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O A

CLASSICAL DICTIONARY:
Containing

A COPIOUS ACCOUNT OF

3ALL THE PROPER NAMES

MENTIONED IN ANCIENT AUTHORS:

WITH

THE WALUE OF COINS, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES,

USED AMONG THE GREEKS AND ROMANS;

AND

A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
*

BY J. LEMPRIERE, D. D.

Şirtſ) 3 merican ºbition,

CORRected And improwed

BY CHARLEs ANTHo N,
ADJUNCT PROFESSOR OF LANGUAGES AND ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY in
columbia college, NEw-York.
-

—— Ne desinat unquam
Tecum Graia loqui, tecum Romana vetustas.
Claudian.

NEW.YORK :
PUBLISHED BY EVERT DUYCKINCK, COLLINS & CO., COLLINS & HANNAY,
G. & C. CARWILL, AND O. A. ROORBACH.

W. E. Dean, Printer, 70 Frankfort-Street.

|
 Cºo sº. Hºſsa, so
V

HARVARD COLLEGE LIBRARY

THE BEQUEST OF
THEODORE JEWETT EASTMAN
1931

- Southern District of New-York, ss.

BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the 14th day of March, A. D. 1825, in the 49th year of the
Independence of the United States of America, W. E. Dean, of the said District, hath depo
sited in this office the title of a Book, the right whereof he claims as Proprietor, in the
words following, to wit:
“A Classical Dictionary, containing a copious account of all the Proper Names mention
ed in Ancient Authors, with the value of Coins, Weights, and Measures used among the
Greeks and Romans; and a Chronological Table. By J. Lempriere, D. D. Fifth Ameri
can Edition, corrected and improved by Charles Anthon, Adjunct Professor of Languages
and Ancient Geography in Columbia College, New-York.
Ne desinat unquam
Tecum Graia loqui, tecum Romana vetustas.
Claudian.”
In conformity to the Act of Congress of the United States, entitled “An Act for the en
couragement of Learning, by securing the copies of Maps, Charts, and Books, to the authors
and proprietors of such copies, during the time therein mentioned.” And also to an Act,
entitled “An Act, supplementary to an Act, entitled an Act for the encouragement of Learn
ing, by securing the copies of Maps, Charts, and Books, to the authors and proprietors of
such copies, during the times therein mentioned, and extending the benefits thereof to the
arts of designing, engraving, and etching historical and other prints.”
JAMES DILL,
Clerk of the Southern District of New-York.

º
 JOHN ANTHON, ESQ.

DEAR BROTHER,

If the present dedication be not in strict unison with the regulations of li.
terary etiquette, my only apology is, that, in affixing to these pages the name of
my best adviser and friend, I am giving utterance to feelings too sacred in their
nature to be trammelled by the mere customs of the day. Nor indeed, apart
even from every consideration of duty and attachment, do I see any good rea
son to abandon the course which I am pursuing, or to doubt for a moment of its
Propriety. I might, it is true, have selected some more titled individual, and
have sent forth my humble labours under other and more imposing auspices ;
but where could l have found one more ardently attached to the splendid
exertions of departed intellect 2 or, (if a brother be allowed to express the
opinion,) one better qualified to appreciate the genius and the taste of antiquity ?
Allow me to occupy your attention for a few moments, in relation to the
work which is here presented, and the improvements, if they deserve to be so
termed, that have been made in it. To the student who is desirous of an ac
quaintance with the general features of ancient times, the Classical Dictionary
of Dr. Lempriere has always been recommended as a sure and accurate guide;
and so high a reputation has the work obtained, as to have passed through
more than twelve editions in England, and four in our own country. That it is
in many respects worthy of great commendation, few will deny, since, from the
direct bearing which it exercises upon the studies of the young scholar, it
cannot but prove to him a pleasing and valuable auxiliary ; while the man of
general reading will be enabled to glean from its pages, information on almost
any point of antiquity which he may wish to investigate. That it is worthy,
however, of the blind admiration which many seem to entertain for it, or can
be considered as accurate in many of its details, no one who has bestowed upon
it the same patient examination which I have done, will be disposed to affirm.
Having had frequent occasion to refer the young student to the pages of
Lempriere, I was often startled by the strange answers which a perusal of the
work led him to give to questions that had been proposed, and having my at
tention thus drawn to a closer examination of the volume, I soon became con
Vinced that it was a strange medley of valuable materials and miserable trash,
ºf correct information and careless conjecture ; and, what was far worse, that
the precept of the Roman Satyrist, which no instructor of youth should for a
moment lose sight of, was violated on almost every page. There seemed,
indeed, to be a strange pruriency on the part of the author, and one totally
irreconcileable with his sacred profession, to bring forward on many occasions
what should have remained covered with the mantle of oblivion. Often, in
Place of stating important particulars respecting an individual or a nation, some
disgusting trait of moral deformity was alone mentioned, and it was thought fit
information for the youthful student, to call his attention to what could have no
ºther tendency than to initiate him in the mysteries of heathen iniquity... "
trust that I shall not be thought to have used too unsparing a hand in removing
what was thus offensive; my only regret indeed is, that I have allowed "Y
 [.. iv. J
portion of it to remain. Worse than idle are all the efforts of the scholar, if
moral purity be a stranger to his breast, and vainly will he toil in the rich mine
of antiquity, if every step exposes him to some fatal damp, which may pros
trate for ever both his principles and his happiness.
It was with no small pleasure, therefore, that I received from a very respect
able quarter, an application to edit the Classical Dictionary of Dr. Len
priere. Upon stating my opinion of the work, the proprietor, with great libe
rality, placed it entirely under my controul, and allowed me to make whatever
alterations I might deem proper The incessant labour which a work of this
kind required, no one can well imagine, who has not had the evil fortune, I
might almost call it, of being engaged in a similar undertaking. Every leisure
moment which could be obtained from the fatiguing routine of Academic in
struction, and from the two elementary works which I chanced to be editing
when the offer was made for the present volume, has, I need not tell you how
faithfully, been bestowed upon this almost Herculean task. Application such
as this, however, could not but prove injurious to health, and long before the
end of the volume was reached, I was compelled to relinquish the original
plan, and make additions only where they could not in any way be omitted.
The result of all this is, that Lempriere's Dictionary is here offered in a far
less offensive garb than heretofore, and with such alterations as I trust cannot
but prove useful. The plan pursued by me has been to enclose the added
portions in brackets, an arrangement which, though to some it may occasion
ally wear an awkward appearance, was yet the best and least ostentatious that
could be devised. The number of additions, many of which constitute entire
articles, is above three thousand, exclusive of simple references from one part
of the volume to another. Besides these, alterations have been silently made,
on almost every page, in the language of the original. To some the additions
may appear, so numerous, as to give rise to the suspicion that many things
have been altered or added in the mere spirit of correction. The answer to
such is, that even now the work is highly susceptible of still farther improve
ment, and that my chief fear is, lest they who are well acquainted with these
subjects may censure me for having allowed so much to pass uncorrected.
The most important head in Lempriere's Dictionary is that of ancient geo
graphy, and on this by far the largest portion of my time has been bestowed.
My principal guide has been the excellent work of Mannert,” which is, I be
lieve, little known in this country, and yet forms one of the most valuable
treatises in this department of instruction. I have in almost every instance
given him the preference to D'Anville, not from any wish to depreciate the
merits of the latter, but from a firm conviction of the decided superiority of the
German scholar. _Much valuable matter has also been obtained from the geo
graphy of Malte-Brun. The additions made to the geographical articles in
Lempriere will prove, I trust, the more useful, inasmuch as those parts of the
original whose place they supply were written in a manner so utterly careless
and inaccurate, as, in most instances, to bid defiance to any thing short of total
alteration.
As far as relates to Classical criticism or controversy, the best writers have
been uniformly consulted, and, where the limits of the volume would not ad
mit of any extended detail, a reference has been made to such works as will
furnish more ample sources of information. As often too as it was practicable,
an account of the latest and best editions of ancient authors has been given, in
addition to those already cited by Dr. Lempriere.
The Chronological table has been retained unaltered, except that the erro
neous mode of computation, established by Dr. Lempriere, has been rectified
in a note at the beginning of the table, for the substance of which I am indebted
* Geographie der Griechen und Romer, ausihrem Schriften dargestellt, von Konrad Man
nert, K. Baierischem Hofrath und Prof. der Geschichte in Altdorff, 10 vols. 8vo. -
 [ v )

to the Classical Geography of Dr. Butler, the learned editor of Æschylus. The
tables of Measures, &c. have also been allowed to remain.

In addition to all that has been said, it is deemed necessary to state, that, in
order to make room for the new matter, much useless lumber has been thrown
out of the work. Of what possible value can it be to the scholar to learn
merely of one individual, that he was “a soldier,” of another, that he was “a
sailor,” of a third, that he was “a man of Peloponnesus ” or what good end
can it answer to crowd a book with the name of every petty village in Greece,
unless that name be associated with some feature of her history ! And yet all
this was done in the original work, on almost every page, to the continual ex
clusion of valuable and interesting information.
In the remarks which I have made respecting the work of Dr. Lempriere, I
have been actuated selely by a sense of duty, not by any wish to deprive his
memory of the honours which have been conferred upon it. To borrow the
idea of the great critic of antiquity, he deserves rather to be commended for
what he has done, than to be censured for what he has left undone. Far be it
from me, therefore, to rob him in any way of the praises which are his due.
“—— Ille habeat secum, servetgue sepulcro !”
 Preface to the Sixth American Edition. .
-

In presenting a new edition of Lempriere's Dictionary to the notice of

the public, the editor feels himself called upon to tender his sincere acknow
ledgments for the very flattering patronage which has been extended to
his labours. The rapid sale of the previous impression has induced him to
spare no efforts toward rendering the present volume still more deserving of
public patronage, both as regards typographical appearance and the nature
of the additions which have been made to the work itself. Not only have ail
the articles previously altered or added been carefully revised, and, whenever
it appeared requisite, materially enlarged, but many of them have also
been written anew ; and, besides this, important and extensive additions been
still farther made to the work . It was stated in the preface to the fifth edition
that the whole number of additions which had been appended to the volume
amounted to above three thousand; in the present edition they exceed four
thousand. In making this statement, the editor is conscious of being actuated
by any other than feelings of ostentation, or a wish to magnify his labours by
an imposing display of their numerical strength. He owes it to himself, how
ever, to be thus explicit respecting the nature and extent of those labours,
lest any may imagine that he is desirous of elevating his own reputation upon
the ruins of another's fame, or of acquiring for himself a character for scho
larship by a few specious and paltry improvements.
The articles on which the most labour has been bestowed are the following :
Aristoteles, Cannae, Capua, Carneades, Carthago, Caucasus, Celtae, Chaldaea,
Cicero, Cimmerii, Cyclopes, Daricus, Decemviri, Delphi, Diogenes, Dithy
rambus, Druides, Eleusis, Epicurus, Eridanus, Euphrates, Falernus, Ganges,
Gigantes, Graecia, Hercules, Hetruria, Homerus, Horatius, Hyperborei,
Ierne, Imaus, India, Indus, Iones, Josephus, Italia, Julianus, Jupiter, Lace
daemon Lectonia, Mare Mediterraneum, Melita, Memnonium, Mercurius,
Meroë, Musae, Musæus, Moeris, Mycale, Mycenae, Nepos, Niger, Nilus, Ilias,
Odyssea, Orosus, Orpheus, Osiris, Padus, Paestum, Palestina, Palmyra, Pan
dora, Pantheon, Pelasgi, Phaëton, Phoenicia, Phetius, Pindarus, Piraeus. Pla
to, Pomptinae Paludes, Prometheus, Pyramides, Pythagoras, Quintilianus,
Quintus Curtius, Roma, Rubicon, Sallustius, Samaria, Scylax, Seleucia, Sena
tus, Seres, Sibyllae, Sidon, Silius Italicus, Sophocles, Sphinx, Stephanus, Ste
sichorus, Strongyle, Suidas, Sunium, Syene, Symmachus, Tacitus, Tanais, Ta
probane, Tarsus, Taurus, Tentyra, Terentius, Thales, Thebae, Thermopy
las, Thucydides, Thule, Tigris, Troja, Valerius Maximus, Varro, Velleius Pa
terculus, Veneti, Vesuvius, Ulpianus, Xenophon, Zeno, Zenobia. Of these
articles many occupy several columns.
Along with the additions that have been made to the present volume the editor
has introduced whatever appeared new and interesting in the theories of the
day. He has taken the liberty also of occasionally intruding theories of his
own. Regarding these last with a partial eye, as every one is induced to re
gard the creations of his own imagination, he has been bold enough to place
them by the side of other and more approved theories, not from the vain de
 | vii |
sire of instituting a comparison between his own and the labours of others, but
that the presence of the latter might in some degree shield his own efforts
from the animadversions of sober and cautious criticism. As regards the na
ture of some of the articles which have been just particularly enumerated, the
reader will find under Aristoteles, an enlarged biography of that philosºpher;
under Carthago, an account of the ancient Punic literature ; under Chaldaea, a
theory respecting the Sclavonic origin of the Chaldaean race ; under Cicero,
an analysis of the works of that illustrious Roman ; under Cyclopes, a theory
respecting their location and the etymology of their name ; under Daricus,
remarks on the value of that coin ; under Decemviri, a theory respecting the
origin of the Roman laws ; under Druides, some remarks on that singular
priesthood ; under Eleusis, an explanation of the probable object of the mys
teries; under Eridanus and Phaëton, remarks respecting the existence, in
former ages, of a milder temperature in the north of Europe; under Falernus,
an account of the Roman wines, and the situation of the Falernian vineyards;
under Gigantes, an argument against the possible existence, at any period, of
a gigantic race ; under Gracia and Iones, a theory respecting the movements
and history of the earlier tribes of Greece; under Hercules, a theory identify
ing that hero with the sun; under Hatruria, a theory reconciling the conflict
ing opinions of the learned in relation to the origin of the Etrurians ; under
Homerus, remarks upon the several theories which have been started respect
ing the poet and his works, and an attempt to prove that alphabetic writing
was known in the age of Homer ; under Horatius, remarks upon the
Epistle to the Pisos ; under Hyperborei, a theory respecting the early set
tlements of the human race; under Ierne, remarks upon the early
religious system of Ireland ; under Inaus, a full account of that remarkable
chain ; under Josephus, remarks upon the works of that writer, and upon the
passage in which mention is made of our Saviour; under Italia, a theory res
Pecting the early population of that country : under Jupiter, an analysis of the
religion of Greece; under Lacedæmon, remarks respecting the affinity be
tween the Lacedæmonians and Hebrews ; under Lectonia, a theory respecting
that ancient land, now sunk beneath the waters of the Mediterranean ; under
.Mediterraneum Mare, a theory respecting the overflowing of the Hellespont,
and the inundation of the northern coast of Africa; under Melita, remarks
upon the voyage of St. Paul ; under Memnonium, a theory respecting the
Egyptian Memnon ; under Mycale and Nepos, corrections of the historian ;
under Niger and Nilus, a full account of those streams ; under Orpheus, re
marks upon the several theories of the learned respecting the Orphic re
mains, and an attempt to prove that the ancient bard was of Indian origin ;
under Pandora, remarks upon that old tradition, and an attempt to establish
an analogy between it and the Scriptural account of the origin of evil; under
Pelasgi, remarks upon that singular race, and upon the introduction of Alpha
betic writing into Greece; under Pindarus, remarks upon his lyric produc
tions ; under Plato, remarks upon the life and doctrines of that philosopher;
under Pomptine Paludes, an historical account of the Pontine marshes; un
der Pyramides, an account of those structures, and a theory respecting their
origin; under Pythagoras, remarks upon the life and doctrines of that philoso
Pher; under Roma, a theory respecting the true origin of Rome; under
Sphinz, an account of the excavation of that monument; under Syene, re
marks upon the position of that place; under Tacitus, remarks upon the dia
logue “De claris oratoribus;” under Taurus, a full description of that range
of mountains ; under Tentyra, remarks upon the famous zodiac; under Thebe,
remarks upon the origin, history, and ruins of that famous city, and upon the
state of the arts in ancient Egypt, together with an account of the mummies ;
under Thermopylae, a description of that pass ; under Thule, remarks upon
the probable focation of that island; under Troja, remarks upon the site of
 I viii 1
ancient Troy, and the true cause of the Trojan war ; under Varro, an ac
count of the life and writings of that learned Roman ; under Veneti, a theory
respecting their Sclavonic origin; under Zeno, remarks upon the life of that
philosopher, and the doctrines of the Stoic sect. Of these theories, the one
on which most labour has been bestowed, and to which the attention of the
student is particularly invited, is that respecting the true origin of Rome.
The editor regrets that he could not obtain access, while preparing it, to
the history of Rome by the celebrated Niehbubr, as it would in that event
have assumed, no doubt, a more conclusive and satisfactory shape.
In addition to the works mentioned in the preface to the fifth edition, from
which valuable aid has been derived in the preparation of the preceding arti
cles, the editor takes the present opportunity of enumerating ; Ukert's Geogra
phie der Griechen und Römer ; Michaelis Spicilegium Geographie Hebrzorum
Exterie; Schoell, Histoire de la Littérature Grecque Profane ; Histoire Abrégée
de la Littérature Romaine, by the same author ; Mohnike's Geschichte der Lit
teratur der Griechen und Römer ; Tiraboschi, Storia della Letteratura Italiana;
Dunlop’s History of Roman Literature; Oxford Classical Journal ; Museum
Criticum ; and Ritter's Vorhälle Europäischer Völkergeschichten vor Hero
dotus. Of the last of these, however, the editor has made but a sparing use,
as he intends, at some future day, to lay before the public a work on the con
nection between the religious systems of the Eastern and Western nations, of
which the profound investigations of Ritter will be made the basis.
The Editor concludes with the hope that the various theories which the
young student may find in the course of this volume, will, if they produce no
other result, teach him at least how wide a field for speculation still remains
unexplored amid the apparently trite subjects of Classical antiquity ; while
to the critic he would address himself in the language of an ancient writer,
“sequimur probabilia, nec ultra id quam quod verisimile occurrit progredi pos
sumus, et refellere sine pertinacia et refelli sine iracundia parati sumus.”
Col. College, April 25th. 1827.
 A

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE,
From the Creation of the World to the Fall of the Roman Empire in the west
and in the east.

fºr rºles ſaid down by Dr. Lempriere, in the note at the commencement of the Chronological Table, for findins
***** Hoº and the Olympiads, may lead to errors of considerable magnitude. ii., ºht to have ºr, 3
*tthere should be added tº the remainder in the former case, one for the current year, and in the latter, one for the
**tent Olympiad, and one for the current year of that olympiad. The following rules may therefore be given
RULE I.
To find the year of Rome.
Sºet the given year before Christfrom 753, (the date of the foundation of Rome,) and add to the reinainder
** fºr the current year, the result will give the year of Rome sought.
RULE II.

:-
To find the Olympiad.
SH:
Shºtract the given year from 776, (the era of the conquest of Coroebus,) divide the remainder by 4, and to the quo
tient add one for the current Olympiad, and one for the current year of it.)
B C.# B. C.
THErsila
period
created in the 710th year of the Julian
* 4004
The Theban war of the seven heroes against Eteo
cles - 1225
The del 2348 Olympic games celebrated by Hercules 12:2
The tower of Babel built, and the confusion of lan- The rape of Helen by Theseus, and, 15 years after,
guages 2247 by Paris 121s
£:lesial ºbservations are first made at Babylon 2234 Troy taken after a siege of 10 years. Fneas sails
The kingdom of Egypt is supposed to have begun to Italy 1184
under Misraim, the son of Ham, and to have con- Alba Longa built by Ascanius 1152
tinued 1553 years, to the conquest of Cambyses 2138 Migration of the Eolian colonies 1124
The kingdom ºf Sicyon established 2089 The return of the Heraclidae into Peloponnesus, 80
The kingdom of Assyria begins 2059 years after the taking of Troy. Two years after,
The birth of Abraham 1996 they divide the Peloponnesus among º,
The kingdom of Argos established under Inachus 1856 and here, therefore, begins the kingdom of Lace:
Memnon the Egyptian, said to invent letters, 15 daemon under Eurysthenes and Procles 1104
years before the reign of Phoroneus 1822 Saul made king over Israel 1095
The deluge of Ogygºs, by which Attica remained The kingdom of Sicyon ended 1032
waste above 200 years, till the coming of Cecrops 1764. The kingdom of Athens ends in the death of Codrus 1070
Joseph sold into Erypt by his brethren 1723 The migration of the Ionian colonies from Greece,
The chrºnology of the Arundelian Marbles begins and their settlement in Asia Minor 104.4
about this time, fixing here the arrival of Cecrops Dedication of Solomon's temple 1004
in Attica, an epoch which other writers have Samos built 936
placed later by 26 years 1582 Division of the kingdom of Judah and Israel 97s
Moses born 1571 Homer and Hesiod flourished about this time, ac
The kingdom of Athens begun under Cecrops, who cording to the Marbles 907
came from Egypt with a colony of Saites. This Elias the prophet taken up into heaven 896
happened about 780yearsbefore the first Olympiad 1556 Lycurgus, 12 years old, established his laws at Lace
Seamander migrates from Crete, and begins the king- daemon, and, together with Iphitus and Cleosthe
dom of Tro 1546 nes, restores the Olympic games at Flis, about 108
The deluge ºperation in Thessaly 1303 years before the era which is commonly called the
The Panathenaea first celebrated at Athens 1495 first Olympiad 884
Cadmus comes into Greece, and builds the citadel Phidon, king of Argos, is supposed to have invented
of Thebes 1493 scales and measures, and coined silver at Egina.
The first Olympic Games celebrated in Elis by the Carthage built by Dido 869
Idzi Daetyli 1453 Fall of the Assyrian empire by the death of Sardana
The five books of Moses written in the land of Moab, palus, an era placed 80 years earlier by Justin 820
where he dies the following year, aged 110 1452. The kingdom of Macedonia begins, and continues
Minos flourishes in Crete, and iron is found by the 648 years, till the battle of Pydna £14
Dactyli by the accidental burning of the woods of The kingdom of Lydia begins, and continues 249
Ida in Crete 1406 years 797
The Eleusinian Mysteries introduced at Athens by The triremes first invented by the Corinthians 78s
Eumolpus 1356 The monarchical government abolished at Corinth,
The Isthmian games first instituted by Sisyphus, and the Prytanes elected 779
king of Corinth 1326 Coroebus conquers at Olympia, in the 28th Olympiad
The Argonautic expedition. The first Pythiangames from the institution of Iſhitus. This is vulgarly
ºtlebrated by Adrastus, king of Argos 1263 called the first Olympiad, about 23 years before
ideon flourishes in Israel 1245 the foundation of Rome 775
* In the following table, I have confined myself to the more easy and convenient eras of before, (B. C.) and after.
(A.D.) Christ For the sake of those, however, that do not wish the exclusion of the Julian period, it is necessary
tº observe, that, as the first year of the Christian era always falls on the 4714th of the Julián years. the number
equired either before or after Christ, will easily be discovered by the application of the rules of subtraction or add
ºn. The era from the foundation of Rome (A.U. C.) will be fºund with the same facility, by recollecting tº: the
ºf was built 753 years before Christ; and the Olympiads can likewise bºrecurred to by the £onsideratiºhat the
*ext of Coroebus (B.C.776) forms the first Olympiad, and that the Olympic games were celebrated after the
"ºlution of four years. --
-
- *
_. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
B. --
B. C.
The Ephori introduced into the government of La The Persians defeated at Plataea and Mycale on the 47s
cedaemon by Theopompus 760 same day, 22d September 477
Isaiah begins to prophec 757 The 300 Fabii killed at Cremera, July 17th
The decennial archons {egin at Athens, of which Themistocles, aceused of conspiracy, flies to Xerxes 47:
Charops is the first
754. The Persians defeated at Cyprus, and near the Ku 4Tu
Thome builton the 20th of April, according to Varro, 753. The rymedon -

in the year 3961 of the Julian period third Messenian war begins, and continues 10 45.5
The rape of the Sabines 750 years - -

The era of Nabonassar king of Babylon begins 747 Egypt revolts from the Persians under Inarus, assist
The first Messenian war begins, and continues 19 743 The ed by the Athenians -
Romans send to Athens for Solon's laws. About
years, to the taking of Ithome 732 this time flourished Sophocles, Nehemiah the pro
Syracuse built by a Corinthian colony het, Plato the comic poet, Aristarchus the tragie. ..
he kingdom of Israel finished by the taking of Sa
maria by Salmanasar, king of Assyria. fhe first eocrates, Thrasybulus, Pericles, Zaleucus. &c., . +5 :
eclipse of the moon on record March 19, according 721 The first
The sacred war concerning the temple of Delphi -

Athenians defeated at Chieronea by the Boeo

to Ptolemy tians
Candaules, murdered by Gyges, who succeeds to 718 Herodotus reads his history to the council of Athens.
the Lydian throne 707 and receives public honours in the 39th year of his
Tarentum built by the Parthenians 703 age. About this time flourished Empedocles, He
Corcyra built by the Corinthians lanicus, Euripides, Herodicus, Phidias, Arte-
The second Messenian war begins, and continues 14 menes, Charondas, &c. 445.
-

years, to the taking of Ira, after a siege of 11 years.

About this time flourished the poets Tyrtaeus and A colony sent to Thurium by the Athenians 44-4
Archilochus 685 Comedies prohibited at Athens, a restraint which re
The governmentofAthensintrusted to annual archons 634 mained in force for three years 4sº
Alba destroyed 665 A war between Corinth and Corcyra --

Cypselus usurps the government of Corinth, and keeps Meton begins here his 19 years' cycle of the moon ---

it for 30 years
Byzantium built by a colony of Argives or Athenians
Cyrene built by Battus
The Scythians invade Asia Minor, of which they
keep possession for 23 years
Draco establishes his laws at Athens
The canal between the Nile and the Red Seabegun
by king Necho
Nº. taken and destroyed by Cyaxares and his
1es
The Phoenicians sail round Africa, by order of Necho.
About this time flourished Arion, Pittacus, Alcaeus, 604 The scene of the Peloponnesian war changed to Si 415
Sappho, &c.
The Scythians are expelled from Asia Minor by Cy
axares
The Pythian games first established at Delphi.
About this time flourished Chilo, Anacharsis,
Thales, Epimenides, Solon, the prophet Ezekiel,
AEsop, Stersichorus
Jerusalem taken by Nabuchadnezzar, 9th of June,
after a siege of 18 months 587 Athens taken by Lysander, 24th April, the end of the
The Isthmian games restored and celebrated every 582 Peloponnesian war, and the appointment of 30 ty
1st and 3d year of the Olympiads
57.7
Death of Jeremiah the prophet 563
The Nemean games restored
The first comedy acted at Athens by Susarion and
Dolon
Pisistratus first usurped the sovereignty at Athens
Cyrus begins to reign. About this time flourished An
659 The Peloponnesian war begins, May the 7th, and con
658 tinues about 27 years. About this time flourished
630 Cratinus, Eupolis, Aristophanes, Meton, Euctemon,
Malachi the last of the prophets, Democritus, Geor
624 ...gias, Thucydides, Hippocrates, &c.
623 The history of the Old Testament finishes about this
time. A plague at Athens for five years
610 A peace of 50 years made betweenthe Athenians and
acedaemonians, which is kept only during six
606 years and ten months, though each continued at
war with the other's allies
cily. The Agrarian law first moved at Rome
Egypt revolts from the Persians, and Amyrtaeus is ap
596 4x4
pointed king
The Garthaginians enter Sicily, where they destroy
Selinus and Himera, but they are repulsed by Her
mocrates 409
591 The battle of Egospotamos. The usurpation of Dio
405
nysius
rants over the conquered city. About this time
flourished Parrhasius, Protagoras, Lysias, Aga
thon, Cebes, Telestes, &c.
Cyrus the Younger killed at Cunaxa. The glorious
562 retreat of the 10,000 Greeks, and the expulsion of
560 the 30tyrantsfrom Athens by Thrasybulus
Socrates put to death -

aximenes, Bias, Anaximander, Phalaris, and Cleo Agesilaus, of Lacedæmon's, expedition into Asia
bulus 559 against the Persians. The age of Xenophon, Cte
Croesus conquered by Cyrus. About this time flour sias, Zeuxis, Antisthenes, Evagoras, Aristippus of
543 Cyrene, and Archytas
ished Theognis and Pherecydes The Corinthian war begun by the alliance of the
Marseilles built by the Phocaeans. The age ofPytha Athenians, Thebans, Corinthians, and Argives,
goras, Simonides, Thespis, Xenophanes, and Ana
creon 539 against Lacedaemon
Babylon taken by Cyrus 538 The Lacedaemonians, under Pisander, defeated by Co
The return of the Jews by the edict of Cyrus, and 536 non at Cnidus; and, a few days after, the allies are
the rebuilding of the temple defeated at Coronaea, by Agesilaus
The first tragedy acted at Athens on the waggon of The battle of Allia, July 17th, and the taking of Rome
Thespis 535 by the Gauls
*...is encouraged at Athens, and a publiclibrary Dionysius besieges Rhegium and takes it after 11
uilt 526 months. About this time flourished Plato, Philoxe
Egypt conquered by Cambyses 525 nus, Damon, Pythias, Iphicrates, &c.
Polycrates, of Samos, put to death 522 The Greek cities of Asia tributary to Persia, by the
Darius Hystaspes chosenking of Persia. About this peace of Antalcidas, between the Lacedæmonians
time flourished Confucius, the celebrated Chinese and Persians
hilosopher 521. The war of Cyprus finished by a treaty, after it had
e tyranny of the Pisistratidae abolished at Athens 510 continued two years
The consular government begins at Rome after the The Lacedæmonians defeated in a sea-fight at Nax
expulsion of the Tarquins, and continuesindepend os, September 20th, by Chabrias. About this time
ent 461 years, till the battle of Pharsalia 509 flourished Philistus, Isaeus, Isocrates, Arete, Philo
laus, Diogenes the cynic, &c. 377
Sardis taken by the Athenians and burnt, which be
came afterwards the cause of the invasion of Artaxerxes sends an army under Pharnabazus, with
Greece by the Persians. About this time flourish 20,000 Greeks, commanded by Iphicrates. 374
ed. Heraclitus, Parmenides, Milo the wrestler, The battle of Leuctra, July 8th, where the Lacedae
Aristagoras, &c. 504 monians are defeated by Epaminondas, the gene
The first dictator, Lartius, created at Rome 498 ral of the Thebans sºil
The Roman populace retire to Mount Sacer 493 The Messenians, after a banishment of 300 years, re
The battle of Marathon 490 - turn to Peloponnesus
One of the consuls at Rome elected from the Ple
The battle of Thermopyle, August 7th, and Salamis, beians 367
Sctºber 20th. About this time flourished Eschy. battle of Mantinea gained by Epaminondas a
º, Pindar, charon, Anaxagoras, Zeuxis, Aris. 489 The
tides, &c. year after the death of Pelopidas
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xi
B. C. e c.
Agesilacs assists Tachos, king of Egypt. Some of Antiochus Soter defeated at Sardis by Eumenes of
the governors of Lesser Asia revolt from Persia S62 Pergamus rf
The Athenians are defeated at Methone, the first bat The Carthaginian fleet defeated by Duilins -to
tle that Philip of Macedon ever won in Greece 300 Regulus defeated by xantippus. Athens is restored
Dionysius the Younger is expelled from Syracuse by to liberty by Antigonus
Dºn. The second Sacred War begins, on the tem Aratus persuades the people of Sicyon to join the
Ple of Delphi being attacked by the Phoceans 357 Achaean league. About this time flourished clean
Dion put to death, and Syracuse governed seven thes, Homer junior, Manetho, Timaeus, Callina
years º tyrants. . About this time flourished Fu thus, Zoilus, 1 ºuris, Neanthes, Ctesibus, Sosibius,
dorus, Lycurgus, Ibis, Theopompus, Ephorus, Da Hieronymus, Hanno, Laodice, Lysia, Ariobar.
tames. Päilomeles, &c. 354 zanes -
251
The Phoceans, under Caomarchus, are defeated in The Parthians under Arsaces, and the Bactrians un
Thessaly by Philip 353 der Theodotus, revolt from the Macedonians 250
Fryºtis conquered by Ochus 550 The sea fight of Drepanum 249
The Sacred War is finished by Philip taking all the The citadel of corinth taken by Aratus, 12th of Au
cities of the Phoceans 348 gust 24
Dionysius recovers the tyranny of Syracuse, after 10 Agis, king of Sparta, put to death for attempting to
years' banishment $47 settle an Agriºrian law. About this period flourish
Timoleon recovers Syracuse, and banishes the tyrant 343 ed Antigonus Carystius, Conon of Samos, Fratos
The Carthaginians defeated by Timoleon near Agri thenes. Apolloniàs of Perga, Lacydes, Amilcar,
entum. Abºut this time ſlourished Speusippus. Agesilaus the eptor, &c. 241
rotogenes. Aristotle, Æscbines. Xenocrates, De Plays first acted at Rome, being those of Livius An
mosthenes, Phocion, Mauercus, icetas, Stilpo, De dronicus 240
unades 340 *. passes with an army to Spain, with Annibal
113 son
The battle of Cheronaea, August 2, where Philip de 237
ſeats the Athenians and Thebans 333 The temple of Janus shut at Rome, the first time
since Numa.
Philip of Macedon killed by Pausanias. His son 235
Alexander, on the following year, enters Greece, The Sardinian war begins, and continues three
destroys Thebes, &c. 336 years 2:34
The battle of the Granicus, 23d of May 334 Original manuscripts of Æschylus, Euripides, and
The battle of Issus in October 333 Sophocles, lent by the Athenians to Ptolemy for a
Tyre and Egypt conquered by the Macedonian pledge of 15 talents 233
prince, and Alexandria built 33: The first divorce known at Rome, by sp. carvilius.
The battle of Arbela, October 2d 331 ...Sardinia and Corsica conquered 231
Alexander's expedition against Porus. About this The Roman Ambassadors list appeared at Athens
time flourished Apelles. Callisthenes, Bagoas, Par and Corinth 228
mºnio, Philotas. Memnon, Dinocrates, Calippus, The war between Cleomenes and Aratusbegins, and
Hyperides, Philetus, Lysippus, Menedemus, &c. 327 continues for five vears 227
Alexander dies on the 21st of April. His empire is The colossus of Rhodes thrown down by an earth
divided into four kingdoms. #. Samian war, and quake. The Romans first cross the Po, pursuing
the reign of the Ptolemies in Egypt
º publishes a general liberty to all the 323 flourished the Gauls, who had entered Italy. About this time
Chrysippus, Polystratas, Euphorion, Ar
Sreek cities. The age of Praxiteles, Crates, chimedes, Valerius Messala, C. Naevius, Aristar
Theophrastus, Menander, Demetrius, Dinarchus, chus, Apollonius, Philocorus, Aristo Ceus, Fabius
Polemon, Neoptelemus, Perdiccas, Leosthenes 320 Pictor, the first Roman historian, Phylarchus, Ly
Syracuse and Sicily usurped by Agathocles. Deine siades, Agro, &c. 2.24
trius Phalereus governs Athens for 10 years 517 The battle of Sellasia 223
Eumenes delivered to Antigonus by his arm 315 The Social War between the AEtolians and Achae
Seleucus takes Babylon, and here the beginning ofthe ans, assisted by Philip 220
era of the Seleucidae 312 Saguntum taken by Annibal 219
The conquests of Agathocles in Africa second Punic war begins, and continues 17 years 218
Pº. established at Athens by Demetrius Po 309 The The battle of the lake Thrasymenus, and, next year,
torcetes 307 217
that of Cannae, May 21
The title of kings first assumed by the successors of The Romans begin the auxiliary war against Philip
Alexander. 306 in Epirus, which is continued by intervals for 14
The battle of I where Antigonus is defeated and years 214
killed by Ptolemy, Seleucus, Lysimachus, and Cas Syracuse taken by Marcellus after a siege of three
sander. About this time flourished Zeno, Pyrrho. ears 212
Philemon, Megasthenes, Crantor, &c. Płºmen defeats Machanidos at Mantinea
Athenstaken by Demetrius Poliorcetes, after a year's Asdrubal is defeated. About this time flourished Plau
---e. 296 tus, Archagathus, Evander, Teleclus, Hermippus,
tº: sun-dial erected at Rome by Papirius Cur Zeno, Sotion, Ennius, Hieronymus of Syracuse,
sor, and the time first divided into hours 293 Tlepolemus, Epicydes 207
Seleucus, about this time, built about 40 cities in Asia, The battle of Zama 202
which he peopled with different nations. The The first Macedonian war begins, and continues near
age of Euclid the mathematician, Arcesilaus, Epi 4 years 200
eurus, Bion. Timocharis, Erasistratus, Aristyllus, The battle of Panius, where Antiochus defeats Sco
Strato. Zenodotus, Arsinoe, Lachares, &c. 291 pas 198
The Athenians revolt from Demetrius 287 The battle of Cynoscephale, where Philip is defeated 137
Pyrrhus expelled from Macedon by Lysimachus 236 The war of Antiochus the Great begins, and conti
The Pharos of Alexandria built. The Septuagint nues three years 192
supposed to be translated about this time 284 Lacedaemon joined to the Achaean league by Phi
Lysimachus defeated and killed by Seleucus. The lopoemen 191
Tarentine war begins, and continues 10 years. The The luxuries of Asia brought to Rome in the spoils of
23i Antiochus 189
Achaean league begins -

Pyrrhus, of Epirus, goes to Italy to assist the Taren
titles
The Gauls, under Brennus, are cut to pieces near the
temple of Delphi. About this time flourished Qio
nysius the as:ronomer, Sostratus. Theocritus, Dio
nysius Heracleotes, Philo, Aratus, Lycophron, Per
satus. &c. -
Pyrrhus, defeated by Curius, retires to Epirus
The first coining of silver at Rome -
Athens taken by Antigonus Gonatas, who keeps it
12 years
The first Panic war begins, and continues for 23 years.
The chronology of the Arundelian Marbles, com
d. About this time flourished Lycon, Crates,
erosus, Hermachns, Helenus, Clinias, Aristoti
mºs, &c.
The laws of Lycurgus abrogated for a while at Sparta
280 by Philopoemen 138
Antiochus the Great defeated and killed in Media.
About this time flourished Aristophanes of Byzan
tium, Asclepiades, Tegula, C. Laclius, Aristonymus,
Hegesinus, Diogenes the stoic, Critolaus, Masinis
278 sa, the Scipios, the Gracchi, Thoas, &c. 187
274 A war, which continues for one year, between Eu
269 menes and Prusias, till the death of Annibal 184
Philopoemen defeated and killed by Dinocrates 183
Numa's books found in a stone coffin at Rome 179
Perseus sends his ambassadors to Carthage 175
Ptolemy's generals defeated by Antiochus in a battle
between Pelusium and Mount Cassius, The second
Macedonian war -
17:
254 The battle of Pydna, and the fall of the Macedonian
 kil ČHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
B. C. B. L.
empire. About this period flourished Attalus the grammatiºn, Cicero, Antiochus, Spurious, Androni
astrºnomer, Mºrodorus. Terence, Crates, Polybi cus, Catullus, Sallust, Timagenes. Cratippus, &c. 60
us, Pacuvin). Hipparchus, Heraclides, Carneades, Cicero banished from Rome, and recalled the next
Aristarchus, &c. 168 wear 38
The first library erected at Rome, with books obtain Cesar passes the Rhine, defeats the Germans and in
ed from the plunder of Macedonia vades Britain 55
Terence's Andria first acted at Rome 167
16t; Crassus is killed by Surena in June 53
Time measured out at Rome by a water machine, in ‘ivil war between Caesar and Pompey 50
vented by Scipio Nasica, 134 years after the intro The battle of Pharsalia about May 13th 48
duction of sun-dials 159 Alexandria taken by Caesar 47
Andriscus, the Pseudophilip, assumes the royalty in The war ºf Africa, Cato kills himself. This year
Macedon 15.2 is called the year of Confusion, because the calen
Demetrius, king of Syria, defeated and killed by dar was corrected by Sosigenes, and the year made
Alexander Balas 150 to consist of 15 months, or 415 days
The third Punic war begins, Prusias, king of Bithy The battle of Munda
... nia, put to death by his son Nicomedes 149 Caesar murdered
The Romans nake war against the Achaeans, which The battle of Mutina. The second triumvirate in Oc
is finished next year by Mummius 143 layius, Antony, and Lepidus, Cicero put to death.
Carthage
Muminius
is destoyed by Scipio, and corinth by
-
The age of Sosigenes, Č. Nepos, Diodorus Siculus,
147 Trogus Pompey, Didymus the scholast, Varro the
Miriathus is defeated by Laelius, in Spain 146 poet, &c.
he war of Nuinantia begins, and continues for eight The battle of Philippi
... years 141 Pacorus, general of Parthia, defeated by Ventidios,
T. Roman army of 30,000, under Mancinus, is de 14 years after the disgrace of Crassus, and on the
feated by 4000 Numantines 138 same day
es oration of learning at Alexandria, and universal Potopey the Younger defeated in Sicily by Octavius
patronage offered to all learned men by Ptolemy Qetavius and Antony pieſ are for war
Physcon. The age of Satyrus, Aristobufus, incis The battle of Actium, ºd'september. The era of the
Accius, Mnaseas, Antipater, Diodorus the peripate Roman emperors properly begins here
tic, Nicander, Ctesibius, Sarpedon, Micipa, &c. 157 Alexandria taken, and Egypt reduced into a Roman
The ſamous embassy of Scipio, Metelius, Mummius, province -

..and Pantetius, into Egypt, Syria, and Greece
The history of the Apocrypha ends. The servile
War in Sicily begins, and continues for three years
Numantia taken. Pergamus annexed wo the Rºman
empire
Antiochus Sidetes killed by Phraates. Antiochus de
, feated by Perpenna
Demetrius Nicator defeated at Damascus by Alex
ander Zebina
The Romans make war against the pirates of the Ba
leares. Carthage is rebuilt by order of the Roman
*enate
C. Gracchus killed -
I'almatia conquered by Metellus
Cleopatra assumes the government of Egypt. The
age of Erynnaeus, Athenion, Artemidorus, Clito
machus, Apollonius, Herodicus, L. Caulius, Castor,
, Menecrates, Lucilius, &c. 116
The Jugurthine war begins, and continues for five
years - -
The ſainous sumptuary law at Rome, which limited
is the ºxpenses of eating every day
The Teutones and Cimbri begin the war against
Rome, and continue it for eight years
The Teutones defeat 80,000 Romanson the banks of
the Rhone - - Tiberius returns to Rome
136 The title of Augustus given to Octavius
The Egyptians adopt the Julian year. About this
time ſourished Virgil, Manilius, Dioscoriges, Asi
º, Pºlio, Marcellas, Agrippa, Strabo, Horace,
Macer, Propertius, Livy, Musa, Tibullus, Ovid, Py
lades, Bathyllus, Varius, Tucca, Vitruvius, &c.
The conspiracy of Muraena against Augustus
Augustus visits Greece and Åsia
The Roman ensigns recovered from the Parthians by
Tiberius
The secular game celebrated at Rome
123 Hºllius defeated by the Germans
The Rhaeti and Vindelici defeated by Drusus
121
113 The Pannonians conquered by Tiberius
Some of the German'nations conquered by Drusus
Augustus corrects the calendar, by ordering the 12 en
*ing years to be without intercalation. About this
time flourished Damascºnus, Hyginus, Flaccus the
grammarian, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, and Dio
111 ºysius the geographer
Tiberius retires to Rhodes for seven years
Our Saviour is born four years before the vulgar era.
:
110
in the year 4709 of the Julian period, A.U.C. 749.
and the fourth of the 193d Olympiad
109 A
-

The Teutones defeated by C. Marius at Aquae Sex 105 Tºyea, corrected, having formerly been every
, tiae - -
ci wear

The Cimbri defeated by Marius and Catulus
"olabella conquers Lusitania
£yrene leſ, by Ptolemy Apion to the Romans
The Social warbegins, and continues three years, till
102 Ovid Bºca by Tomos
10. Varus defeated and killed in Germany by Arminius
# Augustus di's at Nola, August 19th, and is succeeded
by Tiberius The ". of Thiedius, Asinius Gallus,
-

finished by Sylla -
91 Velleius Paterculus, Fºrmanicus,Cornel,Celsus, &c. 14
The Mithridatic war begins, and continues
ues 25 years 89 Twelve cities in Asia destroyed by an earthquake
The civil wars of Marius and Sylla begin and conti 1?
Gºrmanicus, poisoned by Piso, dies at Antioch 19
nue six years. ce Tiberius goes to Caprea: -
Sylla conquers Athens, and sends its valuable libra 88 sejanus disgraci --
sº
- rics to Rome Our Saviour crucified, Friday, April 8d. This is pput
Young Marius is defeated by Syſia, who is made dic 86 four we's earlier by some tº...i...,
*ator. Tiberius dies at Misen in near Baite, March 16th. and
The death of sylla. About this time flourished Phi *2 rished is succeeded by Caligula. About this period flou
Yalejº Maximus,Columeña, foºls Me
lo, Charmidas, Asclepiades, Apellicon L. Sisenna
Alexander Polyhistor, Plotius Gallus, Dioulinus, Že. la Appion, Philo Judaeus, Artºbanus, and Agrippina sº
s".
no, Hortensius, Archias, Posidonius, Geminus &c St. Paul converted to Christianity
hithynia left by Nicomedes to the Ronans - **w-
78 St. Matthew writes his Gospel se
The Servile war, under Spartacus, begins, and, two 75 The name of Christians first given at Antioch to the 39
§". after, the rebel general is defeated and Riº C ..". *::::
Saviour
- Pompey and Crassus 33 *"sºlº
Ciaudiusmurdered byy Chaereas, and succeeded by -
Mithridates and Tigranes defeated b
Mithridates conquered b > by Lucullus 41
Pompey in a night battle. * The expedition of claudius into Britain 4...t
Crete is subdued by ºetellus, after a war of tº St. Mark writes his Gospel
+-t
a $ºcular games celebrated at Rome
*orus-lº
****gº
!. of of
thethe Seleucidae
country ends in Syri
by Pompe yria on the con
tº Caractacus carried in chains to Rome 47
s:
Claudius succeeded by Nero 54
T'ºiline's conspiracy detec
dates kills .# tected by Cicero. Mithri 65
- * - L_*. Agrippina put to i. by her son Nero
a
** Persecution against the christian,
º ... irate in the Pºrsons of J. Caesar, Pom 68 N. : Lucan, ºnfothºr. Jut to death 6+
tºº,
É. and Crassus. About this time flourished Apol ero visits Greece. The Jº, war begins. The
Shius of Rhodes, Terentius Varro. Tyrannion, age of Persius, Q. Curtius, Pliny the elder, Jose
Aristocents ºf Nysa, Lucretius, Dionysius the hus, Frontinus, Burrhus, Carbulo, Thrasea, Boa
dicea, &c.
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE, xiii
A. D. A. D.
St. Peter and St. Paul put to death 67 to death by Pupienus, who soon after is destroyed,
Nero dies, and issueceeded by Galba 68 with Balbus, by the soldiers of the younger Gordian 236
tººlba put tº death. Otho, defeated by Vitellius, kills Sabinianus defeated in Africa 240
himself. Witellius is defeated by Vespasian's army 69 Gordian marches against the Persians 242
Jerusalem taken and destroyed by Titus 70 He is put to death by Philip, who succeeds, and makes
The Parthians revolt 77 peace with Sapor the next year. About this time
Leath of Vespasian, and succession of Titus. Her- flourished Censorius, and Gregory Thaumaturgus 244
sianeum, and Pompeii destroyed by an eruption of Philip killed, and succeeded by Decius. Herodian
Meant Vesuvius, November 1st 79 flourished 249
Path of Titus, and succession of Domitian. The The seventh persecution against the Christians 250
age of Sul. Italicus, Martial, Apollon, Tyaneus, Decius succeeded by Gallus 251
Valerius Flaccus, Solinus, Epictetus, Quintilian, A great pestilence over the empire 252
Lºpus, Agricola, &c. 81 Gallus dies and is succeeded by Emilianus, Valeria
Carºline games instituted by Domitian, and cele- nus, and Gallienus. In the reign of Gallus flour
brated every fourth year 36 ...ished St. Cyprian and Plotinus 254
Serulergames celebrated. The War with Dacia be- The eighth persecution against the Christians 257
- sins and continues 15 years 83 The empire is harassed by 30 tyrants successively 259
Sºceed persecution of the Christians 95 Valerian is taken by Sapor and flead alive 26
iºniſia fatto death by Stephanus, &c. and succeed- Odenatus governs the east for Gallienus 264
*d by Nerva. The age of Juvenal, Tacitus, Sta-
tius, &c.
The Scythians and Goths defeated by Cleodamus
96 and Athenaeus 287
Nerva dies, and is succeeded by Trajan .98 Gallienus killed, and succeeded by Claudius. In this
Piny, Proconsul ºf Bithynia, sends Trajan an ac reign flourished Longinus, Paulus Samosatenus, &c. 268
cºunt cf the Christians 102 Claudius conquers the Goths, and kills 300,000 of
Pºtia reduced tº a Roman province 103 , them. Zenobia takes possession of Egypt 269
Trºjan's expedition against Parthia. About this Aurelian succeeds 270
its flourished Florus, Suetonius, Pliny junior, Phi The ninth persecution against the Christians -
27.
* Bytics, Dion, Frusaeus, Plutarch, &c. 106 Zenobia defeated by Aurelian at Edessa 273
Third persecution of the Christians 107 Dacia ceded to the Barbarians by the emperor 274
Trºjas's colume erected at Rome 114 Aurelian killed, and succeeded by Tacitus, who died
ºr jaº dies, and is succeeded by Adrian 117 after a reign of six months, and was succeeded by
fºrth persecution of the christians 118 . Florianus, and, two months after, by Probus
Adrian beilds a wall in Britain 121 Probus makes an expedition into Gauí
ºrian visits Asia and Egypt for seven years 126 He defeats the Persians in the east
He rebuilds Jerusalem, and raises there a temple to Probus is put to death and succeeded by Carus, and
dupiter 130 his sons Carinus and Numerianus
The Jews rebel, and are defeated after a war of five Dioclesian succeeds
years, and all banished 131 The empire attacked by the Barbarians of the north.
dºrian diet, and is succeeded by Antoninus Pius. Dioclesian takes Maximianus as his imperial col
In the reign of Adrian flourished Theon, Phavori league
tº, Phlegon, Trallian, Aristides, Aquila, Salvius Britain recovered, after a tyrant's usurpation of ten
Julian, Polycarp, Arrian, Ptolemy, &c. 138 ears. , Alexandria taken by Dioclesian
"stoniºus defeats the Moors, Germans, and Dacians 145 The tenth persecution against the Christians, which
The worship of Serapis brought to Rome
146 continues ten years
-

Antoninus dies, and is succeeded by M. Aurelius and Dioclesian and Maximianus abdicate the empire, and
L. Verus, the last of which reigned nine years. In live in retirement, succeeded by Constantius Chlo
the reign of Antoninus flourished Maximus Tyrius, rus and Galerius Maximianus, the two Caesars.
Peasanias. Diophantes, Lucian. Hermogenes, Poly About this period flourished J. Capitolinus, Arno
*trus, Appian, Artemidorus, Justin the martyr, bius,Gregory and Hermogenes, the lawyers, Elius
Apuleius, &c. 161 Spartianus, #. Flavius Vopiscus, Trebel
* war with Parthia, which continues three years 162 lius, Pollio, &c.
A war against the Marcomanni, which continues five Constantius dies, and is succeeded by his son
*ears -
169 At this time there were four emperors, Constantine,
ºther, which continues three years 177 Licinius, Maximianus, and Maxentius
* Aurelius dies, and Commodas succeeds. In the Maxentius defeated and killed by Constantine. §:
* reign flourished Gaten, Athenagoras, Tatian, The emperor Constantine begins to favour the Chris
ºther rus, Montanus, Diogenes Laertius 180 tian religion 319
Tºrºus makes peace with the Germans 181 Licinius defeated and banished by Constantine
- 324
Lermºus put to death by Martia and Laetus. He is The first general Council of Nice, composed of 318
*re-ded for a few months by Pertinax, who is bishops, who sit from June 19 to August 25 325
ºrdered. 133, and four rivals arise, Didins Julia The seat of the empire removed from Rome to Con
H. Pescensins Niger, severus, and Albinus. Un stantinople 323
der Commodus flourished J. Pollux, Theodotion, Constantinople solemnly dedicated by the emperor
st Irenaeus, &c. 192 on the eleventh of May 330
** is defeated by Severus at issus 194 Constantine orders all the heathen temples to be de
**is defeated in Gaud, and killed at Lyons, Fe stroved 331
*ary 19th 198 The death of Constantine, and succession of his three
***** conquers the Parthians 200 sons, Constantinus, Constans, and Constantius. In
**;ersecution against the Christians 202 the reign of Constantine flourished Lactantius,
**frus visits Britain, and two years after builds a Athanasius Arius, and Eusebius 357
wall there aeross from the Frith of Forth 207 Constantine the younger defeated and killed by Con
*nº fies at York. and is succeeded by Caracalla stans at Aquileia 340
* Gºa. In his reign flourished Terinllian. Mi Constans killed in Spain by Magnentius 350
ºf Felix Papinianus, Clemens of Alexandria, Gallus put to death by Constantius 354
_**strates, Plotianus, and Bulas 211 One hundred and fifty cities of Greece and Asia ruin
- Hilled by his brother Caracalla 212 ed by an earthquake 353,
**ſtagiºt discovered. Caracalla murdered by Constantius and Julian quarrel, and prepare for war;
ºrians. Flourished Oppian 217 but the former dies the next year, and leaves the
** Macrinus killed by the soldiers, and succeed latter sole emperor. About this period flourished
*:by Heliozabalus 219 HElius Donatus, Eutropius, Libanius, Ammian,
* severus succeeds Heliogabalus. The Marcellinus, Iamblicus, St. Hilary, &c. 360
ºths then exacted an annual payment not to in Julian dies, and is succeededby Jovian. In Julian's
* * molest the Roman empire. The age of reign flourished Gregory Nazienzen, Themistius,
*is Africants 222 Aurelius Victor, &c. 363
* Aracār of Parthia are conquered by Artaxer Upon the death ofJovian, and the succession of Wa
* ºr of Media, and their empire destroyed 223 lens and Valentinian. the empire is divided, the
**nder defeats the Persians 234 former being emperor of the east and the other of
*arth persecution against the Christians 235 the west 364
ºteierkilled, and succeeded by Maximinus. . At Gratian taken as partner in the western empire by
trime flourished Dion Cassius, Origen and Am Valentinian ;
-
**** 235 Firmus, tyrant of Africa, defeated - - - -

*** Gordians succeed Maximinus, and are put *... the second succeeds Valentinian the First 375
-
 xiw CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
A , D. A. tr.
The Goths permitted to settle in Thrace, on being Paris made the capital of the French dominions 51:
expelled by the Huns 376 Constantinople besieged by Vitalianus, whose fleetis
Theodosius the Great succeeds Walens in the eastern burned with a brazen speculum by Proclus 514
empire. The Lombards first leave Scandinavia The computing of time by the Christian era, introduc
and defeat the Vandals 379 ed first #
Dionysius 516
Gratian defeated and killed by Andrigathius 383 Justin the first, a peasant of Dalmatia, makes himself
The tyrant Maximus defeated and put to death by emperor sit
Theodosius 388 Justinian the First, nephew of Justin, succeeds. Un
Eugenius usurps the western empire, and is two years der his glorious reign flourished Belisarius, Jor.
after defeated by Theodosius 392 nandes, Paul the Silentiary, Simplicus, Dionysius,
Theodosius dies, and is succeeded by his sons, Arca Procopius, Proclus, Earses, &c. 527
dius in the east, and Honorius in the west. In the Justinian publishes his celebrated code of laws, and
reign of Theodosius flourished Ausonius, Eunapius, four years after his digest 529
Pappus, Theon, Prudentius, St. Austin, St. Jeroine, Conquest of Africa by Belisarius, and that of Rome,
St. Ambrose, &c. 395 two years after 584
Gildo, defeated by his own brother, kills himself 393 Italy is invaded by the Franks 533
Stilicho defeats :00, 00 of the Goths at Fesulae 405 The Roman consulship suppressed by Justinian 54:
The Vandals, Alani, and Suevi, permitted to settle in A great plague which rose in Africa, and desolated
Spain and France by Honorius 406 Asia and ºf: 543
Théodosius the Younger succeeds Arcadius in the The beginning of the Turkish empire in Asia 5.45
east, having Isdegerdes, king of Persia, as his Rome taken and pillaged by Totila 547
guardian appointed by his father 408 The munufacture of silk introduced from India into
Rome plundered by Alaric, king of the Visigoths, Au Europe by monks 551
gust 24th 410 Defeat and death of Totila, the Gothic king of Italy 553
The Vandals begin their kingdom in Spain 412 A dreadful plague over Africa, Asia, and Europe,
The kingdom of the Burgundians is begun in Alsace 413 which continues 50 years
The Visigoths found a kingdom at Thoulouse 415 Justin the Second, son of Vagilantia, the sister of
The Alani defeated and extirpated by the Goths 417 Justinian, succeeds 555
The kingdom of the French begins on the lower Part of Italy conquered by the Lombards from Pan
Rhine - 420 nonia, who form a kingdom there 563
The death of Honorius, and succession of Valentinian Tiberius the Second, an officer of the imperial guards,
the Third. Under Honorius flourished Sulpicius is adopted, and, soon after, succeeds 78
Severus, Macrobius, Anianus, Panodorus, Stobaeus, Latin ceases to be the language of Italy about this
Servius the commentator, Hypatia, Pelagius, Sy time 531
nesius, Cyrill, Orosius, Socrates, &c. 423 Maurice, the Cappadocian, son-in-law of Tiberius,
Theodosius establishes public schools at Constantino succeeds 53
ple, and attempts the restoration of learning 425 Gregory the First, surnamed the Great, fills St. Pe
The Romans take leave of Britain and never return 26 ter's chair at Rome. The few men of learning
Pannonia recovered from the Huns by the Romans. who flourished the latter end of this century were
The Vandals pass into Africa 427 Gildas, Agathias, Gregory of Tours, the father of
The French defeated by Etius 423 French history, Evagrius, and St. Augustin the
The Theodosian code published 435 monk 590
Genseric the Vandal takes Carthage, and begins the Augustin the Monk, with 40 others, comes to preach
kingdom of the Wandals in Africa 489 Christianity in England 527
The Britons abandoned by the Romans, make their About this time the Saxon Heptarchy began in Eng
eelebrated complaint to AEtius against the Picts and land 600
Scots, and three years after the Saxons settle in Phocas, a simple centurion, is elected emperor, after
Britain, upon the invitation of Vortigern 446 the revolt of the soldiers, and the inurder of Mau
Attila, king of the Huns, ravages Europe 447 rice and of his children to
Theodosius the Second dies, and is succeeded by Mar The power of the Popes begins to be established by
cianus. About this time flourished Zozimus, Nesto the concessions of Phocas
rius, Theodoret, Sozomen, Olympiodorus, &c. 450 Heraclius, an officer in Africa, succeeds, after the
The city of Venice first º: to be known 452 murder of the usurper Phocas 610.
Death of Valentinian the Third, who is succeeded b The conquests of Choſroes, king of Persia, in Syria,
Maximus (or two months, by Avitus for ten, and, af. Egypt, Asia Minor, and, afterwards, his siege of
ter an interregnum of ten months, by Majorianus 454 onne tºli
Rome taken by Genseric in July. The kingdom of The Persians take Jerusalem with the slaughter of
Kent first established -
90,000 men, and the next year they over-run Africa 614
The Suevi defeated by Theodoric on the Ebro j Mahonmet in the 53d year, flies from Mecca to Me
Marcianus dies, and is succeeded by Leo, surnamed dina, on Friday, July 16, which forms the first year
the Thracian. Vortimer defeated by Hengist at of the Hegira, the era of the Mahometans 6
Crayford, in Kent Constantinople is besieged by the Persians and Arabs 626
Severus succeeds in the western empire Death of Mahomet 63:
The paschal cycle of 532 years invented by Victorius Jerusalem taken by the Saracens, and three years af
of Aquitain ter, Alexandria, and its famous library destroyed 637
Anthemius succeeds in the western empire, after an Constantine the Third, son of Heraclius, in partner
interregnum of two years ship with Heracleonas, his brother by the same fa
Olybrius succeeds Anthemius, and is succeeded, the ther, assumes the imperial purple. Constantine
next year, by Glycerius, and Glycerius by Nepos reigns 103 days, and after his death, his son. Con
Nepos is succeeded by Augustulus. Leo junior, son stantine's son Constans is declared emperor, though
of Ariadne, though an infant, succeeds his grandfa Heracleonas, with his mother Martina, wished to
ther Leo in the eastern empire, and some months continue in possession of the supreme power
after, is succeeded by his father Zeno 474 Cyprus taken by the Saracens
The western empire is destroyed by Odoacer, king of The Saracens take Rhodes, and destroy the Colossus
the Heruli, who assumes the title of king of Italy. Constantine the Fourth, surnamed Pogonatus, suc
About that time flourished Futyches, Prosper, Vic ceeds, on the murder of his father in Sicily
torius, Sidonius, Apollinaris 476 The Saracens ravage Sicily
Constantinople partly destroyed by an earthquake, Constantinople besieged by the Saracens, whose fleet
which lasted 40 days at intervals 480 is destroyed by the Greek fire
The battle of Soissons and victory of Clovis over Sia Justinian }. Second succeeds his father Constantine.
#. the Roman general 485 In his exile of 10 years, the purple was usurped by
After the death of Zeno in the east, Ariadne married Leontius and Absinnerus Tiberins. His restoration
Anastasius, surnamed the Silentiary, who ascends happened 704. The only men of learning in this
the vacant throne 491century were Secundus, Isidorus, theophylºcº. º
Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, revolts about this
time, and conquers Italy from the Heruli. About
Geo. %.Callinicus, and the venerable Bede
Pepin engrosses the power of the whole French mo
Gs 3. :Sã,
this time flourished Boethius, and Symmachus 493 narchy
Christianity embraced in France by the baptism of Africa finally conquered by the Saracens 7t
Clovis 496 Bardanes, surnamed Philipicus, succeeds at Constan
The Burgundian laws published by king Gondebaud 501 ... stinople, on the murder of Justinian -:
Alaric defeated by Clovis at the battle of Worcillé Spain is conquered by the Saracens. Accession of
near Poictiers 567 Artemius, or Anastasius the Second to the throne -

:
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xw

A. D. A. n.
**astasius abdicates, and is succeeeded by Theodosius empress, unable to reign alone under the title of
the Tbird, who, two years after, yields to the supe Protectress of her young children, had married 963
rior influence ºf Leo the Third, the first of the Isau
Italy conquered by otho, and united to the German
_ rian dynasty 715 ...empire 964
second, but unsuccessful siege of Constantinople by Nicephorus. At the instigation of Theophana, is mur.
the Sarazens 717 dered by John Zinisces, who assumes the purple 969
Tax called Peterpence begun by Ina, king of Wes- . Basil the Second, and Constantine the Ninth, the two
*ex, to support a college at Rome 727 sons of Romanus by Theophano, succeed on the
Saracers defeated by Charles Martel between Tours death of Zimisces 975
*nd Poietiers in October 732 The third or Cayetian race of kings in France be.
Canstantise the Fifth, surnamed Capronymus, suc gins July 3d 98.7
eeeds his father Leo 741 Arithmetical figures brought into Europe from Ara
Pºiº pestilence for three years over Europe and 746
.*s-
bia by the Saracens
The empire of Germany first made elective by Otho
99.1

The cºmputation of years from the birth of Christ III...The learned men of this century were Eudes
first used in historical writings 743 de Cluni, Azophi, Luitprand, Alſarabius, Rhaze,
Learning encouraged by the race of Abbas caliph of Geber, Abbo, Aimion, Gerbert 99e
the Saracens 749. A general massacre of the Danes in England, Nov. 1002
The Merovingian race of kings end in France 750 13th
Bagdad built, and made the capital of the Caliphs of All old churches, about this time, rebuilt in a new
the house of Abbas - 762 manner of Architecture 1005
A violent frost for 150 days from October to February 768 Flanders inundated in consequence of a violent storm ioli
Monasteries dissolved in the east by Constantine 770 Constantine becomes sole emperor on the death of his
Pavia taken by Charlemagne, which ends the king brother 1025
dom of the Lombards, after a duration of 296 years 774 Romanus the Third, surnamed Argyrus, a Patrician,
Leo the Fourth, son of Constantine, succeeds, and succeeds, by marrying Zoe, the daughter of the
five years after, is succeeded by his wife Irene, and late º 1022
his son Constantine the Sixth 775 Zoe, after prostituting herself to a Paphlagonian mo
frene murders her son and reigns alone. The only ney lender, causes her husband Romanus to be poi
men of learning in this century were Johannes Da soned, and afterwards marries her favourite, who
seascenus, Fredegaire, Alcuinus, Paulus Diaconus, ascends the throne under the name of Michael the
George the monk 797 Fourth 1034
Charlemagne is crowned emperor of Rome and of the The kingdoms of Castile and Aragon begin 1035
western empire. About this time the Popes sepa Zoe adopts for her son Michael th. Fifth, the trade
rate themselves from the princes of Constantinople 800 of whose father (careening vessels) had procured
Rºbert ascends the throne of England, but the total him the surname of Calaphates 1041
reduction of the Saxon heptarchy is not effected till Zoe and her sister Theodora, are made sole empresses
26 years after 801 by the populace, but after two months, Zoe, though
Nicephorus the First, great treasurer of the empire, 60 years old, takes for her third husband, Constan
succeeds 802 tine the Tenth, who succeeds 1042
*tauracias, son of Nicephorus, and Michael the first, The Turks invade the Roman empire 1030
surnamed Rhangabe the husband of Procopio, sis After the death of Constantine, Theodora recovers the
ter of Stauracius, assume the purple 811 sovereignty, and, 19 months after, adopts, as her
Leo the Fifth, the Armenian, though but an officer of successor, Michael the Sixth, surnamed Stratioticus 1054
the Palace, ascends the throne of Constantinople 813 tº: Commenus the First, chosen emperor by the sol1057
ters
Learning encouraged among the Saracens by Alma
tnon, who made observations on the sun, &c. 816 Isaac abdicates, and when his brother refuses to suc
Michael the Second. Thracian, surnamed the Stam ceed him, he appoints his friend Constantine the
merer, succeeds, after the murder of Leo. 321 Eleventh, surnamed Ducas 1059
The Saracens of Spaintake Crete which they call Jerusalem conquered by the Turks from the Saracens 1063
Candia 623 The crown *}.
is transferred from the head
The Almagest of Ptolemy translated into Arabic by of Harold by the battle of Hastings, October the
order of Almarnon 8 14th, to William the Conqueror, duke of Normandy 1066
Theophilus succeeds his father Michael 829 On the Death of Ducas, his wife Eudocia, instead of
Origin of the Russian monarchy 839 protecting his three sons, Michael, Andronicus, and
Michael the Third succeeds his father Theophilus Constantine, usurps the :...'ſ. and marries
with his mother Theodora 842 Romanus the Third, surnamed Diogenes 1067
The Normans get possession of some cities in France 853 Romanus being taken prisoner by the Turks, the three
Michael is murdered, and succeeded by Basil the {. princes ascend the throne, under the name of
First, the Macedonian 967 ichael Parapinaces the Seventh, Andronicus the
Clocks first brought to Constantinople from Venice 372 First, and Constantine the Twelfth 107t
Basil is succeeded by his son Leo the Sixth, the phi The general Nicephorus Botaniates the Third, as
losºpher. In this century flourished Messué, the sumes the purple 1078
Arabian physician, Eginhard, Rabanus, Albumasar, Doomsday book begun to be compiled from a general
Godescaichus. Hincmarus, Odo, Photius, John Sco survey of the estates of England, and finished in
tus, Anastasius the librarian, Alfraganus, Albategni, six years 1030
Reginon, John Asser g36 Alexius Cºmmenus the First, nephew of saac the
Paris besieged by the Normans, and bravely defend First, ascends the throne. His reign is rendered
ed by Bishop à. 837 illustrious by the pen of his daughter, the princess
Death of Alfred, king of England, after a reign of Anna Commena. The Normans, under Robert of
30 years 900 Apulia, invade the eastern empire 108:
1034
Alexander, brother of Leo, succeeds with his nephew Asia Minor finally conquered by the Turks -

Constantine the Seventh, surnamed Porphyrogeni Accession of William the Second to the English
tgs 911 throne 1087
Tºwn.
lo
establish themselves in France under The first crusade 1096
912 Jerusalem taken by the crusaders 15th July. The
Rºmanus the First, surnamed Lecapenus, general of only learned men of this century were Avicenna,
the fleet. s the throne, with his three sons, Chris Guy d'Arezzo, Glaber, Hermanus, Franco, Peter
*:::: Stephen, and Constantine the Eighth
Fie * *stablished in France . -
919
923
Damiani, Michael Celularius, Geo. Cedrenus, Be
renger, Pseilus Marianus. Scotus, Arzachel, Wil
**tenempire divided by usurpation into seven king liam of Spires, Suidas, Peter the Hermit. Sigebert 1099
sºme 936 Henry the }. succeeds to the throne of England 1100
ºples seized by the eastern emperors 942 Learning revived at Cambridge 1110
sons of Romanus conspire against their father, John, or calojohannes, son of Alexius, succeeds at
Constantinople 1118
and the tumults this occasioned produced the resto
ration of Porphyrogenitus 945 Order of Knights Templars instituted 1118
*manus the Second, son of Constantine the Se Accession of Stephen to the English crown 1135.
§: by Helena, the daughter of Lecapenus, suc Manual, son of John, succeeds at Constantinople łłł
ed 959 The second crusade
Bºnus§. by his wife Theophano, is succeed The canon law composed by Gratian, after 24 years' 115t
** Nicephorus Phoeas the second, whom the labour
xvi. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
A. D. .u.
The party names of G uelfs and Gibbelines begins in Halensis, William of Paris, Peter de Vignes, M.”
ltaly 1154 thew Paris, Grosseteste, Albertus,Thomas Aquinas,
Henry the Second succeeds in England 1164 Bonaventura, John Joinville, Roger Bacon, Cima
The Teutonic order begins - 1 164 bue, Durandes, Henry of Ghent, Raymond Lulli,
The conquest of Egypt by the Turks 1169 Jacob Voragine, Albertet, Duns Scotus. Thebit lº.
The famous council of Clarendon in England, Janua A regular succession of English parliaments from this
ry 25th. Conquest of Ireland by Henry II. 1172 time !--
Dispensin of justice by circuits first established in The Turkish empire begins in Bithynia 1
1...i
Alexius the Second succeeds his father Manuel
1176
112)
The mariner's compass invented or improved by Fla
V 10 tºº
English laws digested by Glanville 1131 The Swiss Cantons begin 1.37
From the disorders of the government, on account of Edward the Second succeeds to the English crown 137
the minority of Alexius, Andronicus, the grandson Translation of the holy see to Avignon, which aliena.
of the great Alexius is named guardian, but he tion continues tº years, till the return of Gregory
murders Alexius, and ascends the throne 1133 the Fleventh 13tº
Andronicus is cruelly put to death, and Isaac Ange Andronicus adopts, as his colleagues, Mannel and his
lus, a descendant of the great Alexius by the fe grandson, the younger Andronicus. Manuel dying,
male line, succeeds 1165 Andronicus revolts against his grandfather, who
The third crusade, and siege of Acre 1138 abdicates 13-0
Richard the First succeeds his father Henry in Eng Fºdward the Third succeeds in England 12:7
land 1139 First comet observed, whose course is described with
Saladin defeated by Richard of England in the bat exactness, in June 1337
tle of Ascalon 1.192 About this time flourished Leo Pilatus, a Greek pro
Alexius Angelus, brother of Isaac, revolts, and usurps fessor at Florence, Barlaam, Petrarch, Boccace,
the sovereignty, by putting out the eyes of the en and Manual Chrysolaras, where may be fixed the
beror 11.95 era of the revival of Greek literature in Italy 133)
J.A. succeeds tothe English throne. The learned men Andronicus is succeeded by his son John Palaeologus
of this century were, fººter Abelard, Anna Comme in the ninth year of his age. John Cantacuzene,
na, St. Bernard, Averroes, William of Malmesbu who had been left guardian of the young prince,
ry, Peter Lombard, Otho Trisingensis, Maimonides, assumes the purple. First passage of the Turks in
Humenus, Wernerus, Gratian, Jeoffry of Mon to Europe 1341
mouth, Tzetzes, Eustathius, John of Salisbury, Si The knights and burgesses of Parliament first sit in
meon of Durham, Henry of Huntingdon, Peter Co the same house - - 134:
mestor, Peter of Blois, Hanulph Glanville, Roger The battle of Crecy, August 25 1345
Howeden, Campanus, William of Newburgh 1199 Seditions of Rienzi at Rome, and his elevation to the
Constantinople is besieged and taken by the Latins, tribuneship 1317
and Isaae is taken from his dungeon and replaced Qrder of the Garter in England established April23d 13+.
on the throne with his son Alexius. This year is The Turks first enter Europe 1352
remarkable for the fourth crusade 1203 Catacuzene abdicates the purple 1355
The father and son are murdered by Alexius Mour. The battle of Poictiers, September 19th 1335
zoufle, and Coustantinople is again besieged and Law pleadings altered from French into English asa
taken by the French and Venetians, who elect favour from Edward III. to his people, in his 50th 135.
Baldwin, count of Flanders, emperor of the east. year
In the mean time, Theodore Lascaris makes him. Rise of Timour, or Tamerlane, to the throne of Sa
self emperor of Nice; Alexius, grandson of the marcand, and his extensive conquests till his death,
tyrant Andronicus, becomes emperor of Trebizond; after a reign of 35 years 1370
and Michael, an .#." child of the Angeli, Accession of Richard the Second to the English
founds an empire in Epirus 1204 throne 1377
The emperor Baldwin is defeated by the Bulgarians, Manuel succeeds his father John Palaeologus 159:
and, next year, is succeeded by his brother Henry 1205 Ağcession of Henry the Fourth in England. The
Reign and conquests of the great Zingis Khan, first learned men of this century were Peter Apono, Fla
emperor of the Moguls and Tartars, till the time of yo, Dante, Arnoldus Viſla, Nicholas Lyra, Wil
his death 1227 1206 liam Qccan, Nicephorus Gregoras, Leontius Pila
Aristotle's works imported from Constantinople are tºs, Matthew of Westminster, Wickliff, Froissart, 1399
condemned by the council of Paris 1209 Nicholas, Flamel, Chaucer
Magna Charta granted to the English barons by King Hºly the Fourth is succeeded by hisson Henry the
John 1215
Henry the Third succeeds his father John on the Eng Battle of Agincourt, October 25th 1415
lish throne 1216 The Island of Maderia discovered by the Portuguese 14."
Peter of Courtenay, the husband of Yolanda, sister of Henry the Sixth succeeds to the throne of England.
the two last emperors. Baldwin and Henry, is made Constantinople is besieged by Amurath the se 14:2
emperor by the Latins l
cond, the Turkish emperor
Robert, son of Peter Courtenay, succeeds 122 John Palæologus the second succeeds his father
Theodore Lascaris is succeeded on the throne of Manuel 1424
Nice by his son-in-law, John Ducas Wataces Cosmo de Medici recalled from banishment, and rise
John of Brienne, and Baldwin the Second, son of Pe of that family at Florence 1434
ter, succeeded on the throne of Constantinople 1223 The famous pragmatic sanction settled in France 1439
The inquisition, which had begun 1204, is now trust Printing discovered at Mentz, and improved gradual1440
ed to the Dominicans 1233 ly in 22 years -

Baldwin alone 1237 Colstantine, one of the sons of Manuel, ascends the
Origin of the Ottomans 1240 throne after his brother John 1445
The fifth crusade Mahomet the Second, emperor of the Turks, be
1243
Astronomical tables composed by Alphonso the Ele jeſſes and takes Constantinople on the 29th ofMay.
venth of Castille 1253 Fall ºf the eastern empire. 'The captivity of the
Ducas Wataces is succeeded on the throne of Nice by Greeks, and the extinction of the imperial families
his son Theodore Lascaris the Second 1255 ºf the Comneni, and Palæologi. About this time,
Lascaris succeeded by his son John Lascaris, a minor 1259 the House of York in England began to aspire to
Michael Palaeologus, son of the sister of the queen of the crown, and, by their ambitious views to deluge
Theodore Lascaris, ascends the throne, after the the whole kingdom in blood. The learned men of
the 15th century were Chaucer, Leonard Aretin,
murder of the young prince's guardian 1260
Constantinople is recovered from the Latins by the John Huss, Jerome of Prague, Poggio, Flavius
Greek emperors of Nice 1261
Blondus, Theodore Gaza, Frank Phiêlphus, Geo.
Edward the first succeeds on the English throne 1272 Trapezuntius, Gemistus Pletho, Laurentius Valla,
The famous Mortmain act passes in England 1279 Ulugh Beigh, John Guttemburg, John Faustus, Pe.
Eight thousand French murdered during the Sicilian tºr Schoeffer, Wesselus, peurºachius, Aeneas sy!
vespers, 30th of March 12:3: Yi* Bessarion, Thomas a Kempis, Argyropulas,
Wales couquered by F.dward and annexed to England 1283 Regiomontanus, Platina, Agricº, Pontº'Fic.
Michael Paleologus dies, and his son Andronicus, who n", Lascaris, Tiphernas, Annins of viterbº, Mern
had already reigned nine years conjointly with his 14. Savonarola, Picus, Politian, Hermolaus, Grocyn,
father, ascends the throne. The learned men of Mantuanus, John Colet, Renchlin, Ly nacre, Alex
this century are, Gervase, Dice!o, Saxo, Walter of *** * Alexandro, Demetrius Chalcanºes, 11:3
&c.
Coventry, Accursius, Antony of Padua, Alexander
 A CLASSICAL DICTIONARY,
&c. &c. &c.

