Reishi atau Ling Zhi (Ganoderma lucidum) Page 1 of 28

Halaman 1

Reishi atau Ling Zhi ( Ganoderma lucidum )

Solomon P. Wasser
Institut Evolusi, Universitas Haifa, Gunung Carmel, Haifa, Israel

PENGANTAR dan belalang (Quercus, Acer, Alnus, Bet

Coryolus, Fagus, Fraxinus, Populus, Pyr
Ganoderma lucidum (jamur reishi, Ling Zhi) telah Tilia).
Sebagai spesies yang penting secara ekonomi, khususnya pohon ous (misalnya,
G. lucidum Larix,
kurang sering Picea, Pinus
ditemukan pad
di negara-negara Timur Jauh (China, Jepang, Korea, dll), dan Amerika Utara dan Selatan (di daera
selama lebih dari 4000 tahun Hal ini banyak ditanam pada komersial
dibanding daerah subtropis).
skala dan umumnya dibeli untuk obat dan Berminyak
Di Timur, iaditumbuh
pohon prem.
pri-
sifat spiritual. umumnya
Hal ini jugadiditemukan
dekat permukaan tanah, dan
pada tunggul,
tanah yang timbul dari akar terkubur.

NAMA DAN GAMBARAN UMUM Sifat dpt dimakan

Dalam bahasa Latin, lucidum berarti berkilau atau cemerlangJamurnya

dan tepatterlalu sulit untuk dimakan.
menggambarkan tubuh berbuah jamur ini, yang memiliki
model, pahatan, penampilan dipernis. Chi- TERKAIT DENGAN
Mereka dan orang Korea tahu itu Ling Zhi (jamur dari PENANAMAN
SENI DAN SENI
ramuan dan keabadian), sedangkan orang Jepang menyebut ini
jamur reishi atau mannentake (10.000 tahun bubur- Ling Zhi mencakup beberapa spesies Ga
kamar). Kebajikan ekstrak G. lucidum, diserahkan yang banyak digunakan untuk tujuan pen
turun dari generasi ke generasi, memasukkannya sebagai a G. lucidum, G. luteum Steyaert, G. atrum
'' obat kanker '' dan simbol augury yang enak, bagus dan Zhang, G. tsugae Murrill, G. applana
keberuntungan, kesehatan yang baik, umur panjang, dan bahkan keabadian.
Wallr.) Pat, G. australe (P.) Pat, G. capen
Dimulai dengan Dinasti Yuan (1280-1368 M ), Teng, G. tropicum (Jungh.) Bres., G. ten

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Reishi atau Ling Zhi (Ganoderma lucidum) Page 2 of 28

G. lucidum telah tanpa henti terwakili dalam art-in dan Zhang, dan G. sinense Zhao, Xu dan
lukisan, ukiran tanduk giok dan tanduk rusa, furnitur Menurut dua pabrik obat China ternama
dan desain karpet, langkan, perhiasan, rambut wanita buku, Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing (25-220
sisir, botol parfum-singkatnya, dimanapun artistik Dinasti Han) dan Ben Cao Gang Mil ole
M , Timur
desakan menemukan jalan keluar. Penyebutan Ling Zhi yang(1590
paling awal
M , Dinasti Ming),
berada di era kaisar pertama China, Shing- varietas yang Ling
dikenal
enam spesies Zhidi/ China saat itu.
huang dari Dinasti Ch'in (221-207 SM ). Subse- luas, lebih dari 250 spesies Ganoderma t
Dunia-
Beberapa saat, penggambaran jamur ini berkembang biak dijelaskan. [2,3] Namun, dalam
Sastra dan seni Cina Jamurnya sudah diketahui kutipan literatur, Ganoderma
praktik terapeutik dan biasanya m
oleh banyak orang di Amerika Utara dan Eropa sebagai salahspesies
satu G. lucidum.
Jamur '' kicauan artis '(the true artist conk adalah Selain berharga karena nilai obatnya d
Ganoderma applanatum). Cina lebih dari 1000yr, tidak adanya ket
Penjelasan rinci tentang jamur reishi dan G. lucidum juga bertanggung jawab atas
taksonominya dapat ditemukan di Ref. [3,10] (Gambar 1). sangat dihargai dan mahal.
Kali
Selamadi China,
kuno siapa saja yang memilih ja
Habitat dari lingkungan alam dan mempresentas
Pejabat tinggi biasanya dihargai dengan
Jamur tahunan ini tumbuh pada berbagai macam Pada awal 1950-an, itu dipresentasikan k
Bahkan
pohon mati atau sekarat, misalnya pohon gugur terutama di Daratan China dan Taiwan, menyusul
oak, maple, elm, willow, permen manis, magnolia, penemuan sional di alam bebas.
tumbuh
Dulu, G.dalam jumlah kecil hanya di alam
lucidum
sangat mahalitu, itu
Oleh karena
Budidaya tiruan jamur berharga ini
Solomon P. Wasser berada di Institut Evolusi, Universitas Indonesia
Haifa, Gunung Carmel, Haifa, Israel. berhasil diraih pada awal tahun 1970an,
Ensiklopedia Suplemen Diet DOI: 10.1081 / E-EDS-120022119
Copyright © 2005 oleh Marcel Dekker. Seluruh hak cipta.

Halaman 2

604 Reishi atau Ling Zhi

neurasthenia, insomnia, bronkitis, asma, dan

bisul [6,8-11] Di China, G. lucidum
untuk lebih dari 4000yr sebagai tonik yang
telah dihargai
[6]
Menurut Hikino, [12] 'obat
di Timuryang
mujarab '' adalah ginseng
paling (Paxax ginseng C
penting
dan badan buah G. lucidum.
Daya tarik dengan Ganoderma dimulai d
dari ling chih, kemudian transliterasi ke reis
Jamur pertama kali muncul dalam literatur C
Dinasti Han (206 SM -220 M ).
pertumbuhan
Kaisar Wu jamur yang terkait di ruang da
dari Istana Kekaisaran dengan tanaman amo
dikenal hanya sebagai tanaman chih atau jam
[1]
Dinasti Dinasti Han, Pan Ku, menulis sebua

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Reishi atau Ling Zhi (Ganoderma lucidum) Page 3 of 28

antara
menggunakan
Jelas berasal jamur dari
chih
istilah
asliling
dan chih.
legenda G. lucidum
misterius sebelum
[1] Namun, asosiasi
jamur chih atau tanaman chih keabadian yan
India.
Jamur
Memang, ini ditemukan
versi legenda kemudian, hampir iden
India tentang
bentuk dalam literatur Tionghoa, mengacu p
akan menjadi ling chih (reishi), sedangkan i
Tanaman chih sejati atau jamur keabadian t
perselisihan. [1] Selain sifat
telah
obatnya, digunakan
reishi di Timur sebagai jimat untu
orang atau rumah melawan kejahatan
[6]
Penggunaan obat-obatan G. lucidum di T
negara termasuk pengobatan neurasthenia,
Kelemahan dari penyakit berkepanjangan, i
pusing, hepatitis kronis, hiperkolesterolemia
keracunan jamur (antidote), jantung korone
penyakit, hipertensi, pencegahan penyakit k
Gambar 1 Ganoderma lucidum: (a) tubuh buah, (b) spora. pengobatan '' kekurangan kelelahan, '' karsin
batuk bronkial pada orang tua.
[3,6,7,9-11]
Penelitian selama dekade terakhir telah berf
1980, produksi G. lucidum telah berkembang Penggunaan yang sama, entah di bidang ant
cepat, terutama di China. Proses produ- perpanjangan, cedera iskemia otak / reperfu
cing G. tubuh buah lucidum adalah sama seperti untuk hepatitis virus kronis, disfungsi seksual pria
hiperkolesterolemia, fungsi imunologi di
jamur budidaya lainnya yang bisa dibudidayakan dan bisa dibagi
menjadi dua tahap utama. Yang pertama melibatkan prepara-Lansia, toksisitas akibat kemoterapi, narkot
budaya hasil panen, budaya stok, ibu diinduksi imunosupresi, antikarsinogenik da
aktivitas antitumor, dan imunostimulasi.
bertelur, dan menanam bibit, sementara yang kedua mengandung
[6,8,13-18,55]
persiapan pertumbuhan substrat untuk jamur Berbagai jenis G. lucidum, menurut adat
penanaman. Saat ini, metode yang paling banyak Pengobatan Cina (TCM), memiliki selera ya
Diadopsi untuk produksi komersial adalah kayu Dengan demikian mempengaruhi organ yan
log, segmen kayu pendek, tunggul pohon, tas serbuk gergaji,Berbagai
Berdasarkan
[19]
jeniswarnanya,
G. lucidum telah diklasifikas
enam
dan prosedur botol (untuk rincian budidaya, lihat masing dengan kegunaan yang berbeda (Ta
Ref. [4,5] ).
Komponen Nutrisi Umum
Ganoderma lucidum
SEJARAH DAN PENGGUNAAN TRADISIONAL
G. lucidum mengandung protein, lemak, ka
G. lucidum telah digunakan dalam pengobatan tradisional China
dan serat.
dan Jepang, terutama dalam pengobatan hepatopati, isi komponen
Varietas yang gizi dibandingkan
diolah dengan
secara artifisial serupa

