74311

ME6404 Thermal Engineering Mechanical Engineering 2016-2017
UNIT – I GAS POWER CYCLES

PART – A
1. List the assumption made in Air standard cycle. [May 2013, May2015, May 2016]
(i) Air is the working fluid and it obeys the perfect gas laws.
(ii) The engine operates in a closed cycle. The cylinder is filled with constant amount of working substance
and the same fluid is used repeatedly and hence mass remains constant.
(iii) The working fluid is homogeneous throughout at all times and no chemical reaction takes place, inside
the cylinder.
(iv) The compression and expansion processes are assumed to be adiabatic.
(v) The values of specific heat (Cp and Cv) of the working fluid remains constant.
(vi) All processes are internally reversible and no mechanical or frictional losses to occur throughout the
process.
(vii) Combustion is replaced by heat addition process and exhaust is replaced by heat rejection process.
2. What is an air standard efficiency? [June 2014]
It is defined as the efficiency produced by the ideal engine with air as a working medium.
3. Draw the theoretical and actual P-V diagram for four stroke Petrol engine.
4. List the process involved in Otto cycle.

Process 1-2 = Adiabatic compression Process 2-3 = Constant volume heat addition
Process 3-4 = Adiabatic expansion Process 4-1 = Heat rejection at constant volume
5. Draw P-V and T-S diagram for Otto cycle .(AU April/May 2012)
6. Define compression ratio. [June 2014]

It is defined as the ratio of the stroke volume of cylinder to the clearance volume
7. Define mean effective pressure. [Dec 2009, May 2012, Dec 2013, Dec 2014, June 2016]
It is defined as the average pressure acting on the piston during the entire power stroke that would produce the
same amount of net work output during the actual cycle. It is also defined as the ratio of work-done per cycle to
swept volume.
8. Define Clearance Volume. [ Dec 2009]
It is the minimum volume occupied by the fluid in the cylinder when the piston reaches the top dead centre
position.
9. Write the expression for air standard efficiency and mean effective pressure of an Otto cycle.
1 p1r (   1)(r  1  1)
 Otto  1  pm 
r  1 (  1)(r  1)
St Joseph’s College of Engineering 1

St Joseph’s Institute of Technology
10. Draw the actual P-V diagram of two stroke engine. [Dec 2014]
11. List the processes involved in Diesel cycle.

Process 1-2 = Adiabatic compression Process 2-3 = Constant pressure heat addition
Process 3-4 = Adiabatic expansion Process 4-1 = Heat rejection at constant volume
12. Draw P-V and T-S diagram for Diesel cycle
13. Write the expression for air standard efficiency and mean effective pressure of Diesel cycle.
Diesel
1 r 1
 1   1 . c

Pm 

p1 r   (rc  1)  r 1 (rc  1) 
 .r rc  1 (  1)(r  1)
14. For same compression ratio efficiency of Otto cycle is greater than Diesel cycle. Why? [Dec 2013
The efficiency of the diesel cycle is 1-1/γr-1 x ργ-1/γ (ρ-1)
The efficiency of the diesel cycle for the constant compression ratio depends upon the factor
K=1/γr-1 x ρr-1/γ (ρ-1)
For the value of γ = 1.4, the value of the factor K for different cut- off ratios is given under
ρ = 3 2.5 2 1.5
K = 1.31 1.24 1.17 1.092
Thus we see that the value of is always greater than unity and thus we can deduce that for the compression
ratio, the efficiency of the Otto cycle is greater than that of the Diesel cycle.
15. When compression ratio is kept constant, what is the effect of cut-off ratio on the efficiency of diesel
cycle? [Dec 2015]
The diesel cycle efficiency decreases with increase in cut-off ratio at constant compression ratio.
16. Differentiate any four major difference between otto and diesel cycle. [Dec 2015]
S.No. Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle
1 Constant volume cycle Constant pressure cycle
2 Heat is added at constant Heat is added at constant
volume process pressure process