AB AB

ABA or Abe, (a city of Phocis in Greece, called Mazeres by Flor. 3, c. 21. and Ariam
famous for an oracle of Apollo more ancient nes by Plut. in Crass.
than thatat Delphi, and also for a rich temple ABAs, for Anus, a mountain of Armenia
plundered and burnt by the Persians. The Major ; according to D'Anville the modern
city is saidtohave been founded by the Aban .4bi-dag, but maintained by Mannert to be the
tes and named after their leader Abas. Paus. modern Ararat. It gives rise to the southern
16. c.3—Steph. de Urb.—Strab. 9..] branch of the Euphrates. Mann. Geo. Vol. 5,
[Asacesumi, a town of Sicily near Messa p. 196-vid. Arsanias.]—A river of Armenia
La; its runs are supposed to be in the neigh | Major, where Pompey routed the Albani.
bourhood of the modern Tripi.] Plut. in Pomp.–A son of Metamira, or Mela
Asilus, [according to the ancients, an is minia, changed into a lizard for laughing at
land in the German ocean, on whose shores |Ceres. Ovid. Met. 5. fab. 7.—The 11th king
amber was collected in great abundance, be of Argos, son of Belus, some say of Lynceus
ing driven thither by the waves in the spring.i. Hypermnestra, was famous for his genius
It is supposed by Mannert to have been the and valour. He was father to Proetus and
southern extremity of Sweden, mistaken by Acrisius, by Ocalea. He reigned 23 years,
the ancients for an island on account of their B. C. 1384. Paus. 2, c. 16, 1. 10, c. 35.-
ignorance of the country to the north. Man Hygin. 170. &c.—Apollod. 2, c. 2. Orid,
arri. Anc. Geogr. Vol. 4. p. 304.] Met. 12, v. 306.—A soothsayer, to whom
AbAMTEs, [a people of Thracian origin the Spartans erected a statue in the temple
whesettled in Phocis and founded Abae. Ac of Apollo, for his services to Lysander. Paus.
carding to some ancient authors they after 10, c. 9. A sophist who wrote two trea
wards emigrated to Eubaea. Herod. 1, c. tises, one on history,the other on rhetoric: the
146.-Hom. Il. 2,542.] time in which he lived is unknown.
AEANTIAs, and Abantiades, a patronymic ABāsa, an island in the Red Sea, near AF
given to the deseendants of Abas king of Ar thiopia. Paus. 6, c. 26.
gos, such as Acrisius, Danae, Perseus, Atalan AbAsitis, a part of Mysia in Asia. Strab.
ta, &e.—Orid. AbAsséNA, or Abassinia. Wid. Abyssinia.
ARANTipas made himself master of Sicy Ab Aster, one of Pluto's horses.
24, after he had murdered Clinias, the father Abitos, an island in the lake near Mem
ºf Aratus. He was himself soon after assas phis in Egypt, abounding with flax and papy
inated, B.C. 251. Plut. in .4rat. | rus. Osiris was buried there. Lucan. 10.
Asaxtis, or Abantias, an ancient name of v, 323.
the islandof Euboea, received from the Aban Abn ALoNiMus, one of the descendants of
tes, who settled in it from Phocis.-Also a the kings of Sidon, so poor, that to maintain
*untry of Epirus. Paus. 5, c. 22. himself he worked in a garden. When Alex
Anaas AREA, one of the Naiades, mother ander took Sidon, he made him king in the
ºf Esopus and Pedasus by Bucolion, Laome room of Stuato, the deposed monarch, and
dad's eldest son. Hom. Ii.6., v. 23. enlarged his possessions on account of the great
Asians, a Scythian, son of Senthes, in the disinterestedness of his conduct. Justin. 11, c.
:* of Croesus, or the Trojan war, who re 1.—Curt. 4, c. 1.-Diod. 17.
ºted a flying arrow from Apollo, with which ABDERA, a town of Hispania Baetica, built
* tave oracles, and transported himself by the Carthaginians. Strab. 3.-A maritime
*herever he pleased. He is said to have re city of Thrace, built by Hercules, in memory
ºned to the Hyperborean countries from of Abderus, one of his favourites. The Teians
Athens without eating, and to have made the beautified it. Some suppose that Abdera, the
Trºjan Palladium with the bones of Pelops. sister of Diomedes, built it. The air was so
* suppose that he wrote treatises in unwholesome, and the inhabitants of such a
*reek; and it is reported that there is a sluggish disposition, that stupidity was com
manuscript of his epistles to Phalaris monly called Abderitica mens. It gave birth,
*the herary of Augsburg. But there were however, to Democritus, Protagoras, Anax
Pºtably two persons of that name. Herodot. archus and Hecataeus. Mela, 2, c. 2.-Cic.
*5-36.-Strab. 7–Paus. 3, c. 13. ad.Attic. 4, ep. 16.-Herodot. 1, c. 136. Mart.
***rs, an Arabian prince, who perfidi 10, ep. 25.
* deserted Crassus in his expedition Abderia a town of Spain. Apollod. 2, c. 5.
* Parthia. Appian. in Parth—He is Ahnfrcs, a man of Opus in Locris, ar
A
 AB AB
2
mour-bearer to Hercules, torn to pieces by |Dionys Hal. 1, c. 10—Justin.13. c.1—pin. º
5, c. 5.-Slrab. 5. d
the mares of Diomedes, which the hero had
intrusted to his care when going to war against Anorras a river of Mesopotamia. Strab. "
the Bistones. Hercules built a city which 16. vid. Chaboras. º
in honour of his friend he called Abdera. ABRADATEs, a king of Susa, who when :
.Apollod. 2, c. 5. –Philostrat. 2, c. 25. his wife Panthea had been taken prisoner by
ABERTAE, a people of Greece, probably the Cyrus, and humanely treated, surrendered
inhabitants of Abia.-Plin. 4, c. 6. himself and his troops to the conqueror. He “
AbelLA, a town of Campania, whose in was killed in the first battle which he under
habitants were called Abellani. Its nuts, call took in the cause of Cyrus, and his wife stab
ed avellanae, were famous. [It is now Avel bed herself on his corpse. Cyrus raised a
ra.] Virg. En. 7, v. 740. monument on their tomb. Xenoph. Cyrop.5,
Abelux, a noble of Saguntum, who favour 6, &c.
ed the party of the Romans against Carthage, 'Annenrius, was made governor of Ta
JLiv. 22, c. 22. rentum by Annibal. He betrayed his trust
An ENDA, a town of Caria, whose inhabit to the enemy to gain the favours of a beauti
ants were the first who raised temples to the ful woman, whose brother was in the Roman
, city of Rome. Liv. 54, c. 6. army. Polyten. 8.
Ahia, formerly Ire, a maritime town of AbrocóMAs, son of Darius, was in the
Messenia, one of the seven cities promised to army of Xerxes, when he invaded Greece.
Achilles by Agamemnon. It is called after He was killed at Thermopylae. Herodot. 7,
Abia, daughter of Hercules, and nurse of c. 224.—Plaut. in Cleom.
Hyllus. Paus.4, c. 30.—Strab.8.—Hom. Il. ABRoni Etus, a name given to Parrhasius
9, v. 292. the painter, on account of the sumptuous
Abil, a nation between Scythia and Thrace. manner of his living. vid. Parrhasius.
They lived upon milk, were fond of celibacy, ABRoN, an Athenian, who wrote some trea
and enemies to war. Hom. Il. 13, v. 6. Ac tises on the religious festivals and sacrifices of
..cording to Curt. 7, c. 6. they surrendered to the Greeks. Only the titles of his works are
Alexander, after they had been independent preserved. Suidas.--A grammarian of
since the reign of Cyrus. Rhodes, who taught rhetoric at Rome.—An
Abila, or Aby LA, a mountain of Africa, in other who wrote a treatise on Theocritus.-
that part which is nearest to the opposite A Spartan, son of Lycurgus the orator. Plut.
mountain called Calpe, on the coast of Spain, in 10. Orat.—A native of Argos, famous for
only eighteen miles distant. These two moun his debauchery.
tains are called the columns of Hercules, and Abnoxycus, an Athenian very serviceable
were said formerly to have been united, till to Themistocles in his embassy to Sparta.
the hero separated them, and made a com Thucyd. 1, c.91.-Herodot. 8, c. 21.
munication between the Mediterranean and Abronius, Silo, a Latin poet in the Au
Atlantic seas. Strab. 3.-Mela, 1, c. 5, 1.2, gustan age. He wrote some fables. Sener.
c.6.-Plin. 3. AhRotA, the wife of Nisus the youngest of
Abisi REs, an Indian prince, who offered the sons of Ægeus. As a monument to her
to surrender to Alexander. Curt. 8, c. 12. chastity, Nisus, after her death, ordered the
Abisi Ris, a country beyond the Hydaspes garments which she wore to become the mo
in India. Arrian. dels of fashion in Megara. Plut. Quest. Graec.
ABNobA, [mountains of Germany, among ABRotóNUM, the mother of Themistocles.
which are the sources of the Danube. Plut. *n Them.—A town of Africa, near the
Now, the Black Mountains. Tacit. Germ. 1.] Syrtes. Plin. 5, c. 4.—A harlot of Thrace.
Abobrica, a town of Lusitania. Plin. 4, c. Plut. in Aral.
20.—Another in Spain. ABRUs, a city of the Sapaei. Paus. 7, S. 10.
Andechitus, a Boeotian general, killed with ABRY Polis, an ally of Rome, driven from
a thousand men, in a battle at Chaeronea his possessions by Perseus, the last king oſ
against the AEtolians. Plut. in Arat. Macedonia. Liv. 42, c. 13 and 41.
AbolāN1, a people of Latium, near Alba. Ahsius, a giant, son of Tartarus and Ter
Plin. 5, c. 5. ra. Hygin. Praef. fab.
Anonitichos, [a town of Paphlagonia, Absinthii, a people on the coasts of Pon
south-east from the promontory Carambis, tus, where there is also a mountain of the
called lonopolis after the time of Alexander. same name. Herodot. 6, c. 34.
Now Ainehboli. Arrian in Peripl. [Absy Rtines or Apsyrtides, islands in
AborigiNEs, the original inhabitants of the Adriatic, on the coast of Illyricum, men
Italy; or, according to others, a nation con tioned by Strabo, Pliny, Mela, and Ptolemy.
ducted by Saturn into Latium, where they They were so called from Absyrtus, Medea's
faught the use of letters to Evander, the king brother, who was said to have been killey
of the country. Their posterity was called there by his sister. They are separated by a
Latini, from Latinus, one of their kings.- channel, and are now called Cherso and Ose
They assisted AEneas against Turnus. Rome to. Strab. 7.]
was built in their country. The word signifies Absyrtus, a son of AEetes king of Colchis
without origin, or whose origin is not known, and Hypsea. His sister Medea, as she fled away
and is generally applied to the original inha. with Jason,tore his body to pieces, and streswek,
bitants of any country.
to
Lir. 1, c. 1, &c.— This limbs in her father's way, to stop his Pun-
 AC AC

suit. Some say that she murdered him in Col from the second Academy founded by Arcesi.
chis, [others in one of the Absyrtides, while laus, who made some few alterations in the
others again lay the scene at Tomos, on the Platonic philosopby, and from the third which
western shores of the Euxine. It has been was established by Carneades. Cic. de div. 1,
maintained on the contrary that he was not c. 3.-Diog. 3.--Elian. V. H. 3, c. 35.
murdered, but that he arrived safe in Illyri AcADEMUs, an Athenian, who discovered
tum.] Lucan. 3, r. 190.-Strab. 7.-Hygin. to Castor and Pollux where Theseus had con
fab.23.--Apollod. 1, c. 9.-Flace. 8, v.261.- cealed their sister Helen, for which they am
Ovid. Trist. 3. el. 9.-Cic. de Nat. D. 3, c. ply rewarded him. Plut. in Thes.
19.-Plin. 3. c. 21 and 26. AcALANDRus, or Acalyndrus, a river fall
Abu lites, governor of Susa, betrayed his ing into the Bay of Tarentum. [Now, the Sa
trust to Alexander, and was rewarded with a landrella.] Plin. 3, c. 11.
Province. Curt. 5, c. 2.-Diod. 17. AcAMAs, son of Theseus and Phaedra, went
{Abus, a river of Britain, now the Hum with Diomedes to demand Helen from the
Ber.] Trojans after her elopement from Menelaus.
Abinos, Uan inland town of Thebais in In his embassy he had a son, called Munitus
Tipper Egypt, famous for the palace of Mem by Laodice, the daughter of Priam. He was
non and the magnificent temple of Osiris. concerned in the Trojan war, and afterwards
Now, a heap of ruins, as its modern name of built the town of Acamantum in Phrygia, and
-Aſadfuné expresses.—Plut. de Isid. et Osir. on his return to Greece called a tribe after
—A city of Asia, founded by the Milesians, his own name at Athens. Paus. 10, c. 26.-Q.
situate on the Hellespont, and lying opposite Calab. 12.-Hygin. 108.
to Sestos. Some make the straight only half AcAMPsis, a river of Colchis. [It sepa
a mile, others, two miles wide. Strabo reck rates Armenia from Colchis. The Greeks
ons 3750 paces from the port of Abydos to called it Acampsis from its impetuous course,
that of Sestos. It is famous for the bridge of which forbade all approaches to the shore.
boats which Xerxes made there across the This name was applied to it at its mouth, its
Hellespont, and for the loves of Leander and true name in the interior was Boas. Arruan.
Hero. Its situation was formerly very impor Perip.]
tant, as it commanded the communication be AcANTHA, a nymph loved by Apollo, and
tween the Euxine Sea and the Archipelago. changed into the flower Acanthus.
It was attacked by Philip of Macedon, and the AcANThus, [a town near mount Athos,
inhabitants devoted themselves to death with ſounded by a colony of Andrians. Here Xer
their families, rather than fall into the hands xes is said to have made his canal of seven
of the enemy. Liv. 31, c. 18.-Luean. 2, v. stadia, in order to convey his ships into the
674.—Justin. 2, c. 13.-Musaeus, in Her. & Sinus Singiticus, without doubling the pro
Leand—Flace. 1. v. 285.] montory of Athos. Thucyd. 4, 84.—JMela,
ABY A. Wid. Abila. 2, c. 2.-Another in Egypt, near Memphis.
ABYssinia, a large kingdom of Africa, in now Bisalta, or according to D'Anville, Da
Upper Æthiopia, where the Nile takes its rise. shur. Plin. 5, c. 28.]
Theinhabitants were said to be of Arabian ori AcARIA, a fountain of Corinth, where Io
gin, and were little known to the ancients. las cut off the head of Eurystheus. Strab. 8.
AcAcALLIS, a nymph, mother of Philan AcARNANIA, a country of Epirus, at the
der and Phylacis by Apollo. These children nerth of the Ionian sea, divided from AEtolia
were exposed to the wild beasts in Crete; but by the Achelous. The inhabitants reckoned
a goat gave them her milk, and preserved only six months in the year; they were lux
their life. Paus. 10, c. 16.-A daughter of urious, and addicted to pleasure, so that x21
Minos, mother of Cydon, by Mercury, and of guzzo: Axagravior, porcellus Acarnas became
Amphithemis by Apollo. Paus. 8, c. 53.— proverbial. Their horses were famous. It
.dpollon. 4, v. 1493. received its name from Acarnas. Plin. 2, c.
Acaciºsium, a town of Arcadia, built by 90.--Mela, 2, c. 3.-Strab. 7 and 9.-Paus.
Acacus son of Lycaon. Mercury, surnamed 8, c. 24.—Lucian. in Dial. Meretr.
Acacesius, because brought up by Acacus as AcARNAs and Amphotěrus, sons of Alcmaeon
his foster-father, was worshipped there. Paus. and Callirhoe. Alcmaeon being murdered by
8, c. 3, 36, &c. the brothers of Alphesiboer, his former wife.
Acacius, a rhetorician in the age of the em Callirhoe obtained from Jupiter, that her chil
peror Julian. dren, who were still in the cradle, might, by
Acadèmia, a place near Athens, surround a supernatural power, suddenly grow up to
ed with high trees, and adorned with spacious punish their father's murderers. This was
covered walks. [It derived its name from one granted. Vid. Alcmaeon.—Paus. 8, c. 24.—
Academus, a citizen of Athens, to whom it Ovid. Met. 9. fab 10. -

originally belonged, and who appropriated it AcARNAs and Acarnan, a stony mountain
according to some, to gymnastic sports and of Attica. Senec. in Hippol. v. 20.
exercises.] Here Plato opened his school of AcAstus, son of Pelias king of Thessaly,
Philosophy, and from this, every place sacred by Anaxibia, married Astydamia or Hyppo.
to learning has ever since been called Acade lyte, who ſell in love with Peleus, son of ƺ
*ia. To exclude from it profaneness and dis cus, when in banishment at her husbanº
*pation, it was even forbidden to laugh there. court. Peleus, rejecting the addresses of Hi
"was galled Academia vetus, to distinguishit! polyte, was accused before AcastTºofattempº
 AC AC

upon her virtue, and soon after, at a chase, ex Acco, a general of the Senones in Gaul.
posed to wild beasts. Vulcan, by order of Ju Caes. bell. Gall. 6, c. 4. and 44.
piter, delivered Peleus, who returned to Thes Acr, [more properly Aco, a seaport town
saly, and put to death Acastus and his wife. of Phoenicia, afterwards called Ptolemais.
rid. Peleus and Astydamia.-Orid. Met. 8, from the Ptolemies, kings of Egypt. It is
v. 306. Her. Ep. 13, v. 25—Apollod. 1, c. 9, now called by the Arabs, Akka, and by the
&c.—The second archon at Athens. Europeans, Acre.]—A place of Arcadia, near
AcAthANTus, a bay in the Red Sea. Strab. Megalopolis, where Orestes was cured from
16. the persecution of the furies, who had a tem
AccA Laurentia, the wife of Faustulus, ple there. Paus. 8, v. 34.
shepherd of king Numitor's flocks, who AceRātus, a soothsayer, who remained
brought up Romulus and Remus, who had alone at Delphi when the approach of Xerx
been exposed on the banks of the Tiber— es frightened away the inhabitants. Herodo'
From her wantonness, she was called Lupa, 8, c. 37.
whence the fable that Romulus was suckled by AceabAs, a priest of Hercules at Tyre,
a she-wolf Dionys. Hal. 1, c. 18–Liv. 1, c. who married Dido. Vid. Sichaeus.-Justin.
4.—Aul. Gell. 6, c. 7.-The Romans yearly 18, c. 4.
celebrated certain festivals, rid. Laurentalia, AcERRAE, [a town of Italy, west of Cre
in honour of another of the same name, which mona and north of Placentia, now La Girola
arose from this circumstance : the keeper of or Gherra.]—another in Campania, [now
the temple of Hercules, one day playing at Acerra] near the river Clanis. It still sub
dice, made the god one of the number, on sists, and the frequent inundations from the
condition that if Hercules was defeated, he river which terrified its ancient inhabitants,
should make him a present, but if he con are now prevented by the large drains dug
quered, he should be entertained with an ele there. Virg. G.2, v. 225.-Liv. 8, c. 17.
gant feast, and share his bed with a beautiful AcEsia, part of the island of Lemnos,
female. Hercules was victorious, and accord which received this name from Philoctetes,
ingly Acca was conducted to thebed of Her. whose wound was cured there. Pºitosir.
cules, who in reality came to see her, and told [Acesin Es, a large and rapid river of In
her in the morning to go into the streets, and dia, falling into the Indus. It is commonly
salute with a kiss the first man she met. This supposed to be the modern Rapei, but Ma
was Tarrutius, an old unmarried man, who, jor Rennell makes it to be the Jersetzb. Ar
not displeased with Acca's liberty, loved her rian. 5, c. 22. Theophrast. 4, c. 12.-Plin.
and made her the heiress of all his posses 37, c. 12.]
sions. These, at her death, she gave to the AcEsſus, a surname of Apollo, in Elis and
Rounan people, whence the honours paid to her Attica, as a god of medicine. Paus. 6, e. 24.
memory. Plut. Quaest. Rom. & in Romul.— AcEsta, a town of Sicily, called after king
A companion of Camilla. Virg. AEn. 11, v. Acestes, and known also by the name of Se
820.
gesta. It was built by Æneas, who left here
AccIA or Atia, daughter of Julia and M. part of his followers as he was going to Italy.
Atius Balbus, was the mother of Augustus, Pirg, JEn. 5, v. 746, &c. -

and died about 40 years B. C. Diod.—Suet. AcEstes, son of Crinisus and Egesta, was
in Aug. 4.—Variola, an illustrious female, king of the country near Drepanuun in Sicily.
whose cause was elegantly pleaded by Pliny. He assisted Priam in the Trojan war, and
Plin. 6. ep. 33. kindly entertained £neas during his voyage,
L. Accius, a Roman tragic poet, whose and helped him to bury his father on mount
roughness of style Quinctilian has imputed to Eryx. In commemoration of this, AEneas
the unpolished age in which he lived. He built a city there, called Acesta, from Aces
translated some of the tragedies of Sophocles, tes. Wirg. JEn. 5, v. 746.
but of his numerous pieces only some of the AcEstonóRus, a Greek historian, who
names are known; and among these, his Nup mentions the review which Xerxes made of
tia, Mercator, Neoptolemus, Phoenice, Me his forces before the battle of Salamis. Pluſ.
dea, Atreus, &c. The great marks of honour wn Themist.
which he received at Rome, may be collected AchAnytos, a lofty mountain in Rhodes,
from this circumstance, that a man was se where Jupiter had a temple.
verely reprimanded by a magistrate for men AchAI, [the descendants of Achaeus one of
tioning his name without reverence. Some the sons of Xuthus. Achaeus, having com s
few of his verses are preserved in Cicero and mitted an accidental homicide, fled into La
other writers. He died about 180 years B.C. conia, where he died, and where his posteri
Horat. 2, ep. 1. v. 56.--Orid. Am. 1, el. 15, ty remained under the name of Achaei until
v. 19.-Quinctil. 10,C. 1.-Cic.ad.Alt. & in Br. they were expelled by the Heraclidae. Up
de Orat. 3, c. 16.-A famous orator of Pisau on this, they laid claim to the quarter occu
rum in Cicero's age.—Labeo, a foolish poet pied by the Ionians or descendants of Ion the
mentioned Pers. 1, v. 50,-Tullius, a prince other son of Xuthus, dispossessed them of
of the Volsci, very inimical to the Romans. their cities, and called the country, from
Coriolanus,when banished by his countrymen, their own name, Achaia.] The names of
fled to him, and led his armies against Rome. these cities are Pellene, AEgira, Egae, Bura, ’
Liv. 3, c. 37.-Plut. in Coriol. Tritea, Aºgium, Rhypes, Olenos, Helice,
4.
 AC AC

Patrae, Dyme, and Phara. The inhabit ed governor of all the king's provinces be
ants of these three last began a famous con yond Taurus. He aspired to sovereign pow
federacy, 284 years B.C. which continued er, which he disputed for 8 years with Antio
formidable upwards of 130 years, under the chus, and was at last betrayed by a Cretan.
name of the .4chaean league, and was most il His limbs were cut off, and his body sewed
lustrious whilst supported by the splendid vir in the skin of an ass, was exposed on a gibbet.
tues and abilities of Aratus and Philopoemen. Polyb. 8.
Their arms were directed against the AEto AchAIA, a country of Peloponnesus at the
lians for three years, with the assistance of north of Elis on the bay of Corinth. It was
Philip of Macedon, and they grew powerful originally called Ægialus (shore) from its
by the accession of neighbouring states, and situation. The Ionians called it lonia, when
freed their country from foreign slavery, till they settled there; and it received the name
at last they were attacked by the Romans, of Achaia from the Achaei, who dispossessed
and, after one year's hostilities, the Achaean the Ionians. vid. Achaei.-A small part of
leaguewas totally destroyed, B.C. 147. [The Phthiotis was also called Achaia, of which
Peloponnesus was reduced to a Roman pro Alos was the capital.
vince, under the name of the province of Achaicum BELLUM. vid. Achaei.
Achaia. It was so called, because at the tak AchARENses, a people of Sicily near Sy
ing of Corinth, the Achaeans were the most racuse. Cic. in Ver. 3.
powerful of the Grecian communities.] The AchARNAE, a village of Attica. Thucyd.
name of.ichaei is generally applied to all the 2, c. 19.
Greeks indiscriminately, by the poets. vid. AchATEs, a friend of Æneas, whose fide
Achaia. Herodot. 1, c. 145, 1.8. c.36.-Stat. lity was so exemplary, that Fidus.Achates be
Theb. 2, v. 164.—Polyb.—Liv. 1. 27, 32, &c. came a proverb. Virg...En. 1, v. 316.-A
—Plut. in Philop.–Plin.4, c. 5.-Ovid. Met. river of Sicily.
4, v. 605.-Paus. 7, c. 1, &c.—Also a people Achélóides, a patronymic given to the Si
of Asia on the borders of the Euxine. Orid rens as daughters of Achelous. Ovid. Met.
ep. er Pont. 4, el. 10, v. 27. 5, fab. 15.
AchA.MENEs, a king of Persia, among the AchelóUs, the son of Oceanus or Sol, by
progenitors of Cyrus the Great; whose de Terra or Tethys, god of the river of the same
scendants were called Achaemenides, and name in Epirus. As one of the numerous
formed a separate tribe in Persia, of which suitors of Dejanira, daughter of QEneus, he en
the kings were members. Cambyses, son of tered the list against Hercules, and being infe
Cyrus, on his death-bed, charged his nobles, rior, changed himself into a serpent, and after
s
and particularly the Achaemenides, not to wards into an ox. Hercule broke off one of
suffer the Medesto recovertheir former pow his horns, and Achelous being defeated, retired
er, and abolish the empire of Persia. Hero in disgrace into his bed of waters. The broken
dof. 1, c. 125, 1.3, c. 65, 1.7, c. 11.-Horat. horn was taken up by the nymphs, and filled
2. od. 12, v. 21.-A Persian, made governor with fruits and flowers; andafter it hadforsome
of Egypt by Xerxes, B.C. 484. time adorned the hand of the conqueror, it
Achiest EN1A, part of Persia, called after was presented to the goddess of Plenty. Some
Achaemenes. Hence Achaemenius. Horat. say that he was changed into a river after the
victory of Hercules. The river is in Epirus,
Epod. 13. v. 12.
AcBAEMEx1des, a native of Ithaca, son of and rises in mount Pindus, and afterdividing
Adramastus, and one of the companions of Acarnania from AEtolia, falls into the Ionian
Ulysses, abandoned on the coast of Sicily, sea. The sand and mud which it carries down,
where Æneas, on his voyage to Italy, ſound have formed some islandsat its mouth. [The
him. Pirg. -En. 3., v. 624. Ovid. ib. 417. Achelous is now called Aspro Polamo, or the
Achaeorum statio, a place on the coast White river. The fable respecting the con
of the Thracian Chersonesus, where Polyx. test of Hercules with the river god, alludes
eaa was sacrificed to the shade of Achilles, evidently to the draining of the neighbour
and where Hecuba punished Polymnestor, ing land, and one branch of the river. The
islands at its mouth are the Echinades.
who had murdered her son Polydorus.
Achaeus, a king of Lydia, hung by his sub Near them are the Oxege, now Curolari.)
fects for his extortion. Ovid. in ib.—A son of Herodot. 2, c. 10.—Strab. 10.-Ovid. Me!.
Xuthus of Thessaly. He fled, after the ac 8, fab. 5, 1.9, fab. 1. Amor. 3, el 6, v. 35.
cidental murder of a man, to Laconia ; —Apollod. 1, c. 3 and 7; 1, 2, c. 7. Hygin.
where the inhabitants were called from pray. fab. A river of Arcadia, falling into
him. Achaei. Strab. 8.-Paus. 7. c. 1. vid. the Alpheus. Another flowing from mount
-ºchei.-A tragic poet of Eretria, who Sipylus. Paus 8, c. 38.
wrote 43 tragedies, of which some of the AchéRon, a river of Thesprotia, in Epirus,
titles are preserved, such as Adrastus, Li [now the Dehchi, falling into the bay of Am
nun, Cycnus, Eumenides, Philoctetes, Piri bracia. Homer called it, from the dead ap
pearance of its waters, one of the rivers of
thous, Theseus, QEdipus, &c.; of these on
ly one obtained the prize. He lived some hell, and the ſable has been adopted by all suc
time after Sophocles. Another of Syra ceeding poets, who make the god ofthe stream
euse, author of ten tragedies.—A river to be the son of Ceres without a father, and
which falls into the Euxine..Arrian in Peripl. say that he concealed himself in hell for fear
—A relation of Antiochus the Great, appoint of the Titans, and was changed into a bitter
 AC AC
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stream, over which the souls of the dead are privately sent him to the court of Lycomedes.
at first conveyed. It receives, say they, the where he was disguised in a female dress, and,
souls of the dead, because a deadly languor by his familiarity with the king's daughters.
seizes them at the hour of dissolution Some made Deidamia mother of Neoptolemus. As
make him son of Titan, and suppose that he Troy could not be taken without the aid of
was plunged into hell by Jupiter, for supply Achilles, Ulysses went to the court of Lyco
ing the Titans with water. The word Ache medes, in the habit of a merchant, and expos
rom is often taken for hell itself. Horat. 1, ed jewels and arms to sale. Achilles, choosing
od. 3, v. 36.-Virg. G. 2, v. 292. JEn. 2 v. the arms, discovered his sex, and went to war.
295, &c.—Strab. 7.-Lucan. 3, v. 16–Sil 2. Vulcan, at the entreaties of Thetis, made him
Silv. 6, v. 80.—Liv. 8, c. 24.—Also ariver a strong suit of armour, which was proof
in the country of the Bruttii, in Italy, [now against all weapons. He was deprived by
the Savuto..] Justin. 12, c. 2. Agamemnon of his favourite mistress, Briseis,
AcHERon TIA, a town of Apulia on a moun who had fallen to his lot at the division of the
tain, thence called Nidus by Horat. 3, od. 4, booty of Lyrnessus. For this affront he re
v. 14 [now Aceremza.] fused to appear in the field till the death of
Acherúsia, a lake of Egypt near Mem his friend Patroclus recalled him to action,
phis, over which, as Diodorus, lib. 1, mentions, and to revenge. vid. Patroclus. He slew
the bodies of the dead were conveyed, and re Hector, the bulwark of Troy, tied the corpse
ceived sentence according to the actions of by the heels of his chariot, and dragged it
their life. The boat was called Baris, and three times round the walls of Troy. After
the ferryman Charon. Hence arose the fable thus appeasing the shade of his friend, he
of Charon and the Styx, &c. afterwards im yielded to the tears and entreaties of Priam,
ported into Greece by Orpheus, and adopted and permitted the aged father to ransom and
in the religion of the country.-There was a carry away Hector's body. In the 10th year
lake of the same name in Epirus. of the war, Achilles was charmed with Po
AcHERūsias, a peninsula of Bithynia, lyxena; and as he solicited her hand in the
where Hercules, as is reported, dragged Ce temple of Minerva, it is said that Paris aim
berus out of hell. Xenoph. Anab. 6. ed an arrow at his vulnerable heel, of which
Achillas, a general of Ptolemy who mur wound he died. His body was buried at Si
dered Pompey the Great. Plut. in Pomp — gaeum and divine honours were paid to him,
Lucan. 8, v. 538. and temples raised to his memory. It is said,
[Achill:A, an island near the mouth of the that after the taking of Troy,the ghostofAchil
Borysthenes, or more properly the western les appeared to the Greeks, and demanded of
part of the Dronus Achillis insulated by a them Polyxena, who accordingly was sacri
small arm of the sea. Strabo 7. vid. Dro ficed on his tomb by his son Neoptolemus,
mus Achillis and Leuce.] Some say that this sacrifice was voluntary,
[AchilléUM,a town on theCimmerian Bos and that Polyxena was so grieved at his death,
porus, where anciently was a temple of Achil that she killed herself on his tomb. The
les. It lay near the modern Buschuk. JMan I hessalians yearly sacrificed a black and a
nert. Anc. Geogr. Vol. 4. p. 326.] white bull on his tomb. It is reported that
Achillèus or Aauil EUs, a Roman ge. he married Helen after the siege of Troy;
neral in Egypt, in the reign of Dioclesian, who but others maintain, that this marriage hap
rebelled, and for five years maintained the impened after his death, in the island of Leuce,
perial dignity at Alexandria. Dioclesian at where many of the ancient heroes lived, as
last marched against him; and because he in a separate elysium. vid. Leuce. When
had supported a long siege, the emperor or Achilles was young, his mother asked him
dered him to be devoured by lions. whether he preferred a long life, spent in ob
Achillºis, a poem of Statius, in which scurity and retirement, or a few years of mi
he describes the education and memorable ac litary fame and glory 2 and to his honour he
tions of Achilles. This composition is imper made choice of the latter. Some ages after
ſect. The poet's immature death deprived the Trojan war, Alexander, going to the con
the world of a valuable history of the life quest of Persia, offered sacrifices on the tomb
and exploits of this famous hero. Vid. Sta of Achilles, and admired the hero who had
tlus.
found a Homer to publish his ſame to posteri
Achill Es, the son of Peleus and Thetis, to. Xenoph. de venat.—Plut. in Alex.-De
was the bravest of all the Greeks in the Tro. facie in Orbe Lun. De music. De amic. mult.
jan war. During his infancy, Thetis plung Quast. Graec.—Paus. 3, c. 18, &c.—Diod. 17.
ed him in the Styx, and made every part of —Stat. Achil.-Ovid. Met. 12, fab. 3, &c.
his body invulnerable, except the heel by Trist. 3, el. 5, v. 37, &c.—Virg. AEn. 1, v.
which she held him. His education was in 472, 488, l. 2, v. 275, l. 6, v. 58, &c.—Apol
trusted to the centaur Chiron, who taught lod. 3, c. 13.—Hygin, fab. 96 and 110.—
him the art of war, and made him master of Strab. 14.—Plin. 35, c. 15.—Mar. Tyr. Orat.
music, and by feeding him with the marrow 27.—Horat. 8, 1, od. I. 2, od. 4. and 16, 1.4-
of wild beasts, rendered him vigorous and ac od. 6, 2, ep.2, v.42.-Hom. Il. & 0d.-Die
tive. He was taught eloquence by Phoenix, tys. Cret. 1, 2, 3, &c.—Dares Phryg.—Jur.
whom he ever after loved and respected. 7, v. 210.-Apollon. Argon. 4, v. 869.-
Thetis, to prevent him from going to the Tro There were other persons of the same name.
ian war, where she knew he was to herish, The most known were—a man who received
6
 AC AC

June when she fled from Jupiter's courtship whose son was killed by Domitian, because
—the preceptor of Chiron the centaur—ason he fought with wild beasts. The true cause
of Jupiter and Lamia, declared by Pan to be of this murder was, that young Glabrio was
fairer than Venus—a man who instituted the stronger, than the emperor, who therefore
ostracism at Athens.—Tatius, a native of envied him.—Juv. 4, v. 94.
Alexandria, in the age of the emperor Clau Acilla, a town of Africa, near Adrume
dius, originally apagan, but converted to chris tuin (some read Acolla). Caes. Afr. c. 33.
tianity, and made a bishop. He wrote a mix Acis, a shepherd of Sicily, son of Faunus
ed history of great men, a treatise on the and the nymph Simethus. Galataea passion
sphere, tactics, a romance on the loves of Cli ately loved him ; upon which his rival, Po
tophonand Leucippe, &c. Some manuscripts lyphemus, though jealousy, crushed him to
of his works are preserved in the Vatican, death with a piece of a broken rock. The
and Palatinate libraries. [The best edition of gods changed Acis into a steam which rises
his works, is that by Boden, Lips. 1776. 8vo.] from mount AEtna. Ovid. Met. 13, fab. 8.
Achiwi, [a name given by the Roman po AcMon, a native of Lyrnessus, who accom
ets to the people of Greece, or Achaia. Ho panied Æneas into Italy. His father's name
mer uses the term to express all the enemies was Clytus. Virg. AEn. 10, v. 128.
of the Trojans.] AcMoniDEs, one of the Cyclops. Ovid.
Achlan Eps, a Corinthian general, killed Fast. 4, v. 288.
by Aristomenes. Paus. 4, c. 19. Accetes, the pilot of the ship whose crew
AcichöRITs, a general with Brennus in ſound Bacchus asleep, and carried him away.
the expedition which the Gauls undertook As they ridiculed thegod, they were changed
against Paeonia. Paus. 10, c. 10. into sea-monsters. But Acoetes was preserv
Acipalia, a surname of Venus, from a ed. Ovid. JMet. 3, fab. 8, &c.
fountain ofthe same name in Boeotia, sacred to Acontrºs, one of Lycaon's 50 sons. .Apol
her. The Graces bathed in the fountain.— lod. 3, c. 8.
Pirg. AEn. 1, v. 720—Ovid. Fast. 4, v.468. Aconteus, a famous hunter, changed into
Acidas, a river of Peloponnesus, former a stone by the head of Medusa, at the nuptials
ly called Jardanus. Paus. 5, c. 5. of Perseus and Andromeda. Ovid. JMet. 5.
Acilia, a plebian family at Rome, which v. 201. A person killed in the wars of
traced its pedigree up to the Trojans.—The AEneas and Turnus, in Italy. Virg. JEn. 11,
mother of Lucan. v. 615.
AcILIA LEx was enacted, A. U. C. 556, by Acontius, a youth of Cea, who, when he
Acilius the tribune, for the plantation of five went to Delos to see the sacrifices of Diana,
colonies in Italy. Liv. 32, c. 29.-Another fell in love with Cydippe, a beautiful virgin,
called also Calpurnia, [A. U.C. 683, that in and being unable to obtain her, on account of
trials for extortion, sentence should be passed the obscurity of his origin, [wrote on an ap
after the cause was once pleaded, and that ple, which he presented to her, the following
there should not be a second hearing. Cic. words, “l swear by Diana, Acontius shall
proam in Perr. 17. 1. Ascon in Cue.] be my husband.” Cydippe read the words,
M. Aci. It's BALBUs, was consul with and feeling herself compelled by the oath she
Portius Cato, A. U. C. 640. It is said, that had inadvertently made, married Acontius—
during his consulship, milk and blood fell from Aristanet. ep. 10.—Ovid. Her ep. 20.]
heaven. Plin. 2, c. 26.-Glabrio, a tribune Acostobüí.us, a place of Cappadocia, un
of the people, who with a legion quelled the der Hippolyte, queen of the Amazons. Apol
insurgent slaves in Etruria. Being consul lon. Arg. 2.
with P. Corn. Scipio Nasica, A. U. C. 563, Acúſtis, a king of Egypt, who assisted Eva
he conquered Antiochus at Thermopylae, goras king of Cyprus against Persia. Diod.
for which he obtained a triumph, and three 15.
days were appointed for a public thanksgiv AcRA, a town of Italy, Euboea, Cy
ing. He stood for the censorship against Ca prus, -Acarnania, Sicily,–-Africa,
to, but desisted on account of the improper —Sarmatia, &c.
measures used by his competitor. Justin. Acradix A, the citadel of Syracuse, taken
31, c. 6.-Liv. 30, c. 40, 1.31, c. 50, l. 35, c. by Marcellus the Roman consul. Plut. in
10, &c.—The son of the preceding, erected a JMarcel.—Cic. in Verr. 4. -

temple to Piety, which his father had vowed AchAºA, a daughter of the river Asterion,
to this goddess when fighting against Antio —A surname of Diana, from a temple built
chus. He raised a golden statue to his father, to her by Melampus, on a mountain near Ar
the first that appeared in Italy. The temple gos. A surname of Juno. Paus. 2, c. 17.
of piety was built on the spot where once a Acraeph NIA, a town in Boeotia; whence
woman had fed with her milk her aged father, Apollo is called Acraephnius. Herodot. 8, c.
whom the senate had imprisoned, and exclud 135.
ed from all aliment. Val. Mar. 2, c. 5.- AcRag ALLinze, a dishonest nation living
The enactor of a law against bribery.—A pre anciently near Athens. JEsch. contra Ctesiph.
tor in the time that Verres was accused by Acri GAs. Wid. Agragas. -

Cicero.—A :nan accused of extortion, and AcRitus, a freed man of Nero, sent into
twice defended by Cicero. He was proconsul Asia to plunder the temples of the gods. Tac.
of Sicily, and lieutenant to Caesar in the civil .An. 15, c. 45, l. 16, c. 23. -

wars. Caes. Bell. Civ. 3, c. 15.-A consul, | Acnias, one of Hippodamia's suitors. Pau".
| _ _ __
 AC AC

6, c. 21. He built Acriae, a town of Laco |8.—Paus.2, c. 4.—Plut. in Arat.—Stat. Theb.

nia. Id. 3, c. 21. 7, v. 106.]
Acridorhāgi, an AEthopian nation, who Acron, a king of the Caeninenses, killed by
fed upon locusts, and lived not beyond their Romulus in single combat, after the rape of
40th year. At the approach of old age, swarms the Sabines. His spoils were dedicated to
of winged lice attacked them, and gnawed Jupiter Feretrius. Plut. in Romul A
their belly and breast, till the patient by rub physician of Agrigeutum, B.C. 439, educated
bing himself drew blood,which increased their at Athens with Empedocles. He wrote phy
number, and ended in his death. Diod. 3.- sical treatises in the Doric dialect, and cured
Plin. 11, c. 29.-Strab. 16. the Athenians of a plague, by lighting fire
Achion, a Pythagorean philosopher of Lo near the houses of the infected. Plin. 29, c.
cris. Cic. de fin. 5, c. 29. 1.—Plut. in Isid. One of the friends of
AcRisionEus, a patronymic applied to the AEneas, killed by Mezentius. Virg. JEn. 10,
Argives, from Acrisius, one of their ancient v. 719.
kings, or from Acrisione, a town of Argolis, AcRopitos, one of Alexander's officers,
called after a daughter of Acrisius of the same who obtained part of Media, aſter the king's
name. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 410. death. Justin. 13, c. 4.
Achision1An Es, a patronymic of Perseus, AcRopolis, the citidel of Athens, built on
from his grandfather Acrisius. Ovid. Met. 5, a rock, and accessible only on one side. [Here
v. 70. stood the Parthenon, or temple of Minerva.]
AcR1sius, son of Abas, king of Argos, by Paus. in Attic.
Ocalea, daughter of Mantineus. He was born Acrotitus, son of Cleomenes, king of
at the same birth as Proetus, with whom it is Sparta, died before his father, leaving a son
said that he quarrelled even in his mother's called Areus. Paus. 1, c. 13, 1.3, c. 6.-
womb. After many dissensions Proetus was A son of Areus, who was greatly loved by
driven from Argos. Acrisius had Danae by Chelidonis, wife of Cleonymus. This amour
Eurydice daughter of Lacedaemon; and being displeased her husband who called Pyrrhus
told by an oracle, that his daughter's son the Epirot, to avenge his wrongs. When
would put him to death, he confined Danae Sparta was besieged by Pyrrhus, Acrotatus
in a brazen tower, to prevent her becoming was seen bravely fighting in the middle of the
a mother. She however became pregnant, enelny, and commended by the multitude, who
by Jupiter changed into agolden shower; and congratulated Chelidonis on being mistress to
though Acrisius ordered her, and her infant such a warlike lover. Plut. in Pyrrh.
called Perseus, to be exposed on the sea, yet Acrothoos. vid. Acroathon.
they were saved; and Perseus soon after be Acte, (ax+b) [denotes properly a peninsula
came so famous for his actions, that Acrisius, or promontory on which the waves break. It
anxious to see so renowned a grandson, went was a name given to the sea-coast about
to Larissa. Here Perseus, wishing to show mount Athos, in which were six towns men
his skill in throwing a quoit, killed an old tioned by Thucydides—Acte was likewise the
man who proved to be his grandfather, whom ancient name of Attica, which was so called
he knew not, and thus the oracle was unhap from its being washed on two sides by the sea.
pily fulfilled. Acrisius reigned about 31 years. Thucyd. 4, c. 109–Strabo. 9..]
Hygin. fab. 63.—Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 16.-Ho Act A, a place near mount Athos, on the
rat. 3, od. 16.-Apollod. 2, c. 2, &c.—Paus. Ægean Sea. Thucyd. 4, c. 109.
2, c. 16, &c.—Wid. Danaë, Perseus, Poly Actaea, one of the Nereides. Hesiod. Th.
dectes. 250,—Homer. Il. 18, v. 41.--A surname of
AcRitas, a promontory of Messenia, in Pe Ceres.—A daughter of Danaus. Apollod.
loponnesus. Plin. 4, c. 5–Mela. 2, c. 3. 2, c. 1.
AcRoßthon or Achothoos, a town on the Act AEoN, a famous huntsman, son of Aris
top of mount Athos, whose inhabitants lived taeus and Autonoe daughter of Cadmus,
to an uncomon old age. Mela, 2, c. 2– whence he is called Autoneius heros. He saw
Plin. 8. c. 10. Diana and her attendants bathing near Gar
AcRoceraunium, a promotory of Epirus, gaphia, for which he was changed into a stag,
with mountains called Acroceraunia, which and devoured by his own dogs. Paus. 9, c.
project between the Ionian and Adriatic seas. 2.—Ovid. Met. 3, fab.3.—A beautiful youth
The word comes from ang&r, high, and “gav son of Melissus of Corinth, whom Archias, one
y&r, a thunderbolt, because, on account oftheir of the Heraclidae, endeavoured to debauch
great height, they were often struck with and carry away. He was killed in the strug
thunder. Lucret. 6, v.420.-Plin. 4, c. 1.- gle which in consequence of this happened
Virg...En. 3, v. 506.—Strab. 6.-Horal. 1, od. between his father and ravisher. Melissus
3, v. 20. complained of the insult, and drowned him
AcRo-corinthus, [a high hill overhanging self; and soon after, the country being visit
the city of Corinth, on which was erceted a ed by a pestilence, Archias was expelled.
citadel, called also by the same name. This Plut. in Amat.
situation was so important a one, as to be sty Actaeus, a powerful person who made him.
led by Philip the ſetters of Greece. The for self master of a part of Greece, which he
tress was surprised by Antigonus, but recov called Attica. His daughter Agraulos mar
ered in a brilliant manner by Aratus. Strab. ried Cecrops, whom the Athenians called
o
 AC

their first king, though Actaeus reigned be held the reins, and the other the whip; whence
fore him. Paus. 1, c. o and 14.
- The they are represented with two heads, four
word is of the same signification as Atticus feet and one body. Hercules conquered
an inhabitant of Attica. them. Pindar.
Acte, a mistress of Nero, descended from Actoris, a maid of Ulysses. Homer. Od.
Attalus. Sueton. in Ner. 28.-One of the 23.
Horæ. Hugin. ſab. 183. M. Acron its NAso, a Roman historian,
Actia, the mother of Augustus. As she Sueton. in Jul. 9.
slept in the temple of Apollo, she dreamt that C. Aculeo, a Roman lawyer celebrated as
a dragon had lain with her. Nine months much for the extent of his understanding, as
after, she brought forth, having previeusly for his knowledge of law. He was uncle to
dreamt that her bowels were scattered all Cicero. Cic. in Orat. 1, c. 43.
over the world. Suet. in .4vg.94. Games Acúphis, an annbassador from India to A
sacred to Apollo in commemoration of the lexander. Plut. in Alez.
victory of Augustus over M. Antony at Ac Acus II, Aus and DAMAGET Us, two bro
tium. Some maintain that they were cele thers of Rhodes, conquerors at the Olympic
brated every third year; but the opinion of games. The Greeks strewed ſlowers upon
Strabo is deemed more correct, according to Diagoras their father, and called him happy
whom they only returned every fifth year.] in having such worthy sons. Paus. 6, c. 7.
Plut. in.inton.—Strab. 7,-Pirg. .ºn. 3, v. An historian of Argos, often quoted by
280, l. 8, v.675. A sister of Julius Caesar. Josephus. He wrote on genealogies in a style
Plut. in Cic. simple and destitute of all ornament. Cuc. de
Actis, son of Sol, went from Greece into Orat. 2, c. 28.—Suidas.-An Athenian who
Egypt, where he taught astrology, and found taught rhetoric at Rome under Galba.
ed Heliopolis. Diod. 5. M. Acuticus, an ancient comic writer.
Actisises, a king of Æthiopia, who con whose plays were known under the name of
quered Egypt, and expelled king Amasis. He Leones, Gemini, Anus, Boeotia, &c.
was famous for his equity, and his severe pu ADA, a sister of queen Artemisia, who
nishment of robbers, whose noses he cut off, married Hidrieus. After her husband's death,
and whom he banished to a desert place. she succeeded to the throne of Caria; but
where they were in want of all aliment, and being expelled by her younger brother she
lived only upon crows. Diod. 1. retired to Alindae, which she delivered to Alex
Actium, now .1zio, a town and promonto ander, after adopting him as her son. Curl.
ry of Epirus, famous ſor the naval victory 2, c. 8.-Strab. 14.
which Augustus obtained over Antony and ADAD, a deity among the Assyrians, sup
Cleopatra, the 2d of September, B. G. 31, in posed to be the sun.
honour of which the conqueror built on the ADAEus, a native of Mitylene, who wrote a
site of his camp the town of Nicopolis, and Greek treatise on statuaries. Athen. 13.
instituted games. rid. Actia—Plut. in Anton. ADAMANTAEA, Jupiter's nurse in Crete,
–Sueton. in .1 ug.—A promontory of Cor who suspended him in his cradle to a tree,
cyra. Cic. ad -1tt. 7, ep. 2. that he might be ſound neither in the earth,
Actius, a surname of Apollo, from Acti the sea, nor in heaven. To drown the infant's
, where he had a temple. Virg. JEn. 8, cries, she had drums beat, and cymbals
704.—A poet. rid. Accius.—A prince sounded, around the tree. Hygin. fab.
of the Wolsci. vid. Accius, 139.
Accus or ATTUs NAvius, an augur who ADAMAs, a Trojan prince, killed by Me
cut a whetstone in two with a razor, before rion. Homer. Il. 13, v. 560. A youth who
Tarquin and the Roman people, to convince raised a rebellion on being emasculated by Co
them of his skill as an augur. Flor. 1, c. 5. tys king of Thrace. Arist. Pol. 5, c. 10.
—Lir. 1, c. 36.-rid. Labeo. ADAMAstus, a native of Ithaca, father of
AcroR, a companion of Hercules in his ex Achaemenides. Virg. .32n, 3, v. 614.
pedition against the Amazons.—The father Apaspii, a people at the foot of mount
of Mendetius by Ægina, whence Patroclus is Caucasus. Justin. 12, c. 5.
callel Actorides. Ovid. Trist. 1, el. 3.-A Add Eph A G 1a, a goddess of the Siciliaus.
man called also Aruncus. Virg. JEn. 12, v. JElian 1, V. II. c. 27. - -

53-One of the friends of AEneas. Id. 9, [Appua, now Adda, a river of Cisalpine
7. 500. A son of Neptune by Agameda. Gaul. It rises among the Rhaetian Alps,tra
Higin. ſab. 14. A son of Leion and Dio verses the Lacus Larius, and falls into the Po
mede. Apollod. 1, c. 9. The ſather of Eu to the west of Cremona. Plin. 2, c. 103.]
Pytus, and brother of Augeas. Apollod. 2, c. Adelphius, a friend of M. Autonius,
7.—A son of Acastus one of the Argonauts. whom he accompanied in his expedition into
Hygin. fab. 14. The father of Astyoche. Parthia, of which he wrote the history.
Horner. It 2.—Paus. 9, c. 37.-A king of Strab. 11.
Lemnos. Hygin. 102. ADEMox, raised a sedition in Mauritania:
Acronines, a patronymic given to Patro to avenge his master Ptolemy, whom Caligu
ins, grandson of Actor. Orid. Met. 13, fab. |la had put to death. Sueton. in Calig. 35.
2-Also to Erithus, son of Actor. Id. Met. ADEs, or Hades, the god of hell amoug
º, fab. 3. Two brothers so fond of each the Greeks, the same as the Pluto of the La
*her, that in driving a chariot, one generally tims. The word is derived from x & 14 tº, ""
R
 AD AD

videre] because hell is deprived of light. It lasted two days, the first of which was spent
is often used for hell itself by the ancient in howlings and lamentations, the second in
poets. joyful clamours, as if Adonis was returned
Ang ANDESTRius, a prince of the Catti, to life. In some towns of Greece and Egypt
who sent to Rome for poison to destroy they lasted eight days; the one half of which
Arminius, and was answered by the senate, was spent in lamentations, and the other in
that the Romans fought their enemies openly, rejoicings. . [Only women were admitted.]
and never used perfidious measures. Tacit. The time ofthe celebration was supposedto be
.4n. 2, c. 88. very unlucky. The fleet of Nicias sailed from
ADHERBAL, son of Micipsa, and grandson Athens to Sicily on that day, whence many
of Masinissa, was besieged at Cirta, and put unfortunate omens were drawn. Plut. in JWi
to death by Jugurtha, after vainly imploring ciń.—Ammian. 22, c. 9.
the aid of Rome, B. C. 112. Sallust. in Jug. Apônis, son of Cinyras, by his daughter
ADHERBAs, the husband of Dido. Wid. Myrrha, (rid. Myrrha) was the favourite of
Sichaeus. Venus. He was fond of hunting, and was
ADIANTE, a daughter of Danaus. Apollod. often cautioned by his mistress not to hunt
2, c. 11. wild beasts for fear of being killed in the at
ADIATöRix, a governor of Galatia, who to tempt. This advice he slighted, and at last
gain Antony's favour, slaughtered, in one received a mortal wound from a wild boar
might, all the inhabitants of the Roman colony which he had wounded, and Venus, after
of Heraclea, in Pontus. He was taken at shedding many tears at his death, changed
Actium, led in triumph by Augustus, and him into a flower called anemony. Proserpine
strangled in prison. Strab. 12. is said to have restored him to life, on condi
AdimANtus, a commander of the Athe tion that he should spend six months with
nian fleet, taken by the Spartans. All the her, and the rest of the year with Venus.
men of the fleet were put to death, except This implies the alternate return of summer
Adimantus, because he had opposed the de and winter. Adonis is often taken for Osiris,
signs of his countrymen, who intended to mu because the festivals of both were often begun
tilate all the Spartans. Xenoph. Hist. Graec. with mournful lamentations, and finished with
Pausanias says, 4, c. 17, 1.10, c. 9, that the a revival of joy, as if they were returning to
Spartans had bribed him.—A brother of life again. Adonis had temples raised to his
Plato. Laert, 3.−A Corinthian general, memory, and is said by some to have been be
who reproached Themistocles with his exile. loved by Apollo and Bacchus. Apollod. 3,
A king struck with thunder, for saying c. 14.—Propert. 2, el. 13, v. 53.-Virg. Eel.
that Jupiter deserved no sacrifices. Ovid. Ibis. 40, v. 18.—Bion. in Adon.—Hygin. 58, 164,
3.29. 248, &c.—Ovid. Met. 10, fab. 10.—Mutatus
ADMETA, daughter of Eurystheus, was de Her.—Paus. 2, c. 20, 1.2, c. 41.—Ari
priestess of Juno's temple at Argos. She ex ver of Phoenicia, which falls into the Medi
pressed a wish to possess the girdle of the terranean below Byblus.
queen of the Amazons, and Hercules obtain ADRAMYttrum, an Athenian colony onthe
ed it for her. Apollod. 2, c. 23.—one of the sea-coast of Mysia, now Adramitti. Strab.
Oceanides. Hesiod. Theog. v. 349. 13.-Thucyd. 5, c. 1.
ADMET Us, son of Pheres and Clymene, ADRANA, a river in Germany. [Now, the
king of Pherae in Thessaly, married Theone Eder.] Tacit. Ann. 1, c. 56.
daughter of Thestor, and after her death, Adminum, a town of Sicily, near AEtna,
Alceste daughter of Pelias. Apollo, when with a river of the same name. The chief
banished from heaven, is said to have tended deity of the place was called Adranus, and
his flocks for nine years, and to have obtained his temple was guarded by 1000 dogs. Plut.
from the Parcae, that Admetus should never in Timol.
die, if another person laid down his life for AdRAstiA, one of the Oceanides who nurs
him; a proof of unbounded affection, which ed Jupiter. Hygin. fab. 182.
his wife Alceste cheerfully exhibited by de ADRAstra, a fountain of Sicyon. Paus. '
voting herself voluntarily to death. Adme 2, c. 15. A mountain. Plut. in Lucul. '
tus was one of the Argonauts, and was at the —A country near Troy, called after Adras
hunt of the Calydonian boar. Pelias promis tus, who built there a temple to Nemesis. §
ed his daughter in marriage only to him who Here Apollo had an oracle. Strab. 13–"
could bring him a chariot drawn by a lion A daughter of Jupiter and Necessity. She
and a wild boar; and Admetus effected this is called by some Nemesis, and is the punish-º
by the aid of Apollo, and obtained Alceste's er of injustice. The Egyptians placed herº
hand. Some say that Hercules brought above the moon, whence she looked down
him back Alceste from hell. Senec. in Medea. upon the actions of men. Strab. 13.—A*
-Hygin. fab. 50, 51, &243.-Ovid. de Art. daughter of Melisseus, to whom some attri-"
.4m. 3–4pollod. 1, c. 8 & 9, &c.—Tºbul. 2, bute the nursing of Jupiter. She is the same"
el. 3.-Paus. 5, c. 17.—A king of the Mo as Adresta. Apol. 1, c. 1. &
lossi, to whom Themistocles fled for protec AdRAsti, CAMP1, a plain near the Gra-º.
tion. C. Nep.in Them.8.—An officer of Al nicus, where Alexander first defeated Darius.'s
exander killed at the siege of Tyre. Diod. 17. Justin. 11, c. 6. i
ADönia, festivals in honour of Adonis, first AdRastus, son of Talaus and Lysimache,"
telebrated at Byblos in Phoenicia. They was king of Argos. Polynices being banished"
10 *
 AD AEA

from Thebes by his brother Eteocles, fled to
Argos, where he married Argia, daughter of
Adrastus. The king assisted his son-in-law,
and marched against Thebes with an army
headed by seven of his most famous generals.
All perished in the war except Adrastus,
who, with a few men saved from slaughter,
fled to Athens, and implored the aid of The
seus against the Thebans, who opposed the
burying of the Argives slain in battle. The
seus went to his assistance, and was victorious. the gods of Rome; but his apparent lenity
Adrastus, after a long reign, died through towards the Christians was disproved, by the
grief, occasioned by the death of his son Hºgi
aleus. A temple was raised to his memory at
Sicyon, where a solemn festival was annual
ly celebrated. Homer. Il. 5.-Pirg, VEn. 6,
v.480–-ipollod. 1, c.9, l. 3, c. 7.-Stat. Theb.
4 and 5–Hygin. fab 68,69, and 70.-Paus.
1, c.39, 1.8, c. 35, i. 10, c. 90.—Herodot. 5,
c. 67, &c.—A peripatetic philosopher, dis
ciple to Aristotle. It is supposed that a copy
of his treatise on harmonics is preserved in
the Vatican. A Phrygian prince, who hav
ing inadvertently killed his brother, fled to
Croesus, where he was humanely received,
and intrusted with the care of his son Atys.
In hunting a wild boar, Adrastus slew the
young prince, and in his despair killed himself
on his grave. Herodot. 1, c. 35, &c.—A
Lydian, who assisted the Greeks against the
Persians. Paus. 7, c. 5. hust. in Jug.
A soothsayer in
not be suspected. His peace with the Par
thians proceeded from a wish of punishing the
other enemies of Rome, more than from the
effects of fear. The travels of Adrian were
not for the display of imperial pride, but to
see whether justice was distributed impartial
ly; and public favour was courted by a cou
descending behaviour, and the meaner fami
liarity of bathing with the common people.
It is said that he wished to enrol Christ among
erection of a statue to Jupiter on the spot
where Jesus rose from the dead, and one to
Venus on mount Calvary. The weight of
diseases became intolerable. Adrian attempt
ed to destroy himself; and when prevented,
he exclaimed, that the lives of others were
in his hands, but not his own. He wrote an
account of his life, and published it under the
name of one of his domestics. He died of a
dysentery at Baiae, July 10, A. D. 138, in the
62d year of his age, after a reign of 21 years.
Dio.—An officer of Lucullus. Plut. in Luc.
—A rhetorician of Tyre in the age of M.
Antoninus, who wrote seven books of meta
morphoses, besides other treatises now lost.
ADRIM KTUM, a town of Aſrica, on the
Mediterranean, built by the Phoenicians.
[Now, according to some. Mahometta.] Sal
-

the Trojan war, son of Merops. Homer. Il. Adu Atica, a town of Belgic Gaul, now
2 and 6. The father of Eurydice, who Tongres, on the Maese.
married Ilus the Trojan. Apollod. 2, c. 12. ADULA, a mountain among the Rhaetian
A king of Sicyon, who reigned 4 years Alps, near which the Rhine takes its rise, now
B.C. 1215.-Ason of Hercules. Hygin. 242. St. Gothard.
ADú1AN unt, or ADRIAticum MARE, a ADülis, [a town of Ethiopia. Now, Er
sea lying between Illyricum and Italy, now cocca, on the coast of Abex.]
called the gulf of Venice, first made known Ady RMachid E, a maritime people of Af
to the Greeks by the discoveries of the Pho. rica, near Egypt. Herodot. 4, c. 168.
catans. Herodot. 1.-Horat. 1, od. 33, l. 3, od. [AEA, the city of king Æeetes, said to have
3 and 9.-Catull. 4, 6. been situate on the river Phasis in Colchis.
ADR1ANopolis, a town of Thrace on the The most probable opinion is, that it existed
Hebrus. Another in Bºtolia, Pisidia, only in the imaginations of the poets. Man
and Bithynia. nert. Anc. Geogr. Vol. 4, p. 397.]—A town
Apalixus, or Hadrianus, the 15th empe of Thessaly. Of Africa.-A fountain
ror of Rome. He is represented as an active, of Macedonia near Amydon.
learned, warlike and austere general. He AEAcéA, games at Ægina, in honour of
came to Britain, where he had a wall between AFacus. -

the modern towns of Carlisle and Newcastle AEAcidAs, a king of Epirus, son of Neop
[68 English or 74 Roman miles long,) to pro tolemus, and brother to Olympias. He was
tect the Britons from the incursions of the expelled by his subjects for his continual wars
Caledonians. [He sent also a Roman colony with Macedonia. He left a son, Pyrrhus,
to Jerusalem, calling the city. Elia Capitoli only two years old, whom Chaucus, king of
na, aſter the name of his family, and erected Illyricum educated. Paus. 1, c. 11.
a temple to Jupiter Capitolinus on the site of AEacines, a patronymic of the descend
the ancient temple, which caused a revolt of ants of Æacus, such as Achilles, Peleus, Te
the Jews.] His memory was so retentive, lamon, Pyrrhus, &c. Virg. .42n. 1, v. 103,
that he remembered every incident of his life, &c
and knewall the soldiers of his army by name. AEicus, son of Jupiter by Ægina daughter
He was the first emperor who wore a long of Asopus, was king of the island of OEnopia,
beard, and this he did to hide the warts on which he called by his mother's name. A
his face. Adrian went always bareheaded, pestilence having destroyed all his subjects,
and in long marches generally travelled on he entreated Jupiter to re-people his king
foot. In the beginning of his reign, he follow dom; and according to his desire, all the ants
ed the virtues of his adopted father and pre which were in an old oak were changed into
decessor Trajan; he remitted all arrears due men, and called by AEcus myrmidons, from
to his treasury for 16 years, and publicly aveun;, an ant—Eacus married Endeis, by
burnt the account books, that his word might whom he had Telamon and Peleus. He af.
11
 AED A.E.

terwards had Phocus by Psamathe, one of marched to Rome, whence he was driven
the Nereids. e was a man of such integ back by the inclemency of the weather;
sity that the ancients have made him one of which caused so much joy in Rome, that the
the Judges oſhell, with Minos and Rhadaman Romans raised a temple to the god of mirth.
thus. Horat. 2, od. 16, 1.4, od. 8-Paus. 1. This deity was worshipped at Sparta. Plut.
c. 44, l. 2, c. 29.-Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 25, 1. 13, in Lyc. Agid. & Cleom.—Pausanias also men
v. 25.-Propert. 4, el. 12—Plut. de consol. tions a 343r 7 ºxa.ºrg)'.
ad Apoll.—Apollod. 3, c. 12.-1) iod. 4. AF. DiLEs, [Roman magistrates, of three
ACEA, the name of an island, the fabled re kinds, JEdiles Plebeii, Curules, and Cereales.
sidence of Circe. [Its situation is doubtful. The JEdiles Plebeii, were first created A. U.
Most locate it high upon the western coast of C. 260, in the Comitia Curiata, at the same
Italy. According to Mannert, however, it time with the tribunes of the commons, to be
lay off the western coast of Sicily.—Mannert. as it were their assistants, and to determine
.1nc. Geogr. Vol. 4. p. 19.) certain minor causes which the tribunes com
AEANTEUM, a city of Toas, where Ajax mitted to them. They were afterwards cre
was buried. Plin. 5, c. 30.-An island ated, as the other inferior magistrates, at the
near the Thracian Chersonesus. Id. 4, c. 12. Comitia Tributa. The .42diles Curules were
AEANTIDEs, a tyrant of I.ampsacus, inti created from the patricians, wore the toga
mate with Darius. Iłe married a daughter practerta, had the right of images, and used the
of Hippias, tyrant of Athens. Thuryd, 6, c. sella curulis, whence their name. They were
59.—One of the 7 poets, called Pleiades. first created A. U. C. 387, to perform certain
AEAs, a river of Epirus falling into the Ionipublic games. The office of the AEdiles ge.
an sea. In the fable of ſo, Ovid describes it nerally, was to take care of the buildings,
as falling into the Peneus, and meeting other streets, markets, weights, measures, &c.—
rivers at Tempe. This some have supposed The JEdiles Cereales, were two in number,
to be a geographical mistake of the poet. added by Julius Caesar, to inspect the public
Lucan. 6, v. 361.-Orid. JMct. 1, v. 580. stores of corn and other provisions.—Dionys,
AEAtus, son of Philip, and brother of Po 6, c. 90.—Liv. 6, c. 42–7. c. 1.-Sueton. Jul.
lyclea, was descended from Hercules. An c. 41.-Cie. de Jegg. 3, c. 3.)
oracle having said that whoever of the two AEDIPsus, a town in Euboea, now Dipso,
touched the land after crossing the Achelous abounding in hot-baths.
should obtain the kingdom, Polyclea pretend VA1. AED1tuus, a Roman poet before the
ed to be lame, and prevailed upon her brother age of Cicero, successful in amorous poetry
to carry her across on his shoulders. When and epigrams.
they came near the opposite side, Polyclea AEpon, daughter of Pandarus, married Ze
leaped ashore from her brother's back, ex thus brother to Amphion, by whom she had
claiming that the kingdom was her own. a son called Itylus." She was so jealous of
AEatus joined her in her exclamation, and af. her sister Niobe, because she had more child
terwards married her, and reigned conjointly ren than herself, that she resolved to murder
with her. Their son Thessalus gave his the elder, who was educated with Itylus. She
name to Thessaly. Polyten. 8. by mistake killed her ownson, and was chang
AEchMAcoſtas, a son of Hercules, hy Phyl ed into a goldfinch as she attempted to kill
lone, daughter of Alcimedone. When the fa herself. Homer. Od. 19, v. 518.
ther heard that his daughter had had a child, AEDUI, or Hedui, a powerful nation of Cel
he exposed her and the infant in the woods to tic Gaul, known for their valour in the wars
wild beasts, where Hercules, conducted by of Caesar. When their country was invaded
the noise of a magpie which imitated the cries by this celebrated general, they were at the
of a child, ſound and delivered them. Paus. head of a faction in opposition to the Sequani
8, c. 12. and their partisans, and they had established
A·ch Mrs, succeeded his father Polymnes their superiority in frequent battles. To sup
tor on the throne of Arcadia, in the reign of port their cause, however the Sequani obtain
Theopompus of Sparta. Paus, 8, c. 5. ed the assistance of Ariovistus king of Ger
AEDEpsum, a town of Euboea. Plin. 4, c. many, and soon defeated their opponents.
12–Strab. 10.
The arrival of Caesar changed the face of af.
AEDEssa, or F.Jessa, a town near Pella. fairs, the AEdui were restored to the sove
Caranus king of Macedonia took it by follow reignty of the country, and the artful Roman,
ing goats that sought shelter from the rain, by employing one ſaction against the other,
and called it, from that circumstance Æge. was enabled to conquer them all, though the
from at:, capra. It was the burying-place of the insurrection of Ambiorix, and that more pow
Macedonian kings; and an oracle had said, erfully supported by Vercingetorix, shook
that as long as the kings were buried there. for a while the dominion of Rome in Gaul,
so long would their kingdom subsist. Alex and checked the career of the conqueror.
ander was buried in a different place; and on Cars. in Bell. G.
that account, some authors have said that #2.ÉtA, or AEetes, king of Colchis, son of
the kingdom became extinct. Justin. 7, c. Sol, and Perseis daughter of Oceanus, was
I
father of Medea, Absyrtus, and Chalciope,
A pictſ LA Ridiculi, a temple raised to the by Ida, one of the Oceanides. He kill
god of Mirth, from the following circum ed Phryxus son of Athamas, who had fled to
stance: after the battle of Cannae, Hannibal his court on a golden ram. This murder he
fº
 AEG AEG

earninitted to obtain the fleece of the golden gave him his daughter Æthra in marriage.
rara. The Arzonauts came against Colchts, He left her pregnant, and told her, that if she
and recovered the golden fleece by means of had a son, to send him to Athens as soon as
Medea, though it was guarded by bulls that he could lift astone under which he had con
breathed fire, and by a venomous dragon. cealed his sword. By this sword he was to
Their expedition has been celebrated by ºil be known to AEgeus, who did not wish to make
the ancient poets. (rid. Jason. Medea, & any public discovery of a son, for fear of his
Přerºrus.) Apoſiod, 1, c. 9–Orid. Met. 7, nephews the Pallantides, who expected his
fab. 1. &c.—Paus. 2. c. 3.-Justin. 42, c. 2– crown. AEthra became mother of Theseus,
FIarr. & Orpheus an Argon. whom she accordingly sent to Athens with
AEET14s, a patronymic given to Medea, as his father's sword. At that time AEgeus liv
laris:hter of Æeetes. Orad. Met. 7, v. 9. el with Medea, the divorced wife of Jason.
AfgA, an island of the AEgean sea betwee When Theseus came to Athens, Medea at
Tenedos and Chios. tempted to poison him ; but he escaped, and
[AEG +, a town of AEolis, south of Cuma. upon showing Ægeus the sword he wore, dis
and east of Phocaea.] covered himself to be his son. When The
AEG e, a city of Macedonia, the same as •eus returned from Crete after the death of
*Caessa.—Plin. 4, c. 10.-A town of Euboea, the Minotaur, he forgot, agreeable to the en
whence Neptune is called AEgaeus. Strab. 9. gagement made with his father, to hoist up
AEG'+, a town and sea port of Cilicia. white sails as a signal of his success; and
Alzzºan. 3. v. 227. *Egeus, at the sight of black sails, concluding
AEGAEox, one of Lycaon’s 50 sons. Apol that his son was dead, threw himself from a
fad. 3, c. 8. The son of Coelus, or of Pon high rock into the sea ; which from him, as
tas and Terra, the same as Briareus. (vid. some suppose, has been called the AEgean.
Briareus.) It is supposed that he was a no 4.geus reigned 48 years, and died B. C. 1235.
torious pirate chiefly residing at Æga, whence He is supposed to have first introduced into
His name; and that the fable about his 100 Greece the worship of Venus Urania, to ren
hands arises from his having 100 men to man der the goddess propitious to his wishes in
age his cars in his piratical excursions. Virg having a son. (rid. Theseus, Munotaurus
.3En. 10, v. 565.-Hesiod Th. 149.-Home, & Medea.) Apoll, d. 1, c. 8, 9, 1.3, c. 15.—
II. 10, v. 404.—Ovid Met. 2, v. 10. Paus. 1, c. 5. 22, 38, l. 4, c. 2.— Plut. in
AEGAEUM M ARE (now Archipelago), part of s.—Hugin. ſab. 37, 48, 79, and 173.
the Mediterranean, dividing Greece from Asia AEGIALE, one of Phaeton’s sisters changed
Minor. It is full of islands, some of which into poplars, and their tears into amber.
are called Cyclades, others Sporades, &c. They are called Heliades. A daughter of
The word AEgaeum is derived by some from Adrastus, by Amphitea daughter of Promax.
AEgae, a town of Euboea; or from the num She married Diomedes, in whose absence,
ber of islands which it contains, that appear during the Trojan war, she prostituted her
above the sea, as a17 ºr, goats; or from the self to her servants, and chiefly to Cometes,
promontory AEga, or from Egea, a queen of whom the king had left master of his house.
the Amazons; or from AEgeus, who is sup At his return, Diomedes being told of his
posed to have drowned himself there. Plin. wife's wantonness, went to settle in Daunia.
4, c. 11.—Strab. 7. [rid. Archipelagus.] . Some say that Venus implanted those vicious
AEGALEos, or AEgaleum, a mountain of and lustful propensities in AEgiale, to revenge
Attica opposite Salamis, on which Xerxes sat nerself on Diomedes, who had wounded her
during the engagement of his fleet with the in the Trojan war. Orid, in Ib. v. 350.-
Grecian ships in the adjacent sea. Herodot. Homer. Il. 5, v. 412.-Apollod. 1, c.9.—Stat.
8, c. 90.-Thucyd. 2, c. 19. 3, Silv. 5, v. 48.
AEGRTEs, three islands lying northwest of AEGIALEA, an island near Peloponnesus, in
Cape Lilybaeum, on the western coast of Si the Cretan sea. Another in the Ionian sea,
cily. [Near these islands the Roman fleet near the Echinades. Plan. 4, c. 12.-Hero
under E. Catulus, obtained a decisive victory dot. 4, c. 107 The ancient name of Pelo
over that of the Carthaginians, commanded ponnesus. Strab. 12. Mela, 2, c. 7.
by Hanno, which put an end to the first Pu AEGIAI.Eus, son of Adrastus by Amphitea
nic war..] Liv. 21, c. 10.41.49 and 22, c. 54. or Demoanassa, was one of the Epigoni, i. e.
56.--Mela, 2, c. 7. one of the sons of those generals who were
AEGELEox, a town of Macedonia taken by killed in the first Theban war. They went
king Attalus. Liv. 31, c. 46. against the Thebans, who had refused to give
A.G.ERIA. Wid. Egeria. burial to their fathers, and were victorious.
AEGEsta, the daughter of Hippotes, and They all returned home safe, except AEgia
mother of AEgestus called Acestes. P'urg. leus, who was killed. That expedition is
"...ºn. 1, v. 554.—An ancient town of Sicily called the war of the Epigoni. Paus. 1, c.
near mount Eryx, destroyed by Agathocles. 43, 44. l. 2, c. 20, 1.9, c. 5.-Apollod. 1, c. 9,
It was sometimes called Segesta and Acesta. 1. 3, c. 7. The same as Absyrtus brother
Diod 10. to Medea. Justin. 42, c. 3.-Cic. de JNat. D.
AEGEcs, king of Athens, son of Pandion, 3.—Diod. 4.
being desirous of having children, went to con AEGIRLus, son of Phoroneus, was intrust
ed withtothe
sult the oracle, and in his return, stopped at going kingdomPeloponnesus
Egypt. of Achnia by wº
kingcalled
APiº
the court of Pittheus king of Troezene, who 13
 AEG AEG

Agialea from him.—A man who founded ACG is, the shield of Jupiter, aro tº .
the kingdom of Sicyon 2091 before the Chris awyðr, a she-goat. This was the goat Amal
tian era, and reigned 52 years. thasa, with whose skin he covered his
AEGIALUs, a name given to part of Pelo shield. The goat was placed among the
ponnesus. vid. Achaia. , Paus. 5, c. 1, 1. constellations. Jupiter gave this shield to
7, c. 1. An inconsiderable town of Pontus. Pallas, who placed upon it Medusa's head,
—A city of Asia Minor. A city of Ga. which turned into stones all those who
latia. A city of Pontus. Another in fixed their eyes upon it. Virg. Jºn. 8, v.
AFthiopia. 352 and 435.
AEGILIA, an island between Crete and Pe. AEG isthus, king of Argos, was son of
loponnesus.——A place in Euboea. Herodot. Thyestes by his daughter Pelopea. Thyes.
6, c. 101. tes being at variance with his brother Atre
[AEGIMüRus, a small island in the gulf of us, was told by the oracle, that his wrong: º
Carthage. There were two rocks near this could be revenged only by a son born of him.
island, called ara. JEgimuri, which were so self and his daughter. To avoid such an in
named, because the Romans and Carthagi cest, Pelopea had been consecrated to the
nians concluded a treaty on them. The mo service of Minerva by her father, who some
dern Zowamoore or Zimbra is the AEgimurus time after met her in a wood, and ravished
of the ancients. Plin. 5, c. 7.-Virg. AEn. her, without knowing who she was. Pelope,
1. 109.] kept the sword of her ravisher, and finding
AEGINA, daughter of Asopus, had AEacus it to be her father's, exposed the child she
by Jupiter changed into a flame of fire. She had brought forth. The child was preserved,
afterwards married Actor, son of Myrmidon. and when grown uppresented with the sword
by whom she had some children, who con of his mother's ravisher. Pelopea soon after
spired against their father. Some say that this melancholy adventure, had married her
she was changed by Jupiter into the island uncle Atreus, who received into his house her
which bears her name. Plin. 4, c. 12.—Strab. natural son. As Thyestes had debauched the
8.—Mela, 2, c. 7.—Apollod. 1, c. 9, l. 3, first wife of Atreus, Atreus sent &gisthus to
c. 12.-Paus. 2, c. 5 and 29. An is put him to death; but Thyestes knowing the
land formerly called OEnopia and Oenone, assassin's sword, discovered he was his own
in a part of the AEgean sea, called Sa son, and, fully to revenge his wrongs, sent
ronicus Sinus, about 26 miles in circum him back to murder Atreus. After this mur
ference. (The soil of this island was at first der, Thyestes ascended the throne, and ban
very stony and barrea, but through the exer ished Agamemnon and Menelaus, the sons, or
tions of its inhabitants, who were called Myr as others say, the grandsons of Atreus.
midons (emmets) from their industry, it be These children fled to Polyphidus of Sicyon;
came very fruitful.—It is now called Engia.] but as he dreaded the power of their perse
They were once a very powerful nation by cators, he remitted the protection of them to
sea, but they cowardly gave themselves up to QEneus, king of Ætolia. By their marriage
Darius when he demanded submission from all
the Greeks. The Athenians under Pericles
with the daughters of Tyndarus, king ºf
Sparta, they were empowered to recºve:
made war against them : and aſter taking 70 the kingdom of Argos, to which Agamemnon
of their ships in a naval battle, they expelled succeeded, while Menelaus reigned in his fa.
them from AEgina. The fugitives settled in Pe ther-in-law's place. Aºgisthus had been re
loponnesus, and after the ruin of Atheus by conciled to the sons of Atreus; and when
Lysander, they returned to their country, but they went to the Trojan war, he was left
never after rose to their former power or guardiºn of Agamemnon'skingdoms,and of his
consequence. Herodot. 5, 6 and 7.-Paus. Wife Clytemnestra. AEgisthusfelliniove with
2, c. 29, l. c. 8, 44.—Strab. 8.-JElian. V. Clytemnestra, and lived with her. On Aga
H. 12, c. 10.
memnon's return, these 2 adulterers murje.
ÆgiNETA Paulus, a physician born in “d him, and, by a publicmarriage, strength.
Fgina. He flourished in the 3d, or, accord ened themselves on the throne of Argo.
ing to others, the 7th century, and first deserv Orestes, Agamemnon's son, would have
ed to be called man-midwife. He wrote De
Re Medica, in seven books.
shared his father's fate, had not his sister
Electra privately sent him to his uncle strº.
AEG in Etes, a king of Arcadia, in whose phius, king of Phocis, where he contracted
age Lycurgus instituted his famous laws, the most intimate friendship with his cousin
Paws. 1, c. 5.
Pylades. Some time after, Orestes came tº
AEGiochus, a surname of Jupiter, from his Mycene, the resistence of AEgisthus, and re.
being brought up by the goat Amalthaea, and solved to punish the murderers of his father,
using her skin, on his shield, in the war of the in conjunction with Electra, who lived in dis
Titans. Diod. 5.
guise in the tyrant's family. to accomplish
4-giran, a name of Pan, because he had this more effectually, Electra publicly de
goat's feet. clared that her brother Orestes was jeal :
[AEGina, a town of Achaia, between Agi. "Pºº which £gisthus and Clytemnestra went
um and Sicyon. Paus. 7, c. 26.] to return thanksse
temple of Apollo,Orestes, tº
HEGIRorssa, a town of Ætolia. Herodot. ſº the
god
the death.
for his who had
7, c. 149.
cretly concealed himselfin the temple, attack
14
 AEG AEG

ed them, and put them both to death, after a and that of a goat below. Mela, 1, c. 4 and
reign of seven years. They were buried 8.
without the city walls. (vid. Agamemnon, AEGYPsus, a town of the Getae, near the
Thyestes, Orestes, Clytemnestra, Pylades, and Danube [Near this place according to
Electra.) Ovid. de Rem. .4m. 161. Trist. D'Anville, Darius Hystaspes constructed his
2, v.396.—Hygin. ſab. 87 and 88.-JElian. bridge over the Danube, in his expeditions
W. H. 12, c.42.—Paus.2, c. 16, &c.—Sophocl. against the Scythians.] Ovid. ex: Pont. 1. ep.
in Electra.--Eschyl. & Senec. in Agam— 8, 1.4, ep. 7.
Homer. Od. 3. and 11.- Lactant. in Theb. 1. AEGYPTIUM MARE, that part of the Medi
v. 634. Pompey used to call J. Caesar AE terranean sea which is on the coast of Egypt.
gisthus, en account of his adultery with his AEgyptus, son of Belus, and brother to
wife Mutia, whem he repudiated after she Danaus, gave his 50 sons in marriage to the
had borne him three children. Suet. in Caes. 50 daughters of his brother. Danaus who
50. had established himself at Argos, and was
AEGruni, [a town of Achaia, where the jealous of his brother, who, by following him
States of Achaia held their general council. from Egypt into Greece, seemed envious of
sº
c. 7.
Vostitza. Pausan. 7, c. 24.—Liv. 28, of his prosperity, obliged all his daughters to
murder their husbands the first night of their
AEGLE, the youngest daughter of Æscula nuptials. This was executed ; but Hyperm
pius and Lampetie. A nymph, daughter nestra alone spared her husband Lynceus.
of Sol and Neara. Pirg. Ec. 6, v. 20. A Even Ægyptus was killed by his niece Po.
nymph, daughter of Panepeus, beloved by lyxena. vid. Danaus, Danaides, Lynceus.-
Theseus after he had left Ariadne. Plut. in AEgyptus was king, after his father, of a part
Thes—One of the Hesperides. One of of Africa, which from him has been called
the Graces. AEgyptus. Hygin. fab. 168, 170–Apollod.
AEGLEs, a Samian wrestler, born dumb. 2, c. 1–Ovid. Heroid. 14.—Paus. 7, c.21.—
Seeing some unlawful measures pursued in a An extensive country of Africa, bound
contest, he broke the string which held his ed on the east by the Red Sea, and on the
tongue, through the desire of speaking, and west by Libya. Its name is derived from
ever after spoke with ease. Val. Mar. 1, c. 3. AEgyptus brether to Danaus. Its extent,
AEGLETEs, a surname of Apollo. according to modern calculation, [is 700
£glöge, a nurse of Nero. Sueton. in Mer. miles from north to south, and it measures
about 30') miles on the shore of the Me
AEGoBölus, a surname of Bacchus at Pot diterranean;] but at the distance of 50
nia, in Boeotia. leagues from the sea, it diminishes so much as
AEGocłaos, or Capricornus, an animal in scarce to measure 7 or 3 leagues between the
to which Pan transformed himself when fly mountains on the east and west. It is divided
ing before Typhon in the war with the giants. into Lower,whichlies near the Mediterranean,
Jupiter made him a constellation. Lucret. 1, and Upper, which is towards the south. Up
v. 613. per Egypt was famous for the town of
Ægow, a shepherd. Virg. Ecl.—Theocrit. Thebes, but Lower Egypt was the most peo
A promontory of Lemnos.--A pled, and contained the Delta, a num
name of the AEgean Sea. Flacc. 1, v. 628. ber of large islands, which, from their
–A boxer of Zacynthus ; who dragged a form, have been called after the fourth letter
large bull by the heel from a mountain into of the Greek alphabet. This country has
the city. Theocrit. Idyll. 4. been the mother of arts and sciences. The
£Gos Poti Mos, i. e. the goat's river, [a greatest part of Lower Egypt has been form
stream in the Thracian Chersonese, with a ed by the mud and sand carried down by the
town called Ægos at its mouth.) Here the Nile. Te Egyptians reckoned themselves
Athenian fleet, consisting of 180 ships, was the most ancient nation in the universe, (rid.
defeated by Lysander, on the 13th Dec. B. C. Psammetichus,) but some authors make them
405, in the last year of the Peloponnesian war. of AEthiopian origin. They are remarkable
.Mela, 2, c. 2.-Plin. 2, c. 58.-Paus. 3, c. 8 for their superstition ; they paid as much
atd 11. honour to the cat, the crocodile, the bull, and
£cosic E, an Asiatic nation under Attalus even to onions, as to Isis. Rain never or sel
with whom he made conquests in Asia, and to dom falls in this country; the fertility of the
whom he gave a settlement near the Helles soil originates in the yearly inundations of the
pout. Polytº. 5. Nile, which rises [to the height of about 20
£gus and Roscu.Lus, two brothers cubits on an average, and exhibits a large
amongst the Allobroges, who deserted from plain of waters, in which are scattered here
Cesar to Pompey. Caes, bell. civ. 3, c. 59. and there the towns and villages, as the Cy
£cºsa, the middle island of the AEgates clades in the Egean sea. The air is not
rear Sicily. - wholesome, but the population is great and
£cy, a town near Sparta, destroyed be the cattle very prolific. It is said that Egypt
eause its inhabitants were suspected by the once contained20,000 cities, the most remark
Spartans of favouring the Arcadians. Paus. able of which were Thebes, Memphis, Alex
º, r. 2. andria, Pelusium, Coptos, Arsinoe, &c. It
£cy Prix Es, a nation in the middle of Af was governed by kings who have immortalized
tita, whose body is human above the waist, themselves by the pyramids they have raised
15
 A.L. A.L.

and the canals they have opened The priests as Roman citizens, [but should remain in the
traced the existence of the country for many state of the Dedititii.]
thousand years, and fondly imagined that the AELIA PETINA, of the family of Tubero"
gods were the first sovereigns, and that mo married Claudius Caesar, by whom she had
narchy had lasted 11,340 years according to a son. The emperor divorced her, to marry
Herodotus. According to the calculation of Messalina. Sueton. in Claud. 26.
Constantine Manasses, the kingdom of E. ypt AELIANU's CLAUDUs, a Roman sophist of
lasted 1663 years from its beginning under Praeneste, i, the reign of Adrian. He first
Misraim the son of Ham, 2188 B. C. to the taught rhetoric at Rome ; but being disgust
conquest of Cambyses, 525 B.C. Egypt re ed with his profession, he became author and
volted afterwards from the Persian power B. published treatises on animals in 17 books, on
C. 414, and Amyrtaeus then became king. Af. various history in 14 books, &c. in Greek, a
ter him succeeded Psammetichus, whose reign language which he preferred to Latin. In
began 400 B.C. Nephereus 394; Acoris, his writings he shows himself very fond of the
389 : Psammuthis, 376, Nepherites 4 months, marvellous, and relates many stories which
and Nectanebis, 375: Tachos, or Teos, 363 are often devoid of elegance and purity of
Nectanebus, 361.—It was conquered by Q tyle; though Philostratus has commended
chus, 350 B. C.; and after the conquest of his language as superior to what could be ex
Persia by Alexander, Ptolemy refounded the pected from a person who was neither born
kingdom, and began to reign 323 B. C. nor educated in Greece. AElian died in the
Philadelphus, 284; Euergetes, 246 : Phi 60th year of his age, A. D. 140. The best
lopater, 221 : Epiphanes, 204: Philometer, editions of his works collected together are
180 and 169, conjointly with Euergetes II. or that of Conrad Gesner, folio, printed Tiguri,
Physcon, for 6 years ; Euergetes ll. 145 : 1556, though now seldom to be met with, that
Lathurus Soter, and his mother Cleopatra, of Kuenius, 2 vol. 8vo. Lips. 1780, (and that
116: Alexander of Cyprus, and Cleopatra, of Lehnert, 2 vol. 8vo. Lips. 1794.] Some
106 : Lathurus Soter restored, 88: Cleopatra attribute the treatise on the tactics of the
ll. 6 months, with Alexander the second 19 Greeks to another Æliam.
days, 81: Ptolemy, surnamed Alexander III. AELIUs and ÆLIA, a family in Rome, so
80: Dionysius, surnamed Auletes, 65 : Diony poor that 16 lived in a small house, and were
sius II. with Cleopatra III. 51: Cleopatra III. maintained by the produce of a little field.
with young Ptolemy, 46, and in 30 B.C. it Their poverty continued till Paulus conquer
was reduced by Augustus into a Roman pro ed Perseus king of Macedonia, and gave his
vince. The history of Egypt, therefore, can son-in-law AEl. Tubero five pounds of gold
be divided into three epochas; the first be. from the booty. Val. Mar. 4, c. 4.
gimming with the ſoundation of the empire, to AELius ADR1ANUs, an African, grandfather
the conquest of Cambyses; the second ends to the emperor Adrian —Gallus, a Roman
at the death of Alexander; and the third knight, the first who invaded Arabia Felix.
comprehends the reign of the Ptolemies, and He was very intimate with Strabo the geogra
ends at the death of Cleopatra, in the age of pher, and sailed on the Nile with him to take
Augustus.-Justan. 1.--Hirtius in .11er. 24. a view of the country. Plin. 6, c. 28.
—Macrob. in somn. Scip. 1, c. 19 & 21.—He. Publius, one of the first questors chosen from
rodian. 4, c. 9.—Strab. 17. Herodot 2, 3, & tºe plebeians at Rome. Liv. 4, c. 54 Q.
7.—Theocrit. Id. 17, v. 79.—Polyb. 15.- K. Paetus, son of Sextus or Publius. As he
Diod. 1.-Plin. 5, c 1, 1. 14, c. 7.— Marcell. 22. sat in the senate-house, a wood-pecker perch
c. 40–Justin. 1–C; Nep. in Paus. 3, in. ed on his head; upon which a soothsayer ex
Iphic. in Datam. 3–Curt. 4, c. 1.-Juv. 15, claimed, that if he preserved the bird, his
v. 175.-Paus. 1, c. 14.—Plut. de Facie in house would flourish and Rome decay; and
Orb. Lun. de Isid. & Osir. in Ptol, in .ºllear. if he killed it, the contrary must happen.
—-Mela, 1, c. 9 – 1pollod. 2, c. 1 & 5. A Hearing this, AElius, in the presence of the
minister of Mausolus of Caria. Polyten. 6. senate, bit off the head of the bird. All the
—The ancient name of the Nile. Homer. Od. youths of the family were killed at Cannae,
14, v. 258.--Paus. 9, c. 40. and the Roman arms were soon attended
AEG Ys. P'id. AEgy. with success. Val. Mar. 5, c. 6. Satur
ACG Ysthus. P'id. Aegisthus. ninus, a satyrist, thrown down from the Tar
Allia, the wife of Sylla. Plut. in Syll. peian rock for writing verses against Tibe
The name of some towns built or repaired rius. Sejānus, vid, Sejanus.—Sextus
by the emperor Adrian. Catus, censor, with M. Cethegus. He separat
AELIA lex, enacted by Ælius Tubero the ed the senators from the people in the public
tribune, A. U. C. 559, to send two colonies spectacles. During his consulship, the am
into the country of the Brutii. Liv. 34, c. bassadors of the Ætolians found him feasting
53. Another A. U. C. 563, ordaining, that in earthen dishes, and offered him silver ves
in public affairs, the augurs should observe sels, which he refused, satisfied with the
the appearance of the sky, and the magis earthen cups, &c. which, for his virtues, he
trates be empowered to postpone the business. had received from his father-in-law, L. Pau
——Another called Ælia Sexta, by JElius lus, after the conquest of Macedonia. He
Seartus, A. U. C. 756, which enacted, that all is greatly commended by Cicero for his
slaves who bore any marks of punishment learning, and called cordatus homo by
received from their masters, should not rank Ennius for his knowledge of law. Plan.
16
-
AEM .EMI