Halaman 3

Reishi atau Ling Zhi (Ganoderma lucidum)

Tabel 1 Enam jenis reishi

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Reishi atau Ling Zhi (Ganoderma lucidum) Page 4 of 28

Warna Rasa Nama jepang Menggunakan

Biru Asam Aoshiba Meningkatkan penglihatan dan fungsi ha
Merah a Pahit Akashiba menenangkan
Membantu saraf
organ internal;
Kuning Manis Kishiba meningkatkan memori;
Memperkuat fungsi limpa;
putih Panas (atau menyengat)Shiroshiba meningkatkan
Meningkatkan ''vitalitas
menenangkan roh '' (shen)
fungsi paru;
Hitam Asin Kuroshiba Memberi keberanian
Melindungi ginjal dan kemauan yang
Ungu Manis Murasakishiba Meningkatkan fungsi telinga, sendi, otot;
Varietas berwarna merah G. lucidum umumnya dianggap paling ampuh dan obat. [19] membantu kulit

jenis liar, dan ekstraksi meningkat secara signifikan spora juga mengandung lactones triterpe
jumlah protein kasar dan karbohidrat mentega
[21] triterpenoid telah dibagi menjad
dan docu-
dan menghapus serat kasar. Mizuno [20] melaporkan berdasarkan kesamaan struktural dan bio
komposisi ekstrak G. lucidum (% berat kering), sifat logis dan obat (Gambar 2).
yang terdiri dari bahan folin-positif (68,9%),
glukosa (11,1%), protein (7,3%), dan logam (10,2%)
(K, Mg, dan Ca adalah komponen utama dengan Ge CARBOHYDRATES
memiliki konsentrasi logam tertinggi ke 5 di
489 mg / g). Hasil ini umumnya sesuai dengan itu Polisakarida
dilaporkan oleh penulis lain. [4,5,10] Namun, ada
kualitatif dan kuantitatif perbedaan dalam kimia Lebih dari 100 jenis polisakarida
komposisi produk G. lucidum tergantung pada Terisolasi dari tubuh buah, spora, dan m
regangan, asal, proses ekstraksi, dan kultivasi atau dipisahkan dari kaldu cairan yang te
kondisi. [3,5,10,11,20] budaya G. lucidum.
mulai
Sebagian daribesar
4 Â 10 5 sampai
memiliki 1 molekul
berat
struktur.
 10 6 di primer
Konstituen Utama Bioaktif Senyawa
Mereka terdiri farmakologis
dari salahG.satu
lucidum
sumberaktif.
uta
G. poliakarida lucidum seperti b-
Lebih dari 300 laporan telah dipublikasikan heteropolysaccharides,
D- glukan, dan glikoprotein
unsur kimia G. lucidum dan yang terkait terisolasi dan ditandai dan dianggap seba
jenis. Tubuh buah, miselia, dan spora G. kontributor utama bioaktivitas jamur.
lucidum mengandung sekitar 400 bioaktif berbeda b- D- glukan terdiri dari
senyawa, yang terutama meliputi triterpenoid, poli- terkait kelompok linier
tulang punggung D- b-
sakarida, nukleotida, sterol, steroid, asam lemak, bercabang
glukopiranosil
(1! 3) - dari dengan
posisi C6.
protein / peptida, dan elemen jejak. [11,16,20,21,55] larut
derajat
Sebagai dalam
yang air b- D- glukan,
tambahannya
bervariasi
rantai
b- D- glukanheteropolysaccharide
juga ada xilosa, mann
tose, asam uronat, dan
SENYAWA TERPENOID yang
protein hadir
b- Dpada 10-50% pada kering G.
-glukan-protein
[16,24-26]
Beberapa polisakarida terikat protein dan
Triterpen mengandung glikoprotein dengan bioakt
terpencil. [18,27,28]
Setidaknya 140 triterpen berbeda telah diidentifikasi
G. lucidum [3,6,10,11,20,21] Mayoritas adalah rasa pahit
dan sebagian besar terjadi sebagai asam ganoderic. [21] SebuahPROTEIN
triterpe baru-
noid, bernama ganosporeric acid A, baru-baru ini terisolasi
dari pecahan spora eter yang dapat larut. [22] Min Beberapa protein dengan bioaktivitas jug
et al. [23] melaporkan isolasi enam lanostane baru- dari G. lucidum
jenis triterpen, dan juga dari spora (ganoderic dari
LZ-8G.adalah
lucidum,
salahyang
satuditunjukkan,
protein yangdeng
diiso
asam g, d, e, z, Z, dan y). Studi pendahuluan menunjukkan mati, serupa dengan daerah variabel imm

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Reishi atau Ling Zhi (Ganoderma lucidum) Page 5 of 28

bahwa spora mengandung kandungan yang jauh lebih tinggiglobulin rantai berat berurutan dan dipre
asam ganoderik dibanding bagian lain dari jamur dan struktur sekunder
Komposisi triterpen tubuh buah bervariasi menyerupai lektin,utama
Aktivitas biologis dengan kapasitas mit
LZ-8
menurut daerah di mana ia tumbuh. [22] sel limpa tikus dan limfosit perifer manu

Halaman 4

606 Reishi atau Ling Zhi

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Reishi atau Ling Zhi (Ganoderma lucidum)
Gambar 2 Triterpenoid lanostane dari Ganoderma lucidum.
kesamaan struktural
Triterpenoid ini dibagi menjadi sepuluh kelompok berdasarkan
dan aglutinasi sel darah merah domba secara in vitro.
Tidak ada yang terhambat oleh gula mono- atau dimer
diperiksa, menunjukkan bahwa LZ-8 bukan lectin per se.
Itu tidak agglutinate sel darah merah manusia tapi bisa
Halaman 5
Reishi atau Ling Zhi (Ganoderma lucidum)
SENYAWA NITROGENOUS
Nukleotida dan Nukleosida
Nukleosida meliputi adenosin dan 5-deoksi-5 0 metil-
sulfinylad-nosine [20]
KONSTITUENSI LAINNYA
Reishi juga mengandung sterol, asam amino, larut
protein, asam oleat, siklo-oktulfur, ergosterol
peroksida (5,8-epidioxy-ergosta-6,22E-dien-3-ol), dan
cerebrosida (4E 0, 8E) -N- D0-hydroxystearoyl-1-O-
-2
b- D -glukopiranosil-9-metil-4-8-sphingadienin, dan
(4E, 8E) -N- D 0-2
-hydroxypamitoyl-1-Ob- D -glucopyra-
nosil-9-metil-4-8-sphingadienine. [3,11,17,18,20]
Mengenai ion anorganik, jamur con-
bermuara Mg, Ca, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, dan Ge. Spora
mereka sendiri mengandung kolin, betaine, tetracosanoic acid,
asam stearat, asam palmitat, ergosta-7, 22-dien-3-ol,
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Page 6 of 28
berfungsi sebagai penekan ampuh serum bo
anafilaksis yang diinduksi oleh albumin pad
Tampaknya terkait dengan protein leluhur
superfamili imunoglobulin. [29]
Asam ganoderik T-Z diisolasi dari G. luc
Aktivitas sitotoksik in vitro pada sel hep
lanostanoid,
[31] A 3b-hidroksil-26-okso-5a-lan
11-satu, dan steroid, ergosta-7,22-diena-
triol, diisolasi dari tubuh buah G. lucidum
menunjukkan efek penghambatan potens
dan sel PLC / PRF / 5 manusia secara in
[32]
Polisakarida-dimediasi
Fungsi kekebalan tubuh dianggap sebaga
isme tindakan antitumor oleh G. lucidum
beberapa polisakarida, b- D
Diantara
bertanggung
-glosa aktif jawab atas efek antitumor.
[3,10,11,13,20,28,30]
Polisakarida ini tampaknya bertindak de
permukaan leukosit atau protein spesifik
untuk aktivasi makrofag, T-helper, natur
(NK) dan sel efektor lainnya.
[33-35]
meningkatkan produksi sitokin seperti tu
Faktor nekrosis (TNF-a) interleukin (IL)
feron (IFN), oksida nitrat (NO), dan anti
Reishi atau Ling Zhi (Ganoderma lucidum) Page 7 of 28

