Holistic exam answer for 2002 batch CHED students

September, 2005 E.C

1. D
2. C
3. B
4. A
5. → calculate the mass of HCl needed for this task
Mass HCl =Normality ×equivalent mass× volume in liter desired
Mass HCl =0.1×36.5×5 =18.25
→ Volume of the HCl needed=Mass of acid/[%concentration × specific gravity]
Volume HCl needed =18.25/[0.2×1.098] =83.1ml
6. Flame photometer(flame atomic emission spectrometer)
: is used to examine chemical species in the form of atoms and its comprising elements are
shown below

The instrument doesn`t need continuous supply of energy because the energy that is needed for
the excitation is provided by the temperature of the flame.
The most sensitive parts of the instrument are the aspirator and the burner. The gases play an
important role in the aspiration and while making the aerosol. The air sucks up the sample and
passes it into the aspirator, where the bigger drops condense and could be eliminated.
The monochromator selects the suitable (characteristic) wavelength of the emitted light. The
usual optical filters could be used. The emitted light reaches the detector. This is photomultiplier
producing an electric signal proportional to the intensity of emitted light
Potentiometer
: used to measure the potential of electrochemical cells without drawing appreciable current to
locate end points in titration. Typical potentiometer can be represented as follow

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 Holistic exam answer for 2002 batch CHED students
September, 2005 E.C

The reference electrode is a half-cell with an accurately known electrode potential, Eref, which
is independent of the concentration of the analyte or any other ions in the solution under study.

Whereas the indicator electrode, which is immersed in a solution of the analyte develops a potential,
E ind, that depends on the activity of the analyte. Most indicator electrodes used in potentiometry are
selective in their responses. The other component of a potentiometric cell is a salt bridge that prevents
the components of the analyte solution from mixing with those of the reference electrode.

7. A] Colloidal suspensions (precipitates): are very tiny particles and invisible to the naked eye
(10- 7 to 10-4 cm in diameter). Colloidal precipitates show no tendency to settle from solution
and are not easily filtered.
Crystalline suspension (precipitates): are particles with dimensions on the order of tenths
of a millimeter or greater. Particles of a crystalline suspension tend to settle spontaneously and
are easily filtered.
B] Accuracy indicates the closeness of the measurement to the true or accepted value and is
expressed by the error. Accuracy is often more difficult to determine because the true value is
usually unknown. An accepted value must be used instead. Accuracy is expressed in terms of
either absolute or relative error.
Precision describes the agreement among several results obtained in the same way. We
can determine precision just by measuring replicate samples.
8. A] Titration
The procedure where by a standard solution reacts with known stoichiometry , with an analyte
to the point of chemical equivalence, which is measured experimentally as the end point. The
volume or the mass of the standard needed to reach the end
Point is used to calculate the amount of analyte present
B] Gravimetric analysis
Gravimetric methods of analysis are based on mass measurements made with an analytical
balance that yields highly accurate and precise data.
C] Volumetric analysis
It is method of analysis in which the final measurement is a volume of a standard titrant needed
to react with the analyte in a known quantity of sample.
D] Chromatography
It is method of separation based on the interaction of species with a stationary phase while
they are being transported by a mobile phase.
9. Pre tanning: - giving treatment to the raw skin/hide through curing, liming, bating, pickling etc.
. . . in order to make it pelt
Tanning: - bringing irreversible stabilization of the skin substance that is exposed to putrefaction
by adding tanning agents in the skin/hide at the proper condition.

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 Holistic exam answer for 2002 batch CHED students
September, 2005 E.C

Post tanning: - subsequent treatment after tanning in order to give the leather special optimum
properties for use
10. Since the raw hides and skins are poor in quality do the following measurements as fast as
possible
 Since the hides and skins are poor start processing immediately in order to
maintain the quality.
 If immediate processing is not possible cure the hide/skin as follow
 By salting it may be wet salting or bringing
Wet salting: common salt is sprinkled on the flesh side of the hide
Bringing: hides are hung in 30%NaCl solution for 12 hours. Hides are then
drained and piled
 curing by pickling : by washing pelts with a mixture of 12%NaCl and 1.2%
sulfuric acid [PH=2] all putrefying bacteria can be stopped
 curing by chemicals : using Bactericides and fungicides kills almost all
microorganism

11.