3
 Otto  1 
1 1 r 1
Diesel  1  . c
r  1  .r  1 rc  1
4 Efficiency is high Efficiency is low
17. List the processes involved in Dual combustion cycle.
Process 1-2 = Reversible Adiabatic (Isentropic) compression
Process 2-3 = Addition of heat at Constant volume
Process 3-4 = Addition of heat at Constant pressure
Process 4-5 = Reversible adiabatic (Isentropic) expansion
Process 5-1 = Heat rejection at constant volume

18. Draw P-V and T-S diagram for Dual combustion cycle. [May 2013]
19. Write the expression for air standard efficiency and mean effective pressure of Dual combustion cycle.
 dual  1 
1  rc   1 
pm 
 
p1 r   (rc  1)  (   1)  r 1 (rc  1) 
 1  ,
r  (   1)   (rc  1)    1(r  1)
20. List the parameters involved in comparing efficiency of otto, diesel and dual combustion cycles.
1. Compression ratio (ii) Maximum pressure (iii) Heat supplied and heat rejected
(iv) Net work output.
21. What are the processes involved in Brayton /Joule cycle. [May 2008]
Process 1-2 = Reversible Adiabatic (Isentropic) compression
Process 2-3 = Addition of heat at Constant pressure
Process 3-4 = Reversible adiabatic (Isentropic) expansion
Process 4-1 = Heat rejection at constant pressure (work done)
22. Draw P-V and T-S diagram for Brayton / Joule cycle [May 2007, May 2015]
23. Write the expression for air standard efficiency and mean effective pressure of Brayton /Joule cycle.
1
 Brayton  1   1

r
24. Define work ratio of gas turbine.
It is the ratio of network to turbine work.
WT  WC
Workratio 
WT
25. What is the effect of regeneration in the efficiency of Brayton /Joule cycle?
The efficiency of Brayton cycle is increased by regeneration. The large quantity of heat energy possessed by
the exhaust gases leaving the turbine will be utilized to heat up the air leaving the compressor. This heating is
done in a heat exchanger called a regenerator.
26. List the ways to improve the efficiency of Gas turbine cycle?
(i) Reheating (ii) Regeneration (iii) Inter cooling (iv) Combination of the above three

PART – B
1. An engine works on otto cycle. The initial pressure and temperature of the air is 1bar and 40˚C. 825kJ
of heat is supplied per kg of air at the end of compression find the temperature and pressure at all
salient points if the compression ratio is 6. Also find the efficiency and MEP for the cycle. Assume air as
the working fluid & take all ideal conditions. [Dec 2014]
Given:
,
Compression Ratio
( ) =
Pressure Ratio
(rp) =
1-2 Process: Adiabatic compression process
( ) =
( ) = 12.29 bar
2-3 Process: Constant volume heat addition

( ) ( )
3-4 Process: Adiabatic Expansion process
( ) =
( ) =
4-1 Process: Constant Volume heat rejection

( ) ( )
Work done
Thermal Efficiency
Mean Effective Pressure

[( )( )] *( )( )+
( )( ) ( )( )
5.66 bar

2. An Otto cycle has an compression ratio of 7. The initial pressure and temperature at the beginning of
compression stroke is 1 bar and 40o C. The heat supplied is 2510 kJ/kg. Find (i) Maximum temperature and
pressure, (ii) Work done per kg of air, (iii) Cycle efficiency and (iv) Mean effective pressure. Assume, Cp and
Cv , R and γ suitably. [Dec2013]
Given:
,
Compression Ratio
( ) =
Pressure Ratio
(rp) =
( ) =
( ) = 15.25bar

( ) ( )
( ) =
( ) =

( ) ( )
Work done
Thermal Efficiency

[( )( )] *( )( )+
( )( ) ( )( )