asam nonadecanoic,
acontane, ergosterol,asam behenic, tetracosane,
dan b-sitosterol. Salah satuhentri- Model
sel efektor
hewan yangdapat
teraktivasi.
dianggap berasal da
aliran
Regresi darah
tumor tumor
padadan nekrosis
berbagai yang dis
macam
Lipid yang diisolasi dari G. lucidum bersifat pirofosfatid TNF lokal-produksi.
AC id. [13,17,20] Selain potensi pertahanan host, lainny
Mekanisme juga terlibat dalam efek anti
APLIKASI TERAPEUTIK Senyawa dari G. lucidum menekan pertu
sel leukemia K562 dalam dosis dan wak
Studi praklinis dan klinis cara dan menginduksi diferensiasi merek
Sel eritrositik dewasa. [36]
G. lucidum telah dilaporkan memiliki sejumlah dari
Media PS-merangsang
terkondisi sel mononuklear da
Efek farmakologis termasuk imunomodulasi, (PSG-MNC-CM) secara signifikan meng
antiatherosclerotic, anti-inflamasi, analgesik, dari sel U937 dan menginduksi diferensi
kemopreventif, antitumor, radioprotektif, tidur- monosit matang / makrofag, yang memil
mempromosikan, antibakteri, antivirus (termasuk anti-HIV),fagositosis dan sitoplasma produksi supe
hipolipidemia, antifibrotik, hepatoprotektif, diabetes, oksida. [37] Penghambatan
antioksidan dan radikal-pemulungan, anti penuaan, hipo- modifikasi
DNA polimerase lasionaldanonkoprotein dapat be
glikemik, dan anti-ulkus. [3,6,9-11,16,25,30,55] ke aktivitas
posttrans- antitumor reishi.
Reishi kini telah dikenal sebagai alternatif germanium
[38] Organik juga dapat menyebabkan ant
adjuvant dalam pengobatan leukemia, karsinoma, aktivitas. [39] Mekanisme pencegahan tum

hepatitis, dan diabetes. [9-11,14-18,25,30,55] Stu- dan efek antitumor G. lucidum ditunjukk
mati, sampai saat ini, tidak memiliki kontrol yang diperlukan untuk Dalam studi klinis,
membuat scien-produk G. lucidum
Penilaian spesifik khasiatnya dalam aplikasi tertentu, a banyak digunakan sebagai agen tunggal
obat
situasi diharapkan bisa berubah seiring dengan meningkatnya minat herbal atau obat kemoterapi lainnya
dari komunitas ilmiah Barat. Itu hanya bertahun-tahun, terutama di negara-nega
sejak dekade terakhir ini uji klinis yang di gunakan acak, plasebo-dikontrol dan multicancer
Namun,
Persiapan G. lucidum digunakan untuk mengobati kanker dan Penelitian cal yang menggunakan reishi
Penyakit lain telah dilaporkan terjadi di dunia internasional
jurnal peer-review.
Ganoderma lucidum
sebagai Agen Tunggal
PENGARUH ANTITUMOR Dalam studi klinis terkontrol plasebo sec
143 pasien dengan pengobatan lanjutan s
Polisakarida (b- D- glukan, heteropolysakarida, Kanker diberi oral G. lucidum polisakari
dan glikoprotein) yang diisolasi dari G. lucidum demon- ekstrak (Ganopoly) sebesar 1800mg tiga
aktivitas antitumor strate terhadap sarkoma 180 di 12 minggu. [16] Dua puluh
tujuh pasien tidak dapat
dinilai

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608 Reishi atau Ling Zhi

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Gambar 3 Mekanisme efek pencegahan kanker dan antitumor G. lucidum.

beroperasi
Konstituenmelalui beberapa
aktif dari mekanisme
G. lucidum mungkintermasuk peningkatan detoksifikasi karsinogen (garis 1), pening
aktivitas enzim Tahap II (jalur 2), penghambatan paparan organ karsinogen karena berkurangnya penyer
(garis 3), penurunan ekspresi dan aktivitas enzim Tahap I (misalnya CYPs) (garis 4), penurunan pemben
formasi adduct dengan makromolekul (baris 5), respon imun host yang lebih baik (misalnya aktivasi ma
dan pembunuh alami yang memproduksi berbagai sitokin seperti TNF-a, IFNs, dan ILs, yang memperba
neoplastik dan sel kanker) (garis 6), efek antioksidan dan radikal pemulung (garis 7), efek antipromotion
antiproliferasi (jalur 9), induksi apoptosis sel tumor (jalur 10), induksi diferensiasi (garis 11), sitotoksisi
induksi penangkapan sel-siklus, antiproliferasi dan modulasi molekul transduksi pensinyalan (garis 12),
dan penghambatan pertumbuhan tumor (garis 13), antimetastasis (garis 14), dan anti angiogenesis (garis
[16]

untuk respon dan toksisitas, karena mereka hilang dari 143 kasus (26,6%) memiliki penyakit s
tindak lanjut atau menolak terapi lebih lanjut sebelum atau lebih (kisaran: 12-50 minggu).
12weeks pengobatan. Dari 100 yang bisa dinilai sepenuhnyaPerubahan dalamsignifikan
Tidak ada yang Penilaian Fungsional Kan
pasien, 46 (32,2%) mengalami penyakit progresif sebelum atau
Skor Terapi-Umum (FAKTA-G) di 85 dapa
pada titik evaluasi 6 minggu (kisaran: 5 hari-6 minggu). pasien.
Enam belas subyek (11,2%) mengembangkan pendekatangejala,
progresif
Namun, seperti
dis-paliatif
efek berkeringat
terkaitdan insomnia, tel
kanker
mudah antara 6 dan 12 minggu terapi. Tidak objektif diamati dalam banyak mata pelajaran.
(parsial atau lengkap) yang diamati, namun 38 penyakit, nilaidengan
Di kelompok FACT-G meningkat pada 23
stabil

