ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 2 - 1 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 2 - 2

Applications (Stress transformation) A cube of 1 unit length is stationary (in moment equilibrium)
Take moment about z-axis
y
 xy (1  1)  1   yx (1  1)  1  0
3 normal stresses
6 shear stresses   xy   yx
Aircraft making a landing
Take moment about y-axis

Turbine blades
1  zx (1  1)  1   xz (1  1)  1  0
  xz   zx
1 x Take moment about x-axis
1
z
 y  xy  yz (1  1)  1   zy (1  1)  1  0
 x
t   yz   zy
Hence, number of “unknown”  xy   yx
stresses reduced to 6. i.e.
Pressure vessels  xz   zx
a
 xx   x ,  yy   y ,  zz   z , xy , xz , yz  yz   zy

ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 2 - 3 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 2 - 4

Resolving forces in the x- and y-direction

Consider a cut section of 1 unit of thickness on the element
 x  AC 1   yx  AB 1  Tx  BC 1
y AC AB
Tx   x    yx    x cos    yx sin 
y BC BC
C Ty  yx   y  AB  1   xy  AC  1  Ty  BC  1
y
y  x x x

 xy AB AC
  C Ty Ty   y    xy    y sin    xy cos 
x x  xy x BC BC
 xy Tx y  x x
1   Consider the equilibrium of forces on plane BC
 xy x  xy
1 Tx
In the x direction:
 yx
A B x y  xy  x  BC  1  Tx  BC  1  cos   Ty  BC  1  sin 
1
y  yx   x  Tx cos   Ty sin 
A B x
y In the y direction:
Let Tx and Ty be the stress components of  x and  xy in x- and y-
 xy  BC  1  Ty  BC  1  cos  Tx  BC  1  sin 
directions on the cut plane BC.
  xy  Ty cos   Tx sin 
 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 2 - 5 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 2 - 6

Substitute for Tx and Ty into Eqs. for  x and  xy  y y x y

 y x
Tx   x cos    yx sin  Ty   y sin    xy cos   yx   y
x
 yx 
x
 x  Tx cos   Ty sin  xy  xy Shear stress xy
 
 ( x cos    yx sin  ) cos   ( y sin    xy cos  ) sin   x  xy x x xy x
  x cos2    yx sin  cos    y sin 2    xy sin  cos 
  x cos2    y sin 2   2 xy sin  cos  Normal stress
 y
 xy  Ty cos   Tx sin  y y
 ( y sin    xy cos  ) cos   ( x cos    yx sin  ) sin  y Q: Is  y the same stress as  xy ? No! y
  y sin  cos    xy cos2    x sin  cos    yx sin 2 
  xy (cos2   sin 2  )  ( y   x ) sin  cos  We have
z x x
z
In the expression of  x ,      / 2   x   y  x   x cos2    y sin 2   2 xy sin  cos 
 y   x cos2 (   / 2)   y sin 2 (   / 2)  2 xy sin(   / 2) cos(   / 2)  y   x sin 2    y cos2   2 xy sin  cos 
  x sin    y cos   2 xy cos  sin 
2 2
 xy   xy (cos2   sin 2  )  ( y   x ) sin  cos 
  x sin    y cos   2 xy sin  cos 
2 2

ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 2 - 7 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 2 - 8

Use relations: cos 2  cos   sin   2 cos   1  1  2 sin 

2 2 2 2
Use relations: cos 2  cos   sin   2 cos   1  1  2 sin 
2 2 2 2

sin 2  2 sin  cos  sin 2  2 sin  cos 

 x   x cos    y sin   2 xy sin  cos 
2 2
1  2 cos 2 x y x  y
cos2    x   cos 2   xy sin 2 (2.1)
1  cos 2 1  cos 2 2
2 2
 x y   xy sin 2 1  2 cos 2
2 2 sin 2   x y x  y
  y x  y 2  y   cos 2   xy sin 2 (2.2)
 x  cos 2   xy sin 2 sin 2  2 sin  cos  2 2
2 2
x  y
 y   x sin 2    y cos2   2 xy sin  cos   xy   sin 2   xy cos 2 (2.3)
2
1  cos 2 1  cos 2
 x y   xy sin 2 Eqs. (2.1) – (2.3) is known as stress transformation equations.
2 2
  y x  y
 x  cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
 xy   xy (cos2   sin 2  )  ( y   x ) sin  cos 
x  y
  xy cos 2  sin 2 Stresses on element A
2
x  y inclined at θ counter-
 sin 2   xy cos 2 Element A clockwise to the x-axis
2
 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 2 - 9 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 2 - 10