3. Derive an expression for the air-standard efficiency of diesel cycle.Explain why the efficiency of
Otto cycle is greater than that of the diesel cycle for the same compression ratio. [May 2013]
Compression Ratio ( ) =
Cut-off Ratio (ρ) =
Expansion Ratio (re) = =
( ) =
( ) =
2-3 Process: Constant pressure heat addition

( )
( ) =( ) , ( )

( )
Work done
Thermal Efficiency
 * +
( )
The efficiency of the diesel cycle is 1-1/γr-1 x ργ-1/γ (ρ-1)

The efficiency of the diesel cycle for the constant compression ratio depends upon the factor
K=1/γr-1 x ρr-1/γ (ρ-1)
For the value of γ = 1.4, the value of the factor K for different cut- off ratios is given under
ρ = 3 2.5 2 1.5
K = 1.31 1.24 1.17 1.092
Thus we see that the value of is always greater than unity and thus we can deduce that for the compression
ratio, the efficiency of the Otto cycle is greater than that of the Diesel cycle.

4. An engine with 200 mm cylinder diameter and 300 mm stroke works on theoretical diesel cycle. The
intial pressure and temperature of air used are 1 bar and 27 ˚C. The cut-off is 8% if the stroke.
Determine:
i) pressures and temperature at all salient points
ii) Theoretical air standard efficiency iii) Mean effective pressure
iv) power of the engine if the working cycles per minute are 380
assume the compression ratio is 15 and working fluid is air [May 2015]
Given:
,
Cut-off Ratio (ρ)=
Compression Ratio ( )=
( )
2.12

( ) =
( ) = bar
( ) ( )

( ) =( ) ( ) ( )
( ) =( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
Work done
Thermal Efficiency

* ( ) ( )+ [ ( ) ( )]
( )( ) ( )( )
̇ ̇ ̇ 0.0597
̇ ̇
̇ ̇ ̇
Power
̇ ̇ ̇ ̇
5. Air standard Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 8. The pressure at the beginning of the compression
stroke is 1 bar and the temperature is 300K.The heat supplied is 1800 kJ/kg. Determine: (i) Air Standard
efficiency, (ii) Pressure and temperature at salient points, (iii) Mean effective pressure. Assume, Cp = 1.005 , R
= 0.287. [May 2014]
Given:
,
Compression Ratio
( ) =
Cp = 1.005 , R = 0.287
( ) =
( ) = 18.38 bar

( ) ( )
( ) =( ) ( ) ( )
( ) =( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )
Work done
Thermal Efficiency

* ( ) ( )+ [ ( ) ( )]
( )( ) ( )( )

6. Air standard Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 18. The pressure at the beginning of the compression
stroke is 1 bar and the temperature is30 ºC.The heat supplied is 1800 kJ/kg.Determine: (i) Thermal efficiency,
(ii) Pressure and temperature at salient points, (iii) Heat rejected, (iv) Mean effective pressure. Assume, Cp
and Cv , R and γ suitably. [Dec 2013]
Given:
,
Compression Ratio
( ) =
Cp = 1.005 , R = 0.287
( ) =
( ) = 57.19 bar

( ) ( )
( ) =( ) ( ) ( )
( ) =( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )
Work done
Thermal Efficiency

* ( ) ( )+ [ ( ) ( )]
( )( ) ( )( )

7. The swept volume of a diesel engine working on a dual cycle is 0.053 m and clearance volume is 0.0035 m3.
3
The maximum pressure is 65 bar. Fuel injection ends at 5% of the stroke. The temperature and pressure at the
start of compression are 80 ºC and 0.9 bar. Determine the air standard efficiency of the cycle. Take ɤ=1.4 for
air. [May 2016]
Given:
Compression Ratio
( ) =
( )
1.76
( ) =
( ) = 48.5 bar

( ) ( )

( ) ( )
( ) =( ) ( ) ( )
( ) =( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )
Work done
Thermal Efficiency

