,802 subjects who
had no history of heart disease, no elevated cholesterol, but had elevated levels of C-
reactive protein (CRP). The subjects were randomly assigned to receive either
Rosuvastatin (Crestor) 20 mg/day, or a placebo pill. They were then followed over a
course of two years. In this study, the investigators wanted to know if Crestor prevented
the occurrence of major cardiovascular events. The data they gathered are summarized
in the contingency table below:

Major Cardiac Person-years at

Group Subjects
Events risk
Crestor 8,901 142 18,442
Placebo 8,901 251 18,529

What is the exposure variable? What is the response/outcome variable?

Compute for the measure of association. Show your solution. What conclusion can
you derive from this study based on the measure of association?

Compute the relative risk reduction (RRR) and absolute risk reduction (ARR). Show
your solution. In terms of expressing the efficacy of a drug or intervention, what is a
common disadvantage of RRR over ARR?

Compute the number needed to treat (NNT). Show your solution.

4. An observational study that aims to determine if receiving the Hib (H. influenza type b)
vaccine is associated with the development of leukemia among children in Silang,
Cavite was performed during the time period of 2010 to 2015 (a 5-year follow-up
period). The data gathered by the researchers are summarized in the following
contingency table (next page):
 Leukemia
TOTAL
(+) (–)
Received Hib
150 350 500
vaccine
Did not
receive Hib 400 100 500
vaccine
TOTAL 550 450 1000

What is the exposure variable? What is the response/outcome variable?

Compute for the measure of association. Show your solution.

Compute for the measures of impact. Show your solution

What conclusion/s can you derive from this study based on the measures of association
and impact?