33, c. 11.-Cie. de Orat. 1.-Spartiánus, ed from Mamercus, son of Pythagoras, who

wrote the lives of the emperors Adrian, An ſor his humanity was called Alauxor, blundus.
toninus Pius, and M. Aurelius. He flourished —A vestal who rekindled the fire of Vesta,
A. D. 240. Tubero, grandson of L. Pau which was extinguished, by putting her veil
hus, was austere in his morals, and a formi over it, Pal. Mar. 1, c. 1.-Dionys. Hal. 2.
dable enemy to the Gracchi. Hisgrandson was -The wife of Africanus the elder, famous
accused before Caesar, and ably defended by for her behaviour to her husband, when sus
Cicero. Cie. ep. ad Brut. Verus Caesar, pected of infidelity. Val. Mar. 6, c. 7.--—
the name of L. C. Commodus Verus, after Lepida, daughter of Lepidus, married I).ru
Adrian had adopted him. He was made sus the younger, whom she disgraced by her
praetor and consul by the emperor, who wantonness. She killed herself when accused
was soon convinced of his incapacity in the of adultery with a slave. Tacit. 6, c. 40.
discharge of public duty. He killed himself A part of Italy called also Flaminia. Martiaſ.
by drinking an antidote; and Antoninus, sur 6, ep. 85. A public road leading from Pla
named Pius, was adopted in his place. AE centia to Ariminum ; called after the consul
lius was father to Autoninus Verus, whom Emylius, who is supposed to have made it.
Pius adopted.—A physician mentioned by JMartial. 3, ep. 4.
Galen.—L. Gallus, a lawyer, who wrote AEMy LIANUs, a name of Africanus the
12 books concerning the signification of all younger, son of P. A. mylius. In him the fa
law words. milies of the Scipios and Æmylii were united.
AEL Lo, one of the Harpies (from ixova z axxo, Many of that family bore the same Lame.
alienurn tollens, or awaz, tempestas.) Fiac. 4, Juv. 8, v.2. -

v. 450.—Hesiod. Th. 267.-Ovid. Met. 13, v. AEM Y1.11, a noble family in Rome, descend.
710.-One of Actaeon's dogs.--Ovid. Met. 3, ed from AEmylius the son of Ascanius.-P'u-
y-220. tarch says, that they are descended from Ma
£LÜRus, (a cat.) a deity worshipped by mercus, the son of Pythagoras, surnamed Æ
the Egyptians: and, after death, embalmed, mylius from the sweetness of his voice, in
and buried in the city of Bubastis. Herodot. .Num. & Emyl.—The family was distinguish
2, c. 66, &c. —Diod. 1.-Cic. de Mat. D. 1. ed in the various branches of the Lepidi, Ma
–4. Gell. 20, c. 7.-Plut. in Pr. merci, Mamercini, Barbulae, Paulº, and Scauri.
AEMATHIow, & AEMATH1A. vid. Ema AEMYLius, a beautiful youth of Sybaris.
thuon. whose wife met with the same fate as Procris.
AEMIL1A lex, was enacted by the dictator rid. Procris. Censorinus, a cruel tyrant of
AEmilius, A. U. C 309. It ordained that the Sicily, who liberally rewarded those who in
censorship, which was before quinquennial, vented new ways of torturing. Paterculus
should be limited to one year and a half. Liv. gave him a brazen horse for this purpose, and
9, c. 33. Another in the second consulship the tyrant made the first experiment upon
of AEmilius Mamercus, A. U. C. 391. It gave the donor, Plut. de Fort. Romn. Lepidus,
power to the eldest praetor to drive a mail in a youth who had a statue in the capitol, for
the capitol on the ides of September. Law. saving the life of a citizen in a battle. Pºl.
7, e. 3. The driving of a nail was a super Mar. 4, c. 1.-A triumvir with Octavius.
stitious ceremony, by which the Romans vid. Lepidus. Macer, a poet of Verona in
supposed that a pestilence could be stopped, the Augustan age. He wrote some poems
or an impending calamity averted. upon serpents, birds, and, as some suppose, ou
AEMILIANUs, (C. Julius) a native of Mauri bees. rid. Macer Marcus Scaurºs, a
tania, proclaimed emperor after the death Roman who flourished about 100 years B. C.
of Decius. He marched against Gallus and and wrote three books concerning his own
Valerian, but was informed they had been life. Cic. in Brut. A poet in the age of
murdered by their own troops. He soon af. Tiberius, who wrote a tragedy called Atheus.
ter shared their fate.—One of the thirty and destroyed himself—Sura, another wri
tyrants who rebelled in the reign of Gallienus. ter on the Roman year. Mamercus, three
£MILIUs. vid. AEmylius. times dictator, conquered the Fidenates, and
AEMs Estus. tyrant of Enna, was deposed took their city. He limited to one year and
by Dionysius the elder. Diod. 14. a half the censorship, which before his time
AExtox. rid. Hacmon. was exercised during five years. Lir. 4, c.
Exonia, a country of Greece, which 17, 19, &c.—Papiniãnus, son of Hostilius
received its name from AEmon, or AEmus, Papinianus, was in favour with the emperor
and was afterwards called Thessaly. Achilles Severus, and was made governor to his sons
is called Æmonius, as being born there. Geta and Caracalla. Geta was killed by his
Orid. Trist. 3, el. 11, l. 4, el. 1.-Horat. 1. brother, and Papinianus for upbraiding him
od. 37. It was also called Pyrrha, from Pyr. was murdered by his soldiers. From his
rha, Deucalion's wife, who reigned there.— school the Romans have had many able law
The word has been indiscriminately applied yers, who were called Papinianists. Pap
to all Greece by some writers. . Plin. 4, c. 7. pus, a censor, who banished from the senate,
Extoxin Es. A priest of Apollo, in Italy, P. Corn. Ruſſinus, who had been twice con
killed by Æneas. Virg. Jºn. 10, v. 537. sul, because he had at his table ten pounds of
silver plate, A. U.C. 478. Lir. 14.— Por
EMUs, an actor in Domitian's reign. Juv. cina,
5, 7, 197.
an elegant orator. Cic in Brut.
-

Rectus, a severe governor of Egypt, under

Exylla, anoble family in Rome, descend. 17
 AEN AEN

Tiberius. Dio. Regillus, conquered the posterity to reign over the Trojans. This
general of Antiochus at sea, and obtained a passage Dionys. Hal. explained, by saying
naval triumph. Liv. 37, c. 31. Scaurus, that Homer meant the Trojans who had gone
a noble, but poor citizen of lèome. His fa over to Italy with Æneas, and not the actual
ther, to maintain himself, was a coal-mer. inhabitants of Troy. According to Virgil and
chant. He was a dile, and afterwards praetor, other Latin authors, who, to make their court
and fought against Jugurtha His son \lar to the Roman emperors,traced their origin up
cus was son-in-law to Sylla, and in his aedile to AEneas, and described his arrival in Italy
ship he built a very magnificent theatre. as indubitable, he with his fleet first came to
Plin. 36, c. 15.-A bridge at Rome, called the Thracian Chersonesus, where Polymnes
also Sublicius. Juv. 6, v. 32. tor,one of his allies, reigned. After visiting De
AENARIA, an island in the bay of Puteoli, los,thestrophades,andCrete,where he expect
abounding with cypress trees. It received its ed to find the empire promised him by the ora
name from HEneas, who is supposed to have cle, as in the place where hisprogenitors were
landed there on his way to Latium. It is born, he landed at Drepanum, the Court
called Pithecusa by the Greeks, and now Is of king Acestes, in Sicily, where he buried his
chia, and was famous once for its mineral father. From Sicily he sailed for Italy, but
waters. Liv. 8, c. 22.—Plin. 3, c. 6, l. 31, was driven on the coast of Africa, and kind
c. 2–Stat. 3. Sylt. 5, v. 104. ly, received by Dido, queen of Carthage, to
AFN ARIUM, a grove near Olenos in Achaia whom, on his first interview, he gave one of
sacred to Jupiter, [where the Achaeans held the garments of the beautiful Helen. Dido
their public assemblies.] being enumoured of him, wished to marry
AEN EA or ÆNE1A, a town of Macedonia, 15 him; but he left Carthage by order of the
miles from Thessalonica, founded by Æneas. gods. In his voyage he was driven to Sicily,
Lir. 40, c. 4, 1.44, c. 10. and from thence he passed to Cumae, where
AEN EADEs, a town of Chersonesus, built by the Sybil conducted him to hell, that he might
AEneas. Cassander destroyed it, and carried hear from his father the fates which attended
the inhabitants to Thessalonica, lately built. him and all his posterity. After a voyage of
Dionys. Hal. 1. seven years, and the loss of 13 ships, he came
A.NEAD+, a name given to the friends and to the Tyber. Latinus, the king of the coun
companions of AEneas, by Virg. JEn. 1, v. try, received him with hospitality, and pro
161. mised him his daughter Lavinia, who had
AENEAs, a Trojan prince, son of Anchises been before betrothed to king Turnus by her
and the goddess Venus. The opinions of au mother Amata. To prevent this marriage,
thors concerning his character are different. Turnus made war against Æneas; and after
His infancy was intrusted to the care of a many battles, the war was decided by a com
nymph, and at the age of 5 he was recalled to bat between the two rivals, in which Turnus
Troy. He afterwards improved himself in was killed. ACneas married Lavinia, in
ThessalyunderChiron,a venerablesage,whose whose honour he built the town of Lavinium,
house was frequented by theyoung princes and and succeeded his father-in-law. After a
heroes of the age. Soon after his return home short reign, AFneas was killed in a battle
he married Creusa, Priam's daughter, by against the Etrurians. Some say that he
whom he had a son called Ascanius. I)ur was drowned in the Numicus, and his body
ing the Trojan war, he behaved with great weighed down by his armour; upon which
valour, in defence of his country, and came the Latins, not finding their king, supposed
to an engagment with Diomedes and Achilles. that he had been taken up to heaven, and
Yet Strabo, Dictys of Crete, Dionysius of therefore offered him sacrifices as to a god.
Halicarnassus, and Dares of Phrygia, accuse Dionys. Hal. fixes the arrival of Æneas in
him of betraying his country to the Greeks, Italy in the 54th olymp. Some authors sup
with Antenor, and of preserving his life and }ose that Æneas, after the siege of Troy, fell
fortune by this treacherous measure. He to the share of Neoptolemus, together with
lived at variance with Priam, because he re Andromache, and that he was carried to
ceived not sufficient marks of distinction from Thessaly, whence he escaped to Italy. Others
the king and his family, as Homer, Il. 3, say, that after he had come to Italy, he re
says. This might have provoked him to seek turned to Troy, leaving Ascanius king of
revenge by perfidy. Authors of credit re Latium. [The story of the loves of Dido
port, that when Troy was in flames, he car. and AEneas is a mere poetical embellishment,
ried away, upon his shoulders, his father An and introduced by a glaring anachronism.
chises, and the statues of his household gods, rid. Dido...] Homer. Il. 13 and 20. Hymn. in
leading in his hand his son Ascanius, and leav P'ener.—Apollod. 3. c. 12.—Diod. 3.-Paus.
ing his wife to follow behind. Some say that 2, c. 33, l. 3, c. 22, 1.10, c. 25.-Plut. In Ro
he retired to Mount Ida, where he built a mul. & Corol. Quast. Rom.–Pal. Mar. 1,
fleet of 20 ships, and set sail in quest of a c. 8.—Flor. 1, c. 9-Justin. 20, c. 1, 1.31, c.
settlement. Strabo and others maintain that 8, 1.43, c. 1 —Dictys. Cret. 5–Dares Phry.
AEneas never left his country, but rebuilt 6.—Duonys. Hal. I, c. 11.-Strab. 13.-Lur,
Troy, where he reigned, and his posterity aſ. 1, c. 1.-P’urg. .42n.—Aur. Victor.—./Elian.
ter him. Even Homer, who lived 400 years W. H. 8, c. 22.—A son of Æneas and Lavi
after the Trojan war, says, Il. 20, v. 30, nia, called Sylvius, because his mother retir
&c. that the gods destined AEneas and his ed with him into the woods after his father's
 * ALN AEO

death. He succeeded Ascanius in Latium, are enumerated; and in the eighth book, E
though opposed by Iulus the son of his pre neas is assisted by Evander, and receives from
decessor. Pirg...En. 6, v. 770. Liv. 1, c. 3. Venus a shield wrought by Vulcan, on which
—An ambassador sent by the Lacedaemo are represented the ſuture glory and triumphs
nians to Athens, to treat of peace, in the 8th of the Roman nation. The reader is pleased.
year of the Peloponnesian war. An an
in the ninth book, with the account of battles
cient author who wrote on tactics, besides between the rival armies, and the immortal
other treatises, which, according to Ælian, friendship of Nisus and Euryalus, Jupiter.
were epitounised by Cineas the friend of Pyr in the tenth, attempts a reconciliation between
rhus—A native of Gaza, who, from a plato Venus and Juno, who patronised the opposite
nic philosopher became a christian, A. D. parties; the fight is renewed, Pallas killed,
435, andwrote a dialogue called Theophrastus, and Turnus saved from the avenging hand of
on the immortality of the soul, and the resur AFneas, by the interposition of Juno. The
rection. eleventh book gives an account of the funeral
£x K1A, or Æx IA, a place near Rome, after. of Pallas, and of the meditated reconciliation
wards called Janiculum. A city of Troas. between Æneas and Latinus, which the sud
Strab. 17.-A city of Macedonia. Dionys. den appearance of the enemy defeats. Ca
Hal. 1. milla is slain, and the combatants separated
Æs EIDEs, a patronymic given to Asca by the night. In the last book, Juno prevents
nius, as son of Æneas. Virg. JEn. 9, v 653. the single combat agreed upon by Turnus and
AEsé1s, a poem of Virgil, which has for AEneas. The Trojans are defeated in the
its subject the settlement of Æneas in Italy. absence of their king; but on the return of
The great merit of this poem is well known. AEneas, the battle assumes a different turn, a
The author has imitated Homer, and, as some single combat is ſought by the rival leaders,
say, Homer is superior to him only because and the poem is concluded by the death of
he is more ancient, and is an original. Virgil king Turnus. Plin. 7, c. 30, &c.
died before he had corrected it, and at his AENEsidi. Mus, a brave general of Argos.
death desired it might be burnt. This was Liv. 32, c. 25. A Cretan philosopher, who
happily disobe, ed, and Augustus saved from wrote 8 books on the doctrine of his master
the flames, a poem which proved his family Pyrrho. Diog. in Pyr.
to be descended from the kings of Troy. AENEsius, a surname of Jupiter, from
The AEneid had engaged the attention of the mount AEmum.
poet for 11 years, and in the first six books it AEN Etus, a victor at Olympia, who, in the
seems that it was Virgil's design to imitate ..oment of victory, died through excess of
Homer's Odyssey, and in the last the Iliad. joy Paus. 3, c. 18.
The action of the poem comprehends eight AFNIA. vid. ABN FIA.
years, one of which only, the last, is really AENobAR Bus,or Ahenobarbus, the surname
taken up by the action, as the seven first are of Domitius. When Castor and Pollux ac
merely episodes, such as Juno's attempts to quainted him with a victory, he discredited
destroy the Trojans, the loves of Æneas and them ; upon which they touched his chin and
Dido, the relation of the fall of Troy, &c. In beard, which instantly became of a brazen co
the first book of the AEmeid, the hero is intro lour, whence the surname given to himself
duced, in the seventh year of his expedition, and his descendants.
sailing in the Mediterranean, and ship AENos, now Eno, an independent city of
wrecked on the African coast, where he is Thrace, at the eastern mouth of the Hebrus,
received by Dido. In the second, AEneas, at confounded with Æneia, of which Æneas was
the desire of the Phoenician queen, relates the the founder. Mela, 2, c. 2.
fall of Troy, and his flight through the gene [AENUs, a river of Germany, separating
ral conflagration to mount Ida. In the third. Vindelicia from Noricum, now the Inn. It
the hero continues his narration, by a minute rises in the Rhaetian Alps, and falls into thc
arount of his voyage through the Cyclades, Danube. On its banks was the JEni Pons
the places where he landed, and the dreadful of Antonine, which Mannert locates near
storm, with the description of which the poem the modern village of Langen Pfunzen.
opened. Dido, in the fourth book, makes Mainert Anc. Geogr. Vol. 3. p. 627.]
public her partiality to Æneas,which is slight AFö LIA, a name given to Arne. Sappho is
ed by the sailing of the Trojans from Car called JEolia puella, and lyric poetry.420lium
thase, and the book closes with the suicide of carmen, because of Alcaeus and Sappho, na
the disappointed queen. In the fifth book, tives of Lesbos, Horat. 4, od. 3, v. 12, and
Eneas sails to Sicily, where he celebrates od. 9, v. 12.
he anniversary of his father's death, and AEolia, or AEolis, [a country of Asia Minor,
thence pursues his voyage to Italy. In the so called from the AEolians who settled there.
sixth he visits the Elysian fields, and learns It extended, in the interior, from the Hermus
from his father the fate which attends him to the Caicus, and along the coast, from Cu
and his descendants the Romans. In the se mae to Pitane, It contained originally 12 ci
weath book, the hero reaches the destined land ties, but Smyrna, one of the number, was af
ºf Latium, and concludes a treaty with the terwards taken by the Ionians, it sent forth
king of the country, which is soon broken by colonies along the whole northern coast, and
* inteference of Juno, who stimulates Tur also to the island of Lesbos. Cumae was the
taº to war. The auxiliaries of the enemy |principal city. The AFolians received their
19
 AEP AES -

name from AEolus, the son of Hellen.] They was killed by a serpent in hunting. Paus. 8,
migrated from Greece about 1124 B.C. 80 c. 4 and 5.
yearsbefore the migration of the lonian tribes. AEaul or Æau1coli, a people of Latium,
IHerodol. 1, c. 26, &c.—Strab. 1, 2 and 6.— near Tybur; they were great enemies to
Plin. 5, c. 30.--Mela, 1, c. 2 and 18 Thes Rome in its infant state, and were conquered
saly has been anciently called Æolia. Boeo with much difficulty. Flor. 1, c. 11–Lir. 1,
tus, son of Neptune, having settled there, c. 32, l.2, c. 30, 1.3, c. 2, &c. — Plin. 3, c. 4.
called his followers Boeotians, and their coun Virg...En. 7, v 1.46, 9, v. 684—Ovid. Fast.
try Boeotia. 3, v. 93.—Dionys. Hal. 2, c. 19.
AFollAF, and Æolid Es, seven islands be AEau IM ELIUM, a place in Rome where the
tween Sicily and Italy; called Lipara, Hiera, house of Melius stood, who aspired to sove
Strongyle, Didyme, Ericusa, Phoenicusa, and reign power : for which crime his habitation
Euonymos. They were the retreat of the was levelled to the ground. Liv. 4, c. 16.
winds; and Virg. .ºn. 1, v. 56, calls them AE RóPE, the wiſe of Atreus.
AEolia, and the kingdom of AEolus the god oſ AEROPUs, a person appointed regent to
storms and winds. They sometimes bear the Orestes, the infant son of Archelaus king of
name of ſulcania and Hephæstiades, and are Viacedonia.
known now among the moderns under the ge. W sicus, a river of Troy near lda.-H
neral appellation of Lipari islands. Lucan. son of Priam, by Alexirhoe : or, according to
5, v. 609.-Justin. 4, c. 1. others, by Arisba. He became enamoured of
AEolid Es, a patronymic of Ulysses, from Hesperia, whom he pursued into the woods,
AColus : because Anticlea, his mother, was the nymyh threw herself into the sea, and
}regnant by Sisyphus, the son of Æolus, wher. was changed into a bird. AEsacus followed her
she married Laertes. It is also given to Atha example, and was changed into a cormorant
mas and Misenus, as sons of AEolus. Ovid. by Tethys. Ovid...Met. 11, fab. 11.
-Met. 4, v. 511, l. 13, v. 31.—Virg. .ºn. 6, v. AEsch in Es, an Athenian orator, who flour
164 and 529. 1shed about 342 B.C. and distinguished him
AXOLUs, the king of storms and winds, was selſ by his rivalship with Demosthenes. His
the son of Hippotas. He reigned over AEolia; father's name was Atrometus, and he boasted
and because he was the inventor of sails, and of his descent from a noble family, though
a great astronomer, the poets have called Demosthenes reproached him as being the
him the god of the wind. It is said that he son of a courtezan. The first open signs of
confined in a bag, and gave Ulysses all the enmity between the rival orators appeared at
winds that could blow against his vessel the court of Philip, where they were sent as
when he returned to Ithaca. The compan: ambassadors; but the character of Æschines
ions of Ulysses untied the bag, and gave the was tarnished by the acceptance of a bribe
winds their liberty. AEolus was indebted to from the Macedonian prince, whose tyranny
Juno for his royal dignity,according to Virgil. had hitherto been the general subject of his
The name seems to be derived from a 10xer, ta declamation. When the Athenians wished to
rus, because the winds over which he pre reward the patriotic labours of Demosthenes
sided are ever varying.—There were two with a golden crown, AEschines impeached
others, a king of Etruria, father to Maca Ctesiphon, who proposed it; and to their sub
reus and Canace, aud a son of Hellen, often sequent dispute we are indebted for the two
confounded with the god of the winds. This celebrated orations de corona. AEschines was
last married Enaretta, by whom he had seven defeated by his rival's superior eloquence, and
sons and five daughters. .4pollod. 1, c. 7.- banished to Rhodes; but as he retired from
Homºr. Od. 10, v. 1.-Met. 11, v. 478, l. 14, Athens, Demosthenes ran after him, and no
v. 224.—.4pollon 4, .4rgon.—Flacc. 1, v. 556, bly forced him to accept a present of silver.
—Diod. 4 and 5.-Pirg, .ºn. 1, v. 56, &c. In his banishment, the orator repeated to the
ACORA, a festival in Athens, in honour of Rhodians, what he had delivered against De
Erigone. mosthenes; and after receiving much ap:
AEpúLo, a general of the Istrians, who plause, he was desired to read the answer of
drank to excess, after he had stormed the his antagonist. It was received with greater
camp of A. Manlius, the Roman general. marks of approbation; but, exclaimed Æs
Being attacked by a soldier, he fled to a neigh chines, how much more would your admira
bouring town, which the Romans took, and tion have been raised had you heard Demos. ,
killed himself for ſcar of being takes. Flor. thenes himself speak it ! AF'schines died in the
2, c. 10. 75th year of his age, at Rhodes, or, as some
AE pytus, king of Mycenae, son of Chres suppose, at Samos. He wrote three orations,
phontes and Merope, was educated in Arca and nine epistles, which, from their number,
dia with Cypselus, his mother's father. To received the names, the first of the graces,and
recover his kingdom, he killed Polyphontes, the last of the muses. The orations alone are
who had married his mother against her will, extant. [They are generally printed with
and usurped the crown. Apollod. 2, c. 6.— those of Dennosthenes. Among the best
Paus. 4, c. 8.- A son of Hippothous, who editions are, that of Foulkes and Friend,
forcibly entered the temple of Neptune, near Oxon. 1695.8vo.—and that of stock, Dub.
Mantinea, and was struck blind by the sudden lin. 1774, 2 vols. 8vo.—An edition howeveroſ
eruption of salt water from the altar. He the entire works of Æschines and Demos
20 -
| AES

thenes is now publishing in London, which the 69th year of his age, 456 B.C. It is said
Promises to equal all others that have pre that he wrote an account of the battle of Mara
ceded it...] Cºc. de Orat. 1, c. 24, l. 2, c. 53. thon in elegiac verses. [The best edition of his
in Bruf- c. 17.-Plut. in Demos!h.—Diog. 2 works is that of Butler, Cantab. 1809. 4vols.in
and 3–PIzzi. 7, c. 30.- A philosopher. 4to, and 8vols. In 8vo.—Many of his tragedies
disciple of Socrates, who wrote several dia wave also been separately edited with great
logues some of which bore the following titles **ility, especially by Blomfield, Cantab. 1812,
Aspasia. Phaedon. Alcibiades, Draco, Ery, a. &c.]-Horat. Art. oet. 278–Quintu. 10, c.
Pºlyaenus. Teiauges, &c. The dialogue en ! -Plan 10, c. 3.-P. al. Mar 9, c. 12.—
titled Axiochus, and ascribed to Plato, is sup he lzth perpetual archon of Athene. A.
posed to be his com, osition. The best edi uative of Cnidus, teacher of rhetoric to Ci
tions are, that of Leovard, 1718, with the notes cero. Cuc. in Brut.
of Horraº us. in 8vo. and that of Fischer, 8vo. £scu LAPius, sou of Apollo, by Coronis,
Lips 1736 or, as some say, by Larissa, daughter of Phle
AEscº Bilox, a Mitylenean poet, intimate glas, was god of Inedicine. After his union
with Aristotle. He accompanied Alexander with Corouis, Apollo set a crow to watch her,
in his Asiatic expedition. An iambic poet and was soon informed that she admitted the
of Sarnos, -i then. Aphysician commended ºaresses of Ischys of Æmonia. The god, in
by Galen A treatise of his on husbandry has a fit of anger, destroyed Coronis with lightning,
been quoted by Pliny. ul saved the infant from her womb,and gave
AEschylus. an excellent soldier and poet him to be educated to Chiron. who taught him
of Athens, son of Euphorion, and brother to the art of medicine. Some authors say, that
Cynaegirus. He was in the Athenian army at Coronts left her father to avoid the discovery
the battles of Marathon, Salamis, and Plataea. of her pregnancy, and that she exposed her
But the most solid fame he has obtained, is child near Epidaurus. A goat of the flocks
the offspring less of his valour in the field of of Aresthanas gave him her milk, and the
battle than of his writings. Of ninety trage dog who kept the flock stood by him to shel
dies, however, the fruit of his ingenious la er him from injury. He was found by the
bours, 40 of which were rewarded with the master of the flock, who went in search of
public prize, only seven have come safe to us: tus stray goat, and saw his head surrounded
Prometheus rinetus, Septem duees apud with resplendent rays of light. A sculapius
Thebar, Persa. Agamemnon, Choēphorae was physician to the Argonauts, and consi
Eumenides. Supplice's Hºschylus is the first dered so skilled in the medicinal power of
who introduced two actors on the stage, and plants, that he was called the inventor as well
clothed them with dresses suitable to their as the god of medicine. He restored many
character. He likewise removed murder from to life, of which Pluto complained to Jupiter.
the stage. It is said, that when he composed, who struck AEsculapius with thunder, but
his countenance betrayed the greatest fero Apollo, angry at the death of his son, killed
city; and according to one of his scholiasts, the Cyclops who made the thunderbolts.
when his Eumenides were represented, many Æsculapius received divine honeurs after
children died through fear, and several preg leath, chiefly at Epidaurus, Pergamus,
nant women actually miscarried in the house, Athens, Smyrna, &c. Goats, bulls, lambs,
at the sight of the horrible masks that were and pigs, were sacrificed on his altars, and
introduced. The imagination of the poet was the cock and the serpent were sacred to him.
strong and comprehensive, but disorderly and Rome, A. U. C. 462, was delivered of a
wild; fruitful in prodigies, but disdaining plague and built a temple to the god of me
probabilities. His style is obscure, and the ºucine, who, as was supposed, had come there
labours of an excellent modern critic have in the form of a serpent, and hid himself
pronounced him the most difficult of all the among the reeds in an island of the Tyber.
Greek classics. A few expressions of im .Esculapius was represented with a large
pious tendency in one of his plays, nearly beard, holding in his hand a staff, round which
proved fatal to Eschylus; he was condemn was wreathed a serpent ; his other hand was
ed to death ; but his brother Amyntas, it is supported on the head of a serpent. Ser
reported, reversed the sentence, by uncover pents are more particularly sacred to him,
ing an arm, of which the hand had been cut not only as the ancient physicians used them
off at the battie of Salamis in the service of in their prescriptions, but because they were
his country, and the poet was pardoned. the symbols of prudence and foresight, so me
Aºschylus has been accused of drinking to ex. cessary in the medical profession. He mar
cess, and of never composing except when in red Epione, by whom he had two sons, fa
a state of intoxication. In his old age he re. mous for their skill in medicine, lachaon and
tired to the court of Hiero in Sicily Being Podalirus ; and four daughters, of whom Hy
informed that he was to die by the fall of a glea, goddess of health, is the most celebrated.
house, he became dissatisfied with the fickle Some have supposed that he lived a short
ness of his contrymen, and withdrew frou time after the Trojan war. Hesiod makes
the city into the fields, where he sat down. no mention of him. Homer. Il 4, v. 193.
An eagle with a tortoise in her bill, flew over Hymn. in JEscul,—JApollod. 3, c. 10,–4pol
his bald head, and supposing it to be a stone. ion. 4, Argon–Hygin. ſab. 49.-Ovid. "Tet
dropped her prey upon it to break the shell. 2, fab. 3.--Paus. 2, c. 11 and 27, 1. 7, c. 23.
and Eschylus instantly died of the blow, in &c.—Diod. 4.—Pindar. 21
Pyth. 3.-Lucia":
 AET AET

IDial. de Saltat.— Pal. Maar. 1, c. 8–Cuc. de between Etruria and Corsica. Plin. 3, c. 6,
l. 6, c. 30.
JYat. D. 3, c. 22, says there were three of this
name; the 1st, a son of Apollo, worshipped AEthiopia, an extensive country of Afri
in Arcadia; [the 2d, the brother of the second ca, [divided by the ancients into Superior and
Mercury, the 3d, a man who first introduced Inferior. The former lay to the south of
tooth-drawing and the use of cat artics.] Egypt and answers to modern Abyssinia, the
AEs ERN1A, a city of the Samnites, in Italy,
latter corresponds with the southern regions
[now Isernia.] Lw. 27, c. 12. of Africa, known to the ancients only in name.
AEsis, a river of Italy, which separates Homer has styled the AEthiopians the most
Umbria from Picenum. [Now the Iesi..] just of men and the favourites of the gods,
AEsox, son of Cretheus, was born at the who feasted among them for 12 days each
same birth as Pelias. He succeeded his ſa year.) Diod. 4, says, that the . Althiopians
ther in the kingdom of lolchos, but was soon were the first who worshipped the gods,
exiled by his brother. He maried Alcimeda, for which, as some suppose, their country
by whom he had Jason, whose education he had never been invaded by a foreign enemy.
intrusted to Chiron, being afraid of Pelias. Lucan. 3, v. 253, 1.9, v. 651.--Jur. 2, v. 23.
When Jason was grown up, he demanded his — Pirg, ecl. 6, v. 68.—Plin. 6, c. 29. Paus.
father's kingdom from his uncle, who gave 1, c. 33.-Homer. Od. 1, v. 22. Il. 1, v.
him evasive answers, and persuaded him to 423.
go in quest of the golden fleece. vid. Jason. AETHRA, daughter of Pittheus king of Troe
At his return, Jason found his father very in zene, had Theseus by Ægeus. vid. -Egeus.
firm; and Medea, rid. Medea, at his request, She was carried away by Castor and Pollux,
drew the blood from AEson's veins, and re when they recovered their sister Helen,
filled them with the juice of certain herbs whom Theseus had stolen, and intrusted to
which she had gathered, and immediately º: her care, vid. Helen. She went to Troy
old man recovered the vigour and bloom of with Helen. Homer. Il. 3, v. 144.—Paus. 2,
youth. Some say that Æson killed himself c. 31, l. 5, c. 19.—Hygin. fab. 37 and 79.-
by drinking bull's blood to avoid the persecu Plut. in Thes.—Ovid. Her. 10, v. 131.
tion of Pelias. Diod. 4.—Apollod. 1, c. 9.- AEThūsa, a daughter of Neptune by Am
Orid. Met. 7, v. 285.-Hygin. ſab. 12.-A phitrite, or Alcyone, mother by Apollo of
river of Thessaly, with a town of the same Eleuthere and two sons. Paus. 9, c. 20.
name. AET1on, or Eetion, the father of Andro
AEsonin Es, a patronymic of Jason, as being mache, Hector's wife. He was killed at
descended from AEson. Thebes, with his seven sons, by the Greeks.
AEsopus, a Phrygian philosopher, who, A famous painter. He drew a painting
though originally a slave, procured his liberty of Alexander going to celebrate his nuptials
by the sallies of his genius He travelled with Roxane. This piece was much valued.
over the greatest part of Greece and Egypt, and was exposed to public view at the Olym
but chiefly resided at the court of Croesus, pic games, where it gained so much applause
king of Lydia, by whom he was sent to con that the president of the games gave the
sult the oracle of Delphi. In this commission painter his daughter in marriage. Cic. Br.
AEsop behaved with great severity, and sati 18.
rically compared the Delphians to floating Ætna, a mountain of Sicily, now called
sticks, which appear large at a distance, but Gibello, famous for its volcano, which, for
are nothing when brought near. The Del about 3000 years, has thrown out fire at in
phians, offended with his sarcastic remarks, tervals. It is 2 miles in perpendicular height,
accused him of having secreted one of the sa and measures 180 miles round at the base,
cred vessels of Apollo's temple, and threw with an ascent of 30 miles. Its crater forms
him down from a rock, 561 B. C. Maximus a circle about 2 miles in circumference, and
Planudes has written his life in Greek ; but its top is covered with snow and smoke at the
no credit is to be given to the biographer, who same time, whilst the sides of the mountain,
falsely asserts that the mythologist was short from the great fertility of the soil, exhibit a
and deformed. Æsop dedicated his fables to rich scene of cultivated fields and blooming
his patron Craesus : but what appears now vineyards Pindar is the first who mentions
under his name, is no doubt a compilation of an eruption of Ætna; and the silence of
all the fables and apologues of wits before and Homer on the subject is considered as a proof
after the age of Æsop, conjointly with his that the fires of the mountain were unknown
own. [The best editions of his fables are, that in his age. Hesiod. Theog. v. 860.-Pºrg.
of Klotzius, Lips. 1776. 8vo. and that of Ernes .#2n. 3. v. 570.-Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 6, 1.15, v.
ti. Lips 1731. 12mo.] Plut. in Solon.— 340.-Ital. 14, v. 59.
Phaed. 1, fab. 2, l. 2, ſab 9.-Claudius, an AETó1.1A, a country. It received its name
actor on the Roman stage, very intimate with from AEtolus. The inhabitants were little
Cicero. He amassed an immense fortune. known in Greece, till after the ruin of Athens
His son, to be more expensive, melted pre and Sparta they assumed a consequence in
cious stones to drink at his entertainments. the country, and afterwards made themselves
Horat. 2, Sat. 3, v. 239.-Val. Mar. 8, c. 10, conspicuous as the allies of Rome and as its
1.9, c. 1.-Plin. 9, c. 35, l. 10, c. 51. enemies, till they were conquered by Fulvius.
AETHALIA, or Ilva, now Elba, an island Liv. 26, c. 24, &c.—Flor. --
2, c. 9.-Strab. 8.
x
 AF AG

and 10.--Mela, 2, c. 3.-Plin. 4, c. 2.-Paus. Africum MARE, is that part of the Medi
10, c. f6.—Plut. in Flam. terranean which is on the coast of Africa.
AETölus, son of Endymion of Elis and AGAMEDEs and Trophonius, two archi
Iphianassa, married Pronoe, by whom he had tects who made the entrance of the temple
Pleuron and Calydon. Having accidentally of Delphi, for which they demanded of the
killed Apis, son of Phoroneus, he left his coun god, whatever gift was most advantageous
try, and came to settle in that part of Greece for a man to receive. Three days after they
which has been called, from him, AEtolia. were found dead in their bed. Plut de cons.
.ipollod. 1, c. 7 and 9.—Paus. 5, c. 1. ad-Apol.—Cic. Tusc 1, 47.—/*aus. 9, c. 11
AEx, a rocky island between Tenedos and and 37, gives a different account.
Chios. Plin. 4, c. 11. AGAM EMNoN, king of Mycenae and Argos,
AFER, an inhabitant of Africa.-An in was brother to Menelaus, and son of Plisthe
former under Tiberius and his successors. nes, the son of Atreus. Homer calls them
He became also known as an orator and as sons of Atreus, which is false upon the autho
the preceptor of Quintilian, and was made rity of Heriod, Apollodorus. &c. wid Plis
consul by Domitian. He died A. D. 59. thenes. When Atreus was dead, his brother
Luc. AFRAxius, a Latin comic poet in the Thyestes seized the kingdom of Argos, and
age of Terence, often compared to Menan removed Agamemnon and Menelaus, who
der, whose style he imitated. Quint. 10, c. fled to Polyphidus king of Sicyon, and hence
1.—Sueton. Wer. 11.—Horat. 2, ep. 1, v. 57. to OEneus, king of Ætolia, where they were
—Cic. de fin. 1, c. 3–4. Gell. 13, c. 8. educated. Agamemnon married Clytemnes
A general of Pompey, conquered by Caesar tra, and Menelaus Helen both daughters of
in Spain. Sueton. in Cars. 34.—Plut. in Tyndarus king of Sparta, who assisted them
Pomp —Q. a man who wrote a severe sa to recover their father's kingdom. After the
tire against Nero, for which he was put to banishment of the usurper to Cythera, Aga
death in the Pisonian conspiracy. Tacit. memnon established himself at Mycenae,
Potitus, a plebeian, who said before Ca whilst Menelaus succeeded his father in-law
ligula, that he would willingly die if the em at Sparta. When Helen was stolen by Paris,
peror could recover from the distemper he Agamemnon was elected commander in chief
laboured under. Caligula recovered, and of the Grecian forces going against Troy;
Afranius was put to death that he might not and he showed his zeal in the cause by fur
forefeit his word. Dio. nishing 100 ships, and lending 60 more to the
AFRica, called Libya by the Greeks, one people of Arcadia. The fleet was detained
of the three parts of the ancient world, and at Aulis, where Agamemnon sacrificed his
the greatest peninsula of the universe, bound daughter to appease Diana. vid. Iphigenia.
ed on the east by Arabia and the Red Sea, on During the Trojan war, Agamemnon behav
the north by the Mediterranean, south and ed with much valour; but his quarrel with
west by the ocean. [In its greatest length it Achilles, whose mistress he took by force, was
extends 4300 miles, and in its greatest breadth disastrous to the Greeks. rid. Brisels. Aſ
it is 3500 miles. Very little of this division of ter the ruin of Troy, Cassandra fell to his
the globe was known to the ancients, except share, and foretold him that his wife would
the parts adjacent to the coast of the Medi. put him to death. He gave no credit to this,
terranean, and along the banks of the Nile. and returned to Argos with Cassandra. Cly
The interior they thought uninhabitable from temnestra, with her adulterer Ægisthus, (rid.
the excessive heat, or peopled it with fabulous .Egisthus,) prepared to murder him ; and as
nonsters, of which Africa was proverbially he came from the bath, to embarrass him, she
the nurse.]—There is a part of Africa, gave him a tunic whose sleeves were sewed
called Propria, which [corresponds with the together, and while he attempted to put it on,
modern Tunis.} she brought him to the ground with a stroke
AFRucasus, a blind poet, commended by of a hatchet, and Ægisthus seconded her
Ennius. A christian writer, who flourish blows.-His death was revenged by his son
ed A. D. 222. In his chronicle, which was Orestes, vid. Clytemnestra, Menelaus, and
universally esteemed, he reckoned 5500 years Orestes. Homer, Il. 1, 2, &c. Od. 4, &c.
from the creation of the world to the age of —Ovid. de Rem. .1m. v. 777. –Met. 12, v 30.
Julius Caesar. Nothing remains of this work, —Hygin. fab. 88 and 97.-Strab. 8-Thucyd.
but what Eusebius has preserved. In a let 1, c. 9.--Elian. W. H. 4, c. 26.- Dictys Cret.
ter to Origen, Africanus proved, that the 1, 2, &c.—Dares Phryg.—Sophocl. in Elect.—
history of Susanna is suppositious; and in an Euripid in Orest.—Senec. in .4g.—Paus. 2,
other to Aristides, still extant, he endeavours c. 6, 1.9, c. 40, &c.—Virg. AEn. 6, v. 838–
to reconcile the seeming contradictions that .Mela, 2, c. 3.
appear in the genealogies of Christ in St. Mat AGANIPPE, a celebrated ſountain of Boeotia,
thew and Luke. He is supposed to be the at the foot of mount Helicon. It flows into
same who wrote nine books, in which he the Permessus, and is sacred to the muses,
treats of physic, agriculture, &c.—A law who, from it, were called Aganippedes
7er, disciple to Papinian, and intimate with [Ovid. (Fast. 5, 7.) makes Hippocrene and
the emperor Alexander. The surname of Aganippe the same; but Solinus and others
* Scipios, from the conquest of Africa. vid. distinguish them, and ascribe their being uni
Sºpio. ted to poetic license.]—Paus. 9, c. 29.-Pro
28 -
 AG AG º:

pert. 2, el. 3.-Ovid. Met. 5, v. 312–Plin. ther, in his old age, married Arsinoe, the sis
4, c. 7. er of Lysander. After his husband's death,
AGA PENor, the son of Ancieus, and grand Arsinoe, fearful ſor her children, attempted to
son of Lycurgus, who after the ruin of Troy, murder Agathocles. Some say that she fell in
was carried by a storm to Cyprus, where love with him, and killed him becau-e he
he built Paphoe. Paus. 8, c. 5. —Homer. Il. slighted her. When Agathocles was dead,
AGAREN1, a people of Arabia. Trojan 263 B.C. Lysandra fled to Seleucus. Strab.
destroyed their city, called Agarum. Strab 13.-Plut. in Pyrrh.. and D. metr.-- Paus. 1,
16. c. 9 and 10.-A Grecian historian of Babylon.
AGA Rista, daughter of Clisthenes, was who wrote an account of Cyzicus. Cic de
courted by all the princes of Greece. She wr 1. c. 24.
married Megacles. .42lian V. H 12, c. 24 Ag At Hon, vid. Agatho.
—Herodot. 6, c. 12 , &c.——A daughter of Agathy Rs1, an effeminate nation of Scy
Hippocrates, who married Xantippus She thia, who had their wives in common. [They
dreamed that she had brought forth a lion, pretended to be descended from Agathyrsis,
and some time after became mother of Peri the son of Hercules the Libyan.] Herodot.
cles.—ſ’lut. in Pericl.—Herodot. 6, c. 131. , c. 10.-P’urg, ºn 4, v. 146
AGAsicles. king of Sparta, was son of AG Ave, daughter of Cadmus and Hermione,
Archidamus, and one of the Proclidae. He married Echion, by whom she had Pentheus,
used to say that a king ought to govern his who was torn to pieces by the Bacchanals.
subjects as a father governs his children. rud Pentheus. She is said to have killed her
Paus, 3, c. 7 –Plut in Apoph. husband in celebrating the orgies of Bacchus.
A Gisus, a harbour on the coast of Apulia. She received divine honours after death, be
[supposed to be the same with Porto Greco.] cause she had contributed to the education of
Plin. 3, c. 11. Bacchus Theocrit. 26.- Ovid. Met. 3, v.
Agitha, a town of France, now Agde in 7:5 –Lucan. 1, v. 574.—Stat. Theb. 11, W.
Languedoc. Mela, 2, c. 5. 3.18.-Apollod. 3, c. 4.
Ag AthARchides, a Samian philosopher A GDEstis, I a mountain of Phrygia,
and historian, who wrote a treatise on stones, nº ar the city of Pessinus. It had a double
and a history of Persia and Phoenice, besides summit, one of which was called Agdis
an account of the Red Sea, of Europe, and tis, and hence the name Ag listis applied
Asia. Some toake him a native of tº nidus, to Cybele. Mannert. Anc Geogr. Vol. 6.
and add that he flourished about 177 B. C. part 3, p. 63.)
Joseph cont...lp. AG Elastus, a surname of Crassus, the
Aq Vrhias, a Greek historian of Æolia. grandfather of the rich Crassus. He only
A poet and historian in the age of Justinian, laug ed once in his life, and this, it is said, was
of whose reign he published the history in five º, on seeing an ass eat thistles. Cuc. de fin.
books Several of his epigrams are found in 5.—Plan 7, c. 19 —The word is also applied
the Anthologia. His history is a sequel of to Pluto, from the sullen and melancholy ap
that of º:
of Paris, fol. 1660.
The best edition is that pearance of his count, nance.
AGElaus, a son of Hercules and Omphale,
AGAtho, [an Athenian tragic and comic tº om whom Croesus was descended.—.4 pol
poet, the disciple of Prodicus and Socrates. loſt 2, c. 7.-A servant of Priam, who
There is now nothing extant of his produc , reserved Paris when exposed on mount Ida.
tions except a few quotations preserved by 1d. 3, c. 12.
Aristotle, Athenaeus, AElian, and others. J AGEN dicum, now Sens, a town of Gaul.
AGAthoclf. A a beautiful courtezan of th capital of the Senones. (Call d Agedicum
Egypt. One of the Ptolemies destroyed his y Ptolemy, and by others Agradicum.] Cars.
wife Eurydice to marry her She, with her hell. Gall 6, c. 44.
brother, long governed the kingdom, and at AGENor, king of Phoenicia, was son of
tempted to murder the king's son. Plut. in Neptun and Libya, and brother to Belus.
Cleon.—Justin. 30, c. 1. He married Telephassa, by whom he had
Agatºr ocles, a tyrant of Sicily, son Cadmus, Phoenix, Cilix, and Europa. Hy
of a potter, who, by eutering in the Si gin. fab. 6.-Ital. 1, v. 15, 1.17, v. 58–4pol
cilian army, arrived to the greatest hon lod. 2, c. l. l. 3, c. 1.
ours, and made himself master of Syra. A GEs ANDER, [a sculptor of Rhodes, one of
cuse. He reduced all Sicily under his pow the three who jointly executed the famous
er, but being defeated at Himera by the 3 roup of Laocoon. He flourished about the
Carthaginians, he carried the war into Africa, 88th Olympiad.—His name stands first upon
where, for four years, he extended his con he pliu h of the group.]
quests over his enemy. He afterwards pass AGE-1As, platonic philosopher who taught
ed into Italy, and made himself master of the immortality of the soul. One of the Pto
Crotona He died is his 72d year, B.C. 289, lemies forbade him "o continue his lectures.
after a reign of 28 years of inungled prosper because his doctrine was so prevalent that
ity and adversity. Plut. in Apopth—Justin. many of his auditors committed suicide.
22 and 23–Polyb. 15 —Diod. 18, &c.—A AGEsilaus, king of Sparta, of the ſamily
son of Lysimachus, taken prisoner by the of the Agidae, was son of Doryssus, and fa
Getae. He was ransomed, and married Ly ther of Archelaus. During his reign, Lycur
sandra daughter of Ptolemy Lagus. His fa gus instituted his famous laws. Herodot. 7,
24
 AG AG

c. 204.—Paus. 3, c. 2. A son of Archida

Another son of Archidamus, who signalized
nus of the family of the Proclidae, made king himself in the war which the Spartans waged
in preference to his nephew Leotychides. He against Epidaurus. He obtained a victory at
made war against Artaxerxes Mnemon king Mantinea, and was successful in the Pelo
of Persia with success; but in the midst of ponnesian war. He reigned 27 years Thu
his conquests in Asia, he was recalled home cyd. 3 and 4.—Paut. 3, c. 8 and 10.
to oppose the Athenians and Boeotians, who Another, son of Archidamus, king of Sparta,
desolated his country; and his return was so who endeavoured to deliver Greece from the
expeditious that he passed in thirty days over empire of Macedonia, with the assistance of
that tract of country which had taken up a the Persians. He was conquered in the at
whole year of Xerxes' expedition He defeat tempt and slain by Antipater, Alexander's
ed his enemies at Coronea ; [but the Spar general, and 5,300 Lacedaemonians perished
tans were in turn defeated at Leuctra and with him. Curt. 6, c. 1.-Diod. 17.—Justin.
Mantinea by the Thebans under Epaminon 2, c. 1, &c. Another, son of Eudamidas,
das.] Though deformed, small of stature, killed in a battle against the Mantineans.
and lame, he was brave, and greatness of soul Paus. 8, c. 10.——A poet of Argos, who ac
compensated for all the imperſections of na companied Alexander into Asia, and said that
ture. He was as fond of sobriety as of mili Bacchus and the sons of Leda, would give
tary discipline; and when he went, in his way to his hero, when a god. Curt. 8, c 5.
80th year, to assist Tachus king of Egypt, AG1.AIA, one of the graces, called some
the servants of the monarch could hardly tie times Pasiphae. Her sisters were Euphros
persuaded that the Lacedæmonian general yne and Thalia, and they were all daughters
was eating with his soldiers on the ground, of Jupiter and Eurynome. Paus. 9, c.
bareheaded, and without any covering to re 35
pose upon. Agesilaus died on his return from AGLAoNicE, daughter of Hegemon, was
Egypt, after a reign ſº 41 years, and in the acquainted with astronomy and eclipses,
84th year of his age, and his remains were whence she boasted of her power to draw the
embalmed and brought to Lacedaemon. Jus moon from heaven. Plut. de Orac. defect.
fin. 6, c. 1.-Plut. and C. Nep. in pit.—Paus. Aglaophow, an excellent Greek painter,
3, c. 9.—X Orat. pro Ages. A bro Plin. 32, c. 8.
ther of Themistoeles, who was sent as a spy AG LAURos, or A GRAU Los, daughter of
into the Persian camp, where he stabbed Mar Erechtheus the oldest king of Athens, was
donius instead of Xerxes. Plut. in Parall. changed into a stone by Mercury. Some
Agesipolis, 1st, king of Lacedæmon, son make her daughter of Cecrops. rid. Herse.
ºf Pausanias, obtained a great victory over —Ovid Met. 2, fab. 12.
the Mantineans. He reigned 14 years, and AG1.AUs, the poorest man of Arcadia, pro
was succeeded by his brother Cleombrotus, nounced by the oracle more happy than Gy
B. C.380. Paus. 3, c. 5.1. 8, c.8. Xenoph.3. ges king of Lydia. Plin. 7, c. 46.-Val. Mar.
Hist. Graec.—2d, son of Cleombrotus, king 7, c. 1. -

of Sparta, was succeeded by Cleomenes 2d, AgNo., one of the nymphs who nursed Ju
B.C. 370. Paus. 1, c. 13, 1.3, c. 5. piter. She gave her name to a ſountain on
AGEsistairA, the mother of king Agis. mount Lycaeus. When the priest of Jupiter,
Plut. in Agid. after a prayer, stirred the waters of this foun
AccraxtMEs, a cruel king of the Ganga tain with a bough, a thick vapour arose, which
rides. His father was a hair-dresser, of whom was soon dissolved into a plentiful shower.—
the queen became enamoured, and whom she Paus. 8, c 31, &c.
made governer to her children, to gratify her AgNodice, an Athenian virgin, who dis
Passion. He killed them, to raise Aggrammes, guised her sex to learn medicine. She was
his son by the queen, to the throne. Curt. 9, taught by Hierophilus the art of midwifery,
c. 2. and when employed, always discovered her
Asidae, the descendants of Eurysthenes, sex to her patients. This brought her into
who shared the throne of Sparta with the so much practice, that the males of her pro
Proclide; the name is derived from Agis, son fession, who were now out of employment,
ºf Eurysthenes. The family became extinct accused her before the Areopagus of cor
in the person of Cleomenes son of Leonidas. ruption. She confessed her sex to the judges,
Jurg...En 8. v. 682. - and a law was immediately made to empow
Acis, king of Sparta, succeeded his father, er all freeborn women to learn midwifery.
Prysthenes, and after a reign of one year, Hygin. fab. 174.
was succeeded by his son Echestratus, B. C. AgNoN, son of Nicias, was present at the
1058. Paus. 3, c. 2. Another king of Spar taking of Samos by Pericles. In the Pelopon
a who waged bloody wars against Athens, nesian war he went against Potidaea, but aban
and restored liberty to many Greek cities doned his expedition through disease. He
He attempted to restore the laws of Lycur built Amphipolis, whose inhabitants rebelled
:as at Sparta, but in vain ; the perfidy of to Brasidas, who they regarded as their
friends, who pretended to second his views. founder, forgetful of Agnon. Thucyd. 2, 3,
taught him in o difficulties, and he was at last &c.
AgNoNipps, a rhetorician of Athens, who
*eged from a temple, where he had taken
**, to a prison, where he was strangled by accused Phocion of betraying the Piræus to
ºrder ºf the Ephori. Plut. in Agid. Nicanor, when the people recollected what
:) 25
 AG AG s

— - ".

services Phocion had rendered them, they brink of destruction, and cost the two bro
raised him statues, and put to death his ac thers, the Gracchi, their lives. Their efforts
cuser. Plut. and Nep. in Phocion. were of little avail, as the laws they laboured
AgóNXL1A and AgoN1A, festivals in Rome, to introduce were gradually abolished after
celebrated three times a year, in honour of their death.]
Janus, or Agonius. They were instituted by AGRAULIA, a festival at Athens in honour
Numa, and on the festive days the chief priest of Agraulos. The Cyprians also observed
used to offer a ram. Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 347.- these festivals, by offering human victims.
Varro de L. L. 6. A GRAU Los, a daughter of Cecrops.-A
Agón Es CAP1toi.INI, games celebrated surname of Minerva.
every fifth year upon the Capitoline hill, [in AgriñNEs, a river of Thrace. Herodot.
stituted by Domitian.} Prizes were proposed 4, c. 9. (now, the Ergene.) Id. 5, c. 16.
for agility and strength, as well as for poeti AG RicoLA, the father-in-law of the hista
cal and literary compositions. The poet Sta rian Tacitus, who wrote his life. He was
tius publicly recited there his Thebaid, which eminent for his public and private virtues.
was not received with much applause. He was governor of Britain, and first disco
Agonius, a Roman deity, who presided ered it to be an island. Domitian envied
over the actions of men. vid. Agonalia. his virtues; he recalled him from the pro
Agon Acnitus, a sculptor of Pharos, who vince he had governed with equity and mode.
made a statue of Venus for the people of ration, and ordered him to enter Rome in the
Athens, B. C. 150. night, that no triumph might be granted to
AGoRANoM1, ten magistrates at Athens, him. Agricola obeyed, and without betray
who watched over the city and port, and in ing any resentment, he retired to a peaceful
spected whatever was exposed to sale. solitude, and the enjoyment of the society of
Agorànis, a river falling into the Ganges. a few friends. He died in his 56th year, A.
.4rrian. de Ind. [According to Rennell, the D. 93. [He is supposed to have been poison.
Gagra, but, in the opinion of Mannert, more ed by the tyrant..] Tacit. in Agric.
properly the Gaurrah.] AGRIGENtum, now Girgenti, a town of
Agon EUs, a surname of Mercury among Sicily, 18 stadia from the sea. It was found
the Athenians, from his presiding over the ed by a Rhodian colony [from Gela.] The
markets. Paws. 1, c. 15. inhabitants were famous for their hospitality,
AGRA, a place of Boeotia where the Ilissus and for their luxurious manner of living. In
rises. Diana was called Agraea, because she its flourishing situation, Agrigentum contain.
hunted there. ed 200,000 inhabitants, who submitted with
A GRAGAs or Ack AGAs, a river, town, and reluctance to the superior power of Syracuse.
mountain of Sicily: called also Agrigentum. The government was monarchical, but after
The town was built by the people of Gela, wards a democracy was established. The
who were a Rhodian colony. Virg. JEn, 3. famous Phalaris usurped the sovereignty,
v. 703. –Diod. 11. - which was also for some time in the hands of
Agn ARIA LEx was enacted to distribute the Carthaginians. Agrigentum can now
among the Roman people all the lands which boast of more venerable remains of antiquity
they had gained by conquest ſand for limiting than any other town in Sicily. Polyb. 9
the quantity of ground possessed by each per Strab. 6.—Diod. 13.—Wirg. JEn. 3, v. 707.
son, to a certain number of acres. It was —Sul. It. 14, v. 211. -

first proposed A. U. C. 268, by the consul Sp. AgnióN1A, annual festivals in honour ol
Cassius Vicellinus, and rejected by the Senate. Bacchus, celebrated generally in the night.
This produced dissentious between the senate They were instituted, as some suppose, be:
and the people, and Cassius, upon seeing the cause the god was attended with wild beasts.
ill success of the new regulations he proposed, M. Agaippa VIPsAnius, a celebrated Ro:
offered to distribute among the people, the man, who obtained a victory over S. Pompey,
money which was produced from the corn of and favoured the cause of Augustus at the
Sicily, after it had been brought and sold in battles of Actium and Philippi, where he be
Rome. This act of liberality the people re haved with great valour. He advised his
fused, and tranquillity was soon after re-esta. imperial friend to re-establish the republican
blished in the state. [vid. Cassius.] It was government at Rome, but he was over-ruled
proposed a second time A. U. C. 377, by the by Mecanas. In his expeditions in Gaul and
tribune Licinius Stilo; but with no better suc Germany he obtained several victories, but
cess; and so great were the tumults which refused the honours of a triumph, and turned
followed, that one of the tribunes of the peo his liberality towards the embellishing."
ple was killed, and many of the senators fin Rome, and the raising of magnificent build.
*d for their opposition. Mutius Scaevola, A. ings, one of which, the Pantheon, still exists.
U. C. 620, persuaded the tribune Tiberius [When Augustus was dangerously ill, in the
Gracchus to propose it a third time; and year before Christ 23, he committed his ring
though Octavius his colleague in the tribune. to Agrippa, which being considered as a P",
ship, opposed it, yet Tiberius made it pass ſerence of him for his successor, offe ed
into a law, after much altercation, and com Marcellus, and rendered it necessary on the
missioners were authorized to make a divi recovery of Augustus to remove Agrippº
sion of the lands. (The prosecution of this from court by an honourable exile to the rich
matter, however, brought the republic to the government of Syria. Upon the death 9
ºt,
 AG AG

Marcellus he was recalled to Rome, where tribunes of the people. A. U. C. 261. He

he was married to Julin, the daughter of the died poor, but universally regretted; his fune.
Emperor and Marcellus's widow. After this ral was at the expense of the public, from
he performed important services to the em whom also his daughters received dowries.
pire in Gemany, Spain, and the countries of Liv. 2, c. 32. Flor. 1, c. 23.−A mathe
the East. Upon his return, he was attacked matician in the reign of Domitian; he was a na
with a fever in Campania, which soon termi tive of Bithynia.
nated in his death, A.U.C. 742, B.C. 12, in the AGRIPPINA, a wife of Tiberius. The em
51st year of his age.] His body was placed in peror repudiated her to marry Julia. Sueton.
the tomb which Augustus had prepared for in Tib. 7. A daughter of M. Agrippa, and
himself. He had been married three times, grand-daughter to Augustus. She married
to Caecilia Attica, daughter of Atticus, to Germanicus, whom she accompanied into Sy.
Marcella, daughter of Octavia, and to Julia, ria; and when Piso poisoned him, she carried
by whom he had five children, Caius and his ashes to Italy, and accused his murderer,
Lucius Caesares, Posthumus Agrippa, Agrip who stabbed himself. She fell under the dis
pina, and Julia. Hisson, C. Caesar Agrippa, pleasure of Tiberius, who exiled her to an is
was adopted by Augustus, and made consul, land, where she died, A. D. 26, for want of
by the flattery of the Roman people, at the bread. She left nine children, and was uni
age of 14 or 15. This promising youth went versally distinguished for intrepidity and con
to Armenia, on an expedition against the jugal affection. Taeit. 1, .4nn. c. 2, &c.—
Persians, where he received a fatal blow from Sueton, in Tib. 52. Julia, daughter of Ger
the treacherous hand of Lollius, the governor manicus and Agrippina, married Domitius
of one of the neighbouring cities. He lan AEnobarbus, by whom she had Nero. After
guished for a little time, and died in Lycia. her husband's death she married her uncle
His younger brother, L. Caesar Agrippa, was the emperor Claudius, whom she destroyed
likewise adopted by his grandfather Augus to make Nero succeed to the throne. After
tus; but he was soon after banished to Cam many cruelties and much licentiousness, she
pania, for using seditious language against his was assassinated by order of her son, and as
benefactor. In the 7th year of his exile he she expired, she exclaimed, “strike the belly
would have been recalled, had not Livia and which could give birth to such a mouster.”
Tiberius, jealous of the partality of Augus She died A. D. 59. [She was a female of
tus for him, ordered him to be assassinated in most abandoned character, her crimes were
his 36th year. He has been called ferocious of the darkest hue, and her memory is de
and savage; and he gave himself the name of serving of universal detestation.] She leſt
Neptune, because he was found of fishing. memoirs which assisted Tacitus in the con
[One of his servants assumed his name after position of his anuals. The town which she
his death, and raised commotions.] Virg. built, where she was born on the borders of
JEn. 8, v. 682.-Horat. 1, od.6. Sylvius, a the Rhine, and called .4grippina Colonia, is
son of Tiberinus Sylvius, king of Latium. the modern Cologne. Tacit. Ann. 5, c. 75, l.
He reigned 33 years, and was succeeded by 12, c. 7, 22, &c.
his son Romulus Sylvius. Dionys. Hal. 1, c. AGRIUs, son of Parthaon, drove his bro
2. Herodes, son of Aristobulus, grandson ther OEmeus from the throne. He was after
of the Great Herod. . [He was brought up wards expelled by Diomedes, the grandson
at Rome with Drusus the son of Tiberius, but of OEneus, upon which he killed himself. Hy
having reduced himself to penury by his pro gin, fab. 175 and 242.-Apotlod. 1, c. 7.-Ho
fusion, he, upon the death of Drusus, retired mer. Il. 14, v. 117.
to Judaea. Here he attached himself to Caius Aq RöLAs, surrounded the citadel of Athens
Caesar, but having offended Tiberius by some with walls, except that part which aſter
expressions, he was thrown into prison and wards was repaired by Cimon. Paus. 1, c. 23.
loaded with chains.] When Caligula ascend Ad Ron, a king of Illyria, who, after con
ed the throne, his favourite was released, pre quering the Ætolians, drank to such excess
sented with a chain of gold as heavy as that that he died instantly, B.C. 231. Polyb. 2, c.
which had lately confined him, and made 4.
king of Judaea. He was a popular character AGRotºr A, an anniversary sacrifice of goats
with the Jews : and it is said that while they offered to Diana at Athens. It was institut
were flattering him with the appellation of ed by Callimachus the Polemarch, who vow
God, an angel of God struck him with the ed to sacrifice to the goddess so many goats
lousy disease, of which he died, A. D. 43. as there night be enemies killed in a battle
His son, of the same name, was the last king which he was going to fight against the troops
ºf the Jews, deprived of his kingdom by of Darius, who had invaded Attica. The
Claudius, in exchange for other provinces. quantity of the slain was so great, that a suffi
He was with Titus at the celebrated siege of cient number of goats could not procured ;
Jerusalem, and died A. D.94. It was before therefore they were limited to 500 every
him that St. Paul pleaded. Juv. 6, v. 156.— year, till they equalled the number of Per
Tºrit. 2. Hist. c. 31. Menenius, a Roman sians slain in battle. A temple of Ægira
general, who obtained a triumph over the Sa in Peloponnesus erected to the goddess under
bºnes, appeased the populace of Rome by the thisAgyirus,
name. Paus. 7, c. 26.
from ayuuz, a street, a surname of
* known fable of the belly aud limbs, and
favºred the erection of the new office of Apollo, becanse sacrifices were offered to
ro
 A.J AL
-
-

him in the public streets of Athens. Horat. 4. Jupiter, and the power of tempests from *
od. 6. Neptune, destroyed his ship in a storm. Ajax :
Agyll.A, a town of Etruria, founded by a swam to a rock, and said that he was safe in
colony of Pelasgians, and governed by Vlezen spite of all the gods. Such impiety offended
tius when Æneas came to Italy. It was af Neptune, who struck the rock with his tri
terwards called Caere, by the Lydians, who dent, and Ajax tumbled into the sea with
took possession of it. [It is now Cer Peter. part of the rock and was drowned. His body
Virg. JEn. 7, v. 652, l. 8, v. 479. was afterwards found by the Greeks, and
Agy Rius, a tyrant of Sicily, assisted by black sheep offered on his tomb. According
Dionysius against the Carthaginians. Diod. to Virgil's account, Minerva seized him in a
14. whirlwind, and dashed him against a rock,
Agy RiuM, a town of Sicily, where Diodo where he expired, consumed by thunder.
rus the historian was born. The inhabitants Pirg. AEn. 1, v.43, &c.—Homer. Il 2, 13,
were called Agyrinenses. [It is now, San Fi &c. Od. 4.—Hygin. fab. 116 and 273–
lippo d'Argirone..] Diod. 14.—Cic. in Verr.2. Philostr. Ico. 2, c. 13.—Senec. in Agam.–
c. 65 Horat. epod. 10, v. 13.—Paus. 10, c. 26 and
AGYRIUs, an Athenian general who suc 31.-The two Ajaces were, as some suppose,
ceeded Thrasybulus., Diod. 14. placed after death in the island of Leuce, a
AHALA, the surname of the Servilii at separate place reserved only for the bravest
Rome. heroes of antiquity.
AH ENobARbus, vid. AEmobarbus. AidoNEUs, a surname of Pluto.——A king
AJAx, son of Telamon by Periboea or Eri of the Molossi, who imprisoned Theseus, be
boea daughter of Alcathous, was next to cause he and Pirithous attempted to ravish
Achilles the bravest of all the Greeks in the his daughter Proserpine, near the Acheron:
Trojan war. He engaged Hector, with whom whence arose the well-known fable of the
at parting he exchanged arms. After the descent of Theseus and Pirithous into hell.
death of Achilles, Ajax and Ulysses disputed Plut. in Thes. A river near Troy. Paui.
their claim to the arms of the dead hero. 10, c. 12. -

When they were given to the latter, Ajax Army lus, son of Ascanius, was, according
was so enraged, that he hecame bereaved of to some, the progenitor of the noble family of
his understanding, and slaughtered a whole the AEmilii in Rome.
flock of sheep, supposing them to be the sons Aius Locutius, a deity to whom the Ro:
of Atreus and the Greeks who had given mans erected an altar, from the following
the preference to Ulysses, and stabbed himself circumstance: one of the common people,
with his sword. The blood which ran to the called Ceditius, informed the tribunes, that
ground from the wound, was changed into the as he passed one night through one of the
flower hyacinth. Some say that he was kill streets of the city, a voice more than human,
ed by Paris in battle, others, that he was near Vesta's temple, told him that Rome
murdered by Ulysses. His body was buried would soon be attacked by the Gauls. His
on the promontory of Sigaeum, and his tomb information was neglected, but his veracity
was visited and honoured by Alexander. was proved by the event; and Camillus, aſ
Hercules, according to some authors, prayed ter the conquest of the Gauls, built a temple
to the gods that his friend Telamon, who was to that supernatural voice which had given
childless, might have a son, with a skin as Rome warning of the approaching calamity,
impenetrable as the skin of the Nemaean lion, under the name of Aius Locutius. -

which he then wore. His prayers were heard.
Jupiter, under the form of an eagle, promised
to grant the petition, and when Ajax was
born, Hercules wrapped him up in the lion's
skin, which rendered his body invulnerable,
except that part which was left uncovered by
a hole in the skin, through which Hercules
hung his quiver. This vulnerable part was
in his breast, or, as some say, behind his neck.
ALARANdA, at, or orum, [an inland town ol
Caria, south of the river Maeander. Pococke,
and after him Chandler, have located it near
the small village of Karpuseli. Its inhabitants
were called Alabandi, Alabandii, and Ala
bandenses.] The name is derived from
Alabandus, a deity worshipped there. Cit.
de Nat. D. 3, c. 15.—Herodot. 7, c. 195
Strab. 14. - -

Q. Calab. 1 and 4.—Apollod. 3, c. 10 and 13. ALAbAstrum, a town of [Thebais in]

—Philostr. an Heroic. c. 12.—Pindar. Isthm. Egypt. Plin. 36, c. 7. - -

6.—Homer. Il. 1, &c. Od. 11.-Dictys. Cret. ALEsa, a city on a mountain of Sicily,
6.—Dares. Phry, 9.-Orid. Met. 13.—Horat. [near the river Alaesus. Now Caronia.] -

2. Sat. 3, v. 197.-Hygin.fab. 107 and 242.— ALEA, a surname of Minerva in Pelopon

Paus. 1, c. 35, l. 5, c. 19. The son of nesus. Her festivals are also called Ale".
Oileus king of Locris, was surnamed Locrian, Paus. 8, c. 4, 7. -

in contradistinction to the son of Telamon. ALA:1, a number of islands in the Persia"

He went with 40 ships to the Trojan war, as gulf, abounding in tortoises. Arrian.in Pº
being one of Helen's suitors. The night that rap.-
Troy was taken, he offered violence to Cas 'Alala, the goddess of war, sister to Mars.
sandra, who fled into Minerva's temple; and Plut. de glor...Athen.
for this offence, as he returned home, the Alal.com ENAE, a city of Boeotia, [south:
goddess, who had obtained the thunders of east of Cheronaea..] where some suppose that
- 28 -
 AL AL

Minerva was born. Plut. Quaest. Gr.-Stat. Mela, 3, c. 5.

Theb. 7, v. 330. Albanum, as being near Albania. Plin. 6, c.
ALALIA, [or ALALIs, a town of Syria, 13.
placed by Ptolemy in Palmyrene, near the Albănus, a mountain with a lake in Italy,
Euphrates, and by D'Anville, north-west of 16 miles from Rome, near Alba. It was on
Resaſa.] this mountain that the Latinae ſeria were ce
ALAMAMEs, a statuary of Athens, disciple lebrated with great solemnity. Horat. 2, ep.
of Phidias. 1. W. 27. A river of Albania, thought by
ALAMANNI. rid. ALEMANNI. D'Anville to be the Samura.]
Alisi, a people of Sarmatia, near the ALBIA TERENTIA, the mother of Otho.
Palus Moeotis. [They penetrated into Eu Suet.
rope, advanced from the Danube- to the ALbici, a people qf Galliae Provincia.
Rhine, traversed Gaul, and settled at the foot [Their history is unknown. Caesar describes
of the Pyrenees. The Goths in Spain and them as little inferior to the Romans in bra
the Franks in Gaul dispersed them and they very..] Caes. Bell. Civ. 1, c. 34.
became gradually confounded with their con ALBIGAUNUM, a town of Liguria. [Now,
querors.] .Albenga.] Mela, 2, c. 4.
ALAmicus, a famous king of the Goths, ALbini, two Roman orators of great me
who plundered Rome in the reign of Hono rit, mentioned by Cicero in Brut. This name
rius. He was greatly respected for his mili is common to many tribunes of the people.
tary valour, and during his reign he kept the Liv. 2, c.33, 1.6, c. 30.-Salut. de Jug. Bell.
Roman empire in continual alarms. He died ALBINovăNUs CElsus. vid. Celsus.——
after a reign of 13 years, A. D. 410. Pedo, a poet contemporary with Ovid. He
ALARöDII, a nation near Pontus. Hero wrote elegies, epigrams, and heroic poetry in
det. 3, c. 94. a style so elegant that he merited the epithet
ALAston, one of Pluto's horses when he of divine. Ovid. ex: Pont. 4, ep. 10.—Quin
carried away Proserpine. Claud. de Rapt til. 10, c. 5.
Pros. 1, v.286. ALBINTEMELIUM, a town of Liguria.
ALAUDE, soldiers of one of Caesar's legions [Now Vintimiglia.] Tacit. 2, Hisl. c. 13.
in Gaul.. Sueton. in Jul. 24. Albinus, was born at Adrumetum in A
AlizoN, [a river of Albania, rising in frica, and made governor of Britain, by Com
Mount Caucasus, and flowing into the Cy modus. After the murder of Pertinax, he
rus. Now the Alozon or Alason. Plin. 6, was elected emperor by the soldiers in Bri
10–Strab. 11.] tain. Severus had also been invested with
ALBA SYLvius, son of Latinus Sylvius, the imperial dignity by his own army; and
succeeded his father in the kingdom of La these two rivals, with about 150,000 men
tium, and reigned 36 years. Ovid. Met. 14. each, came into Gaul to decide the fate of the
v. 612.-Longa, a city of Latium, built by empire. Severus was conqueror, and he or
Ascanius, B.C. 1152, on the spot where AE dered the head of Albinus to be cut off, and
neas found, according to the prophecy of He his body to be thrown into the Rhone, A. D.
lenus, (Pirg. -En. 3. v. 390, &c.) and of the 198. Albinus, according to the exaggerated
god ofthe river, (...ºn. 8, v.43), a white sow account of a certain writer called Codrus, was
with 30 young ones. It was called longa be famous for his voracious appetite, and some
cause itextended along the hill Albanus. The times eat for breakfast no less than 500 figs,
descendants of Æneas reigned there in the 100 peaches, 20 pound of dry raisins, 10 me
following order: 1. Ascanius, son of Æneas, lons, and 400 oysters.--—A pretorian sent to
with little intermission, 6 years. 2. Sylvius Sylla, as ambassador from the senate during
Posthumus, 29 years. 3 AEneas Sylvius, 31. the civil wars. He was put to death by Syl
years. 4. Latinus, 5 years. 5. Alba, 36years la's soldiers. Plut. in Syll. —A Roman
6. Atys or Capetus, 26 years. 7. Capys, 28 plebeian who received the vestals into his cha
years. 8. Capetus, 13 years. 9. Tiberinus. riot in preference to his family, when they
8 years. 10. Agrippa, 33 years. 11. Remu fled from Rome, which the Gauls had sacked.
lus, 19 years. 12. Aventinus, 38 years. 13. Wal. Mar, 1, c. 1.-Liv. 5, c. 40.-Flor. 1,
Procas, 13 years. 14. Numitor and Amulius. c. 13–A. Posthumus, consul with Lucul
Alba, which had long been the powerful rival lus, A. U. C. 603, wrote an history of Rome
of Rome, was destroyed by the Romans 665 in Greek. -

B. C. and the inhabitants were carried to Albion, son of Neptune by Amphitrite,

Rome. Lir.—Flor—Justin. &c.——A city came into Britain, where he established a
of the Marsi in Italy. Pompeia, a city of kingdom, and first introduced astrology and
Liguria. Plin. 3, c. 5. the art of building ships. He was killed at
ALBAxi and ALBENs Es, names applied to the mouth of the Rhone, with stones thrown
the inhabitants of the two cities of Aiba. Cic. by Jupiter, because he opposed the passage
ad Her. 2, c. 23. of Hercules, Mela, 2, c. 5.--The greatest
Albis 1A, a country of Asia, between the island of Europe, now called Great Britain.
Caspian sea and Iberia. [Now Schurwan and It is called after Albion, who is said to have
East Georgia. The country in former days reigned there; or from its chalky white (al
was, and still continues to be, extremely fer. bus) rocks, which appear at a great distance.
tle and pleasant..] Dionys. Hal. 1, c. 15.- Plin. 4, c. 16.-Tacit. in .4gric. [Some ety
Justin. 42, c. 3.-Strab. 11–Plin. 8, c. 40– mologists have recourse to the Hebrew, and
29
 AL AL

some to the Phoenician tongue, alben in the vouring to save himself by flight. Pittacus
former signifying white, and alp or alpin it, tenerously granted him both life and liberty.
the latter denoting high, and high mountain. je was afterwards however sent into exile.]
the land appearing so as you approach it from Quintil 10, c. 1.-Herodot. 5, c. 95.—Hor. 4,
the continent.] The ancients compared it d. 9.—Cic. 4. Tusc. c. 33. A poet of
figure to a long buckler, or to the iron of . Athens, said by Suidas to be the inven
hatchet. or of tragedy.—A writer of epigrams.
Albis, a river of Germany falling into th -—A comic poet.——A son of Androgeus,
German ocean, and now called the Elbe who went with Hercules into Thrace, and
[The only Roman who passed this river with was made king of past of the country. Apol.
an army was L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, \ lod 2, c. 5. A son of Perseus, father of
U. C. 744, and though he made no farther Amphitryon and Anaxo. From him Her
progress, the passage of the Albis was deem cules has been called Alcides. Apol. 2, c. 4.
ed worthy of a triumph.] Lucan. 2, v. 52. —Paus 8, c. 14.
• Albul.A. the ancient name of the rive ALCAMENEs, one of the Agidae, king of Spar.
Tiber. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 332,-Lw. 1, c. 3. ta, known by his apophthegms. He succeed.
ALBüNEA, a wood near Tibur and the ri ed his father Teleclus, and reigued 37 years.
ver Anio, sacred to the muses. It received The Helots rebelled in his reign. Paus. 3,
its name from a Sibyl, called also Albunea, “. 2, 1.4, c. 4 and 5. A statuary, who liv
worshipped as a goddess at Tibur, whose ed 448 B.C. and was distinguished for hissta
temple still remains. Near Albunea there tues of Venus and Vulcan. Paus. 5, c. 10.
was a small lake of the same name, whose The commander of a Spartan fleet, put
waters were of a sulphureous smell, and pos to death by the Athenians. Thucyd. 4, c. 5,8.c.
sessed some medicinal properties. This lake ALCANDER, a Lacedaemonian youth, who
fell by a small stream called Albula, into the accidentally put out one of the eyes of Ly
river Anio, with which it soon lost itself in curgus, and was generously forgiven by th
the Tiber. Horat. 1. Od. 7, v. 12.—Wirg. sage. Plut. in Lyc.—Paus. 3, c. 18.
JEn. 7, v. 83. AlcAthor, a name of Megara in Atti
Alburnus, a lofty mountain of Lucania, because rebuilt by Alcathous son of Pelo
[on the shores of the Sinus Paestanus or Gulf Ovid. JMet. 8, v 8.
of Salerno, near which was a harbour of the ALCAthóUs, a son of Pelops, who being
same name. The Silarus here discharges it suspected of murdering his brother Chrysip
self into the sea.] pus, came to Megara, where he killed a lion
Albus PAgus, a place near Sidon, where which had destroyed the king's son. He suc
Antony waited for the arrival of Cleopatra. ceeded to the kingdom of Megara, and, in
—[A port of Arabia, on the Sinus Arabi commemoration of hisservices, festivals, called
cus, supposed by Mannert to be the same Alcathoia, were instituted at Megara. Paur.
with the modern harbour of Iambo. It was l, c. 41, &c. A Trojan who married Hip
called in Greek Aswan Kawn.| podamia, daughter of Anchises. He was
Albütius, a prince ofCeltiberia, to whom killed in the Trojan war, by Idomeneus. Ho
Scipio restored his wife. Arrian.—A sor mer. Il. 12, v. 93.
did man, father to Canidia. He beat his ser Alcr. a town of Spain, which surrender
vants before they were guilty of any offence, er to Gracchus, now Alcazar, [south-east of
least, said he, I should have no time to punish Toletum.] Liv. 40, c. 47.
them when they offend. Horal. 2. Sat. 2. AlcENort, an Argive, who along with
A rhetorician in the age of Seneca. Chromius, survived in the battle between 300
An ancient satirist. Cic. in Brut. Titus. of his countrymen and 300 Lacedaemonians.
an epicurean philosopher, born at Rome; so [vid Othryades. Herodot. 1, c. 82.
fond of Greece and Grecian anners, that AlcEstE, or AlcEstis, daughter of Pe
he wished not to pass for a Roman He wa lias and Anaxibia, married Admetus. [When
made governor of Sardinia; but he grew of. Medea prevailed upon the daughters of Pe
fensive to the senate and was banished. It is lias to cut their father in pieces in expecta
supposed that he died at Athens. tion of seeing him restored to youth, Alcestis
Alcheus, a celebrated lyric poet, of Mity alone concurred not in the fatal deed. Acas
lene in Lesbos, about 600 years before the tus, however, having pursued them all, Al
christian aera. He fled from a battle, and hir cestis fled to her cousin Admetus at Pherse,
enemies hung up, in the temple of Minerva, Admetus refusing to deliver her up, was at
ſat Sigeum, the armour which he left in the tacked by Acastus with a numerous army,
field, as a monument of his disgrace. He and being taken prisoner, was redeemed
is the inventor of alcaic verses. He was con from death, by the generous offer of Al
temporarywith the famous Sapphoto whom he cestis, whom he had made his wife, and who
paid his addresses. Of all his works nothing was sacrificed in his stead to appease the
but a few fragments remain, found in Athe shades of her father.] Some say that Alcestis,
macus. [The principal subjects of his muse with an unusual display of conjugal affection,
seem to have been the praise of liberty and laid down her life for her husband, when she
hatred of tyrants. Against the latter he was had been told by an oracle, that he could ne
always very active, particularly against Pitta ver recover from a disease except some one
cus; but, his courage forsaking him in the day of his friends died in his stead. According to
of battle, he was made prisoner while endea |some authors, Hercules brought her back
GO
 AL AL

from hell. She had many suitors while she AlcidAMEA, was mother of Bunus by
lived with her father. vid. Admetus. Juv. Mercury.
6, v. 651.--4poliod. I, c. 9–Paus. 5, c. 17. AlcidamidAs, a general of the Messe
—Hygin. ſab. 251.—Eurip. in Alcest. nians, who retired to Rhegium, after the tak
Alcºtas, a king of the Violossi, descend. ng of Ithome by the Spartans, B. C. 723,
ed from Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles. Paus. Strab. 6.
1, c. 11. A general of Alexander's army AlcIDAMUs, an Athenian rhetorician, who
brother to Perdiccas. –The eighth king of wrote an eulogy on death, &c. Cic. 1. Tusc.
Macedonia, who reigned 29 years. An c. 48.-Plut. de Orat.
historian, who wrote an account of every AlcidAs, a Lacedaemonian, sent with 23
thing that had been dedicated in the temple galleys against Corcy a, in the Peloponnesian
of Delphi Athen. A son of Arybas, king war. Thucyd. 3, c. 16, &c.
of Epirus Paus. I, c. 11. Alcides, a name of Hercules, from his
Alch IMÁchus, a celebrated painter. Plin. strength, a xxn, or from his grandfather Alcae
35, c. 11. us. A surname of Minerva in Macedonia.
AlcIBuin Es, an Athenian general, [the Liv. 42, c. 51. [For Alcudem in the passage
son of Clinias, the nephew of Pericles, and of Livy here quoted, we should no doubt
lineally descended from Ajax :] famous for his read, according to the conjectural emenda
enterprising spirit, versatile genius, and natu tion ofTurnebus (Advers.30,57.).Alcidemum,
ral foibles. He was disciple to Socrates, “the people's strength.”]
whose lessons and example checked for a Alcidic E, the mother of Tyro, by Sal
while his vicious propensities. In the Pelo moneus. Apollod. 1, c. 9.
ponnesian war he encouraged the Athenians Alcimāchus, an eminent painter. Plin.
to make an expedition against Syracuse. He 35, c. 11. -

was chosen general in that war, and in his ALCIMEDE, the mother of Jason, by Æson.
absence, his enemies accused him of impiety, Flaco. 1, v. 296.
and confiscated his goods. Upon this he fled, Alcimédon, a plain of Arcadia, with a
stirred up the Spartans to make war against cave, the residence of Alcimedon, whose
Athens, and when this did not suceeed, he daughter Phillo was ravished by Hercules.
retired to Tissaphernes, the Persian general. Paus. 8, c. 12.-An excellent carver.
Being recalle by the Athenians, he oblige Virg. Ecl. 3.
the Lacedaemonians to sue for peace, made AlciméNEs, a tragic poet of Megara.-
several conquests in Asia, and was received A comic writer of Athens.—A man killed
in triumph at Athens. His popularity was of by his brother Bellerophon. Apollod. 2, c. 3.
short duration. ULysander, the Spartan com Alcimus, an historian of Sicily, who wrote
mander, having defeated the Athenian fleet, an account of Italy.
and slain Antiochus, to whom Alcibiades had Alcinous, son of Nausithous, was king of
left it in charge, when departing for Caria in the Phaeacians, and is praised for his love of
order to raise money, the latter was again ex agriculture. He married his niece Arete,
posed to the resentment of the people, and by whom he had several sons and a daughter
fled to Pharnabazus whom he almost induc. Nausicaa. He kindly entertained Ulysses,
ed to make war upon Lacedaemon.] This was who had been shipwrecked on his coast
told to Lysander, the Spartan general, who and heard the recital of his adventures;
prevailed upon Pharnabazus to murder Alci whence arose the proverb of the stories of
biades. Two servants were sent for that Alcinous, to denote improbability. [The gar
purpose, and they set en fire the cottage dens of Alcinous are beautifully described by
where he was, and killed him with darts as Homer, and have afforded also a favourite
he attempted to make his escape. He died theme to succeeding poets. The island of
in the 46th year of his age, 404 B.C. after the Phaeacians is called by Homer, Scheria.
life of perpetual difficulties. If the ficklenes Its more ancient name was Drepane. After
of his countrymen had known how to retair the days of Homer, it was called Corcyra.
among them the talents of a man who distin Now, Corfu.] Homer. Od. 7.-Orph. in ar
guished himself, and was admired wherever gon.—Vurg. G. 2, v. 87.—Stat. 1. Syl. 3, v.
he went, they might have risen to greater 81.-Jur. 5, v. 15I.-Ovid. .4m. 1, el. 10, v.
splendour, and to the sovereignty of Greece. 56.-Plato de Rep. 10.-4pollod. I, c. 9. A
His character has been cleared from the as philosopher in the second century, who wrote
Persions of malevolence, by the writings of a book De doctrina Platonis, the best edition
Thucydides, Timaeus, and Theopompus; and of which is the 8vo. printed Oacon. 1667.
he is known to us as a hero, who to the prin Alciph Row, a philosopher of Magnesia,
tiples of the debauchee, added the intelli. in the age of Alexander. There are some
gence and sagacity of the statesman, and the epistles in Greek, that bear his name, and
cool intrepidity of the general. Plut. & C. contain a very perfect picture of the customs
-ºp. in Alcib.-Thucyd. 5.6 and 7.—Xenoph. and manners of the Greeks. They are by
Hut. Grac. 1, &c.—Diod. 12. some supposed to be the production of a wri
Alcipantas, a celebrated wrestler. Stat. ter of the 4th century. [The best edition is
Theb. 10, v. 500. A philosopher and ora that of Wagner. Lips. 1798. 2 vols. in 8vo.]
ºr, who wrote a treatise on death. He was Alcippe, a daughter of the god Mars, by
Pºpil to Gorgias, and flourished B. C. 423. Agraulos. Apollod. 3, c. 14. The wife of
Quintil. 3, c.i. !! Metion, and mother to Eupalamus. Id. 3,
31
 AL AL --

c. 16.-The daughter of QEnomaus, and AlcMENA, [was daughter of Electryon,

wiſe of Evenus, by whom she had Marpessa. king of Mycenae, and Anaxo whom Plutarch
Alcithoe, a Theban woman who ridiculed calls Lysidice, and Diodorus Siculus Eury - *|
the orgies of Bacchus. She was changed in mede. She was engaged in marriage to her *
to a bat, and the spindle and yarn with which cousin Amphytrion, son of Alcaeus, when an
she worked, into a vine and ivy. Ovid. Met. unexpected event caused the nuptials to be de
4, fab. i. ferred. Electryon had undertaken an expedi- ºr
AlcMAEoN, was son of the prophet Amphi tion against the Teleboans or subjects of Ta
araus and Eriphyle. His father going to the phius, in order to avenge the death of his sons,
Theban war, where, according to an oracle, whom the sons of Taphius had slain in a
he was to perish, charged him to revenge his coinbat. Returning victorious he was met by
death upon Eriphyle, who had betrayed him. Amphytrion, and killed by an accidental blow.
rid. Eriphyle. As soon as he heard of his This deed, though involuntary, lost Amphy
father’s death, he murdered his mother, for trion the kingdom, which he would other
which crime the furies persecuted him till wise have enjoyed in right of his wife. Sthe
[the river-god] Phlegeus purified him and nelus, the brother of Alcmena, availing him
gave him his daughter Alphesiboea in mar self of the public odium against Amphytrion,
riage. Aicnaeon gave her the fatal col drove him from Argolis, and seized upon the
lar which his mother had received to betray vacant throne, the possession of which de
his father, and afterwards abandoned her, volved at his death, upon his son Eurystheus.
and married Callirhoe, the daughter of Ache Amphytrion fled to Thebes, where he was
lous, to whom he promised the necklace he purified by Creon; but when he expected that
had given to Alphesiboea. When he at Alcmena, who had accompanied him thither,
tempted to recover it, Alphesiboea’s brothers would have given him her hand, she declined
murdered him on account of the treatment he on the ground that she was not satisfied with
had shown their sister, and left his body a the punishment inflicted by her father on the
prey to dogs and wild beasts. Alcmaeon's Teleboans, and intended to give her hand to
children by Callirhoe revenged their father's him who should make war upon them. Am
death by killing his murderers. vid. Alphesi phytrion, in consequence of this, made an al
baca, Amphiarus. Paus. 5, c. 17, 1 6, c. 18, liance with Creon and other neighbouring
1.8, c. 24.—Plut. de Evil — Apollod. 3, c. 7. princes, and ravaged the isles of the Teleboans.
—Hygin. fab. 73 and 245.-Stat. Theb. 2 and During this expedition, Alcmena gave birth
4.—Ovid. Fast. 2, v.44. Met. 9, fab. 10.-A to Hercules. Whetherit was that Amphytrion
son of AEgyptus, the husband of Hippomedu. had been actually married to Alcmena pre
sa. Apollod. A philosopher, disciple to vious to his going on this expedition, or whe
Pythagoras, born in Crotona. He wrote on ther he returned privately to Thebes during
physic, and he was the first who dissected an its continuance, still the report was spread
imals to examine into the structure of the hu abroad that Jupiter was the father of Her
man frame. Cic. de JNat. D. 6, c. 27. —A cules, and that to deceive Alcmena, he had
son of the poet AEschylus, the 13th archon of assumed the form of her husband. Accord
Athens. A son of Syllus, driven from Mes ing to the ancient poets, Juno retarded the
senia with the rest of Nestor's family by the birth of Hercules until the mother of Eurys
| Heraclidae. He came to Athens, and from theus was delivered of a son, unto whom, by
him the Alcmaeonidae are descended. Paus. reason of a rash oath of Jupiter, Hercules was
1, c. 18. made subject. The above account varies in
ALCMAEoNipie, a noble family of Athens, many particulars from that which Plautus has
descended from Alcmaeon. They undertook made the basis of one of his comedies, but it
for 300 talents to rebuild the temple of Del rests upon higher authority, and has the merit
phi, which had been burnt, and they finished of being purer in its details.) Ovid. Met. 8,
the work in a more splendid manner than was ſab. 5, &c. says that Juno was assisted by Lu
required, in consequence of which they gain cina to put off the bringing forth of Alcmena,
ed popularity, and by their influence the Py and that Lucina, in the form of an old woman,
thia prevailed upon the Lacedaemonians to sat before the door of Amphytrion with her
deliver their country from the tyranny of the legs and arms crossed. This posture was the
Pisistratidae. Hirodot. 5 and 6.—Thucyd. 6, cause of infinite torment to Alcmena, till her
c. 59.-Plut. in Solon. servant, Galanthis, supposing the old woman
ALCMAN, [a lyric poet, born in Lydia, but to be a witch, and to be the cause of the pains
carried away at an early age and sold into of her mistress, told her that she had been
slavery at Lacedaemon. The Spartans, per delivered. [Lucina arose upon this informa
ceiving his poetical talent, manumitted him, tion and retired, and Alcmena immediately
and sought to claim him as their countryman. brought forth. Some accounts make her on
He wrote in the Doric dialect. Of the many this occasion the mother of twins, of Her
poems attributed to him by the ancients, no cules by Jupiter, and Iphicles by Amphy
thing remains but a few fragments occurring trion. Hyginus however mentions only Her
in Athenaeus and other ancient writers. He cules.] After Amphitryon's death, Alcmena
was remarkable for his voracious appetite. married Rhadamanthus, and retired to Oca
The question respecting his birth-place is ably lea in Boeotia. This marriage, according to
discussed by Perizonius, JEluan. W. H. 12, c. some authors, was celebrated in the island of
50. in notis.} Leuce. The people of Megara said that she
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 AL AL