8. Derive the expression for air standard efficiency of duel combustion cycle. [May 2014]
Compression Ratio ( r c ) =
Cut-off Ratio (ρ) =
pressure ratio (rp) =
Expansion Ratio (rc)= =
( ) =
( ) =

( ) kJ/kg

( ) kJ/kg
( ) =( )

( ) kJ / kg,
Work done
kJ / kg
Thermal Efficiency
 [ (
]
)
( ) ( )

[ ( ) ( ) ( )]
( )( )

9. An air-standard dual cycle has a compression ratio of 10. The pressure and temperature at the beginning of
compression are 1 bar and 27 ºC. The maximum pressure reached is 42 bar and maximum temperature is
1500ºC. Determine (i) the temperature at the end of constant volume heat addition (ii)cut-off ratio (iii) work
done per kg of air and (iv) the cycle efficiency. Assume Cp = 1.004 kJ/kg K, Cv = 0.717 kJ/kg K for air.
[Dec 2015]
Given:
,
,
Compression Ratio
( ) =
Cp = 1.005 , R = 0.287
( ) =
( ) = 25.12 bar

( ) ( )

( ) ( )
( ) =( ) ( ) ( )
( ) =( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )
Work done
Thermal Efficiency

10. The compression ratio for a single-cylinder engine operating on dual cycle is 9. The maximum pressure in the
cycle limited to 60 bar. The pressure and temperature of the air at the beginning of the cycle are 1 bar and
30ºC. Heat is added during constant pressure process upto 4% of the stroke. Assuming the cylinder diameter
and stroke length as 250 mm and 300 mm respectively, Determine (i) The air standard efficiency of the cycle
(ii) The power developed. If the number of working cycles is 3 per second. [May 2016]
Given:
,
,
( =
( )
1.32
( ) =
( ) = 21.67 bar

( ) ( )

( ) ( )
( ) =( ) ( ) ( )
( ) =( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )
Work done
Thermal Efficiency
Power:
,
̇ ̇ ̇ 0.0441
̇ ̇
̇ ̇ ̇
Power: ̇ ̇ ̇ ̇
11. Fuel supplied to an SI engine has a calorific value 42000 kJ/kg. the pressure in the cylinder at 30% and 70%
of the compression stroke are 1.3 bar and 2.6 bar respectively. Assuming the compression follows the law
PV1.3=C. Find the compression ratio. If the relative efficiency of the engine compared with the air standard
efficiency is 50%. Calculate the fuel consumption in kg/kW h. [Dec 2015]
Given:
For 30% of compression
1.3bar
For 70% of compression 2.6
bar
CV=42000kJ/kg
PV1.3=C
Relative Efficiency is 50%
,
Compression Ratio
( ) = ( ) ( )
Air Standard Efficiency
 ɳ 24.13%
( )
Actual Efficiency
Specific Fuel Consumption
Where
̇
̇
̇ ̇
̇

12. A gas turbine on works air standard brayton cycle. The intial condition of air is 25 ºC and 1 bar the maximum
pressure and temperature are limited to 3bar and 650˚C. Determine i) Cycle efficiency ii)Heat supplied and
rejected per kg of air iii)Work output iv) Exhaust temperature . [Dec 2014]
Given:
,
,
( ) =
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) = ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
4-1 Process: Constant pressure Rejection addition
( ) ( )
Work done
Thermal Efficiency

13. Air enters the compressor of a gas turbine plant operating on brayton cycle at 1 bar, 27 ˚C. The pressure ratio
in the cycle is 6. If Wt = 2.5 Wc where Wt and Wc are the turbine and compressor work respectively,
calculate the maximum temperature and the cycle efficiency. [May 2015]
Given:
,
,
Wt = 2.5 Wc
( ) =
Wt = 2.5 Wc ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) = ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
Work done
Thermal Efficiency