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Halaman 7

Reishi atau Ling Zhi (Ganoderma lucidum)

kelompok, perubahan median dari skor awal G. lucidum, tapi konstituen lainnya, sepe
skor 6- dan 12 minggu adalah þ7.6 dan þ10.3, keduanya juga memainkan peran (Gambar 4).
signifikan secara statistik (P <0,05). Untuk 38 pasien laporan telahbaru-baru
[20] Beberapa menemukanini bahwa G. luci
dengan SD, median berubah dari skor awal mengandung
diterbitkan campuran herbal (PC-SPES
adalah 28,1 Æ 10.2weeks. Antigen spesifik prostat aktivitas (misalnya perubahan biomarker
(PSA) pada lima pasien kanker prostat tersebut efek menguntungkan (misalnya, efek pal
berkurang secara signifikan (P <0,05) selama SD. Ganopolypasien) meskipun menunjukkan tanggap
ditoleransi dengan baik dengan lima efek samping moderat tidak diamati [16,47]
tercatat. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa Ganopoly mungkin memiliki
peran tambahan dalam perawatan pasien dengan
kanker lanjut meski respon objektifnya adalah EFEK CHEMO- DAN
tidak diamati dalam penelitian ini. RADIOPREVENTIF
Efek kemo dan radiopreventif G. lucidum
dapat berakibat dari pengaruhnya terhad
Ganoderma lucidum - Mengandung Ganoderma polisakarida mengembalikan
Campuran Herbal: PC-SPES produksi terhambat oleh siklofosfamid s
tingkat pada tikus.
PC-SPES telah digunakan sebagai alternatif dalam treat- (protein-bound
Baik ekstrak G.b-glucan
lucidum yang diisolasi
maupun krestind
kanker prostat. [47] Beberapa uji klinis versicolor) secara menguntungkan efekti
telah dilengkapi dengan pasien yang memiliki pro- imunokompetensi seluler, diukur dengan
kanker tate [48,49] Small et al. [49] memasukkan 70 subjek Penggabungan timidin dengan sel spleni
H]
dengan androgen-dependent (n ¼ 33) dan androgen- melalui mitogenes, seperti phytohemagg
independen (n ¼ 37) penyakit, yang bersifat refrakter (PHA) dan concanavalin A. Ekstrak (400
untuk operasi, radioterapi, dan terapi hormon. Memperlakukan- kg berat badan) nampak lebih efektif dib
PC-SPES dengan dosis 3 kapsul (320mg / (500 mg / hari / kg berat badan) dalam m
kapsul) secara oral menghasilkan penurunan 80% tingkat PSA sel subset T dalam limpa tikus yang dibe
di semua 32 pasien dengan kanker androgen-dependent, berat timus relatif dan CD4 dan CD8 spl
sementara itu tidak terdeteksi pada 26 pasien (81%). Itu Cytes lebih tinggi pada tikus yang diberi
Durasi rata-rata respons PSA adalah 57 minggu. Di dibandingkan dengan tikus yang diobati
[16]
35 pasien dengan kanker androgen-independen, 19 Pada tikus yang bergantung morfin, p
(54%) mengalami penurunan PSA sebesar 50% dengan median peptida
dura-dari G. lucidum bisa mengembal
respon PSA 18 minggu. Studi oleh Pfeifer Parameter nologis tertekan oleh pengoba
et al., [48] yang mencakup hanya 16 pasien dengan andro- ke tingkat normal atau bahkan di luar.
penyakit gen-independen hanya untuk follow-up 20 minggu,[40] Ekspresi mRNA
Baik c-myb danc-myc pada splenocytes
menunjukkan peningkatan kualitas hidup untuk Tikus yang diobati dengan morfin meng
pasien. PC-SPES pada umumnya dapat ditolerir dengan baikdan peptida polisakarida dapat mengindu
pasien kanker prostat, tapi mereka menunjukkan dosis- Ekspresi gen ini menunjukkan bahwa ya
tergantung toksisitas yang serupa dengan dietilstilboes- G. lucidum bisa menjadi aplikasi potensi
trol [49] Efek sampingnya meliputi berkurangnya libido, hot flashes,
Mengobati penyalahgunaan imunodefisi
diare, dispepsia, kram kaki, nyeri tekan puting susu, dan

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Reishi atau Ling Zhi (Ganoderma lucidum) Page 10 of 28

ginekomastia [48,49] Lebih mengancam nyawa

Kejadian emboli paru pada 4-5% pasien dan
Trombosis vena dalam 2% pasien. Secara keseluruhan,
Respons klinis terhadap PC-SPES sangat baik
Terapi hormon lini kedua dengan agen, seperti
estrogen dan ketokonazol. [50] Namun, pasti begitu
mencatat bahwa pemalsuan produk PC-SPES miliki
menjadi masalah serius Rincian lebih lanjut mungkin
diperoleh di situs Pusat Nasional NIH
untuk Pengobatan Komplementer dan Alternatif di PT
http://nccam.nih.gov/health/alerts/spes/.
Singkatnya, penelitian hewan telah menunjukkan
aktivitas antitumor G. lucidum diberikan
dengan rute yang berbeda pada berbagai tahap tumor
pertumbuhan. [3,10,16,20]
Polisakarida dan triterpenoid
KEGIATAN ENZYME-
INHIBITING
Triterpenoid G. lucidum telah dilaporkan
Mengerahkan berbagai aktivitas pengham
dari farnesyl protein transferase (FTP) te
Inhibitor
menunjukkan untuk menghambat sel Ra
mation dan dengan demikian mewakili p
strategi untuk pengobatan kanker manus
asam derik A dan C diidentifikasi sebaga
Gano-
dari FTP [41] Ergosterol
ergosta-6,22E-dien-3b-ol,
peroksida, 5,8-epidioxy-5a,dari G. lucidu
dilaporkan
8b- secara selektif meningkatkan
asam linoleat pada DNA polimerase-b, n
sejenis enzim.
Ergosterol peroksida itu sendiri

Halaman 8

610 Reishi atau Ling Zhi

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Gambar 4 Kemungkinan target molekul G. lucidum. G. konstituen lucidum (misalnya, b- D-

c-myc, protein
glukan dan CREB dandimodulasi
triterpenoid) protein kinase
Ras /mitogen
Erk, yang diaktifkan, yang dapat memberikan penjelasan u
efek antikanker G. lucidum. [16]

DNA poliester yang tidak efektif tapi benar-benar tersumbat.KEGIATAN MITOGENIK

merase-b dengan adanya asam linoleat. [38] Inhibitor
dari fosfolipase A 2 (PLA 2 ) dapat dikembangkan sebagai poten-
Ekstrak dari G. lucidum (misalnya, polisaka
Obat antiinflamasi untuk pengobatan tions, ekstrak metanol, dan LZ-8) memiliki
rematik arthritis, asma, dan psoriasis. Ganoderik efek pada splenosit mouse dan perangkat m
Asam T ditemukan untuk menghambat PLA 2 yang disekresikansel mononuklear darah (PBMCs) di hadapan
pankreas babi, cairan sinovial manusia, dan racun lebah, berbagai imunostimulan atau imunosupresif
namun tidak ada efek seperti itu yang diamati dengan asam ganoderic
agen (misalnya, PHA dan 12-O-tetradecano
AA, O, R, S, T-OH, dan T-OH-H 2 . [16] asetat). [42,43] Pengobatan PBMC
sporin
denganAsiklo-
(CsA) menyebabkan penyumbatan
Fraksi metanol dari G. lucidum pulih
IMMUNOMODULATING EFEK inhibisi proliferasi sel CsA,
yang mungkin karena penghambatan protei
Efek imunomodulasi G. lucidum adalah jalur sinyal kinase C dan akselerasi CsA
ditunjukkan pada Gambar 5. jalur sinyal

Halaman 9

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Gambar 5 Efek imunisasi modulasi G. lucidum.