died in her way from Argos to Thebes, and ple, built by Alens, son of Aphidas at Tegara
that she was buried in the temple of Jupiter in Arcadia. The statue of the goddess,[toge
Olympius. Paus. 1, c. 41, l. 5, c. 18, 1.9, c. ther with the tusks of the Calydonian boar,
16.-Pºuf. in Thes. & Romul.—Homer. Od. was carried by Augustus to Rome. Paus. 8,
11, fl. 19.-Pindar. Pyth. 9.-Lucian. Dial. c. 4 and 46–A town of Arcadia, built by
Deor—Diod. 4.—Hygin. fab. 29.-Apollod. Aleus. [It had three famous temples, that
2, c. 4, 7, 1.3, c. 1.-Plaut. in Amphit.—He ofthe Ephesian Diana, of Minerva Álea, and
rodot. 2, c. 43 and 45.-vid. Amphitryon, of Bacchus. The feast of Bacchus, called
Hercules, Eurystheus. Skiria, was celebrated here every third year,
Alcox, a famous archer, who one day at which time, according to Pausanias, the wo
saw his son attacked by a serpent, and aim men were scourged, in obedience to a com
ed at him so dexterously with an arrow
that he killed the beast without hurting his
º of the oracle at
23.
Delphi. Paus. 8, c.
son.—A surgeon under Claudius, who gain ALEcto, one of the furies, is represented
ed much money by his profession, in curing with flaming torches and scourges, her head
hernias and fractures. A son of Mars. covered with serpents, and breathing ven
A son of Amycus. These two last were at geance, war, and pestilence. The name is
the chase of the Calydonian boar. Hygin. derived from 2, non, and anya, desino, because
fab. 173. she incessantly pursues the wicked.] vid.
Alcyone or HALcyöNE, daughter of AEo. Eumenides. Virg. .42n. 7, v. 324, &c. l. 10,
lus, married Ceyx, who was drowned as he v. 41.
was going to Claros to consult the oracle. ALEcton, succeeded his father Anaxago
The gods apprised Alcyone, in a dream, of ras in the kingdom of Argos, and was father
her husband’s fate; and when she found, on to Iphis and Capaneus. Paus. 2, c. 18.-
the morrow, his body washed on the sea .Apollod. 3, c. 6.
shore, she threw herself into the sea, and was ALEctryon, a youth whom Mars station
with her husband changed into birds of the ed at the door of Venus's apartment, to
same name, who keep the waters calm and watch against the approach of the sun. He
serene, while they build and sit on their nests fell asleep, and Apollo came and discovered
on the surface of the sea, for the space of 7, the lovers, who were exposed by Vulcan be
11, or 14 days. [The Halycon or kingfisher fore all the gods. Mars was so incensed, that
builds its nest on the rocks. The ancients be he changed Alectryon into a cock, which still
lieved that it made its nest in such a way that mindful of his neglect, early announces the
it floated on the water, with the parent bird approach of the sun. Lucian. an Alect.
and itsyoung contained in it. AElian. de Ant [ALEIU's CAMPUs, a tract in Cilicia Cam
mal. 9, c. 17.) Virg. G. 1, v. 399.-Apollod. pestris, to the east of the river Sarus, between
I, c. 7,-Ovid. Met. 11, ſab. 10.-Hygin. fab. Adana and the sea. The poets fabled that
65.-One of the Pleiades, daughter of At Bellerophon wandered and perished here,
las. She had Arethusa by Neptune, and E after having been thrown from the horse Pe.
leuthera by Apollo. She, with her sisters, gasus. The name comes from axacaat, erro.
was changed into a constellation. vid. Plei Homer. Il. 6, v.201. Dionys. Perieg. 872.--
ades. Paus. 2, c. 30, l. 3, c. 18. Apollod. Ovid. in Ibid. 259.3
3, c. 10.-Hyginºſab. 157.-The daughter [ALEMANNI, or ALAMANNI, a name as
of Evenus, ca away by Apollo after her sumed by a confederacy of German tribes si
marriage. Her husband pursued the ravish tuate between the Neckar and the Upper
er with bows and arrows, but was not able Rhine, who united to resist the encroachments
to recover her. Upon this, her parents call of Roman power. According to Mannert,
ed her Alcyone, and compared her ſate to that the shattered remains of the army of Ario
of the wife of Ceyx. Homer. Il. 9, v. 558. vistus retired after the defeat and death
AlcyºxEUs, a youth of exemplary virtue, of their leader to the mountainous country
son to Antigonus. Plut. in Pyrrh.-Diog. of the Upper Rhine. Their descendants, in
4.—A giant, brother to Porphyrion. He after days, in order to oppose a barrier to the
was killed by Hercules. His daughters, continued advance of the Roman arms, unit
mourning his death, threw themselves into ed in a common league with the German
the sea. and were changed into alcyons, by tribes which had originally settled on the left
Amphitrite. Claudian. de Rap. Pros.- bank of the Rhine, but had been driven across
-ºpºiod. 1, c. 6. by their more powerful opponents. The
Alcyonia, a pool of [Corinthia in Greece, members of this union styled themselves A
whose depth the emperor Nero attempted lemanni or all-men, i. e. men of all tribes, to
juvain to find. Paus. 2, c. 37. denote at once their various lineage and
[Alcrostrº MARE, a name given to an their common bravery. They first appeared
arm of the Sinus Corinthiacus, or Gulf of in a hostile attitude on the banks of the Mein,
Lepanto, which stretched between the wes. but were defeated by Caracalla, who was
tern coast of Euboea, the northern coast of hence honoured with the surname of Aleman
Megaris, and the north-western extremity of nicus. In the succeeding reigns, we find
Cºrinthia, as far as the promontory of Ol them at one time ravaging the Roman terri
mia.) -
tories, at another, defeated and driven back
Alptibis. rid. Dubis. to their native forests. At last, after their
Allºa, asurname of Minerva, from her tem overthrow by Clovisking of the Salian Franks,
33
 AL AL

they ceased to exist as one nation, and were said with tears in his eyes, that his son must
dispersed over Gaul, Switzerland, and north seek another kingdom, as that of Macedonia
ern Italy.] would not be sufficiently large for the display
[ALEs, rid. Hales.] of his greatness. Olympias, during her preg
[ALESA, ALoÉs A, or HALESA, a very nancy, declared that she was with child by a
ancient city of Sicily built by Archonides, B. dragon; and the day that Alexander was
C. 403. It stood near the modern city of Ca born, two eagles perched for some time on
ronia, on the river Alaesus, or Fiume di Caro the house of Philip, as if foretelling that his
nia. The inhabitants were exempted by the son would become master of Europe and Asia.
Romans from taxes. Diod. Sic. 14, c. 16.] He was pupil to Aristotle during five years,
[ALEsia or ALEx1A, now Alise, a famous and he received his learned preceptor's in
and strongly fortified city of the Mandubii. structions with becoming deference and plea
in Gallia Celtica. It was so ancient a city sure, and ever respected his abilities. When
that Diodorus Siculus ascribes the building of Philip went to war, Alexander, in his 16th
it to Hercules in his war against Geryon. It year, was left governor of Macedonia, where
was situate on a high hill, supposed to be he quelled a dangerous sedition, and soon aſ
..Mont Awarois, near the sources of the Sequa ter followed his father to the field, and saved
na or Seine, and washed on two sides by the his life in a battle. He was highly offended
small rivers Lutosa and Osera, now Oze and when Philip divorced Olympias to marry
Ozerain. It was taken and destroyed by Cleopatra, and retired from court to his mo
Caesar, after a famous siege, but was rebuilt, ther Olympias, but was recalled; and when
and became a place of considerable conse Philip was assassinated, he punished his mur.
quence under the Roman Emperors. It was derers; and, by his prudence and moderation
laid in ruins in the 9th century. Flor. 3, c. gained the affection of his subjects. He con
10.-Cars. B. G. 7, c. 69.] quered Thrace and Illyricum, and destroyed
ALETHEs, the first of the Heraclidae, who Thebes; and after he had been chosen chief
was king of Corinth. He was son of Hip commander of all the forces of Greece, he
potas. Paus. 2, c. 4. declared war against the Persians, who, un
ALEtides, (from axacaau, erro,) certain sa der Darius and Xerxes, had laid waste and
crifices at Athens, in remembrance of Eri plundered the noblest of the Grecian cities.
gone, who wandered with a dog after her ſa With 32,000 foot and 5000 horse, he invaded
ther Icarus. Asia, and after the defeat of Darius at the Gra
ALEUADAE, a royal family of Larissa in nicus he conquered all the provinces of Asia
Thessaly, descended from Aleuas king of that Minor. He obtained two other celebrated
country. They betrayed their country to victories over Darius at Issus and Albela,
Xerxes. The name is often applied to the took Tyre after an obstinate siege of seven
Thessalians without distinction. Diod. 16.- months, and the slaughter of 2000 of the in
Herodot. 7, c. 6, 172.-Paus. 3, c. 8, 1.7, c. habitants in cool blood, and made himself
10.-JElian. Anim. 8, c. 11. master of Egypt, Media, Syria, and Persia.
ALEx, a river in the country of the Brut From Egypt he visited the temple of Jupiter
tii. Dionys. Perieg. [Now, the Alese.] Ammon, and bribed the priest who saluted
ALEXAMENUs, an tolian, who killed him as the son of their god, and enjoined his
Nabis, tyrant of Lacedæmon, and was soon army to pay him divine honours. He built
after murdered by the people. Liv. 35, c. a town which he called Alexandria, on the
34. western side of the Nile, near the coast of
ALEXANDER 1st, son of Amyntas, was the the Mediterranean, an eligible situation,
tenth king of Macedonia. He killed the Per which his penetrating eye marked as best en
sian ambassadors for their immodest beha titled to become the future capital of his im
viour to the women of his father's court, and mense dominions, and to extend the com
was the first who raised the reputation of the merce of his subjects from the Mediterranean
Macedonians. He reigned 43 years, and to the Ganges. His conquests were spread
died 451 B.C. Justin. 7, c. 3.-Herodot. 5,7, over India, where he ſought with Porus, a
8 and 9. powerful king of the country; and after he
ALEXANDER 2d, son of Amyntas 2d, king had invaded Scythia, and visited the Indian
of Macedonia, was treacherously murdered, ocean, he retired to Babylon, loaded with the
B. C. 370, by his younger brother Ptolemy, spoils of the east. His entering the city was
who held the kingdom for four years, and foretold by the magicians as fatal, and their
made way ſor Perdiccas and Philip. Justin. prediction was fulfiled. He died at Babylon
7, c. 5, says, Eurydice, the wiſe of Amyntas, the 21st of April, in the 32d year of his age,"
was the cause of his murder. after a reign of 12 years and 8 months of
ALExANDER 3d, surnamed the Great, was brilliant and continued success, 323 B. C. º
son of Philip and Olympias. -Ile was born His death was so premature that some have
B. C. 356, that night on which the famous attributed it to the effects of poison, and ex
temple of Diana at Ephesus was burnt by cess of drinking. Antipater has been accus
Erostratus. This event, according to the ed of causing the fatal poison to be given him
magicians, was an early prognostic of his ſu at a feast; and perhaps the resentment of the
ture greatness, as well as the taming of Bu Macedonians, whose services he seemed to
cephalus, a horse whom none of the king's forget by intrusting the guard of his body.”
courtiers could manage; upon which Philip * the Persians, was the cause of his death. He
34
 AL AL
-—-

was so universally regretted, that Babylon claimed, in all the pride of regal dignity.
was filled with tears and lamentations; and Give me kings for competitors, and I will en
the Medes and Macedonians declared that ter, the lists at Olympia. All his family
no one was able or worthy to succeed him. and infant children were put to death by Cas
Many conspiracies were formed against him sander. The first deliberation that was made
by the officers of his army, but they were all after his decease, among his generals, was to
seasonably suppressed. His tender treat appoint his brother Philip Aridaeus successor,
ment of the wife and mother of king Darius, until Roxane, who was then pregnant by him,
who were taken prisoners, has been greatly brought into the world a legitimate heir.
praised; and the latter, who had survived Perdiccas wished to be supreme regent, as
the death of her son, killed herself when she
Aridaeus wanted capacity; and, more'strong
heard that Alexander was dead. His great ly to establish himself, he married Cleopatra,
intrepidity more than once endangered his Alexander's sister, and made alliance with
life: he always fought as if sure of victory, Eumenes. . As he endeavoured to deprive
and the terror of his name was often more Ptolemy of Egypt, he was defeated in a bat
powerfully effectual than his arms. He tle by Seleucus and Antigonus, on the banks
was always forward in every engagement, of the river Nile, and assassinated by his own
and bore the labours of the field as well as cavalry. Perdiccas was the first of Alexan
the meanest of his soldiers. During his der's generals who took up arms against his
conquests in Asia, he founded many cities, fellow-soldiers, and he was the first who fell
which he called Alexander, after his own a sacrifice to his rashness and cruelty. To
name. When he had conquered Darius he defend himself against him, Ptolemy made a
ordered himself to be worshipped as a god; treaty of alliance with some generals, among
und Callisthenes, who refused to do it, was whom was Antipater, who had strengthened
shamefully put to death. He murdered, at himself by giving his daughter Phila, an am
a banquet, his friend Clitus, who had once bitious and aspiring woman, in marriage to
saved his life in a battle, because he enlarged Craterus, another of the generals of A
upon the virtues and exploits of Philip, and lexander. After many dissentions and
preferred them to those of his son. His vic bloody wars among themselves, the gene
tories and success increased his pride ; herals of Alexander laid the foundation of se
dressed himself in the Persian manner, and veral great empires in the three quarters of
gave himself up to pleasure and dissipation. He the globe. Ptolemy seized Egypt, where he
set on fire the city of Persepolis, in a fit of firmly established himself, and where his suc
madness and intoxication, encouraged by the cessors were called Ptolemies, in honour of
courtezan Thais. Yet among all his extra the founder of their empire, which subsisted
vagancies, he was fond of candour and of truth: till the time of Augustus. Seleucus and his
and when one of his officers read to him, as posterity reigned in Babylon and Syria. An
he sailed on the Hydaspes, an history which tigonus at first established himself in Asia
he had composed of the wars with Porus, Minor, and Antipater in Macedonia. The
and in which he had too liberally panegyrised descendants of Antipater were conquered by
him, Alexander snatched the book from his the successors of Antigonus, who reigned in
hand, and threw it into the river, “saying, Macedonia till it was reduced by the Romans
what need is there of such flattery? are not in the time of king Perseus. Lysimachus
the exploits of Alexander sufficiently merito made himself master of Thrace; and Leona
rious in themselves, without colourings of tus, who had taken possession of Phrygia, me.
falsehood?” He in like manner rejected a sta ditated for a while to drive Antipater from
tuary, who offered to cut mount Athos like Macedonia. Eumenes established himself in
him, and represent him as holding a town in Cappadocia, but was soon overpowered by the
one hand, and pouring a river from the other. combinations of his rival Antigonus, and put
He forbade any statuary to make his statue to death. During his life-time, Eumenes ap
except Lysippus, and any painter to draw peared so formidable to the successors of A
his picture except Apelles. On his death lexander, that none of them dared to assume
bed he gave his ring to Perdiccas, and it was the title of king. Curt..?rrian. & Plut. have
supposed that by this singular present, he written an account of Alexander's life. Diod.
wished to make him his successor. Some 17 and 18.-Paus. 1, 7, 8, 9.-Justin. 11 and
time before his death, his officers asked him 12.-Val. Mar. Strab. 1, &c.—A son of A
whom he appointed to succeed him on the lexander the Great, by Roxane, put to death,
throne * and he answered, the worthiest with his mother, by Cassander. Justin. 15,
among you; but I am afraid added he, my c. 2.-A son of Cassander, king of Mace
bestfriends will perform my funeral obsequies donia, who reigned two years conjointly with
with bloody hands. Alexander, with all his his brother Antipater, and was prevented by
pride, was humane and liberal, easy and fa. Lysimachus from revenging his mother Thes
miliar with his friends, a great patron of salonica, whom his brother had murdered.
ièarning, as may be collected from his as Demetrius, the son of Antigonus, put him to
risting Aristotle with a purse of money to death. Justin. 16, c. 1 —Paus. 9, c. 7.
ºtect the completion of his natural history. A king of Epirus, brother to Olympias, and
He was brave often to rashness; he frequent successor to Arybas. He made war in Italy
ºxiamented that his father conquered every against the Romans, and observed that he
thing, and left him nothing to do; and ex fought with men, while his nephew, Alexan
35
 AL AL

der the Great, was fighting with an army of gorean philosophy, B. C. 88. A poet of
women (meaning the Persians.) . Justin. 17, Ephesus, who wrote a poem on astronomy
c.3.—Diod. 16.--Liv. 8, c. 17 and 27.-Slrab. and geography.—A Thessalian, who, as he
6.—A son of Pyrrhus, was king of Epirus. was going to engage in a naval battle, gave
He conquered Macedonia, from which he to his soldiers a great number of missile
was expelled by Demetrius. He recovered it weapons, and ordered them to dart them
bythe assistance ofthe Acarnanians, Justin. 26, continually upon the enemy, to render their
c. 3.-Plut. in Pyrrh. [A king of Syria numbers useless. Polygºn. 6, c. 27. A
surnamed Balas; he reigned after Antiochus son of Polysperchon, killed in Asia by the Dy
Epiphanes, whose natural son he was sup maeans. Diod. 18 and 19.—A poet of Pleu
posed to be by some. He was driven from ron, son of Satyrus and Stratoclea, who said
the throne by Demetrius, the lawful heir, and that Theseus had a daughter called Iphige
Ptolemy Philometor. Another surnamed nia, by Helen. Paus. 2, c. 22.-A Spar
Zebenna. By the assistance of Ptolemy Phys tan, killed with two hundred of his soldiers
con he conquered Nicanor, but was after by the Argives, when he endeavoured to pre
wards killed by Antiochus Grypus, son of the vent their passing through the country by
latter.]—Ptolemy, was one of the Ptoleme Tegea. Diod. 15. A cruel tyrant of Pe
an kings in Egypt. His mother Cleopatra, raº, in Thessaly, who made war against the
raised him to the throne, in perference to his Macedonians, and took Pelopidas prisoner
brother Ptolemy Lathurus, and reigned con He was murdered, B. C. 357, by his wife
jointly with him. Cleopatra, however, ex called Thebe, whose room he carefully guard
pelled him, and soon after recalled him; and ed by a Thracian sentinel, and searched
Alexander, to prevent being expelled a se every night, fearful of some dagger that might
cond time, put her to death, and for this unna be concealed to take away his life. Cic. de
tural action was himself murdered by one of Inv. 2, c. 49. de Off. 2, c. 9.-Val. Mar.
his subjects. Joseph. 13. Ant. Jud. c. 20, &c. 9, c. 13.—Plut. & C. Nºp. in Pelop.–Paus.
—Justin. 39, c. 3 and 4.—Paus. 1, c. 9. 6, c. 5.—Diod. 15 and 16.—Ovid. in Ib. v.
Ptolemy 2d, king of Egypt, was son of the 321. Severus, a Roman emperor. vid.
preceding. He was educated in the island of Severus.
Cos, and falling into the hands of Mithridates, ALEXANDRA, the name of some queens of
escaped to Sylla, who restored him to his Judaea, mentioned by Joseph.-A nurse of
kingdom. He was murdered by his subjects Nero. Suet. in Ner. 50.-A name of Cas -
19 days after his restoration. Appian. 1. sandra, because she assisted mankind by her
Bell. Cur. Ptolmey3d, was king of Egypt prophecies. Lycophr.
after his brother Alexander the last mention ALEXANDRI ARAE, the boundaries, accord
ed. After a peaceful reign, he was banished ing to some, of Alexander's victories near the
by his subjects, and died at Tyre, B.C. 65, Tanais. Plin. 6, c. 16. [This is all a mere fa
leaving his kingdom to the Roman people. ble of the ancients, who made Alexander to
vid. Aºgyptus & Ptolemaeus. Cic. pro Rull. have crossed the Tanais and approached what
A youth, ordered by Alexander the they considered the limits of the world in that
Great to scale the rock Aornus, with 30 quarter. Mannert.Anc. Geogr. vol.4, p. 159
other youths. He was killed in the attempt. and 256. For the real Alexandri arae, rid.
Curt. 8, c. 11. A governor of Æolia, who Hyphasis.]
assembled a multitude on pretence of show. ALExAndria, the name of several cities
ing them an uncommon spectacle, and con which were founded by Alexander, during
fined them till they had each bought their li his conquests in Asia; the most famous are—
berty with a sum of money. Polyten. 6, c. A great and extensive city, built B. C. 332, by
10. –A name given to Paris, son of Priam. Alexander. [It was situate about 12 miles
rid. Paris. Jannaeus, a king of Judaea, west of the Canopic mouth of the Nile, be
son of Hyrcanus, and brother of Aristobulus, tween the lake Mareotis and the beautiful
who reigned as a tyrant, and died through ex harbour formed by the isle of Pharos. It was
cess of drinking, B.C. 79, after massacreing the intention of its founder to make Alexan
800 of his subjects for the entertainment of dria at once the seat of empire and the first
his concubines. A Paphlagonian who gain commercial city of the world. The latter ºf
ed divine honours by his magical tricks and these plans completely succeeded ; and for a
impositions, and likewise procured the friend period of 1800 years, from the time of the
ship of Marcus Aurelius. He died 70 years Ptolemies to the discovery of the Cape of
old.——A native of Caria, in the 3d century. Good Hope, the capital of Egypt commanded
who wrote a commentary on the writings of the principal. trade of the east. The goods
Aristotle, part of which is still extant. being brought up the Red Sea to Berenice,
Trallianus, a physician and philosopher of the were thence transported across to the Nile,
4th century, some of whose works in Greek conveyed down that river and through a ca
are still extant. A peripatetic philosopher, nal to the city. From the port of Alexandria
said to have been preceptor to Nero. An the commodities of India and the east were
historian, called also Polyhistor, who wrote diffused over the western world..] Alexan
five books on the Roman republic, in which dria was distinguished for its schools, not on
he said that the Jews had received their law, ly of theology and philosophy, but of physic,
not from God, but from a woman he called where once to have studied was a sufficient
Moso. He also wrote treatises on the Pytha recommendation to distant countries. The
3
 AL AL

astronomical school, founded by Philadelphus, sion of a cobler, to offices of trust at Rome,

maintained its superior reputation for 10 and at last became consul. [He flourish.
centuries till the time of the Saracens. [It ed about A., U.C. 754. According to some
was to its splendid library, however, which he was originally a barber.] Horat. 1, sat.
had been formed and continually enlarged 3, v. 13).
under the munificent patronage of the Ptole ALGIDuM, a town of Latium near Tuscu
mies, that this great city owed its more en lum, about 12 miles from Rome. There is a
during fame. This celebrated collection, con mountain in the neighbourhood, called anci
sisting of 700,000 volumes, 200,000 of which ently Algidus, now [Rocca del Papa.-The
had been brought from Pergamus by Antony modern name of the town is Aglio.] Horat.
and Cleopatra, is said to have been destroyed l, od. 21.
by the Saracens at the command of the Ca [ALIACMon, vid. Haliacmon.
liph Omar, A. D. 642, and to have furnished |ALIARtus, vid. Haliartus.]
fuel during 6 months to the 4000 baths of Alicis, a town of Laconia. A tribe of
Alexandria. The narrative, however, rests Athens. Strab.
on the sole authority of the historian Abul ALIENus Cæcina, a questor in Baetica,
pharagius, and its authenticity has been great appointed, for his services, commander of a
ly suspected. The modern name of the city legion in Germany, by Galba. The emperor
is Scanderia, though the use of its ancient one disgraced him for his bad conduct, for which
is more common among Europeans. It con he raised commotions in the empire. Tacit.
tains 10 or 15,000 inhabitants. The popula 1, Hist. c. 52.
tion in the days of its ancient greatness was ALiFAE, ALIFA, or All pHA, [a town of
about 600,000. Curt. Strabo. Plin. Ano Samnium, north-west of the Vulturnus, fa
ther in Arachosia, now Scanderie of Arrok mous for the large-sized drinking cups made
hage, or Waihend.—Another in Aria, now there. It is now Alift.]—Horat. 2, Sat. 8, v.
Corra. Another in Gedrosia, now Hormoz 39.-Lin. 8, c. 25.
or Hous. Another below the Paropami ALILA:1, a people of Arabia Felix.
sus, near the modern Bamian, not Candahar, ALIMENtus, C. an historian in the second
as is generally supposed. Another on the Punic war, who wrote in Greek an account
bay of Issus, now Scanderoon.—Alexan of Annibal, besides a treatise on military af
dria Oxiana, now Termed, upon the Ozus or fairs. Liv. 21 and 30.
Gihon. Alexandria Troas, in Mysia, now ALINDE, a town of Caria, [south-east of
Eski-Stamboul.—Alexandria Ultima, on Stratonicea, near Mogla. ] Arrian.
the laxartes or Sihon, on the site of the more ALIPHERLA, a town of Arcadia, situate on
ancient Cyreschata. It is supposed to be in a hill. Polyb. 4, c. 77.
the vicinity of Cogend.] Allianothius, ason of Neptune. Hearing
ALEXANDRINA Aata, baths in Rome, built that his father had been defeated by Minerva,
by the emperor Alexander Severus. in his dispute about giving a name to Athens,
ALEXA work, a son of Machaon, who built he went to the citadel, and endeavoured to
in Syeionia a temple to his grandfather AEs cut down the olive which had sprung from
culapius. Paus. 2, c. 11. the ground, and given the victory to Miner
ALExAs, of Laodicea, was recommended va; but in the attempt he missed his aim,
to M. Antony by Timagenes. He was the and cut his own legs so severely that he in
cause that Antony repudiated Octavia to stantly expired.
marry Cleopatra. Augustus punished him ALLIA, [a river of Italy, running down, ac
severely after the defeat of Antony. Plut. in cording to Livy, from the mountains of Crus.
..?nton. tuminum, at the 11th mile stone, and flow
ALExrcicts, a surname given to Apollo by ing into the Tiber. It is now the Aia. On
the Athenians, because he delivered them from its banks the Romans were defeated by the
the plague during the Peloponnesian war. Gauls under Brennus, July 17th, B. C. 387.
ALExix.cs, a disciple of Eubulides the Mi 40,000 Romans were either killed or put to
lesian, famous for the acuteness of his genius flight. Hence in the Roman Calendar, “Alli
and judgment, and for his fondness for con ensis dies” was marked as a most unlucky day.
tention and argument. He died of a wound Lir. 5, c. 37.—Flor. 1, c. 13.−Plut. in Cam.]
he had received from a sharp-pointed reed, ALLöbadges, [a people of Gallia, between
as be swam in the river Alpheus. Diog. in the Isara or Isere, and the Rhodanus or
Euclid. Rhome, in the country answering to Dau
ALEx1ox, a physician intimate with Cice phiné, Piedmont, and Saroy. Their chief
ro. Cie. ad Att. 3, ep. 16. city was Vienna, now Vienne, on the left bank
ALExupprs, a physician of Alexander. of the Rhodanus, 13 miles below Lugdunum
Piut. in Aler. or Lyons. They were finally reduced be
ALExis, a comic poet, 336 B.C. of Thuri neath the Roman power by Fabius Maximus,
um, who wrote 45 comedies, of which some who hence was honoured with the surname of
few fragments remain.--A statuary, disci Allobrox. Cicero praises their ambassadors
pie to Polyeletes, 87 Olym.Plin. 34, c. 8. for refusing to join in Catiline's conspiracy.—
ALFATE as A, vid. Nuceria. Horace, however, speaks of their fickleness
P. A.Féxus VARus, a native of Cremona, as a nation. Strab. 4.—Cic. Cat. 3.-Horat.
*, by the force of his genius and his appli Epod. 16.—Sallust. Cat. 41.)
ºatian, raised himself from his original profes Alloraig Es, [a people in the north of
37
 AL AL

Spain, according to Strabo. They have been ALPEs, [a chain of mountains, separating
supposed to be the same with the Altrigonae Italia from Gallia, Helvetia, and Germania.
of Ptolemy, and the Autrigones of Pliny. They extend from the Sinus Flanaticus or
Strab. 2. et Comment. Casauboni in locum.] Gulf of Carnero, at 'the top of the Gulf of
Allutius, or Albutius, a prince of the Venice, and the sources of the river Colapis
Celtiberi, to whom Scipio restored the beau or Kulpe, to Vada Sabatia or Sarona on the
tiful princess he had taken in battle. -
Gulf of Genoa. The whole extent, which is
ALMo, a small river near Rome, falling in a crescent form, Livy makes only 250
into the Tiber. [Now, the Dachia, a corrup miles, Pliny 700 miles. The true amount is
tion of Aqua d'Acio. At the Junction of this nearly 600 British miles. The name is said
stream with the Tiber, the priests of Cybele, to he derived from the ancient Scythian or
every year, on the 25th March, washed the Scandinavian term Alp, signifying a moun
statue and sacred things of the Goddess. vid. tain. They have been divided by both an
Lara.-Ovid. Fast.4, v.337.-Lucan.1,v.600.] cient and modern geographers into various
ALöA, festivals at Athens in honour of portions, of which the principal are, 1. Alpes
Bacchus and Ceres, by whose beneficence the Maritimac, Mont Viso: arising from the gulf
husbandmen received the recompense of their of Genoa and reaching inland to the sources
labours. The oblations were the fruits of the of the Varus or War. 2. Alpes Cottiae, Mont
earth. Ceres has been called, from this, Genevre, where Annibal is believed to have
Aloas and Alois. crossed into Italy. rid. Cottius. 3. Alpes
ALöEus, a giant, son of Titan and Terra. Graiae, Little St. Bernard, so called by the
He married Iphimedia, by whom Neptune ancients from Hercules being supposed to
had the twins, Othus and Ephialtus. Aloeus have passed this way from Spain into Italy.
educated them as his own, and from that 4. Alpes Penninae, Great St. Bernard, deriv
circumstance they have been called Aloides. ing their name from the Celtic Penn, a sum
They made war against the gods, and were mit, not as Livy and other ancient writers,
killed by Apollo and Diana. They grew up together with some moderns, pretend, from
nine inches every month, and were only nine Annibal having crossed into Italy by this path.
years old when they undertook the war. and who therefore make the orthography
Paus. 9, c. 29.—Virg. JEn. 6, v. 582.-Ho Paning from Paenus. 5. Alpes Summae, St.
mer. Il. 5, Od. 11. Gothard.—There are also the Alpes Lepon
Alóid Es and ALóidAE, the sons of Aloeus. tiae, Rhaeticæ, Juliae or Carnicae, &c. Among
vid. Aloeus. the Pennine Alps is Mont Blanc, 14,676 feet
ALöPE, daughter of Cercyon, king of Eleu high. The principal passes over the Alps at
sis, had a child by Neptune, whom she ex the present day are, that over the Great St.
posed in the woods, covered with a piece of Bernard, that over Mont Simplon, and that
her gown. The child was preserved, and over Mont St. Gothard. The manner in
carried to Alope's father, who, upon knowing which Annibal is said to have effected his pas
the gown, ordered his daughter to be put to sage over the Alps is now generally regarded
death. Neptune, who could notsave his mis as a fiction. Augustus first subdued the
tress, changed her into a fountain. The child wild and barbarous inhabitants of these re
called Hippothoon was preserved by some gions. Strab. 2 and 5.—Liv. 21, c.35 & 3.S.–
shepherds, and placed by Theseus upon his Polyb, 3, c. 47.]
grandfather's throne. Pans. 1, c. 5 and 39.— Alph Ela, a surname of Diana in Elis. It
Hygin. fab. 187. A town of Thessaly. was given her when the river Alpheus en
Plin. 4, c. 7.-Homer. Il. 2, v. 682. [An deavoured to ravish her without success.-
other in Attica. Another in Pontus. A surname of the nymph Arethusa, because
Another among the Locri.] loved by the Alpheus. Ovid. Met. 5, v.
Alopièce, an island in the Palus Maeo 487.
tis [near the mouth of the Tanais. Now Isle ALPHENUs, rid. Alfenus.
de Renards. Strab. 11.]——Another in the Alph Esiboea, daughter of the river Phle
Cimmerian Bosphorus. Plin. 4, c. 12.- geus, married Alcmaeon, son of Amphiaraus.
Another in the AEgean sea, opposite Smyrna. who had fled to her father's court after the
Id. 5, c. 31. murder of his mother. [vid. Alcmaeon.]
ALopkces, a small village of Attica, where She received as a bridal present, the famous
was the tomb of Anchimolius, whom the necklace which Polynices had given to Eri
Spartans had sent to deliver Athens from the phyle, to induce her to betray her husband
tyranny of the Pisistratidae. Socrates and Amphiaraus. Alcmaeon, being persecuted
Aristides were born there. JEschin. contra by the manes of his mother, left his wife by
Timarch.-Herodot. 5, c. 64. order of the oracle, and retired near the
Alos, [a town of Argolis——Another in Achelous, whose daughter Callirhoe had two
Phthiotis in Thessaly, upon the river Am sons by him, and begged of him, as a present.
phrysus.] Strab. 8.—Plin. 4, c. 7. the necklace which was then in the hands of
ALötla, festivals in Arcadia, in comme Alphesiboea. He endeavoured to obtain it,
moration of a victory gained over Lacedaemon and was killed by Temeneus and Axion, Al
by the Arcadians; [in which they took a phesiboea’s brothers, who thus revenged their
large number of prisoners (ºxaerºv;).] sister, who had been abandoned. Hygin.
ALPENUs, a city of the Locri, at the north |fab. 244.—Propert. 1, el. 15, v. 15.—Paus,
of Thermopylae. Herodot. 7, c. 176, &c. | B. c. 24.
38
 AL AM

Alphéus, now Alpheo, a famous river of temple of Jupiter Atabyrius.] After the
Peloponnesus, which rises in Arcadia, and at death of all his other sons, Catreus went af
ter passing through Elis, falls into the sea. ter his son Althaemenes; when he landed in
The god of this river fell in love with the Rhodes, the inhabitants attacked him, sup
nymph Arethusa, and pursued her till she posing him to be an enemy, and he was kill
was into a fountain by Diana. The ed by the hand of his own son. When Al
fountain Arethusa is in Ortygia, a small island
thatmenes knew that he had killed his father,
near Syracuse; and the ancients affirm, that he entreated the gods to remove him, and the
the river Alpheus passes under the sea from earth immediately opened, and swallowed
Peloponnesus, and without mingling itself him up, Apollod. 3, c. 2. (According to Dio
with the salt waters, rises again in Ortygia,dorus Siculus, he shunned the society of men
and joins the stream of Arethusa. If any after the fatal deed, and died eventually of
thing is thrown into the Alpheus in Elis, ac grief. Diod. 5, c. 59.]
cording to their uraditions, it will re-appear, ALtinum, a flourishing city of Italy, south
after some time, swimming on the waters of west of Aquileia, famous for its wool. Mar
Arethusa near Sicily. (It was a prevalent tial. 14, ep. 25.-Plin. 3, c. 18.
opinion among the ancients that rivers passed Altis, a sacred grove round Jupiter's tem
under ground for a considerable distance fromple at Olympia. Paus. 5, c. 10 & 15.
one place to another.] Hercules made use of ALUNTIUM, a town of Sicily. [Now Alon
the Alpheus to clean the stables of Augeas tio.] Plin. 5, c. 8 –Cic, in Verr. 4.
Strab. 6.—Wirg.-En. 3, v. 694.—Ovid. Met. ALY Attes, [a king of Lydia, father of
5, fab. 10.--Lucan. 3, v. 176.-Stat. Theb. 1 Croesus, succeeded Sardyattes. He drove
and 4.-Mela, 2, c. 7.-Paus. 5, c. 7, 1.6, c. the Cimmerians from Asia, and made war
21.-Marcellin. 25.-Plin. 2, c. 103. against Cyaxares king of the Medes, the
ALPHius Avirus, a writer in the age of grandson of Dejoces. He died after a reign
Severus, who gave an account of illustrious of 37 years, and after having brought to a
men, and an history of the Carthaginian war. close a war against the Milesians. An im
ALPixus, (CoENELIUs) a contemptible mense barrow or mound was raised upon his
poet, whom Horace ridicules for the awkward grave, composed of stones and earth. This
manner in which he introduces the death of is still visible within about five miles of Sardis
Memnon in a tragedy, and the pitiful style or Sart. An eclipse of the sun terminated a
with which he describes the Rhine in an epic battle between this monarch and Cyaxares.
poem he had attempted on the wars in Ger —Herod. 1, c. 16, 17, 103.]
many. Horat. 1, Sat.10, v. 36.-Julius, ALYBA, a country near Mysia. Homer. 11.
one of the chiefs of the Helvetii. Tacit. Hist. 2.
1, c. 68. ALycAEus, son of Sciron, was killed by
ALP1s, a river falling into the Danube. Theseus. A place in Megara received its
[Mannert supposes this to have been the same name from him. Plut. in Thes.
with the Enus or Inn. It is mentioned by ALYssus, a fountain of Arcadia, whose wa
Herodotus, 4, c. 29.) ters could cure the bite of a mad-dog. Paus.
ALsitºr, (a maritime town of Etruria, 8, c. 19.
south-east from Caere, now Palo. Sul. 8, v. AlyxothéE, or ALEx IrHOE, daughter of
475.] Dymus, was mother of Æsacus by Priam.
ALsus, a river of Achaia in Peloponnesus, Ovid...Met. 11, v. 763.
ſlowing from mount Sipylus. Paus. 7, c. 27. ALyz1A, a town of Acarnania on the wes
ALTHAEA, daughter of Thestius and Eu tern mouth of the Achelous, opposite to the
rythemis, married OEneus, king of Calydon, Echinades. Cic. ad Fam. 16, ep. 2.
by whom she had many children, among AMADocus, a king of Thrace, defeated by
whom was Meleager. When Althaea brought his antagonist Seuthes. Aristot. 5. Polit. 10.
forth Meleager, the Parcae placed a log of AMAGE, a queen of Sarmatia, remarkable
for her justice and fortitude. Polyten. 9, c.
wood in the fire, and said, that as long as it 56. r

was preserved, so long would the life of the

child just born be prolonged. The mother AMALTHAEA, daughter of Melissus king of
saved the wood from the flames, and kept it Crete, fed Jupiter with goat's milk. Hence
very carefully; but when Meleager killed some authors have called her a goat, and
his two uncles, Althaea's brothers, Althaea, to have maintained that Jupiter, to reward her
revenge their death, threw the log into the kindnesses, placed her in heaven as a con
fire, and as soon as it was burnt, Meleager stellation, and gave one of her horns to the
expired. She was afterwards so sorry for nymphs who had taken care of his infant
the death which she had caused, that she kill years. This horn was called the horn of
ed herself, unable to survive her son. vid. plenty, and had the power to give the nymphs
Meleager—Ovid. Met. 8, ſab. 4.—Homer. whatever they desired. Diod. 3, 4, and 5.-
It 9–Paus. 8, c. 45, 1.10, c. 31.—Apollod. Orid. Fast. 5, v. 113.—Strab. 10–Hygin.
1, c. 8. fab. 139.—Paus. 7, c. 26.--A Sibyl of Cu
Alth/EMEs Es, a son of Catreus king of mae, called also Hierophile and Demophile.
Crete. Hearing that he was to be his father's She is supposed to be the same who brought
rurderer, he fled to Rhodes, where he made nine books of prophecies to Tarquin king of
* *ttlement to avoid becoming a parricide, Rome, &c. Varro.--Tibul. 2, el. 5, V. ‘’’.
and Luilt, on Mount Atabyrus, the famous [rid. Sibyllae.]
 AM AM

AMALTHEumſ, a public place which Atti vid. Amestris.]—A city of Paphlagonia,

cus had opened in his country-house, called on the Euxine sea, [now Amastro.] Catull.
Amalthea in Epirus, and provided with every AMAsthus, one of the auxiliaries of Per
thing which could furnish entertainment and ses, against Æetes king of Colchis, killed by
convey instruction. Cic. ad Attic. 1, ep Argus, son of Phryxus. Flacc. 6, v. 544.
13. AMATA, the wife of king Latinus. She
AMANUs, [a continuation of the chain of had betrothed her daughter Lavinia to Tur
Mount Taurus, running from north-east to nus, before the arrival of Æneas in Italy.
south-west. It is situate at the eastern ex She zealously favoured the interest of Turnus;
tremity of the Mediterranean, near the Gulf and when her daughter was given in mar
of Issus, and separates Cilicia from Syria. riage to Æneas, she hung herself to avoid the
The defile or pass in these mountains was sight of her son-in-law. Virg. AEn. 7, &c.
called Portus Amanicus, or Pylae Syriae. AMáthus, (gen. untis) a city on the south
The modern name of the chain is, according ern side of the island of Cyprus, particularly
to Mannert, Almadag; but, according to D’ dedicated to Venus. The island is sometimes
Anville. Al-Lucan. Strab. 14–Xen. Anab. called Amathusia, a name not unfrequently
1, c. 4.] applied to the goddess of the place. [Ama
CN. SAL. AMANDUs, a rebel general under thus was afterwards called Limmesol, but is
Dioclesian, who assumed imperial honours, now utterly destoyed. Its site however is
and was at last conquered by Dioclesian's still called Limmesol.Antica.] Virg. .ºn. 10,
colleague. v. 51.-Ptol. 5, c. 14.
AMANTEs or AMANTIN1, a people of Il AMAxia, (vid. Hamaxia.]
lyricum descended from the Abantes of Pho [AMAxitus, a borough of Troas, where
cis Callimach. Apollo had a temple, and where some sup
AMAnus, [or OMinus, the deity of the an pose Chryses to have officiated.]
cient Persians, which they believed to be the AMAzéNEs or MAzENEs, a prince of the
sun, or the perpetual fire adored by them as island Ooracta, who sailed for sometime with
an image or emblem of the sun.] the Macedonians and Nearchus in Alexan
AMânăcus, an attendant of Cinyras, der's expedition into the east. Arrian. in
changed into marjoram. Indic.
• AMARD1, a nation near the Caspian sea. AMAzóNES or AMAzoN IDEs, a nation of
Mela, 1, c. 3. famous women who lived near the river Ther
AMARYllis, the name of a country wo modon in Cappadocia. All their life was em
man in Virgil's eclogues. Some commenta ployed in wars and manly exercises. They
tors have supposed, that the poet spoke of never had any commerce with the other sex:
Rome under this fictitious appellation. but, only for the sake of propagation, they
AMARYNceus, a king of the Epeans, bu visited the inhabitants of the neighbouring
ried at Bupra ium. Strab. 8.-Paus. 8, c. 1. country for a few days, and the male children
AMARYNThus, a village of Euboea whence which they brought forth were given to the
Diana is called Amarysia, and her festivals in fathers: according to Justin, they were
that town Amarynthia. Paus. 1, c. 31. strangled as soon as born, and Diodorus says
AMAs, a mountain of Laconia, [near Gy that they maimed them and distorted their
thium. Paus. 3. limbs. The females were carefully educated
AMAs ENUs, a small river of Latium fall with their mothers, in the labours of war;
ing into the Tyrrhene sea, [now, la Toppia.] their right breast was burnt off, that they
P'urg. Jºn. 7, v. 685. might hurl a javelin with more force, and
AMAsia or AM asEA, a city of Pontus, make a better use of the bow; from that cir
where Vlithridates the Great, and Strabo the cumstance, their name is derived (a non,
geographer, were born. [It was situate on **{or, mamma). They founded an extensive
the Iris. Its modern name is Amasieh.] Strab. empire in Asia Minor, along the shores of the
12.-Plan. 6, c. 3. Euxine, and near the Thermodon. They
AMAsis, a man who, from a common sol were defeated in a battle near the Thermo
dier, became king of Egypt. He died before don by the Greeks, [who after their victory.
the invasion of his country by Canbyses king endeavoured to carry them away in ships to
of Persia. He made a law, that every one of their own country; but the Amazons when at
his subjects should yearly give an account to sea, rose upon and overpowered the crews.
the public magistrates, of the manner in Being ignorant of navigation, they were dri
which he supported himself. He refused to ven by the winds and waves to the shores of
the Palus Maeotis. From their intercourse
continue in alliance with Polycrates the ty
rant of Samos, on account of his uncommon with the Scythians in this quarter, sprang the
prosperity. When Cambyses came into Sarmatae.] Themyscyra was the most capi
Egypt, he ordered the body of Amasis to be tal of their towns. Smyrna, Magnesia, Thya
dug up, and to be insulted and burnt; an ac tira, and Ephesus, according to some authors,
tion which was very offensive to the religious were built by them. Diodorus I. 3, mentions
notions of the Egyptians. Herodot. 1, 2, 3. a nation of Amazons in Africa, more ancient
AMAsthis, the wife of Dionysius, tyrant of than those of Asia. Some authors, among
[Heraclea in Pontus,) was sister to Darius, whom is Strabo, deny the existence of the Am
whom Alexander conquered. Strab. azons, and of a republic supported and go
Also, the wife of Xerxes, king of Persia. verned by women, who banished or extirpa
40
 AM AM

ted all their males; but others particularly
support it; and the latter says, that Pen
thesilca, one of their queens, came to the
Trojan war, on the side of Priam, and that
she was killed by Achilles, and from that
tine the glory and character of the Ama
zous gradually decayed, and was totally for.
gotten. The Amazons of Africa flourished
long before the Trojan war, and many of their
actions have been attributed to those of Asia. matia. Flacc. 6, v. 85.
It is said, that after they had almost subdued
all Asia, they invaded Attica, and were con ly Samarobriva,] now .Amiens. Its inhabit
quered by Theseus. Their most famous ac
tions were, their expedition against Priam,
and afterwards the assistance they gave him
during the Trojan war ; and their invasion
of Attica, to punish Theseus, who had carried
away Antiope, one of their queens. They
were also conquered by Bellerophon and
Hercules. Among their queens, Hippolyte,
Antiope, Lampeto, Marpesia, &c. are fa
Inous. Curtius says, that Thalestris, one of
their queens, came to Alexander whilst he
was pursuing his conquests in Asia, for the
sake of raising children from a man of such
military reputation; and that after she had
remained 13 days with him, she retired into
her country. The Amazons were such ex
pert archers, that, to denote the goodness of a
bow or quiver, it was usual to call it Ama.
zonian. [The history of the Amazons may
have had some slight foundation in truth; as,
for example, the women of some one tribe of
were called eacra ambarvalia, because the
victim was carried around the fields, (arva
ambwebat.) A crowd of country people fol
lowed, adorned with garlands of oak leaves,
and singing the praises of the goddess, to
whom they offered libations of honey diluted
with wine, and milk. Virg. Georg. 1, v.
345. Macrob. 3, c. 5.]
AMBEN's, a mountain of European Sar
AM biñN UM, a town of Belgium, [ancient
auts conspired against J. Caesar. Caes. 2,
bell. G. c. 4.
AM blatinus Vicus, a village of Ger
many, where the emperor Caligula was born,
[Between Confluentes and Baudobriga, sup
posed by some to be now Capelle on the
Rhine; according to others Konigstuhl. [Sue
ton. in Gal. 8.
AM bigAtus, a king of the Celtae, in the
time of Tarquinius Priscus. Seeing the great
population of his country, he sent his two ne
phews, Sigovesus and Bellovesus, with two
colonies, in quest of new settlements; the
former towards the Hercynian woods, and
the other towards Italy. Liv. 5, c. 34, &c.
AM biorix, a king of [one half of the Ebu
rones in Gaul, Cativolcus being king of the
other half. He was an inveterate foe to the
Romans, and after being defeated, narrowly
escaped the pursuit of Caesar's men. Cars.
B. G. 6, c. 43.] -

barbarians may have lost their husbands in AMBLADA, a town of Pisidia. Strab.
battle. and remained for a short time in a AMBRAcia, [the royal city of Pyrrhus and
state of widowhood, but a community of wo his race, in Epirus, on the river Arethon.
men never could have been of long continu This river has communicated the name of
ance. While the geographical knowledge of L'Arta to a city a little above the site of the
the Greeks was in its infancy, we find these ancient Ambracia. The ſounding of Nico
female warriors located by them in the heart polis caused the decline of Ambracia. vid.
of Asia Minor; they are afterwards removed Nicopolis. Mela, 2, c. 3.-Plin. 4, c. 1.-
to the shores of Pontus, and we finally lose Strab. 10.]
sight of them amid the wilds of Scythia. This AMB RAcius SINUs, a bay of the Ionian
frequent change of location is no weak argu sea, near Ambracia, about 300 stadia deep,
ment towards proving that the Amazonian narrow at the entrance, but within near 100
nationnever existed.} Virg...En. 5, v.311.- stadia in breadth, and now called the gulph
Jormand. de Reb. Get. c. 7.-Philostr. Icon, of [L’Arta..] Polyb.4, c. 63.-Mela, 2, c. 3.-
2, c. 5.-Justin. 2, c. 4.—Curt. 6, c.5.—Plin. Flor. 4, c. 11.-Strab. 10.
6, c. 7.1. 14, c. 8, 1.36, c. 5.-Herodot. 4, c. AMBRöNEs, [a people of Gaul. They in
110–Strab. 11.-Diod. 2–Dionys. Hal. 4. vaded the Roman territories along with the
—Paur. 7, c. 2.-Plut. in Thes-Apollod. 3, Cimbri and Teutones, and were defeated
c. 3 and 5-Hygin. fab. 14 and 163. with great slaughter by Marius. Plut. in
Amazoxia, a celebrated mistress of the .Marwo.]
emperor Commodus. The country of the AM brosia, festivals observed in honour of
Amazons, near the Caspian sea. Bacchus, [in almost all the countries of
Awazosſum, a place in Atica, where Greece.] They were the same as the Bru
Theseus obtained a victory over the Ama malia of the Romans. [The food on which
Łºz. the gods were supposed to ſeed. The word
An azoxics, a surname of Apollo at Lace signifies immortal, being compounded of a
diemon. non, and 3,0ter, mortºlis. Their drink was
Amaaaat, a people of Gallia Celtica, re nectar. The term Ambrosia, according to
lated to the Ædui, [supposed to have dwelt Wedelius, is sometimes used to denote honey,
on the Arar, a little north of its junction with sometimes wine, sometimes perfumes, and
the Rho-ianis.) Caes. bell. G. 1, c. 11. particularly ambergris; sometimes the me
[Awaaavalia, sacred rites in honour of thod and ingredients for embalming and pre
Ceras, previous to the commencement of serving dead bodies; and sometimes for a state
raping. The fratres Ambarvales, who were of Ambrosius,
immortality.]bishop of Milan, obliged
. -
the
twelve in number, offered up on this occasion emperor Theodosius to make penance for the
sacrifees for the fertility of the ground, which
F 41
 AM AM

murder of the people of Thessalonica, and commonly denominated Diar-Bekir, from the
distinguished himself by his writings, espe: name of its district. Ammian. 19.]
cially against the Arians. His 3 books de of Amilcar, a Carthaginian general of great
..ficiis are still extant, besides 8 hymns on the eloquence and cunning, surnamed Rhodanus.
creation. His style is not inelegant, but his When the Carthaginians were afraid of Alex
diction is sententious, his opinions eccentric, ander, Amilcar went to his camp, gained his
though his subject is diversified by copious confidence, and secretly transmitted an ac
ness of thought. He died A. D. 397. The count of all his schemes to Carthage. Tro
best edition of his works is that of the Bene gus. 21, c. 6. A Carthaginian, whom the
dictines, 2 vols. fol. Paris, 1686. Syracusians called to their assistance against
AM bayssus, a city of Phocis, [betwe. the tyrant Agathocles, who besieged their
two chains of mountains, west of Lebadea, city. [He was chosen umpire by the con
and north-west of Anticyra, which receives tending parties, and brought about a peace.
its name from a hero of the same name. Paus. Agathocles, afterwards, injuring the allies of
10, c. 35. Carthage in Sicily, and Amilcar not interpos
AMBUBAJAR, Syrian women of immoral ing, the latter was summoned to Carthage to
lives, who, in the dissolute period of Rome, at trial, but died in Sicily before he could obey
tended ſestivals and assemblies as minstrels. the summons.] Diod. 20.-Justin. 22, c. 2
The name is derived by some from Syrian and 3.−A Carthaginian, surnamed Barcas,
words, which signify a flute. Horat. 1, Sat. father to the celebrated Annibal. He was
2.—Suet. in Ner. 27. general in Sicily during the first Punic war;
AMBUL11, a surname of Castor and Pollux, and after a peace had been made with the
in Sparta. [They were so named, it is said, Romans, he quelled [an insurrection of the
from 2 a.Conn, delay, because it was thought Lybians and Gallic mercenaries,) who had
that they could delay the approach of death.] hesieged Carthage, and taken many towns of
AMELEs, a river of hell, whose waters no Africa, and rendered themselves so formida
vessel could contain. Plut. 10, de Rep. ble to the Carthaginians that the latter beg
AMENANUs, a river of Sicily, near mount ged and obtained assistance from Rome. Af
MEtna, now [Judicello..] Strab. 5. ter this, he passed into Spain, with his son
AMENIDEs, a secretary of Darius the last Annibal, who was but nine years of age, and
king of Persia. Alexander set him over the laid the foundation of the town of Barcelona.
Ariaspa, Euergetae. Curt. 7, c. 3. He was killed in a battle against the Vettones,
AMERIA, [now .1melia, a town of Umbria, B.C. 237. He had formed the plan of an in
south-west of Spoletum. Roscius was a native vasion of Italy, by crossing the Alps, which
of this place. The whole of its territory was his son afterwards carried into execution.
assigned by Augustus to his veteran soldiers.] His great enmity to the Romans was the
AMEstaštus, a town of Sicily, near the cause of the second Punic war. He used to
Halesus. The Romans besieged it for seven say of his three sons, that he kept three lions
months, and it yielded at last after a third to devour the Roman power. C. Nep. in Pit.
siege, and the inhabitants were sold as slaves. Liv. 21, c. 1–Polyb. 2–ſ-Appian. 8, c. 5.j
[It is called Myttistratus by Polybius, and A Carthaginian general, who assisted
Mystraton by Diodorus Siculus. It is now the Insubres against Rome, and was taken
Jſistretta, in the Val. de Demona.]—Polyb. by Cu. Cornelius. Lir. 32, c. 30, l. 33, c. 8.
3. c. 24. —A son of Hanno, defeated in Sicily by
AMEstris, queen of Persia, was wife to Gelon, the same day that Xerxes was defeat
Xerxes. [Having discovered an intrigue be ed at Salamis by Themistocles. . [Herodotus
tween her husband and Artaynta, and imput says, that he disappeared after the battle and
ing all the blame solely to the mother of was never again seen; and adds a report
the latter, she requested her from the of the Carthaginians, that he threw himself
king at a royal festival; and, when she had into the flames of a sacrifice consisting of the
her in her power, cut off her breasts, nose, entire bodies of numerous victims, when he
ears, lips, and tongue, and sent her home in perceived the day to be lost. Polyaenus, how.
this shocking condition. She also on another ever, relates that Gelon destroyed him by a
occasion sacrificed 14 Persian children of no stratagem, while in the act of offering a sacri
ble birth, “to propitiate,” says Herodotus, fice. Herodot. 7, c. 166, &c. Polyaen. 1. .
“ the deity who is said to dwell beneath the 27, 2.]
earth.” Herod. 9, c. 110, 111 & 112, 7, c. AMilos, or AMILUs, a river of Maurita
114.]—A daughter of Oxyartes, wife to Ly nia, where the elephants go to wash them
simachus. Diod. 20. selves [at the new moon.] Plin. 8, c. 1.-
AMidA, [n city of Mesopotamia, taken A town of Arcadia. Paus. in Arcadic.
and destroyed by Sapor king of Persia. It AMIMöNE, or AMYMönk, a daughter of .
was re-peopled by the inhabitants of Nisibis, Danaus, changed into a fountain which is near ..."
after Iovian's treaty with the Persians, and by Argos, and ſlows into the lake Lerna. Ovid.
a new colony which was sent to it. It was .Met. 2, v.240.
ealled also Constantia, ſrom the emperor Con AMINEA, or AMMINEA, a part of Campa- -

stantius. Its ancient walls, constructed with nia, where the inhabitants were great bus.
black stones, have caused it to be termed by bandmen. Its wine was highly esteemed. . ; :
the Turks, Kara-Amid, although it is more |[The more correct opinion appears to be, º
42
 AM AMI

that the Amminaean wine was so called be set, and boiling hot at midnight. Browne, an
cause made from a grape transplanted into English traveller, discovered in 1792 the site
Italy from Aminaeum, a place in Thessaly. of the temple of Ammon, in a fertile spot call
Macrobius, however, asserts that the Faler ed the Oasis of Siwah, situated in the midst
nian wine was more anciently called Aminae of deserts, five degrees nearly west of Cairo.
an.] Pºrg. G. 2, v. 97. In 1798, Horneman discovered the Fons So
AMINIAs, a famous pirate, whom Antigo lis. In 1816 Belzoni visited the spot, and
nus employed against Apollodorus, tyrant of found the fountain situated in the midst of a
Cassandria. Polyaen. 4, 6, c. 18. beautiful grove of palms. He visited the
[AMiséNus sixus, a gulf of the Euxine, fountain at noon, evening, midnight, and morn
east of the mouth of the Halys, on the coast ing. He had unfortunately no thermometer
of tº-
sus.
so called from the town of Ami with him, but judging from his feelings at
these several periods, it might be, 100" at
AMrsias, a comic poet, whom Aristopha midnight, 80° in the morning early, and at
mes ridiculed for his insipid verses. noon about 40°. The truth appears to be
[Artista, now the Ems, a river of Ger that no change takes place in the tempera
many, falling into the German ocean.] ture of the water, but in that of the surround
[AMisus, a city of Pontus, on the coast of ing atmosphere; for the well is deeply
the Euxine, north-west from the mouth of shaded, and about 60 feet deep. The ac
the Iris. It was founded by a colony of Mi count of Herodotus, who was never on the
lesians, was the largest city in Pontus next to spot, is evidently incorrect. He must have
Sinope, and was made by Pharnaces the me misunderstood his informer.]
tropolis of his kingdom. It is now called AMMöN11, a nation of Africa, who derived
Samsoun.] their origin from the Egyptians and Æthio
AMITERNUM, a town of the Sabines where pians. Their language was a mixture of that
Sallust was born. [Some remains of it are of the two people from whom they were des
discernible at the present day near St. Vitto cended. Herodot. 2, 3 and 4.
rino.] Plin. 3, c. 5.—Luc. 28, c. 45. AMMöNius, a christian philosopher, who
AMMIRNus. vid. Marcellinus. opened a school of platonic philosophy at A
AMMox, and HAMMow, a name of Jupiter, lexandria, 232 A. D. and had among his pu
worshipped in Libya. He appeared under the pils Origen and Plotinus. His treatise II*p,
form of a ram to Hercules, or, according to Ouolov, was published in 4to, by Valckenaer,
others, to Bacchus, who, with his army, suf L. Bat. 1739, A writer who gave an ac
fered the greatest extremities for want of count of sacrifices, as also a treatise on the
water, in the deserts of Africa, and showed harlots of Athens. Athen. 13.
him a fountain. Upon this Bacchus erected [AMMöchostus, a promontory of Cyprus,
a temple to his father, under the name of Ju whence by corruption comes the modern
piter Ammon, i, e. sandy, with the horns of name Famagosta, or more properly Angosle :
a ram. The ram, according to some, was now the principal place in the island.]
made a constellation. The temple of Jupiter AMNisus, a port of Crete, [south-east
Ammon was in the deserts of Libya, (12 days' from Cnossus, with a small river of the same
journey from Memphis...] It had a famous name, near which Lucina had a temple.
oracle, which, according to ancient tradition, The nymphs of the place were called Amai
was established about 18 centuries before the siades. Callum.
time of Augustus, by two doves, which flew AMoMEtus, a Greek historian. Plin. 6,
away fron. Thebais in Egypt, and came, one c. 17.
to Dodona, and the other to Libya, where the AMoR, the son of Venus, was the god of
people were soon informed of their divine love. rid. Cupido.
mission. The oracle of Hammon was con AMoR gos, one of the islands called Cycla
sulted by Hercules, Perseus, and others; but des. [Its modern name is .4mago. To this
when it pronounced Alexander to be the son island criminals were sometimes banished,
of Jupiter, such flattery destroyed the longes Strab. 10.
tablished reputation of this once famous ora AMPELus, a promontory of Samos.
tle, and we learn that in the age of Plu [Another of Macedonia, near the mouth of
tarch it was scarce known. [Though the tem the Axius-A town of Liguria.] A fa
ple was surrounded by a sandy desert, yet its vourite of Bacchus, son of a satyr and a
immediate vicinity abounded with trees bear nymph, made a constellation after death.
ing plenty of fruit, and was ornamented with Ovid. Fast. 3, v.407.
fountains.]—Herodot. in Melpom.—Curt.4, c. AMPELÜsia, a promontory of Africa, in
7–Plin.6, c. 29.-Strab. 1, il and 17.-Plut. Mauritania, [now Cape Spartel..] Mela, 1, c,
rurorae. edi desierint, & in Isid.—Curt. 6, 5 and 6.
c. 10.1. 10, c. 5.—Herodot. 1, c. 6, l.2, c. 32 AMPHIARäus, son of Oicleus, or, accord
and 55, l. 4. e. 44.—Paus. 3, c. 18, 1. 4. c. 23. ing to others, of Apollo, by Hypermnestra,
-Hygin. tab. 133. Poet. astr. 2, c. 20.— was at the chase of the Calydonian boar, and
Jutin. I. c. 9, 1. 11, c. 11. [Here was the accompanied the Argonautsintheir expedition
famous Fons Solis, which, according to Hero He was famous for his knowledge of futuri
dotus, was warn at dawn, cool as the day ad ty, and thence he is called by some son of A
*anced, excessively cold at noon, diminishing pollo.
AdrastusHe married
king Eriphyle,
of Argos, by whomthe sistertwo
he had ºf
in cºldness as the day declined, warm at sun
-
 AM AM

sons, Alcmaeon and Amphilochus. When A and people of Greece, who represented their
drastus, at the request of Polynices, declared respective nations in a general assembly.]
war against Thebes, Amphiaraus secreted This august assembly consisted of 12 persons
himself, not to accompany his brother-in-law originally, sent [by the Ionians, Dorians, Per
in an expedition in which he knew he was to baºbians, Boeotians, Magnesians, Achaeans,
perish. But Eriphyle, who knew where he Phthians, Melians, Dolopians, AEnianians,
had concealed himself, was prevailed upon Delphians, and Phocians.] Other cities in
to betray him by Adrastus, who gave her, as process of time sent also some of their citi.
a reward for her perfidy, a famous golden zens to the council of the Amphictyons, and
necklace set with diamonds. Amphiara's io the age of Antoninus Pius, they were in
being thus discovered, went to the war, but creased to the number of 30. They general
previously charged his son Alcmaeon to put ly met twice every year at Delphi, and some
to death his mother Eriphyle, as soon as he times sat at Thermopylae. [This council
was informed that he was killed. The The was principally instituted, to unite together
ban war was fatal to the Argives, and Am the various Grecian communities in a com
phiaraus was swallowed up in his chariot mon bond of amity, and make them
by the earth as he fled from Periclymenes. mutually vigilant for the tranquillity and
[The earth, it is said, was split asunder by a happiness of their common country. They
thunderbolt, and this was ascribed to the kind were also the protectors of the Delphic
interposition of Jupiter, who thus saved Am oracle, the guardians of its treasures,
phiaraus from the dishonour of being killed and adjudged all differences arising between
by his pursuer.] The news of his death was the Delphians and those who came to consult
brought to Alcmaeon, who immediately exe the oracle.] When the Phocians plundered
cuted his father's command, and murdered the temple of Delphi, the Amphictyons de
Eriphyle. Amphiaraus received divine hon clared war against them, and this war was
ours after death, and had a celebrated temple supported by all the states of Greece, and
and oracle at Oropos in Attica. His statue lasted 10 years. The Phocians with their al
was made of white marble, and near his tem lies, the Lacedaemonians, were deprived of
ple was a fountain, whose waters were ever the privilege of sitting in the council of the
held sacred. They only who had consulted Amphictyons, and the Macedonians were
his oracle, or had been delivered from a dis admitted in their place, for their services in
ease, were permitted to bathe in it, after support of the war. About 60 years after,
which they threw pieces of gold and silver when Brennus, with the Gauls, invaded
into the stream. Those who consulted the Greece, the Phocians behaved with such
oracle of Amphiaraus, first purified them courage, that they were reinstated in all their
selves, and abstained from food for 24 hours, former privileges. Before they proceeded to
and three days from wine, after which they business, the Amphictyons sacrificed an ox
sacrificed a ram to the prophet, and spread to the god of Delphi, and cut his flesh into
the skin upon the ground, upon which they small pieces, intimating that union and una
slept in expectation of receiving in a dream nimity prevailed in the several cities which
the answer of the oracle. Plutarch, de orat. they represented. Their decisions were held
defect. mentions, that the oracle of Amphia sacred and inviolable, and even arms were
raus was once consulted in the time of Xerxes, taken up to enforce them. Paus. in Phocit.
by one of the servants of Mardonius, for his & Achaic.—Strab. 8.—Suidas.-Hesych
master, who was then with an army in JEschin.
Greece; and that the servant, when asleep, AMphicleA, a town of Phocis, where Bac
saw, in a dream, [a minister of the god ap chus had a temple.
proach him, who commanded him to be gone, AMPHIDROMIA, a festival observed by pri
and upon his refusal threw a large stone at vate families at Athens, the fifth day after
his head, so that he believed himself killed the birth of every child. It was customary
by the blow.] This oracle was verified in to run round the fire with the child in their
the death of Mardonius, who was actually arms : whence the name of the festival.
killed by the blow of a stone he received on AMphic ENIA, a town [situate in the
the head. Cic. de Div. 1, c. 40.—Philost. in southern part of Elis, comprehended by the
tit. Apollon. 2, c. 11–Homer. Od. 15, v.243, * in Messenia.] Stat. 4. Theb. v.
&c.—Hygin. fab. 70, 73,128 and 150.—Diod. 178.
4.—Ovid. 9, fab. 10.—Paus. 1, c. 34, l. 2, c. AMPHILöchus, a son of Amphiaraus and
37, 1.9, c. 8 and 19.—JEschyl. Sept. ante Theb Eriphyle. After the Trojan war, he left Ar
—Apollod. 1, c. 8 and 9, 1.3, c. 6, &c.—Strab.8 gos, his native country, [retired to Acarnania,
AMphicañTEs, an historian, who wrote and built here Argos Amphilochium. [Strab.
the lives of illustrious men. Diog. 7.—Paus. 2, c. 18. An Athenian philoso
AMphictyon, son of Deucalion and Pyr pher who wrote upon argiculture. Parro.
rha, reigned at Athens after Cranaus, and de R. R. 1.
first attempted to give the interpretation of AMPHYLútus, a soothsayer of Acarnania.
dreams, and to draw omens. Some say, that who, [addressing Pisistratus in a fit of appa
a deluge happened in his age, [which destroy rently divine inspiration, encouraged him] to
ed the greater part of the inhabitants of seize the sovereign power of Athens. Herodot.
Greece.] Justin. 2, c. 6. 1, c. 62.
AM rareryones, [the deputies of the cities AMPH1xoMUs and ANAPItts, two brothers,
44
 AM AM

who, when Catana and the neighbouring ci country, and built a city, which they called
ties were in flames, by an eruption from Amphipolis, i.e. a town surrounded on all
mount £tna, saved their parents upon their sides, because the Strymon flowed all around
shoulders. The fire, as it is said, spared it. [D'Anville says, that it signifies a town
them while it consumed others by their side; belonging to two countries, viz. Macedonia
and Pluto, to reward their uncommon piety. and Thrace. It was also called Ennea Ho
placed them after death in the island of doi, or the nine ways; because Phyllis, who
Leuce, and they received divine honours in had been deserted by Demophoon, made nine
Sicily. Pal. Mar. 5, c. 4.—Strab. 6.-Ital. tournies here to watch for his return. It had
14, v. 197.-Seneca. de Benef. also other names, such as Myrica, Eion, the
Amphiox, was a son of Jupiter, by An town of Mars, &c. It is now called Iambo
tiope daughter of Nycteus, who had married ii.] It was the cause of many wars between
Lycus, and had been repudiated by him when the Athenians and Spartans. Thucyd. 4, c.
he married Dirce. Amphion was born at 102, &c.—Herodot. 5, c. 1-6, l. 7, c. 114.—
the same birth as Zethus, on mount Citheron Diod. 11, 12, &c.—C. Nep. in Cim.
where Antiope had fled to avoid the resent. A MPH upy Ros, a surname of Diana, be
ment of Dirce; and the two children were ause she carries a torch in both her hands.
exposed in the woods, but preserved by a Sophocles in Trach.
shepherd. rºd. Antiope. When Amphion AMPhis, a Greek comic poet of Athens,
grew up, he cultivated poetry, and made an son of Amphicrates, contemporary with Pla
uncommon progress in music. [Mercury was to. Besides his comedies, he wrote other
his instructor in this art, and gave him the pieces, which are now lost. Suidas.-Diog.
lyre, by the sound of which he is said to have AMPH is BAENA, a two-headed serpent in
made the stones move, and to have thus built the deserts of Libya, whose bite was veno
with them the walls ef Thehes. He was the
mous and deadly. Lucan. 9, v 719.
first who raised an altar to this god..] Zethus
AMphiss A, or Issa, a daughter of Ma
and Amphion united to avenge the wrongs careus, beloved by Apollo. She gave her
which their mother had suffered from the name to [the chief city of the Locri Ozolae,
cruelties of Dirce. They besieged and too now Salona, whence also the Sinus Crissaeus
Thebes, put Lycus to death, and tied his wife is now called the gulf of Salona.] Lir. 37, c.
to the tail of a wild bull, who dragged her 5.—Ovid. Met 15, v. 703.-Lucan. 3, v. 172.
through precipices till she expired. The Amphistin Es, a man so naturally desti
fable of Amphion's moving stones and raising tute of intellects, that he seldom remember
the walls of Thebes at the sound of his lyre, ed that he ever had a father. He wished to
has been explained by supposing that he per learn arithmetic, butnever could comprehend
suaded, by his eloquence, a wild and uncivi. beyond the number 5. Aristot. probl. 4.
lized people to unite together and build a town Amphith Eätrum, [an edifice of an ellip
to protect themselves against the attacks of tical form, used for exhibiting combats of
their enemies. Homer. Od. 11.-Apollod, gladiators, wild beasts, and other spectacles.
3, c. 5 and 10.-Paus. 6, c. 6, 1.6, c. 20, 1. The word is derived from a woº and Bºatzov,
9, c. 5 and 17. –Propert. 3, el. 15.—Ovid. de from the spectators being so ranged as to see
.irt. .1m. 3, v. 32.3.−Horat. 3, od. 11 Art. equally well from every side. The first du
Poet. v. 394.—Stat. Theb. 1, v. 10. [Ac rable amphitheatre of stone, was built by
cording to another and probably more cor Statilius Taurus, at the desire of Augustus.
rect account, Amphion having seized the The largest one was begun by Vespasian and
crown of Thebes from Laius the father of completed by Titus, now called Colisaeum,
GEdipus, called the city Thebes in honour from the Colossus or large statue of Nero
of his aunt by the mother’s side. Homer says which Vespasian transported to the square
that in order to strengthen his usurped pow in front of it. It is said to have contained
er, he fortified Thebes with a wall. Homer 87,000 spectators, to have been 5 years in
however says nothing of his skill in music, building, and to have cost a sum equal to 10
or of his building the walls by means of his millions of crowns. 12,000 Jews were em
lyre. Pausanias and Pliny make him to have ployed upon it, who were made slaves at the
acquired his musical reputation from his al conquest of Jerusalem. Its magnificent ruins
liance with the family of Tantalus, whose still remain.—There are amphitheatres still
daughter Niobe, he married, and they both standing, in various degrees of perfection, at
*ay that he learned music in Lydia, and several other places besides Rome. At Pola
bringing it thence into Greece was called the in Istria, at Nºismes, at Arles, Bourdeaur,
inventor of the Lydian mode.] A famous and particularly at Verona.-The place
painter and statuary, son of Ancestor of Gnos where the gladiators fought was called Are
mus. Plin. 36, c. 10. na, because it was covered with sand or saw
AmiraipóLEs, magistrates appointed at dust to prevent the gladiators from sliding,
Syracuse, by Timoleon, after the expulsion of and to absorb the blood.]
Dionysius the younger. The office existed AMPHITRITE, daughter of Oceanus and
for above 300 years. Diod. 16. Tethys, married Neptune, though she had
Arphipolis, a town on the Strymon, be made a vow of perpetual celibacy. . She had
tween Macedonia and Thrace. An Athenian by him Triton, one of the sea deities. She
enlany under Agnon, son of Nicias, drove the had a statue at Corinth in the temple of Nep
*trientinhabitants, called Edomians, from the tune. She is often taken for the sea itself.
45
 AM AM

Parro de L. L. 4.—Hesiod. Theog. 930.- in combat with Pollux. His tomb was cov
.Apollod. 3.—Cladian. de Rapt. Pros. 1, v. ered, according to some, with a laurel, and
104.—Ovid. Met. I, v. 14-One of the hence they maintain that the harbour was al
Nereides. so called Daphnes Portus. Arrian, however,
Amphitryon, a Theban prince, son of speaks of a harbour of the insane Daphne,
Alcaeus and Hipponome. vid. Alcmena. near this, which no doubt has given rise to
AM PhotéRus, was appointed commander the mistake.]
of a fleet in the Hellespont by Alexande . AMYCLA, a daughter of Niobe, who, with
Curt. 8, c. 1. her sister Meliboea, was spared by Diana,
AMPHRYsus, a river of Thessaly, near when her mother boasted herself greater than
which Apollo, when banished from heaven, Diana. Paus. 2, c. 22. Homer says that
fed the flocks of king Admetus. From this all the daughters perished. Il. 24. vid. Ni
circumstance the god has been called .4m obe. The nurse of Alcibiades.
phryssius, and his priestess Amphryssia. AMYcLAE, [a town of Haly, said to have
Ovid. Met. 1, v. 580.-Lucan. 6. v. 367.- been peopled from Amyclac in Laconia. Its
Wirg. G. 3, v. 2...En. 6, v. 398.-A river situation has not been clearly ascertained,
of Phrygia whose waters rendered women though it is supposed to have been between
liable to barrenness. Plin. 32, c. 2. Terracina and Caieta.] The inhabitants were
AMPIA LABIENA LEx was enacted by T. strict followers of the precepts of Pythagoras,
Ampius and A. Labienus, tribunes of the and therefore abstained from flesh. [They
people, A. U. C. 663. It gave Pompey the were compelled to abandon their dwellings,
Great the privilege of appearing in triumphal from the number of serpents which infested
robes and with a golden crown at the Cir them, which they thought impious to de
censian games, and with the praetexta and a stroy, though in their own defence.} Plin.8,
golden crown [in the theatre, which mark of c. 29 Once a false report prevailed in Amy.
distinction he used only once. Well. Palerc.2, claº, that the enemies were coming to storm
c. 40.] it; upon which the inhabitants made a law,
AMsANctus, a lake in the country of the [which prohibited any person from reporting
Hirpini, at the east of Capua, whose waters the approach of an enemy,) and when the
are so sulphureous that they infect and de enemy really arrived, no one mentioneditor
stroy whatever animals come near the place. took up arms in his own defence, and the town
It was through this place that Virgil made was easily taken. From this circumstance
the fury Alecto descend into hell, after her the epithet of tacita has been given to Amy.
visit to the upper regions. [It is now called siae. [According to others it was so called
Muſita.] Virg. .ºn. 7, v. 565.-Cie. de Div. from the prevalence of the Pythagorean sys
1, c. 36. tem there, which recommended silence.) Wing.
AMULius, king of Alba, was son of Procas. ./En. 10, v. 564.—Sil. 8, v. 329. [A city of
and youngest brother to Numitor. The Laconia, south-west of Sparta, and near it.}
crown belonged to Numitor by right of birth; built by Amyclas. Castor and Pollux were
but Amulius dispossessed him of it, and even born there. The country was famous for
put to death his son Lausus, and consecrated dogs. Apollo, called Amyclacus, had a rich
his daughter Rhea Sylvia to the service of and magnificent temple there, surrounded
Vesta, to prevent her ever becoming a mo. with delightful groves. Paus. 3. c. 18–
ther. Yet, in spite of all these precautions, Stat. Theb. 4, v. 223.-Strab. 8.- Virg. G.3,
Rhea became pregnant by the god Mars, and v. 345.-Orid. de Art. Am. 2, v. 5.
brought forth twins, Romulus and Remu . AMY clas, son of Lacedaemon and Sparta,
Amulius, who was informed of this, ordere, built the city of Amyclac. His sister Eury.
the mother to be buried alive for violating the dice married Acrisius king of Argos, by whom
laws of Vesta, which enjoined perpetual chas. she had Danáe. Paus. 3, c.1, l. 7, c. 18.-
tity, and the two children to be thrown into The master of a ship in which Caesar em
the river. They were providentially saved barked in disguise. When Amyclas wished
by some shepherds, or, as others say, by a to put back to avoid a violent storm, Cæsar
she-wolf; and when they had attained the unveiling his head, discovered himself, and
years of manhood, they put to death the usur dding the pilot pursue his voyage, exclaim
per Amulius, and restored the crown to the d Caesarem rehis, Casarisque fortunam.
grandfather. Orid Fast. 3, v. 67.-Liv. 1. Lucan. 5, v. 520.
c 3 and 4.—Plut. in Romul.—Flor 1, c. 1. – AMY cus, son of Neptune, by Melia, or Bi
Dionys. Hul.—A celebrated painter. Plin thynis according to others, was king of the
85, c. 10. Bebryces. He was famous for his skill in the
[AMrsigAs, a river of Africa, forming the management of the cestus. and he challenged
boundary between Mauretania Caesariensis all strangers to a trial of strength. When
and Numidia, and falling into the sea, to the the Argonauts in their expedition stopped on
east of Igilgilis or Jigel. On a branch of it stood
his coasts, he treated them with great kind.
Cirta the capital of Numidia. The modern ness, and Pollux accepted his challenge, and
name is Wad-il-Kibir, i.e., the Great River.] killed him when he attempted to overcome
Amyc1 Pontus, [a harbour on the Thra him by fraud. Apollon. 2...Argon.—Theocrit.
clan Bosphorus, north of Nicopolis and south Id. 22.—Apollon. 1, c. 9.
of the temple of Jupiter Urius. Here Amy AMynon, a city of Paeonia in Macedonia,
cus, an ancient king of the Bebryces was slain [upon the Axius,) which sent auxiliaries to
46
 AMI AN

Priam during the Trojan war. Homer. il.

quitted. Curt. 4, c. 15, I. 6, c. 9, 1.8, c. 12.
ex
A Greek writer who composed several
AMYMöwe, daughter of Danaus and Furo works quoted by Athenaeus 10 and 12.
pa, married Enceladus, son of AEgyptus, AMyntiANUs, an historian in the age of
whom she murdered the first night of Antoninus, who wrote a treatise in commenda
her nuptials. She wounded a stayr with an tion of Philip, Olympias, and Alexander.
arrow which she had aimed at a stag. The AMYRicus CAMPUs, a plain of Thessaly.
satyr pursued her. and even attempted to oſ Polyb. 3.
fºr her violence, but Neptune delivered her. AMystis, a river of India falling into the
It was said, that she was the only one of the Ganges. [Mannert makes this river to be
50 sisters who was not condemned to fill a the same with the Patterea, near the modern
leaky tub with water in hell, because she hººd city of Hurdwar. Mannert. Anc. Geogr.
been continually employed, by order of her vol. 5. p. 93.] Arruan. in Indic.
father, in supplying the city of Argos with AMYTHAoN, a son of Cretheus king of Iol
water in a great drought. Neptune saw hºr chos, by Tyro. He married Idomene, by
in this employment, and was enamoured of whom he had Bias and Melampus. After
her. He carried her away, and in the place his father's death, he established himself in
Elis, with his brother Neleus, and re-esta
where she stood, he raised a fountain, by
striking a rock. The fountain has been call
blished or regulated the Olympic games.—
ed Amymone. She had Nauplius by Nep Melampus is called .4mythaonius, from his
father Amythaon. Virg. G. 3, v. 550.—Diod.
tune. Propert. 2, el. 26, v.46. —Apollod. 2.
—Strab. 8-Paus. 2, c. 37.-Orid. Amor 1, 4.—Apollod. 1.-Homer. Od. 11.
v.515–Hugin. fab. 169—A ſountain and AMytis, a daughter of Astyages, whom
rivulet of Peloponnesus, flowing through Ar Cyrus imarried. Ctesias. A daughter of
golis into the lake of Lerna. Ovid. Met. 2, Xerxes, who married Megabyzus, and dis
v. 240. graced herself by her debaucheries.
AMYNTAs 1st, was king of Macedonia af ANicEs or ANActes, a name given to
ter his father Alcetas. His son Alexander Castor and Pollux among the Athenians.
murdered the ambassadors of Megabyzus, Their festivals were called Anaceia. Plut.
for their wanton and insolent behaviour to the in Thes. Cic. N. D. 3, c. 21.
ladies of his father's court. Bubares. a Per ANACHARsis, [a Scythian philosopher,
sian general, was sent with an army to re was the son of a Scythian chief by a native
venge the death of the ambassadors; but in of Greece, and flourished about 600 years B.
stead of making war, he married the king's C. He was entrusted with an embassy to
daughter, and defended his possessions. Jus Athens, in the first year of the 47th Olympiad,
tin. 7, c. 3.-Herodot. 5, 7 and 8. The 592 B. C. He soºn became intimate with
second of that name was son of Menelaus, Solon and the principal citizens at Athens,
and king of Macedonia, after his murder of and was the first stranger upon whom the
Pausanias. He was expelled by the Illyrians Athenians conferred the right of citizenship.
and restored by the Thessalians. H. made After the death of Solon he left Athens, and
war against the Illyrians and Olynthians, travelled into other countries. On his return
[with the assistance of the Lacedaemonians,] to Scythia, he was slain with an arrow level
and lived to a great age. His wife Eury. led at him by the king's own hand, while
dice conspired against his life ; but her performing sacred rites to Cybele, in fulfil
snares were seasonably discovered by one of ment of a vow. It was his intention to have
his daughters by a former wife. He had introduced among his countrymen the civili
Alexander, Perdiccas, and Philip, Alexan zation and worship of Greece, but his death
der the Great's father by his first wife; and unhappily frustrated this design. He was
by the other he had Archelaus Aridaeus, and distinguished for his wisdom, his temperance,
Menelaus. He reigned 24 years; and soon at his ingenious sayings, and for the manly ener
ter his death, his son Philip murdered ill his gy of his language. Two epistles bearing
brothers, and ascended the throne. Jus his name have come down to us, but they are
lin. 7, c. 4 and 6.—Diod. 14, &c. C. Nep. & generally considered as spurious He is said
Piuſ, in Pelopid. There is another king to have added the second fluke to the anchor,
ºf Macedonia of the same name, but of his and to have invented the potter’s wheel.]
life few particulars are recorded in history. The name of Anacharsis is become very ſa
-A man who succeeded Dejotarus, in the miliar to modern ears, by that elegant, valu
kingdom of Gallogracia. After his death it able, and truly classical work of Barthelemi,
became a Roman province under Augustus. called the travels of Anacharsis. Herodot.
Strab. 12. —One of Alexander's officers. 4, c. 46,47 and 48.—Plut. in Conviv.–Cic.
-Another officer who deserted to Darius, Tusc. 5, c. 32.—Strab. 7.
*nd was killed as he attempted to seize ANAcium, a mountain in Attica, with a
Egypt. Curt. 3, c.9.—A son of Antiochus, temple sacred to the Anaces. Polyaen. 1, c. 21.
who withdrew himself from Macedonia be ANAcrºon, a famous lyric poet of Teos,
ause he hated Alexander.——An officer in in Ionia, highly favoured by Polycrates, and
Alexander's cavalry. He had two hrothers, Hipparchus son of Pisistratus. He was of a
alled Simias and Polemon. He was accus lascivious and intemperate disposition, much
* ºf conspiracy against the king, on account given to drinking. His odes are still extant,
ºf his great intimacy with Philotas, and ac and the uncommon sweetness and elegance
47
 AN AN .