14. Consider an air standard cycle in which the air enters the compressor at 1.0 bar and 20°C. The
pressure of air leaving the compressor is 3.5 bar and the temperature at turbine inlet is 600°C.
Determine per kg of air, (i)Efficiency of the cycle, (ii) Heat supplied to air, (iii) Work available at the
shaft,(iv) Heat rejected in the cooler and (v) Temperature of air leaving the turbine. For air γ = 1.4
and Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K.
Given:
,
,
( ) =
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) = ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
Work done
Thermal Efficiency

15. A closed cycle ideal gas turbine plant operates between temperature limits of 800°C and 30°C and
produces a power of 100 kW. The plant is designed such that there is no need for a regenerator. A
fuel of calorific value 45000 kJ/kg is used. Calculate the mass flow rate of air through the plant and
rate of fuel consumption. Assume Cp = 1 kJ/kg K and γ = 1.4.
Given:
Assume
Power=100kW
CV=45000kJ/kg
Cp = 1 kJ/kg K, γ = 1.4
( ) =
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) = ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
Work done
Thermal Efficiency
mass flow rate

̇ ̇


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ME6404 Thermal Engineering Mechanical Engineering 2016-2017

UNIT – I GAS POWER CYCLES

4. List the process involved in Otto cycle.

6. Define compression ratio. [June 2014]

St Joseph’s College of Engineering 1

11. List the processes involved in Diesel cycle.

St Joseph’s College of Engineering 2

St Joseph’s College of Engineering 3

1-2 Process: Adiabatic compression process

2-3 Process: Constant volume heat addition

3-4 Process: Adiabatic Expansion process

4-1 Process: Constant Volume heat rejection

Mean Effective Pressure

St Joseph’s College of Engineering 4

1-2 Process: Adiabatic compression process

2-3 Process: Constant volume heat addition

3-4 Process: Adiabatic Expansion process

4-1 Process: Constant Volume heat rejection

Mean Effective Pressure

St Joseph’s College of Engineering 5

Cut-off Ratio (ρ) =

Expansion Ratio (re) = =

1-2 Process: Adiabatic compression process

2-3 Process: Constant pressure heat addition

3-4 Process: Adiabatic Expansion process

4-1 Process: Constant Volume heat rejection

The efficiency of the diesel cycle is 1-1/γr-1 x ργ-1/γ (ρ-1)

St Joseph’s College of Engineering 6

1-2 Process: Adiabatic compression process

3-4 Process: Adiabatic Expansion process

Mean Effective Pressure

1-2 Process: Adiabatic compression process

2-3 Process: Constant pressure heat addition

3-4 Process: Adiabatic Expansion process

4-1 Process: Constant Volume heat rejection

Mean Effective Pressure

St Joseph’s College of Engineering 8

1-2 Process: Adiabatic compression process

2-3 Process: Constant pressure heat addition

3-4 Process: Adiabatic Expansion process

4-1 Process: Constant Volume heat rejection

Mean Effective Pressure

St Joseph’s College of Engineering 9

1-2 Process: Adiabatic compression process

2-3 Process: Constant volume heat addition

3-4 Process: Constant pressure heat addition

4-5 Process: Adiabatic Expansion process

5-1 Process: Constant Volume heat rejection

St Joseph’s College of Engineering 10

Cut-off Ratio (ρ) =

pressure ratio (rp) =

Expansion Ratio (rc)= =

1-2 Process: Adiabatic compression process

2-3 Process: Constant volume heat addition

3-4 Process: Constant pressure heat addition

4-5 Process: Adiabatic Expansion process

5-1 Process: Constant Volume heat rejection

Mean Effective Pressure

St Joseph’s College of Engineering 11

1-2 Process: Adiabatic compression process

2-3 Process: Constant volume heat addition

3-4 Process: Constant pressure heat addition

4-5 Process: Adiabatic Expansion process

5-1 Process: Constant Volume heat rejection