G. lucidum
Efek meliputi mitogenecity
imunomodulasi danberasal
utama zat aktif aktivasi sel efektor imun seperti limfosit T, makrofag, dan sel
yang mengarah pada produksi sitokin termasuk ILs, TNF-a, dan IFNs.
dari
Efeklimfosit
lainnya,B,seperti
dan sistem komplemen
penghambatan sel juga
mast,telah dilaporkan.
aktivasi [15]

EFEK PADA IMUNIS Sel T

SEL EFFECTOR
Ekstrak dari G. lucidum adalah aktivator
Splenocytes Sel T, menginduksi produksi sejumlah si
kines, khususnya IL-2.
Studi in vitro dan in vivo pada tikus menunjukkan bahwa G.Sel
luci-
Dalam T) secara
PBMCinmanusia
vitro, ekstrak air kasar G
(utamanya
Ekstrak air dum merangsang produksi IL-2 dengan menginduksi ekspresi sitokin termasuk
splenosit dengan adanya hidrokortison. [3,7,10,11] IL-10 dan TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-6, dan IL-2.
[43] Minyak mentah

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Reishi atau Ling Zhi (Ganoderma lucidum) Page 13 of 28

Halaman 10

612 Reishi or Ling Zhi (G

Tubuh mempotensiasi pelepasan IFN-g dari manusia induktif ke HL-60 dan sel-sel leukemia U93
[37]
Sel T [37] Fraksi polisakarida (GL-B) dipromosikan IFN-g dan TNF-a dilepaskan dari tindakan m
produksi IL-2 dengan cara yang tergantung dosis secara sinergis menghambat pertumbuhan s
dan secara nyata meningkatkan sitotoksisitas sitotoksik seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh studi antibodi
Limfosit T, yang meningkat 100% pada a GLB7, polisakarida G. lucidum, menurun
konsentrasi 200 mg / ml GL-B juga mengembalikan produksi radikal bebas oksigen dan antagon
Respon limfosit campuran terhadap alloantigen, otomatis Semburan pernapasan yang diinduksi oleh P
proliferasi, dan produksi spenosit IL-2 di makrofag peritoneum.
tikus tua menurun dibandingkan dengan yang di usia muda bahwa
PengamatanGLB7-menurunkan
ini menyarankan produksi bebas o
tikus dewasa in vitro Radikal pada makrofag peritoneum murine
LZ-8 juga merupakan aktivator sel T yang potensial yangPeran
menengahi
penting dalam efek anti penuaan G. lu
efek melalui regulasi sitokin ekspresi integrin. polisakarida. [45]
Stimulasi limfosit darah perifer manusia Ganoderan (GAN), seorang b-
dengan LZ-8 menghasilkan produksi IL-2 dan a G. D-lucidum,
glukan terisolasi
meningkatkan
dari produksi NO di
Upregulasi reseptor reseptor IL-2 yang sesuai- Makrofag RAW 264.7 [45]
sion. [44] Selain proliferasi sel T, mikroskopis menghasilkan
Kemampuan GAN NO didasarkan
untuk pada perbeda
pemeriksaan LZ-8-stimulated peripheral blood lym- komposisi GAN yang didapat dari miselium
phocytes mengungkapkan bahwa LZ-8 menginduksi agregatpada seluler
berbagai sumber karbon dan fraksinas
pembentukan. Formasi ini berkorelasi dengan dramatis Produksi NO tertinggi diamati pada poli-
naiknya ekspresi ICAM-1 dan peningkatan produksi- sakarida, yang diekstraksi dari dinding mise
molekul IFN-g, TNF-a, dan IL-1b Sebagian pengangkatan protein di GAN eks
dengan regulasi ekspresi ICAM-1. Baik aggre- dengan perawatan TCA memang menguran
pembentukan gerbang dan efek proliferatif LZ-8 untuk mengeluarkan NO.
diblokir oleh penambahan monoklonal anti- RAW 264.7selgaris
Proliferasi sel terhambat dibandingk
GAN-diperlakukan
tubuh ke CD18 atau CD11a, reseptor-counter kontrol.
komponen kompleks untuk ICAM-1. Selanjutnya, addi- diaktifkan oleh glycan
Dari supernatan kultur ini, persentase sitoto
makrofag
antibodi penetralisasi terhadap reseptor IL-2 terhadap sel leukemia tikus L1210 sedikit d
dan TNF-formasi agregat tersumbat, seluler Menggantung pada jumlah NO dalam super
proliferasi, dan ekspresi ICAM-1. dari makrofag teraktivasi.
bahwa
Hasil ini polisakarida
menunjukkan terkait b-glukaner yang
jamur mengaktifkan makrofag dan melepas
Natural Killer (NK) Sel utusan kimia penting untuk induksi
banyak tanggapan biologis.
Fraksi polisakarida yang diekstraksi air dari Fraksi protein-polisakarida (GLB) dari
G. lucidum meningkatkan sitotoksisitas NK meluas Tip tumbuh G. lucidum adalah stimulator y
sel pada tikus pembawa tumor. [3,16,37] makrofag. [46] Saat dianalisis
cytometer,
menggunakan GLB (100 mg / ml) meningkatka
flow
aktivitas makrofag peritoneal tikus BALB /
Makrofag serta sel BM2CL macrophage ayam
FITC-label Candida albicans sebesar 55,2%
Makrofag bertanggung jawab untuk membunuh patogen masuk masing-masing.
tubuh. Aktivasi makrofag oleh zat expression
Hal ini jugaofmeningkatkan
MHC class IIpenyebaran
molecules of BM
dan
dari G. lucidum menghasilkan pelepasan sitokin, as well as the mouse peritoneal macrophage
TIDAK, dan mediator lainnya. [37,45] Semua tanggapan ini
berhubungan dengan antitumor, antimikroba, dan

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Reishi atau Ling Zhi (Ganoderma lucidum)
efek anti-inflamasi G. lucidum.
Polisakarida dari G. lucidum, khususnya
b- D- glukan, merupakan stimulator poten murine dan
makrofag manusia secara in vitro dan in vivo. [37,45] CR3 sel.
reseptor pada makrofag terikat oleh b- D- glukan
dan diinternalisasi, priming serangkaian molekul
acara. Polisakarida yang diambil dari minyak mentah diisolasi
dari tubuh buah segar G. lucidum potentiated
produksi sitokin termasuk IL-1b, IL-6,
IFN-g, dan TNF-a oleh makrofag manusia, yang
Halaman 11
Reishi or Ling Zhi (Ganoderma lucidum)
navalin A. A chloroform extract from G. lucidum
broth also significantly inhibited histamine release
from rat peritoneal mast cells induced by A-23187
and compound 48/80. The mechanism for the inhibi-
tory activity on histamine release from mast cells was
further studied. Palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid,
and linoleic acid were isolated from the active frac-
tions. Of these, oleic acids induced membrane stabili-
zation in model membrane systems. Cyclo-octasulfur
extracted from the culture medium of G. lucidum
may decrease calcium uptake from the extracellular
medium by a disulfide exchange reaction in the cell
membrane leading to inhibition of histamine release
from mast cells. [3,10,11,14,16]
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
An alkali extract isolated from cultured mycelium of
G. lucidum activated classical and alternative path-
ways of a complement system. Activated complement
C3 was observed by crossed immunoelectrophoresis
in mice. This fraction also activated the reticulo-
endothelial system of mice in the carbon clearance test
and increased hemolytic plaque forming cells of the
spleen. The alkali extract consisted of 10% carbo-
hydrate and 49% proteins. A clinical study in elderly
patients with insomnia and palpitations recently
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Page 14 of 28
Mast Cells
Some substances from G. lucidum can act o
activity
A water on histamine
extract of therelease fromhad
fruit body ratinhibit
perito
cells, induced by compound 48/80 or antige
white albumin)-antibody reaction and on pa
neous anaphylaxis reaction in guinea pigs a
Two ganoderic acids (C and D) isolated fro
body by methanol inhibited the histamine re
extracts (mainly polysaccharides or triter
exhibit protective activities against liver
induced by toxic chemicals (eg, CCl
4Calmette-Guerin
) and Bacillus (BCG) plus lipopolysac
(LPS). Reishi also showed antihepatitis B
(HBV) activity in a duckling study. Rece
mized placebo-controlled clinical study
that treatment with G. lucidum polysacch
[15,17] showed
12weeks reduced hepatitis B e antigen (H
HBV DNA in 25% (13/52) patients with
tion.
of
TheG.mechanisms
lucidum haveof been largely undefin
the hepatoprotective
accumulating evidence suggests several
Namun,
mekanisme.
scavenging
These include activity, modulation
antioxidant of hepat
and radical-
and II enzymes, inhibition of b-glucuron
fibrotic and antiviral activity, modulation
production, maintenance of hepatocellul
homeostasis, and immunomodulating eff
The mushroom could represent a promis
for the management of various chronic h
Further studies are needed to explore the
and mechanisms of action of its constitu
hepatoprotective activities.
The polysaccharide fractions and trite
isolated from G. lucidum have shown pr
on the liver in animal and human studies
patients with chronic hepatitis B, hepatit
(HBV) DNA positivity, and aminotransf
Reishi atau Ling Zhi (Ganoderma lucidum)
showed that
increased taking
their G.C3
serum lucidum
levels.essence
[3,10,20] for 4–6weeks
HISTAMINE RELEASE INHIBITION
The fruiting bodies have been traditionally used as
anti-inflammatory agents for the treatment of asthma
or allergy. In the course of a screening test for the
inhibition of histamine release from rat mast cells, it
was found for the first time that ganoderic acids
C and D inhibited histamine release from rat mast
cells (that were induced by compound 48/80 and
concanavalin A). Other than the triterpenoid com-
pounds, cyclo-octasulfur from this fungus also effec-
tively inhibited histamine release from rat peritoneal
mast cells and interacted with membrane proteins to
inhibit Ca uptake causing a blockade of histamine
melepaskan. [7,13,55]
HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY
G. lucidum has been widely used for the treatment of
chronic hepatopathy of various etiologies. Data from
Halaman 12
614
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Page 15 of 28
tion were included
randomized Phase I/II in this multicenter
study. Subjects pro
w
mized to be given Ganopoly (n ¼ 60) or
(n ¼ 30) for 12 weeks, then followed up
Effect of therapy on levels of HBV DNA
aminotransferase activities in serum and
status were investigated. There were 78 a
patients who entered the trial for efficacy
13 of 52 (25%) receiving Ganopoly resp
reducing HBeAg and HBV DNA compa
26 (4%) patients in the control group (P
Among those with serum aspartate amin
(AST) values <100 U/L (n ¼ 29), 41% (
responded, and among those with AST v
>100 U/L (n ¼ 23), 65% (15/23) respond
Dalam
the 6-mo study period, 33% (17/52) of tr
patients had normal aminotransferase (A
and 13% (7/52) had cleared hepatitis B s
antigen (HBsAg) from serum, whereas n
controls had normal ALT values or had l
Eight of the 60 patients in the Ganopoly
4 of the 30 in the controls were unable to
lowed up due to loss or withdrawal.
indicates
Studi kamithat Ganopoly is well tolerated
to be active against HBV patients with c
hepatitis B. [3,10,15,17]
Reishi or Ling Zhi (G
Reishi atau Ling Zhi (Ganoderma lucidum) Page 16 of 28