of his poetry have been the admiration of Igle between the nothern and southern tº
every age and country. He lived to his 85th branches of the Euphrates, on which occa
year, and after every excess of pleasure and sion her statue of massy gold was carried off
debauchery, choked himself with a grape and broken to pieces.] Strab. 11.-Diana --
stone and expired. Plato says that he was was also worshipped under this name by the
descended from an illustrious family, and that Lydians. Plin. 33, c. 4.
Codrus, the last king of Athens, was one of ANāph E. [one of the Sporades, north-east
his progenitors. His statue was placed in the of Thera. It was said to have been made to
citadel of Athens, representing him as an rise by thunder from the bottom of the sea,
old drunken man, singing, with every mark in order to receive the Argonauts during a
of dissipation and intemperance. Anac.eon storm, on their return from Colchis. The
flourished 532 B.C. (Very few of the compo meaning of the fable evidently is, that the is:
sitions which usually go under his name are to laud was of volcanic origin. A temple was
be ascribed to Anacreon. The fragments col erected here to Apollo AEgletes or dazzling,
lected by Ursinus, with a few others, seem to in commemoration of the event.—The island
be his most genuine productions. The best is now called Nanphio.]
editions of Anacreon are, that of Maittaire, ANAPHLY stus, a small village of Attica
4to. London 1725, of which only one hundred near the sea, called after an ancient hero of
copies were printed, and the very correct the same name, who was son of Troezen. [Now
one of Barnes, 12mo. Cantab. 1721, to which Elimos.]
may be added that of Brunck, 12mo, Argen ANApus, a river of Fpirus. Thucyd. 2, c.
tor, 1786, [and that of Fischer, Lips. 1790. 82. Of Sicily, near Syracuse, Id. 6, c.96.
8vo. This last deserves in fact to be ranked ANAs, a river of Spain, [now, the Gun.
before all the others.] Paus. 1, c. 2, 25 — diana, from the Arabic, Wadi-Ana, i. e. the
Strab. 14.—AElian. P. H. 9, c. 4.—Horat. river Ana.]
epod. 14, v. 20.—Plin. 7, c. 7.—Herodot. 3, c. ANAURUs, a river of Thessaly, near the
121. foot of mount Pelion, where Jason lost one of
ANActoria and ANActorium, a town of his sandals. Callim. in Dian. A river of
Troas near Ida. Colwth.
Epirus, [north of Leucadia, at the entrance
of the Sinus Ambracius. It is now called ANAx, a son of Coelus and Terra, father
Ponizza.] It was founded by a Corinthian to Asterius, from whom Miletus has been call
colony, and was the cause of many quarrels ed Anactoria. Paus. 1, c. 36, 1.7, c. 2.
between the Corcyreans and Coriuthians.- ANAxAGóRAs, succeeded his father Me
Augustus carried the inhabitants to the city gapenthes on the throne of Argos.-A Cla.
of Nicopolis, after the battle of Actium. zomenian philosopher, son of Hegesibulus,
Strab. 10.-Thºcyd. 1, c. 55. –Plin. 4, c. 1, 1. disciple to Anaximenes, and preceptor to
5, c. 29.-An ancient name of Miletus. [Euripides and Pericles, to whom some add
ANADYoMENE, a valuable painting of Ve Socrates and Themistocles, but the latter
mus, represented as rising from the sea, by was born several years before the philoso
Apelles. Augustus bought it, and placed it pher.] He disregarded wealth and honours,
in the temple of J. Caesar. The lower part to indulge his fondness for meditation and
of it was a little defaced and there were philosophy. He applied himself to astrono
found no painters in Rome able to repair it. my, was acquainted with eclipses, and pre
Plin. 35, c. 10. dicted that one day a stone would fall from
ANAGNIA, now.Anagni, the capital of the the sun, which it is said really fell into the
Hernici in Latium. [It is 36 miles east of river AEgos. Anaxagoras travelled into E:
Rome.] Virg...En. 7, v.634.—Strab.5.—Ital, gypt for improvement, and used to say that
8, v. 392. he preferred a grain of wisdom to heaps of
ANAGogiA, a festival celebrated by the gold. Pericles was in the number of his pu:
people of Eryx in Sicily. in honour of Venus. pils, and often consulted him in matters of
.#Clian. V. H. 1, c. 15. H. .4.4, c. 2. state; and once dissuaded him for starving
ANAitis, a goddess of Armenia. The himself to death. [Several doctrines are ar
virgins who were consecrated to her service, cribed to Anaxagoras which might seem to
esteemed themselves more dignified by pub indicate no inconsiderable knowledge of na
lic prostitution. The festivals of the deity ture : such as, that the wind is produced by
were called Sacarum Festa: and when they the rarefaction of the air ; that the rainbow
were celebrated, both sexes assisted at the is the effect of the reflection of the solar rays
ceremony, and inebriated themselves to such from a thick cloud, placed oposite to it like
a degree that the whole was concluded by a a mirror; that the moon is an opaque body,
scene of the greatest lasciviousness and in enlightened by the sun, and inhabited, &c.
temperan, e. They were first instituted by With these, however, strange and absurb nº
Cyrus, when he marched against the Sacae, tions are found intermingled, for which evi"
and covered tables with the most exquisite dently we are indebted, not to the philoso:
dainties, that he might detain the enemy by pher, but to the writers who profess to state
the novelty and sweetness of food to which his opinions. There must have been either
they were unaccustomed, and thus easily de gross misconception or wilful misrepresenta"
stroy them. [The Romans under Antony tion on their part. They make him maintain
plundered the temple of this goddess in Aci that the sun was a flat circular mass of hot
lisene, a district of Armenia Major, in the an iron, scmewhat larger than the Peloponnesus:
48
 AN AN

and that the stars were formed from stones in a stone morter with iron hammers. He
whirled from the earth by violent circumvo bore this with much resignation, and exclaim
lution of its surrounding ether.] He wasac ed, “Pound the body of Anaxarchus, for thou
cused oſimpiety, and condemned to die; but dost not pound his soul.” Upon this, Nico
he ridiculed the sentence, and said it had longcreon threatened to cut out histongue, and A
been pronounced upon him by nature. Be naxarchus bit it off with his teeth, and spit it
ing asked whether his body should be carried out into the tyrant's face. Ovid. in Ib. v.
into his own country, he answered, no, as the 571.-Plut. in Symp. 7.—Diog. in Pita.-
rºad that led to the other side of the grave Cic. in Tusc. 2, c. 22.
was as long from one place as the other. His ANAxARETE, a girl of Salamis, who so ar
scholar Pericles pleaded eloquently and suc |rogantly despised the addresses of Iphis, a
cessfully for him, and the sentence of death youth of ignoble birth that the lover hung
was exchanged for banishment. In prison, |. at her door. She saw this sad spec
the philosopher is said to have attempted to |tacle without emotion or pity, and was chang
*quare the circle, or determine exactly the led into a stone. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 743.
proportion of its diameter to the circumfer ANAxisNob, a musician, whom M. Antony
ence. When the people of Lampsacus asked greatly honoured, and presented with the tri
him before his death, whether he wished any bute of four cities. Strab. 14.
thing to be done in commemoration of him: ANAxibia, a sister of Agamemnon, mo
Yes, says he, let the boys be allowed to play ther of seven sons and two daughters by Nes
on the anniversary of my death. This was |tor. Paus, 2, c. 29.-A daughter of Bias,
carefully observed, and that time dedicated brother to the physician Melampus. She
to relaxation, was called Anaxagoreitt. He married Pelias, king of lolchos, by whom she
died at Lampsacus in his seventy-second had Acastus, and four daughters, Pisidice,
year,428 B. C. His writings were not much Pelopea, Hippothoe, and Alceste. Apollud.
esteemed by his pupil Socrates. Diog. in l, c. 9.
Kita-Plut. in Nicia & Pericl.—Cic...Acad. ANAxidimus, succeeded his ſather Zeuxi
Q. 4, c. 23.−Tuse. 1, c. 43. [Enfield's damus ot, the throne of Sparta. Paus. 3, c.
Hist. Phil Pol. 1, p. 161.]—A statuary of 17, 1.4, c. 15.
£gina. Paus. 5, c. 23.—An orator, dis ANAxillas, and ANAxillºus, a Messenian,
tiple to Socrates. Diog.—A son of Echea tyrant of Rhegium. He took Zancle, and’
max, who, with his brothers Codrus and was so mild and popular during his reign,
Diodorus, destroyed Hegesias, tyrant of E that when he died, 476 B.C. he left his in
phesus. |fant sons to the care of one of his servants,
ANAxANDER, of the family of the He and the citizens chose rather to obey a slave
raclidae, was son of Eurycrates, and king of than revolt from their benevolent sovereign's
Sparta. The second Messenian war began children. Justin. 3, c. 2.-Paus. 4, c. 23, 1.
in his reign, in which Aristomenes so egregi 5, c. 26.-Thucyd.6, c. 5.—Herodot. 6, c. 23,
ºusly signalized himself—Plut. in Apoph l. 7, c. 167.-Hal. A comic writer, a
Paus. 3, c. 3, 1.4 c. 15 and 16. bout the 100 olympiad.
Awaxampaipes, son of Leon, and father ANAxilipps, wrote some treatises con
to Cleomenes 1st, and Leonidas, was king of cerning philosophers, and mentioned that
Sparta. By the order of the Ephori, he di Plato's mother became pregnant by a phan
Yorked his wife, of whom he was extremely tom of the god Apollo, from which circum
*d, on account of her barrenness; and he stance her son was called the prince of wis
was the first Lacedaemonian who had two dom. Diog, in Plut.
Wives. Herodot. 1,5 and 7.-Plut. in Apoph. ANAxiMANDER, a Milesian philosopher,
1-Paul.3 c. 3,&c.—A son of Theopom the companion and disciple of Thales. [Ma
Pº. Herodot. 8, c. 131.-A comic poet thematics and astronomy were greatly indebt
ºf Rhodes in the age of Philip and Alexander. ed to him. He framed a connected series of
He was the first poet who introduced love geometrical truths, and wrote a summary of
*ventures upon the stage. He was of such his doctrine. He was the ſirst who upder
**ionatedisposition that he tore to pieces took to delineate the surface of the earth,
*" his compositions which met with no suc and mark the divisions of land and water
* He composed 65 plays, of which ten upon an artificial globe. The invention of the
ºbtained the prize. Some fragments of his sun-dial is also ascribed to him. This, how
Pºetry remain in Athenaeus. He was starv ever, is probably incorrect. He believed that.
* leath by order of the Athenians, for the stars are globular collections of air and
*izingtheirgovernment. Aristot. 3, Rhet. fire, borne about in their respective spheres,
AsaxAachts, a philosopher of Abdera, and animated by portions of the Divinity;
* ºf the followers of Democritus, and the that the earth is a globe in the midst of the
* ºf Alexander, when the monarch universe and stationary; that the sun is 28
**nwounded in a battle, the philosopher times larger than the earth. He died at the
º tº the place, adding, that is human age of 64, B. C. 547.] _Cic. Acad. Quast. 4,
*Andnot the blood of god. The free c. 37.— 2iog. in Vit.—Plin-2, c.79. [Enfield
*of Anaxarchus offended N icocreon, ty Hist. Phil. Vol. 1, p. 155.] He had a son
'**'Cyprus, at Alexander's table, and the who bore his name. Strab. 1. ----

ſtºl, in revenge, seized the philosopher aſ ANAximéNEs, a philosopher, son of Prº

fr the death of Alexander, and punded him sistratus,and disciple of Anaximander, whºm
G 40
 AN AN

he succeeded in his school. He said that the Samus, Alithersus, and one daughter called
air was the cause of every created being, and Parthenope. (Orpheus Argon.)—He was once
a self-existent divinity, [that all minds are told by one of his servants, whom he pressed
air; that fire, water and earth proceed from with hard labour in his vineyard, that he ne
it by rarefaction or condensation ; that the ver would taste of the produce of his vines.
sun and moon are fiery bodies, whose form is He had already the cup in his hand, and call.
that of a circular plate.] He considered the ed the prophet to convince him of his false
earth as a plain, and the heavens as a solid hood; when the servant, yet firm in his pre
concave sphere, on which the stars were fix diction, uttered this well known proverb,
ed like mails, an opinion prevalent at that
time, and from which originated the proverb, Iloxazºtta;v ruxuxvaixò kal XuxtGraziº,
rt tº ovpavg) area ou; what if the heavens should .Multa cadunt inter calucem supremaque labra.
fall 2 to which Horace has alluded,3 Od. 3, v. And that very moment Ancaeus was told
7. He died 504 years B. C. Cic. Acad. Quast. that a wild boar had entered his vineyard;
4, c. 37, de Nat. D. 1, c. 10. Plut. Ph. [En upon which, he threw down the cup and ran
field Hist. Phil. Vol. 1, p. 156.] Plin. 2, c. to drive away the wild beast. He was killed
76. A native of Lampsacus, son of Aris in the attempt.
tocles. He was pupil to Diogenes the Cynic, AncAlitrs, a people of Britain, [near the
and Zoilus, who railed against Homer, and Atrebatii, and probably a clan of that nation.
preceptor to Alexander the Great, in rhe Baxter supposes them to have been the
toric, of whose life, and that of Philip, he herdsmen and shepherds of the Atrebatii, and
wrote his history. When Alexander, in a to have possessed those parts of Oxfordshire
fit of anger, threatened to put to death all the and Buckinghamshire most proper for pas
inhabitants of Lampsacus, because they had turage.] Caes. Bell. G. 5, c. 21.
maintained a long siege against him, Anaxi Anch EMöLus, a son of Rhoetus, king of the
menes was sent by his countrymen to ap Marrubii in Italy, ravished his mother-in-law
pease the king, who, as soon as he saw him, Casperia, for which he was expelled by his
swore he would not grant the favour he was father. He fled to Turnus, and was killed by
going to ask. Upon this, Anaximenes beg Pallas, son of Evander, in the wars of Eneas
ged the king to destroy the city and inslave against the Latins. Virg...En. 10, v. 389.
the inbabitants, and by his artful request the Anchisites, a wind which blows from
city of Lampsacus was saved from destruc. Anchisa, a harbour of Epirus. Cic. ad Atlit.
tion. Besides the life of Philip and his son, 7, ep. 1. Dionys. Hal.
he wrote an history of Greece in 12 books, ANCHESMUs, a mountain of Attica, where
all now lost. His nephew bore the same Jupiter.Anchesmius had a statue. Now Agios
name, and wrote an account of ancient paint Georgios or Mount St. George.]
ings. Paus. 6, c. 18.—Wal. Mar. 7, c. 3. Anchià LE, a city on the sea-coast of Cili.
—Diog. in Pit. cia. Sardanapalus, the last king of Assyria,
ANAxipólis, a comic poet of Thasos. Plin. built it. [The founder was buried here, and
14, c. 14. had a statue upon his tomb, of a man in the
ANAxippus, a comic writer, in the age of act of clapping his hands, with an Assyrian
Demetrius. He used to say, that philosophers inscription to this effect, “Sardanapalus, the
were wise only in their speeches, but fools in son of Anacyndaraxes, built Anchiale and
their actions. Athem.
Tarsus in one day; but do thou, O stranger,
ANAxis, a Boeotian historian, who wrote eat, drink and sport, since the rest of human
an history down to the age of Philip son of things are not worth this,” i.e. a clap of the
Amyntas. Diod. 15. hands. Arrian. 2, c. 5.]
[ANAzARBus, a city of Cilicia Campes ANch 1ALUs, a god of the Jews as some
tris, situate on the river Pyramus, at some suppose, in Martial's epigrams, 11 ep. 95.
distance from the sea. The adjacent terri [The term, according to Scaliger, is incorrect
tory was famed for its ſertility. By a decree ly written by Martial, and is compounded of
of the Roman senate it was allowed to as
Chai and Alah, i. e. per Deum virentern.—
sume the name of Caesarea in acknowledg This was also the name of a city in Thrace,
ment of the privileges conferred upon it by on the Euxine, south-west of Haemi-extre
Augustus. It was afterwards called succes ma-Another in Epirus.]
sively Justinopolis and Justinianopolis, in hon Anchistolius, a Spartan general sent a
our of the emperors Justin and Justinian. It gainst the Pisistratidae, and killed in the ex
was the birth-place of Dioscorides and Op pedition. Herodot. 5, c. 63.
pian. The Turks call it Ain-Zerbeh.] [Anchise Pontus, a name given to the
Ancieus, the son of Lycurgus and Antinoe, port of Onchesmusin Epirus, by the Romans.]
was in the expedition of the Argonauts. He Anchises, a son of Capys by Themis,
was at the chase of the Calydonian boar, in daughter of Ilus. He was of such a beauti
which he perished. Hygin. fab. 173, and ful complexion, that Venus came down from
248.-Ovid. Met. 8. The son of Neptune
heaven to mount Ida, in the form of a nymph,
and Astypalaea. He went with the Argo to enjoy his company. The goddess became
nauts, and succeeded Tiphys as pilot of the pregnant, and forbade Anchises ever to men
ship Argo. He reigned in Ionia, where he tion the favours he had received, on pain ei
married Samia, daughter of the Maeander, being struck with thunder. The child which
by whom he had four* Perilas, Enudus,
g Venus brought forth, was called Æneas; he
 AN AN

was educated as soon as born by the nymphs might find it difficult to distinguish the true
of Ida, and when of a proper age, was intrust one. They were made with such exactness,
ed to the care of Chiron the centaur. When that the king promised Veterius Mamurius,
Troy was taken, Anchises was become so in the artist, whatever reward he desired. rid.
firm that Eneas, whom the Greeks per Mamurius. They were kept in the temple
mitted to take away whatever he esteemed of Vesta, and an order of priests were chosen
most, carried him through the flames upon to watch over their safety. These priests
his shoulders, and thus saved his life. He ac were called Salii, and were twelve in num
companied his son in his voyage towards Ita ber; they carried every year, on the first of
ly, and died in Sicily in the 80th year of his March, the shields in a solemn procession
age. He was buried on mount Eryx, by Æ round the walls of Rome, dancing and singing
reas and Acestes king of the country, and the praises to the god Mars. This sacred festi
anniversary of his death was afterwards cele val continued three days after, during which
brated by his son and the Trojans, on his every important business was stopped. It
tomb. Some authors have maintained that was deemed unfortunate to be married on
Anchises had forgot the injunctions of Venus, those days, or to undertake any expedition,
and boasted at a ſeast, that he enjoyed her and Tacitus, in 1 Hist. c. 90, has attributed
favours on mount Ida, upon which he was the unsuccessful campaign of the emperor
killed with thunder. Others say, that the Otho against Vitellius, to his leaving Rome
wounds he received from the thunder were during the celebration of the Anciliorum ſes
not mortal, and that they only weakened and tum. These two verses of Ovid explain the
disfigured his body. Virgil, in the 6th book origin of the word Ancile, which is applied to
of the AEneid, introduces him in the Elysian these shields;
fields, relating to his son the fates that were Idque ancile vocat, quod ab omni parte re
to attend him, and the fortune of his descend cisum est,
ants, the Romans. rid. AEueas. Virg. JEn. Quâque notes oculis, angulus omnis abest;
1, 2. &c.—Hygin. ſab. 94, 254, 260,270.— 'ast. 3, v. 377, &c.
Hesiod. Theog. v. 1010.-4pollod. 3.--Orld.Varro, de L. L. 5, c. 6.-Val. Mar. 1, c. 1.-
Fast. 4, v. 34.—Homer. Il. 20. & Hymn. in Juv. 2, v. 124.—Plut. in Num.—Virg. JEn.
Wener.—Xenoph. Cyneg. c. 1.-Dionys. Hal. 9, 664.—Dionys. Hal. 2.-Liv. 1, c. 20.
l, de Antiq. Ron.—Pausanias. 8, c. 12, says,ANcow and AN conA, a town of Picenum,
that Anchises was buried at the foot of a built by the Sicilians, with a harbour in the
mountain in Arcadia, which, from him, has form of a crescent or elbow, (a) way) on the
been called Anchisia. shores of the Adriatic. [It was famous for its
Aschisia, a mountain of Arcadia, at the purple dye, which yielded only to that of
bottom of which wasa monument of Anchises. Phoenicia. The harbour was greatly improv
Paus. 8, c. 12 and 13. ed by the emperor Trajan, in commemora
AnchöA, a town near the mouth of the Ce tion of which service an arch was erected to
phissus, [in Boeotia,] where there is a lake of him on the mole, which still remains. An
the same name. Strab. cona is at the present day a flourishing trad
Anchora, [vid. Nicaea..] ing town, and retains its ancient name.] Near
AxchüRus, a son of Midas, king of Phry this place is the famous chapel of Loretto,
gia, who sacrificed himself for the good of his supposed by monkish historians to have been
country, when the earth had opened and brought through the air by angels, August
swallowed up many buildings. The oracle 10, A. D 1291, from Judaea, where it was a
had been consulted, and gave for answer,that cottage, inhabited by the virgin Mary. The
the gulf would never close, if Midas did not reputed sanctity of the place has often
throw into it whatever he had most precious. brought 100,000 pilgrims in one day to Loret
Though the king had parted with manythings to. Plin. 3, c. 13–Lucan. 2, v. 402.—Ital.
of immense value, yet the gulfcontinued open, 8, v. 437.
till Anchurus, thinking himself the most pre Ancus MARTIus, the 4th king of Rome.
cious of his father's possessions, took a tender was grandson to Numa, by his daughter.
leave of his wife and family, and leaped into [His name Ancus was derived from the Greek
the earth, which closed immediately over his zakay, because he had a crooked arm which
head. Midas erected there an altar of stones he could not stretch out to its full length."
to Jupiter, and that altar was the first object He waged a successful war against the La
which he turncil into gold, when he had re tins, Weientes, Fidenates, Volsci, and Sabines,
ceived his fatal gift from the gods. This joined mount Jamiculum to the city by a
unpolished lump of gold existed still in the bridge, and enclosed the Aventine mount
age of Plutarch. Plut. in Parall. within the walls of the city. He extended
Ascile and A.Ncy i.E., a sacred shield, the confines of the Roman territories to the
which, according to the Roman authors, fell sea, where he built the town of Ostia, at the
from heaven in the reign of Numa, when the mouth of the Tiber. He inherited the valour
Roman people laboured under a pestilence. of Romulus with the moderation of Numa.
Upon the preservation of this shield depended He died B. C. 661, after a reign of 24 years,
the fate of the Roman empire, and therefore and was succeeded by Tarquin the elder.
Numa ordered 11 of the same size and form Dionys. Hal. 3, c. 9.-Liv. 1, c. 32, &c.-
tº be made. that if evor any attempt was Flor. 1, c. 4.—Pirg. JEn. 6, v. 815.
made to carry them away, the plunderer [Ancyra, a city of Galatia, west of the
51
 AN AN
Halys. According to Pausanias, it was found her countrymen, who were engaged in a wal
|
wd by Midas, and the name was derived ſrom against Orchomenos, if any one of noble birth
an anchor which was foundhere and preserv devoted himself for the glory of his nation.
ed in the temple of Jupiter. This city was Antipoenus refused to do it, and his daughters
greatly enlarged by Augustus, and under Ne cheerfully accepted it, and received great
ro, was styled the metropolis of Galatia. It honours after death. Hercules, who fought
is now called by the Turks Angourt, and by on the side of Thebes, dedicated to them the
the Europeans, Angora, and is the place image of a lion in the temple of Diana. Paul,
whence the celebrated shawls and hosiery 9, c. 17.
made of goats-hair were originally brought. AND Roclipes, a noble Theban, who de
Near this place Bajazet was conquered and fended the democratical against the encroach
made prisoner by Timur, or, as the name isments of the oligarchical power He was kill
commonly, though incorrectly written, Ta ed by one of his enemies.—A sophist in the
merlane.] age of Aurelian, who gave an account of phi
ANdARATA, certain gladiators who ſought losophers.
blindfolded, whence the proverb, Andabata ANDRöcLus, a son of Codrus, who reigned
rum more to denote rash and inconsiderate in Ionia, and took Ephesus and Samos. Pats
measures. [The name comes from the Greek 7, c. 2.
&yaGarai, because they fought in chariots or on AND Ron KMus. vid. Andromadas.
horseback..] Cic. 7, ad Famil. ep. 10. ANDRödus, a slave known and protected
ANDANIA, a city of Arcadia, where Aris in the Roman circus, by a lion whose foot he
tomenes was educated. Paus. 4, c. 1, &c. It had cured. Gell. 5, c. 15.
received its name from a gulf of the same ANDRóg Eus, son of Minos and Pasiphº,
name. Id. 4, c. 3. was famous for his skill in wrestling. He
ANDEcAv1 [or ANDEs, a people of Gaul, overcame every antagonist at Athens, and
east of the Namnetes and north of the Liger, became such a favourite of the people, that
or Loire. Their capital was Juliomâgus, now Ægeus king of the country grew jealous of his
Angers. Caes. B. G. 2, 35.] popularity, and caused him to be assassinated
ANDEs, a village of Italy, near Mantua, as he was going to Thebes. Some say that
where Virgil was born; hence he is called he was killed by the wild bull of Marathon.
.4ndinuº. Ital. 8, v. 594, [But Ruperti reads, Minos declared war against Athens to revenge
.donio.] the death of his son, and peace was at last re
ANDocíDEs, an Athenian orator, son of Leo established on condition that Ægeussent year.
goras. He lived in the age of Socrates the ly seven boys and seven girls from Athens tº
philosopher, and was intimate with the most Crete to be devoured by the minotaur. ti
illustrious men of hisage. He was often ban Minotaurus. The Athenians established ſet
ished, but his dexterity always restored him tivals by order of Minos, in honour of his son,
to favour. Plut. has written his life in 10 and called them Androgeia. Hygin. fab.4l,
•orat. Four of his orations are extant. [vid. Diod. 4.—Wir. ACn. 6, v. 20.-Paus. 1, c. 1
Antiphon.] and 27.-Apollod. 2, c. 5, 1.3, c. 1 and 15–
ANDomâris, a river of India, falling into Plut. in Thes.
the Ganges. Arrian. [According to D'An - AND Rogy NE, a fabulous nation of Africa,
ville, the modern Sonn-sou. vid. Sonus. beyond the Nasamones. Every one of them
[ANDRAMittru M, vid. Adramyttium.] bore the characteristics of the male and fe
ANDREAs, a statuary of Argos. Paus. 6. mate sex; and one of their breasts was that
c. 16. A man of Panormus, who wrote of a man, and the other that of a woman. Lit.
wan account of all the remarkable events that cret. 5, v. 837.-Plin. 7, c. 2.
+had happened in Sicily. Athen. A son of ANDRom KcHE, a daughter of Eetion, king
the Peneus. Part of Boeotia, especially where of Thebes in Cilicia, married Hector son of
Orchomenos was built, was called Andreis Priam king of Troy, by whom she had Astya.
after him. Paus. 9, c. 34, &c. nax. She was so fond of her husband, that
ANDR1cLUs, [a mountain of Cilicia Tra she even fed his horses with her own hand.
chea, north of the promontory Anemurium.] During the Trojan warshe remained athome
Strab. 14. employed in her domestic concerns. Her
ANDRIus, a river of Troas falling into parting with Hector who was going to a bat
the Scamander. Plin. 5, c. 27. tle, in which he perished, has always been
ANDRuscus, a man who wrote an history deemed the best, most tender and pathetic of
of Naxos. Athen. 1.-A worthless person all the passages in Homer's Iliad. She re
called Pseudophilippus, on account of the like |caived the news of her husband's death with
ness of his features to king Philip. He incit. extreme sorrow ; and after the taking ol
ed the Macedonians to revolt against Rome, Troy, she had the misfortune to see her only
and was conquered and led in triumph by son Astyanax, after she had saved him from
Metellus, 152 B.C. Flor. 2, c. 14. the flames, thrown headlong from the walls
AND Robius, a ſamous painter. Plin. 35, of the city, by the hands of the man whose
c. 11. father had killed her husband.—(Senec. in
AND RoclfA, a daughter of Antipoenus of Troad.) Andromache, in the division of the
Thebes. She, with het sister Alcida, sacri prisoners by the Greeks. fell to the share of
ficed herself in the service of her country, Pyrrhus, who treated her as his wife, and
when the oracle had promised the victory to |carried her to Epirus. He had by her three
52
 AN AN

sons, Molossus, Pielus and Pergamus, and af posed, was brought to Rome by Scaurus and
terwards repudiated her. After this divorce carefully preserved. The fable of Andro
she married Helenus son of Priam, who, as meda and the sea monster has been explain
herself, was a captive of Pyrrhus. She reign ed, by supposing that she was courted by the
ed with him over part of the country, and be. captain of a ship, who attempted to carry her
came mother by him of Cestrinus. Some way, but was prevented by the interposition
say that Astyanax was killed by Ulysses, and of another more faithful lover.
Euripides says that Menelaus put him to ANDRow, a man set over the citadel of Sy
death. Homer. Il. 6, 22 and 24.—Q. Calab. racuse by Dionysius. Hermocrates advised
1.—Virg...En.3, v.436.-Hygin. fab. 123.− him, to seize it and revolt from the tyrant,
Dares. Phryg.—Ovid. .4m. I, el. 9, v. 35. which he refused to do. The tyrant put him
Trist. 5, el. 6, v. 43.−.Apollod. 3, c 12 to death for not discovering that Hermocrates
Paus. 1, c. 41. had incited him to rebellion. Polyaen. 5, c.
ANDRomâchus, an opulent person of S1 2.—A man of Halicaruassus who composed
cily, father to the historian Timaeus, [and some historical works. Plut. in Thes. A
founder of Tauromenium.] Diod. 16. He native of Ephesus, who wrote an account of
assisted Timoleon in recovering the liberty of the seven wise men of Greece. Diog.
the Syracusans. A general of Alexander, AND Ronicus Livius. vid. Livius.
to whom Parmenio gave the government of ANDRONicus, a peripatetic philosopher of
Syria. He was burnt alive by the Samaritans. Rhodes, who flourished 59 years B. C. He
Curt.4, c. 5 and 8. [A brother-in law of Se was the first who published and revised the
leucus Callinicus. A traitor who discover works of Aristotle and Theophrastus. His
ed to the Parthians all the measures of Cras periphrase is extant, the best edition of which
sus, and, on being chosen guide, led the Ro is that of Heinsius, 8vo. L. Bat. 1617. Plut.
man army into a situation whence there was in Syll.—A Latin grammarian, whose life
no mode of escape.] A poet of Byzantium. Suetonius has written.—An astronomer of
-A physician of Crete in the age of Nero, Athens, who built a marble octagonal tower
[he was physician to the emperor, and in in honour of the eight principal winds, on the
ventor of the famous medicine, called after top of which was placed a Triton with a stick
him, Theriaca Andromachi.] A sophist of in his hand, pointing always to the side
Naples, in the age of Dioclesian. whence the wind blew.
AND Românas, or ANDaodamus, a native ANDRoPHKG1, a savage nation of Euro
of Rhegium, who made laws for the [people pean Scythia. Herodot. 4, c. 18, 102.
of Chalcis in Macedonia.] Aristot. AND Ropompus, a Theban who killed
ANDaomièna, a daughter of Cepheus, king Xanthus in single combat by fraud. Paus.
of AEthiopia, by Cassiope. She was promised 2, c. 18.
in marriage to Phineus, her uncle, when ANDRos, an island in the AEgean sea, known
Neptune drowued the kingdom, and sent a by the different names of Epagris, Antandros,
sea monster to ravage the country, because Lasia Cauros, Hydrusia, Nonagria. It re
Cassiope had boasted herself fairer than Ju ce 1ved the name of Andros from Andros son
no and the Nereides. The oracle of Jupiter of Anius, one qf its kings, who lived in the
Ammon was consulted, and nothing could time of the Trojan war, Land the name of
stop the resentment of Neptune, if Andro Antandros, i. e. for one man, from its having
meda was not exposed to the sea monster. been given as his ransom by Ascanius the
She was accordingly tied naked on a rock, son of AEneas, when taken prisoner by the
and at the moment that the monster was go Pelasgians. It is still one of the most fertile
ing to devour her, Perseus, who returned and pleasant of the Grecian isles, and water
through the air from the conquest of the Gor ed with numerous springs, wheace one of its
gons, saw her, and was captivated with her ancient names Hydrusia. Its modern name
beauty. He promised to deliver her and de is .Andro. The chief town of the island was
story the monster, if he received her in likewise cºlled Andros.) Ovid. Met. 13, v.
marriage as a reward for his trouble. Ce 648.-Virg. JEn. 3, v. 80. Juv. 3, v. 70.-
pheus consented, and Perssus changed the sea Plan. 2, c. 103. JMela, 1 and 2.
monster into a rock, by showing him Medu AND Rosth ENEs, a governor of Thessaly,
sa's head, and untied Andromeda and mar who favoured the interest of Pompey. He
ried her. He had by her many children, a was conquered by J. Caesar. Caºs. 3. Bell.
intºng whom were Sthenelus, Ancaeus, and Civ. c. 80. A statuary of Thebes. Paus.
Electryon. The marriage of Andromeda 10, c. 19.-A geographer in the age of A
with Perseus was opposed by Phineus, who lexander.
after a bloody battle was changed into a stone AND Rotion, a Greek, who wrote a his
by Perseus. Some say that Minerva made tory of Attica, and a treatise on agriculture.
Andromeda a constellation in heaven after her Plin. —Paus iu, c. 8.
death. rid. Medusa, Perseus.-Hygin, far. ANEMolia, a city of Phocis, afterwards
*—Cur. de Nat. D. 2, c. 43.--Apollod. 2, c. called Hyampolis, [now Jamboli..] Strab.
*—Manil. 5, v, 533.-Propert. 3, el. 21.- ANGELIon, a statuary, who made Apollo's
According to Pliny, 1.5, c. 31, it was at Jop. statue at Delphi. Paus. 2, c. 32.
Fa in Judaea that Andromeda was tied to a ANGITEs, a river of Thrace, falling into
rºck. He mentions that the skeleton of the the S.rymon, [above Amphipolis.] Herodot;
huge sea monster, to which she had been ex 7, c. 113.
53
 AN AN

ANGLI, [a people of Germany at the base its beautiful caseades at the town of Tibur,
of the Chersonesus Cimbrica, in the country or Tivoli..] Stat. 1. Sylt. 3, v. 20. –Virg.
answering now to the north-eastern part of ..'Bn. 7, v. 683.-Strab. 5-Horat. 1, od. 7, v.
the Dutchy of Holstein. From them the 13.-Plut. de Fort. Rom.
English have derived their name. There is ANitohg1s, a city of Spain, near which a
still at the present day in that quarter, a dis battle was ſought between Asdrubal and the
trict called Angeln. Tacit. Germ. 40 —vid. Scipos. [Strabo calls it Conistorgis, a name
Saxones.] given to it from its being among the Conii,as
ANg h us, [a river of Illyricum, pursuing a Anitorgis was applied to it, from its being near
northern course, according to Herodotus, and the Anas. Strab. 3. Liv 25, c. 32.]
joining the Brongus, which flows into the ANIts, the son of Apollo and Rhea, was
Danube.] Herodot. 4, c. 49. king of Delos, and father of Andrus. He had
ANGUITIA, a wood in the country of the by Dorippe three daughters, Oeno, Spermo,
Marsi, between the lake Fucinus and Alba. and Elais, to whom Bacchus had given the
[The name is derived, according to Solinus, power of changing whatever they pleased in
from a sister of Circe who dwelt in the vi to wine, corn, and oil. When Agamemnon
cinity. It is now Silva d'Albi. The Marsi, went to the Trojan war, he wished to carry
especially those of them who dwelt near this them with him to supply his army with pro
wood, are said by the ancient writers to have visions; but they complained to Bacchus,
possessed power over serpents, and never to who changed them into doves. Orid. Mel.
have been injured by them.] Sil. 8,-Pirg. 13, v. 642–Dionys. Hal. 1.-Diod. 5–Virg,
Jºn. 7, v. 759. JEn. 3, v. 80.
ANIA, a Roman widow, celebrated for her ANNA, a goddess, in whose honour the Ro
beauty. One of her friends advised her to mans instituted festivals. She was, according
marry again. No, said she, if I marry a man to some, Anna the daughter of Belus and sis:
as affectionate as my first husband, I shall be ter of Dido, who, after her sister's death, fled
apprehensive for his death ; and if he is bad, from Carthage, which Jarbas had besieged,
why have him, after such a kind and indul and came to Italy, where AEneas met her, as
gent one: he walked on the banks of the Tiber, and
AN1cetts, a freedman who directed the gave her an honourable reception, for the kind
education of Nero, and became the instrument messes she had shown him when he was at
of his crimes. Swet. in Ner. Carthage. Lavinia, the wife of Æueas, was
AN1c1A, a family at Rome, which in the jealous of the tender treatment which was
flourishing times of the republic, produced shown to Anna, and meditated her ruin. Anna
many brave and illustrious citizens. –A re was apprized of this by her sister in a dream,
lation of Atticus. C. Nepos. and she fled to the river Numicus, of which
Anicius GALLus, triumphed over the Il she became a deity, and ordered the inhabit.
lyrians and their king Gentius, and was pro ants of the country to call her.Anna Perth
praetor of Rome, A. U. C. 585. A consul na, because she would remain for ever under
with Corn. Cethegus, A. U. C. 594. Pro the waters. Her festivals were performed
bus, a Roman consul in the fourth century, with many rejoicings, and the females often,
famous for his humanity. in the midst of their cheerfulness, forgot their
ANIGRUs, [a river of Triphylia in Elis, to natural decency. They were introduced in
the north of Lepreum. Near this river was to Rome, and celebrated the 15th of March.
a cavern, called the cave of the nymphs Ani The Romans generally sacrificed to her, to
grides or Amigriades, and it was pretended obtain a long and happy life; and hence the
that any person who had a complaint of the words .1nnare and Perennare. Some have
skin,might be cured, iſ, after having sacrificed supposed Anna to be the moon, quia menu.
to the nymphs and rubbed his body well, he bus impleat annum; others call her Themis,
swam over the Anigrus. The river in fact or lo, the daughter of Inachus, and some
would seem to have possessed some mineral times Maia. Auother more received opinion
properties, as Pausanias and Strabo speak of maintains, that Anna was an old industrious
an unpleasant smell emitted from it, which woman of Bovillae, who, when the Roman poº
the latter states was perceptible at the dis pulace had fled from the city to mount Sacer,
tance of 20 stadia. The natives however ac brought them cakes every day; for which
counted for the smell by a tradition that Chi kind treatment the Romans, when peace was
ron or some one of the centaurs washed in re-established, decreed immortal honours to
the stream the wounds which Hercules had her whom they called Perenna ab perennitate
inflicted, and that the water was hence inſect rullut, and who, as they supposed, was be
ed with the poison of the Hydra.-Paus. 5, come one of their deities. Ovid. Fast. 3, v.
c. 5.-Strab. 8.] 659, &c.—Sil 8, v. 73.—Pirg. JEn. 4, v. 9.
ANio and A Nien, now the Tererone, a 20, 421, and 500.
river of Italy, flowing through the country of ANNA CoMNENA, a princess of Constan
Tiber, and falling into the river Tiber, about tinople, known to the world for the Greek
three miles north of Rome. It receives its history which she wrote of her father Alexi.
name, as some suppose, from Anius a kinz of as emperor of the east. The character ol
Etruria, who drowned himself there when he this history is not very high for authenticity
could not recover his daughter, who had been or beauty of composition; the historian is lost
carried away. [This river is celebrated for in the daughter; and instead of simplicity of
5:
 AN AN

style and narrative, as Gibbonsays, an elabor his way so easy, by softening the rocks with
ate affectation of rhetoric and science betrays fire and vinegar, that even his armed elephants
in every page the vanity of a female author, descended the mountains without danger or
[and yet it forms an useful contrast to the de difficulty, where a man disencumbered of his
grading and partial statements of the Latin arms, could not walk before in safety. [An
historians of the time.] The best edition of mibal, according to most authorities, passed
Anna Comnena, is that of Paris, folio, 1651. into Italy over the Cottian Alps. The more
ANNAEus, a Roman family which was accurate opinion, however, is in favour of the
subdivided into the Lucani, Senecae, Floris, modern Mont Cenis. vid. Alpes. The man
&c. ner in which this passage is said to have been
ANNiles, a chronological history which effected by him, is rejected by many authors
gives an account of all the important events as fictitious. Polybius is altogether silent on
of every year in a state, without entering into the subject. Pliny, it is true, makes mention
the causes which produced them. The an of the quality of vinegar above alluded to, but
mals of Tacitus may be considered in this light. whence could Annibal have procured a suſ.
In the first ages of Rome, the writing of the ficient supply for his purpose?—After having
annals was one of the duties and privileges of crossed the Alps, the Carthaginian comman
the high-priest; whence they have been called der was opposed by the Romans as soon as he
Annales Maximi, from the priest Pontiyear entered upon the plains of Italy, the first bat
.Marinus, who consecrated them, and gave tle was fought on the banks of the Ticinus,
thern as truly genuine and authentic. [The the consul P. Corn. Scipio commanding the
Annales Maximiconsisted of 80 books. They Romans. Victory declared for the Cartha
were most of them destroyed in the burning ginians, and Scipio was compelled to leave
of the city by the Gauls. After the time of the field severely wounded. A second battle
Sylla, the pontifices seem to have dropt the was fought on the banks of the Trebia, in
custom of compiling annals. Several private whi. h Annibal conquered the united forces
persons, however, as Cato, Pictor, Horten of the consuls Scipio and Sempromius. After
sius and Tacitus,composed historical accounts wintering in Cisalpine Gaul and drawing
of Roman affairs, which from their similarity over to his cause the greater part of its inha
to the former they likewise styled Annals.] bitants, he invaded Etruria. Here at the
ANNAL1s LEx, settled the age at which, lake Trasimenus he defeated with great
among the Romans, a citizen could be ad slaughter the consul Flaminius,) and soon
mitted to exercise the offices of the state. after met the two consuls C. Terentius and
This law originated in Athens, and was in L. A.milius at Cannae. His army consist
troduced in Rome. ed of 40,000 foot and 10,000 horse when he
As N1K sus, a poet in the age of Trajan. engaged the Romans at the celebrated bat
Assisal, a celebrated Carthaginian ge tle of Cannae The slaughter was so great,
neral, son of Amilcar. He was educated in that no less than 40,000 Romans were kill
his father's camp, and inured from his early ed, and the conqueror made a brid e with
years to the labours of the field. He passed the dead carcasses; and as a sign of his vic
into Spain when nine years old, and at the tory, he sent to Carthage three bushels of
request of his father, took a solemn oath he gold rings which had been taken from 5630
rever would be at peace with the Romans. Roman knights slain in the battle. [Annibal
After his father's death, he was appointed has been censured for not immediately march
over the cavalry in Spain : and some time ing to Rome after this victory. So consum
after, upon the death of Asdrubal, he was in mate a commander, however, as he und, ubt
rested with the command of all the armies edly was, could scarcely have neglected doing
of Carthage, though not yet in the 25th year this, had he not been influenced by some pow
of his age. In three years of continual suc erful motive which delayed his approach to
cess, he subdued all the nations of Spain which the capital. It is very probable that he felt
opposed the Carthaginian power, and took the necessity of giving his soldiers some re
Saguntum aftera siege of eight months. The pose after so hard fought a battle, and was
city was in alliance with the Romans, and its conscious that they were in no condition im
fall was the cause of the second Punic war, mediately to take the field against fresh and
which Annibal prepared to support with all desperate opponents. Besides, the check
the courage and prudence of a consummate which he had received at Spoletum in Um
general. He levied three large armies, one of bria, must have taught him how ill-fitted his
which he sent to Africa, he left another in army was for the operations of a siege.] The
Spain, and marched at the head of the third delay of Annibal gave the enemy spirit and
towards Italy. This army some have calcu boldness, and when at last he approached the
lated at 20,000 foot and 6,000 horse; others walls of Rome, he was informed that the piece
say that it consisted of 100,000 footand 20,000 of ground on which his army then stood, was
horse. Lir. 21, c. 38. He came to the Alps selling at a high price in the Roman forum.
which were deemed almost inaccessible, and After hovering for some time round the city,
had never been passed over before him but he retired to Capua, where the Carthaginian
by Hercules, and after much trouble gained soldierssoon forgot to conquer in the pleasures
the top in nine days. He conquered the un and riot of this luxurious city. From that cir
civilized inhabitants that opposed his passage, cumstance it has been said, and with proprie
andafter the amazing loss of 30,000 men, made ty, that Capua was a Cannae to Annibal. Aſ
55
 AN AN
ter the battle of Cannae the Romans became finger, and as he breathed his last, exclaimed,
more cautious, and when the dictator Fabius Solranus duturnă curá populum Romanum,
Maximus had defied the artifice as well as the quando mortem senis expectare longum cen. º

valour ofAnnibal, they began to look for bet set. He died in his 70th year, according to
ter times. Marcellus, who succeeded Fabius some, about 182 years B. C. That year was
in the field, first taught the Romans at Nola, famous for the death of the three greatest
that Annibal was no invincible. After many generals of the age, Annibal, Scipio, and Phi
important debates in the senate, it was de lopoemen. The death of so formidable a ri
creed, that war should be carried into Africa, val was the cause of great rejoicings in Rome;
to remove Annibal from the gates of Rome ; he had always been a professed enemy to the
and [Publius Cornelius Scipio,the son of him Roman name, and ever endeavoured to de
who commanded the Romans at the battle of stroy its power. If he shone in the field, he
Ticinus,) who was the first proposer of the also distinguished himself by his studies. He
plan, was empowered to put it into execution. was taught Greek by Sosilus a Lacedaemo
When Carthage saw the enemy on her coasts, ſian, and he even wrote some books in that
she recalled Annibal from Italy : and that language on different subjects. It is remark
great general is said to have left with tears able, that the life of Annibal, whom the Ro
in his eyes, a country, which during sixteen mans wished so many times to destroy by
years he had kept under continual alarus, perfidy, was never attempted by any one of
and which he could almost call his own. He his soldiers or countrymen. He made him.
and Scipio met near Carthage, and after a self as conspicuous in the government of the
parley, in which neither would give the pre state, as at the head of armies, and though his
ference to his enemy, they determined to come enemies reproached him with the rudeness of
to a general engagement. The battle was laughing in the Carthaginian senate, while
fought near Zama: Scipio made a great ºvery senator was bathed in tears for the
slaughter of the enemy, 20,000 were killed misfor unes of the country, Annibal defended
and the same number made prisoners. Anni himself by saying, that in him, who had been
bal, after he had lost the day, fled to Adru bred all his life in a camp, ought to be dis
metum, and soon after this decisive battle, pensed with all the more polished feelings of
the Romans granted peace to Carthage, on a capital He was so apprehensive for his
hard conditions. [Annibal's credit, however, safety, that when he was in Bithynia, his
was not destroyed among his countrymen by house was fortified like a castle, and on every
the issue of this battle. He was employed by side there were secret doors which could
them in some other military operations, un give immediate escape if his life was ever at
til the Roman senate refusing to deliver up tempted. When he quitted Italy, and em
the hostages while he was suffered to re barked on board a vessel for Africa, he so
main at the head of the army, he was com strongly suspected the fidelity of his pilot,
pelled to lay down his command. After this who told him that the lofty mountain
he was employed in a civil capacity, and dis which appeared at a distance was a promon
played as great abilities here as he had done tory of Sicily, that he killed him on the spot;
in military affairs. He regulated the finan and when he was convinced of his fatal error,
ces, corrected abuses, exposed various frauds, he gave a magnificent burial to the man whom
and would eventually have proved of more he had so falsely murdered, and called the
real service to his country than he had been promontory by his name [Pelorus.] The
while leading her armies, had not this bold labours which he sustained, and the incle
and honest line of conduct rendered him so mency of the weather to which he exposed
unpopular that he was compelled to leave himself in crossing the Alps, so weakened
Africa. At Tyre he was received with the one of his eyes, that he ever aſter lost the use
greatest distinction. Thence he passed to of it. The Romans have celebrated the hu
Antiochus at Antioch, and urged him to raake manity of Annibal, who, after the battle of
war on the Romans. Annibal's advice to Cannae, sought the body of the fallen consul
the monarch was, that Italy should be made [AEmilius] amidst the heaps of slain, and hon
the seat of war, for the conducting of which oured it with a funeral becoming the dignity
he offered his services. Antiochus, however, of Rome. He performed the same friendly
distrusting his sincerity, adopted a different offices to the remains of Marcellus and Tib.
plan of operations, was conquered, and the Gracchus, who had fallen in battle. He oſ
surrender of Annibal was stipulated as one of ten blamed the unsettled measures of his
the conditions of peace. He escaped however country; and when the enemy had thrown
to Prusias king of Bithynia, whom he incited into his camp the head of his brother Asdru
to make war on Eumenes king of Pergamus. bal, who had been conquered as he came from
Eumenes complaining to the Romans, the Spain with a reinforcement into Italy, Anni
latter sent an embassy to Prusias, and among bal said that the Carthaginian arms would
other things, demanded that Annibal should no longer meet with their usual success. Ju
be delivered up..] A party of soldiers, in con venal, in speaking of Annibal, observes, that
sequence of this order, were sent to seize An the ring which caused his death made a due
nibal, who, when he heard that his house atonement to the Romans for the many thou
was besieged on every side, and all means of sand rings which had been sent to Carthage
escape fruitless, took a dose of poison, which after the battle of Cannae. Annibal, when in
he always carried with him in a ring on his Spain, married a woman of Castulo. The
56
 AN AN

Romans entertained such a high opinion of an account of his discoveries in the Punic
him as a commander, that Scipio who con language, which was translated into Greek.
quered him, calls him the greatest general Many consider the whole work as devoid of
that ever lived, and gives the second rank to authenticity, and ascribe it to a Sicilian Greek:
Pyrrhus the Epirot, and places himself the Mannert, however, successfully defends its
next to these m merit and abilities. It is credibility. It was first published by Fro
plain that the failure of Annibal's expedition ben, 1533, and afterwards in Hudson's Geo
in Italy did not arise from his neglect, but graph. Vet. Scriptores Graci minores, 1698.-
from that of his countrymen, who gave him .Mannert...Anc. Geogr. Vol. 1, p. 47.]——
no asistance; far from imitating their ene Another banished from Carthage for taming
mies of Rome, who even raised in one year a lion for his own amusement, which was in
18 legions to oppose the ſormidable Cartha terpreted as if he wished to aspire to sove
ginian. Livy has painted the character of reign power. Plin. 8, c. 16.—This name
Annibal like an enemy, and it is much to be was eommon to many Carthaginians, who
lamented that this greathistorian has withheld signalized themselves among their country
the tribute due to the merits and virtues of men during the Punic wars against Rome,
the greatest of generals. C. Nep. in vitā.- and in their wars against the Sicilians. Liv.
Lir. 21, 22, &c.—Plut. in Flamin, &c.—Jus 26, 27, &c.
tin. 32, c. 4.—Sil. Ital. 1, &c.—Appian.— ANopæA, [a mountain of Greece, part of
Florus 2 and S.–Polyb.—Diod.—Juv. 10, v. the chain of Oeta. A small pass in this moun
159, &c. Pal...Mar.—Horat. 4, Od. 4.—-lpod. tain, called by the same name, ſormed a com
16–The son of the great Annibal, was munication between Thessaly and the country
sent by Himilco to Lilybaeum, which was be of º Epicnemidian Locri. Herod. 7, c.
sieged by the Romans, to keep the Sicilians 216.
in their duty. Polyb. 1.-A Carthaginian ANSER, a Roman poet whom Ovid, Trist.
general, son of Asdrubal, commonly called of 3, el. 1, v. 425, calls bold and impertinent.
Rhodes, above 160 years before the birth of Virgil and Propertius are said to have play
the great Annibal. Justin. 19, c.2.—Xenoph. ed upon his name with some degree of severi
Hist. Grºc. A son of Giscon, and grand ty.
son of Amilcar, sent by the Carthaginians to ANsiba RII, a people of Germany. Tacif.
the assistance of Ægesta a town of Sicily. Ann. 13, c. 55.
He was overpowered by Hermocrates, an ex ANTAEAs, a king of Scythia, who said that
iled Syracusan. Justin. 22 and 23. A the neighing of a horse was far preferable to
Carthaginian, surnamed Senior. He was the music of Ismenias, a famous musician who
conquered by the consul, C. Sulpit. Pater had been taken captive. Plut.
culus, in Sardinia, and hung on a cross by his ANTAEus, a giant of Libya, son of Terra
countrymen for his ill success. and Neptune. He was sostrong in wrestling,
ANNicERIs, [a philosopher of Cyrene and that he boasted that he would erect a temple
disciple of Aristippus. He so far receded from to his father with the skulls of his conquered
the doctrine of his master, as to acknowledge antagonists. Hercules attacked him, and as
the merit of filial piety, friendship, and pa he received new strength from his mother as
triotism, and to allow that a wise man might often as he touched the ground, the hero lift.”
retain the possession of himself in the midst ed him up in the air, and squeezed him to
of external troubles ; but he inherited so death in his arms. Lucan. 4, v. 598.-Stat.
much of his frivolous taste as to value him 6. Theb. v. 893.−Juv. 3, v. 88.-A gover
self upon the most trivial accomplishments, ºrity and Ethiºpiaume diº
particularly upon his dexterity in being able [ANTAEopolis, a city of Thebais on the
to drive a chariot twice round a course in the eastern side of the Nile, named after An
º ring.
196.
Enfield. Hist. Phil. Vol. 1, p. taeus. It is called now Kau-il-Kubbara.]
ANTAGóras, a Rhodian poet, much ad
Asxo and HANNo, a Carthaginian gene mired by Antigonus. One day as he was
ral conquered in Spain by Scipio, and sent to cooking some fish, the king asked him whe
Rome. He was son of Bomilcar, whom An ther Homer ever dressed any meals when he
nibal sent privately over the Rhone to con was recording the actions of Agamemnon 2
quer the Gauls. Liv. 21, c. 27. A Car And do you think, replied the poet, that he
thaginian who taught birds to sing “Anno is ever inquired whether any individual dressed
a god,” after which he restored them to their fish in his army 2 Plut. Symp. & Apoph.
native liberty; but the birds lost with their ANIAlcidas, of Sparta, son of Leon, was
slavery what they had been taught, JElian. sent into Persia, where he made a peace with
W.H. ult.lib.c. 30. [A Carthaginian com Artaxerxes very disadvantageous to his coun
mander sent forth to plant colonies on the try, by which, B.C. 387, the Greek cities of
Atlantic coast of Africa. He is supposed by Asia became tributary to the Persian mo
Mannert to bave discovered as far as the narch. Paus. 9, c. 1, &c.—Diod. 14-Plut.
4th degree of north latitude. The same wri in driaz.
ter makes him to have been a little prior to ANTANdros, now St. Dimitri, [a city of
the time of Herodotus. According to Dod Troas on the north side of the gulf of Adra
well, however, he lived in the age of Alexan possessed it The
myttium. Cimmerians are said to have
for a century, and to have made
der oralittle aſter; and according to Vossius.
“hortly after the Trojan war. Hanno wrotei it their place of arms. According to Servius,
py to
 AN AN

it was founded by inhabitants of Andros, Greek academies, to inform the scholars that
driven from their island by a sedition. Some it is their immediate duty to be grateful to .
place it at the foot of Mount Ida.] Strab. 13. their teachers, and to reward their trouble
—Mela. 1, c. 18. with love and reverence. [The original mear
Anteius Publius was appointed over ing of the name Anteros is, the Deity who
Syria by Nero. He was accused of sedition avenges slighted love. By later writers it is
and conspiracy, and drank poison, which applied to a brother of Cupid, but in constant
operating slowly, obliged him to open his opposition to him; and in the palaestra at Elis,
veins. Tacit...An. 13, &c. he was represented contending with him.
ANTEMNAE, a city of the Sabines [at the The signification of mutual love is only given
confluence of the Anio and Tiber.] Virg. to the word by later writers, according to
JEn. 7, v. 631. Dionys. Hal. Boettiger. Pausan. 1,30, id. 6,23–Plutarch.
ANtENort, a Trojan prince related to Eret. 20.]—A grammarian of Alexandria,
Priam. It is said that during the Trojan war, in the age of the emperor Claudius.
he always kept a secret correspondence with ANTHEA, a town of Achaia. Paws. 7, c.
the Greeks, and chiefly with Menelaus and 18.-Of Messenia. Id. 4, c. 31.
Ulysses. In the council of Priam, Homer in AnthèAs, a son of Eumelus, killed in at
troduces him as advising the Trojans to re tempting to sow corn from the chariot of Trip
store Helen, and conclude the war. He ad tolemus drawn by dragons. Paus. 7, c. 18.
vised Ulysses to carry away the Trojan pal ANTHEDon, a city of Boeotia, [a little to
ladium, and encouraged the Greeks to make the north-east of Mount Messapius.] It re
the wooden horse, which, at his persuasion ceived its name from the flowery plains that
was brought into the city of Troy by a breach surrounded it, or from Anthedon, a certain
made in the walls. AEneas has been accus nymph. [In the midst of the city was a tem
ed of being a partner of his guilt; and the ple of the Cabiri, and near it a sacred wood
might that Troy was taken, they had a num of Ceres and a temple of Proserpine with
ber of Greeks stationed at the doors of their her statue in white marble. It had also a
houses to protect them from harm. [After temple of Bacchus.] Paus. 7, c. 10, 1.9, c.
the destruction of his country, Antenor, ac 22. [A town of Palestine, called also A
cording to a fabulous account, led a colony of grippias, on the sea coast to the south-west
Heneti, a people of Paphlagonia, into Italy, of Gaza. Herod gave it the second name in
near the mouth of the Po, where, expelling honour of Agrippa. It is now called Daron.
the Euganei from their possessions, he settled Strab. 4.—Plum.4, c. 7.]
in them and founded Patavium or Padua.] AnthèI.A., a town near [the straits of
His children were also concerned in the Tro
Thermopylae, and watered by the Asopus, I
jan war, and displayed much valour against near which Ceres and Amphictyon had a
the Greeks. Their names were Polybius, temple. Herodot. 7, c. 176.
Acamas, Agenor, and according to others, Po ANTHEMis, [one of the names of the island
lydamas and Helicaon. 1.-Plin.
Liv. 1, c. of Samos. | Sirab. 10.
3, c. 13. –Virg. JEn. 1, v. 242.–Tacit. 16, ANTHEMUs, a city of Macedonia [to the
c. 21.-Homer, Il. 3, 7, 8, 11.-Ovid. Met. 13. north-east of Thessalonica.
—Dictys. Cret. 5–Dares. Phryg. 6.—Strab. ANTHEMUsia,
city of Mesopotamia,
[to
3.—Dionys. Hal. 1.-Paus. 10, c. 27.- the south-east ofaSamosata, and just below
A Cretan who wrote a history of his country. Edessa. The name was derived from the
.AElian.
Macedonian city Anthemus.J Strab.
ANTERos, (arts and gar.) a son of Mars AnthèNE, a town of [Cynuria in Argolis.]
and Venus. He was not, as the derivation of Thucyd. 5, c. 41.
his name implies, a deity that presided over ANTHERMUs, a Chian sculptor, son of
an opposition to love, but he was the god of Miceiades, and grandson to Malas. [His
mutual love and of mutual tenderness. Ve
nus had complained to Themis, that her son sons Bupalus and
Anthermus] made a statue
of the poet Hipponax, which caused univer
Cupid always continued a child, and was told laughter, on account of the deformity of
that if he had another brother, he would sal its countenance. The poet was so incensed
grow up in a short space of time. As soon as upon this, and inveighed with so much bitter.
Anteros was born, Cupid felt his strength in ness against the statuaries, that they hung
crease, and his wings enlarge; but if ever his themselves, according to the opinion of some
brother was at a distance from him, he found authors. Plin. 36, c. 5.
himself reduced to his ancient shape. From ANTREs, a native of Anthedon, who first
this circumstance itis seen, that return of pas
sion gives vigour to love. Anteros had a tem invented hymns. Plut. de Mus.
ANTHESPHoRIA, festivals celebrated in Si
ple at Athens raised to his honour, when Me cily, in honour of Proserpine, who was car
les had experienced the coldness and disdain ried away by Pluto as she was gathering
of Timagoras, whom he passionately esteem
ed, and for whom he had killed himself. rid. flowers. [The word is derived aro Tov ºsgºw
arºsa, i.e.from carrying flowers..] Claudian.
Meles Cupid and Anteros are often repre de Rapt. Pros. Festivals of the same
sented striving to seize a palm-tree from one name were also observed at Argos in honour
ańother, to teach us that true love always en
of Juno, who was called Antheia. Paus.
deavours to overcome by kindness and grati. Corinth.-Pollur. Onon. 1, c. 1.
tude. They were always painted in the ANTHEstERIA, festivals in honour of Bac
or
 AN AN

chus among the Greeks. They were cele Anticlea killed herself when she heard a false
brated in the month of February, called An report of her son's death. Homer. Od. 11,
thesterion, whence the name is derived, and 19.-Hygin. fab. 201, 243.-Paus. 10, c. 29.
continued three days. The first was called ANticlides, a Greek historian, whose
II,éerytz are rºw ºriºs: or, ur, because they works are now lost. They are quoted by
tapped their barrels of liquor. The second .Athenæus, and Plut. in Aler.
day was called Xosr, from the measure x22, Antic Rägus, [a detached chain of the
because every individual drank of his own ridge of Mount Cragus in Lycia, running in a
vessel, in commemoration of the arrival of north-east direction along the coast of the
Orestes, who, after the murder of his mother, Sinus Glaucus.) Strab.4.
came, without being purified, to Demophoon, ANticRATEs, a Spartan, who wounded
or Pandion, king of Athens, and was oblig Epaminondas, the Theban general, at the
ed with all the Athenians, to drink by him battle of Mantinea. Plut. in Ages.
self, for fear of polluting the people by drink Anticy RA, [a city of Phocis, on the isth
ing with them before he was purified of the mus of a small peninsula in the Sinus Corin
parricide. It was usual on that day, to ride thiacus, west of the Sinus Crissaeus. It is
out in chariots, and ridicule those that pass supposed by Pausanias to have been the city
ed by. The best drinker was rewarded called by Homer Cyparissa. Above the port
with a crown of leaves, or rather of gold, and was a temple consecrated to Neptune. Its
with a cask of wine. The third day was call. modern name is .1spro-Spitia, or the white
ed xvirgº, from zvrea, a vessel brought out houses, from some traces of buildings which
full of all sorts of seed and herbs, deemed still remain. There was another of the same
sacred to Mercury, and therefore not touch name in Thessaly at the mouth of the Sper
ed. The slaves had the permission of be chius.-Both these places were ſamous for the
ing merry and free during these festivals : hellebore which they produced, the great re
and at the end of the solemnity a herald medy for madness among the ancients. Stra
proclaimed, eafał Kapse, ºvz st’ Ay&artºgiz, bo says that the secoud Anticyra produced
i. e. Depart, ye Carian slaves, the festivals better hellebore than the first, but that the
are at an end. ...HElian. V. H. 2, c. 41. article was better prepared at the latter.
ANTHLA, a sister of Priam, seized by the The proverb Naviget Anticyram was applied
Greeks. She compelled the people of Pal by the ancients to a person deemed insane.
lene to burn their ships, and build Scione. Horace has been supposed by some to allude
Polyten. 7, c. 47. to three places of this name, but this is a mis
Anthium, a town of Thrace, afterwards take, the poet merely speaks of a head so
called Apollonia. [The name was subse insane as not to be cured by the produce of
quently changed to Sozopolis, and is now pro three Anticyras, if there even were three and
nounced Sizeboli. Pium. 4, c. 11.-A city of not two merely.) Paus. 10, c. 36.-Horat.
Italy. 2, Sat. 3, v. 166. De. Art. Poet. v. 300,—
Asthius, (flowery,) a name of Bacchus Perstus 4, v. 16.-Strab. 9.—Mela, 2, c. 3.−
worshipped at Athens. He had also a statue Ovid. Pont. 4, ep. 3, v. 53.
at Patrae. ANTIDötus, an excellent painter, pupil of
AsTho, a daughter of Amuliusking of Alba. Euphranor. Plin. 35, c. 11.
As Thaorophic 1, a people of Scythia that ANTIGENEs, one of Alexander's generals,
fed on human flesh. They lived near the publicly rewarded for his valour. Curt. 5, c.
country of the Massagetae. Plin. 4, c. 12, l. 14.
6, c. 30.-Mela, 2, c. 1. ANTIGENIDAs, a famous musician of The
As rhylla, a city of Egypt [about west bes, disciple, to Philoxenus. He taught his
from the Canopic branch of the Nile, and pupil Ismenias to despise the judgment of the
north-west from Naucratis. It is supposed populace. Cic, in Brut. 97.
by Larcher to have been the same with Gy AnticóNA, daughter of Berenice, was
naecopolis. It maintained the queens of the wife to king Pyrrhus. Plut. in Pyrrh.
country in shoes, or, according to .4thenaeus ANTIGONE, a daughter of GEdipus, king of
1, in girdles. Herodot. 2, c. 98. Thebes, by his mother Jocasta. She paid
Axtra LEx was made for the suppression the last sad offices to her brother Polypices,
of luxury at Rome. Its particulars are not against the positive orders of Creon, who,
known. The enactor was Antius Restio, who when he heard of it, ordered her to be buried
afterwards never supped abroad for fear of alive. She however killed herself before the
being himself a witness of the profusion and sentence was executed, and Haemon, the
extravagance which his law meant to destroy, king's son, who was passionately fond of her,
but without effect. Macrob. 3, c. 17. and had not been able to obtain her pardon,
AsticlăA, a daughter of Autolycus and killed himself on her grave. The death of
Amphithea. Her father, who was a famous Antigone is the subject of one of the tragedies
robber, permitted Sisyphus, son of Æolus, to of Sophocles. The Atheniaus were so pleas
enjoy the favours of his daughter, and Anti ed with it at the first representation, that they
clea was really pregnant of Ulysses when she presented the author with the government of
married Laertes king of Ithaca. Laertes was Samos. This tragedy was represented 32
nevertheless the reputed father of Ulysses. times at Athens, without interruption. So
Ulysses is reproached by Ajax in Ovid. Mel. phocl. in .Antig.—Hygin. fab. 67, 72, 343,
as being the son of Sisyphus. It is said that 254.—Apollod. 3, c. 5-–Ovid.
r;0
Trist. 3, el. 3.
:*::
 AN

—Philoslrat. 2, c. 29.—Stat. Theb. 12, v. 350. B. C. 301. Antigonus was defeated and dies
A daughter of Eurytion king of Phthia in of his wounds, and his son Demetrius fled
'Fhessaly. Apollod.—A daughter of Lao from the field. Antigonus was 84 years
medom. She was the sister of Prium, and was old when he died.] During his life, he
changed into a stork for comparing herself was master of all Asia Minor, as far as Syria:
to Juno. Ovid. JMet. 6, v. 93. but after his death, his son Demetrius lost
ANTIgonia, a town of Epirus, [south-west Asia, and established himself in Macedonia
of Apollonia.] Plin. 4, c. 1. One of Ma upon the death of Cassander, and some time
cedonia, [in the district of Mygdonia,] found after attempted to recover his former posses--
ed by Antigonus, son of Gonatas. Id. 4, c. sions, but died in captivity, in the court of his
10–One in Syria, on the borders of the son-in-law, Scleucus. Antigonus was con
Orontes, [built by Antigonus, and intended cerned in the different intrigues of the Greeks.
as the residence of the govenors of Egypt He made a treaty of alliance with the AEto
and Syria, but destroyed by him when Seleu lians, and was highly respected by the Athe
cia was built, and the inhabitants removed to nians, to whom he showed himself very liber
the latter city.] Strab. 16. Another in alandindulgent. Antigonus discharged some
Bithynia, called also Nicaea. Id. 12. An of his officers because they spent their timein
other in Arcadia, [founded on the ruins of the taverns, and he gave their commissions to
ancient Mantinea.] Paus.8, c. 8. One of common soldiers, who performed their duty
Troas in Asia Minor, [probably the same with punctuality. A certain poet called him
with that which was called Alexandria.] divine; but the king despised his flattery,
Strab. 13.
and bade him go and inquire of his servants
ANtigöNUs, one of Alexander's generals, whether he was really what he supposed
universally supposed to be the illegitimate him. Strab. 13.-Diod. 17, &c.—Paus. 1, e.
son of Philip, Alexander's father. In the di 6, &c.—Justin. 13, 14, and 15.-C. Mep. in
vision of the provinces after the king's death, Eumen.—Plut. in Demetr. Eumen. & Arnt.
he received Pamphylia, Lycia, and Phrygia. —Gonâtas, [so called from the place of
He united with Antipater and Ptolemy, to his birth, son of Demetrius, and grandson to
destroy Perdiccas and Eumenes : and after Antigonus, was king of Macedonia. He con
the death of Perdiccas, he made continual quered the Gauls, [who had made an irrup
war against Eumenes, whom, after three tion into his kingdom.] and at last was ex
years of various fortune, he took prisoner, pelled by Pyrrhus, who seized the throne.
and put to death. He afterwards declared [He afterwards recovered a great part of
war against Cassander, and had several en Macedonia, and followed Pyrrhus to the neigh
gagements by his generals with Lysimachus. bourhood of Argos. In a conflict that ensued
He obliged Seleucus to retire from Syria, there, Pyrrhus was slain.] After the death
and fly for refuge and safety to Egypt. Ptole of Pyrrhus, he reeovered all Macedonia, and
my, who had established himself in Egypt, died after a reign of 34 years, leaving his son
promised to defend Seleucus, and from that Demetrius [the 2d] to succeed, B. C. 243.
time all friendship ceased between Ptolemy Justin. 21 and 25.-Polyb.—Plut. in Demetr.
and Antigonus, and a new war was begun, [in —The guardian ofhis nephew, Philip, the
which Seleucus, Ptolemy, Lysimachus and son of Demetrius, who married the widow of
Cassander arrayed themselves against Anti Demetrius, and usurped the kingdom. He
gonus. After varied success, the confede was called Doson, from his promising much
rates made a treaty with him and surrender and giving nothing. He conquered Cleo
£d to him the possession of the whole of Asia, menes king of Sparta, and obliged him to re
upon condition that the Grecian cities should tire into Egypt, because he favoured the
remain free. This treaty was soon broken, AEtolians against the Greeks. He died B.C.
and Ptolemy made a descent into Lesser 221, after a reign of 11 years, leaving
Asia and on some of the Greek isles, which crown to the lawful possessor, Philip, who his
was at first successful, but he was defeated in distinguished
himself by his cruelties and the
a sea-fight by Demetrius, the son of Antigo war he made against the Romans. Justin.
mus, who took the island of Cyprus, made 28 and 29.-Polyb. 2.-Plut. in Cleom.—
16,000 prisoners, and sunk 200 of his ships.] A son of Aristobulus [the 2d] king of Judaea,
After this famous naval battle, which hap who obtained an army from the king of Par
pened 26 years after Alexander's death, An thia, by promising him 1000 talents and 500
tigonus and his son assumed the title of kings, women. With these foreign troops he at
and their example was followed by all the tacked his country, and cut off the ears of Hyr.
rest of Alexander's generals. [From this cauus [his uncle] to make him unfit for the
period, B.C. 300, his own reign in Asia, that priesthood. Herod, with the aid of the Ro
of Ptolemy in Egypt, and those of the other
captains of Alexander in their respective ter mans, took him prisoner, and he was put to
ritories, properly commence. Antigonus now death by Antony. Joseph. 14.—Dion. &
Plut. in .4nton. Carystius, an historian
formed the design of driving Ptolenty from in the age of Philadelphus, who wrote the lives
Xypt, but ſailed. His power soon became
so formidable that a new confederacy was 9ſ some of the ancient philosophers, [also an
heroic poem, entitled “Autipater,” mention
formed against him by Cassander, Lysima ed by Athenaeus, and other works. The on
chus, Seleucus, and Ptolemy. The contending ly remains we have of them are his “collec
parties met in the plain of Ipsus in Phrygia. violts of wonderful Stories” concerning animals
fT)
 AN AN

and other natural bodies. This work was changed into a constellation. Some writers
first published at Basle, 1568, and was after suppose that Antinous was drowned in the
wards reprinted at Leyden by Meursius, Nile. [According to another account, Adrian,
1619, in 4to. It forms a part also of the vo consulting an oracle at Besa, was informed
iume entitled. Historiarum JMirabilium Auc that he was threatened with great danger, un
tores Graci. printed at Leyden in 1622, in less a person that was dear to him, was immo
4to.] Diog.—4then. lated for his preservation. Upon hearing
Astilleisus, [a ridge of mountains in tints Antinous threw himself from a rock in
Syria, east of and running parallel with the to the Nile as an offering for the safety of the
ridge of Libanus. Nearit rises the Orontes.] emperor, who built Autinoopolis on the spot,
Strab.-Plin. 5. c. 20. in memory of him.]—A native of Ithaca,
Axtilochus, a king of Messenia. The son of Eupenthes and one of Penelope's suitors.
eldest son of Nestor by Eurydice. He went He was brutal and cruel in his manners; and
to the Trojan war with his father, and was excited his companions to destroy Telema
killed by Memnon, the son of Aurora. Ho chus, whose advice comforted his mother
mer. Od. 4.—Ovid. Hereud. says he was killed Penelope. When Ulysses returned home,
by Hector.—A poet who wrote a panegy he came to the palace in a beggar's dress,
ric upon Lysander, and received a hat filled and begged for bread, which Antinous refus
with silver. Plut. in Lys. An historian ed, and even struck him. After Ulysses had
commended by Dionys. Hal. discovered himself to Telemachus, and Eu
ANTIMächt's, a Greek poet of Ionia. He maeus, he attacked the suitors, who were ig
wrote a treatise on the age and genealogy of norant who he was, and killed Antinous
Homer, and endeavoured to prove him a ma among the first. Homer. Od. 1, 16, 17 and
tive of Colophon. He wrote a poen, upon the 22.-Propert. 2, el. 5, v. 7.
Theban war; and before he had brought his AntiochiA, a city of Syria, once the third
heroes to the city of Thebes, he had filled 24 city of the world for beauty, greatness, and
books. [At a public recital of this poem all population. [It was built by Seleucus Nica
his auditory deserted him except Plato, upon tor in memory of his father Antiochus, on
which Antimachus declared that he would the river Orontes, about 20 miles from its
read on, as Plato alone was equal to a whole mouth, and was equi-distant from Constan
andience. Quintilian ranks him next to Ho unople and Alexandria, being about 700 miles
mer in Epic poetry, but at a great distance. from each. Here the disciples of our Saviour
The emperor Adrian endeavoured to revive were first called Christians, and the chief pa
his fame when it was almºst forgotten, and to triarch of Asia resided. It was afterwards
rank him above Homer, but in vain ) He known by the name ºf Tetrapolis, being di
was surnamed Clarius, from Claros, a moun vided as it were into four cities, each having
tain near Colophon, where he was born. [He its separate wall, besides a common one en
flourished about 408 B. ...] Paus. 9, c. 35. closing all. The first was built by Seleucus
—Plut. in Lysand. & Timol.—Propert. 2, el. Nicator, the second by those who repaired
34, v.45.-Quinfil. 10, c. 1.-Another poet thither on its being made the capital of the
of the same name, surnamed Psecas, because Syro-Macedonian empire, the third by Se
he praised himself. Suidas. A Trojan leucus Callinicus, and the fourth by Antio
whom Paris bribed to oppose the restoring of chus Epiphanes. It is now called Antakia,
Helen to Menelaus and Ulysses, who had and has suffered severely by a late earthquake.
come as ambassadors to recover her. His At the distance of 4 or 5 miles below was
sons, Hippolochus and Pisander, were kille a celebrated grove called Daphne; whence,
by Agamemnon. Homer. Ii. 11, v. 123, 1.12, v. for the sake of distinction, it has been called
133-A native of Heliopolis, who wrote a Antiochia near Daphne, vid. Daphne.]
poem on the creation of the world, in 3780 Dionys. Perieg.—A city called also Nisi
werses. bis, in Mesopotamia, built by Seleucus, son of
ANTIsøE, one of the daughters of Pelias, Antiochus.—A city of Pisidia, [situate
ºpoliod. 1.-Paus. 8, c. 11. however, in Phrygia, above Pisidia.]—Aci
ANTimoria, annual sacrifices and quin ty [at the foot] of mount Cragus.--Another
guemial games in honour of Antinous, insti in Margiana, called Alexandria and Seleucia.
tuted by the emperor Adrian at Mantinea, Another [at the foot] of mount Taurus,
where Antinous was worshipped as a divini [in the province of Syria, called Comagene.]
ty. [They were celebrated also at Argos.] Another of Caria, on the river viean
der.
Astisoopolis [or ANTINGE,] a town of
Egypt, built in honour of Antinous, [opposite ANT16cHis, the name of the mother of An
Hermopolis Magna, on the eastern bank of tiochus, the son of Seleucus.-A tribe of
the Nile. It was previously an obscure place Athens.
*alled Besa, but became a magnificent city, ANT10chus, surnamed Soter, was son of
rid. Antinous. It is now called Ensené, and Seleucus, and king of Syria and Asia. He
a revered sepulchre has also caused it to re made a treaty of alliance with Ptolemy Phi
ceive the name of Shek-Abadé. ladelphus, king of Egypt. He fell into a lin
Astiséus, a youth of Bithynia, of whom gering disease, which none of his father's
the emperor Adrian was so extremely fond, physicians could cure for some time, till it
that at his death he erected a temple to him, was discovered that his pulse was more ir
*Ed wished it to be believed that he had been regular than usual when
61.
Stratonice his step
 AN AN

mother entered his room, and that love for plunder the temple of Belus in Susiana, which
her was the cause of his illness. This was so incensed the inhabitants that they killed
told the father, who willingly gave Stratonice him with his followers, 187 years before the
to his son,that his immoderate love might not christian era. [According to Aurelius Victor,
cause his death. He died 291 B. C. after a he became very dissolute at the close of his
reign of 19 years. . [He was called Soter or life, and was killed at an entertainment by a
Saviour by the provinces of Lower Asia, from guest whom he had insulted.] In his char.
his having freed them from the Gauls, whom acter of king, Antiochus was humane and li.
he defeated in battle.] Justin. 17, c. 2, &c.— beral, the patron of learning, and the friend
P'al. Mar. 5.-Polyb. 4. Appran. 'The of merit: and he published an edict, ordering
second of that name, surnamed Theos (God) his subjects never to obey except his com.
by the Milesians, because he put to death mands were consistent with the laws of the
their tyrant Timarchus, was son and successor country. He had three sons, Seleucus Philo
of Antiochus Soter. [In the third year of pater, Antiochus Epiphanes, and Demetrius,
his reign, a bloody war broke out between him The first succeeded him, and the two others
and Ptolemy Philadelphus of Egypt. During were kept as hostages by the Romans. Justin,
this, he lost all his provinces beyond the 31 and 33.-Strab. 16.-Lav. 34, c. 59.-Flor.
Euphrates by a revolt of the Parthians and 2, c. 1.-Appian. Bell. Syr.—The fourth
the Bactrians. These losses compelled him Antiochus, surnamed Epiphanes, or Illus.
to sue for peace unto Ptolemy, and it was on trious, was king of Syria, after the death of
ly granted on condition of his divorcing his his brother Seleucus, and reigned eleven
former wife Laodice, and marrying Ptolemy's years. He destroyed Jerusalem, and was so
daughter Berenice. The male issue of this cruel to the Jews, that they called him Epi.
marriage were also to succeed to the crown. manes, or Furious, and not Epiphanes. He
Ptolemy died two years after this, and An attempted to plunder Persepolis withouteſ.
tiochus repudiated Berenice and restored ſect. He was of a voracious appetite, and
Laodice. The latter resolving to secure the fond of childish diversions; he used for his
succession to her son, poisoned Antiochus.) pleasure to empty bags of money in the
and suborned Artemon, whose features were streets, to see the people's eagerness to gather
similar to his, to represent him as king. Ar it; he bathed in the public baths with the
temon, subservient to her will, pretended to populace, and was fond of perfuming him.
be indisposed, and, as king, called all the mi self to excess. He invited all the Greeks he
nisters, and recommended to them Seleucus, could at Antioch, and waited upou them as:
surnamed Callinicus, son of Laodice, as his servant, and danced with such indecency
successor. After this ridiculous imposture, among the stage-players, that even the most
it was made public that the king had died a dissipate and shameless blushed at the sight
natural death, and Laodice placed her son on [It is of this Antiochus that some relate theat.
the throne, and dispatched Berence and her tempt to plunder the temple in Elimais. He
son, 246 years before the christian era. Ap is said to have been repulsed in this attempt:
pian. The third of that name, surnamed and to have died of a sudden and severe main
the Great, brother to Seleucus Ceraunus, was dy when marching to extirpate the Jews.]
king of Syria and Asia, and reigned 36 years. Polybius.-Justin. 34, c. 3. The fifth, sur
He was defeated by Ptolemy Philopater at pamed Eupator, or Noble, succeeded his father
Raphia, [and was compelled to surrender to Epiphanes on the throne of Syria, 164 B.C.
him the whole of Coelesyria and Palestine. He made a peace with the Jews, and in the
He was more successful, however, in Upper second year of his reign was put to death by
Asia, where he recovered possession of Me his uncle Demetrius, who said that the crown
dia, and made treaties with the kings of Par was lawfully his own, and that it had been
thia and Bactria, who agreed to aid him in seized from his father. Justin. 34.—Joseph
regaining other of his former provinces, if 12. The sixth, king of Syria, was sur.
their respective kingdoms were secured to named Theos. His father Alexander Balas,
them. He crossed over also into India, and intrusted him to the care of Malcus, an
renewed his alliance with the king of that Arabian; and he received the crown from
country.] After the death of Philopater, he Tryphon, in opposition to his brother Deme.
endeavoured to crush his infant son Epi trius, whom the people hated. Before he had
phanes; but his guardians solicited the aid been a year on the throne, Tryphon murder.
of the Romans, and Antiochus was compel ed him, 143 B.C. and reigned in his place for
led to resign his pretensions. He conquered three years. Joseph. 13. The seventh,
the greatest part of Greece, of which some called Sudetes, or the Hunter, reigned up.
cities implored the aid of Rome; and Annieal, years. In the beginning of his reign, he was
who had taken refuge at his court, encourag afraid of Tryphon, and concealed himself, but
ed him to make war against Italy. He dis. he soon obtained the means of destroying his
trusted however the sincerity of Annibal. His enemy. He made war against Phraates king
measures were dilatory, and not agreeable to of Parthia, [entered Parthia, and regained the
the advice of the Carthaginian commander, provinces which Phraates had separated from
and he was conquered and obliged to retire the Syriau empire. His soldiers however hav.
beyond mount Taurus, and pay a yearly fine ing been dispersed after this in winter-qual
of 2000 talents to the Romans. His revenues
ters, were attacked and cut to pieces, and
being unable to pay the fine, he attempted to Antiochus along with them.] Justin. 36, a
62
 AN AN

1.—Appian. Bell. Syr. The eighth, sur the resentment of her father, she fled to
named Grypus, from his aquiline nose, was mount Cithaeron, where she brought forth
son of Demetrius Nicanor by Cleopatra. His twins, Amphion and Zethus. She exposed
brother Seleucus was destroyed by Cleopatra, them, to prevent discovery, but they were
and he himself [some time after, on his mani preserved. After this she fled to Epopeus,
festing an inclination to be independent of his king of Sicyon, who married her. Some say
mother.] would have shared the same fate, that Epopeus carried her away, for which
had he not discovered his mother's artifice, action Nycteus made war against him, and
and compelled her to drink the poison which at his death left his crown to his brother Ly
was prepared for himself. He killed Alexan cus, intreating him to continue the war and
ier Zebina, whom Ptolemy had set to oppose punish the ravisher of his daughter Lycus
him on the throne of Syria, and was at last obeyed his injunctions, killed Epopeus, and
assassinated B. C. 112, after a reign of [29 recovered Antiope, whom he loved, and mar
years according to Josephus, and 26 years ac ried, though his niece. His first wife, Dirce,
cording to Porphyrius.] Justin. 39, &e.— was jealous of his new connection; she pre
Joseph-Appian. The ninth, surnamed vailed upon her husband, and Antiope was
Cyzenicus, from the city of Cyzicus where delivered into her hands, and confined in a
he received his education, was son of Antio prison, where she was daily tormented. An
chus Sidetes, by Cleopatra. He disputed the tiope, after many years imprisonment, obtain
kingdom with his brother Grypus, who ed means to escape, and went after her sons,
ceded to him Coelosyria, part of his patri who undertook to avenge her wrongs upon
mony. He was at last conquered by his ne Lycus and his wife Dirce. They took
phew Seleucus near Antioch, and rather than Thebes, put the king to death, and tied Dirce
to continue prisoner in his hands, he killed to the tail of a wild bull, who dragged her
himself, B. C.93. While a private man, he till she died. Bacchus changed her into a
seemed worthy to reign; but when on the fountain, and deprived Antiope of the use of
her senses. In this forlorn situation she wan
throne, he was dissolute and tyrannical. He
was fond of mechanics, and invented some dered all over Greece, and at last found re
useful military engines. .4ppian.—Joseph. lief from Phocus, son of Ornytion, who cured
-The tenth, was ironically surnamed Pi her of her disorder, and married her. Hy
wi, because he married Selena, the wife of his girus, fab. 7, says that Antiope was divorced
ather and of his uncle. He was the son of by Lycus, because she had been ravished by
Antiochus ninth, and he expelled Seleucus Epopeus, whom he calls Epaphus, and that
the son of Grypus from Syria, and was killed aſter her repudiation she became pregnant
in a battle he ſought against the Parthians, in by Jupiter. Meanwhile Lycus married Dirce,
the cause of the Galatians. Joseph-Ap who suspected that her husband still kept
pian–After his death, the kingdom of Sy the company of Antiope, upon which she im
ria was torn to pieces by the factions of the prisoned her. Antiope however escaped
royal family or usurpers, who under a good from her confinement, and brought forth on
ºr false title, under the name of Antiochus or mount Cithaeron. Some authors have called
his relations, established themselves for a lit her daughter of Asopus, because she was
tletine assovereigns either of Syria, or Da born on the banks of that river. The Scho
mascus, or other dependent provinces. At liast on Apollon. 1, v. 735, maintains that
last Antiochus, surnained .Asiaticus, the son there were two persons of the name, one the
ºf Antiochus the ninth, was restored to his daughter of Nycteus, and the other of Aso
Paternal throne by the influence of Lucullus pus, and mother of Amphion and Zethus.
the Roman general, on the expulsion of Ti Paus. 2, c. 6, l. 9, c. 17.—Ovid. 6. Met. v.
grades king of Armenia from the Syrian do 110 – Apollod. 3. c. 5–Propert. 3, el. 15–
minions; but ſour years after, Pompey de Hom. Od. 11, v. 259,-Hygin. ſab. 7, 8, and
pºsed him, and observed, that he who hid 155. A daughter of Mars, queen of the
himself while an usurpersat upon his throne, Amazons, taken prisoner by Hercules, and
ºught not to be a king. From that time, B given in marriage to Theseus. She is also
C-65, Syria became a Roman province, and called Hippolyte. vid Hippolyte.
terace of Antiochus was extinguished. Jus ANTiPARos, a small island in the Ægean
*-49–A philosopher of Ascalon, famous sea, opposite Paros, [and separated from it
ºr his writings, and the respect with which by a strait about 7 miles wide. Its most
he was treated by his pupils, Lucullus, Cice ancient name was Qlearos, and it was set
ro, and Brutus. Plut. in Lucull.—An his tled by a colony of Sidonians. This island is
tarian of Syracuse, son of Xenophanes, who famous for its grotto, which is of great depth,
"rote, besides other works, an history of Si and was believed by the ancient Greeks to
cily, in nine books, in which he began at the communicate beneath the waters with some
*ze of king Cocalus. Sirab-Diod, 12. of the neghbouring islands.] .
A sculptor, said to have made the famous sta AnturiteR, [a Macedonian of noble birth,
ºne of Pallas, preserved in the Ludovisi gar distinguished by his natural talents and ex
"em at Rome. cellent education. He was minister to Philip,
Astºre, daughter of Nycteus, king of and during the absence of Alexander in Asia:
by Polyxo, was beloved by Jupiter, was governor of Macedonia, and of all
*to deceive her, changed himself into a Greece..] Antipater exerted himself in the
*77. She became pregnant, and, to avoid cause of his king ; 63he made war against
 AN AN

