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Machine Visi n

Lecture # 2: Introduction cont.

Muhammad Rzi Abbas Department of Mechatronics and Control Engineering


muhammadrziabbas@uet.edu.pk
Lecturer, Mechatronics Dept.
University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore
Machine Vision System
• At early stages of Machine Vision, researchers divided the Machine
Vision problem into a two step problem of ‘Preprocessing’ and
‘Recognition’.
• Preprocessing was referred to as tackling all generalizations
• Recognition was done using Statistical Pattern Recognition
techniques
• Intermediate techniques, such as Hough Transforms, were never
explored.
Machine Vision System
• Let us now generalize things.
• Let us look at computer vision from an aerial view.
• Loss of information in 3D to 2D conversion
Machine Vision System
• Let us now generalize things.
• Let us look at computer vision from an aerial view.
• Interpretation of Images: Past knowledge and context
• Noise
• Too much data
Machine Vision System
• Let us now generalize things.
• Let us look at computer vision from an aerial view.
• Local window vs need for global view: A computer sees everything through a
keyhole. Even humans, sometimes, cannot interpret a scene when seeing it
through a single or multiple keyholes.
Machine Vision System
• Image understanding by a machine can be seen as an attempt to find
relation between input image(s) and previously established models
of the observed world.
• Transition from the input image(s) to the model reduces the
information contained in the image to relevant information for the
application domain.
• This process is divided into several steps shown in the next slide
Machine Vision System
Machine Vision System
• A transition from non-abstract data to highly abstract data can be
seen is the bottom-up flow diagram shown in the previous slide.
• This whole diagram can be sub-categorized into two main portions
• Low-Level Processing: Have little knowledge about the contents of the image.
Deals majorly with image compression, pre-processing methods for noise
filtering, edge extraction, image sharpening etc. At this stage the image is
represented as f(x,y), whose value, at simplest, is usually brightness
depending on two parameters x,y, the coordinates of the location in the
image
Machine Vision System
• A transition from non-abstract data to highly abstract data can be
seen is the bottom-up flow diagram shown in the previous slide.
• This whole diagram can be sub-categorized into two main portions
• High-Level Processing: Based on knowledge, goals and plans of how to
achieve those goals, and artificial intelligence methods. This level tries to
imitate human cognition and ability to make decisions.
Machine Vision System
• Machine Vision Systems are expected to solve complex tasks, the goal
being to obtain similar results to those provided by the biological
systems.
• Consider the following figure in which a particular image
representation is presented.
• Can you recognize
this image?
• Let’s have a look
at a second
image…
Machine Vision System
• So the point is that Humans use a lot of a priori knowledge, while
machines begin only with arrays of numbers.
• Computers are better at processing local parts of the image, while
Humans see an image globally.
• Hence General Knowledge, Domain-specific Knowledge, and
information extracted from the image are essential components for
‘understanding’ arrays of numbers.
Machine Vision System
• Low-Level Processing overlaps completely with what we called Digital
Image Processing.
• Image Segmentation is the next step which sometimes fall into Low-
Level Processing, while at others in High-Level Processing.
• In this step computer tries to separate objects from each other and
background. In most examples total segmentation is not possible, so partial
segmentation is done.
• Object description and classification in a totally segmented image
are also considered as Low-Level Processing step.
Machine Vision System
• High-Level Processing differs from the Low-Level Processing in the
data used.
• LLP use images, arrays of numbers containing brightness values etc.,
while HLP data is the product of the LLP stage.
• High-Level data represent knowledge about the image content, for
example object size, shape, and mutual relationship between objects.
Machine Vision System
• Most Low-Level Image Processing methods were proposed in 1970s
or earlier.
• Recent research is trying to find more efficient and more general
algorithms and trying to implement them on more sophisticated
equipment, in particular, parallel machines.
• An easy sounding yet complex and still unsolved problem is
automating the Low-Level Image Processing!!!
• Human intervention is still needed.
• HLP also gives feedback to LLP but still a void remains.
Machine Vision System
• So much has happened but still the only solution to the ‘Vision
Problem’ is our brain.
Applications
• Industrial Applications
• Safety
• Quality Control
• Control of AGVs
Applications
• Medical Applications
• PET (Positron Emission
Tomography)
• CAT (Computerized Axial
Tomography)
• MRI (Magnetic Resonance
Imaging)
• fMRI (functional Magnetic
Resonance Imaging)
• Environmental Imaging
Applications
• Military Applications
• Detection of soldiers and/or vehicles
• Missile guidance
• Object recognition
• UAVs
• Law Enforcement and Security
• Surveillance
• Biometrics (Fingerprints, Iris scanner, Face recognition etc.)
Applications
• Consumer Electronics
• Digital cameras and camcorders
• Smart Phones, TVs, DVD Players
• The Internet, Particularly World Wide Web
• Uploading visual data
• Tagging
• Searching based on visual information
References
• Image Processing, Analysis and Machine Vision by Milan Sonka,
Vaclav Hlavac and Roger Boyle, 3rd Edition, 2008.
• Chapter 1 (Sections 1.2 and 1.3)
• Machine Vision by David Vernon, Published in 1991
• Chapter 1 (Section 1.1)
• Computer and Machine Vision – Theory, Algorithms, Practicalities by
E.R.Davies, 4th Edition ELSEVIER, 2012
• Chapter 1 (Sections 1.1, 1.2.1 and 1.2.2)

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