Fig. 6 Possible mechanisms for the hepatoprotective effects of G. lucidum. These include antioxidative a
effects, downregulation of activating enzymes, and upregulation of detoxifying enzymes, antiviral activi
glucuronidase, enhanced hepatic nucleic acid and protein synthesis, inhibition of hepatic collagen synthe
effects, and modulation of nitric oxide (NO) production. GSH ¼ glutathione; GSSG ¼ oxidized glutathi
inducible NO synthase; SOD ¼ superoxide dismutase; CYP ¼ cytochrome P450; UGT ¼ uridine diphos
transferases. (From Ref. .)
[17]

ANTIDIABETIC EFFECT type II DM of >3mo duration during which

did not receive insulin; age >18yr; normal v
Animal studies have demonstrated that the poly- for age and disease state; normal electrocard
saccharide fractions of G. lucidum have potential (ECG); and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) le
hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities. 8.9–16.7 mmol/L in sulfonylurea-naive pati
A water extract of reishi reduced the increase in FPG < 10 mmol/L before washout in sulfon
blood glucose and blood insulin levels in rats (50mg treated patients. They were randomly group
po) following oral glucose test. Following adrenaline given either Ganopoly or an oral placebo of
(iv) or oral glucose in rats, the mushroom inhibited three times daily for 12 weeks. The subjects
increases in blood glucose without raising blood 4weeks of dose adjustment, followed by 8w
tingkat insulin. Glycans (ganoderans B and D) have dose maintenance. Fasting and stimulated g
shown significant hypoglycemic activity in mice. hemoglobin (HbA 1c ), plasma
A clinical study aimed at evaluating the efficacy C-peptide were monitored
glucose, insulin, and at predetermined
and safety of polysaccharide fractions extracted from Adverse events and hypoglycemic episodes
G. lucidum (Ganopoly) by a patented technique [18] in tercatat.
71 patients with confirmed type II diabetes mellitus decreased
Treatment the
withmean HbA 1csignificantly
Ganopoly
(DM) was carried out. Eligibility criteria included 7.6% at 12weeks.
from 8.4% Significant
at baseline to changes in me

Halaman 13

Reishi or Ling Zhi (Ganoderma lucidum)