Sparta, and was soon after called into Per

the two brothers by the advice of Lysimachus,
sia with a reinforcement by Alexander. He and soon after Demetrius killed Antipater,
has been suspected of giving poison to Alexand made himself king of Macedonia, 294 B
ander, to raise himself to power.—After A C. Justin. 26, c. 1. A king of Macedonia.
who reigned only 45 days, 277 B.C.
lexander's death, his generals divided the em *
pire among themselves, and the government powerful prince, father to Herod He was
of the European provinces] was allotted to appointed governor of Judea by Caesar, whom
Antip.ter. The war which Greece, and he had assisted in the Alexandrine war. Ja
chiefly Athens, meditated during Alexander's seph.-A celebrated sophist of Hieropolis.
life, now burst forth with uncommon fury as preceptor to the children of the emperor Se
soon as the news of his death was received. verus-[A philosopher of Sidon, or Tar
The Athenians levied an army of 30,000 sus, commended hy Cicero and Seneca, flou
men, and equipped 200 ships against Anti rished about 80 B.C. He was the disciple
pater, who was master of Macedonia. Their ind successor of Diogenes the Babylonian,
expedition was attended with much success. and his chief opponent was Carneades.]
Antipater was routed in Thessaly, and even A disciple of Aristotle, who wrote two books
besieged in the town of Lamia. But when of letters.-A poet of Thessalonica, in the
Leosthenes the Athenian general was mortal age of Augustus.
ly wounded under the walls of Lamia, the ANTiPATRIA, a city of Macedonia, [on the
fortune of the war was changed. Antipater eastern confines, north-east of Nicaea..] Lir.
obliged the enemy to raise the siege, and soon 31, c. 27.
after received a reinforcement from Crate. ANTIrātris, [or Capharsaba, a town of
rus from Asia, with which he conquered the Palestine, situate in Samaria, near the coast,
Athenians at Cranon in Thessaly. After this south-east of Apollonias. It was rebuilt by
defeat, Antipater and Craterus marched into Herod the Great, and called Antipatris, in
Boeotia, and conquered the AEtolians, and honour of his father Antipater J
granted peace to the Athenians, on the con Antiphines, an ingenious statuary of
ditions which Leosthenes had proposed to Argos. Paus. 5, c. 17. A comic poet of
Antipater when besieged in Lamia, viz. that Rhodes, or rather of Smyrna, who wrote
he should be absolute master over them. Be above 90 comedies, and died in the 74th year
sides this, he demanded from their ambassa of his age, by the fall of an apple upon his
dors, Demades Phocion and Xenocrates, head.—A physician of Delos, who used to
that they should deliver into their hands the say that diseases originated from the variety
orators Demosthenes and Hyperides, whose of food that was eaten. Clem. .4ler.—4 them.
eloquence had inflamed the minds of their ANTIPHATEs, a king of the Laestrygones,
countrymen, and had been the primary descended from Lamus, the founder of For
causes of the war. The conditions were ac miae. Ulysses, returning from Troy, came
cepted, [the popular government, that of So upon his coast, and sent three men to exa
lon, was abolished, and a Macedonian gover mine the country. Antiphates devoured one of
nor with a garrison was stationed in Athens.] them, and pursued the others, and sunk the
Antipater and Craterus were the first who, fleet of Ulysses with stones, except the ship
made hostile preparations against Perdiccas; in which Ulysses was. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 232.
and during that time, Polysperchon defeated ANTiPhill portus, a harbour on the A
the AEtolians, who made an invasion into frican side of the Red Sea. Strab. 16.
Mlacedonia. Antipater gave assistance to ANT philus, an Athenian who succeeded
Eumenes in Asia, against Antigonus accord Leosthenes at the siege of Lamia against
ing to Justin. 14, c 2. At his death, B. C. Antipater Diod. 18. A noble painter,
319, Antipater appointed Polysperchon mas who represented a youth leaning over a fire
ter of all his possessions; and as he was the and blowing it, from which the whole house
oldest of all the generals and successors of seemed to be illuminated. He was an Egyp
Alexander, he recommended that he might tian by birth; he imitated Apelles, and was
be the supreme ruler in their councils, that disciple to Ctesidemus. Plan. 35, c. 10.
every thing might be done according to his Antiphon, a poet. A native of Rham
judgment. As for his son Cassander, he left nus, called Nestor, from his eloquence and
him in a subordinate station under Polysper prudence. [He was the first who wrote
chon. But Cassander was of too aspiring a precepts on oratory. He exerted himself in
disposition tamely to obey his father's injunc establishing the tyranny of the 400 at Athens,
tions. He recovered Macedonia, and made and was for this offence condemned and exc
himself absolute. Curt. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 10. cuted. 60 orations under his name were ſor
—Justin. : 1, 12, 13, &c.—Diod. 17, 18, &c. merly extant, but there now remain only 16.
C. Mep, an Phoc. & Eumen.—Plut. in Eumen. They are printed in the editions ef the Greek
.Alexand. &c.—A son of Cassander, king Orators.] An Athenian who interpreted
of Macedonia, and son-in-law of Lysimachus. dreams, and wrote an history of his art. Cic.
He killed his mother, because she wished his de Div. 1 and 2. A poet of Attica, who
brother Alexander to succeed to the throne. wrote tragedies, epic poems, and orations.
Alexander, to revenge the death of his Dionysius put him to death, because he refused
mother, solicited the assistance of Deme to praise his compositions. Being once asked
trius; but peace was re-established between by the tyrant, what brass was the best 2 he
64
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answered, that with which the statues of Har v. 82.-Sueton. in Aug. 54. Petro of Ga
modius and Aristogiton were made. Plut.— bii, was the author of a celebrated treaty be
..?ristot. tween Rome and his country, in the age of
Asriphus. a son of Thessalus, grandson Tarquin the Proud. Dionys. Hal. 4.
to Hercules. Ile went to the Trojan war in ANTITAURUs, [a chain of mountains, run
30ships. Homer. Il. 2, v. 185-–A brother ning from Armenia through Cappadocia to
of Ctimenus, was son of Ganyctor the Nau the west and south-west. It connects itself
pactian. These two brothers murdered the with the chain of Mount Taurus, between
poet Hesiod, on the false suspicion that he Cataonia and Lycaonia, vid. Paryadres.
had offered violence to their sister, and threw JMannert. Anc. Geogr. Vol. 6. part. 2, p. 5.]
his body into the sea. The poet's dog dis ANtium, a maritime town of Italy, built by
covered them, and they were seized and con Ascanius, or, according to others, by a son of
victed of the murder. Plut. de Solert. Anim. Ulysses and Circe, upon a promontory 32
As Tipolis, a city of Gaul, [on the coast miles from Ostia. It was the capital of the
of the Mediterranean, south-east of the river Volsci, who made war against the Romans,
Varus, built and colonised by the Massilians. for above 200 years. Camillus took it, and
It is now.Antibes.] Tacit. 2, Hist. c. 15. carried all the beaks of their ships to Rome,
ANTIRRhiuxi, a promontory of Ætolia. and placed them in the forum, on a tribunal,
opposite Rhium in Peloponnesus, whence the which from thence was called Rostra. This
name. [It is on the Sinus Corinthiacus or town was dedicated to the goddess of fortune,
Gulf of Lepanto. The two promontories, [who had here a splendid temple. Nero was
being fortified with castles, have been called born in this city. It is now Anzio.] Cic. de
the Dardanelles of Lepanto.] Div. 1.-Horat. 1, od. 35.-Liv. 8, c. 14.
ANTissa, [a city of Lesbos, between the ANToMENEs, the last king of Corinth. Af.
promontory Sigeum and Methymne. Hav. ter his death, magistrates with regal authoris
ing offended the Romans, it was depopulated ty were chosen annually.
by Labeo, and the inhabitants were removed AntóNIA LEx, was enacted by M. An
to Methymne. It was afterwards rebuilt, tony, the consul, A. U. C. 710. It abrogated
and is supposed to have been insulated by an the Lez Alia, and renewed the Lex Cornelia,
arm of the sea from the rest of the island. by taking away from the people the privilege
Hence the name Antissa, it being opposite to of choosing priests, and restoring it to the col
Lesbos, whose more ancient name was Issa. lege of priests, to which it originally belong
Strab. 1.-Plin-2, c. 91.] ed. Dio. 44.—Another by the same. It
ANTISTHENEs, a philosopher [founder of allowed an appeal to the people, to those who
the Cynic sect, born of an Athenian father were condemned de majestate, or of perfidious
and of a Phrygian mother. He taught rhe measures against the state. Another by
toric, and had among his pupils the famous the same, during his triumvirate. It made it
Diogenes; but when he had heard Socrates, a capital offence to propose ever after the
he shut up his school, and told his pupils, election of a dictator, and for any person to
“Go seek for yourselves a master, I have accept of the office. Appian. de Ball. Civ. 3.
now found one.” One of his pupils asked him AntóN1A, a daughter of M. Antony, by
what philosophy had taught him : “To live Octavia. She married Domitius AEnobarbus,
with myself,” said he. He sold his all, and and was mother of Nero, and two daughters.
preserved only a very ragged coat, which A sister of Germanicus. The wife of
drew the attention of Socrates, and tempted Drusus the son of Livia, and brother to Ti
him to say to the cynic, who carried his con berius. She became mother of three chil
tempt of dress too far, “Antisthenes, I see dren, Germanicus, Caligula's father; Clau
thy vanity through the holes of thy coat.” dius the emperor: and the debauched Livia.
[He paid little regard to the gods and the re Her husband died very early, and she never
ligion of his country, though, as might be ex would marry again, but spent her time in the
pected from a disciple of Socrates, he thought education of her children. Some people sup
justly respecting the Supreme Being. He pose her grandson Caligula ordered her to be
wrote many books, of which none are extant, poisoned, A. D. 38. Wal. Mar. 4, c. 3–
except two declamations under the names of A castle of Jerusalem, which received this
Ajax and Ulysses. These were published in name in honour of M. Antony. [Its previous
the collection of ancient orators by Aldus in name was Baris. It was situate at the north
1513; by H. Stephens in 1575, and by Can west angle of the temple on a steep hill, and
ter, as an appendix to his edition of Aristides, founded by Hyrcanus. Herod enlarged and
printed at Basle in 1566.] His doctrines of fortified it, and called it Antonia. It was taken
austerity were followed as long as he was by Titus, who thus became master of the
- an example of the cynical character, temple and city, as it commanded both.
but after his death they were all forgotten. Joseph. Bell. Jud. 5, c. 15.]
Antisthenes flourished 396 years B. C. Cic. Antoninus Pius, [or Titus Aurelius Ful
de Orat. 3, c. 36.-Diod. 6.-Plut. in Lyc. vius Boionius Antoninus,) was adopted by
Artistics LABEo, an excellent lawyer at the emperor Adrian, to whom he succeeded.
Rºme, who defended in bold language, the The prince is remarkable for all the virtues
liberties of his country against Augustus, [for that can form a perfect statesman, philoso
which Horace, paying court to Augustus, pher, and king. He rebuilt whatever cities
tº him with madness.] Horat. 1, Sat. 3, had been destroyed by 5wars in former rºigu,
I -
 AN AN

In cases of famine or inundation, he relieved language, slaughtered many thousands in A

the distressed, and supplied their wants with lexandria. After assuming the name and
his own money. He suffered the governors dress of Achilles, and styling himself the con
of the provinces to remain long in the admi queror of provinces he had never seen, he
mistration, that no opportunity of extortion was assassinated at Edessa by Macrinus,
might be given to new-comers. In his con April 8, in the 43d year of his age, A. D. 217.
duct towards his subjects, he behaved with His body was sent to his wife Julia, who stab
affability and humanity, and listened with pa bed herself at the sight. There is extant a
tience to every complaint brought before him. Greek itinerary, and another book called
When told of conquering heroes, he said with Iter Britannicum, which some have attribut
Scipio, I prefer the life and preservation of a ed to the emperor Antoninus, though it was
citizen, to the death 100 enemies. He did more probably written by a person of that
not persecute the christians like his predeces name whose age is unknown.,
sors, but his life was a scene of universal be LAN toNINopolis, a city of Mesopotamia,
nevolence. His last moments were easy, placed by D'Anville on the northern confines
though preceded by a lingering illness. When of the country, but more correctly by Man
consul of Asia, he lodged at Smyrna in the nert in the vicinity, and to the north-east of
house of a sophist, who in civility obliged the Charra and Edessa. It is suppossed to have
governor to change his house at night. The been founded by Severus or Caracalla, and
sophist, when Antoninus became emperor, named after the Emperor Antoninus. It
visited Rome, and was jocosely desired to was subsequently called Constantia, from
use the palace as his own house, without any Constantine, who enlarged and strengtheued
apprehension of being turned out at night. it. Mannert supposes it to be the same
He extended the boundaries of the Roman with the ruined city of Uran Schar, mention
province in Britain, by means of his general ed by Niehbuhr.]
Lollius Urbicus, who, having reconquered M. ANto Nius GNipho, a poet of Gaul
the Maeatae, restored the second wall of Agri who taught rhetoric at Rome; Cicero and
cola, which is hence commonly called the val other illustrious men frequented his school.
lum.Antonini. It lay between the Clyde and He never asked any thing for his lectures,
Forth. vid. Brittania;] but he waged no whence he received more from the liberality
wars during his reign, and only repulsed the of his pupils. Sueton. de Illust. Gr. 7.
enemies of the empire who appeared in the An orator, grandfather to the triumvir of the
field. He died in the 75th year of his age, af. same name. He was killed in the civil wars
ter a reign of 29 years, A. D. 161. He was of Marius, and his head was hung in the forum.
succeeded by his adopted son M. Aurelius Wal. Mar. 9, c. 3.-Lucan. 2, v. 121.
Antoninus, surnamed the philosopher, a Marcus, the eldest son of the orator of the
prince as virtuous as his father. [He raised same name, by means of Cotta and Cethegus,
to the imperial dignity L. Aurelius Commo obtained from the senate the office of manag
dus, who had been equally intended for the ing the corn on the maritime coasts of the
succession along with him by Antoninus Pius, Mediterranean with unlimited power. This
but had been excluded by the latter on ac gave him many opportunities of plundering
count of his vices. He gave him his own ori the provinces and enriching himself. Sallusi.
ginal name of Verus, by which he was after Frag.—Caius, another son of the orator of
wards known.] His voluptuousness and that name, who obtained a troop of horse from
dissipation were as conspicuous as the mo Sylla, and plundered Achaia. He was carried
deration of the philosopher. During their before the praetor M. Lucullus, and banished
reign, the Quadi, Parthians, and Marcoman from the senate by the censors, for pillaging
mi were defeated. Antoninus wrote a book the allies, and refusing to appear when sum
in Greek, entitled, taxa &’ savrov, concerning moned before justice. Caius, son of An
himself, the best editions of which are the 4to. tonius Caius, was consul with Cicero.
Cantab. 1652, and the 8vo. Oxon. 1704. Af. Marcus, the triumvir, was grandson to the
ter the war with the Quadi had been finish orator M. Antonius, and son of Antonius,
ed, Verus died of an apoplexy, and Anto surnamed Cretensis, from his wars in Crete.
ninus survived him eight years, and died [at He was augur and tribune of the people, in
Windobona, now Vienna, of a pestilential dis which he distinguished himself by his ambi
order which prevailed in the army, in the tious views. He always entertained a secret
57th year of his age, after a reign of somewhat resentment against Cicero, which arose from
more than 19 years..] Dio. Cassius.—Bas Cicero's having put to death Corn. Lentulus,
sianus Caracalla, son of the emperor Septi who was concerned in Catiline's conspiracy.
mus Severus, was celebrated for his cruel This Lentulus had married Antonius's mo
ties. He killed his brother Geta in his moth ther after his father’s death. When the
er's arms, and attempted to destroy the writ senate was torn by the factions of Pompey's
ings of Aristotle, observing that Asistotle was and Caesar's adherents, Antony proposed that
one of those who sent poison to Alexander. both should lay aside the command of their
He married his mother, and publicly lived armies in the provinces; but as this proposi
with her, which gave occasion to the people tion met not with success, he privately retir
of Alexandria to say that he was an OEdipus, ed from Rome to the camp of Caesar, and ad
and his wife a Jocasta. This joke was fatal to vised him to march his army to Rome. In
them; and the emperor, to punish their ill support of his attachment, he commanded the
86
 AN AN

left wing of hisarmy at Pharsalia, and accord Lepidus. Octavius and Antony then passed
ing to a premeditated scheme, offered him a into Macedonia and defeated Brutus and Cas
diadem in the presence of the Roman people. sius at Philippi. After this, the latter passed
When Caesar was assassinated in the senate over to the eastern provinces, where he lived
house, his friend Antony spoke an oration for a time in great dissipation and luxury with
over his body; and to ingratiate himself and the famous Cleopatra at Alexandria. Upon
his party with the populace, he reminded the death of his wiſe Fulvia, he became re
them of the liberal treatment they had receiv conciled with Octavius, against whom Ful
ed from Caesar. [Antony soon became pow via had raised an army in ltaly, for the pur
erful, and began to tread in Caesar's footsteps, pose it is supposed, of drawing her husband
and govern with absolute sway. The arri away from Cleopatra and inducing him to
val of Octavius Hit Rome, thwarted, however, come to the latter country. Augustus gave
his ambitious views. The latter soon raised | Antony his sister Octavia in marriage, and a
a formidable party in the Senate, and was new division was made of the empire. Oc
strengthened by the accession of Cicero to his |tavius had Dalmatia, ltaly, the two Gauls,
cause. Violent quarrels soon ensued between |Spain, and Sardinia, Antony all the provinces
Octavius and Antony. Endeavours were |east of Codropolis in Illyricum, as far as the
used to reconcile them, but in vain. Antony, Euphrates, while Lepidus received Africa.
in order to have a pretence of sending for the On returning to the east, Antony once more
legions from Macedonia, prevailed on the peo became enslaved by the charms of Cleopatra.
ple to grant him the government of Cisalpine |An unsuccessful expediton against the Par
Gaul, which the senate had before conferred |thians ensued, and at last the repudiation of
q. Decimus Brutus, one of the conspirators Octavia involved him in a new war with
against Caesar. Matters soon came to an |Octavius. The battle of Actium put an end
open rupture. Octavius offered his aid to the to this contest and to all the hopes of Antony.
senate, who accepted it, and passed a decree, It was fought at sea, contrary to the advice of
approving of his conduct and that of Brutus, |Antony's best officers, and chiefly through
who at the head of three legions was prepar the persuasion of Cleopatra, who was proud
ing to oppose Antony, then on his march to of her naval force. She abandoned him in the
seize Cisalpine Gaul. Brutus, not being midst of the fight with her 50 gallies, and
strong enough to keep the field against An took to flight. This drew Antony from the
tony, shut himself np in Mutina, where his battle and ruined his cause.]—After the
ºpponent besieged hith. The senate declar battle of Actium, Antony followed Cleopatra
ed Antony an enemy to his country. The | into Egypt, where he was soon informed of
Consuls Hirtius and Pansa took the field the deſection of all his allies and adherents,
against him along with Octavius, and advan and saw the conqueror on his shores. He
ced to Mutina in order to raise the siege. In stabbed himself, and Cleopatra likewise kill
the first engagement Antony had the advan ed herself by the bite of an asp. Antony died
tage and Pansa was mortally wounded, but in the 56th year of his age, B.C. 30, and the
he was defeated the same day by Hirtius as conqueror shed tears when he was inſormed
he was returning to his camp. In a subse that his enemy was no more. Antony leſt
qment engagement, Antony was again van seven children by his three wives. He has
quished, his lines were forced, and Oc been blamed for his great effeminacy, ſor his
tavius had an opportunity of distinguishing uncommon love of pleasures, and his fondness
himself, Hirtius being slain in the action, and of drinking. It is said that he wrote a book
the whole command devolving on the former. in praise of drunkenness. He was fond of
Antony, after this check, abandoned the imitating Hercules, from whom, according
siege of Mutina, and crossed the Alps, in hopes to some accounts, he was descended ; and he
of receiving succours from his friends. This is often represented as Hercules, with Cleo
was all that Octavius wanted; his intent patra in the form of Omphale, dressed in
was to humble Antony, not to destroy him, the arms of her submissive lover, and beating
fºreseeing plainly that the republican party him with her sandals. In his public charac
would be uppermost, and his own ruin must ter, Antony was brave and courageous, but
*on ensue. A reconciliation was soon effect with the intrepidity of Caesar, he possessed all
*lbetweenhimand Antony, who had already his voluptuous inclinations. He was prodigal
Sained an accession of strength by the junction to a degree, and did not scruple to call, from
ºf Lepidus. These three leaders had an in vanity, his sons by Cleopatra, kings of kings.
ºrview near Bononia, in a small island of the His fondness for low company, and his de
river Rhenus, where they came to an agree bauchery, form the best parts of Cicero's
mºnt to divide all the provinces of the empire Philippics. It is said that the night after Caesar's
*nd the supreme authority among themselves murder, Cassius supped with Antony; and
ºf five years, under the name of triumvirs, being asked whether he had a dagger with
him, answered, yes, if you, Antony, aspire to
and as reformers of the republic with consular
Pºwer. Thus was formed the second trium sovereign power. Plutarch has written an
Virate. The most horrid part of the transac account of his life. Jºrg. .ºn. 8, v. 685.--
** was the cold-blooded proscription of Horat. ep. 9.—Jur. 10, v. 122.--C. Nep. in
*y of their friends, and relatives, and Ci ...Attic.—Cic. in Philip.–Justin. 41 and 42.
** head was given in exchange by Augus —Julius, son of Antony the triumvir, by Ful
** Antony's uncle and for the uncle of via, was consul with Paulus Fabius Maximus.
 AN AN

He was surnamed Africanus, and put to death|arrival of Cadmus, the Hyantes took up arms
by order of Augustus. Some say that he to oppose him, but the Aones submitted, and
killed himself. It is supposed that he wrote were incorporated with the Phoenicians. The
an heroic poem on Diomede, in 12 books. Muses were called .domite from Mount Heli
Horace dedicated [the 2d Ode of the 4th con in Boeotia.) Paus. 9, c. 3.-Orid. Met.
Book] to him. Tacit. 4, Ann. c. 44.——Lu 3, 7, 10, 13. Trist. el. 5, v. 10. Fast. 3, v.
cius, the triumvir's brother, was besieged in 456, l. 4, v.245.-Pirg. G. 3, v. 11.
Pelusium by Augustus, and obliged to surren AoNIA, one of the ancient names of Boeo
der himself with 300 men by famine. The tia.
conqueror spared his life. Some say that he AöRIs, a famous hunter, son of Aras, king
was killed at the shrine of Caesar.—A no of Corinth. He was so fond of his sister Ara.
ble, but unfortunate youth. His father, Julius, thyraea, that he called part of the country by
was put to death by Augustus, for his criminal her name. Paus. 2, c. 12. The wife of
conversation with Julia, and he himself was Neleus, called more commonly Chloris. Id.
removed by the emperor to Marseilles, on 9, c. 36.
pretence of finishing his education. Tacit. 5, Aor Nos, Ao RNus, Ao RN is, a lofty rock
.4nn. c. 44. Felix, a freedman of Claudius, in India, taken by Alexander. Hercules had
appointed governor of Judaea. He married besieged it, but was never able to conquer it.
Drusilla, the grand-daughter of Antony and |It was situate on the Suastus or Surat, and
Cleopatra. Tacit. 4, Hist. 9.-Musa, a is now called Renas.] Curt. 8, c. 11.-Mr.
physician of Augustus. Plin. 29. rian. 4.—Strab. 15.—Plut. in Aler.—[An.
ANToRides, a painter, disciple to Aristip. other in Bactriana, east of Zariaspa Bactra.
pus. Plin. - It is now Telºkan, situate on a high mountain
ANūnis, an Egyptian deity, represented called Nork-Koh, or the mountain of silver.]
under the form of a man with the head of a Another near Baiae and Puteoli. It was
dog. His worship was introduced from also called Avernus. Virg. JEn. 6, v.242.
Egypt into Greece and Italy. [The dog was |Aons 1, a people on the shores of the Cas
first consecrated to Anubis, afterwards the pian, who, according to Strabo, carried on a
figure of this animal was substituted for that trade ingold and various articles of merchan
of Anubis himself, and lastly the head of a dise with southern Asia and with India.]
dog was annexed to a human body as an em ApšMA, a daughter of Artaxerxes, who
blem of the new deity.] Diod. 1.-Lucan. marlied Parnabazus, satrap of Ionia-A
8, v. 331.—Orid. Met. 9, v. 686.-Plut. de daughter of Antiochus. Paus. 1, c. 8.
Isid. and Osirid.—Herodot. 4.—Virg. JEn. 8, APAME, the mother of Nicomedes by Pru
Y. 698. sias king of Bithynia. The mother of An
ANxu R, called also Terracina, a city of the tiochus Soter, by Seleucus Nicator.
Volsci, taken by the Romans, A.U. C. 348. APAMiA or APAMEA [a city of Phrygia,
It was sacred to [Jupitera:vgºt, or the beard built by Antiochus Soter, on the site of the
less. La Cerda and others contend that in ancient Cibotus. The latter place was so
conformity with this derivation, the name of called from kačarº, an ark or coffer, because
the place should be written Axur, as it is it was the mart or common treasury of those
even found on some old coins; Heyne, how who traded from Italy and Greece to Asia
ever, rejects the Greek derivation of the Minor. This name was afterwards added
name, and makes Anxur to have been a for a similar reason to Apamea. It was situate
Volscian term, and the letter n to have been at the confluence of the Marsyas and Maean
sometimes omitted on account of its slight der, and is now called Aphiom-Kara-Hisar,
sound. Heyne Comment. ad Virg. JEn. 7, v. or the black castle of opium, which drug is
799. The modern name is Terracina.] Liv. collected in its environs. Another in Bithy
4, c. 59.-Horat. 1, Sat. 5, v. 26.—Lucan. 3, nia, originally called Myrlea, but destroyed
v. 84.— Pirg, VEn. 7, v. 799. by Philip, father of Perses, and rebuilt by
ANYtus, an Athenian rhetorician, who, Prusias, who called it after his wife's name
with Melitus and Lacon, accused Socrates of Apamea. Another in Syria, at the conflu.
impiety, and was the cause of his condemna ence of the Orontes and Marsyas, which form
tion. These false accusers were afterwards a small lake. It was founded by Seleucus
put to death by the Athenians. Diog.— Nicator, and called after his wife. It is now
.Elian. V. H.2, c. 13.-Horut. 2, Sat. 4, v. 3. Famieh. Seleucus is said to have kept in the
—Plut. in Alcib. Adjacent pastures 500 war elephants.--An:
[ANzARBAs, a river near the Tigris. other in Mesopotamia, on the Tigris, in a dis
.Marcel. 18. [rid. Zabatus.] trict which lay between the canal and the
Aollius, a son of Romulus by IIersilia, af. river, whence the epithet Messene applied
terwards called Abillius. to this city, because it was in the midst of
AoN, a son of Neptune, who came to Fu that small territory which is now called
boea and Boeotia, from Apulia, where he col Digel. Another on the confines of Media
lected the inhabitants into cities, and reigned and Parthia, not far from Raga. It was sur.
over them. They were called .dones, and named Raphane. Another at the conflu.
the country Munia, from him. ence of the Tigris and Euphrates, now Komº |
Aón Es, the inhabitants of Aonia, called af Arar N1, a nation of shepherds near the
terwards Boeotia. [They, jointly with the Caspian sea. Strab.
Hyantes, succeeded *
6:
Ectenes. On the Apati R1a, a festival at Athens, which re
 AP AP

ceived its name from arare, deceit, because it lexander, but the king expressed not much
was instituted in memory of a stratagem by satisfaction at the sight of it; and at that
which Xanthus king of Boeotia was killed by moment a horse passing by, neighed at the
Melanthus king of Athens, upon the following horse which was represented in the piece,
occasion. When a war arose between the supposing it to be alive; upon which the
Baeotians and Athenians about a piece ol painter said, “One would imagine that the
ground which divided their territories, Xan horse is a better judge of painting than your
thus made a proposal to the Athenian king to majesty.” When Alexander ordered him to
decide the battle by single combat. Thy draw the picture of Campaspe, one of his mis
moetes, who was then on the throne of Athens, tresses, Apelles became enamoured of her,
refused, but his successor Melanthus accept and the king permitted him to marry her.—
ed the challenge. When they began the en He wrote three volumes upon painting, which
gagement, Melanthus exclaimed, that his an were still extant in the age of Pliny. It is
tagonist had some person behind him to sup said that he was accused in Egypt of conspir
port him; upon which Xanthus looked be ing against the life of Ptolemy, and that he
hind, and was killed by Melanthus. From would have been put to death had not the
this success, Jupiter was called ararayag, de real conspirator discovered himself, and sav
reirer, and Bacchus, who was supposed to eu the painter. Apelles never put his name
be behind Xanthus, was called Maxavai) tº, to any pictures but three; a sleeping Venus,
clothed in the skin of a black goat. Some de Venus Anadyomene, and an Alexander. The
rive the word from a rategiz, i.e. cact aga, proverb of JNe sutor ultra crepidam, is ap
because on the day of the festival, the children plied to him by some. Plin. 35, c. 10.—Horat.
accompanied their fathers to be registered 2, ep. 1, v. 238.-Cic. in Famil. 1, ep. 9.—
among the citizens. The festiv llasted three Ovid. de Art. Am. 3, v. 401.-Pal. Mar. 8,
days, the first day was called degria, because c. 11.-A tragic writer. Suet. Calig. 33.
suppers, 3-3-ol, were prepared for each sepa —— A Macedonian general, &c.
rate tribe. The second day was called APELLicon, a Teian peripatetic philoso
arzºgwrit, are rºw ava grºw, because sacrifices pher, whose fondness for books was so great
were offered to Jupiter and Minerva, and the that he is accused of stealing them, when he
head of the victims was generally turned up could not obtain them with money. He
towards the heavens. The third was called bought the works of Aristotle and Theo
Kvgºrie, from Kovgor, a youth, or Kevga, shar phratus, [vid. Scepsis. On removing the li
tag, because the young men had their hair cut brary to Athens, he caused the writings of
off before they were registered, when ther Aristotle and Theophrastus to be copied, but
parents swore that they were free-born Athe the chasms occasioned by the depredations of
dians. They generally sacrificed two ewes time were supplied by the transcribers, and
and a she-goat to Diana. This festival was erroneous and faulty copies were consequently
adopted by the Ionians, except the inhabit circulated. } The extensive library which he
ants of Ephesus and Colophon. A sur had collected at Athens, was carried to Rome
name of Minerva—of Venus. when Sylla had conquered the capital of At
APELLA, a word, Horat. 1, Sat. 5, v. 10. tica, and among the valuable books was found
which has given much trouble to critics and an original manuscript of Aristotle. He died
commentators. Some suppose it to mean cir about 86 years before Christ. Strab. 13.
cumcised (sine pelle) an epithet highly ap APENNiNUs. a ridge of high mountains
plicable to a Jew. Others maintain that it is which run through the middle of Italy. [They
a proper name, upon the authority of Cicero, may be regarded as a continuation of the
addttic. 12, ep. 19, who mentions a person of .Maritime Alps, leaving that chain in lat. 44°
the same name. [vid. Bentley, ºp. ad Mill. 12 N.] Some have supposed that they once
2.530, ed. Lips.] ran across to Sicily. Lucan. 2, v. 306.—Ovid.
APELLEs, a celebrated painter of Cos, or, .Met. 2, v. 226.-Ital. 4, v. 743. —Strab. 2.--
* others say, of Ephesus, or Colophon, son of Mela, 2, c. 4.
Pithius. He lived in the age of Alexander Aprit, MAR cus, a Latin orator of Gaul,
the Great, who honoured him so much that who distinguished himself as a politician, as
he forbade any man but Apelles to draw his well as by his genius. The dialogue on
Picture. He was so attentive to his profes orators, inserted in the works of Tacitus
ºn that he never spent a day without em and Quintilian, is attributed to him. He died
Flºying his pencil, whence the proverb of A. D. 85.-Another. vid. Numerianus.
Mulla dies sine lined. His most perfect pic Apertopia, a small island on the coast of
ture was Venus Anadyomene. [The lower Argolis. Paus. 2, c. 34.
Part of this became injured by time, but no APřsus, APEs As, or APESANTUs, a moun
* ventured to repair it. An unfinished tain of Peloponnesus, near Lerna. Stat. in
Venus, of which the head and neck only were Theb. 3, v. 461.
executed, was very much admired.] He ApHKcA, a town of Palestine, [between
made a painting of Alexander holding thunder Heliopolis and Byblus,) where Venus was
in his hand, so much like life, that Pliny, who worshipped, and where she had a temple and
ºw it, says that the hand of the king with an oracle. [The temple is said to have been
*thunder seemed to come out of the pic a school of wickedness, and was rased to the
**, This picture was placed in Diana's ground by Constantine the Great. Euseb.
*mple at Ephesus. He made another of A vita Const. Mag. 3, 55.]
69
 AP AP

APHAEA, a name of Diana, who had a tem have been born from the froth of the ocean
ple in AEgina. Paus. 2, e 30. Hesiod. Th. 195.-Plin. 36, c. 5.
ApHAR, the capital city of Arabia, [situate AphyTAE or Aphytus, a city of Thrace.
on the coast of the Red Sea, not far north from [in the peninsula of Pallene, on the Sinus
the Promontorium Aromatum. It is now Thermaicus, where Jupiter Ammon was
...Al-Fara, between Mecca and Medina.] .4r worshipped. Lysander besieged the town;
rian. in Peripl. but the god of the place appeared to him in
ApHAREus, a king of essenia, son of Pe a dream, and advised him to raise the siege,
riere, and Gorgophone, who married Arene which he immediately did. Paus. 3, c. 18.
daughter of CEbalus, by whom he had three APIA, an ancient name of Peloponnesus,
sons. Paus. 3, c. 1––A relation of Isocra which it received from king Apis. It was af
tes wilo wrote 37 tragedies. terwards called Ægialea, Pelasgia, Argia,
APHAs, a river of Epirus, which falls into and at last Peloponnesus, or the island of
the bay of Ambracia. |D Auville calls it the Pelops. Homer. Il. 1, v. 270. Also the
Avas. It is now the Vuvo.] Plin. 4, c. 1. name of the earth, worshipped annong the
AphellAs, a king of Cyrene, who with Lydians as a powerful deity. Herodot. 4, c.
the aid of Agathocles, endeavoured to reduce 59
all Africa under his power. Justin. 22, c. 7. AP1ANUs, or Apion, was born at Oasis in
Ap, Esas, a mountain in Argolis, whence, Egypt, whence he went to Alexandria, of
as the poets have imagined, Perseus attempt which he was deemed a citizen. He suc
ed to fly to heaven. Stat. 3. Theb. v. 461. ceeded Theus in the profession of rhetoric in
Aphet E, La city of Thessaly at the en the reign of Tiberius, and wrote a book
trance of the Sinus Pelasgicus or Gulf of Polo, against the Jews, which Josephus refuted.
from which the ship Argo is said to have He was at the head of an embassy which the
taken her departure for Colchis. It is now people of Alexandria sent to Caligula, to com
Fetio.] - plain of the Jews. [He flourished about
APHIDNAE, a borough of Attica, which re the time of the Emperor Tiberius. He
ceived its name from Aphidnus, one of the was the author also of a learned treatise on
companions of Theseus. Herodot. the Antiquities of Egypt.] Seneca, ep. 83.−
Aph Rices, an Indian prince, who defended Plin. praf. Hist.
the rock Aurnus with 20,000 loot and 15 ele ApicatA, married Sejanus, by whom she
phants. He was killed by his troops, and had three children. She was repudiated. Ta
his head sent to Alexander. |cit. ..lnn. 4, c. 3.
Aphrodisi A, festivals un honour of Venus, | Apicius, a famous glutton in Rome.—
celebrated in different parts of Greece, but There were three of the same name, all in
chiefly in Cyprus. They were first institut |mous for their voracious appetite. The first
ed by Cinyras from whose family the priests lived in the time of the rerublic, the second in
of the goddess were always chosen. All those the reign of Augustus and Tiberius, and the
that were intiated offered a piece of money to third under Trajan. The second was the
Venus, as a harlot, and received as a mark most famous, as he wrote a book on the plea
of the favours of the goddess, a measure of sures and incitements of eating. He destroy
salt and a baaao: ; the salt, because Venus ed himself after he had consumed the great
arose from the sea ; the baxacº, because she |est part of his estate. The best edition of
is the goddess of wantonness. They were Apicius Cælius de Arte Coquinaria, is that of
celebrated at Corinth by harlots, and in every Amst. 12mo. 1709. [The third was in pos
part of Greece they were very much fre session of a secret for preserving oysters, and
quented. Strab. 14.—Athen.—A city of sent some perſectly fresh to the emperor
Thrace, north of the peninsula which joins Trajan as far as Parthia.] Juv. 11, v. 3.−
the Thracian Chersonese to the continent, .Martial. 2, ep. 69.
between Heraclea to the east and Cardia to APIDKNUs, one of the chief rivers of Thes
the west.] saly, at the south of the Peneus, into which
AP Rodisias, a town of Caria, sacred to it falls [a little west of Larissa. It is now the
Venus, [uow Gheira. It lay east of Alaban Salampria.] Lucan. 6, v. 372.
da, towards the confines of Phrygia.] Tacit. ApinA, and APINAE, a city of Apulia, des
.1nn. 3, c. 62. troyed with Trica, in its neighbourhood, by
AphnodisiuM or A, a town of Apulia Diomedes; whence came the proverb of
built by Diomede in honour of Venus.—A ..Apina & Trica, to express trifling things.
city in the north-eastern part of Cyprus, nine Marlial. 4, ep. 1.-Plin. 3, c. 11.
miles from Salamis.-[An island on the AP101.A, and APiol, E, a town of Italy, ta
coast of Boetica. A promontory of Caria, ken by Tarquin the Proud. The Roman ca
near Cnidus. pitol was begun with the spoils taken from
[ApH.Ronitopolis, a city of Egypt, the that city. Plin. 3, c. 5.
capital of the 36th nome, now Alfieh.-- Apion, a surname of Ptolemy, one of the
Another in the same country, the capital of descendants of Ptolemy Lagus.--A gram
the 42d nome, now Ilfu. Another in the marian. vid. Apianus.
same country, belonging to the Nome Her APIs, one of the ancient kings of Pelopon
monthites, now Asſ-un.] nesus, son of Phoroneus and Laodice. Some
Aph Ronite, the Grecian name of Venus, say that Apollo was his father, and that he
from aq'gºt, froth, because Venus is said to was king of Argos, while others call him king
70
 AP AP

of Sicyon, and fix the time of his reign above was consecrated. Hence it has been inferred
300 years earlier, which is enough to show that Apis was the tutelary divinity of the es
he is but obscurely known, if known at all. tablished form given to the solar year, which
He was a native of Naupactus, and descend was to consist invariably of 365 days, and of
ed from Inachus. He received divine hon the Cycle of 25 years discovered at the same
curs after death, as he had been munificent time. The priests, by fixing the course of the
and humane to his subjects. The country sacred animal's life to 25 years, and by ma
where he reigned was called Apia; and af king the installation of a new Apis concur with
terwards it received the name of Pelasgia, the renewal of this period, had probably per
Argia, or Argolis, and at last, that of Pelo ceived, as the result of long meteorological
ponnesus, from Pelops. Some, amongst observations, that this revolution always
whomare Warro and St. Augustine, have ima brought about abundant seasons. Hence the
gined that Apis went to Egypt, with a co favourable reception with which the new
lony of Greeks, and that he civilized the in Apis would meet, his appearance coinciding
habitants, and polished their manners, for with abundant harvest. The name Api in
which they made him a god after death, and Coptic signifies number, and seems to have
paid livine honours to him under the name had reference to the number of cubits which
of Serapis. Thistradition, according to some marked the Nile's rise, the great source of
of the moderns, is without foundation. .12s
Egyptian fertility..] After his death, which
chyl. in Suppl. -d-gust. de Civ. Dev. 18, c. sometimes was natural, the greatest cries
5.—Paus. 2, c. 5.--Hpollod. 2, c. 1.--A son and lamentations were heard in Egypt, as if
of Jason, born in Arcadia : he was killed by Osiris was just dead; the prie-ts shaved their
the horses of Etolus. Paus. 5, c. 1.-A heads, which was a sign of the deepest
town of Egypt on the lake Mareotis.-A mourning. This continued till another ox
god of the Egyptians worshipped under the appeared with the proper characteristics to
form of an ox. Some say that Isis and Osiris succeed as the deity, which was followed with
are the deities worshipped under this name, the greatest acclamations, as if Osiris was
because during their reign they taught the returned to life. This ox, which was found
Egyptians agriculture. The Egyptians believ to represent Apis, was left 40 days in the
ed that the soul of Osiris was really departed city of Nilopolis he ore he was carried to
into the ox, where it wished to dwell, because Memphis, during which time none but wo
that animal had been of the most essential men were permitted to appear before him,
service in the cultivation of the ground, and this they performed, according to their
which Osiris had introduced into Egypt. superstitious notions, in a wanton and indecent
The ox that was chosen was always distin manner. There was also an ox worshipped
guished by particular marks; his body was at Heliopolis, under the name of Mnevis;
black he had a square white spot upon the some supposed that he was Osiris, but others
forehead, the figure of an eagle upon the maintain that the Apis of Memphis was sa
back, a knot under the tongue like a beetle, cred to Osiris, and Mnevis to Isis. When
the hairs of his tail where double, and his Cambyses came into Egypt, the people were
rightside was marked with a whitish spot, re celebrating the festivals of Apis with every
sembling the crescent of the moon. Without tuark of joy and triumph, which the conquer
these, an ox could not be taken, as the god or interpreted as an insult upon himself. He
Apis; and it is to be imagined that the priests called the priests of Apis, and ordered the
gave these distinguishing characteristics to deity himself to come before him. When he
the animal on whom their credit and even saw that an ox was the object of their venera
prosperity depended. The festival of Apis tion, and the cause of such rejoicings, he
issted seven days, [and commenced with the wounded it on the thigh, ordered the priests
annual inundation of the Nile. The cres to be chastised, and commanded his soldiers
cent on the animal's right side, indicated, ac to slaughter such as were found celebrating
cording to Ælian, the commencement of this such riotous festivals. The god Apis had
inundation.] The ox was led in a solemn generally two stables, or rather temples. If
procession by the priests, and every one was he eat from the hand, it was a favourable
anxious to receive him into his house, and it omen; but if he refused the food that was
was believed that the children who smelt his offered him, it was interpreted as unlucky.
breath received the knowledge of futurity. From this, Germanicus, when he visited
The ox was conducted to the banks of the Egypt, drew the omens of his approaching
Nile with much ceremony, and if he had lived death. When his oracle was consulted, in
to the time when their sacred books allowed, cense was burnt on an altar, and a piece of
they drowned him in the river, and embalm money placed upon it, after which the people
ed his body, and buried it in solemn state in that wished to know futurity, applied their
the city of Memphis. [The period allowed ear to the mouth of the God and immediately
for the life of the sacred Apis was 25 years. retired, stopping their ears till they had de
This number was the product of five by it parted from the temple. The first sounds
self, and gave the number of the letters of the that were heard, were taken as the answer
Egyptian Alphabet, as well as the animal's of the oracle to their questions. Paus. 7, c.
age; and this number marked a period of 22.-Herodot. 2 and 3.-Plin. 8, c. 38, &c.-
the sun and moon, to which luminaries Apis Strab. 7.-Plut. in Istd. and Osir.—-Apollod.
71
 AP AP

1, c. 7, 1.2, c. 1.-Mela, 1, c. 9.-Plin. 8, c. have been attributed. The Apollo, son of

39, &c.—Strab. 7.—JElian. V. H. 4 and 6. Vulcan, was the sume as the Orus or Horus
—Diod. 1. of the Egyptians, and was the most ancient,
APirius GALBA, a celebrated buffoon in from whom the actions of the others have
the time of Tiberius. Juv. 5, v. 4. been copied. The three others seem to be
ApollinaREs LUDI, games celebrated at of Grecian origin. The tradition that the
Rome in honour of Apollo. They originated son of Latona was born in the floating is
from the following circumstances; an old pro land of Delos, is taken from the Egyptian
phetic poem informed the Romans, that if mythology, which asserts that the son of
they instituted yearly games to Apollo, and Vulcan, which is supposed to be Orus, was
made a collection of money for his service, saved by his mother Isis from the persecu
they would be able to repel the enemy whose tion of Typhon, and intrusted to the care
of Latona, who concealed him in the island
approach already signified their destruction.
The first time they were celebrated, Rome of Chemmis. When Latona was preguant
was alarmed by the approach of the enemy, by Jupiter, Juno, who was everjealous of her
and instantly the people rushed out of the city, husband's amours, raised the serpent Python
and saw a cloud of arrows discharged from to torment Latona, who was refused a place
the sky on the troops of the enemy. With to give birth to her children, till Neptune,
this heavenly assistance they easily obtained moved at the severity of her fate, raised
the victory. The people generally sat crown: the island of Delos from beneath the sea,
ed with laurel at the representation of these where Latona brought forth Apollo and Dia
games, which were usually celebrated at the na. Apollo was the god of all the fine arts,
option of the praetor till the year U. C. 545, of medicine, music, poetry, and eloquence, of
when a law was passed to settle the celebra all which he was deemed the inventor. He
tion yearly on the same day, about the nones had received from Jupiter the power of
of July. When this alteration happened, Rome knowing futurity, and he was the only one of
was infested with a dreadful pestilence, which the gods whose oracles were in general re
however, seemed to be appeased by this act pute over the world. His amours with
of religion. [These games were merely sceni Leucothoe, Daphne, Issa, Bolina, Coronis,
cal.] Liv. 25, c. 12. Clymene, Cyrene, Chione, Acacallis, Cal
Apollin ARIs, C. Sulpitius, a grammarian liope, &c. are well known, and the various
of Carthage, [flourished in the second cen shapes he assumed to gratify his passion. He
tury, under the Antonines. He wassucceed was very fond of young Hyacinthus, whom
ed in his profession by his scholar Helvius he accidentally killed with a quoit; as also of
Pertinax, who afterwards became Emperor.] Cyparissus, who was changed into a cypress
He is supposed to be the author of the verses tree. When his son Æsculapius had been
perfixed to Terence's plays as arguments. killed with the thunders of Jupiter, for raising
A writer better known by the name of the dead to life, Apollo, in his resentment,
Sidonius. vid. Sidonius. killed the Cyclops who had fabricated the
[Apollinis Promontorium, was situate on thunderbolts. Jupiter was incensed at this
the coast of Africa, east of Utica, and north act of violence, and he banished Apollo from
of Carthage. It is now Ras-Zebud.] heaven, and deprived him of his dignity. The
[Apollinopolis magna, the capital of exiled deity came to Admetus king of Thes
the 52d Egyptian Nome, in the southern part saly; and hired himself to be one of his shep
of U. per Egypt, about 25 miles nearly north herds, in which ignoble employment he re
of the great cataracts. It is now Edſou, mained mine years; from which circumstance
and is remarkable for its splendid temple, in he was called the god of shepherds, and at
a state of high preservation.] his sacrifices a wolf was generally offered, as
[ApollinopóI.is parva, a city of Egypt that animal is the declared enemy of the
in the Nome of Coptos, north-west of Thebes. sheepfold. During his residence in Thessaly,
It is now Kous.] he rewarded the tender treatment of Adme
{Apollinis funum, a town of Lydia, west tus. He gave him a chariot, drawn by a
of Thyatira.-A town of Africa propria, lion and a bull, with which he was able to ob
north-east of Tabraca.] tain in marriage Alceste the daughter of Pe
Apollo, son of Jupiter and Latona, called lias; and soon after, the Parcae granted, at
also Phoebus, is often confounded with the Apollo's request, that Admetus might be re
sun. [vid, the end of this article.] According deemed from death, if another person laid
to Cicero, there were four persons of this down his life for him. He assisted Neptune
name. The first was son of Vulcan, and the in building the walls of Troy; and when he
tutelary god of the Athenians. The second was refused the promised reward from Lao
was son of a Corybaut, and was born in medon, the king of the country, he destroyed
Crete, for the dominion of which he disput the inhabitants by a pestilence. As soon as
ed even with Jupiter himself. The third he was born, Apollo destroyed with arrows
was son of Jupiter and Latonn, and came the serpent Python, whom Juno had sent to
from the nations of the Hyperboreans to persecute Latona; hence he was called Py
Delphi. The fourth was born in Arcadia, thius; and he afterwards vindicated the hon
and called Nomius, because he gave laws to our of his mother by putting to death the
the inhabitants. To the son of Jupiter and children ofthe proud Niobe. rid. Niobe. He
Latona all the actions of the others seem to was not the inventor of the lyre, as some have
72
 AP AP

imagined, but Mercury gave it him, and re oblitio); and from the Sun's being the ani
ceived as a reward the famous caduceus with mating and sustaining principle of nature, he
which Apollo was wont to drive the flocks of is represented as a musician, poet, prophet,
Admetus. His contest with Pan and Marsy physician, &c. See the subject discussed more
as, and the punishment inflicted upon viidas at large at the end of the article Jupiter.]
are well knowu. He received the surnames Ovid. Met. 1, fab. 9 and 10, l. 4, fab. 3, &c.—
of Phºebus, Delius, Cynthius, Paean, Delphi Paus 2, c. 7, 1.5, c. 7, 1.7, c. 20, 1.9, c. 30,
cus, Nomius, Lycius, Clarius, Ismenius, Vul &c.—Hygun, fab 9, 14, 50, 93, 140, 161,202,
turius, Smintheus, &c. for reasons which are 203, &c.—Stat. 1. Theb. 560.-Tibull.2, el. 3.
explained underthose words. Apollo is gene —Plut.de.Amor.—Hom. li. & Hymn in Apol.
rally represented with long hair, and the Ro Wirg. .42n. 2, 3, &c. G.4, v. 323.—Horat. 1,
mans were fond of imitating his figure; and od. 10. – Lucian.—Dial...Mer. & Pulc.—Pro
therefore in their youth they were remarka pert. 2, el. 28.-Callimach. in Apoll.—Apol
ble for their fine head of hair, which they cut iod. 1, c. 3, 4 and 9, l. 2, c. 5, 10 and 12.--
short at the age of seventeen or eighteen; he Also a temple of Apollo upon mount Leucas,
is always represented as a tall beardless which appeared at a great distance at sea;
young man with a handsome shape, holding and served as a guide to mariners, and re
in his hand a bow, and sometimes a lyre; his minded them to avoid the dangerous rocks
head is generally surrounded with beams of that were along the coast. Virg. JEn. 3, v.
light. He was the deity who, according to 275.
the notions of the ancients, inflicted plagues, Apollockites, a friend of Dion, suppos
and in that moment he appeared surrounded ed by some to be the son of Dionysius.
with clouds. His worship and power were ApollopóRus, a famous grammarian and
universally acknowledged; he had temples mythologist of Athens, son of Asclepiades,
and statues in every country, particularly in and disciple to [Aristarchus the grammarian,
Egypt, Greece, and Italy. His statue, which and the two Stoic philosophers, Panaetius
stood upon mount Actium, as a mark to and Diogenes the Babylonian.] He flourished
mariners to avoid the dangerous coasts, was about 148 years before the christian era, and
particularly famous, and it appeared a great wrote an history of Athens, besides other
distance at sea. Augustus, before the battle works. But of all his compositions, nothing is
of Actium, addressed himself to it for victory. extant but his Bibliotheca, a valuable work,
[He is crowned with laurel, which was sa divided into three books. It is an abridged
cred to him. The animals consecrated to history of the gods, and of the ancient heroes,
him were the wolf and hawk, as symbols of of whose actions and genealogy it gives a true
his piercing eyes; the crow and raven, from and faithful account. The best edition is that
their supposed faculty of predicting the fu of Heyne, Goett. in 8vo. 3 vols. 1782. Athen,
ture; the cock, from his announcing the –Plin. 7, c. 37.—Diod. 4 and 13. A tra
dawn and the rising of the sun; the grass gic poet of Cilicia, who wrote tragedies en
hopper and swan, from their tuneful powers; ) titled Ulysses, Thyestes, &c, A comic
and in his sacrifices, wolves and hawks were poet of Gela in Sicily, in the age of Menan
offered, as they were the natural enemies of der, who wrote 4 plays. An architect of
the flocks over which he presided. Bullocks Damascus, who directed the building of Tra
and lambs were also immolated to him. As jan's bridge across the Danube. He was
he presided over poetry, he was often seen banished, and afterwards put to death by
on mount Parnassus with the nine muses. Adrian, to whom, when in a private station.
His most famous oracles were at Delphi, De he had spoken in too bold a manner. A
los, Claros, Tenedos, Cyrrha, and Patara. writer who composed an history of Parthia.
His most splendid temple was at Delphi, —A disciple of Epicurus the most learned
where every nation and individual made con of his school, and deservedly surnamed the
siderable presents when they consulted the or Illustrious. He wrote about 40 volumes on
scle. Augustus, after the battle of Actium, different subjects. Diog. A painter of
built him a temple on mount Palatine, which Athens, of whom Zeuxis was a pupil. Two
he enriched with a valuable library. He had of his paintings were admired at Pergamus
•famous Colossus in Rhodes, which was one in the age of Pliny: a priest in a suppliant
ºf the seven wonders of the world. Apollo has posture, and Ajax struck with Minerva's
been taken for the Sun; but it may be prov thunders. He was of such an irascible dispo
ed by different passages in the ancient wri sition that he destroyed his own pieces upon
ters, that Apollo, the Sun, Phoebus, and Hy the least provocation. [and was so conscious of
Perion, were all different characters and his superiority, that he assumed a regal tiara
deities, though confounded together. When as the prince of his profession.] Plin. 34, c.
once Apollo was addressed as the Sun, and 8. A rhetorician of Pergamus, preceptor
represented with a crown of rays on his head. and friend to Augustus, who wrote a book on
the idea was adopted by every writer, and rhetoric. Strab. 13.
iron thence arose the mistake. [The truth nourApollonia, a festival at AEgialea in ho
of Apollo and Diana. It arose from this
*ppears to be, that the worship of Apollo was
* remnant of Sabaism, or the worship of the circumstance: these two deities came to
heavenly bodies, and that he was a type of AEgialea, after the conquest of the serpent
Python; but they were frightened away, and
the sun. He was produced from Latona,
who represented the wnight of Chaos, (anºn, fied to Crete. Egialea
73
was soon visited with
 AP AP

an epidemical distemper, and the inhabitants,
by the advice of their prophets, sent seven
chosen boys with the same number of girls,
to entreat them to return to Ægialea. Apol
lo and Diana granted their petition, in honour
that they conferred on him the freedom of the
city. The best edition of Apollonius is that
by Brunck, 2 vols. 8vo. the new edition, Lips.
1810, with the additional Greek scholia, curi
G. H. Schaeffer.] Quintul. 10, c. 1. M

of which a temple was raised to II*154, the Greek orator, suruamed Molo, was a native
goddess of persuasion ; and ever after, a of Alabanda in Caria. He opened a school of
number of youths of both sexes were chosen rhetoric at Rhodes and Rome, and had J. Caº
to march in solemn procession, as if anxious sar and Cicero among his pupils. He discou
to bring back Apollo and Diana. Pausan, in raged the attendance of those whom he sup
Corinth. [A town of Epirus, now Polina, posed incapable of distinguishing themselves
on the river Aous or Lao. Another in as orators, and he recommended to them pur.
Macedonia, south-east of Thessalonica. suits more congenial to their abilities. He
Another in the same country, north of Chal wrote an history, in which he did not candid
cis, now Polina. Another in Thrace on ly treat the people of Judaea, according to the
the coast of the Euxine, aſterwards called complaint of Josephus contra .dpion. Cic. We
Sozopolis, now Siceboli. Another in Bithy Orut. I, c. 28, 75, 126, and 130. .1d Famil. 3,
nia, on a lake which receives the Rhyndacus. ep. 16. De Invent. I, c. 81.-Quintul. 3, c. 1,
It is now .1bouilona. Another in Assyria, l. 2, c. 6.—Suet. in Cues. 4.—Plut. in Cats.
on the Delas, north-east of Artemita. A Greek historian about the age of Au
Another in Cyrenaica. Under the lower gustus, who wrote upon the philosophy of
empire, it took the name of Sozusa. It is Zeno and of his followers. Strab. 14.—A
now Marza-Susa, or Sosush.--&c. stoic philosopher who attended Cato of Uti
Apollonius, a stoic philosopher of Chal ca in his last moments. Plut. in Cat.—
cis sent for by Antoninus Pius, to instruct his Tyaneus, a Pythagorean philosopher, [and
adopted son Marcus Antoninus. When he notorious impostor, born at Tyana in Cappa
came to Rome, he refused to go to the palace, docia, about the commencement of the chris
observing, that the master ought not to wait tian era.] Being one day haranguing the
upon his pupil, but the pupil upon him. The populace at Ephesus, he suddenly exclaimed,
emperor hearing this, said, laughing, “It “Strike the tyrant, strike him : the blow is
was then easier for Apollonius to come from given, he is wounded, and fallen " At that
Chalcis to Rome, than from Rome to the pa very moment the emperor Domitian had
lace.” A geometrician of Perga in Pam been stabbed at Rome. The magician ac
phylia. He lived about 240 years before the quired much reputation when this circum
christian era, and composed a commentary stance was known. He was courted by kings
on Euclid, whose pupils he attended at Alex and princes, and commanded unusual atten
andria. [He wrote a treatise on conic sections, tion by his numberless artifices. His friend
in eight books, seven of which only remain. and companion, called Damis, wrote his life.
It is asserted that all the books were extant [These memoirs were communicated to the
in Arabic. Of the seven which we have, the empress Julia, wife of Severus, and by her to
first four-have been preserved in the original Philostratus, with a request that he would
Greek, and the 5th, 6th, and 7th have been transcribe and embellish the narrative.) In
transmitted to us, in an Arabic translation. his history the biographer relates so many
This work of Apollonius ranks among the curious and extraordinary anecdotes of his
most valuable remains of antiquity.] He first hero, that many have justly deemed it a ro
endeavoured to explain the causes of the ap mance ; yet for all this, Hierocles had the
parent stopping and retrograde motion of the presumption to compare the impostures of
planets, by cycles and epicycles, or circles Apollonius with the miracles of Jesus Christ.
within circles.—The best edition of Apollo [The best edition of Philostratus is that of
nius is Dr. Halley's, Oxon. fol. 1710. [The Olearius, Lips. 1709, fol.]—A sophist of
first ſour books in Greek and Latin, the rest Alexandria, distinguished for his Lericon
in Latin only, and the last restored by the Graecum Iliadis et Odysseſt, a book that was
editor.]—A poet of [Alexandria] in Egypt, edited by Willoison, in 4to.2 vols. Paris, 1773,
generally called Apollonius of Rhodes, be. [and by Tollius, Lugd., Bat. 1788, in 8vo.]
cause he lived for some time there. He was Apollonius was one of the pupils of Didymus,
pupil, when young, to Callimachus and Pa. and flourished in the beginning of the first
nactius, and succeeded to Eratosthenes as li century.
brarian of the famous library of Alexandria, [ApoMYos, a name, under which Jupiter
under Ptolemy Euergetes. He was ungrate and Hercules were worshipped at the Olym
ful to his master Callimachus, who wrote a pic games, being supplicated to destroy or
poem against him, in which he denominated drive away the vast numbers of flies which
him lbis. Of all his works nothing remains always attended great sacrifices. The sacri
but his poem on the expedition of the Argo fice to the Apomyos Deus on these occasions,
nauts, in ſour books. [He was so mortified was always the first, that he might drive
at the censures cast upon this poem on its away the flies from the rest.]
first publication, that he retired to Rhodes, AponiaNA, an island near Lilybaeum. Hirt.
and opened a school of rhetoric. When he Afric. 2.
had afterwards corrected and improved his M. Aronius, a governor of Moesia, re
work, the Rhodians were so pleased with it, warded with a triumphal statue by Otho, for
 AP

defeating 9000 barbarians. Tacit. Hist. 1, far as Capua, and it received its name from
c. 79. him. [It was constructed, A. U. C. 441.
Arôxus, now Abano, a fountain, with a vil Capua, where it ended, was then the limit of
lage of the same name near Patavium in Italy. the Roman empire. By whom it was con
The waters of the fountain, which were hot, tinued to Brundusium is uncertain. Caesar,
were wholesome, and were supposed to have however, is generally supposed to have been
an oracular power. [It was Livy's birth the person. Its whole length was about 342
place, according to Martial. 1, 62.] Lucan. miles. It was called Regima Viarum, and was
7, v. 194.—Suet. in Tiber. 14. paved with the hardest flint, so firmly, that in
Apostrophia, a surname of Venus in several places it remains entire unto this day,
Boeotia, who was distinguished under these (above 2000 years,) and so broad that two car
names, Venus Urania, Vulgaria, and Apos riages might pass each other ; commonly,
trophia. The former was the patroness of however, not exceeding 14 feet. Caius Grac
a pure and chaste love; the second of carnal |chus placed on it the small columns called
and sensual desires; and the last incited men termini, which marked the miles.) vid. Via.
to illicit and unnatural gratifications, to in |Lucan. 3, v. 285.-Stal. 2. Sylv.2, v. 12.--
cests and rapes. Venus Apostrophia was in .Mart. 9, ep. 104.—Suet. in Tiber. 14.
voked by the Thebans, that they might be Applid Es, a name given to these five dei
saved from such unlawful desires. She is ties, Venus, Pallas, Vesta, Concord, and
the same as the Verticordia of the Romans. Peace, because a temple was erected to them
Paus. 9, c. 16.-Pal...Mac. 8, c. 15. near the Appian way. The name was also
Aporheosis, a ceremony observed by applied to those courtezans at Rome who
some ancient nations, by which they raised lived near the temple of Venus by the Ap
their kings, heroes, and great men, to the pia Aquae, and the forum ofJ. Caesar. Ovid.
rank of deities. [Neither the Egyptians nor de Art. .4m. 3, v. 452.
Persians seem to have adopted this custom. Appi ANUs, a Greek historian of Alexan
The Greeks were the first who admitted it. dria, who flourished A. D, 123. His univer
The Romans borrowed it from them, and sal history, which consisted of 24 books, was
not only deified the most prudent and humane a series of history of all the nations that had
of their emperors, but also the most been conquered by the Romans in the order
cruel and profligate. Augustus, at the age of time ; and in the composition, the writer
of 28 years, was declared the tutelary god of displayed, with a style simple and unadorned,
all the cities of the empire.] Herodian. 4, c. a great knowledge of military affairs, and de
2, has left us an account of the apotheosis of a
scribed his battles in a masterly manner.
Roman emperor. After the body of the de [Appian has been charged with many errors,
ceased was burnt, an ivory image was laid and with copying without acknowledgment
on a couch for seven days, representing the from Polybius, Plutarch, and others. Scali
emperor with a sickly aspect. The city was ger calls him “alienorum laborum fucum.”
in sorrow. [For the greater part of the day, Photius, on the other hand, considers him a
the senate sat ranged on the left side of the very accurate and eloquent writer.] This
bed, dressed in robes of mourning, the ladies excellent work is greatly mutilated, and there
of the first rank sitting on the right side in is extant now only the account of the Punic,
white robes, without any ornaments. Dur. Syrian, Parthian, Mithridatic, and Spanish
ing the seven days, the physicians paid regu wars, with those of Illyricum and the civil
lar visits to the sick person, and always re dissentions, with a fragment of the Celtic
ported that he grew worse, until at length wars. The best editions are those of Tollius
they gave out that he was dead.] When and Variorun', 2 vols. 8vo. Amst. 1670, and
the death was announced a band of young that of Schweighaeuser, 3 vols. 8vo. Lips.
senators and Equites carried the couch and 1785. He was so eloquent that the empe
image to the Campus Martius, where it was ror Trajan highly promoted him in the
deposited on an edifice in the form of a pyra state.
mid, where spices and combustible materials Appr1 ForuM, now Burgo Longo, a little
where thrown. After this the bearers walked village not far from Rome, [in the country of
round the pile in solemn procession, and the the Volsci,) built by the cousul Appius. Ho
images of the most illustrious Romans were ral. 1, Sat. 5.
drawn in state, and immediately the new em Appius, the praenomen of an illustrious
peror, with a torch, set fire to the pile, and family at Rome. A censor of that name,
was assisted by the surrounding multitude. A. U C. 442. Horat. 1, Sat. 6.
Meanwhile an eagle was let fly from the mid Appius C1, Audius, a decemvir who abu
dle of the pile, which was supposed to carry sed his power. He attempted the virtue of
the soul of the deceased to heaven, where he
Virginia, whom her father killed to preserve
was ranked among the gods. If the deified her chastity. This act of violence was the
was a female, a peacock, and not an eagle cause of a revolution in the state, and the
was sent from the flames.—The Greeks ob ravisher destroyed himself when cited to ap"
served ceremonies much of the same na pear before the tribunal of his country. Lir.
ture. 3, c. 33. Claudius Caecus, a Roman ora
APria vra, a celebrated road leading from tor, who built the Appian way and many
the Porta Capena at Rome to Brundusium. aqueducts in Rome. When Pyrrhus, who
through Capua. Appius Claudius made it as was come to assist the Tarentines against
 AP AQ.
Rome, demanded peace of the senators, Ap- to study, and learnt Latin without a master.
-

pius, grown old in the service of the republic, [Apuleius, in consequence of the unfounded
caused himself to be carried to the senate accusation above mentioned, was ranked
house, and by his authority, dissuaded them among the professors of magic, and after his
from granting a peace which would prove death, miracles were ascribed to him.] The
dishonourable to the Roman name. Ovid. Fast. most famous of his works extant is the golden
6, v, 203.—Cic. in Brut. & Tusc. 4. A ass, in eleven books, an allegorical piece. [He
Roman who, when he heard that he had been wrote also a philosophical work on the doc
proscribed by the triumvirs, divided his rich trines of Plato, a Latin translation of Aristo
es among his servants, and embarked with tle's treatise “ de Mundo,” &c.] The best
them for Sicily; in their passage the vessel editions of Apuleius are the Delphin, 2 vols.
was shipwrecked, and Appius alone saved his 4to. Paris, 1688; [that printed at Gouda in
life. Appian 4. Claudius Crassus, a con Holland, cum notis Prica’i et Variorum, 8vo,
sul, who with Sp. Naut. Rutulius, conquered 1650, which, after all, is not a very superior
the Celtiberians, and was defeated by Perses, one; and that printed at Leyden, 1786, in
king of Macedonia. Liv. Claudius Pul 4to. with Oudendorp's notes and a preface by
cher, a grandson of Ap, Cl. Caecus, consul in Ruhnken. Only one volume of this last edi
the age of Sylla, retired from grandeur to en tion however was ever published.]
joy the pleasures of private life. Clausus, Apulia, (now la Puglia, a country of Mag
a general of the Sabines, who, upon being ill na Graecia in Italy, lying along the Adriatie.
treated by his countrymen, retired to Rome It would appear that all the country from the
with 5000 of his friends, and was admitted in river Fronto to the Japygian promontory was
to the senate in the early ages of the repub called originally Japygia. Subsequently,
lic. Plut. in Poplic. Herdonius, seized however, the north-western part, from the
the capitol with 4000 exiles, A. U. C. 292, Fronto to the Aufidus, was called Daunia ;
and was soon after overthrown. Liv. 3, c. after which followed Peucetia and Messapia,
15.-Flor. 3, c. 19.—The name of Appius the latter including the country around Ta
was common in Rome, and particularly to rentum. The Romans, however, gave to the
many consuls whose history is not marked by district of Daunia the old Ausonian appel
any uncommon event. lation of Apulia, and to Messapia the name
Aphies and Aprilus, one of the kings of of Calabria. Its principal mountains were
Egypt [in the year before Christ 594, sup Garganus, and Vultur: its chief rivers, the
osed to be the Pharaoh Hophra of scripture. Fronto, Aufidus, and Bradanus.] It was fa
He took Sidon, and lived in great prosperity mous for its wools, superior to all the pro
till his subjects revolted to Amasis, by whom duce of Italy. Some suppose that it is called
he was conquered and strangled. Herodot. aſter Apulus, an ancient king of the country
2, c. 159, &c.—Diod. 1. before the Trojan war. Plin. 3. c. 11.-Cir.
Apsinthir, a people of Thrace, [on the de Div. 1, c. 43.-Strab. 6.-Mela, 2, c. 4.—
coast, east of the Hebrus.] They received .Marlial. in Apoph. 155.
their name from a river called Apsinthus, A auil EIA, or Aau in,EGIA, a town found
which flowed through their territory. Dionys. ed by a Roman colony, called from its gran
Perieg. deur, Roma secunda, and situated [on the
APsinus, an Athenian sophist in the third northern coast of the Sinus Tergestinus, or
century, author of a work called Praceptor Gulf of Trieste.] The Romans built it chief
de Arte Rhetoricó. ly to oppose the frequent incursions of the
Apsus, a river of Macedonia, falling into barbarians. The Roman emperors enlarged
the lonian sea between Dyrrhachium and and beautified it, and often made it their resi
Apollonia. [Now the Crevasta.] Lucan. 5, dence. [It derived its name from the aquila,
v. 46. or legionary standard of the Romans who had
AptkRA, an inland town of Crete. [It lay long encamped here. This city was taken
west of Cydonia. Its port was Kisshmos. and sacked by Attila. Since that time a few
The modern name is Atteria, or Paleocastro.] fishermen's huts point outwhere itstood.] Ital.
Ptol.–Plin. 4, c. 12. 8, v. 605.-Martial. 4, ep. 25.-Mela, 2, c. 4.
[Apu, E1A, LEG Es, proposed by L. Apu Aauilius Nig ER, an historian mention
leius Saturninus, A. U. C. 653, Iribune of the ed by Surton. in Aug. 11. Marcus, a Ro
commons; about dividing the public lands man consul who had the government of Asia
among the veteran soldiers, settling colonies. Minor. Justin. 36, c. 4.—Sabinus, a law
punishing crimes against the state, furnishing yer of Rome, surnamed the Cato of his age.
corn to the poor at 10 12 of an ass, a bushel.] He was father to Aquilia Severa, whom
APULEIUs, a learned man, who was born at Heliogabalus married. Severus, a poet
Madaura in Africa, [and lived in the 2d cen and historian in the age of Valentinian.
tury, under the Antonines.] He studied at Aauillo, a wind blowing, according to
Carthage, Athens, and Rome, where he mar. Vitruvius, from the north-north-east point
ried a rich widow called Pudentilla, for which of the horizon.] Its name is derived, accord
he was accused by some of her relations of ing to some, from Aquila, on account of its
using magical arts to win her heart. His keenness and velocity.
apology was a masterly composition. In hi Aaul LoN1A. [a city of Apulia, on the road
youth, Apuleius had been very expensive : from Beneventum in Samnium to Venusia."
but me whº, in a maturer age, more devoted Lir. 10, c. 38. -

-6
 AR AR

Aauisum, a town of Latium. [south-west ||east of the Tigris, now Wasit. It has attract
of Venafrum, where Juvenal was born. A |ed the attention of the learned by reason of
dye was invented there, which greatly re the affinity of its name with that of Erech,
sembled the real purple. Horat. 1, ep. mentioned in the Old Testament among the
10, v. 27.—Strab-Ital. 8, v. 404.—Juv 3, cities constructed by Nimrod J Tibul. 4, el. 1.
v.319.' ARACHNE, a woman of Colophon, daugh
AquitANIA, a country of Gaul, [between ter to Idmon a dyer. She was so skilful in
the Garumna or Garonne and Pyrenees. The working with the needle,that she challenged
Aquitani were of Spanish origin. As Aqui Minerva, the goddess of the art to a trial of
tania was less than either of the other two di skill. She represented on her work the
visions of Gaul, Augustus extended it to the amours of Jupiter with Europa, Antiope, Le
Ligeris or Loire, rid. Gallia.] Plin. 4, c. 17. da, Asteria, Danaë, Alcmena, &c. but though
—Strab. 4. her piece was perfect and mastery, she was
ARA, a constellation, consisting of seven defeated by Minerva, and han-ed herself in
stars, near the tail of the Scorpion. Ovid. despair, and was changed into a spider by the
.Met. 2, v. 133. goddess. Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 1, &c.—A city
ARA Lugnus Ensis, an altar at the con of Thessaly.
fluence of the Arar and Rhone, [consecrated ARA chosia, [a province of Persia, west
to Augustus by sixty cities of Gaul, A. U. C. of the Indus, and north of Gedrosia. It was
742, called by the writers of the middle ages anciently inhabited by the Arimaspi. The an
-ittanacum, now the point of Annai.] Juv. 1, cient Arachosia is traced by Major Rennell
Y.44. in the modern Arokhage. Captain Wilſord
ARAsia, a large country of Asia, forming charges D'Anville with a mistake in placing
a peninsula between the Arabian and Persian this province south of Candahar.]
gulfs. It is generally divided into three dif ARAchót E and ARAchoti, a people of
ſerent parts, Petraea, Deserta, and Felix. It India, who received their name from the
was famous for its frankincense and aromatic river Arachotus, which flows down from
plants. [Its length from the cape of Babel mount Caucasus. [They are styled Auvoxaat
mandel to the extreme angle on the Eu you, frºm their linen attire.] Duonys. Perieg.
phrates is about 1800 British miles, and its —Curt. 9, c. 7.
mean breadth, 800–That part of it which [ARA, Hötus, a city of Arachosia, built by
bordered on Judaea was called Idumaea or Semiram is, on a lake of the same name, and
Edom, and was possessed by the posterity of called by her Cophes. A river of Aracho
Esau. The Arabians recognize for their sia, rising in the hills north-east of the mo
ancestors Jectan or Khatan the son of Eber, dern Gazni, and losing itself in a marsh about
and Ismael the son of Abraham.—The soil of 4 miles to the south of Candahar. Its no
the country is in general sandy and barren, dern name is Abeh-Tarnic, or the river Tar
either wholly destitute of water, or supplied nic.]
only with scantv springs. Arabia Felix was Aftachthus, or ARETHoN, one of the four
famous in former days for its spices, and ge capital rivers of Epirus, falling into the bay
neral fertility. Few, if any, traces of its anci of Ambracia. [Ambracia was situate upon
ent opulence remain.] Herodot. 1, 6, 3, and it. It is the now the Arta.] Strab. 7.
Diod. 1 and 2.-Plan. 12 and 14.—Strab. 16. ARAcx NThus, [a mountain of Ætolia,
—Xenoph.--Tibull. 2, el. 2.-Curt. 5, c. 1. north-west of Calydon, towards the river
—Virg. G. 1, v. 57. Achelous.]
Arabices sixus, [that part or branch of ARALUs, [a town in an island of the same
the Mare Erythraeum which interposes it name, on the coast of Phoenicia, built, accord
self between Egypt and Arabia. It is now ing to Strabo, by exiles from Sidon. The
called the Red Sea. The meaning of this island is called Arpad in the Scriptures, and
modern appellation must be looked for in the its modern name is Rou-Wadde.]
name of Idumea, or the land of Edom, whose ARAE, [vid. ACG1MURus.]
casts this sea touches on the north. Edom ARE Phil, Enorum, urid Philaeni.]
in the Hebrew tongue signifies red, and was A Ran, now the Saone, a very slow smooth
the name given to Esau, for selling his birth running river of Gaul. It rises near Mons
right for a mess of red pottage. This country, Vogesus, and after a southern course, falls in
which his posterity possessed, was called af. to the Rhodanus at Lugdunum.]
ter his name, and so was the sea which ad ARKtus, a Greek poet of Cicilia, about
joined it. The Greeks, however, not under 277 B. C. He was greatly esteemed by An
standing the reason of the appellation, trans tigonus Gonatas, king of Macedonia, at whose
lated what is in Hebrew the Sea of Edom, court he passed much of his time, and by
into ºváez 82a-2 ra. Thence comes the La whose desire he wrote a poem on astronomy,
tin form Mare rubrum, and the modern in which he gives an account of the situations,
name Red Sea. It is otherwise called Golfo rising and setting, number and motion of the
di Mecca.) stars. Cicero represents him as unacquaint
[Ahabius, ARABIs, or ARBIs, a river of ed with astrology, yet capable of writing
Gedrasia, near its eastern boundary, running upon it in elegant and highly finished verses.
into the Indian Ocean, now the Araba or ll which, however, from the subject, admit of
-Mend. Arrian, 6. c. 21.] little variety. Aratus wrote beside, hymns
Anarca and AREccA, [a city of Susiana, and epigrains, &c. and had amoug his inter
*-
 AR AR

preters and commentators many of the learn ARAXEs, [a river of A menia Major,
ed men of Greece, whose works are lost, be issuing from Mons Abus, on the side oppo
sides Cicero. Claudius, and Germanicus Cae. site to that whence the southern arm of the
sar, who, in their youth, or moments of re Euphrates flows. It runs east until it meets
laxation, translated the phanomena into La the mountains which separate Armenia from
tin verse. [St. Paul quotes from it, Acts northern Media, when it turns to the north,
17, c. 28. The best edition of Aratus is that of and alter receiving the Cyrus, falls into the
Buhle, Lips. 1793. –1801, 2 vols. 8vo.] Cic. Caspian Sea. It is now the Arras. An
de Mat. D. 2, c. 41.-Paus. 1, c. 2.--Orld. other in Persia, running by Persepolis, and
.4m. 1, el. 15, v. 26. The son of Cli falling into the Medus, now Bend Ernir.
nias, was born at Sicyon in Achaia, [B. Xenophon calls the Chaboras by the name of
C. 273.J When he was but seven years Araxes, (vid. Chaboras,) and gives the name
of age, his father, who held the government of Phasis to the Armenian Araxes. Xen.
of Sicyon, was assassinated by Abantidas, .4 mab.]
who made himself absolute. After some re A Reicks, a Mede who revolted with Be
volutions, the sovereignty came into the lesis against Sardanapalus, and founded the
hands of Nicocles, whom Aratus murdered empire of Media upon the ruins of the Assy
to restore his country to liberty. He was so rian power, 820 years before the christian
jealous of tyrannical power, that he even de era. He reigned above fifty years, and was
stroyed a picture which was the representa famous for the greatness of his undertakings,
tion of a tyrant. He joined the republic of as well as for his valour. Justin. 1, c. 3.-
Sicyon to the Achaean league, which he Paterc. 1, c. 6.
strengthened by making a treaty of alliance AR BELA, (orum) now Irbil, [a city of
with the Corinthians, and with Ptolemy king Assyria in the province of Adiabene, east of
of Egypt. He was chosen chief commander Ninus, near the Zabata or Zab. On the op
of the forces of the Achaeans, and drove away posite side of this river was fought the deci
the Macedonians from Athens and Corinth. sive battle of Arbela, between Alexander and
He made war against the Spartans, but was Darias, Oct. 2d. B. C. 331. The field of
conquered in a battle by their king Cleo battle was the plain of Gaugamela. The lat
menes. To repair the losses he had sustain ter, however, being an obscure place, this
ed, he solicited the assistance of Antigonus conflict was named after Arbela.]
Doson, and drove away Cleomenes from ARBIs, [rid. Arabius.]
Sparta, who fled to Egypt, where he killed AR Buscú1.A, an actress on the Itoman
himself. The AEtolians soon after attacked stage, who laughed at the hisses of the popu
the Achaeans; and Aratus, to support his lace, while she received the applauses of the
character, was obliged to call to his aid Phi knights. Hor. 1, Sat 10, v. 77.
lip king of Macedonia. His friendship with ARcAdiA, [a country in the centre of the
this new ally did not long continue. Philip Peloponnesus, and, next to Laconia, the larg
showed himself cruel and oppressive, and est of its six provinces. It was very mountain
put to death some of the noblest of the Achae ous, though, at the same time, well watered.
ans, and even seduced the wife of the son of The most fertile part was towards the south,
Aratus. Aratus, who was now advanced in where the country sloped off and contained
years, showed his displeasure by withdraw many fruitful vales, and numerous streams.
ing himself from the society and friendship of The Arcadians were a pastoral people. Hence
Philip. But this rupture was fatal. Philip their attachment to music, and hence also the
dreaded the power and influence of Aratus, worship of Pan, as the tutelary deity of the
and therefore he caused him and his son to land. Agriculture was also partially attend
be poisoned. Some days before his death, ed to. The Arcadians, from their mode of
Aratus was observed to spit blood; and life, were brave and warlike, and frequently
when apprised of it by his friends, he replied carried on a successful warfare with their
“Such are the rewards which a connexion neighbours, especially the Spartans. They
with kings will produce.” He was buried served also as foreign mercenaries, and may
with great pomp by his countrymen; and be termed in this respect, the Swiss of anti
two solemn sacrifices were annually made to quity. The most ancient name of Arcadia
him, the first on the day that he delivered was Drymolis, (the woody region.) from Jews.
Sicyon from tyranny, and the second on the /uercus. The Arcadians themselves carried
day of his birth. During those sacrifices, their origin very far back, and gave their na
which were called.4 rateia, the priests wore a tion the name of Pros, leni (before the moon.)
ribbon bespangled with white and purple They seem to have derived the first rudi
spots, and the public school-master walked ments of civilization from the Pelasgi, and
in procession at the head of his scholars, and hence the tradition that a king, named Pelos
was always accompanied by the richest and gus, taught them to build huts, and clothe
most eminent senators, adorned with gar themselves with the skins of animals. Arcas,
lands. Aratus died in the 62d year of his a descendant of this same Pelasgus, taught
age, B. C. 213. He wrote a history of the them the art of baking bread, and of weaving.
Achaean league, much commended by Poly From this second benefactor the people and
bius. Plut. in vita.-Paus. 2, c. 8.—Cic. de their country were respectively called Arca
Offic. 2, c. 23.-Strab. 14.—Lw. 27, c. 31.— des and Arcadia. A republican form of go
''ol, b. 2. --
vernment arose subsequently, after the first
 AR AR