Sign Convention Example 2.1 At a particular point A

• Normal Stresses on the surface of an aircraft making
Stress is positive: Tension (e.g.  xx ) a landing, the stresses have the
Stress is negative: Compression (e.g.   xx ) magnitudes and directions depicted
on the stress element in Figure. Find
Positive normal stress acts outward from all
(a) The normal and shear stresses
faces
acting on an inclined plane
parallel to line a-a.
• Shear Stresses
(b) The normal and shear stresses
Positive shear stress acts upwards on the right-hand face of the element acting on an inclined plane
parallel to line b-b. In each case,
y y sketch the results on a properly
oriented element.
y
  xy   xy
 y y  x  x 0
a 30 1200
b
450 600 x
450 x
b
Positive shear x Negative shear
x a  y
(a) (b)

ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 2 - 11 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 2 - 12

Solution: (a) Apply Eqs. (2.1) – (2.3) for   450 ,  x  10 MPa,  y  5 MPa (b) As   300  900  1200 , from Eqs. (2.1) to (2.3), we have
and  xy  6 MPa, we obtain
x y x  y
x y x  y  x  cos 2   xy sin 2

 x   cos 2   xy sin 2 2 2
2 2 10  5 10  5
  cos 2400  6 sin 2400  3.95 MPa
10  5 10  5 2 2
  cos 900  6 sin 900  3.5 MPa
2 2
x y x  y
x y x  y  y  cos 2   xy sin 2

 y   cos 2   xy sin 2 2 2
2 2 10  5 10  5
10  5 10  5   cos 2400  6 sin 2400
  cos 900  6 sin 900 2 2
2 2  1.05 MPa
 8.5 MPa
x  y x  y
 xy   sin 2   xy cos 2  xy   sin 2   xy cos 2
2 2
10  5 10  5
 sin 900  6 cos 900  7.5 MPa  sin 2400  6 cos 2400  9.5 MPa
2 2
 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 2 - 13 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 2 - 14

x  y
 xy   y 
2
In-Plane Principal Stress  xy   sin 2   xy cos 2
tan 2 p  R   x    xy2
2
x  y ( x   y ) / 2  2 
When  xy  0  sin 2   xy cos 2  0 ( x   y ) / 2  xy
2  cos 2 p  , sin 2 p 
 xy 2 xy x y  x  y 
2 2
1     xy2     xy2
 tan 2 p  or  p  arctan (2.4)    
( x   y ) / 2 2 x  y 2 2

Substitute cos 2 p and sin 2 p into Eq. (2.1), we get

At this angle,  x is known as the maximum principal stress (denoted
as  1 ),  y is known as the minimum principal stress (denoted as  2 ) x y x y
and  often denoted as  p is known as the principal angle.  x   cos 2 p   xy sin 2 p
2 2
Substitute principal angle  p into Eqs. (2.1) and (2.2), we have x y x  y ( x   y ) / 2  xy
    xy
2 2 x  y  x  y 
2 2

    xy2     xy2
x y   y 
2
 2   2 
1    x    xy2 (2.5)
2  2  x y [( x   y ) / 2]2   xy2 x y  y 
2

     x    xy2
2 x  y 
2 2  2 
x y   y 
2
(2.6)     xy2
2    x    xy2  2  Maximum principal stress
2  2 

ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 2 - 15 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 2 - 16

 xy x  y
tan 2 p    y 
2
Maximum Shear Stress  xy   sin 2   xy cos 2
R   x    xy
2
( x   y ) / 2 2
 2 
( x   y ) / 2  xy Maximum shear stress is obtained by taking d xy / d  0 in Eq. (2.3)
 cos 2 p  , sin 2 p 
d x ' y '   y
x y  x  y  2 cos 2    xy 2 sin 2   0
2 2

    xy2     xy2  x
 2   2  d 2
 ( x   y ) / 2
Substitute cos 2 p and sin 2 p into Eqs. (2.2), we get
 tan 2 s  (2.7)
 xy

x y x  y  s denotes the angles locating the plane of maximum

 y   cos 2 p   xy sin 2 p shear stresses. Two directions mutually are found to
2 2
x y x  y ( x   y ) / 2  xy satisfy Eq. (2.7). Substitute 2 s of Eq. (2.7) into Eq. (2.3):
    xy
2 2 x  y  x  y 
2 2

    xy2     xy2 x  y 

2
 2   2   max      xy2 (2.8)

x y [( x   y ) / 2]2   xy2 x y   y 

2  2 
     x    xy
2

2 x  y 
2 2  2 
    xy2 The value of  max as calculated in this equation
 2  Minimum principal stress is referred to as the maximum in plane shear
stress because it acts on the element in x-y plane.
 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 2 - 17 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 2 - 18