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Reishi atau Ling Zhi (Ganoderma lucidum)
in mean HbA 1c levels. At baseline, the mean FPG and
PPG values for patients treated with Ganopoly were
12.0 and 13.6 mmol/L, respectively. At week 12, mean
PPG values had decreased to 11.8mmol/L. Namun,
these parameters did not change or slightly increased
for patients receiving placebos. The between-group
difference in PPG levels at week 12 was significant
(P < 0.05). Changes in fasting insulin, 2-hr postpran-
dial insulin, fasting C-peptide, and 2-hr postprandial
C-peptide were consistent with the between-group
differences in these end points being significant at the
last visit. Overall, Ganopoly was well tolerated. Ini
study demonstrated that Ganopoly is efficacious and
safe in lowering blood glucose concentrations. [18]
A 2-mo open label comparative clinical study of a
reishi powder extract (1g tid) for eight diabetic
patients (four with NIDD and four with IDDM)
found hypoglycemic effects comparable to those
found in controls who were administered insulin
(100 IU/ml for 60days) or oral hypoglycemic agents
(250 mg/day for 60 days). [3,10,11,18]
CARDIOVASCULAR AND CIRCULATORY
FUNGSI
Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism
The powdered mycelium of reishi, at 5% of the diet of
spontaneously hypertensive rats for 4weeks, caused
plasma total cholesterol to decrease significantly (by
18.6%) compared to controls. Total liver triglyceride
and total liver cholesterol levels were also significantly
lower in the reishi-fed group (by approximately 46%
and 56%, respectively). [51,52]
Hipertensi
A water extract of the mycelium administered to rats
and rabbits (3–30mg/kg iv) produced significant
hypotensive effects; an activity the researchers sug-
gested is secondary to the primary effect that sup-
presses sympathetic outflow of the central nervous
sistem. [53] The powdered mycelium of reishi, at 5%
of the diet of spontaneously hypertensive rats for
4weeks, caused systolic blood pressure to be signifi-
cantly lower (approximately 10 mmHg) without causing
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Page 17 of 28
(2 tablets bid or 220mg/day), systemic b
pressure significantly improved in 82.5%
capillary and arterial blood pressure show
nificant improvements in as little as 14da
changes of any significance were found
Tidak
kelompok. According to Soo
G. lucidum
[52] in treatingwas shown to be highly effec
hypertension,
large number of treated cases. In the mor
cases, blood pressure was back to norma
2mo, and in some cases, within 2weeks.
ANTIBACTERIAL AND
ANTIVIRAL VALUE
Antibacterial Effect of
Gram-Positive
Ganoderma lucidum and Gram-
on
Negative Bacteria
Recently, more studies demonstrated tha
contained antibacterial constituents that
to inhibit gram-positive and/or gram-neg
bakteri. [3,5,10,11,17,55,56] The
carpophores
aqueous extract of G. fromlucidum
the inhibited 15 t
positive and gram-negative bacteria. Fur
indicate that the antimicrobial combinati
lucidum extract with four antibiotics (am
zolin, oxytetracycline, and chlorampheni
in additive effects in most instances: syn
instances when combined with cefazolin
Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella oxytoca,
[57]
antagonism in two instances.
Helicobacter pylori
Helicobacter pylori is associated with hu
duodenal diseases such as gastritis, pepti
gastric carcinoma. The extracts of many
inhibited the growth of this bacterium.
extract of G. lucidum and some other spe
[17,58]
Basidiomycetes arrested the growth of th
When their extracts were fractionated, th
tions of G. lucidum and Agaricus bisporu
Imbach were the most effective. Among
nents separated from the ether fraction o
extract by silica gel column chromatogra
was the most potent with a minimum inh
concentration of 200 mg/ml.
It appears that some constituents such
mycin, triterpenoids, and aqueous extrac
Reishi atau Ling Zhi (Ganoderma lucidum)
a significant
conducted difference in the
a double-blind, heart rate [51] Jin et
placebo-controlled
clinical
study of G. lucidum in 54 patients with primary
stage-II hypertension who had not responded to
previous drug treatment (captopril 25mg tid or
nomodipine 20mg tid). In the group which was
Halaman 14
616
required to confirm this.
Antihuman Immunodeficiency
Virus (HIV) Activity
HIV was isolated as an etiological agent of acquired
immunodeficiency disease syndrome in 1983. [59]
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome caused by HIV
infection has recently become an important social and
medical problem. Anti-HIV therapy by nucleoside
analogues, such as 3 0-azido-thymidine, is the major
effective approach for the treatment of acquired immu-
nodeficiency syndrome. [60] These agents are potent
inhibitors of HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) and
protease. [61] However, the emergence of drug-resistant
variants of HIV and toxicities severely limits the
long-term effectiveness of these drugs. Penelitian terkini
have indicated that many natural products are active
as anti-HIV agents. These compounds belong to a wide
range of different structural classes, eg, coumarins,
flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, lignans, terpenes,
naphtho- and anthraquinones, and polysaccharides. [62]
In vitro studies indicate that various triterpenoids
from G. lucidum had potent inhibitory activity against
HIV. Lucidenic acid O and lucidenic lactone, isolated
from the fruiting body of G. lucidum, not only inhi-
bited the activities of calf DNA polymerase-a and rat
DNA polymerase-b, but also those of HIV-1 RT. [17]
Ganoderiol F and ganodermanontriol isolated from
the fruiting bodies of G. lucidum are active against
HIV-1 growth with an IC 100 of 7.8 mg/ml. [10,11,17]
Ganoderic acid B and ganoderiol B showed potent
inhibitory effect on HIV protease with an IC 50 value
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Page 18 of 28
al. [54]
Ganoderma species
antibacterial activityhave a broad
against spectru
gram-positi
negative bacteria and H. pylori. Thus, it
the antibacterial activity of Ganoderma s
beneficial for those patients with chronic
chronic bronchitis) and those with H. py
Reishi or Ling Zhi (G
and EC 50 values were 125 and
resulting
11 mg/ml,inrespectively,
a therapeutic index of 11.4. Thi
low-molecular-weight extract was further fr
to eight subfractions by methanol: GLA (me
extract), GLB (hexane soluble), GLC (aceti
soluble), GLD (water soluble), GLE (neutra
(acidic), GLG (alkaline), and GLH (amphot
subfractions except GLD, GLF, and GLH e
Semua
anti-HIV activity with IC 50
22–44 mg/ml and 14–44 mg/ml, respectivel
GLG inhibited HIV RT. Showing consisten
tion of GLC at 50 mg/ml or GLG (100 mg/m
Jurkat T cells gave a 75% and 66% inhibitio
growth, respectively. However, the high-mo
weight fraction did not inhibit any HIV-indu
cytopathic effect. Both low-molecular-weig
high-molecular-weight fractions from G. lu
negligible toxicities to CEM cells. The resu
that the aqueous low-molecular-weight frac
the fruiting bodies of G. lucidum, and the ne
and alkaline subfractions from the methano
might contain small molecular weight polys
Epstein-Barr Virus
Virus-induced carcinogenesis is considered
cated process with multiple steps involving
of cellular signaling pathways. A few polyo
lanostanoid triterpenes isolated from G. app
inhibited the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13
induced Epstein–Barr virus early antigen in
Similar effects have been observed with Zin
rhizomes, a commonly used traditional med
Reishi atau Ling Zhi (Ganoderma lucidum)
of 0.17mM. Other triterpenoids including ganoderic
acid C1, 3b-5a-dihydroxy-6b-methoxyergosta-7,22-
diene, ganoderic acid-a, ganoderic acid H, and gano-
deriol A had moderate activity against HIV-1 protease
with IC 50 values of 0.17–0.23mM. [10,11,17,50] In addi-
tion, ganoderic acid-b, lucidumol B, ganodermanon-
diol, ganodermanontriol, and ganolucidic acid A
showed significant anti-HIV-1 protease activity with
IC 50 values of 20, 59, 90, 70, and 70 mM, respec-
tively [22] Ganoderic acid A, B, and C1 had minor inhi-
bitory activity against HIV protease with IC 50 values
of 140–430 mM. It appears that there is a structure–
activity relationship for triterpenoid showing anti-
HIV protease activity. The C3, C24, or C25 atoms
are vital for the anti-HIV activity. [22]
The aqueous low-molecular-weight fraction extrac-
ted from G. lucidum also exhibited anti-HIV activity
using the XTT [2,3-bis (2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfo-
phenyl)-5-[(phenylamino) carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium
hydroxide] antiviral assay, which can quantitatively
measure cytopathic effects of HIV-1 on CEM cells,
Halaman 15
Reishi or Ling Zhi (Ganoderma lucidum)
Mechanism Consideration
The mechanisms for the antibacterial and antiviral
activity of Ganoderma species are largely undefined.
Gao et al. [17] suggest that multiple mechanisms may
ikut terlibat. For example, the Ganoderma species
constituents (eg, polysaccharides and triterpenoids)
may inhibit viral replication of HSV, HBV, HIV, and
other types of viruses by interfering with their adsorp-
tion, virus–hepatocyte fusion and endocytosis, viral
integration, assembly, and release (Fig. 7).
Data from in vitro studies indicate that Ganoderma
polysaccharides have direct anti-HBV activity through
inhibition of HBV DNA polymerase. Ekstraknya
from G. lucidum inhibited the HBV DNA polymerase
activity in PLC/PRF/5 cells by 80%, 70%, and 60%,
respectively, with a 28–41% decrease in HBV DNA
isi. Some constituents isolated from G. lucidum
showed inhibitory effect on eukaryotic DNA poly-
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Page 19 of 28
Malaysia.
such
Theseasresults
Ganoderma species,
indicate may medicines
that herbal behave as
promoters. [17]
Other Viruses
The antiviral effects of two water-soluble su
(GLhw and GLlw) and eight methanol-solu
stances (GLMe-1-8) isolated from the carpo
G. lucidum, were investigated on influenza
strains and vesicular stomatitis virus Indian
New Jersey in vitro. These activities were e
by the cytopathic effect inhibition assay and
reduction assay using Vero and HEp-2 cells
stances, GLhw, GLMe-1, -2, -4, and -7 sign
inhibited the cytopathic effects of vesicular
virus.
1000
GLMe-4 mg/ml, while
did not it displayed
exhibit potentupantiv
cytotoxicity to
on the vesicular stomatitis virus New Jersey
a therapeutic index of more than 5.43.
[64,65]
polymerase-b, prokaryotic DNA polyme
deoxynucleotidyl transferase, HIV RT, R
ase, deoxyribonuclease I, and ATPase. L
from G. lucidum inhibited the activities o
DNA polymerases. [38,66]
Immunomodulating effects of G. lucid
considered to play a role in antimicrobia
[15,17]
Activation of immune effector cells (eg,
macrophages, and natural killer cells) by
gen infection and G. lucidum administra
an enhanced production of cytokines, rad
NO facilitating the killing of viruses and
For example, activation of Kupffer cells
polysaccharides and triterpenoids within
litate the killing of HBV. In addition, a s
mouse indicates that a proteoglycan with
hydrate protein ratio of 11.5 : 1 isolated
stimulated the proliferation of mouse spl
Reishi atau Ling Zhi (Ganoderma lucidum) Page 20 of 28

fruiting bodies
merase. For example,
selectively
two cerebrosides
inhibited the from
activities
the of in the percentage
phocytes, resultingofinBacells.
three-to-four
These B fold
cel
replicative DNA polymerases (especially the a and enlarged, expressed CD71 and CD25 on
d type) with a IC 50 of 12–57 mM. However, these surface, and showed an increase in the p