\lessenian war: Aristocrates the 2d. having generals, who obtained 'esopotamia at the
been stoned to death by the Arcadians for his general division of the provinces after the
treachery towards the Messenians. The chief king's death. A chief of Catana, which
cities of Arcadia were Martinea, Tegaca, and he betrayed to Dionysius the elder. Diod.
Megalopolis. Arcadia eventually attached 14. A philosopher of Pitane in AEolia, dis
itself to the Achaean league, and fell under cºple of Polemon. He visited Sardes and
the Roman power. It is commonly believed Athens, and was the founder of the middle
that a colony of Arcadians settled in Italy in academy, as Socrates founded the ancient,
very early times. This, however, is a mere and Carneades the new one. [He was ac
fable, and is contradicted by the inland na customed to maintain, that whatever certain
ture of the country, and by the Arcadians ty there may be in the nature of things, every
never having been a maritime people. vul thing is uncertain to the human understand
Pelasgi, and Italy, and also Evander.—Polyb. ing.] He acquired many pupils in the cha
4, 20.-Diodor. 4,34.—Thucyd. 7, 57.-Plin. racter of teacher; but some of them left him
1,5—-Apollodor. 2, 1–Paus. 8, 4.] for Epicurus, though no Epicurean came to
AacADius, eldest son of Theodosius the him ; which gave him occasion to say, that
Great, succeeded his father A. D. 395, [who it is easy to make an eunuch of a man, but
at his death divided the empire between his impossible to make a man of an eunuch. He
two sons, giving Arcadius the eastern, and was very fond of Homer, and generally divid
Honorius the western division.] After this ed his time among the pleasures of philoso
separation of the Roman empire, the two phy, love, reading, and the table. He died in
powers looked upon one another with indif. his 75th year, B. C. 241, or 300, according to
ſerence: and soon after, their indifference some. Duog. in vilă.-Persius. 3, v. 8,-
was changed into jealousy, and contributed Cic. de Finib.
to hasten their mutual ruin. In the reign of ARchA:ANAx of Mitylene, was intimate
Arcadius, Alaricus attacked the western em with Pi istratus tyraut of Athens. He forti
pire, and plundered Rome. Arcadius marri fied Sigaeum with a wall from the ruins of
ed Eudoxia, a bold, ambitious woman, and ancient Troy. Strab. 13.
died in the 31st year of his age, after a reign ARchAGAthus, son of Archagathus, was
of 13 years, in which he bore the character slain in Africa by his soldiers, B.C. 285. He
of an effeminate prince, who suffered himself poisoned his grandfather Agathocles, tyrant
to be governed by favourites, and who aban of Syracuse. Diod. 20.—Justin. 22, c. 5,
doned his subjects to the tyranny of minis &c. says that he was put to death by Arche
ters, whilst he lost himself in the pleasures of silaus.
a voluptuous court. ARcheg ETEs, [a surname of Hercules, in
AR casuri, Lan estate of Cicero's brother the island of Malta, whither his worship was
near Minturnaº.] Cic. 7, ep. ad Att, 10. brought from Tyre. The same title was
Arcas, a son of Jupiter and Callisto. vid. also given to Apollo.]
however, Arcadia.] He nearly killed his mo. ARCH Elius, a name common to some
ther, whom Juno had changed into a bear. kings of Cappadocia. One of them was con
He reigned in Arcadia, and taught his sub quered by Sylla, for assisting Mithridates.—
jects agriculture, and the art of spinning A person of that name married Berenice, and
wool. After his death, Jupiter made him a made himself king of Egypt; a dignity he en
constellation, with his mother As he was one joyed only six months, as he was killed by the
day hunting, he met a wood nymph, who soldiers of Gabinius, B.C. 56. He had been
begged his assistance, because the tree over unade priest of Comana by Pompey. His
which she presided, and on whose preservation g, andson was made king of Cappadocia by
her life depended, was going to be carried Antony, whom he assisted at Actium, and he
away by the impetuous torrent of a river. maintained his independence under Augustus,
Areas changed the course of the waters, and till Tiberus perfidiously destroyed him.—
preserved the tree, and married the nymph, A king of Macedonia, who succeeded his
by whom he had three sons, Azan, Aphidas, father Perdiccas the second : as he was but
and Elatus, among whom he divided his king a natural child, he killed the legitimate heirs
dom. The descendants of Azan planted co to gain the kingdom. He proved himself to
lonies in Phrygia. Aphidas received for his be a great monarch : he was at last killed by
share Tegea, which on that account had been one of his favourites, because he had promised
called the inheritance of Aphidas; and Elitus him his daughter in marriage and given her
became master of mount Cyllene, and some to another, after a reign of 3 years. He pa
time after passed into Phocis. Paus. 8, c. 4. tronized the poet Euripides. Diod. 14.—Jus
–Hygin-fab. 155 and 176.-Apollod. 3, c. 8. lin. 7, c. 4.—./Bluan. V. H. 2, 8, 12, 14.—A
—Strab. 8-Orid. Fast. 1, v.470. One of king of the Jews, [son of Herod the Great.]
Actaeon's dogs. He married Glaphyre, daughter of Arche
[Ance, a city of Phoenicia, east of Tripo laus, king of Macedonia, and widow of his
is, where Alexander Severus was born.] brother Alexander. Augustus banished him
ARCEsilaus, son of Battus, king of Cy for his cruelties, to Vienna, [or Vienne, in
rene, was driven from his kingdom in a sedi Gaul,] where he died. Diod. A king of
tion, and died B. C. 575. The second of that Lacedæmon, son of Agesilaus. He reigned
name died B. C. 550. Polyan. 8, c. 41.- 42 years with Charlaus, of the other branch
H-redot. 4, c. 159. One of Alexander's of the family. Herodot. 7, c. 204.-Paus. 3,
re,
 AR AR

c. 5–A general of Antigonus the younger, gia. Cic. pro Arch. Apolemarch of The
appointed governor of Acrocorinthus with bes, assassinated in the conspiracy of Pelopi
the philosopher Persatus. Polyaen. 6, c. 2. das, which he could have prevented, if he
A celebrated general of Mithridates, had not deſerred to the morrow the reading
against Sylla. Id. 8, c. 8.-A philosopher of a letter which he had received from Archi
{born either at Miletus or Athens,] son of as the Athenian high-priest, and which gave
Apollodorus, and successor to Anaxagoras. him information of his danger. Plut. in Pe
He was preceptor to Socrates, and was call lop. A high-priest of Athens, contempora
ed Physicus, [from the celebrity he acquired ry and intimate with the polemarch of the
in teaching the doctrines of Anaxagoras res same name. Id. ibid. A Theban taken
pecting natural bodies.] He supposed that in the act of adultery, and punished accord
heat and cold were the principles of all things. ing to the law, and tied to a post in the pub
[In ethics, his fundamental principle was lic place, for which punishment he abolished
that there was no essential difference between the oligarchy. Aristot.
right and wrong, but that it resulted from po ARchibiñDEs, a philosopher of Athens,
sitive institution, and consequently that all who affected the manners of the Spartans,
actions are indifferent until human laws de and was very inimical to the views and mea
clare them to be good or evil..] Cic. Tusc. 5. sures of Phocion. Plut. in Phoc.- An am
—Diog. in vita.-Augustin, deciv. Dei, 8.— bassador to Byzantium, &c. Polyten. 4, c.
sculptor of Priene, in the age of Claudius. 44.
He made an apotheosis of Homer, a piece of ARchibius, the son of the geographer Pto
sculpture highly admired, and said to have lemy.
been discovered under ground A. D. 1658. ARchipAMIA, a priestess of Ceres, who on
Arch EMāchus, a Greek writer, who pub account of her affection for Aristomenes restor
lished an history of Euboea. Athen. 6. ed him to liberty when he had been taken pri
Arch EMöRus, or Opheltes, son of Ly soner by her female attendants at the celebra
curgus, king of Thrace, by Eurydice, was tion of their festivals. Paus. 4, c. 17.-A
brought up by Hypsipyle, queen of Lemnos, daughter of Cleadas, who, upon hearing that
who had fled to Thrace, and was employed as her countrymen, the Spartans, were debating
nurse in the king's family. Hypsipyle was whether they should send away their women
met by the army of Adrastus, who was going to Crete against the hostile approach of Pyr
against Thebes; and she was forced to show hus, seized a sword, and ran to the senate
them a fountain where they might quench house, exclaiming that the women were as
their thirst. To do this more expeditiously, able to fight as the men. Upon this the de
she put down the child on the grass, and at her cree was repealed. Plut. in Pyrr.—Polyaen.
return found him killed by a serpent. The 8, c. 8.
Greeks were so afflicted at this misfortune, ARchid AMUs, king of Sparta, son of Anax
that they instituted games in honour of Ar idamus, succeeded by Agasicles. Another.
chemorus, which were called Nemacan, and grandson of Leotychidas, by his son Zeuxida
king Adrastus inlisted among the combatants, mus. He succeeded his grandfather, and
and was victorious. Apollod.2 and 3–Paus. reigned in conjunction with Plistoanax. He
3, c. 48.-Stat. Theb. 6. conquered the Argives and Arcadians, and
ARch EptoLEMus, son of Iphitus, king of privately assisted the Phocians in plundering
Elis, went to the Trojan war, and fought the temple of Delphi. He was called to the
against the Greeks. As he was fighting near aid of Tarentum against the Romans, and
Hector, he was killed by Ajax, son of Tela. killed there in a battle, after a reign of 23
mon. Homer. Il. 8, v. 128. years. Diod. 16.—Xenoph.-Another, who
Archestratus, a tragic poet, whose pie conquered the Helots, [who had made an in
ces were first acted during the Peloponnesian surrection after a violent earthquake..] Dio 1.
war. Plut. in Arist.—A follower of Epi 11. A son of Agesilaus, who led the Spar
curus, who wrote a poem in commendation tan auxiliaries to Cleombrotus at the battle
of gluttony of Leuctra, [in which action he commanded
ARchiAs, a Corinthian descended from the left wing and lost his life.]
Hercules. He founded Syracuse B. C. 732. ARchid EMUs, a stoic philosopher, who wil
Beinig told by an oracle to make choice of lingly exiled himself among the Parthians.
health or riches, he chose the latter. Dionys. Plut. de eril.
Hal. 2 A poet of Antioch, intimate with ARchidium, a city of Crete, named after
Lucullus, [Metellus, Catullus, Crassus, and Archidius, son of Tegeates. Paus. 8, c. 53.
other persons of the most distinguished rank AnchIgA1.LUs, the high-priest of Cybele's
and character at Rome, whither he came in temple, [always chosen from one of the most
the consulship of Marius and Catulus, B. C. distinguished families.] rid. Galli.
102.] He obtained the rank and name of a ARchigéNEs, a physician, born at Apa
Roman citizen by the means of Cicero, who mea, in Syria. He lived in the reigns of Do
defended him in an elegant oration, when his mitian, Nerva, and Trajan, and died in the
enemies had disputed his privileges of citizen 73d year of his age. [He is highly commend
of Rome. He wrote a poem on the Cimbri ed by Galen, and appears to have been in high
aa war, and began another concerning Cice repute from the frequent and honourable men
ro's consulship, both are now lost. Some of tion of his name in Juvenal. He wrote on
his epigrams are preserved in the Antholo Pharmacy, on local affections, ou the cure of
Sſ)
 AR AR

chronic diseases, &c. Only a few fragments and villages of Egypt, and began those mounds
of his writings remain.] Juv. 6, v. 235. of earth by means of which communication
ARchilochus, a poet of Paros, who wrote is kept ſrom town to town during the inunda
elegies, satires, odes, and epigrams, and was tions of the Nile. [Diodorus Siculus also as
the first who introduced iambics in his verses. cribes to him the invention of the,fscrew
He had courted Neobule, the daughter of Ly pump, which he communicated to the Egyp
cambes, and had received promises of mar tians.] The story of his burning-glasses had
riage; but the father gave her to another, always appeared fabulous to some of the mo
superior to the poet in rank and fortune; up derns, till the experiments of Buffon demon
on which Archilochus wrote such a bitter sa strated it beyond contradiction. These cele
tire, that Lycambes hanged himself in a fit of brated glasses are supposed to have been re
despair. The Spartans condemned his verses flectors made of metal, and capable of pro
an account of their indelicacy, and banished ducing their effect at the distance of a bow
him from their city as a petulant and danger shot. The manner in which he discovered
ous citizen. Some fragments of his poetry how much brass a goldsmith had mixed with
remain, which display vigour and animation. gold in making a golden crown for the king
boldness and vehemence in the highest de is well known. [The ardour of his mind in the
gree, from which reason perhaps Cicero calls pursuit of science is fully evinced by his fa.
virulent edicts, Archilochia edicta. [The mous declaration to Hiero, pronounced in con
innention of iambic verse is ascribed to him, sequence of his accurate acquaintance with
and also of Epodes. He is generally ranked the powers of the lever, Aor row a ta kat rºy
among the first victors at the Pythian Games. zozºwo, kiwhra, “Give me a place where I
The estimation in which he was held may be may stand, and I will move the earth.”] Ma
inferred from the fact that Corax of Naxos, ny of his works are extant, especially trea
by whom he was killed, was expelled from tises de spherá & cylindro, circuli dimensio,
the temple of Apollo at Delphi, though the de lineis spiralibus, de quadratură paraboles,
deed was done in open war. He is supposed de numero arena, &c. [The best edition of his
tohave flourished about 742 B.C.] Cic. Tusc. works, is the splendid one in folio, printed at
1–Quintul. 10, c. 1.-Herodot. 1, c. 12.— Oxford in 1792. It was prepared for the
Horat.art.poet. v. 79.—Athen. 1, 2, &c. press by Joseph Torelli of Verona. A valua
A son of Nestor, killed by Memnon in the ble appendix is added by the Rev. Abram
Trojan war. Homer. Il. 2. A Greek his Robertson, of Christ-Church College, Ox
torian who wrote a chronological table and ford, who had the whole care of the edition.]
other works, about the 20th or 30th Olympi Cic. Tusc. 1, c. 25. De JNſat. D. 2, c. 34.—
ad. -
Liv. 24, c. 34.—Quintul. 1, c. 10. –Vitrup.
AnchistãoEs, a famous geometrician of 9, c. 3.-Polyb. 7.-Plut. in JMarcell.—Wal.
Syracuse, (born B. C. 287, who invented a JMar. 8, c. 7.
machine of glass that faithfully represented ARchipei,Kqus, a part of the sea where
the motion of all the heavenly bodies. When islands in great number are interspersed,
Marcellus, the Roman consul, besieged Sy such as that part of the Mediterranean which
racuse, Archimedes constructed machines lies between Greece and Asia Minor, and is
whichsuddenly raised up in the air the ships of generally called Mare AEgeum. [Lempriere
the enemy from the bay before the city, and gives the term Archipelagus, as Latinized by
let them ſall with such violence into the Hoffman. It is, however, a modern Greek
water that they sunk. He set them also on word, Archipelago.
There is some doubt
When the whether the original modern term be Egio
fire with his burning-glasses.
town was taken, the Roman general gave Pelago or Agio Pelago; the former a corrup
strict orders to his soldiers not to hurt Archi tion of the word JEgaeum, the latter derived
medes, and even offered a reward to him who from the sanctity of the monasteries on Mount
should bring him alive and safe into his pre Athos and in the islands. The vulgar error of
sence. All these precautions were useless ; deriving it from agx” and ºrnaayor, is well
the philosopher was so deeply engaged in known.
tolving a problem, that he was even ignorant ARchippe, a city of the Marsi, destroyed
that the enemy were in possession ofthe town: by an earthquake, and lost in the lake of Fu
and a soldier, without knowing who he was, cinus. Plin. 3, c. 19.
killed him, because he refused to follow him, Archippus, a king of Italy, from whom
B.C. 212. Miarcellus raised a monument perhaps the town of Archippe received its
over him, and marked upon it a cylinder and name. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 752–A philoso
asphere. [In doing this he fulfilled a wish pher of Thebes, pupil to Pythagoras.—A
which Archimedes had expressed in his life comic poet of Athens, of whose eight come
time to a friend, that a sphere and a cylin dies only one obtained the prize.—A philo
der, on the discovery of the proportion be sopher in the age of Trajan.
tween which he greatlyprided himself, might ARchitis, a name of Venus, worshipped
be marked upon his tomb.] The place of his on inount Libanus.
interment remained long unknown, till Cice AnchoN, one of Alexander's generals, who
to, during his quaestorship in Sicily, found it received the province of Babylon, at the ge
near one of the gates of Syracuse, surrounded neral division after the king's death. Diod.
with thorns and brambles. Some suppose 18.
that Archimedes raised the site of the towns Anchonres, the name of the chief magis
-
81
 AR AR

trates of Athens. They were nine in num rus; their power was originally for life, but
ber, and none were chosen but such as were afterwards it was limited to ten years, and at
descended from ancestors who had been free last to one year. After some time, the qua
citizens of the republic for three generations. lifications which were required to be an ar
They were also to be without deformity in chon were not strictly observed. Adrian, be
all the parts and members of their body, and fore he was elected emperor of Rome, was
were obliged to produce testimonies of their made archon at Athens, though a foreigner
dutiful behaviour to their parents, of the ser and the same honours were conferred upon
vices they had rendered their country, and Plutarch. The perpetual archons, after the
the competency of their fortune to support death of Codrus, were Medon, whose office
their dignity. They took a solemn oath that began B. C. 1070; Acastus, 1050; Archip
they would observe the laws, administer jus pus, 1014; Thersippus, 995; Phorbas, 954;
tice with impartiality, and never suffer them Megacles, 923; Diognetus, 893; Pherceles,
selves to be corrupted. If they ever receiv 865 : Ariphron, 846; Thespieus, 826 : Aga
ed bribes, they were compelled by the laws to mestor, 799; AEschylus, 798; Alcmaeon.
dedicate to the god of Delphi, a statue of gold 756; after whose death the archons were de
of equal weight with their body. They all |cennial, the first of whom was Charops, who
had the power of punishing malefactors with began 754; Hºsimedes, 744; Clidicus, 734:
death. The chief among them was called Hippomenes, 724; Leocrates, 714; Apsar
..Archon; the year took its denomination from der, 704; Eryxias, 694; after whom the of:
him ; he determined all causes between man fiee becaume annual, and of these annual ar
and wife, and took care of legacies and wills; chons Creon was the first. Aristoph. in Nub.
he provided for orphans, protected the in & Avib.—Plut. Sympos. 1.-Demost.—Pot
jured, and punished drunkenness with un lur.—Lysias.
common severity. If he suffered himself to ARchytas, a musician of Mitylene, who
be intoxicated during the time of his office, wrote a treatise on Agriculture. Diog.—
the misdemeanor was punished with death. The son of Hestiaeus of Tarentum, was a ſol
The second of the archons was called Basi lower of the Pythagorean philosophy, and an
deus; it was his office to keep good order, able astronomer and geometrician. [He
and to remove all causes of quarrel in the flourished about 400 B.C. Among his dis
families of those who were dedicated to the ciples were Philolaus, Eudoxus, and Plato.
service of the gods. The profane and the In such high estimation did his countrymen
impious were brought before his tribunal; hold him for wisdom and valour, that he was
and he offered public sacrifices for the good chosen seven times general of their armies
of the state. He assisted at the celebration of and governor of. Tarentum, contrary to an
the Eleusinian festivals, and other religious express law. Aristotle is said to have bor
ceremonies. His wife was to be [a citizen of rowed from him the “Ten Categories,”
the whole blood of Athens,] and of a pure and many of his ethical principles and max
and unsullied life. He had a vote among the ims. He invented the screw, crane, various
Areopagites, but was obliged to sit among hydraulic machines, a flying pigeon or a
them without his crown. The Polemarch winged automaton of wood, &c. He perish
was another archon of inferior dignity. He ed in a shipwreck on the coast of Apulia.
had the care of all foreigners, and provided His only remaining work is a treatise on the
a sufficient maintenance, from the public universe, printed in Greek and Latin at
treasury, for the families of those who had Venice, 1571, in 8vo.] Horat. 1, od. 28.-
lost their lives in defence of their country. Cic. 3, de Orat.—Diog. in Pit.
[But because these three magistrates were ARciteNENs, an epithet applied to Apol
often, by reason of their youth, not so well lo, from his bearing a bow, with which, as
skilled in the laws and customs of their coun soon as born, he destroyed the serpent Py
try as might have been wished, that they thon. Virg. JEn. 4, v. 75.
might not be left wholly to themselves, they ARCTINUs, a Milesian poet, said to have
were each accustomed to make choice of been pupil to Homer. Dionys. Hal. 1.
two persons of age, gravity, and reputation, ARctoph YLAx, a star near the great bear,
to sit with them on the bench and assist them called also Bootes. Cic. de JVat. D. 2, c.
with their advice . These they called TIagºd 42.
goi or assessors, and obliged them to under ARctos, a mountain near Propontis, inha
go the same probation as the other magis bited by giants and monsters.--Two celes
trates. The six other archons were called tial constellations near the north pole, com
by one common name, Thesmotheta, and re monly called Ursa Major and Minor, suppos
ceived complaints against persons accused of ed to be Arcas and his mother, who were
impiety, bribery, and ill behaviour... [Indict made constellations. Wirg. G. 1.--Aratus
ments before the Thesmothetae were in writ Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 107.
ing; at the tribunal of the Basileus, they were ARctür Us, a star near the tail of the
by word of mouth.] They settled all dis great bear, whose rising and setting were ge
putes between the citizens, redressed the nerally supposed to portend grear tempests.
wrongs of strangers, and forbade any laws to Horat. 3, od. 1. The name is derived from
be enforced but such as were conducive to its situation, agarot ursus, ovºz cauda.
the safety of the state. These officers of state ARDALUs, a son of Vulcan, said to have
were chosen after the death of king Cod been the first who invented the pipe. He
to
 AR AIR

save it to the muses, who on that accou t murder of Hallirhotius, who had offered vio
have been called Ardalides and ..]rdalotides. lence to his daughter Alcippe. Some say
Patts. 2, c. 31. that the place received the name of Areo
ARDAxists, a small river of Illyricum, pagus, because the Amazons pitched their
near Lissus. Polyb. camp there, and offered sacrifices to their
ARDEA, formerly Ardua, a town of Latium progenitor. Mars, when they besieged
[near the coast, south-east of Lavinium, built, Athens; and others maintain, that the name
according to some, by a son of Ulysses and was given to the place because Mars is the
Circe. It was the capital of the Rutuli. god of bloodshed, war, and murder, which
Tarquin the Proud was pressing it with a were generally punished by that court. The
siege when his son ravished Lucretia. A time in which this celebrated seat of justice
road called. Ardeatina, branched from the Ap. was instituted is unknown. Some suppose
pian road to Ardea. [The Romans establish. that Cecrops, the founder of Athens, first
ed a colony here A.U.C. 311. It is now cal established it, while others give the credit of
led .4, dia.] C. Nep. in Attic. 14.—Liv. 1. it to Cranaus, and others to Solon. The num
c. 57, l. 3, c. 71, l. 4, c. 9, &c.—Virg...En. 7, ber of judges that composed this august as
v. 412-—Ocid. Met. 14. v. 573.-Strab. 5. sembly is not known. They have been li
ARDIAE1, a people [of Dalmatial in Illyri mited by some to 9, to 31, to 51, and some
cum, whose capital was called Ardia. Strab. 7. times to a greater number, The most wor
[ARDiscºs, a river of Thrace, falling into thy and religious of the Athenians were ad
the Hebrus at Adrianopolis. Now the Arda.] mitted as members, and such archons as had
ARDUENNA, Sylva, ſnow.Ardennes, a for discharged their duty with care and faithful
estof Gaul, the longest in that country, reach ness. In the latter ages of the republic, this
ing, according to Caesar, from the Rhenus and observance was often violated, and we find
the territories of the Treveri to those of the some of their members of loose and debauch
Nervii, upwards of 50 miles in length. ed morals. If any of them were convicted
Others make the extent much larger. If it of immorality, if they were seen sitting at a
covered the whole of the intervening space tavern, or had used any indecent language,
between the countries of the Treveri and they were immediately expelled from the as
Nervii it would greatly exceed 50 miles. sembly, and held in the greatest disgrace,
The ground is now in many places cleared, though the dignity of a judge of the Areopa
and cities built upon it. It is divided into gus always was for life. The Areopagites
four districts. Its chief town is Mezieres.] took cognizance of murders, impiety, and im
Tacit. 8.-Ann. c.42.-Cats. bell. Gall. 6, c. moral behaviour, and particularly ofidleness,
29. which they deemed the cause of all vice.
ARDuixE, the goldess of hunting among They watched over the laws, and they had
the Gauls, represented with the same attri the management of the public treasury;
butes as the Diana of the Romans. they had the liberty of rewarding the virtu
ARDys, a son of Gyges, king of Lydia, who ous, and of inflicting severe punishment upon
reigned 49 years, took Priene, and made war such as blasphemed against the gods, or
against Miletus. Herodot. 1, c. 15. slighted the celebration of the holy mysteries.
AREliruni, [a town of the Salyes on the They always sat in the open air, because they
east side of the Rhodanus at the place where took cognizance of murder; and by their
it divides itself into three branches, not ſar laws it was not permitted for the murderer
from its mouth. Strabo speaks of it as a and his accuser to be both under the same
commercial emporium, and, according to roof. This custom also might originate be
Pomponius Mela, it was one of the richest cause the persons of the judges were sacred,
cities in Gallia Narbonensis. It was called and they were afraid of contracting pollution
Arelas Sextanorum, from being built by the by conversing in the same house with men
soldiers of the sixth legion, conducted thi who had been guilty of shedding innocent
ther as colonists by the father of Tiberius. It blood. They always heard causes and pass
is now Arles.] Strab. 4.—Mela, 3, c. 5. ed sentence in the night, that they might not
ARELLIus, a celebrated painter of Rome be prepossessed in favour of the plaintiff or
in the age of Augustus. Plin. 35, c. 10. of the defendant by seeing them. Whatever
ARENE, a city of Messenia, in Pelopon causes were pleaded before them, were to be
nesus. [Stephanus of Byzantium mentious divested of all oratory and fine speaking, lest
two cities of this name, one in Messenia, and eloquence should charm their ears, and cor
the other in Triphylian Elis.} Homer. Il. 2. rupt their judgment. Hence arose the most
Aarsicum, ſa fortified place on the Rhine just and most impartial decisions, and their
in the territories of the Batavi, not far from sentence was deemed sacred and inviolable,
where the river separates to form the Waha and the plaintiff and defendant were equally
lis. It is now, according to D’Anville, .4ert convinced of its justice. The Areopagites
or.ºerth, but Mannert is in favour of JMan generally sat on the 27th, 28th, and 29th day
heim.] Tacit. Hist. 5, c. 20. of every month. [But if any business hap
Aarora Gitae, the judges of the Areopa pened which required despatch, they assem
gus, a seat of justice on a small eminence near bled in the royal portico, Baguaian Xroa.]
Athens, whose name is derived from Agº Their authority continued in its original state,
** **, 3. the hill of Mars, because Mars till Pericles, who was refused admittance
was the first who was tried there, for the among them, resolved to lessen their conse
cy
----
 AR AR
-

quence, and destroy their power. From that tant circumstance connected with this ſout
time the morals of the Athenians were cor tain is, that it was the occasion of theisle of
rupted, and the Areopagites were no longer Ortygia becoming inhabited. Its waters were
conspicuous for their virtue and justice; and very sweet, and were protected from the
when they censured the debaucheries of De overflowing of the sea. Now, however, the
metrius, one of the fauily of Phalereus, he latter has access to them, and they have a salt
plainly told them, that if they wished to taste..] Vid. Alpheus.-Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 10.
make a reform in Athens they must begin at —Athen 7–Paus.-A lake of upper Ar
home. menia, near the fountains of the Tigris. [Ac.
AREopious, a hill in the neighbourhood cording to Pliny, it exhaled nitrous vapours,
of Athens. vid. Areopagitae. Plin. 2, c. 103.]
AREsthāNAs, a countryman, whose goat [ARETIN1, a people of Etruria, below the
suckled AEsculapius, when exposed by his Arnus, divided into three classes, Peteres, F
mother. Paws. 2, c. 26. dentes, and Julienses. Their towns were, Ar
AREstonid Es, a patronymic given to the retium Vetus, now ſlrrero, Arretium Fidens,
hundred-eyed Argus, as son of Arestor. now Castigliome-.4retino, and Arretium Juli
Ovid. Met. 1, v. 584. um, now Giovi.]
ARETE, the mother of Aristippus, the phi AREus, a king of Sparta, preferred in the
losopher. Laert.2.—A daughter of Diony succession to Cleonymus, brother of Acrota
sius, who married Dion. She was thrown tus, who made an alliance with Pyrrhus. He
into the sea. Plut. 1n Dion.—A female assisted Athens when Antigonus besieged it,
philosopher of Cyrene, B.C. 37. and died at Corinth. Paus. 3, c. 6.-Plut.-
ARETA, a daughter of Rhexenor, descend A king of Sparta, who succeeded his father
ed from Neptune, who rºarried her uncle, Acrotatus 2d, and was succeeded by his son
Alcinous, by whom she had Nausicaa. Ho Leonidas, son of Cleonymus. A philoso
tner. Od. 7 and 8.-Apollod. 1. pher of Alexandria, intimate with Augustus.
ARETAEus, a physician of Cappadocia. Sueton.
[He practised medicine at Rome, but at what ARGEus, a sou of Perdiccas, who succeed
period is uncertain, probably between the ed his father in the kingdom of Macedonia.
reigns of Vespasian and Adrian. He was a Justin. 7, c. 1.-[A mountain of Cappado:
hold and decisive practitioner. His works cia, covered with perpetual snows, and soloſ
which have come down to us imperfect, are ty, that from its summit, accerding to thean:
held in high estimation. The best edition cient writers, both the Euxine and the Me
is that of Boerhaave, L. Bat. 1735. fol.] diterranean seas might be seen. It is now
ARETAPhil.A, the wife of Melanippus, a called Argeh-Dag, and at its foot stood Ma
priest of Cyrene. Nicocrates murdered her zaca, the capital of Cappadocia, called inthe
husband to marry her. She, however, was time of Tiberius, Caesarea ad Argaeum, and
so attached to Melanippus, that she endea now Kaisarieh.] Claudian.
voured to poison Nicocrates, and at last caus ARGAthonius, a king of Tartessus, who
ed him to be assassinated by his brother Ly according to Plin. 7, c. 48, lived 120 years,
sander, whom she married. Lysander proved and 300 according to Ital. 3, v. 396.
as cruel as his brother, upon which Aretaphi. ARGENNUM, a promontory of Ionia, ſnear
la ordered him to be thrown into the sea. Halonessus, also a promontory of Sicily, on
After this she retired to a private station. the eastern side, now Cape St. Alessio.]
Plut. de Virtut. Mulier.—Polyarn. 8, c. 38. ARGI, (plur. masc.) rid. Argos.
ARETALEs, a Cnidian, who wrote an his ARGIA, daughter of Adrastus, married Po:
tory of Macedonia, besides a treatise on is lynices, whom she loved with uncommon
lands. Plut. tenderness. When he was killed in the war,
AREthiºsA, a nymph of Elis, and one of she buried his body in the night, against the
Diana's attendants. As she returned one day positive orders of Creon, for which pious at'
from hunting, she sat near the Alpheus, and tion she was punished with death. These"
bathed in the stream. The god of the river revenged her death by killing Creon. Hy
was enamoured of her, and he pursued her gin. ſab. 69 and 72.-Štat. Theb.12, vid. An
over the mountains and all the country, when tigone and Creon.—A country of Pelopon:
Arethusa, ready to sink under fatigue, implor nesus, called also Argolis, of which Argos wº
ed Diana, who changed her into a foun the capital.
tain. The Alpheus immediately mingled his Argilus, a town of Thrace at the mº"
streams with hers, and Diana opened a secret of the Strymon, built by a colony of Anº
passage under the earth and under the sea, ans. Thucyd. 4, c. 103-Herodot. 7, c. 15.
where the waters of Arethusa disappeared, ARGINUsa, [small islands below Leº
and rose in the island of Ortygia, near Syra and lying off the promontory of Cana, or *
cuse in Sicily. The river Alpheus followed toni in Åolis. They were rendered ſamº
her also under the sea, and rose also in Orty for the victory gained near them by the A*
gia; so that, as mythologists relate, what. nian fleet under Conon, over that of the L*
ever is thrown into the Alpheus in Elis, rises damonians in the 26th year of the Pelop”.
again, after some time, in the fountain Are. sian war, b. c.406, ofthese three islands.”
thusa near Syracuse. [Strabo takes a great largest had a town called Arginusa. T.
deal of unnecessary trouble in proving the are formed of a white, argillaceous soil.”
impossibility of this story. The most impor from that circumstance took their nam"
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 AR AR

ºn trots: shining white, ſeminine agyuvescºra, were civilized, and it became the theatre of
contracted agyºvra.] most of the events recorded in the early an
ARGiphontrºs, a surname given to Mer malsof Greece.]
cury, because he killed the hundred-eyed ARGonAUTAE, anamegiven to those ancient
.irgus, by order of Jupiter. [The Argicide.] heroes who went with Jason on board the ship
ARGIPPEI, a nation among the Sauroma Argo to Colchis, about 79 years before the tak
tians, born bald, and with flat noses. [They ing of Troy, or 1263 B.C. [vid. the end of this
lived upon the fruit of a tree called Ponticus, article.] The causes of this expedition arose
from which, when ripe, they made a thick trom the following circumstance:–Athamas,
black liquor called .4schy, which they drank king of Thebes, had married Ino, the daughter
clear, or mixed with milk. Of the husks of Cadmus, whom he divorced to marry Ne
they prepared a kind of cake.] Herodot. 4, phele, by whom he had two children, Phryxus
c. 23. nº Helle. As Nephele was subject to cer
Angiva, a surname of Juno, worshipped at tain fits of madness, Athamas repudiated
Argos. She had also a tenuple at Sparta, her, and took a second time Ino, by whom
cousecrated to her by Eurydice, the daugh he had soon after two sons, Learchus and
ter of Lacedaemon. Paus. 4, c. 13.-Virg. Melicerta. As the children of Nephele were
-En. 3, v. 547. to succeed to their father by right of birth,
ARGiv1, the inhabitants of the city of Ar lno conceived an immortal hatred against
gos and the neighbouring country. The them, and she caused the city of Thebes to
word is indiscriminately applied by the poets be visited by a pestilence, by poisoning all the
to all the inhabitants of Greece. grain which had been sown in the earth. Up
ARGICs, a steward of Galba, who privately on this the oracle was consulted ; and as it
interred the body of his master in his gardens. had been corrupted by means of Ino, the
Tacit. Hist. 1, e. 49. answer was, that Nephele's children should
Ango, the name of the famous ship which be immolated to the gods. Phryxus was ap
carried Jason and his 54 companions to Col prised of this, and he immediately embarked
chis, when they resolved to recover the golden with his sister Helle, and fled to the court of
fleece. The derivation of the word Argo has AEetes, king of Colchis, one of his near rela
been often disputed. Some derive it from Ar tions. in the voyage Helle died, and Phryx
gos, the person who first proposed the ex us arrived safe at Colchis, and was received
pedition, and who built the ship. Others with kindness by the king. The poets have
maintain that it was built at Argos, whence embellished the flight of Phryxus, by suppos
its name. Cicero, Tusc. 1, c. 20, calls it Ar ing that he and Helle fled through the air on
go, because it carried Grecians, commonly a ram which had a golden fleece and wings,
called Argives. Diod.4, derives the word from and was endowed with faculties of speech.
agyer, which signifies swift. Ptolemy says, This ram, as they say, was the offspring of
but falsely, that Hercules built the ship, and Neptune's amours, un'er the form of a ram,
called it Argo, after a son of Jason, who bore with the nymph Theophane. As they were
the same name. The ship Argo had 50 oars. going to be sacrificed, the ram took them on
[It could not however have been a very large his back, and instantly disappeared in the air.
vessel if the ancient tradition be true, accord On their way Helle was giddy, and ſell into
ing to which, the Argonauts were able to car that part of the sea which from her was call
ry it on their backs from the Danube, to the ed the Hellespont. When Phryxus came
Adriatic.] According to many authors, she to Colchis, he sacrificed the ran, to Jupiter,
had a beam on her prow, cut in the forest of or, according to others, to Mars, to whom he
Dodona by Minerva, which had the power of also dedicated the golden fleece. He soon
giving oracles to the Argonauts. This ship after married Chalciope, the daughter of
was the first that ever sailed on the sea, as AEetes: but his father-in-law envied him the
some report. After the expedition was finish possession of the golden fleece, and therefore
ed, Jason ordered her to be drawn aground to obtain it he murdered him. Sometime after
at the isthmus of Corinth, and consecrated to this event, when Jason, the son of Æson, de
the god of the sea. The poets have made manded of his uncle Pelias the crown which
her a constellation in heaven. Jason was he usurped, (vid. Belias, Jason, Æson.)
killed by a beam which fell from the top, as Pelias said that he would restore it to him,
he slept on the ground near it. Hygin. fab. provided he avenged the death of their com
14, A. P.2, c. 37.-Catull. de Mupt. Pel. & mon relation Phryxus, whom AEetes had
Thet.—Wał. Flac. 1, v. 93, &c.—Phaedr. 4, lately murdered in Colchis. Jason, who was
fab. 6.-Seneca in Medea.—Apollon. Argon. n the vigour of youth, and of an ambitious
—Apollod–Cie. de Nat. D.—Plin. 7, c. 56. soul, cheerfully undertook the expedition,
—Manil. 1. and embarked with all the young princes of
Akcolleus sinus, a bay on the coast of Greece in the ship Argo. [The Argo tºok her
Argolia, (now the Gulf of Napoli.] departure from Aphetae at the entrance of the
Angºlts and Aacia, a country of Pelo Sinus Pagasius or Pelasgicus. The modern
ponnesus between Arcadia and the AEgean name of the place is Fetio.; They stopped at
sea. Its chief city was called Argos. ['i his the island of Lemnos, where they remained
ancient kingdom has not unaptly been term two years, and raised a new race of men from
eithe cradle of the Greeks, since it first re. the Lemnian women, who had murdered
eeived the foreign colonies by whom they their husbands. (vid. Hypsipyle.) After they
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had left Lemnos, they visited Samothrace, armed men sprang from the earth, he threw
where they offered sacrifices to the gods, and a stone in the midst of them, and they imme
thence passed to Troas and to Cyzicum. diately turned their weapons one against the
Here they met with a favourable reception other, till they all perished. After this he
from Cyzicus the king of the country. The went to the dragon, and by meaus of enchant
might after their departure, they were driven ed herbs and a draught which Medea had giv
back by a storm again on the coast of Cyzi en him, he lulled the monster to sleep, and ob
cum, and the iuhabitants, supposing them to tained the golden fleece, and immediately set
be their enemies the Pelasgi, furiously attack sail with Medea. He was soon pursued by
ed them. In this nocturual engagement the Absyrtus the king's son, who came up to them,
slaughter was great, and Cyzicus was killed and was seized and murdered by Jason and
by the hand of Jason, who, to expiate the Medea. The mangled limbs of Absyrtus
murder he had ignorantly committed, buried were strewed in the way through which
him in a magnificent manner, and offered a AEetes was to pass, that his further pursuit
sacrifice to the mother of the gods, to whom might be stopped. Aſter the murder of Ab
he built a temple on mount Dyndymus. From syrtus, they entered the Palus Maeotis, and
Cyzicum they visited Bebrycia, otherwise by pursuing their course towards the left, ac
called Bithynia, where Pollux accepted the cording to the foolish account of poets, who
challenge of Amycus king of the country, in were ignorant of geography, they came to the
the combatof the Cestus, and slew him. They island Peucestes, and to that of Circe. [The
were driven from Bebrycia by a storm, to belief for a long time prevailed, that there
Salmydessa, on the coast of Thrace, where was a communication between the Palus
they delivered Phineus, king of the place, Maeotis and the Oceanus, or earth-encom
from the persecution of the harpies. Phineus passing stream. This communication, the
directed their course through the Cyanean old poets made to be a narrow passage or
rocks or the Symplegades, (vid. Cyaneae.) strait, but later writers the river Tanais.
and they safely entered the Euxine sea. They The writer of the Orphic Argonauts makes
visited the country of the Mariandynians, the Argonauts pass up the Phasis into the
where Lycus reigned, and lost two of their Palus Maeotis, thence into the main Oceanus,
companions, Idmon and Tiphys their pilot. and thence directing their course to the west,
After they had left this coast, they were to come to the British isles and the Atlantic,
driven upon the island of Arecia, where they and reach at least the columns of Hercules.]
found the children of Phryxus, whom AEetes Circe informed Jason that the cause of all
their grandfather had sent to Greece to take his calamities arose from the murder of Ab
possession of their father's kingdom. From syrtus, from which she refused to expiate
this island they at last arrived safe in AEa, him. Soon after they entered the Mediter
the capital of Colchis. Jason explained the ranean by the columns of Hercules, and pass
causes of his voyage to Æetes ; but the con ed the straits of Charybdis and Scylla, where
ditions on which he was to recover the golden they must have perished, had not Tethys, the
fleece were so hard, that the Argonauts mistress of Peleus, one of the Argonauts, de
must have perished in the attempt, had not livered them. They were preserved from
Medea, the king's daughter, fallen in love with the Sirens by the eloquence of Orpheus,
their leader. She had a conference with Ja and arrived in the island of the Phaeacians.
'son, and aſter mutual oaths of fidelity in the where they met the enemy's fleet, which had
temple of Hecate, Medea pledged herselſ to continued their pursuit by a different course.
deliver the Argonauts from her father's It was therefore resolved, that Medea should
hard conditions, if Jason married her and be restored, if she had not been actually
carried her with him to Greece. He was married to Jason ; but the wife of Alcinous,
to tame two bulls which had brazen feet the king of the country, being appointed um
and horns, and which vomited clouds of fire pire between the Colchians and Argonauts,
and smoke, and to tie them to a plough made had the marriage privately consummated by
of adamant stone, and to plough a field of night, and declared that the claims of Æetes
two acres of ground never before cultivated. to Medea were now void. From Phaeacia
After this he was to sow in the plain the teeth the Argonauts came to the bay of Ambracia,
of a dragon, from which an armed multitude whence they were driven by a storm upon
were to rise up, and to be all destroyed by the coast of Africa, and after many disasters,
his hands. This done, he was to kill an ever at last came in sight of the promontory of Me
watchful dragon, which was at the bottom lea, in the Peloponnesus, where Jason was pu
of the tree on which the golden fleece was rified from the nurder of Absyrtus, and soon
suspended. All these labours were to be after arrived safe in Thessaly. The imprac
performed in one day; and Medea's assist ticability of such a voyage is well known.
ance, whose knowledge of herbs, magic and Apollonius Rhodius gives another account
potions, was unparalleled, easily extricated equally improbable. He says, that they sail
Jason from all danger, to the astonishment ed'from the Euxine up one of the mouths of the
and terror of his companions, and of Æetes, Danube, and that Absyrtus pursued them by
and the people of Colchis, who had assem entering another mouth of the river. After
bled to be spectators of this wonderful action. they had continued their voyage for some
He tamed the bulls with ease, ploughed the leagues, the waters decreased, and they
field, sowed the dragon's teeth, and when the were obliged to carry the ship Argo across
86
 AR Aft

the country to the Adriatic, upwards of 150 son of Papan, Phlias, Pollux son of Jupiter,
miles. Here they met with Absyrtus, who Polyphemus son of Elates, Poeas son ef Thau.
had pursued the same measures, and con macus, Phanus son of Bacchus, Phalerus son
veyed his ships in like manner over the land. of Alcon, Phocas and Priasus sons of Ceneus
Absyrtus was immediately put to death ; one of the Lapithae, Talaus, Tiphys son of
and soon after the beam of Dodona (vid. Aginus, Staphilus son of Bacchus, two of the
Argo,) gave an oracle, that Jason should name of Iphitus, Theseus son of Ægeus, with
never return home if he was not previously his friend Pirithous. Among these AEscula
purified of the murder. Upon this they sail pius was physician, and Tiphys was pilot.
ed to the island of Æa, where Circe, who [Bryant considers the account of the Argo, a
was the sister of Æetes, expiated him with | manifest tradition from the ark of Noah. Sir
out knowing who he was. There is a third |Isaac Newton thinks that the Argonautic ex
tradition which maintains, that they return pedition was an embassy sent by the Greeks,
ed to Colchis a second time,and visited many during the intestine divisions of Egypt, in the
places of Asia. This famous expedition has reign of Amenophis or Memnon, to persuade
been celebrated in the ancient ages of the the nations upon the coasts of the Mediter
world; it has employed the pen of many ranean and Euxine to revolt from Egypt,
writers, and among others, of Diodorus Sicu and shake off the yoke imposed by Sesostris.
ins, Strabo, Apollodorus, and Justin; and |Many consider it to have been a mere com
the poets, of Onamacritus, more gene |mercial enterprise. Dr. Gillies is of opinion
rally called Orpheus. Apollonius Rhodius, that it was prompted merely by a wish on
Pindar, and Valerius Flaccus, have exten the part of the young chieftains of Greece to
sively given an account of its most remarka visit foreign parts and retort on their inhabit
ble particulars. The number of the Argo ants the injuries which Greece had suffered
nauts is not exactly known. Apollodorus and from strangers. Be the cause, however,
Diodorus say that they were 54. Tzetzes what it may, the beneficial effects of this ex
admits the number of 50, but Apollodorus pedition soon displayed themselves in a more
mentions only 45. The following list is drawn rapid progress towards civilization.
from the various authors who have made Angos, (sing. neut. & Mrgi, masc. plur.)
mention of the Argonautic expedition. Jason, an ancient city, capital of Argolis in Pelopon
son of Æson, as is well known, was the chief nesus, about two miles from the sea, on the
of the rest. His companions were Acastus bay called Argolicus sinus. Juno was the
son of Pelias, Actor son of Hippasus, Adme chief deity of the place. The kingdom of
tus son of Pheres, Esculapius son of Apollo, |Argos was founded by Inachus 1856 years
Ætalides son of Mercury and Eupoleme, Al | before the christian era, and after it had flou
menus son of Mars, Amphiarausson of CEele rished for about 550 years it was united to
us, Amphidamus, son of Aleus, Amphion son the crown of Mycenae. Argos was built, ac
of Hyperasius, Anceus a son of Lycurgus, andcording to Euripides. Iphig. in Aulid. v. 152,
another of the same name, Areus, Argus the 534, by seven cyclops who came from Syria.
builder of the ship Argo, Argus son of Phry These cyclops were not Vulcan's workmen.
xus, Armenus, Ascalaphus son of Mars, Aste The nine first kings of Argos were called
rion soa of Cometes, Asterius son of Neleus, Inachides, in honour of the founder. Their
Augeas son of Sol, Atalanta daughter of Shcoe names were Inachus, Phoroneus, Apis, Ar
neus, disguised in a man's dress, Autolycus gus, Chryasus, Phorbas, Triopas, Stelenus and
son of Mercury, Azorus, Buphagus, Butes Gelanor. Gelanor gave a kind reception to
son of Teleon, Calais son of Boreas, Can Danaus, who drove him from his kingdom in
thus son of Abas, Castor son of Jupiter, Cene return for his hospitality. The descendants
us sou of Elatus, Cepheus son of Aleus, Cius, of Danaus were called Belides. Agamemnon
Clytius, and Iphitus sons of Eurythus, Coro was king of Argos during the Trojan war ;
nus, Deucalion son of Minos, Echion son of and 80 years after the Heraclidae seized the
Mercury and Antianira, Ergynus son of Nep Peleponnesus, and deposed the monarchs.
tune, Euphemus son of Neptune and Macio The inhabitants of Argos were called Argiri
massa,Eribotes, Euryalus son of Cisteus, Eury and Argolici; and this name has been often
damasand Eurythion sons of Iras, Eurytusson applied to all the Greeks without distinction.
of Mercury. Glaucus, Hercules son of Jupi [The term Argos appears to have been an old
ter, Ilas son of Aphareus, Ialmenus son of Pelasgic word, signifying kingdom. Hence
Mars.Idmon son of Ahas,Iolaus son of Iphiclus, the name is met with in different parts of
Iphicius son of Thestius, Iphiclus son of Phi Greece originally occupied by the Pelasgi.]
lacus, Iphis son of Alector, Lynceus, son of Plin. 7, c. 56.-Paus. 2, c. 15, &c.—Horat.
Aphareus, I ritus son of Naubolus, Laertes 1, od. 7.-JElian. V. H. 9, c. 15.-Strab. 8.
son of Arcesius, Laocoon, Leodatus son of .Mela, 1, c. 13, &c. l. 2, c. 3.-Varg. JEn.
Bias, Leitus son of Actor, Meleager, son of 1, v.40, &c. [A city of Acarnania, called
CEaeus, Menoetius son of Actor, Mopsus son Argos Amphilochium, at the south-eastern ex
ºf Amphycus, Nauplius son of Neptune, Ne tremity of the Sinus Ambracius, founded by
lens the brother of Peleus, Nestor son of Ne Amphilochus, son of Amphiaraus. Accord
less Oileus the father of Ajax, Orpheus son of ing to others, it was founded by Alcmaeon,
r. Palemon son of Ætolus, Peleus and and called after his brother. The adjacent
Teamon sons of Æacus, Periclimenes son of country bears the name of Filoquin, at the
*leus, Peneleus son of Hipalinus, Philoctetes present day.] rº
 Al{ Alt

ARGus, a king of Argos, who reigned 70 clue of thread, by which he extricated himself
years. A son of Arestor, whence he is from the difficult windings of his confinement.
often called Arestorides. He married Isme After he had conquered the Minotaur, he
ne, the daughter of the Asopus. As he had carried her away according to the promise
an hundred eyes, of which only two were he had made, and married her ; but when
asleep at one time, Juno set him to watch Io. he arrived at the island of Naxos he forsook
whom Jupiter had changed into a heifer : her, though she was already pregnant and re
but Mercury, by order of Jupiter, slew him, paid his love with the most endearing tender
by lulling all his eyes asleep with the sound ness. Ariadne was so disconsolate upon being
of his lyre. Juno put the eyes of ºrgus on abandoned by Theseus, that she hung herself,
the tail of the peacock, a bird sacred to her. according to some ; but Plutarch says, that
.Moschus Idyl-Ovid. Met. 1, ſab. 12 and 13. she lived many years after, and had some
—Propert. 1, v. 585, &c. el. 3.-Apollod. 1. children by Onarus, the priest of Bacchus.
c. 9, 1.2, c. 1. A son of Danaus, who built According to some writers, Bacchus loved
the ship Argo. Id. 14. A son of Jupiter her after Theseus had forsaken her, and he
and Niobe, the first child which the father of gave her a crown of seven stars, which, after
the gods had by a mortal. He married Evad her death, was made a constellation. The
me the daughter of Strymon. Id. 145 A Argives showed Ariadne's tomb, and when
dog of Ulysses, who knew his master after one of their temples was repaired, her ashes
an absence of 20 years. Homer. Od. 17, v. were found in an earthen urn. Horner, Od.
300. 11, v. 320, says, that Diana detained Ariadne
ARGYLLA, an ancient name of Caere, in at Naxos Plut. in Thes.—Ovid. Met. 8, fab.
Etruria. Virg. AEn. 7, v. 652, 1.8, v. 478. 2.—Heroid. 10. De Art. Am. 2, Fast. 3, v.
ARGYNNIs, a name of Venus, which she 462.—Catull. de JYupt. Pel. & Thet. ep. 61.
received from Argynnus, a favourite youth —Hygin. fab. 14,43,270.-4pollod. 3. c. 1.
of Agamemnon, who was drowned in the ARIAEus, an officer who succeeded to the
Cephisus. Propert. 3, el. 5, v. 52. command of the surviving army after the
ARGYRA, a nymph greatly heloved by a death of Cyrus the younger, after the battle
shepherd called Selimnus. She was chang of Cunaxa. He made peace with Artaxer
ed into a fountain, and the shepherd into a xes. Xenoph.
river of the same name, whose waters make ARIANTAs, [a king of Scythia, who, in or
lovers forget the object of their affections der to ascertain the number of the Scythians,
vid. Selimnus. Paus. 7, c. 23.--A city of commanded each of his subjects on pain of
Troas.--Also the native place of Diodorus death, to bring him the point of an arrow.
Siculus, in Sicily. The heap thus collected was left as a monu
ARGY RAspides, Macedonian soldiers who ment of the ...]
received this name from their silver bucklers. ARIAMNEs, a king of Cappadocia, son of
[According to Quintus Curtius they formed Ariarathes 3d.
the second corps of Alexander's army, the ARIARăthes, a king of Cappadocia, who
phalanx being the first.] Curt. 4, c. 13. joined Darius Ochus in his expedition against
ARGYRE, [a country of India on the other Egypt, where he acquired much glory—-
side of the Ganges.—Also a town of India, His nephew, the 2d of that name, defended
and the metropolis of the island Jabadios or his kingdom against Perdiccas, the general of
Sumatra. It is called by Ptolemy Argentea, Alexander, but he was defeated and hung on
and its site corresponds, according to D'An a cross in the 81st year of his age, 32i B.C.
ville, with the modern Ashem.] His son, Ariarathes the 3d, escaped the
[ARGY RIPA, a town of Apulia, built by massacre which attended his father and his
Diomedes after the Trojan war, and called followers; and after the death of Perdiccas,
by Polybius Argipana. vid. Arpi.] he recovered Cappadocia, by conquering
ARIA, a country of Asia. [It was properly Amyntas the Macedonian general. He was
a particular province, but the name was given succeeded by his son Ariammes. Ariara
to a country of large extent, answering to thes the 4th, succeeded his father Ariamnes,
the present Khorasin, comprising several pro and married Stratonice, daughter of Antio
vinces, and bounded on the west by Media chus Theos. He died after a reign of twen
on the north by Hyrcania and Parthia, on the ty-eight years, B. C. 220, and was succeeded
east by Bactria, and on the south by Carma by his son Ariarathes the 5th, a prince who
nia and Gedrosia. The capital was Artacoa married Antiochia, the daughter of king An
na, now Herat.] Mela, 1, c. 2, 1, 2, c. 7. tiochus whom he assisted against the Romans.
The wiſe of Pastus Caecinna, of Padua, a Ro Antiochus being defeated, Ariarathes saved
man senator who was accused of conspiracy his kingdom from invasion by paying the Ro
against Claudius, and carried to Rome by sea. mans a large sum of money, remitted at the
She accompanied him, and in the boat she instance of the king of Pergamus. His
stabbed herself, and presented the sword to son, the 6th of that name, called Philopater,
her husband, who followed her example. from his piety, succeeded him 166 B. C. An
Plin. 7.
alliance with the Romansshielded him against
ARIADNE, daughter of Minos 2d, king of the false claims that were laid to his crown
Crete, by Pasiphae, fell in love with The by one of the favourites of Demetrius king
seus, who was shut up in the labyrinth to be of Syria. He was maintained on the throne
devoured by the Minotaur, and gave him a by Attalus, and assisted his friends at Rome
o
o
 AR AR

against Aristonicus the usurper of Pergamus;

but he was killed in the war B. C. 130, leav ºc.
§ –Luan. 6, v. 74.—Pirg, .42n. 7, v. 761,
ing six children, five of whom were murder ARicina, a surname of Diana, from her
ed by his surviving wife Laodice. The temple near Aricia. [vid. Aricia.]—The
only one who escaped, Ariarathes 7th, was mother of Octavius. Cic. 3. Phil. c. 6.
proclaimed king, and soon after married Lao ARIL Eus, a companion of Cyrus the young
dice, the sister of Mithridates Eupator, by er. After the death of his friend, he recon
whom he had two sons. He was murdered ciled himself to Artaxerxes, by betraying to
by an illegitimate brother, upon which his him the surviving Greeks in their return.
widow Laodice gave herself and kingdom to Diod.-An illegitimate son of Philip, who,
Nicomedes king of Bithynia. Mithridates after the death of Alexander, was made king
made war against the new king, and raised of Macedonia, till Roxane, who was preg
his nephew to the throne. The young king, nant by Alexander, brought into the world
who was the 8th of the name of Ariarathes, a legitimate male successor. Aridacus had
made war against the tyrannical Mithridates, not the full enjoyment of his senses; and
by whom he was assassinated in the presence therefore Perdiccas, one of Alexander's ge
of both armies, and the murderer's son, a nerals, declared himself his protector, and
child eight years old, was placed on the va even married his sister, to strengthen their
cant throne. The Cappadocians revolted, connection. He was seven years in posses
and made the late monarch's brother, Ariara sion of the soverign power, and was put to
thes 9th, king; but Mithridates expelled him, death, with his wife Eurydice, by Olympias.
and restored his own son. The exiled prince Justin. 9, c. 8–Diod.
died of a broken heart; and Nicomedes of ARIMÁsri, [a people of Scythia, who, ac
Bithynia, dreading the power of the tyrant, cording to Herodotus, had but one eye, and
interested the Romans in the affairs of Cap waged a continual contest with the griſfins
padocia. The arbiters wished to make the who collected the gold, which, according to
country free ; but the Cappadocians demand the same writer, was found in vast quantities
ed a king, and received Ariobarzanes, B. C. in the vicinity of this people. The name is
91. On the death of Ariobarzanes, his bro derived by him from two Scythian words,
ther ascended the throne, under the name of -Arima, oue, and Spu, an eye. It means no
Ariarathes 10th ; but his title was disputed thing more than that these people were ex
by Sisenna, the eldest son of Glaphyra, by pert archers, closing one eye in taking aim.
Archelaus, priest of Comana. M. Antony, ARIMAzEs, a powerful prince of Sogdiana,
who was umpire between the contending par who treated Alexander with much insolence,
ties, decided in favour of Sisenna ; but Aria and even asked whether he could fly to as
rathes recovered it for a while, though he pire to so extensive a dominion. He surren
was soon after obliged to yield in favour of dered, and was exposed on a cross with his
Archelaus, the second son of Glaphyra, B. C. friends and relations. Curt. 7, c. 11.
36. Diod 18–Justin. 13 and 29.-Strab. ARIMINUM, [a city of Umbria in Italy, at
12. the mouth of the river Ariminus, on the coast
AR1cia, an Athenian princess, niece to not far to the south-east of the Rubicon. It
Egeus, whom Hippolytus married after he was founded by the Umbri, and afterwards
hall been raised from the dead by Æsculapius. inhabited partly by them and partly by the
He built a city in Italy, which he called by Pelasgi. It was taken by the Galli Senones.
her name. He had a son by her, called Vir The Romans sent a colony to it A. U.C. 485.
bius. Orid. Met. 15, v. 41.—Virg. JEn. 7, In this place Caesar is said to have harangued
v. 762, &c.—A very ancient town of Italy, his troops, aſter having crossed the Rubicon;
now Riccia, built by Hippolytus, son of The and here the tribunes of the commons, who
seus, after he had been raised from the dead were in his interest, met him. It is now call
by Æsculapius, and transported into Italy by ed Rimini.]
Diana. In a grove, in the neighbourhood of ARIMINUs, a river of Umbria in Italy, ris
Aricia, Orestes built a temple to Diana, ing in the Appennine mountains, [and falling
where he established the same rites as were into the sea at Ariminum.] Plin. 3, c. 15.
in the temple of that goddess in Tauris. The ARIMPhæ1, a people of Scythia, near the
priest of this temple, called Rez, was always Riphaean mountains, who lived chiefly upon
a fugitive, and the murderer of his predeces berries in the woods, and were remarkable for
sar, and went always armed with a dagger, to their innocence and mildness. Plin. 6, c. 7.
prevent whatever attempts might be made ARIoBARzXNEs, a man made king of
upon his life by one who wished to be his Cappadocia by the Romans, after the trou
successor. [According to Strabo, the priest was bles, which the false Ariarathes had raised,
always a runaway slave.] The Arician forest, had subsided. Mithridates drove him from
frequently called memorensis or memoralis his kingdom, but the Romans restored him.
yhea, was very celebrated, and no horses He followed the interest of Pompey, and
wºuld ever enter it, because Hippolytus had fought at Pharsalia against J. Caesar. He
been killed by them. Egeria, the favourite and his kingdom were preserved by means
aymph, and invisible protectress of Numa, of Cicero. Cic. 5, ad Attic. ep. 29.-Horal.
generally resided in this famous grove, which ep. 6, v. 38.—Flor. 3, c. 5–A. satrap of
Phrygia, who, after the death of Mithridates,
was situated on the Appian way, beyond
mount Albanus. Ovid. Met. 15, Fast. 3, v. invaded the kingdom of Pontus, and kept it
M 80
 AR AR

for twenty-six years. He was succeeded by fore, is often called the horse of Adrastus.
the son of Mithridates. Diod. 17. Age Paus. 8, c. 25.-Propert. 2, el. 34, v. 37.—
neral of Darius, who defended the passes of Apollod. 3, c. 6.
Susa with 15,000 foot against Alexander. Aſ ARIovistus, [a king of the Germans, who
ter a bloody encounter with the Macedoni invaded Gaul, conquered a considerable part
ans, he was killed as he attempted to seize of the country, and subjected the inhabitant
the city of Persepolis. Diod. 17.—Curt. 4 to the most cruel and oppressive treatment.
and 5.-A Mede of elegant stature and Caesar marched against him, brought him to
great prudence, whom Tiberius appointed to an action, and gained so complete a victory,
settle the troubles of Armenia. Tacit. Ann. that very few of the army of Ariovistus,
2, c. 4. among whom was the king himself, effected
ARIoMARnus, a son of Darius, in the army their escape. His subsequent history is not
of Xerxes when he went against Greece. known. The name is probably derived from
Herodot. 7, c. 78. the German words, Heer, an army, and Furn,
ARIoMEDEs, a pilot of Xerxes. a leader or prince.j Caes. 1. Bell. Gall—Tacit.
ARío N, a famous lyric poet and musician, 4, Hist.
son of Cyclos, of Methymna, in the island of ARIsbA, a town of Lesbos, destroyed by an
Lesbos. [He was accustomed to spend the earthquake. Plin. 5, c. 31. A colony of
most of his time with Periander king of Co the Mityleneans in Troas, destroyed by the
rinth. On a sudden however, feelingdesirous Trojans before the coming of the Greek.
of visiting ltaly and Sicily, he sailed to those Wirg. AEm.9, v.264.—Homer. Il. 7-The
countries, and amassed there great riches. name of Priam's first wife, divorced that the
He set sail from Tarentum, after this, in or monarch might marry Hecuba.
der to return to Corinth, but the mariners AR istAENétus, [a writer who flourishedin
formed a plot against him, when they were the 5th century. He was a native of Nicæa
at sea, to throw him overboard, and seize his in Bithynia, and the friend of Libanius. He
riches. Arion, discovering the plot, begged perished in the earthquake which destroyed
earnestly for his life to be spared, and gave Nicomedia, A. D. 308, in which city he was
them up all his wealth.] The mariners, how filling at the time an office of magistracy. He
ever, were not to be prevailed upon, and wrote Letters, which are not greatlyesteemed.
Arion, seeing them inflexible in their resolu The major part is little else than a series of
tions, begged that he might be permitted to passages from Plato, Lucian, and some other
play some melodious tune ; and as soon as writers. The best edition is that of Abresch,
he had finished it, he threw himself into the Zwollae. 8vo. 1749, enriched with the emen
sea. A number of Dolphins had been at dations of Tollius, D'Orvine, and Walck
tracted round the ship by the sweetness of enaer.]
his music ; and it is said, that one of them ARIsix:UM, a city of Thrace at the foot of
carried him safe on his back to Tacnarus, mount Haemus. Plin. 4, c. 11.
whence he hastened to the court of Perian Aristãºus, son of Apollo and the nymph
der, who ordered all the sailors to be cruci Cyrene, was born in the deserts of Lybia,
fied at their return. [Some suppose that he and brought up by the Seasons, and fed upon
threw himself from the vessel before it had nectar and ambrosia. His fondness for hunt:
quite left the harbour, and hence that he easi ing procured him the surname of Nomusand
ly swam to land; and that after coming to Agreus. After he had travelled over the
land, he immediately entered on board ano greatest part of the world, Aristaeus came tº
ther vessel which had the figure of a dolphin settle in Greece, where he married Autonº
as an ornament, and this vessel being a swift the daughter of Cadmus, by whom he had"
sailor,arrived atCorinth before the other ship.] son called Actaeon. He feli in love with Eu
Hygin, fab. 194.—Herodot. 1, c. 23 and 24– ridice, the wife of Orpheus, and pursued her
-Elian, de Nat. An-13,c.45–Ital. 11. Propert. in thelayfields.
that She was
in the grass, and died, a serpen.
by which
stungfor the
2, el. 26, v. 17–Plut. in Symp.—A horse,
sprung from Ceres and Neptune. Ceres, gods destroyed all the bees of Aristeus. !"
when she travelled over the world in quest of this calamity he applied to his mother, whº
her daughter Proserpine, had taken the fig directed him to seize the sea-god Proteº
ure of a mare, to avoid the importuning ad and consult him how he might repair tº:
dresses of Neptune. The god changed himself losses he had sustained. Proteus advisº
also into a horse, and from their union arose a him to appease the manes of Eurydice by
daughter called Hera, and the horse Arion, the sacrifice of four bulls and four heiſers:
which had the power of speech, the feet on and as soon as he had done it, and left thº
the right side like those of a man, and the in the air, swarms of bees immediatºr
rest of the body like a horse. Arion was sprang from the rotten carcasses, and rest”
brought up by the Nereides, who often har ed Aristatus to his former prosperity. Soº
nessed him to his father's chariot, which he authors say that Aristaeus had the care."
drew over the sea with uncommon swiftness. Bacchus when young, and that he wasinº .
Neptune gave him to Copreus, who present ed in the mysteries of this god. Arist”
ed him to Hercules. Adrastus, king of Ar went to live on mount Hemus, where *
gos, received him as a present from Hercu died. He was, after death, worshipped as
les, and with this wonderful animal he won demi-god. Aristeus is said to have lear”
the prise atthe Nemaean games. Arion, there from the nymphs the cultivation of olivº
00
 AR AR

and the management of bees, &c. which he the apparent diameter of the sun at the 720th
afterwards communicated to the rest of man part of the zodiac. He found also that the
kind. Wirg. G.4, v. 317.-Diod. 4.—Justin. diameter of the moon bears a greater pro
13, c. 7.—Orid. Fast. 1, v. 368.-Cic. de JNat. portion to that of the earth, than that of 43 to
D. 3, c. 18.-Paus. 10, c. 17.-Hygin. ſab. i08, but less than that of 19 to 60, so that the
161, 180,247.-Apollod. 3, c. 4.—Herod.4, c. diameter of the moon, according to his state
4, &c.—Polyan. 1, c. 24.—A general who ment, should be somewhat less than a third
commanded the Corinthian forces at the siege part of the earth. The only one of his works
of Potidaea. He was taken by the Athenians, now extant is a treatise on the magnitudes
and put to death. and distances of the sun and moon. The best
ARISTAGöRAs, a writer who composed edition is that of Wallis, Oxon. 1688, in 8vo.]
an history of Egypt. Plin. 36, c. 12. A AR1stEAs, a poet of Proconnesus, who, as
son-in-law of Histiaeus, tyrant of Miletus, fables report, appeared seven years after his
who revolted from Darius, and incited the death to his countrymen, and 540 years after
Athenians against Persia, and burnt Sardis. to the people of Metapontum in Italy, and
This so exasperated the king, that every commanded them to raise him a statue near
evening before supper he ordered his servants the temple of Apollo. He wrote an epic po
to remind him of punishing Aristagoras. He em on the Arimaspi in three books, and some
was killed in battle against the Persians, B. of his verses are quoted by Longinus. Hero
C. 499. Herodot. 5, c. 30, &c. l. 7, c. 8.- dot. 4, c. 13.-Strab. 14.— Mar. Tyr. 22.
Polyen. 1, c. 14.—A man of Cyzicus.- A geometrician, intimate with Euclid.—A
Another of Cumae. Herodot. 4. poet, son of Demochares, in the age of Croe
ARISTANDER, a celebrated soothsayer, sus.—[An officer under Ptolemy Philadel:
greatly esteemed by Alexander. Plut. in phus, to whom is ascribed a Greek work still
..?ler.—Plin. 17, c. 25. extant, entitled “A history of the interpreters
ARusTArche, a matron of Ephesus, who of Scripture,” giving an account of the man
by order of Dianasailed to the coasts of Gaul ner in which the Septuagint was writen. The
with the Phocaeans, and was made priestess. best edition is that printed at Oxford, in 1692.
Strab. 4. in 8vo.]
ARusrarchus, a celebrated grammarian, AR1st ERA, an island [south-east of the
a native of Samothrace, 1 but residing chiefly peninsula of Argolis. It is well known at the
at Alexandria, under Ptolemy Philometor, present day under its modern name of Hydra.]
who intrusted him with the education of his Paws. 2, c. 34.
son. He was famous for his critical powers, ARistides, a celebrated Athenian, son of
and he revised the poems of Homer with such Lysimachus, whose great temperance and vir
severity, that ever after all severe critics tue procured him the surname of Just. He
were called Aristarchi. [He criticised also was rival to Themistocles, by whose influ
the works of Pindar, Aratus, and other poets. ence he , was banished for ten years, B. C.
To him the ancient commentators on Homer 484; but before six years of his exile had
ascribe the division of the Iliad and Odyssey elapsed, he was recalled by the Athenians.
into books, according to the order and num He was at the battle of Salamis, and was ap
Serofthe Greek letters. It was his practice, pointed chief commander with Pausanius
in revising Homer, to mark those verses against Mardonius, who was defeated at Pla
which he thought unworthy of him with an taea. Although he had long managed the
obelisk, and those which he deemed particu common treasury of Greece, yet he died so
larly excellent with an asterisk.] He wrote poor, that the expenses of his funeral were
above 800 commentaries on different authors, defrayed at the public charge, and his two
much esteemed in his age. In his old age he daughters, on account of their father's vir
became dropsical, upon which he starved tues, received a dowry from the public trea
himself, and died in his 72d year, B. C. 157,
sury when they were come to marriageable
[iathe isle of Cyprus.] He left two sons, call
years. Poverty, however, seemed heredi
td Aristarchus and Aristagoras, both famous tary in the family of Aristides, for the grand
ºf their stupidity. Horat. de Art. poet. v. son was seen in the public streets, getting his
ſº-0rid. 3, ez Pont. ep. 9, v. 24.—Cic. livelihood by explaining dreams. The Athe
ad Fam. 3, ep. 11, ad Attic. 1, ep. 14.— nians became more virtuous in imitating their
Quintu. 10, c. 1.-A tragic poet of Tegea great leader; and from the sense of his good
in Arcadia, about 454 years B. C. He com qualities, at the representation of one of the
pºsed 70 tragedies, of which two only were tragedies of Æschylus, on the mentioning of
rewarded with the prize. One of them, call a sentence concerning moral goodness, the
ed Athilles, was translated into Latin verse eyes of the audience were all at once turned
by Ennius. Suidas.-[An astronomer of from the actor to Aristides. When he sat
Samºs, flourished about the middle of the 3d as judge, it is said that the plaintiff, in his
century before Christ. He is well known to accusation, mentioned the injuries his oppo
hire maintained the modern opinion with re nent had done to Aristides, “mention the
= ºrito the motion of the earth round the sun, wrongs you have received,” replied the
salits revolution about its own centre or equitable Athenian, “I sit here as judge,
.. º. He also taught that the annual orbit Nep. and the& law-suit
Plut. inis yours,
Vita-Anand nothistoriº
mine." C.of
ºf the earth is but a point, compared with Miletus, fonder of stories and of anecdotes
he distance of the fixed stars. He estimated
ol
 AR AR

than of truth. He wrote an history of Italy, Euergetes, flourished about 145 B.C. He
of which the 40th volume has been quoted by was an admirer of the Greek philosophy, and
Plut. in Parall. —An Athlete, who obtain united the study of the Aristotelian system
ed a prize at the Olympiad, Nemean, and ||with that of the Mosaic law.]
Pythian games. Paus. 6, c. 16. A pain Aristocles, a peripatetic philosopher of
ter of Thebes in Boeotia, in the age of Alex Messenia, who reviewed, in a treatise on phi
ander the Great. [He is said to have been losophy, the opinions of his predecessors. He
the first who painted mind, and expressed also wrote on rhetoric, and likewise nine
the affections and passions.] A Greek ora books on morals. This name is common -

tor who wrote 50 orations, besides other tracts. to many Greeks, of whom few or no particu
When Smyrna was destroyed by an earth lars are recorded.
quake, he wrote so pathetic a letter to M. Aristoclides, a tyrant of Orchomenus,
Aurelius, that the emperor ordered the city who, because he could not win the affection
immediately to be rebuilt. [The inhabitants of Stymphalis, killed her and her father, upon
honoured Aristides, as the founder of their which all Arcadia took up arms and destroy
new city, with a brazen statue in the forum.] ed the murderer.
IIis works consist of hymns in prose in ho AR1stocrites, a king of Arcadia, put to
mour of the gods, funeral orations, apologues. death by his subjects for offering violence to
panegyrics, and harangues, the best edition of the priestess of Diana. Paus. 3, c. 5. His
which is that of Jebb, 2 volumes 4to. Oxon. grandson of the same name, was stoned to
1722, and that in a smaller size, in 12mo. 3 death for taking bribes, during the second
vols. of Canterus, apud P. Steph. 1604.— Messenian war, and being the cause of the
A philosopher of Mysia, intimate with M. An defeat of his Messenian allies, B. C. 682. Id
toninus. An Athenian, who wrote treatises ibid.
on animals, trees, and agriculture. AristopéMUs, son of Aristomachus, was
AR1stII.LUs, a philosopher of the Alexan one of the Heraclidae. He, with his brothers
drian school, who, about 300 years B. C. at Temenus and Cresphontes, invaded Pelopon
tempted with Timocharis to determine the nesus, conquered it, and divided the country
place of the different stars in the heavens,among themselves, 1 104 years before the
and to trace the course of the planets. christian era. He married Argia, by whom
AR1stippus, the elder, a philosopher of he had the twins Procles and Eurysthenes.
Cyrene, disciple to Socrates, and founder ofHe was killed by a thunderbolt at Naupactus,
the Cyrenaic sect.[flourished about 392 B.C though some say that he died at Delphi in
He was for some time highly esteemed by So Phocis. Paus. 2, c. 18, 1.3, c. 1 and 16.-
crates, but his fondness for eſſeminate and Herodot. 7, c. 204, l. 8, c. 131-A king of
luxurious indulgence gave great offence to Messenia, who maintained a famous war
the philosopher, and at length produced a against Sparta. After some losses, he reco
cessation of intercourse between them. He vered his strength, and greatly weakened the
was the first disciple of the Socratic school power of the enemy. [vid. Partheniae..] Aris
who took money for teaching. He afterwards todemus put his daughter to death for the
was compelled to leave Athens in consequence good of his country; being afterwards perse
of the freedom of his manners, and visited, cuted in a dream by her manes, he killed
among other parts, the island of Sicily. Here himself, after a reign of six years and some
he became one of the flatterers of Dionysius, months, in which he had obtained much mili
and gained a large share of royal favour. He tary glory, B.C. 724. Paus. in JMessen.
left Syracuse before the expulsion of the ty ARIstogºNEs, a physician of Cnidos, who sº
rant, but whether he ever returned to his own obtained great reputation by the cure of De
country, and when and how he died, are cir metrius Gonatas, king of Macedonia-A
cumstances about which nothing certain is Thasian who wrote 24 books on medicine.
known.] . Many of his sayings and maxims ARIstogitox and HARModius, [two Athe ~!
are recorded by Diogenes, in his life. Horat. nians whose names were rendered memorableia **
2, Sat. 3, V. 100,—His grandson, of the same the annals of Athens. An intimate friendship
name, called the younger, was a warm defend subsisted between them, which the tyrant ºt
er of his opinions, and supported that the Hipparchus endeavoured to disturb. Har º
principles of all things were pain and plea modius and Aristogiton thereupon determit
sure. He flourished about 363 years B. C. ed to kill both Hipparchus and his brothers.
—A tyrant of Argos, whose life was one Hippias. On the morning of the Panathe-sº
continued series of apprehension. He was na'a, on which they intended to execute their -
killed by a Cretan in a battle against Aratus, project, Hippias was seen talking to one of: º:
B. C. 242. Diog. the conspirators. As they were afraid that
M. A.Ristius, a satirist, who wrote a poem their plot was discovered, they immediately **
called Cyclops. killed Hipparchus, and Hippias escaped.
ARIsto. vid. Ariston. Aristogiton was put to the torture, in order *
Artistobülus, a name common to some of to force him to declare his accomplices. The
the high-priests and kings of Judaea, &c. Jo most intimate friends of Hippias were named **
seph.-A brother of Epicurus.—One of by him, and immediately put to death. :,
Alexander's attendants, who wrote the king's Though Harmodius and Aristogiton perished,.
life, replete with adulation and untruth. yet their example infused a spirit into the
[An Alexandrian Jew, preceptor of Ptolemy Athenians, which displayed itself in the ba- º
02 *
 AR AR

Such was his reputation, that when Damage

event, about 510 B.C.] They received im. tus, a person of the first rank at Rhodes, con
mortal honours from the Athenians, and had sulted the oracle at Delos whom he should
statues raised to their memory. These sta marry, he was told to espouse the daughter
tues were carried away by Xerxes when he ºf the most worthy of the Greeks, meaning
took Athens. The conspiracy of Aristogiton Aristomenes. On a visit to his son-in-law
was so secretly planned and so wisely carri, u Aristounenes died, and a magnificent tomb
into execution, that it is said a courtezan bit
was erected for him at Rhodes.]
her tongue off not to betray the trust reposed AR1ston, a tyrant of Methymna, who be.
in her. [According to the common opinion, ing ignorant that Chios had surrendred to
Hipparchus possessed the tyranny when he the Macedonians, entered into the harbour,
was killed. This is contradicted by Thucy and was taken and put to death. Curt. 4, c.
dides, 6,54, who proves that Hippias was the 9-A philosopher of Chios, pupil to Zeno
eldest. Plato (in Hipparch.) says that Hip the stoic, and founder of a sect which con
parchus was the eldest. The Athenians pass tinued but a little while. He supported that
ed a law forbidding any man from assuming the nature of the divinty is unintelligible. It
the names of Aristogiton or Harmodius.] is said that he died by the heat of the sun,
Paus. 1, c. 29.—Herodot. 5, c. 55.-Plut. de which fell too powerfully upon his bald head.
10. Oraf. An Athenian orator, surnamed In his old age he was much given to sensuali
Kvaer, for his impudence. He wrote orations, ty. Diog. A lawyer in Trajan's reign,
against Timarchus, Timotheus, Hyperides, whose eulogium has been written by Pliny,
and Thrasyllus. 22 epist. lib. 1.-A peripatetic philosopher
ARIsroxic HE, the wife of Dionysius of of Alexandria, who wrote concerning the
Syracuse. Cic. Tusc. 5, c. 20.-The wife course of the Nile. Strab A native of
of Dion Pella, in the age of Adrian, who wrote on the
ARIsrosińcHus, an Athenian who wrote rebellion of the Jews.
concerning the preparation of wine. Plin. AR1ston Autie, [a small town of Achaia.
14, c. 9. A man so excessively fond of north of Peliene, and at the bottom of a small
bees, that he devoted 58 years of his life in gulph, called by Pausanias, the port of Pel
raising swarms of them. Plin. 11, c. 9.—— lene.] Paus. 2.
The son of Cleodaeus and grandson of Hyl AR1stonicus, son of Eumenes, by a con
lus, whose three sons, Cresphontes, Temenus, cubine of Ephesus, 126 B.C. invaded Asia
and Aristodemus, called Heraclidae, conquer and the kingdom of Pergamus which Atta
ed Peloponnesus. Paus. 2, c. 7, 1.3, c. 15. lus had left by his will to the Roman people.
—Herodot. 6, 7 and 8. A man who laid He was conquered by the consul Perpenna,
aside his sovereign power at Argos, at the and strangled in prison. Justin. 36, c. 4.—
persuasion of Aratus. Paus. 2, c. 8. Flor. 2, c. 20. A grammarian of Alexan
ARIstomſ ENEs, a commander of the fleet dria, who wrote a commentary on Hesiod
of Darius on the Hellespont, conquered by and Homer, besides a treatise on the Musae
the Macedonians. Curt.4, c. 1–A famous um established at Alexandria by the Ptole
general of Messenia, who encouraged his mies.
countrymen to shake off the Lacedaemonian [AR1stoxus, an eminent Grecian sculptor.
yoke, under which they had laboured for He made a statue of Jupiter at Olympia,
above 30 years. [Thus commenced the whose face was turned towards the rising
second Messenian war, B.C. 685, which tersun.] Plin. 34.
minated, B. C. 668. In the first battle, the Aristony Mus, a comic poet under Phila
Messenians obtained the victory through the delphus, keeper of the library of Alexandria.
personal exertions of Aristomenes, and una He died of a retention of urine, in his 77th
nimously saluted him King. He refused, how year. Althen.
ever, to assume the title, and chose that of Aristoph An Es, a celebrated comic poet.
reneral.] He acquired the surname of Just. [The place of his birth is not known; it is
from his equity, to which he joined the true generally supposed, however, that he was not
valour, sagacity and perseverance of a gene a native of Athens, but that he resided there
ral. He once, in the night-time, entered and obtained the rights of citizenship.] He
Sparta without being known, [and to intimi wrote 54 comedies, of which only eleven have
date the Spartans, affixed to the walls of the come down to us. He lived in the age of So
temple of Minerva, a buckler with an in crates, Demosthenes, and Euripides, B. C.
scription, “Aristomenes has dedicated this to 434, and lashed the vices of his age with a
the goddess, from the spoils of the Lacedae masterly hand. The wit and excellence of
monians.”] He was so dexterous in eluding his comedies are well known; but they abound
the vigilance of the Lacedæmonians, who had sometimes too much with obscenity, and his
taken him captive, that he twice escaped attack upon the venerable character of So
from them. [After the conclusion of the se crates has been always censured, and with
cond Messenian war, which, like the first, justice. [cid. Mitchell's Aristophanes, Pre
ended disastrously for his country, he sent the liminary Discourse, in which an attempt is
Messenians under the conduct of his son to made to defend the poet from this charge.]
Sicily, where they founded Messana, while As a reward for his mental greatness, the
he remained in Greece himself, watching an poet received a crown of olive in a public
opportunity to retaliate on the Spartans. assembly; but if he ºn: deserved praise, he me
 All AR

rited blame for his licentiousness, which library of Alexandria under Ptolemy Euer
spared not even the gods, and was so offensive getes. [He is said to have been the first who
to his countrymen, that Alcibiades made a introduced the accentual marks into the
law at Athens, which forbade the comic wri Greek language. He is placed by Suidas
ters from mimicking or representing on the in the 145th Olympiad, about 200 years
stage any living character by name. , Aristo B. C. -

phanes has been called the prince of ancient *a painter in the age of So
comedy, as Menander of the new. The play crates. He drew the picture of Alcibiades
called Nubes is pointed against Socrates, and softly reclining on the bosom of the courte
the philosopher is exposed to ridicule, and zan Nemea, and all the people of Athens ran
his precepts placed in a most ludicrous point in crowds to be spectators of the masterly
of view, by the introduction of one of his piece. He also made a painting of Mars lean
pupils in the characters of the piece. It is ing on the arm of Venus. Plut. in .41c.—
said that St. Chrysostom used to keep the .Athen. 13.-Plin. 35, c. 11.-A comic poet
comedies of Aristophanes under his pillow, in the age of Alexander, many of whose frag
on account of the brilliancy of the composi ments are collected in Athenaeus.
sition. Plutarch has made a comparison be AR1stotel EIA, [annual feasts in honour
tween the princes of the new and old come. of Aristotle, celebrated by the inhabitants of
dy, which abounds with many anecdotes con Stagira, in gratitude for his having procured
cerning these original characters. [Aristo from Alexander, the re-building and re-pec
phanes has found a strenuous defender in his pling of that city, which had been demolish
iate able translator Mr. Mitchell. It is main ed by king Philip.]
tained that in his satirical, and even his inde AR1stotel Es, a famous philosopher, son of
cent vein,he acted upon established principles, the physician Nicomachusby Phestias, born at
which, however inconsistent with our notions Stagira, 85 years after the birth of Socrates,
upon such subjects, found a sanction in the and B. C. 384. He lost his parents in early
very religion of the times. His audience, it youth, but inherited from them a large for
is said, came to the exhibition with a pre tune. At the age of 17 he went to Athens,
vious knowledge that they were to consider to hear Plato's lectures, where he soon signa
what they saw merely as harmless carica lized himself by the brightness of his genius.
ture; and as these plays were acted only [Plato often called him the Mind of his school,
once, it became necessary that the impression and when Aristotle happened to be absent, ob
made should be a strong one, especially as served “ Intellectis not here,” and complain
the Athenians were a seeing and hearing, not ed that he lectured to a deaf audience. He
a reading people. Mr. Mitchell, however, is continued to reside with Plato for 20 years,
justly censurable for the overcolouring of even to his master's death, alike regardless
which he is guilty in drawing the character of the honours of a court, to which the rank
of Socrates, and into which he has been led and connections of his family might have open
by the idea that the reputation of Aristopha ed to him the road in Macedonia, and indiſ.
mes was only to be elevated by destro, Ing in ferent to the glory of a name, which his great
some measure that of the Athenian sage abilities might have attained by establishing
The sketch he has given of Socrates is no a separate schoel and founding a new sect.
thing more than a gross and clumsy carica Little credit is due to the story of a quarrel
ture, outraging every notion of correctness between him and Plato, and also to that of his
and propriety. As regards the productions opening a school in opposition to his master
of Aristophanes, the student will find a list during his life. On the death of Plato he
of them, as far as can be correctly given, in left Athens, and some time after was chosen
Brunck's edition of this poet, in which the by Philip, preceptor to his son Alexander,
number is reduced to about 35. As to the which office he discharged with the greatest
comedy of the clouds, it may not be amiss to ability during 8 years, until his pupil’s acces
observe that it failed on its first representa sion to the throne. The letter which Philip
tion. Whether it ever came to a second ex wrote to Aristotle, when he chose him pre t

hibition is very doubtful. The play origi ceptor to his son, was couched in the follow
mally condemned has reached our times, toge terms: “Be informed that I have a son, and
ther with part of an address to the audience that I am thankful to the Gods, not so much
evidently intended for the second perform for his birth, as that he was born in the same
ance. The student will find a defence of A age with you: for if you will undertake the
ristophanes, besides the one mentioned above, charge of his education, I assure myself that
in Porson's Review of Brunck's edition, Mu he will become worthy of his father, and of
seum Criticum, No. 5.] The best editions of the kingdom which he will inherit.” After
the works of Aristophanes are Kuster's, fol. Aristotle had left his pupil, they carried on a
Amst. 1710, and the 12mo. L. Bat. 1670, and friendly correspondence, in which the philo
that of Brunck, 4 vols. 8vo. Argent. 1783, sopher prevailed upon Alexander to employ
which would still be more perfect, did it con his power and wealth in the service of philo
tain the valuable scholia. TThese have sub sophy. Alexander, accordingly, employed
sequently appeared in the edition of Inverniz, several thousand persons in different parts of
Lips. 1794, 3 vols. 8vo.] Quintil 10, c. 1. Europe and Asia, to collect animals of vari
-Paterc. 1, c. 16.—Horat. 1. Sat. 4, v.1.— ous kinds, birds, beasts, and fishes, and sent
^ grammarian of Byzantium, keeper of the them to Aristotle, who, from the information
94
 AR AR

which this collection afforded him, wrote fiſ. ture, and attributes. His doctrine concern
ty volumes on the history of animated nature, ing fate seems to have been construed by his
only a small portion of which are now ex opponents into a denial of the necessity of
tant. A mutual alienation and jealousy, how. prayers and sacrifices, and was consequently
ever, arose between the philosopher and his deemed inimical to the public institutions of
prince, after the death of Callisthenes, the religion. Most of the subjects which he dis
nephew of the former. Upon his return to cusses are in the highest degree abstruse; but
Athens, Aristotle resolved to ſound a new the obscurity necessarily arising from the na
sect in opposition to the Academy. He chose ture of these subjects is increased by the
for his school a grove in the suburbs of A manner of the Stagyrite. He almost con
thens, called the Lycaeum; and from his walk stantly affects close periods and a concise dic
ing about as he discoursed with his pupils, tion, and leaves much to be supplied by the
his ſollowers were termed Peripatetics. His reader himself. His transitions are frequent
more abstruse discourses were delivered in and abrupt, and his use of new terms in a
the morning to his selectiisciples; this he call technical sense is not unfrequent. Most of
ed his morning walk. He delivered lectures his writings have reached us. They em
to a more promiscuous auditory in the even brace Logical, Physical, Metaphysical, Ma
ings, when the Lycaeum was open to all young thematical, and Moral subjects, besides trea
rnen without distinction : this he termed his tises on Government, Rhetoric, and the Art
evening walk. Both were much frequented. of Poetry, the latter an excellent perform
Aristotle continued his school in the Lycaeum ance. His works and library were left by
for twelve years. After the death of Alex. him to Theophrastus, who, at his death, be
ander, having no longer the power of that queathed them to Neleus of Scepsis. Some
prince to protect him, his adversaries insti of them were sold to Ptolemy, and shared the
gated Eurymedon, a priest, to accuse him of fate of the Alexandrian library. The heirs
holding and propagating impious tenets. In of Neleus, in order to secure the rest from
consequence of this he retired with a few of being seized by the kings of Pergamus, who
his disciples to Chalcis, where he remained were collecting a library, buried them in a
until his death. He died at the age of 63. subterranean cavern, where they lay 130
Many idle tales are related concerning the years, and suffered much injury. They were
manner of his death, (vid. Euripus,) but it is afterwards sold to Apellicon of Teos, who
most likely that it was the effect of prema had the manuscripts transcribed, and within
ture decay, in consequence of excessive judicious industry, supplied from his own
watchfulness and application. His body was eonjectures and those of his copyists, such
interred at Stagyra, where his memory was passages as were become illegible. It is im
honoured with an altar and a tomb. Aristo possible to say how many corruptions were
tle was twice married. By his second wife thus introduced into the text. After the
he had a son named Nicomachus, to whom he death of Apellicon, Sylla, at the taking of
addressed his “Greater Morals.” His per Athens, B. C. 85, seized his library, and had
son was slender, he had small eyes and a it conveyed to Rome. Here Tyrannio, a
shrill voice, and when he was young, hesitat grammarian, obtaining permission to make
edin his speech. He endeavoured to supply use of the manuscripts of Aristotle, employed
the defects of his natural form by an atten ignorant amanuenses to take copies, which he
tion to dress, and commonly appeared in a suffered to pass out of his hands without cor
costly habit, with his beard shaven, his hair rection. These errors have been encreased
cut, and rings on his fingers. Concerning his by the officiousness of later transcribers and
character nothing can be more contradictory commentators. His treatises have been pub
than the accounts of different writers ; some lished separately, but the best edition of his
making him a model of every virtue, others entire works is that of Duval, 2 vols. folio,
the most infamous of human beings. The Paris, 1619. Tyrwhitt's edition of the Po
truth appears to be, that his virtues were nei etics, Oxon. 4to. 1794, and Wilkinson's of the
ther of that exalted kind which command ad Ethics, Oxon. 1715, 8vo. are both excellent.]
miration, nor his faults so highly criminal as Diog. in vita.-Plut. in Alex. and de Alex.
not to admit of some apology. He is certain fort, &c.—Cic. Acad. Quest. 4. de Orat. 3. de
ly entitled to the praise of deep erudition ; 'inib. 5.—Quintil. 1, 2, 5, 10.-4Elian. P.
but, on the other hand, is justly censurable H. 4.—Justin. 12.-Justin. Martyr.—Au
for giving oftentimes a partial and unfair re gust. de Civ. Dei. 8.-Plin. 2, 4, 5, &c.-4-
presentation of the opinions of his predeces then.—Wal. Maw,5, c. 6, &c.—There were
sors. While he deserves, in point of genius besides seven of the same name, A magistrate
and indefatigable industry, to be ranked in of Athens. A commentator on Homer's
the first class of men, his reputation as a phi Iliad.—An orator of Sicily, who answered
losopher is, in some measure, tarnished by a the panegyric of Isocrates. A friend of
too daring spirit of contradiction and innova AEschines.—A man of Cyrene who wrote
tion, and in morals, by an artful conformity on poetry.—A schoolmaster mentioned in
to the manners of the age in which he lived. Plato's life, written by Aristoxenus.--An
In religion he ought not certainly to be re obscure grammarian. , Diog. de Aristot. ..
garded as an atheist, though it must be owned Anistoxenus, a celebrated musician, dis
that it impossible to reconcile his notions of ciple of Aristotle, and born at Tarentum.
Deity with just conceptions of the divine na |He wrote 453 different treatises on philoso.
65
 AR. AR