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 Holistic exam answer for 2002 batch CHED students
September, 2005 E.C

12. let us say the order of reaction and rate constant be a1,a2 & k2,k1 respectively for the desired
product [B] and undesired product[c]
→ If a1 > a2 or the desired reaction is of higher order than the unwanted reaction, a high
reactant concentration is desirable since it increases the B/C ratio. As a result, a batch or
plug flow reactor would favor formation of product B and would require a minimum
reactor size.
→If a1 < a2 or the desired reaction is of lower order than the unwanted reaction, we need
a low reactant concentration to favor formation of R. But this would also require large mixed
flow reactor.
→If a1 = a2 or the two reactions are of the same order, Hence, product distribution is
fixed by k2/k1 alone and is unaffected by type of reactor used.
↔We can control product distribution by varying k2/k1. This can be done in two ways:
1. By changing the temperature level of operation. The activation energies of the two reactions
are different, k1/k2 can be made to vary.
2. By using a catalyst. That can accelerate desired reaction [A→B] by depressing the undesired
reaction [A→C].
13. Since the degree of freedom is greater than zero it is underspecified process so there are more
process variables than equations. Consequently the numbers of independent equations have
infinite number of solution because process variables can be specified arbitrarily.
••• Before assigning the value of the variables be sure that they are the output of another
process, because their value may be known and reduce the degree of freedom to zero.
14. Viscosity: is fluid resistance to flow when two layers slide over each other. A fluid becomes less
viscous as the liquid's temperature increases, becoming more viscous as the fluid gets cooler.
15. A]

B] For continuous process at steady state, the accumulation term in the general balance
equation equals zero and the equation simplifies to

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 Holistic exam answer for 2002 batch CHED students
September, 2005 E.C

16.

17. Mass transfer is the transfer of a component from a region where its concentration is high to a
region where the concentration is lower.
Mass transfer process can take place in a gas or vapor or in a liquid, and it can result from the
random velocities of the molecules (molecular diffusion) or from the circulating or eddy currents
present in a turbulent fluid (eddy diffusion).

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 Holistic exam answer for 2002 batch CHED students
September, 2005 E.C

Mechanisms of mass transfer are: through leaching, adsorption, drying, absorption, liquid-liquid
extraction, ion- exchange etc. . .
Examples of mass transfer application
• Preparation of coffee or tea [leaching]
• Extraction of sucrose from sugar beet or sugar cane [leaching]
• Ammonia may be removed from ammonia – air mixture by absorption in water [absorption]
• Blowing of hot dry air in bridge tunnels to prevent corrosion of stile piles [drying]
•putting a crucible containing sample in to a closed container containing silica gel to remove
ambient humidity [adsorption]
18. Extended surfaces (fins) are made of highly conductive materials such as aluminum to increase
the surface area by attaching to the surface in order to enhance heat transfer, and they often
increase the rate of heat transfer from a surface several fold.
To be sure the desired goal is achieved express the fins performance in terms of fin
effectiveness

Here, is the cross-sectional area of the fin at the base and no fin represents the
rate of heat transfer from this area if no fins are attached to the surface.
→ Effectiveness of indicates that the addition of fins to the surface does not affect
heat transfer at all. That is, heat conducted to the fin through the base area is equal to the heat
transferred from the same area to the surrounding medium.
→ Effectiveness of indicates that the fin actually acts as insulation, slowing down the
heat transfer from the surface. This situation can occur when fins made of low thermal
conductivity materials are used.

→ Effectiveness of indicates that fins are enhancing heat transfer from the surface, as
they should. However, the use of fins cannot be justified unless is sufficiently larger than
1. Finned surfaces are designed on the basis of maximizing effectiveness for a specified cost or
minimizing cost for a desired effectiveness.
19. The question is in complete
20. Power delivered by motor= net work output/time
Efficiency= net work output/total heat input after rearranging
Power delivered by motor = efficiency ×total heat input/time
Power =0.3*0.8*3.5*10000 kJ/h=8400 kJ/h convert it to the standard unit
Power = 8400*1000/3600=2333.33 w or 2.333 kw
21. Assumptions
• One dimensional heat transfer

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 Holistic exam answer for 2002 batch CHED students
September, 2005 E.C

•steady state process

•constant material properties
•negligible material thickness
• No heat loss due to conduction
Solution
For conduction

For convection

For radiation

22.

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 Holistic exam answer for 2002 batch CHED students
September, 2005 E.C

23. G

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Holistic exam answer for 2002 batch CHED students
September, 2005 E.C