Fig. 7 Possible mechanisms for the antiviral effects of G. lucidum. Polysaccharides and triterpenoids
cation of HSV, HBV, HIV, and other types of viruses by interfering with their adsorption, and virus–
endocytosis, viral integration, assembly, and release. (From Ref. .)
[17]

Halaman 16

618 Reishi or Ling Zhi (G

stimulate B cells in vivo, producing immunoglobulins,

which can neutralize HBV. [15,17] Because reishi potentiates the immune syste
Furthermore, the immunosuppressive activity of is advised for those receiving immunosuppr

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Reishi atau Ling Zhi (Ganoderma lucidum)
G. lucidum
cellular constituents
damage may
following decreaseLing-Zhi-8
infection. tissue and at 8
and 12 mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection significantly
blocked the production of antibody to HBsAg (83.3–
96.8% inhibition) in mice treated with twice the sensiti-
zation of the antigen. As Ling-Zhi-8 did not alter the
mitogen responsibility of spleen cells and the T-cell
subset population in mice, and prevented systemic
anaphylaxis and Arthus reactions, these immuno-
suppressive activities may be ascribed to the blocking
of antigen-specific antibody production. The immuno-
suppressive effect might ameliorate the immune
response to HBV infection. [15,17]
Potential role in the treatment of HBV infection in
combination with antiviral nucleoside analogues
Further studies are required to identify the molecular
targets of G. lucidum constituents for viruses and
bakteri. Herbal medicines often contain multiple
active substances with individual constituents possibly
contributing to the bioactivity observed in vitro and in
vivo. Therefore, multiple important molecules might
be the targets of a herbal medicine. The identification
of these targets may provide molecular evidence of
the pharmacological activity and toxicity of herbs. [67]
G. lucidum may play an adjunct role in the manage-
ment of infectious diseases. However, further exp-
erimental clinical studies are needed to identify
mechanisms of action, optimal dosing, efficacy, and
safety, alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic
agents.
DOSAGE FORMS
G. lucidum is usually prescribed in various forms. Saya t
may be injected as a solution of powdered spore.
It may be ingested as a soup, syrup, tea, tablets,
capsules, tincture, or bolus (powdered medicine in
honey). The dose in tincture form (20%) is 10 ml three
times daily, that of tablet is 1g tablets three times
daily, and syrup is 4–6ml/day. As an antidote for
ingestion of poisonous mushrooms, dried G. lucidum
(120–200g) is decocted in water and given as a drink
3–5 times daily. [3,5,10,11]
SAFETY PROFILE
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Page 21 of 28
terapi
SIDE EFFECTS
In oral dosages of 1.5–9g/day, some patient
initially taking a powder extract of reishi, ha
enced temporary symptoms of sleepiness, th
bloating, frequent urination, abnormal swea
and loose stools. [52] Large oral
(6–12
doses of g/day) taken
vitamin C at the same time as reish
extract (2–10g/day) reportedly counteracted
tinja [9,10,11,52]
The inhibition of platelet aggregation by
lucidum [3,10,11] may present an
taking
additiveblood effectthinning
in thosemedications such as d
or warfarin.
Synergistic antimicrobial activity was sh
an aqueous extract of G. lucidum in combin
cefazolin against Klebsiella oxytoca ATCC
Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6603, Staphylococc
ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 2593
Salmonella typhi ATCC 6509.
[57]
TOXICITY
In animal experiments, G. lucidum extracts
very low toxicity. [3,5,10,11] There
on
arethefewlong-term adverse effects on G. lucid
reported data
its derivatives.
The aqueous extract of reishi administere
(5 g/kg po for 30 days) produced no change
weight, organ weight, or hematological para
The polysaccharide fraction at the same dos
duced no lethal or serious effects.
produced no changes in the estrus cycles of
[21] The mushroom
mized mice from a dosage of 10g/kg po and
increase in the weight of levator cavernosa
in male mice from the same dosage. The LD
ofinthe
50 reflux percolate was 38.3 Æ 1.048 g/
mice
organ toxicity was found in rabbits taking a
preparation of reishi (progressively dosed w
4–140 ml/kg po daily for 10 days), or in dog
and 4ml/kg po daily for 10days). An alcoho
extract (1.2 and 12 g/kg ig daily for 30 days
no signs of toxicity in young rats in DCG, m
organs, hepatic function, growth, or develop
Toxic reactions were absent in dogs admini
alcoholic extract (12g/kg ig daily for 15day
at 24g/kg ig daily for 13days); however, the
Reishi atau Ling Zhi (Ganoderma lucidum)
Contraindications. Tidak ada yang diketahui
Halaman 17
Reishi or Ling Zhi (Ganoderma lucidum)
Aplikasi
A. Cosmonaut training in Russia
B. Usage with conventional treatment in
cancer therapy
C. Cardiovascular disorders including
D. Immunomodulation effects
E. Usage during remission of cancer
and hepatitis B treatment
F. Enhancing oxygen utilization
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Page 22 of 28
display lethargy. [10,11]
Observed effects
1. Improves work capacity
2. Rapid recovery of normal physiology
1. Maintains leukocyte counts
2. Enhances the immune system
3. Reduces chemotherapy toxicity and elimination o
(low blood leukocytes) by chemotherapy and radi
4. Accelerates postsurgical recovery
5. Sedation, pain relief and reduction of morphine d
terminal cancer patients
6. Usage during remission to prevent relapses
1. Coronary dilation and increasing coronary circula
2. Increases frequency and amplitude of heart contra
3. Blood pressure regulation together with other med
4. Antihyperlipidemic, antihypoglycemic and antipl
(blood clots)
5. Relief from oxygen deprivation
1. Anticancer
2. Antiviral (eg, anti-HIV)
3. Antibacterial
4. Anti-inflammatory
5. Therapy of autoimmune disorders
6. Inhibition of histamine release in allergy and prev
aphylactic shock
1. Relief from discomfort of high-altitude stress, hea
nausea, and insomnia
2. Relief of oxygen deprivation caused by coronary
atheromas, spasms, or clots
3. Tolerance to hypobaric (low pressure) conditions
Reishi atau Ling Zhi (Ganoderma lucidum) Page 23 of 28

G. Other examples 1. Usage in combination with other medication

2. Anti-aging, antioxidant free radical scavenger
3. Antidiabetic
(From Refs. [3,5,10,11,15–18,68] .)

To test the toxicity of wild reishi, fruit bodies urea, GOT, or GPT significantly differen
harvested in a rural area of Hong Kong were pre- kontrol.
pared as a freeze-dried powder extract (yield: 1g/20 g examinations of livers
No abnormalities were and kidneys,
found orga
in histolog
of freeze-dried fruit bodies and 50ml of extract (liver, kidney, heart, lung, and spleen), o
solution/100 g of freeze-dried fruit bodies). Memeriksa weight ratios compared to the control.
[39]
acute toxicity, the extract solution (0.9259/kg) was Summarized data about G. lucidum bi
administered to male mice at a dosage equivalent to applications are shown in Table 2. The o
the one commonly recommended by manufacturers include both clinical and preclinical obse
of commercial concentrated extracts. Neither evidence the reader should refer to the preceding d
of acute toxicity was found, nor was serum contents of the various applications for more details.

Halaman 18

620 Reishi or Ling Zhi (G

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Halaman 20

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L; Strawderman, M.; Pienta, KJ A phase II trial Helicobacter pylori activity of mushroo

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