 ( x   y ) / 2   y 
2
By comparison with Eq. (2.4) and (2.7), tan 2 s is negative reciprocal of tan 2 p
tan 2 s  R   x    xy2
 xy  2  and so each root 2 s is 900 from 2 p , and the roots  s and  p are 450 apart.
 xy
 cos 2 s   xy
x  y 
2
R tan 2 p  (2.4)
    xy2 ( x   y ) / 2
 2 
 ( x   y ) / 2  ( x   y ) / 2
sin 2 s  tan 2 s  (2.7)
x  y 
2
 xy
    xy2
 2  Hence, the element subjected to maximum shear stress
x  y will be 450 from the position of an element that is
 xy   sin 2   xy cos 2 subjected to the principal stress.
2
x  y  ( x   y ) / 2  xy
   xy Unlike the case of the principal planes on which no sharing
2 x  y  x  y 
2 2
stress occur, the max. shear stress planes are usually nor free
    xy2     xy2
 2   2  of normal stress. The normal stresses are determined by
introducing the values of 2 s into Eqs. (2.1) and (2.2):
[( x   y ) / 2]2   xy2   y 
2

   xy2 Maximum in plane

   x x y
x  y 
2
 2  shear stress  avg     (2.8a)
    xy2 2
 2 

ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 2 - 19 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 2 - 20

Unlike the case of the principal planes on which no sharing stress occur, the Example 2.2 At a particular point in a machine frame, the material is in
max. shear stress planes are usually nor free of normal stress. The normal a plane stress condition with  x  7 MPa,  y  2 MPa,  xy  5 MPa acting
stresses are determined by introducing the values of 2 s into Eqs. (2.1) and (2.2): on an element as shown in Fig. (a). Find (a) The principal stresses. (b) The
x y x  y maximum shear stresses and the associated normal stresses. Sketch the
 x   cos 2 s   xy sin 2 s
2 2 results found in (a) and (b) on properly oriented elements.
x y x  y  xy  ( x   y ) / 2
    xy
2 2 x  y  2 x  y  2 y  y  2 MPa
    xy     xy
 2   2 
x y
  xy  5 MPa
2
R
x y x  y
 y   cos 2 s   xy sin 2 s  x  7 MPa
2 2
x y x y  xy  ( x   y ) / 2
    xy
2 2 x  y  2 x y  2   y 
2

    xy     xy R   x    xy
2
x
 2   2   2 
x y x y

2  avg     (a)
2
 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 2 - 21 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 2 - 22

Solution: (a) The largest normal stresses. Using Eqs. (2.5) and (2.6) Mohr’s Circle for 2D Stresses
x y   y 
2
To develop an expression for Mohr’s circle, we rewrite Eqs. (2.1) and (2.3)
 1, 2    x    xy
2
after setting  x   , and  xy   in the forms
2  2 
x y x y
72 72 cos 2   xy sin 2  x   x   y   x   y cos 2   xy sin 2
2

    
  5  4.5  5.59
2
2 2 2 2
2  2 
x  y
( x   y )  xy   sin 2   xy cos 2
 1  10.09 MPa,  2  1.09 MPa   sin 2   xy cos 2 2
2
1 2(5)
 p  tan 1  31.70 and 121.70 Squaring each equation, adding them, and simplifying, we obtain
2 72
 y    y     y
2 2 2
 
   x    2   x cos 2   xy sin 2     x sin 2   xy cos 2 
(b) Maximum shear stress. Using Eq. (2.8) & (2.8a)  2   2   2 
 y   y 
2 2
x  y 
2
 72 
 max      xy2
1
 s  tan 1     13.3 and 76.7
0 0    x    2   x    xy2 (2.9)
 2  2  25   2   2 
For the left side:
72
2
x y 72  y
    5  5.59 MPa
2     4.5 MPa a x , b   xy  a 2 cos2 2  2ab sin 2 cos 2  b2 sin 2 2
2  a 2  b2
 2  2 2
 a 2 sin 2 2  2ab sin 2 cos 2  b2 cos2 2

ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 2 - 23 ME2112 (Part 1) Chap 2 - 24

The preceding expression can be written in a simpler form in terms of

the following notation. What does a point on the circumference of the circle represent?
y A point on the circumference is given by
  y 
2
1
 avg  ( x   y ), R   x    xy2
 y its x and y coordinates i.e. it represents the
2  2  Plane B stresses on a plane in the element.
 xy
Eq. (2.9) is then  xy  x
  xy
(   avg )    R
2 2 2
(2.10)
x x x
 max

Eq. (2.10) represents a circle in    Plane A

y 2
plane with center at ( avg ,0) and 2 C
A
radius R. B 1 
Hence the state of stress on R
The circle is known as the Mohr’s Plane A or Plane B as shown
Circle introduced by Otto Mohr above can be represented by x y    max
 ,0   y 
2
(1835 –1918) who was a German a point on the circumference  2  R   x    xy
2

Civil Engineer. Mohr’s circle is a of a Mohr’s circle.  2 

graphical method for analysing stress.