phy, history, &c. and was disappointed in menia Major. It was a very mountainous
his expectations of succeeding in the school country, and divided by the Romans into
of Aristotle, for which he always spoke with 4 provinces. It is now also held by the Turks.
ingratitude of his learned master. [This is who call it Genech. Armenia Major is the
denied by Aristocles the Peripatetic, in Eu present Turcomania.] Herodot. 1, c. 194, I
sebius, who affirms that he always spoke of 5, c. 49.—Curt. 4, c. 12, l. 5, c.1.-Strate. 1
Aristotle in terms of great respect.] Of all and 11.-Mela, 3, c. 5 and 8.-Plin. 6, c. 4
his works nothing remains but three books &c.—Lucan. 2.
upon music, the most ancient on that subject ARMILustrium, a festival at Rome, on the
extant.—A philosopher of Cyrene. Ath n. 19th of October, [during which they sacri
A physician whose writings are quoted ficed completely armed, and to the sound
by Galen. of trumpets. It was intended for the expia
ARIstus, a Greek historian of Salamis, tion of the armies, and the prosperity of the
who wrote an account of Alexander's expe. arms of the Roman people. It is said to have
dition. Strab. 14.—Arrian. 7. been first observed among the Athenians-I
ARIus, [a river of Aria, on which was sit Varro de L. L. 5, c. 3.-Liv. 27, c. 37.
uate Artacoana, the sapital of the country : ARMINſus, a warlike general of the Ger
It is now the Heri..] A celebrated writer, mans, who supported a bloody war against
the author of the Arian controversy, that de Rome for some time. [His name is rendered
nied the eternal divinity and consubstantiali famous by the defeat of Varus, and the slaugh
ty of the Word. Though he was greatly per ter of three Roman legions. (vid. Varus.)
secuted for his opinions, he gained the favour He was afterwards defeated in two successive
of the emperor Constantine, and triumphed actions by Germanicus. In attempting, after
over his powerful antagonist Athanasius. He the Roman armies were withdrawn from
died the very night he was going to enter the Germany, to grasp at sovereign power, he in
church of Constantinople in triumph. Press volved his country in a civil war, and fell at
ed by nature, he went aside to ease himself; last by the treachery of one of his relations.
but his bowels gushed out, and he expired on His true name seems to have been Hermann
the spot, A. D. 336. [It is very probable or Heeremann, i.e. General, Latinised by the
that his death was occasioned by poison or Romans into Arminius.]
some other violence. His heresy, however, ARMoRicA, [a name originally applied by
did not die with him, but found a protector in the Romans to the entire coast of Gaul, from
Constantius, who succeeded his father in the the Pyrenees to the Rhine; it was afterwards,
empire of the east. It was eventually sup 'pon the conquest of the country, given in
pressed by Theodosius the Great In their particular to that part of the coast which lay
sentiments, the Arians acknowledged one between the Liger and Sequana, and at last
God, the Father; that the Son was a created exclusively confined to Bretagne. The term
being; and that the Holy Ghost was a ray is derived from the Celtic Ar-Mor, i.e. on
or emanation from the Deity.] the sea.]
ARMENIA, a large country of Asia, divided ARNE, a city of Lycia, called afterwards
into Upper and Lower Armenia, called also Xanthus:-A daughter of Æolus, who gave
Major, [was bounded on the south by Meso her name to two towns, one in Thessaly, the
potamia; on the east by Media; on the north other in Boeotia. Strab. 1 and 2–Paws. 9,
by Iberia and Albania; and on the west by c. 40.-Met. 6. fab 4.
Pontus and Armenia Minor; which last was A RNobius, a philosopher in Dioclesian's
separated from it by the Euphrates.] Lower reign, who became a convert to christianity.
Armenia, or Minor, is bounded by Cappado He applied for ordination, but was refused by
cia, Armenia Major, Syria, Cilicia, and the the bishops till he gave them a proof of his
Euphrates. The Armenians were a long sincerity. Upon this he wrote his celebrated
time under the dominion of the viedes and treatise, in which he exposed the absurdity of
Persians, till they were conquered with the *religion, and ridiculed the heathen gods.
rest of Asia, by Alexander and his succes Opinions are various concerning the purity
sors. [Armenia Major was wrested from An of his style, though all agree in praise of his
tiochus the Great, during his minority, by its extensive erudition. The book that he wrote.
governor, Artaxies, and made an indepen de Rhetoricó Institutione, is not extant. The
dent kingdom. In the Mithridatic war, Ti best edition of his treatise.ddrersus Gentes is
granes was their king. Upon his overthrow the 4to, printed L. Bat. 1651. [Ex recens.
by Lucullus and Pompey, the kingdom,though .4nt. Tysil J
continued to his successors, remained in ef ARNus, a river of Etruria. [rising in the
fect under the controul of the Romans, until Umbrian Appenines, and falling into the Me
Trajan reduced it to a province, and made literranean. It is now the Arno. On its
the Tigris the eastern boundary of the “o- banks stood Florentia, the modern Florence,
man empire. It was soon after, however, and at its mouth Pisae, now Pisa.] Liv. 22, c.
governed by its own kings, and having been||2
abandoned by the Romans, was made a Per [AnoMATA, or A RomâTum promontorium,
sian province by Sapor. It was subdued by the most eastern land of the continent of Af
the Saracens, A. D. 687, and by the Turks, rica, now Cape Guardafui,
A. D. 1522.-Armenia Minor, in its manners ARp1, a city of Apulia, built by Diomedcs
and customs, differed in no respect from Ar after the Trojan war. [It is said to have
 AR AR
*

been called Argyrippe by the inhabitants, and the dignity of his family, but the prosperity
that this was a corruption from Argos Hippi of his subjects. Justin. 31, c. 5. A king
on, a name given to it by Diomedes in re of Pontus and Armenia, in alliance with the
membrance of his native city.] Justin. 20, Romans. He fought long with success
e. 1–Pºirs...En 10, v. 28. against the Persians, till he was deceived by
Aapis wit, a town of Latium, famous for the snares of king Sapor, his enemy, who
giving birth to Cicero and Marius. . [It lay put out his eyes, and soon after deprived him
south-east of Anagnia, and is now Arpino.] of life. Marcellin. The eldest son of Ar
The words. 1rpinae charte are sometimes ap tabanus, appointed over Armenia by his fa
plied to Cicero's works. Mart. 10, ep. 19 ther, after the death of king Artaxias. Ta
—Jur. 8, v. 237.-Cic. Rull. 3.−A town cit. Hist. 6.
of Magna Graecia. ARs Acid E, a name given to some of the
ARRHAB =Us, the king of a nation in the monarchs of Parthia, in honour of Arsaces,
neighbourhood of Macedonia, who greatly dis the founder of the empire. Their power
tressed Archelaus...Aristot. 5. Polit. c. 10. subsisted till the 229th year of the christian
ARR1ANus, a philosopher of Nicomedia, era, when they were conquered by Artaxerxes
priest of Ceres and Proserpine, and disciple king of Persia. {vid. Artabanus.] Justin. 41.
of Epictetus, called a second Xenophon from A RSAMos&t A, a town of Armenia Major,
the elegance and sweetness of his diction, and [in the south-western angle of the district
distinguished for his acquaintance with mili. Sophene. It is now Simsat or Shimsat.] Ta
tary and political life. He wrote seven books eit. .1nn. 15.
on Alexander's expedition, [an “Account of ARs' NEs, the son of Ochus, and father of
the affairs of India,” the periplus of the Eux Codomanus.
ine and Red Sea, four books on the disputa ARSANIAs, [a river of Armenia Major,
tions of Epictetus, [a treatise on hunting, a which D'Anville and Mannert, but especially
work on tactics, &c.] He flourished about the latter, consider as another name for the
the 140th year of Christ, and was rewarded southern arm of the Euphrates. vid. Euphra
with the consulship and government of Cap tes.—There was another of the same name
padocia, by M. Autoninus. The best edition lower down, which flowed from the north
of Arrian's Erpeditio Alerandri, is the fol. west through Sophene, and entered the Eu
Gronovii, L. Bat. 1704, [and that of Schmie phrates below Melitene, on which Arsamo
der, Lips. 1798, 8vo. Of the Historia Indica, sata was situate. This is now the Arsen.]
that of Schmieder, Hal. 1798, 8vo. Of his mo ARSEs, the youngest son of Ochus, whom
ral treatise on the Enchiridion, that of Upton, the Eunuch Bagoas raised to the throne of
Land. 1739, 4to. and of the rest of his works, Persia, and destroyed with his children, after
that of Blanchard, Amst. 1683, 8vo. which a reign of three years. Diod. 17.
contains also his Tactica, moral treatise, &c. ARsia, a wood of Etruria, famous for a
A poet who wrote an epic poem in twenty battle between the Romans and the Veientes.
four books on Alexander; also another poem Plut. in Popl.-A small river between
on Attalus, king of Pergamus. He likewise Illyricum and Histria, falling into the Adri
translated Virgil's Georgics into Greek atic. [The limit of Italy in that quarter, after
verse. Histria was added to Italy by Augustus.]
Ansic Es, a man of obscure origin, [who A river of Italy, flowing through Cam
incited the Parthians to revolt from Anti pania.
ochus Theos. and was elevated to the throne ARsino E, the sister and wife of Ptolemy
on account of his successes. He defeated and Philadelphus, worshipped after death under
made prisoner Seleucus Callinicus, and laid the name of Venus Zephyritis. Dinochare
the foundation of the Parthian empire, about began to build her a temple with loadstones,
250 B.C.] He added the kingdom of the Hyr in which there stood a statue of Arsinoe sus
cani to his newly-acquired possessions, and pended in the air by the power of the mag
spent his time in establishing his power, and net; but the death of the architect prevent
regulating the laws. After death he was ed its being perfected. Plin. 34, c. 14. A
made a god of his nation, and all his succes daughter of Ptolemy Lagus, who married
sors were called, in honour of his name, Arsa Lysimachus, king of Macedonia. After her
cidº. Justin. 41, c. 5 and 6.-Strab. 11 and husband’s death, Ceraunus, her own brother,
12. His son and successor bore the same married her, and ascended the throne of Ma
name. He carried war against Antiochus cedonia. He previously murdered Lysima
the son of Seleucus, who entered the field chus and Philip, the sons of Arsinoe by
with 100,000 foot, and 20,000 horse. He af Lysimachus, in their mother's arms. Arsi
terwards made peace with Antiochus, and noe was some time after banished to Samo
died B. C. 217. Id. 41, c. 5. The third thrace. Justin. 17, c. 1, &c. A younger
king of Parthia, of the family of the Arsaci daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, sister to Cleo
dae, bore the same name, and was also called patra. Antony dispatched her to gain the
Priapatrus. He reigned twelve years, and good graces of her sister. Hirt. Alex. 4.—
leſt two sons, Mithridates and Phraates. Appian. The wife of Magas king of Cy
Phraates succeeded as being the elder, and at rene, who committed adultery with her son
his death he left his kingdom to his brother, in-law. Justin. 26, c. 3. A daughter of
though he had many children; observing Lysimachus. Paus. A town of Egypt, .
that a monarch ought to have in view, not situated near the lake of Moeris, on the west
N q"
 AR AR

ern shore of the Nile, where the inhabitants treated him with much humanity and confi
paid the highest veneration to the crocodiles. dence. Curt. 5, c. 9 and 12, l. 6, c. 5, 1.7, c.
They mourished them in a splendid manner, 3 and 5, 1.8, c. 1.
and embalmed them after death, and buried ARTABRI and ARTABRITAE, a people of
them in the subterraneous cells of the la Lusitania, who received their name ſrom Ar
byrinth. [Hence it was called Crocodilopolis. tabrum, a promontory on the coast of Spain,
It is succeeded by the modern Faioum, built now called Cape Finisterre. Sil. 3, v. 362.
at the distance of about a league north-east ARTAc2:As, an officer in the army of Xer
of its dilapidated walls. vid. Crocodilopolis. xes, the tallest of all the troops, the king ex
Another in Egypt, on the west side of the cepted.
Sinus Arabicus, near its extremity, and not ARtice, a town and seaport near Cyzicus.
far from the modern Suez. From this spot It did not exist in the age of Pliny. There
Ptolemy Philadelphus cut a canal to one of was in its neighbourhood a fountain called
the branches of the Nile.] Strab-A town Artacia. Herodot. 4, c. 14.—Procep. de Bell.
of Cilicia of Æolia of Syria—ofCy Pers. 1, c. 25.-Strab. 13.—Plin. 5, c. 32.
prus of Lycia, &c. —A city of Phrygia.-A fortified place
[ARsissa PALUs, a great lake in the southern of Bithynia.
part of Armenia Major, now the Lake of Van. ARTAcÉNE, a country of Assyria, near Ar
It was on its northern side embellished with bela, where Alexander conquered Darius.
cities which were better known to the Byzan Strab. 16.
tine writers than they had been before, viz. [ARTA coina, the capital of Aria, now
Chaliat or .1thlat, Arzes or Argish, and Herat, situate on the river Arius, now the
Perkri.] Heri.]
ARTABANUs, son of Hystaspes, was brother ARTAGERAs [or ARTAG1cERTA, a town
to Darius the first. He dissuaded his nephew of Armenia Major, north-east of Amida,
Xerxes from making war against the Greeks, where Caius Caesar, a nephew of Augustus,
and at his return, he assassinated him with was dangerously wounded by one Addruus.
the hopes of ascending the throne. Darius, It is now probably Ardis. Well. Patere. 2,
the son of Xerxes, was murdered in a similar 103.] Strab.
manner; and Artaxerxes, his brother, would ARTAGER's Es, a general in the army of Ar
have shared the same fate, had he not disco taxerxes, killed by Cyrus the younger. Plut.
vered the snares of the assassin, and punish in Artdar.
ed him with death. Diod. 11.-Justin. 3, c. ARTANEs, a king of the southern parts of
1, &c.—Herodot. 4, c. 38, 1.7, c. 10, &c.— Armenia. Strab. 11.—A river of Thrace
A king of Parthia after the death of his ne flowing into the Ister. Herodot. 4, c. 49.-
phew Phraates 2d. He undertook a war [A river of Bithynia.]
against a nation of Scythia, in which he pe ARTAPHERNEs, a general whom Darius
rished. His son Mithridates succeeded him. sent into Greece, with Datis. He was con
Justin. 42, c. 2. —A king of Media, and quered at the battle of Marathon, by Miltia
afterwards of Parthia, after the expulsion of des, vid. Datis. C. Mep. in Milt.—Hero
Vonones, whom Tiberius had made king dot. 6.
there. He invaded Armenia, from whence ARTAvAsDEs, a son of Tigranes, king of
he was driven away by one of the generals of Armenia Major, who wrote tragedies, and
Tiberius. He was expelled from his throne, shone as an elegant orator and faithful histo
which Tiridates usurped; and some time rian. He lived in alliance with the Romans,
after, he was restored to his ancient power, but Crassus was defeated partly on account
and died A. D. 48. Tacit. Ann. 5, &c. of his delay. He betrayed M. Antony in his
A king of Parthia, very inimical to the inter expedition against Parthia, for which Antony
ests of Vespasian.--Another king of Parthia. reduced his kingdom, and carried him to
who made war against the emperor Cara Egypt, where he adorned the triumph of the
calla, who had attempted his life on pretence conqueror led in golden chains. He was some
of courting his daughter. [With this Arta time after murdered. Strab. 11. The
banus, who is styled the 4th, and who was crown of Armenia was given by Tiberius to
defeated and stripped of his kingdom by Ar a person of the same name, who was expell
taxerxes, the Parthian empire terminated.] ed.—Augustus had also raised to the throne
Dio.—Herodian. of Armenia a person of the same uame. Tu
ARTABAzāNEs or ARTAMEN Es, the eldest cit. Ann. 2.
son of Darius, when a private person. He ARTAxA and ARTAxIAs, a general of An
attempted to succeed to the Persian throne, tiochus the Great, who erected the province
in perference to Xerxes. Justin. of Armenia into a kingdom, by his reliance
ARTABAzus, a son of Pharmaces, general on the friendship of the Romans. King Ti
in the army of Xerxes. He fled from Greece granes was one of his successors. Strab. 11.
upon the ill success of Mardonius. Herodot. ARTAxiTA, (orum) now Ardesh, a strong.
7, 8, and 9. A general who made war ly fortified town of Upper Armenia, the ca
against Artaxerxes 2d, and was defeated. He pital of the empire, where the kings gene
was afterwards reconciled to his prince, and rally resided.] It was built upon a plain
became the familiar friend of Darius 3d. Af. which Hannibal recommended as a proper
ter the death of this prince, he surrendered site for the capital to king Artaxes. Near it
himself up with his sons to Alexander, who ran the Araxes.] It was burnt by Corbule,
98
 AR

and rebuilt by Tiridates, who called it Nero retreat of the ten thousand. [rid. Xenophon.
nea, in honour of Nero. Strab. 11. After he was delivered from the attacks of
ARTAxeRxEs 1st, succeeded to the king his brother, Artaxerxes stirred up a war
dom of Persia after his father Xerxes. [He among the Greeks against Sparta, and exert
rodotus informs us that the name Artaxerxes ed all his influence to weaken the power of
signified in Persian, “a great warrior.” In the Greeks. He married two of his own
modern Persian the name, it is thought, would daughters, called Atossa and Amestris, and
be, Ardezir Xa, or .Ardschir Scha, i.e. accord named his eldest son Darius to be successor.
ing to Reland, Magnus Leo, Rer. Hence Darius however conspired against his father,
the name Xerxes alone will signify “a war. and was put to death; and Ochus, one of the
rior,” or “a lion.”) He destroyed Artaba younger sons, called also Artaxerxes, made
nus, who had murdered Xerxes, and attempt his way to the throne by causing his elder bro.
ed to destroy the royal family to raise himself thers Ariaspes and Arsames to be assassinat
to the throne. He made war against the el. It is said that Artaxerxes died of a brok
Bactrians, and re-conquered Egypt, that had en heart in consequence of his son's unnatu
revolted with the assistance of the Atheni ral behaviour, in the 94th year of his age,
ans, and was remarkable for his equity and after a reign of 46 years, B. C. 359. Artax
moderation. [He was called Makgºzug (Lon erxes had 150 children by his 350 concubines,
gimanus), from the extraordinary length of and only four legitimate sons. Plut. in vita.
his arms, according to Strabo, which, on his —C. Nep. in Rºg.—Justin. 10, c. 1, &c.—
standing straight, could reach his knees; but, Diod. 13, &c. The 3d, surnamed Ochus,
according to Plutarch, because his right hand succeeded his father Artaxerxes 2d, and es
was longer than his left.] He reigned 39 tablished himself on his throne by murdering
years, and died B. C. 425. C. Nep. in Reg. about 80 of his nearest relations. He puuish
—Plut. in Artar. The second of that ed with death one of his officers who conspir
name, king of Persia, was surnamed Mnemon, ed against him ; and recovered 1.3 ypt which
on account of his extensive memory. He was had revolted, destroyed Sidon, and ravaged
son of Darius the second, by Parysatis the all Syria. He made war against the Cadusii,
daughter of Artaxerxes Longimanus, and had and greatly rewarded a private man called
three brothers, Cyrus, Ostanes, and Oxathres. Codomanus for his uncommon vaiour. But
His name was Arsaces, which he changed into his behaviour in Egypt, and his cruelty to
Artaxerxes when he ascended the throne wards the inhabitants, offended his subjects,
His brother Cyrus was of such an ambitious and Bagoas at last obliged his physician to
disposition, that he resolved to make himself poison him, B. C. 337, and afterwards gave
king, in opposition to Artaxerxes. Parysatis his flesh to be devoured by cats, and made
always favoured Cyrus; and when he had handles for swords with his bones. Codo
attempted the life of Artaxerxes, she obtain manns, on account of his virtues, was soon aſ
ed his pardon by her entreaties and influence. ter made king by the people ; and that he
[Artaxerxes was born before his father's ac might seem to possess as much dignity as
cession to the throne, but Cyrus was born the the house of Artaxerxes, he reigned under
son of a king, hence his mother favoured his the name of Darius the third. Justin. 10, c.
claim. On a similar ground, Xerxes had been 3.—Diod. 17.--JElian. P. J.I. 6, c. 8.
preferred by Darius Hystaspes, to his elder ArtAx ERx Es or ARTAxAREs 1st, a coin
brºther Artabarzanes.] Cyrus, who had been mon soldier of Persia, [who killed Artabanus,
appointed over Lydia and the sea-coasts, as the last of the Arsacidae, an ſounded a new
sembled a large army under various preten dynasty, called the Sassannidae, from his fa
ces, and at last marched against his brother ther's name Sassan, A. J.). 226. As soon as
at the head of 100,000 barbarians and 13,000 his authority was well established, he at
Greeks. He was opposed by Artaxerxes tempted to recover the provinces invaded by
with 900,000 men, and a bloody battle was the Romans. Alexander Severus opposed
ſought at Cunaxa, in which Cyrus was killed, him with three numerous armies. One of
though in fact victorious, for he had routed these was destroyed by the superior force of
with his body-guard, the guards of the king, his opponent, another perished by ſamine and
while the Greeks were in full pursuit of that fatigue, and the third, commanded by the Em
Part of the king's army which had been op peror himself, retired ingloriously to Antioch,
Posed to them. The loss of the battle was greatly diminished by disease. Artaxerxes,
owing partly to the rash impetuosity of Cy however, weakened even by his victories,
Ins, in charging the royal guards, and part was compelled to abandon his project.] He
ly to the circumstance of the Greeks having rodian. 5 —One of his successors, son of
pursued too far the barbarians opposed to Sapor [the 2d.; bore his name, and reigned
them.] It has been reported, that Cyrus was eleven years, during which he distinguished
killed by Artaxerxes, who was so desirous of himself by his cruelties.
the honour, that he put to death two men for ARTAxias, a son of Artavasdes, king of
saying that they had killed him. The Greeks Armenia, was proclaimed king by his father's
who had assisted Cyrus against his brother, troops. He opposed Antony, by whom he
though at the distance of above 600 leagues was defeated, and became so odious that the
from their country, made their way through Romans, at the request of the Armenians,
the territories of the enemy; and nothing is raised Tigranes to the throne. Another,
mºre famous in the Grecian history, than the son of Polemon, whose original name was
90
 AR AR

Zeno. After the expulsion of Vonones from for its grandeur and magnificence, was callel
Armenia, he was made king by Germanicus, one of the seven wonders of the world. This
Tacit. 6, .4nn. c. 31.--A general of Antio. monument she called Mausoleum, a name
chus. rud. Artaxa. which has been given from that time to all .
ARTAY crks, a Persian appointed gover inonuments of unusual splendour. She invil
nor of Sestos by Xerxes. He was hung on a ed all the literary men of her age, and pre:
cross by the Athenians for his cruelties, [af. posed rewards to him who composed the best
ter his son had been stoned to death in his elegiac panegyric upon her husband. The
presence.] Herod. 7 and 9. prize was adjudged to Theopompus. She
ARTEMinorus, a native of Ephesus, who was so inconsolable for the death of her hus
wrote an history and description of the earth, band, that she died through grief two years
in eleven books. He flourished about iO4 after. Vilruv.–Strab. 14.—Plin. 25, c. 7, 1.
years B. C. A physician in the age of 36, c. 5.
Adrian. A man in the reign of [Antoninus ArtEMisium, a promontory of Euboea, (on
Pius,) who wrote a learned work on the in the north-western side of the island. It had
terpretation of dreams, still extant; the best a temple sacred to Artemis (Diana,) whence
edition of which is that of Rigaltius, Paris, its mame. Off this coast, which was called
4to. 1604, to which is annexed .4chmetis Omet. Artemisium lultus, the Greeks obtained their
rocritica. [An edition of the Oneirocritica first victory over the fleet of Xerxes on the
of Artemidorus was published in 1805, at Le same day with the action at Thermopylae.
ipsic, in 2 vols, 8vo. with the commentaries Herodol. 7, c. 175, &c. A lake near the
of Rigaltius and Reiske, by J. G. Reiff. grove Aricia, with a temple sacred to Arte
A man of Cnidus, son to the historian Theo mis, whence the name. -

pompus. He had a school at Rome, and he ARTEMITA, a city, [according to Strabo,

wrote a book on illustrious men, not extant. 500 stadia east of Seleucia in Assyria.--
[In teaching eloquence he became acquaint Another in Armenia Major, near its southern
cd with some of Brutus's friends, and procur boundary, now Van. It lay at the south
cd intelligence of the conspiracy against Cae eastern extremity of the Arsissa Palus, now
sur. He wrote down an account of it, and Lake of Van.] An island opposite the
gave it to the dictator from among the crowd mouth of the Achelous. Strab.
as he was going to the senate, but Caesar put ARTÉMon, an historian of Pergamus.-
it with other papers which he held in his A native of Clazomenae, who was with Pe.
hand, thinking it to be of no material conse ricles at the siege of Samos, where it is said
quence..] Plut. in Cºps. he invented the battering-ram, the tertude,
ARTEM is, the Greek name of Diana. Her and other equally valuable military engines.
festivals, called Artemisia, were celebrated in A native of Magnesia, who wrote the
several parts of Greece, particularly at Del history of illustrious women.—A Syrian
phi, where they offered to the goddess a mul whose features resembled, in the strongest
let. which, as was supposed, bore some affini
manner, those of Antiochus [Theos.] The
ty to the goddess of hunting, because it is said
queen, after the king's murder, made use ºf
to hunt and kill the sea-hare. There was a Artemon to represent her husband in a lin'
solemnity of the same name at Syracuse ; it gering state, that, by his seeming to die a na:
lasted three days, which were spent in ban tural death, she might conceal her guilt and º
queting and diversions. .1them. 7. effect her wicked purpose. vid. Antiochu:, ºr
ARTEM is A, a daughter of Lygdamis of ARTIMPAsa, a name of Venus among the
Halicarnassus, reigned over Halicarnassus Scythians. Herodot. 4, c. 59. :
and the neighbouring country. She assisted ARtobARzāNEs, a son of Darius, [and brº
Xerxes in his expedition against Greece with ther of Xerxes. The name is more common ºn
a fleet, aud her valour was so great that the ly, however, written Artabarzanes, which ºn
monarch observed that all his men ſought see..] Herodot. 7, c. 2 and 3. **
like women, and all his women like men. Antonius, a physician of Augustus, whº
The Athenians were so ashamed of fighting on the night previous to the battle of Philip' is
against a woman, that they offered a reward pi, saw Minerva in a dream, who told him tº a
of 10,000 drachms for her head. It is said assure Augustus of the victory. Wal. Men
that she was fond of a youth of Abydos, call 1, c. 7. -

ed Dardanus, and that, to punish his disdain. ARvåles or AMBAR v RLEs, a name given º
she put out his eyes while he was asleep, and to twelve priests who celebrated the festinº
afterwards leaped down the promontory of called Ambarvalia. [This order of priests is tº
Leucas. Herodot. 7, c. 99, l. 8, c. 68, &c.— said to have been instituted by Romulus *s
Justin. 2, c. 12––There was also anothe honour of his nurse Acca Laurentia, who bºss
queen of Caria of that name, often confounded | 2 sons, and when one of them died, Romu º
with the daughter of Lygdamis. She was lus, to console her, offered to supply his place
daughter of Hecatomnus king of Caria, or and called himself and the rest of her sº a
Halicarnassus, and was married to her own Fratres Arrales. Their office was for iſ .
brother Mausolus, famous for his personal and continued even in captivity and exile
beauty. She was so fond of her husband. They wore a crown made of the ears of corn º
that at his death she drank in her liquor his and a white woollen wreath around their
ashes aſter his body had been burned, and
erected to his memory a monument, which
temples. (vid. Ambarvalia.) The hymn ºuri
by these priests was discovered in 1778, in
º
*
1(m -
 AS AS

opening the foundations of the sacristy of S Ascaliphus, a son of Mars and Astyoche,
Peters, inscribed on astone..] Varro de L. L., who was among the Argonauts, and went to
ARUERIs, a god of the Egyptians, son of the Trojan war at the head of the Orchome
Isis and Osiris. nians, with his brother lalmenus. He was
ARVERs1, a powerful people of Gaul killed by Delphobus. Homer. Il. 2, v. 13, 1.
‘ſ whose territories lay between the sources of 9, v. 82. l. 13, v. 518 A son of Acheron
the Elaver, or .illier, and Duranius, or Dor ºv Gorgyra or Orphne, stationed by Pluto to
dogne, branches of the Liger and Garumma watch over Proserpine in the Elysian fields.
The district is now Auvergne. Their capital When Ceres had obtained from Jupiter her
was Augustunometum, now Clermont. They daughter's freedom and return upon earth,
were a powerful nation, and were only con provided she had eaten nothing in the king
quered after great slaughter.] Caes B. l. dom of Pluto, Ascalaphus discovered that she
Gal. 7.-Strab. 14. had eaten seven pomegranate seeds; upon
ARvisium and Aavisus, a promontory of which Proserpice was ordered by Jupiter to
Chios, famous for its wine. [The true ortho remain six months with Pluto, and the rest
graphy is Ariusius. This wine was esteem of the year with her mother. Proserpine
ed the best of all the Greek wines.) Pirg, was so displeased with Ascalaphus, that she
Ecl. 5. sprinkled water on his head, and immediately
ARuxs, an Etrurian soothsayer in the age turned him into an owl. Apollod. 1, c. 5, 1.
of Marius. Lucan. 1, v. 586.-A brother 2, c. 5.-Ovid. Met. 5, ſab. 8.
of Tarquin the Proud. He married Tullia, AscăLoN, [a maritime town of Palestine,
who murdered him to espouse Tarquin, who 320 furlongs from Jerusalem, been Azotus
had assassinated his wife. A son of Tar to the north, and Gaza to the south. Venus
quin the Proud, who, in the battle that was Urania was worshipped in this city. Her tem
fought between the partizans of his father ple was pillaged, according to Herodºtus, by
and the Romans, attacked Brutus the Roman the Scythians, B. C. 630. Here also was
consul. [The combatants slew each other worshiped the goddess Derceto. In this city
Liv. 2, c. 6.-A son of Porsena king of Herod the Great was born, hence called As
Etruria, sent by his father to take Aricia. calonites. The port was at some distance
Lir. 2, c. 14. from the city. Ascalon is now a small village,
ARUstius, a Roman who ridiculed the alled Scalona.] Joseph. de Bell. Jud. 3, c. 2.
rites of Bacchus, for which the god inebriat —Theophy ast. Il. Pl. 7, c. 4.
ed him to such a degree that he offered vio AscANIA, an island of the AE. ean sea.—
lence to his daughter Medullina, who mur A city of Troas, built by Ascanius.
dered him when she ſound that he acted so AscANIus, son of Æneas by Creusa, was
dishonourably to her virtue. Plut. in Pa saved from the flames of Troy by his father,
rall.—A man who wrote an account of the whom he accompanied in his voyage to italy.
Punic wars in the style of Sallust, in the He was afterwards called lulus. He behav
reign of Augustus. Tacit. Ann. 1.-Senec. ed with great valour in the war which his
ep. 14.—Paterculus, a man who gave father carried on against the Latins, and suc
£mylius Censorinus, tyrant of Ægesta, a ceeded Eneas in the kingdom of Latinus, and
brazen horse to torment criminals. The ty. built Alba, to which he transferred the seat
rant made the first experiment upon the body of his empire from Lavinium, which latter
of the donor. Plut. in Parall.—Stella, a city he resigned to Lavinia and her son Syl
poet descended of a consular family in the vius. The descendants of Ascanius reigned
age of Domitian. in Alba for above 420 years, under 14 kings,
ARuspex. vid. Haruspex. till the age of Numitor. Ascanius reigned 38
ARXita, a [town of Armenia Major, situ. years; 30 at Lavinium, and eight at Alba;
ate on the Araxes east of Artaxata, towards and was succeeded by Sylvius Posthumus,
the confines of Media.] Strab. 11. son of Æneas by Lavinia. Iulus, the son of
ARYANDEs, a Persian, appointed governor A-canius, disputed the crown with him; but
of Egypt by Cambyses. He was put to death the Latins gave it in favour of Sylvius, as he
(by Darius, for issuing a silver coinage in his was descended from the family of Latinus,
-

own name.] Herodot. 4, c. 166. and Iulus was invested with the office of high
AnyptAºus, a prince of the Molossi, who priest, which remained a long while in his
Privately encouraged the Greeks against Ma. |amily. [Neither Æneas nor any of his race
cedonia, and afterwards embraced the party ever set foot in Italy. wid. Italia, end of the
of the Macedonians. article.] Liv. 1, c.3—Wirg. JEn. 1, &c.
Asanden, a man who separated by a wall, According to Dionys. Hal. 1, c. 15, &c. the
Cheronesus Taurica from the continent. son of AEneas by Lavinia was also called As
Strah. 7. canius. A river of Bithynia, [by which
Asbest-E or AbystAº, a people of Libya the lake Ascanius discharged its waters into
above Cyrene... [Herodotus says that they the sea. On the banks of the lake stood
were remarkable beyond all the Lybians for Nicaea, now Isniek.] Virg. G. 3, v. 270.
their use of chariots drawn by four horses. Ascii. [This is a general term used in
The custom of harnessing four horses to a geography; applied to the inhabitants of
thariot, was confessedly borrowed from the the torrid zone, because the sun is twice a
Airicans by the Greeks.] Herodot. 4, c. 170. year vertical to them, and they have then no
—Ptol. 4, c. 3. -

10 !
 AS AS

shadow. The word comes from a privative, bottle as a reward. This was called awka
and a ziz, a shadow.] at 1&uv, ºraga ºre ºri roy waxcy dax scèau, leap
AscLEPíA, festivals in honour of Ascle. ing upon the bottle, whence the name of the
pius, or Æsculapius, celebrated all over festival is derived. It was also introducedin
Greece, when prizes for poetical and musical Italy, where the people besmeared their face
compositions were honourably distributed. with the dregs of wine, and sang hymns tº
[The people of Epidaurus celebrated them the god. They always hanged some small
with peculiar solemnity.] images of the god on the tallest trees in their
AscLEPIKDEs, a rhetorician in the age vineyards, and these images they called Os
of Eumenes, who wrote an historical account cilla. [What the Oscilla were has never
of Alexander. Arruan.—A disciple of Pla been clearly ascertained. Some commenta
to. A philosopher, disciple to Stilpo, and tors think that they were bunches of flowers,
very intimate with Menedemus. The two others that it was the custom at the feasts of
friends lived together, and that they might Bacchus, to swing on ropes, like children.
not be separated when they married, Ascle Heyne thinks that they were small images of
piades married the daughter, and Menede. bark, hung up from a belief on the part of
mus, though much the younger, the mother. the rustics, that in whatever direction they
When the wife of Asclepiades was dead, turned, under the impulse of the wind, they
Menedemus gave his wife to his friend, and brought fertility.] Virg. G.2, v. 384.—Poi.
married another. He was blind in his old luz. 9, c. 7.
age, and died in Eretria. Plut. A physi Asconius PEDIANus, [a Roman gramma.
cian of Bithynia, B. C. 90, who acquired rian born at Patavium, and lived in the time
great reputation at Rome, and was the found of Augustus. He was the friend of Virgil
er of a sect in physic. He relied so much and the acquaintance of Quintilian and Livy.
on his skill, that he laid a wager he shouldHis notes on Cicero's orations are judicious,
never be sick, and won it, as he died of a and still exist, though in a mutilated state.
fall, in a very advanced age. Nothing of Some additional fragments have been recently
his medical treatises is now extant. An discovered by Mai, in the Ambrosian Libra
Egyptian, who wrote hymns on the gods of ry at Milan.]
his country, and also a treatise on the coinci AscFA, a town of Boeotia, [at the foot of
dence of all religions. A native of Alex mount Helicon. At this place Hesiod was
andria, who gave an history of the Athenian brought up, being carried thither at a very
archons.—— The writer of a treatise on De early age from Cumae in AEolia. Hence it is
metrius Phalereus.--A disciple of Iso. frequently styled his country, and he is often
crates, who wrote six books on those events called the Ascrean bard.] The town receiv
which had been the subject of tragedies.—— ed its name from Ascra, a nymph, mother of
A physician [and friend of Caesar Octavianus, (Eoclus by Neptune.—Strab.9.—Paus. 9, c.
(Augustus), by whose advice the latter left 29.—Paterc. 4. -

his camp the evening belore the battle of AscúLUM, now Ascoli, a town of Picenum.
Philippi, and thereby probably saved his life, [Another in Apulia, north-west of Venu
as that part of the army was cut to pieces by sia, where the Romans first obtained success
Brutus. Asclepiades perished in a shipwreck, against Pyrrhus. Historians, however, differ
and a magnificent tomb was erected to him in their accounts. Plutarch makes Pyrrhus
at Smyrna by the emperor J–—A tragic to have been victorious, but Eutropius af.
poet. Another physician of Bithynia, un firms that he was totally defeated. Diony
der Trajan. He lived 70 years, and was a sius of Halicarnassus states that both sides
great favourite at the emperor's court. claiined the victory.]
AsclepiodóRus, a painter in the age of Asdkūh AL, a Carthaginian, son in-law of
Apelles, 12 of whose pictures of the gods Hamilcar. He distinguished himself in the
were sold for 300 minae each, to an African Numidian war, and was appointed chief ge
prince. Plin. 35. neral on the death of his father-in-law, and
Asclepius, vid. A sculapius. for eight years presided with much prudence
AscLETARIon, an astrologer in the age of and valour over Spain, which submitted to
Domitian, who said that he should be torn his arms with cheerfulness. Here he laid the
by dogs. The emperor ordered him to be foundation of new Carthage, and saw it com
put to death, and his body carefully secured; plete. To stop his progress towards the east,
but as soon as he was set on the burning pile, the Romans, in a treaty with Carthage, for
a sudden storm arose which put out the flames, bade him to pass the Iberus, which was ſaith
and the dogs came and tore to pieces the as fully observed by the general. He was killed
trologer's body. Sueton. in Domit. 15. in the midst of his soldiers, B.C. 230, by a
Ascoli.A., a festival in honour of Bacchus, slave whose master he had murdered. The
celebrated about December, by the Athenian slave was caught and put to death in the
husbandºnem, who generally sacrificed a goat greatest torments, which he bore with pa.
to the god, because that animal is a great tience, and even ridicule. Some say that he
enemy to the vine. They made a bottle with was killed in hunting. Ital. 1, v. 165.—.4p.
the skin of the victim, which they filled with puan. Iberin.—Polyb. 2–Liv. 21, c. 2, &c.
oil and wine, and afterwards leaped upon it —A son of Hamilcar, who came from Spain
with one foot. He who could first fix him with a large reinforcement for his brother
self upon it was victorious, and received the Annibal. He crossed the Alps and entered
102
 AS AS

Italy; but some of his letters to Annibal hav and abounds with all the necessaries as well
ing fallen into the hands of the Romans, the as luxuries of life. Asia was divided into
consuls M. Livius Saliuator and Claudius many different empires, provinces, and states,
Nero, attacked him suddenly near the Me of which the most conspicuous were the As
taurus, ſin Umbria,] and defeated him, B. C. syrian and Persian monarchies. The Assy
207. He was killed in the battle, and 56,000 rian monarchy, according to Eusebius, last
of his men shared his fate, and 5400 were ed 1240 years, and according to Justin, 1300
taken prisoners; about 8000 Romans were years, down to the year of the world 4380.
killed. The head of Asdrubal was cut off, The empire of Persia existed 228 years, till
and some days after thrown into the camp of the death of Darius the 3d, whom Alexan
Annibal, who, in the moment that he was in lar the Great conquered. The empire of
the greatest expectations for a promised sup the Medes lasted 259 years, according to Eu
ply, exclaimed at the sight, “ I recognise the sebius, or less, according to others, till the
fortune of Carthage,” and then retired, 3. C. reign of Astyages, who was conquered by
203, intº the extremity of Italy. Lir. 21, Cyrus the Great, who destroyed the power
23, 27, &c.—Polyb.—Horat. 4, od. 4.—A of the Medes, and founded the Persian mo
Carthaginian general, surnamed Calvus, ap narchy. It was in Asia that the military va
pointed governor of Sardinia, and taken pri. lour of the Macedonians and the bold re
soner by the Romans. Liv. Another, son treat of the 10,000 Greeks were so conspicu
of Giscon, appointed general of the Car ously displayed. It is in that part of the
thaginian forces in Spain, in the time of the world that we are to look for the more visi
great Annibal. He made head against the ble progress of luxury, despotism, sedition,
Romans in Africa, with the assistance of Sy effeminacy, and dissipation. Asia was gene
Phax, but he was soon after defeated by Sci rally divided into Major and Minor. Asia
pio. He died B.C. 206. [. was the father Major was the most extensive, and compre
of Sophonisba.] Lir. Another, who de hen'ed all the eastern parts; and Asia Minor
fended Carthage in its last siege by Scipio the was a large country in the form of a peninsu
younger, and, foreseeing its fate, surrendere la, whose boundaries may be known by draw
himself to the Romans.] Scipio showed him ing a line from the bay of Issus, in a north
to the Carthaginians, upon which his wife, ern direction, to the eastern part of the Flux
with a thousand imprecations, threw herself ine Sea. Asia Minor has been subject to
ind her two children into the flanes of the many revolutions. It was tributary to the
temple of Æsculapius, which she and others Scythians for upwards of 1500 years, and was
had set on fire. Lir 51.-A Carthaginian a long time in the power of the Lydians,
Feneral conquered by L. Caecilius Metellus in Medes, &c. The western parts of Asia Mi
Sicily, in a battle in which he lost 130 ele nor were the receptacle of all the ancient
Phant'. These animals were led in triumph emigrations from Greece, and was filled with
all overltaly by the conquerors. Grecian colonies. [The term Asia Minor
Asellio (Sempromius,) an historian and was not in use among the ancients. The ge
military tribune, who wrote an account of the neral name for Upper and Lower Asia, was
actions in which he was present [at Numan simply Asia. Lower Asia is now called Atato
tia and elsewhere]. Dionys. Hal. lia, or rather Anadoli, from zyaroxx, oriens. It
Asia, one of the three parts of the ancient comprised the provinces between the Euxine
world, [separated from Europe by the Æge and Mediterranean Seas.] Strab.-Mela
ºn the Euxine, the Palus Maeotis, the Tanais Justin.—Plin.—Tacit, &c. One of the
ºf Dº, and the Dunna; from Africa by the Oceanides, who married Japetus, and gave
Rºd &a and Isthmus of Suez.] It received its her name to one of the three quarters of the
ºne from Asia, the daughter of Oceanus. ancient globe. Apollod. 1, c. 2. One of
The conjecture of Bochart, who derives this the Nereides. Hygin.—A mountain of La
ºne from a Hebrew or Phoenician word sig. conia. Paus. 3, c. 24.
ºffing the middle, has no foundation in histo Asia PALUs, [a marsh in Lydia, through
7. The name of Asia was applied by Ho which the Cayster flowed. [vid. beginning
* Herodotus, and Euripides, to a district of the preceding article.] Virg. Jºn. 7, v.
*Lydia, watered by the Cayster, and in 701.
which the geographers of a later age distin. Asiaticus, a Gaul, in the age of Vitellius.
*hed a tribe called Asiones, and a city Tacit. Hist. 2. The surname of one of the
º Asia. It appears probable that the Scipios and others, for their conquests or
º in proportion as their knowledge was campaigns in Asia.
*:ed, extended this name by little and lit AsiNARIA, a festival in Sicily, in comme
*ºm the district to which it was applied, moration of the victory obtained over Demos
*til it embraced the whole of Asia Minor, thenes a d Nicias, at the river Asinarius.
* ultimately the other extensive coun. Asin ARIus, a river of Sicily where the
* of the east. In a similar manner Athenian generals, Demosthenes and Nicias,
*ica and Italyseem to have obtained their were taken prisoners, [now the Falunera.]
*pective names.) This part of the globe AsíNE, [a town of Årgolis, north-west of
*given birth to many of the greatest mo Hermione, on the Sinus Argolicus, or Gulf of
*ies of the universe; and to the in JNauplia.—Another in Messenia, south
*ants of Asia we are indebted for most west of Messene, founded by the inhabitants
** arts and sciences. The soil is fruitful, of the former place, when driven from their
103
 AS AS
---

city by the Argives. —Another in Cyprus, cºnstomary privilege allowed him, asked As
Another in Cilicia.] as a from his father, this female, being al
AsINIU's GALLUs, son of Asinius Pollio the towed to make her election, preferred the
orator, married Vipsania after she had been son, upon which Artaxerxes made her a
divorced by Tiberius. This marriage gave ºriestess of Diana, in order to keep her from
rise to a secret enmity between the emperor his son, who thereupon rebelled. But this
and Asinius, who starved himself to death. story is not generally credited.] She was call
either voluntarily, or by order of his imperial ed Milto, (i. e. Vermilion,) on account of the
enemy. He had six sons by his wife. He beauty of her complexion. JElian. P. H. 12,
wrote a comparison be weep his father and c. 1.—Plut. in Artar. Another woman.
Cicero, in which he gave a decided superiori. daughter of Axiochus, born at Miletus. She
ty to the former. Tacit. 1 and 5. Ann-Dio. came to Athens, where she taught eloquence,
58.-Plin. 7, ep. 4.—Pollio, an excellent and Socrates was proud to be among her
orator, poet, and historian, intimate with scholars. She so captivated Pericles by her
Augustus. He triumphed over the Dalina; mental and personal accomplishments, that
tians, and wrote an account of the wars of he became her pupil, and at last took her for
Caesar and Pompey, in 17 books, besides po his mistress and wife. He was so fond of her.
ems. He refused to answer some verses against that he made war against Samos at her insti
him by Augustus, “ because,” said he, “you gation. The behaviour of Pericles towards
have the power to proscribe me, should my Aspasia greatly corrupted the morals of the
answer prove offensive." He died in the Athenians, and introduced dissipation and las
30th year of his age, A. D. 4. He was con civiousness into the state. She, however, pos
sul with Cn. Domitius Calvinus, A. U.C. 714 sessed the merit of superior excellence in
It is to him that the fourth of Virgil's Buco mind as well as person, and her instructions
lics is inscribed. Quintil –Sueton. in Caes. 30 helped to form the greatest and most elo
and 55.—Dio. 27,49, 55.-Senec de Tranq. quent orators of Greece. Some have con
...Ani. & ep. 10 ...—Plin. 7, c. 30.-Tacit 6– founded the mistress of Pericles with Aspa
Paterc. 2.-Plut. in Caes. sia the daughter of Hermotimus. Plut. in
Asius, a poet of Samos, who wrote about Pericl.—Quintil. 11. The wife of Xeno
the genealogy of ancient heroes and heroines. phon was also called Aspasia, if we follow
Paus. 7, c. 14. the improper interpretation given by some
Asopia, [a district of Sicyonia, near Phli to Cir. de Inv. 1, c. 31.
us.] Paus. 2, c. 1. Aspasius, a peripatetic philosopher in the
Åsóp15 DEs, a patronymic of Æacus, son of 2d century, whose commentaries on different
AEgina, the daughter of Asopus. Ovid. Met. subjects were highly valued.—A sophist,
7, v. 484. who wrote a panegyric on Adrian.
Asöpis, the daughter of the Asopus. AsPASTEs, a satrap of Carmania, suspect
Asopus, a river of Thessaly, [rising in ed of infidelity to his trust while Alexander
Mount Oeta and falling into the Sinus Malia was in the east. Curt. 7, c. 20.
cus.] Strab. 8. A river of Boeotia, [rising As PATHINEs, one of the seven noblemen
in Mount Cithaeron near Plataea, and flowing of Persia who conspired against the usurper
into the Euripus. The plain along its north Smerdis, Herodot. 3, c. 70, &c. A son of
ern bank was called Parasopia-.] Paus. 9, Prexaspes. Id. 7.
c. 4.——A river of Asia, flowing into the Ly AspenDus, a town of Pamphylia, near the
cus near Laodicea. A river of Peloponne mouth of the river Eurymedon. Cic. in Perr.
sus, [rising on the frontiers of Arcadia, near 1, c. 20. The inhabitants sacrificed swine to
Mount Cyllene, and falling into the Sinus Co Venus.
rinthiacus or Gulf of Lepanto, east of Sicyon.] Asphaltites, a lake. vid. Mare Mor
— A son of Neptune, who gave his name to tuum.
a river of Peloponnesus. Three of his daugh Aspis, [a town of Hispania Tarraconeosis,
ters are particularly celebrated, Ægina, Sala north-west of Ilicis, which lay above Car
mis, and Ismene. Apollod. 1, c. 9, l. 3, c. 12. thago-Nova on the coast. It is now Aspe.
—Paus. 2, c. 12. An island on the coast of Ionia, opposite Le
AsPA [or Aspadi N.A.] a town of Parthia, hedus, now Psili-bourum.]
now Ispahan. -
Asplénon, a son of Neptune by the nymph
As PAMITH REs, a favourite eunuch of Xer Midon. He gave his name to a city of Boeo
xes, who conspired with Artabanns to de tia. [north-east of Orchomenus,) whose in
stroy the king and the royal family, &c. Cte habitants went to the Trojan war. Horner.
stas. II. 2, v. 18.-Paus. 9, c. 38.
Aspan AGIUM, [a town of Macedonia, on Asfor ENUs, a [district] of Asia Minor.
the southern bank of the Apsus or Crevasta, near Pergamus, where the mother of the
about 34 miles south from Dyrrachium.] gods was worshipped, and called Asporena.
AspasíA, a daugh'er of Hermotimus of Strab. 13.
Phocaea, famous for her personal charms and Assa, a town ſº
the island of Cephalenia.]
elegance She was priestess of the sun, this Assaricus, a Trojan prince, son of Tros
tress to Cyrus, and afterwards to his brother by Callirhoe. He was father to Capys, the
Artaxerxes. [Plutarch and Justin relate that father of Anchises. The Trojans were fre
when Darius, the son of Artaxerxes, was de quently called the descendants of Assaracus,
clared his successor, and, according to the Gens.Assaraci.-Homer. Il. 20.-Pirg, .Hºn.
104
 AS AS

1. Two friends of Æneas in the Rutulian with her wings. The Astarte mentioned by
war. Pirg, .ºn. 10, v. 124. Cicero, was exhibited in Phoenicia with a
AssºRigs, a town of Sicily, [north-east of quiver and arrows. Among the Assyrians
Euna.—A town of Macedonia, in Mygdo she was sometimes termed a goddess, and
nia." sometimes a god, on account of the ambiguity
Assos. a town [of Mysia, on the coast, of gender in the oriental languages.] Luci
west of Adramyttium. It is now Asso.] an de Deá Syruff.-Cic. de Nat. D. 3, c. 23.
Assi Ria, [a country originally of small Aster, a dexterous archer of [Methone,
extent, but afterwards greatly enlarged. It who offered his service to Philip king of Ma
was bounded, according to Ptolemy, on the cedonia. Upon being slighted, he retired
north by part of Armenia, and Mount Nipha into the city, and aimed an arrow at Philip,
tes; on the west by the Tigris; on the south who pressed it with a siege. The arrow, on
by Susiana; and on the east by part of Me which was written [Arrng Dixirre Bavari
dia, and the mountains Choatra and Zagros. wow rºw rºt & cº.) struck the king's eye, and
The country within these limits is called by put it out; and Philip, to return the pleasan
some of the ancients Adiabene, and by others try, threw back the same arrow, with [a mes
Aturia or Atyria. Assyria is now called sage appended to it, that if Philip took the
Kurdistan, from the descendants of the an town he would hang Aster. The conquer
cient Carduchi, who occupied the northern or kept his word.]
parts.] The Assyrian empire is the most an: Astéri.A., a daughter of Ceus, one of the
cient in the world. It was founded by Ni Titans, by Phoebe, daughter of Coelus and
nus or Belus, B. C.2059, according to some Terra. She married Perses, son of Crius,
authors, and lasted till the reign of Sardana by whom she had the celebrated Hecate.
palus, the 31st sovereign since Ninus, B.C She enjoyed for a long time the favours of Ju
320. According to Eusebius, it flourished piter, under the form of an eagle; but falling
for 1240 years: according to Justin, 1300 under his displeasure, she was changed into
years; but Herodotus says that its duration a quail, called Ortyr by the Greeks; whence
was not above 5 or 600 years. Among the the name of Ortygia, given to that island in
different monarchs of the Assyrian empire, the Archipelago where she retired. [vid. De
Semiramis greatly distinguished herself, and los.) Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 4.—Hygin. ſab. 58.
extended the boundaries of her dominions as –Apollod. 1, c. 2, &c.—A town of Greece,
far as AEthiopia and Libya. In ancient au whose inhabitants went to the Trojan war.
thors, the Assyrians are often called Syrians, Homer, Il. 2, v. 782.-One of the daugh
and the Syrians Assyrians. The Assyrians ters of Danaus, who married Chaetus, son of
assisted Priam in the Trojan war, and sent Egyptus. Apollod. 2–One of the daugh
him Memnon with an army. The king of ters of Atlas, mother of CEnomaus, king of
Assyria generally styled himself king of kings, Pisa. Hygin. fab. 250.
as a demonstration ofhis power and greatness. Astérion and AstERIus, a river of Pe
rid. Syria. Strab. 16.-Herodot. 1 and 2– loponnesus, which flowed through the coun
Justin. 1.-Phn. 6, c. 13 and 26.—Ptol. 1, c. try of Argolis. This river had three daugh
2–Diod. 2–Mela, 1, c. 2. ters, Euboea, Prosymna, and Acraea, who
[Asraeosas, a river of AEthiopia, fallin nursed the goddess Juno. Paus. 2, c. 17.—
into the Nile. It is now called the Tacazzé.] \ statuary, son of Æschylus. Paue.—A
Asticus, a town of Bithynia, [on the Si son of Minos 2d, king of Crete, by Pasiphae.
nus Astacenus.] built by Astacus, son of Nep He was killed by Theseus, though he was
tune and Olbia, or rather by a colony from thought the strongest of his age. Apollodo
Megara and Athens. Lysimachus destroyed rus supposes him to be the same as the fa
it, and carried the inhabitauts to the town of mous Minotaur. According to some, Aste
Nicomedia, which was then lately built. rion was son of Teutamus, one of the des
Paur. 5, c. 12.-Arrian.-Strab. 17.-A cendants of Æolus, and they say that he was
city of Acarnania. Plin. 5. surnamed Jupiter because he had carried
Asrāra, a town of Hispania Baetica, [east away Europa, by whom he had Minos the
of Hispalis, famed for its vigorous defence 1st. Diod. 4.—Apollod. 3.-Paus. 2, c. 31.
against the Romans A. U. C. 546. It is now AstrikóPE and ASTERoPEA, one of the
Esteps La Vieja.] Lip. 38, c. 20. Pleiades, who were beloved by the gods and
Asrarus, a river of Æthiopia, falling into most illustrious heroes, and made constella
the Nile. [Now the Abawi. It flows through tions after death. A daughter of Pelias,
Nubia, rising in a place called Coloe Palus, king of Iolchos, who assisted her sisters to kill
or Bahr Dembea. This is the river which her father, whom Medea promised to re
Mr. Bruce mistook for the Nile.] store to life. Her grave, [and those of her
AsraaTE, a powerful divinity of Syria. sisters, were seen in Arcadia in the time of
She had a famous temple at Hierapolis in Sy Pausanias, 8, c. 11.
ria, which was served by 300 priests, who AstERUsius, a mountain at the south of
were always employed in offering sacrificas. Crete.—A town of Arabia Felix.
|Cicero and Suidas suppose her to be one of Astióchus, a general of Lacedæmon, who
the ſamr Venuses whom the former enume conquered the Athenians near Cnidus, and
rates. According to Lucian, she was the took Phocaea and Cumae, B. C. 411.
moºn. The Sidonians represented her un Asthäea, a daughter of Astraeus, king of
der the figure of a hea covering her young Arcadia, or, according to others, of Titan,
O 105
 As AS

74, 75, &c.—A grammarian who wrote a

her daughter of Jupiter and Themis, and commentary on Callimachus.
others consider her the same as Rhea, wife Asty ANAx, a son of Hector and Androme. . .
of Saturn. She was called Justice, of which che. He was very young when the Greek: .
virtue she was the goddess. She lived upon besieged Troy; and when the city was taken
the earth, as the poets mention, during the his mother saved him in her arms from the
golden age, which is often called the age of flames. Ulysses, who was afraid lest the
Astraea; but the wickedness and impiety of young prince should inherit the virtues of his
mankind drove her to heaven in the brazen father, and one day avenge the ruin of his
and iron ages, and she was placed among the country upon the Greeks, seized him, and
constellations of the zodiac, under the name threw him down from the walls of Troy,
of Virgo. She is represented as a virgin, with According to Euripides, he was killed by
a stern but majestic countenance, holding a Menelaus ; and Seneca says, that Pyrrhus,
pair of scales in one hand, and a sword in the the son of Achilles, put him to death. Hec
other. Senec. in Octav.—Ovid. Met. 1, v. tor had given him the name of Scamandrius;
149—1rat. 1. Phaenom. v. 98.—Heriod.— but the Trojans, [out of gratitude to the fl.
Theog. ther, their chief defender, and as a compli.
Astr AEUs, [a river of Macedonia, passing ment to his valour, called the son Astyanax,
by Beroea, and falling into the Erigon above or the prince of the city.] Homer, Il. 6, v.
Pella. It is now the Vistrica.] 400, l. 22, v. 500.-Virg...En. 2, v.457,1.3,
Astu, a Greek word which signifies city, v. 489.-Ovid. Met. 13, w, 415. A writer
generally applied, by way of distinction, to in the age of Gallienus.
Athens, which was the most capital city of Asty DAMAs, an Athenian, pupil to lº:
Greece. The word urbs is applied with the crates. He wrote 240 tragedies, of which
same meaning of superiority to Rome, and only 15 obtained the poetical prize.—A Mi’
roat; to Alexandria, the capital of Egypt, as lesian, three times victorious at Olympia.
also to Troy. He was famous for his strength, as well is
Astúna, a small river and village of La for his voracious appetite. He was once in
tium, [near the coast, below Antium. In the vited to a feast by king Ariobarzanes, and he
neighbourhood was a villa of Cicero, to which ate what had been prepared for nine persºn.
he retired from the proscription of Antony, .1 then. 10. Two tragic writers bore the
and whence he proposed to transport himself same name, one of whom was disciple to Sº
º the reach of his enemies. vid. Cice crates. A comic poet of Athens.
ro. AstydäMia, or Åsty Adamia, daughter
AstúREs, a people of Hispania Tarraco of Amyntor, king of Orchomenos in Boeotia,
nensis, [lying west and south-west of the Can married Acastus son of Pelias, who wº
tabri. They occupied the eastern half of king of Iolchos. She became enamoured."
modern Asturias, the greater part of the king Peleus, son of Æacus, who had visited her
dom of Leon, and the northern half of Palen husband's court; and because he refused”
cia. Their capital was Asturica Augusta, gratify her passion, she accused him of *
now .4storga.] tempting her virtue. Acastus readily bº.
Ast YAGE, a daughter of Hypseus, who lieved his wife's accusation; but as he woºl
married Periphas, by whom she had some not violate the laws of hospitality by punish,
children, among whom was Antion, the fa ing his guest with instant death, he waited
ther of Ixion. for a favourable opportunity, and disemble
Astyº GEs, son of Cyaxares, was the last his resentinent. At last they went in a hun"
king of Media. He was father to Mandane, ing party to mount Pelion, where Peleus"
whom he gave in marriage to Cambyses, an tied to a tree, by order of Acastus, that he
ignoble person of Persia, because he was told might be devoured by wild beasts. Jupit"
by a dream that his daughter’s son would dis was moved at the innocence of Peleus, an
possess him of his crown. From such a mar sent Vulcan to deliver him. When Pekº
riage he hoped that none but mean and igno was set at liberty, he marched with an army
rant children could be raised ; but he was against Acastus, whom he dethroned.”
disappointed, and though he had exposed his punished with death the cruel and false A*
daughter's son by the effects of a second dream, damia. She is called by some Hippºlº”
he was deprived of his crown by his grandson, and by others Cretheis. .4pollod. 3, e. 13
after a reign of 35 years. Astyages was very Pinder. Mem. 4. A daughter of Ormen",
cruel and oppressive ; and Harpagus, one of carried away by Hercules, by whom she hº
his officers, whose son he had wantonly mur Tlepolemus. Ovid. Heroid. 9, v. 50.
dered, encouraged Mandane's son, who was Astylus, one of the centaurs, who had
called Cyrus, to take up arms against his the knowledge of futurity. He advised hº
grandfather, and he conquered him and took brothers not to make war against the L*
him prisoner, 559 B.C. Xenophon, in his Cy that. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 338.
ropaedia, relates a different story, and asserts Astypal EA, [one of the Cyclades, south.
that Cyrus and Astyages lived in the most east of the island of Cos. According to Ciº
undisturbed friendship together. [But Xen ro, divine honours were rendered here " .
ophon's work is a mere historical romance, Achilles. It was called Pyrrha when the Ca
containing far more of fiction than true narra rians possessed it, and afterwards Pyles. "
five..] Justin. 1, c. ºss-liº 1, c. name Astypalaea is said to have been dº"
106
 AT" AT
–––––––----

tº from \hat of a sister of Europa. It was led th e temple of Cybele; and the goddess
was so offended at their impiety, and at the
also calledTheân-trapeza, or, the table of the
Gods, because its soil was fertile, and almost profanation of her house, that she changed
enamelled with flowers. It is now Stanpo them into two lions. Apollodorus says that
Atalanta's father was desirous of raising male
lia.) Pau.7, c. 4.—Strab. 14. issue, and that therefore she was exposed to
[Astika or Asti Rox, a village of Troas,
wild heasts as soon as born. She was, how
near mount Ida, near which was a grove sa
cred to Diana Astyrane. A town of Eo ever, suckled by a she-bear, and preserved by
lis—Another in Phænicia.] shepherds. She dedicated her time to hunt
Asychis, a king of Egypt, who succeeded |ing, and resolved to live in celibacy. She
Mycernius, and made a law, that whoever killed two centaurs, Hyleus and Rhaecus, who
borrowed money must deposit his father's attempted her virtue. She was present at
bºdy in the handsofhiscreditors, as a pledge the hunting of the Calydonian boar, which
of his promise of payment. He built a mag |she first wounded, and she received the head
nificent pyramid. Herodot. 2, c. 136. as a present from Meleager, who was ena
At Abūlts, [a wind which was frequent in |moure d of her. She was also at the games
Apulia, and very destructive to the produc. instituted in honour of Pelias, where she con
tions of the earth, which it scorched or wi |quered Peleus; and when her father, to whom
thered up. It is the same with the modern she had been restored, wished her to marry,
Sirocco.] Horal. 1, Sat. 5, v. 78. she consented to give herself to him who
474 ºf RIs, a mountain in Rhodes, where could overcome her in running, as has been
Jupiter had a temple, whence he was sur |said above. She had a son called Partheno
named Atabyrius. [Ancient fables speak of |paeus, by Hippomenes. Hyginus says that
that son was the fruit of her love with Me
brazen oxen at this place, which by their
bellowings announced approaching calamity. leager: and Apollodorus says, she had him
The meaning of the ſable is said to have |by Milaniom, or, according to others, by the
.. the priests of this temple pretend god Mars. [rid. Meleager.] Apollod. 1, c.
to ºf-ed of the spirit
Straß. I prophecyy..]
of prophec 8, 1.3, c. 9, &c.—Paus. 1, c. 36, 45, &c.—
|Hygin. fab.99, 174, 185,270.-JElian. P. H.
(ATAcini, a people of Gallia Narbonensis, 13.-Diod. 4.—Orid...Met. 8, fab. 4, 1.10, fab.
south and south-east of the Volsca Tectos 11.-Euripid. in Pharmiss. An island near
*ges. They inhabited the banks of the Atax |Euboea and Locris. Paus.
or -jude, whence their name. Their capital || AtARANTEs, a people of Africa, ten days'
was N arbº, now Narbonne.] journey from the Garamantes. There was
Atal-asta, a daughter of Schoeneus king in their country a hill of salt with a fountain
of Scyros. According to some, she was the of sweet water upon it. [Some editions read
laughter of lasus or Iasius, by Clymene; |.Atlantes, among others that of Schweighaeu
but others say that Menalion was her father.| ser; Valckenaer and Larcher, however, are
This uncertainty of not rightly knowing the of opinion, that Herodotus speaks of a nation
name of her father has led the mythologists distinct from the Atlantes. Herodot. 4, c. 184.
into error, and some have maintained that At ARBEchis, [a city of Egypt, sacred to
, there were two persons of that name, though Venus, in one of the small islands of the Del
- their supposition is groundless.
- Atalanta |ta called Prosopitis.]
*born in Arcadia, and, according to Ovid, AtARGAtis, or [At ERG \tis, called also
* determined to live in perpetual celibacy; Derceto, a goddess of the Syrians, supposed
but her beauty gained her many admirers, to be the mother of Semiramis. She was re
and to free herself from their importunities, presented with the face and breasts of a wo
*Proposed to run a race with them. They man, but the rest of her body resembled a
*re to run without arms, and she was to fish. She is supposed to be the same with
any a dart in her hand. Her lovers were Astarte. Some maintain that she was the
to tart first, and whoever arrived at the goal same not only with Astarte, but with Venus,
befºre her, would be made her husband; but Juno, Minerva, and the celestial Venus of the
Althºse whom she overtook, were to be kill. Assyrians.] -

*1 by the dart with which she had armed her. ATARNA, [a town of Mysia, on the coast
*if As the was almost invincible in running. opposite to Lesbos. It was a village in Pli
many of her suitors perished in the attempt. ny's time: D'Anville calls it Atarineus.
till Hippomenes the son of Macareus pro Atas and Athas, a youth of wonderful
Pºtd himself as her admirer. Venus had velocity, who is said to have run 75 miles be
Prºented him with three golden apples from tween noon and the evening. Martial. 4, ep.
º the garden of the Hesperides, or, according to 19.-Plan. 7.
thers,ſrom an orchard in Cyprus; and as Arax, now Aude, a river of Gallia Narbo
from as he had started in the course, he art mensis, rising in the Pyrenean mountains, and
fully threw down the apples at some distance falling into the Mediterranean sea. Mela, 2.
one from the other. While Atalanta, charm Are, the goddess of all evil, and daughter
td at the sight, stopped to gather the apples. of Jupiter. She raised such jealousy and se
Hippomenes hastened on his course, arrived dition in heaven among the gods, that Jupi
frt at the goal, and obtained Atalanta in mar ter dragged her away by the hair, and ba
tige. These two fond lovers, in the impa nished her for ever from heaven, and sent her
to dwell on earth, where she incited man
ºnce of consummating their nuptials, enter 107
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kind to wickedness, and sowed commotions Ghost, and an apology to Constantine. The
among them. Homer. Il. 19. She is the same creed which bears his name, is supposed by
as the Discord of the Latins. some not to be his composition. [It is now
At ELLA, a town of Campania, [south generally allowed not to have been his. Dr.
west of Capua,) famous for a splendidam Waterland supposes it was made by Hilary.
phitheatre, where interludes were first ex bishop of Arles. It was first printed in Greek
hibited, and thence called Atellanae Fabulae. in 1540, and several times afterwards, to 1671.
[These were a kind of Latin farces. They It has been questioned whether this creed
became in time so licentious and impudent, was ever received by the Greek and Orien
that the senate was obliged to suppress them. tal churches : in America the Episcopal
vid. Osci.] Juv. 6. church has rejected it. As to its matter, it
AthAMAN Es, an ancient people of Epirus, is given as a summary of the true orthodox
who existed long before the Trojan war, and faith : unhappily, however, it has proved a
still preserved their name and customs in the fruitful source of unprofitable controversy.]
age of Alexander. [Athamania is placed by Athanasius died 2d May, 373 A.D. after fill
l)'Anville between Pindus on the east and a ing the archiepiscopal chair 47 years, and
parallel chain on the west.] Ovid...Met. 15, v. leading alternately a life of exile and of tri
311.-Strab. 7.-Plin. 2, c. 103. – Mela, 2,c.3. umph. The latest [and best] edition of his
Athimas, a king of Thebes in Boeotia, was works is that of the benedictines, 3 vols. fol.
son of AEolus. He married Themisto, whom Paris, 1698. [This is the edition of the learn
some call Nephele, and Pindar, Demotice, ed Montfaucon.]
and by her he had Phryxus and Helle. Some Ath ENE, the name of Minerva among the
time after, on pretence that Nephele was sub Greeks; and also among the Egyptians, be
ject to fits of madness, he married Ino, the fore Cecrops had introduced the worship of
daughter of Cadmus, by whom he had two the goddess into Greece. Paus. 1, c. 2.
sons, Learchus and Melicerta. Ino became At HENAE, a celebrated city of Attica,
jealous of the children of Nephele, because founded about 1556 years before the christian
they were to ascend their father's throne in era by Cecrops and an Egyptain colony. It
preference to her own, therefore she resolved was called Cecropia from its founder, and af.
to destroy them; but they escaped from her terwards.Alhenae in honour of Minerva, who
fury to Colchis, on a golden ram. (rud. Phryx had obtained the right of giving it a name in
us and Argonautae.) According to the Greek preference to Neptune. [It was first called
scholiast on Lycophron, v. 22, Ino attempt Athens in the reign of Erechthonius. The
ed te destroy the corn of the country; and, town was first erected on the summit of a
as if it were the consequence of divine ven high rock, probably as a protectiou against
geance, the soothsayer, at her instigation, told attacks from the sea. Afterwards, when the
Athamas, that before the earth would yield number of inhabitants was increased, the
her usual increase, he must sacrifice one of whole plain was filled with buildings, which
the children of Nephele to the gods. The were called from their situation, º kara, reair,
credulous father led Phryxus to the altar, or, the lower city; and Cecropia was then
where he was saved by Nephele. The pros named n ava royº, or, Akçomoxic, the upper ci
perity of Ino was displeasing to Juno, and ty.] It was governed by 17 kings, in the follow
more particularly because she was descended ing order:-after a reign of 50 years, Cecrops
from Venus. The goddess, therefore, sent was succeeded by Cranaus, who b to
Tisiphone, one of the furies, to the house of reign 1506 B.C.; Amphictyon, 1497; Erich
Athamas, who became inflamed with such thonius, 1487; Pandion, 1437; Erichtheus,
sudden fury, that he took Ino to be a lioness. 1397; Cecrops 2d, 1347; Pandion 2d, 1307;
and her two children to be whelps. In this AEgenus, 1283; Theseus, 1235; Menestheus,
fit of madness he snatched Learchus from her, 1205; Demophoon, 1182; Oxyntes, 1149;
and killed him against a wall; upon which Aphidas, 1137; Thymoetes, 1136; Melan
Ino fled with Melicerta, and with him in her thus, 1128; and Codrus, 1091, who was kill
arms, she threw herself into the sea from a ed after a reign of 21 years. The history of
high rock, and was changed into a sea deity. the twelve first of these monarchs is mostly
After this, Athamas recovered the use of his fabulous. After the death of Codrus, the mo
senses; and as he was without children, he narchical power was abolished, and the state
adopted Coronus and Aliartus, the sons of was governed by 13 perpetual, and, 317 years
Thersander his nephew. Hygin. fab. 1, 2, 5, after, by 7 decennial, and lastly, B. C. 684,
239.-Apollod. 1, c. 7 and 9.-Ovid. Met. 4. after an anarchy of 3 years, by annual ma
v. 467, &c. Fast. 6, v. 489.—Paus. 9, c. 34. gistrates, called archons. [vid. Archontes.]
ATH AMANti iDEs, a patronymic of Meli Under this democracy, the Athenians signa
certa, Phryxus, or Helle, children of Atha. lized themselves by their valour in the field,
mas. Orid. Met. 13, v. 319. Fast. 4, v. 903. their munificence, and the cultivation of the
At HANAsius, a bishop of Alexandria, ce. fine arts. They were deemed so powerful
lebrated for his sufferings, and the determin. by the Persians, that Xerxes, when he invad
ed opposition he maintained against Arius and ed Greece, chiefly directed his arms against
his doctrine. His writings, which were nume Athens, which he took and burnt. Their
rous, and some of which have perished, con military character was chiefly displayed in
tain a defence of the mystery of the Trinity. the battles of Marathon, of Salamis, of Pla
the divinity of the Word and of the Holy taea, and of Mycale. Aſter these immortal vic
108
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tories, they rose in consequence and dignity, thought themselves the most ancient nation
and they demanded the superiority in the af. of Greece, and supposed themselves the ori
fairs of Greece. The town was rebuilt and isinal inhabitants of Attica, for which reason
embellished by Themistocles, and a new and they were called avtox&ors: produced from
magnificent harbour erected. [rid. Piraeus.] the same earth which they inhabited, yº) syst:
Their success made them arrogant, and they sons of the earth, and terti) tº grasshoppers.
raised contentions among the neighbouring They sometimes wore golden grasshoppers in
states, that they inight aggrandize themselves their hair as badges of honour, to distinguish
by their fall. The luxury and intemperance, then from other people of later origin and
which had been long excluded from the city by less noble extraction, because those insects
the salutary laws of their countrymen Draco are supposed to be sprung from the ground.
and Solon,creeped by degrees amoug all ranks The Athenians appear to have called them
of people, and soon after all Greece united to iselves Autocthomes, from the fact of their
destroy that city which claimed a sovereign country having never, with the exception of
power over all the rest. The Peloponnesian the Pelasgi, been held for any length of time
war, though at first a private quarrel, was by a foreign tribe.] The number of men
soon fomented into an universal war; and able to bear arms at Athens in the reign of
the arms of all the states of Peloponnesus, Cecrops was computed at 20,000, and there
(vid. Peloponnesiacum Bellum.) were direct appeared no considerable augmentation in
ed against Athens, which, after 28 years of the more civilized age of Pericles; but in
misfortune and bloodshed, was taken the 24th the time of Demetrius Phalereus there were
April, 404 years before the christian era, by found 21,000 citizens, 10,000 foreigners, and
Lysander. After this, the Athenians were 40,000 slaves Among the numerous tem
oppressed by 30 tyrants, and for a while la ples and public edifices none was more cele
boured under the weight of their own cala brated than that of Minervu, which, after be
mities. [rid. Thrasybulus.] They recover ing burnt by the Persians, was rebuilt by
ed something of their usual spirit in the age Pericles, with the finest marble, and still ex
of Philip, and boldly opposed his ambitious ists a venerable monument of the hero's pa
views; but their short-lived efforts were not triotism, and of the abilities of the archi
of great service to the interests of Greece, tect. Cic ad Attic, in Verr. &c.—Thucyd.
and they fell into the hands of the Romans. 1, &c.—Justin. 2, &c.—Diod. 13, &c.—JE
B. C. 36. The Athenians have been admir lºan. V. H.-Plin. 7, c. 56.-Xenop. Memo
ed in all ages for their love of liberty, and rab-Plut. in riſis, &c.—Strab. 9,8-c.—Paus.
for the great men that were born among 1, &c.—Wal. Maw.—Liv. 31, &c.—C. Nep.
them; but favour here was attended with in Milt. &c.—Polyb.—Patercul.
Athen ÆA, festivals celebrated at Athens
danger; and there are very few instances in
in honour of Minerva. One of them was
the history of Athens, that can prove that the
jealousy and frenzy of the people did not pro called Panathentra, and the other Chalcea;
secute and disturb the peace of the man who for an account of which see those words.
had fought their battles, and exposed his life ATHEN Euxt, a place at Athens, sacred to
in the defence of his country. Perhaps, not Minerva,[or, more properly, set apart for the
one single city in the world can boast in such exercises over which she presided.] where
a short space of time, of such a number of the poets, philosophers, and rhetoricians ge
truly illustrious citizens, equally celebrated nerally declaimed and repeated their compo
for their humanity, their learning, and their sitions. It was public to all the professors of
military abilities. The Romans, in the more the liberal arts. The same thing was adopt
polished ages of their republic, sent their ed at Rome by Adrian, who made a public
youths to finish their education at Athens, building for the same laudable purposes.
and re-pected the learning, while they des. [ The ancient Athenaea were in the form of
pised the military character of the inhabit amphitheatres.].
ants. The reputation the Athenian schools At HENAEus, a Greek cosmographer.——
had acquired under Socrates and Plato, was A peripatetic philosopher of Cilicia in the
maintained by their degenerate and less time of Augustus. Strab. A Spartan sent
learned successors; and they flourished with by his countrymen to Athens, to war. settle the
peace during the Peloponnesian A
diminished lustre, till an edict of the emperor
Justinian suppressed, with the Roman con grammarian of Naucratis, who composed an
sulship, the philosophical meetings of the elegant and miscellaneous work, called Deip
academy. It has been said by Plutarch, that nosophista, replete with very curious and in
the good men whom Athens produced were teresting remarks and anecdotes of the man
the most just and equitable in the world; mers of the ancients, and likewise valuable
but that its bad citizens could not be surpass for the scattered pieces of ancient poetry it
ed in any age or country, for their impiety, preserves. [The fable of the work is as fol
perfidiousness, or cruelties. Their criminals lows: A great number of learned men, among
were always put to death by drinking the whom we find the celebrated Galen, assem
juice of hemlock. The ancients, to distin ble at the table of Larensius, a liberal and
guish Athens in a more peculiar manner. wealthy Roman, where they bestow as large
called it Astu, one of the eyes of Greece, the a portion of erudition upon every part of
learned city, theof
school of the The
world,Athenians the entertainment as the memory or common
the com place
men patroness Greece. book of the author could supply. The
109
 AT AT -

number of theatrical pieces alone which influence of the counsels of Athenodorus.)

Athenaeus appears to have consulted in com |Athenodori's died in his 82d year, much la
piling his work, was probably not less than mented by his countrymen, [for whom he had
2000: the middle Comedy furnished him obtained many favours from Augustus, es
with 800 of these. Athenaeus declares him pecially relief from some of the taxes by
self a little posterior to the poet Oppian, which they were oppressed.] Suet. A
which fixes the time when he flourished at poet who wrote comedy, tragedy, and elegy,
about the beginning of the 3d century of the in the age of Alexander. Plut. in Aler.
christian era. His work has been the prey [A stoic philosopher of Tarsus, a native. as
of successive compilers, furnishing abundant is thought, of Pergamus. He was keeper of
materials to Elian ; the idea and form of the library at Pergamus, and the intimate
his Saturnalia to Macrobius ; and much of friend of Cato of Utica, by whom he was pre
his learning to Eustathius. A single manu vailed upon to take an active part in the war
script is all that remains, exclusive of an which the latter had undertaken for the res
abridgment of the work, whose age is un toration of Roman freedom. He died with
certain. This manuscript was brought from Cato, according to Strabo.]
Greece by Cardinal Bessarion. After his Athºsis, now.1dige, a river of Cisalpine
death it passed to St. Mark's library at We Gaul, [rising in the Rhaetian Alps, and falling
nice, and from thence, during the successes into the Adriatic, north of the Po.] Pirg.
of the French, was carried to Paris. There JEn. 9, v. 680.
are many copies of it in Europe. It wants the Athos, [a mountain in the district Chal
first two books, the beginning of the 3d, a cidice of Macedonia. It is situate on a pe
few leaves of the 11th, and part of 2 leaves of ninsula between the Sinus Strymonicus or
the 15th book. This deficiency has been in Gulf of Contessa, and the Sinus Singiticus or
part supplied by the abridgment: but the Gulf of Monte Santo. It is so high that ac
text, especially the poetical part, still remain cording to Plutarch and Pliny, it projected
in a very unsettled state, owing to the want its shadow, at the summer solstice on the
of more manuscripts.] Athenaeus wrote, market-place of Myrina, the capital city of
besides, an history of Syria and other works, the island of Lemnos, though at the distance
now lost. He died A. D. 194. The best edi of 87 miles. On this account a brazen cow
tions of his works are that of Causaubon, fol. was erected at the termination of the sha
2 vols. Lugd. 1612, by far superior to the edi dow, with this inscription,
tions of 1595 and 1657, [and that of Schweig Ağac waxwºrts, ºratwgz Anarua, 8-or-l
haeuser, Argentorati, 1801-7, in 14 vols. 8vo.] When Xerxes invaded Greece, he made a
A brother of king Eumenes 2d, famous trench of a mile and a half in length at the
for his paternal affection.—[A mathemati foot of the mountain, into which he brought
cian, who flourished B. C. 200; his country the sea-water, and conveyed his fleet over it,
is not known. He wrote a treatise on ma so that two ships could pass one another, thus
chines of war, which is preserved in the desirous either to avoid the danger of sailing
collection of Ancient Mathematicians, pub round the promontory, or to show his vanity
lished at Paris in 1693, in ſol.] A physici and the extent of his power. [This trench is
an of Cilicia, in the age of Pliny, who made said to have been cut in the vicinity of the
heat, cold, wet, dry, and air, the elements, cities Acanthus and Sana. Traces of it were
instead of the four commonly received. to be seen for a long time after. The neck
ATHENAgoras, a christian philosopher, [a of land through which it was cut was seven
native of Athens, and flourished towards the stadia in breadth; according to Herodotus,
close of the second century,) who wrote a twelve. The fleet of Mardonius had previ
treatise on the resurrection, and an apology ously met with a severe loss in doubling this
for the christians, still extant. He died A. D. same promontory.] A sculptor, called Di
177. The best edition of his works is that of mocrates, offered Alexander to cut mount
IDechair, 8vo. Oxon. 1706.--—The romance Athos, and to make with it a statue of the
of Theagenes and Charis is falsely ascribed king holding a town in his left hand, and in
to him. [This romance was the production the right a spacious basin, to receive all the
of a Frenchman named Martin Fumée. It waters which flowed from it. Alexander
was published in 1599 and 1612 in French, greatly admired the plan but objected to the
and purported to be a translation from a place; and he observed that the neighbour
Greek manuscript brought from the east. ing country was not sufficiently fruitful to
No such manuscript ever existed.] produce corn and provisions for the inhabit
Athrºnion, a peripatetic philosopher, 108 ants which were to dwell in the city in the
B. C.—[A Greek historical painter, who hand of the statue. Athos is now called
flourished B. C. 300.] ..Monte Santo, famous for monasteries said to
Athenopónus, a philosopher intimate contain some ancient and valuable manus
with Augustus, [born at Cana near Tarsus cripts. [Dr. Clarke brought away several
in Cilicia.] The emperor often profited by of these, and among the rest, a manuscript of
his lessons, and was advised by him always Plato, which has not, however, answered the
to repeat the 24 letters of the Greek alpha expectations that had been formed of it...]
bet before he gave way to the impulse of Herodot. 6, c. 44, 1.7, c. 21, &c.—Lucan. Q,
anger. [Zosimus attributes the mild plan v. 672.-JElian. de Anim. 13, c. 20, &c.—
of government adopted by Augustus to the Plin. 4, c. 10.—./Eschin, contra Ctesiph.
1 10
 AT AT

ATHYMBRA, a city of Caria, afterwards wards, the sea in that quarter was full of shoals.
called Nyssa. Strab. 14. Admitting that Atlantis was situate in the
ATIA, a law enacted A. U. C. 690, by T. ocean which at present bears its name,the most
Atius Labienus, the tribune of the people. It probable opinion seems to be that it extended
abolished the Cornelian law, and put in full from the Canaries to the Azores, and that these
force the Lex Domitia, by transferring the islands are the remains of it not swallowed up
right of electing priests from the college of by the sea. A diligent examination, however,
priests to the people.—The mother of Au of ancient authorities, seems strongly to coun
gustus. vid. Accia. tenance the opinion that Atlantis was a
ATILIA LEx, gave the praetor and a majo powerful and flourishing region, sudden
rity of the tribunes, power of appointing ly engulphed by some sub-aqueous convul
guardians to those minors who were not pre sion of mature, and not an actual island.
viously provided for by their parents. It Was it the ancient land of Lectonia, which
was enacted about A. U. C. 443.-Amo at present lies buried beneath the waters of
ther, A. U. C. 443, which gave the people the Mediterranean * (vid. Lectonia.) or was
power of electing 16 tribunes of the soldiers it a highly civilized and populous region in
in four legions. Liv. 9, c. 30. the vicinity of the Caspian, and inundated by
Atulius, a freed man, who exhibited com it 2 The central plain of Asia seems to have
bats of gladiators at Fidenae. The amphi. been the cradle of our race, and there, if
theatre, which contained the spectators, fell any where, ought we to look for the first
during the exhibition, and about 50,000 per powerful and flourishing communities. May
sons were killed or mutilated. Tacit. 4, .1nn. not the Atlantic Sea of which the Egyptians
c. 62. made mention to Plato have been the vast sea
Armlı.A, the mother of the poet Lucan. which once covered so much of Asia?]
She was accused of conspiracy by her son, AtLAs, one of the Titans, son of Japetus
who expected to clear himself of the charge. and Clymene, one of the Oceanides. He was
Tacit. Ann. 15, c. 56. brother to Epimetheus, Prometheus, and
ATIN1A lex, was enacted by the tribune Menoetius. His mother's name, according to
Atinius, [A. U. C. 623.} It gave a tribune of Apollodorus, was Asia. He married Pleione,
the commons the privilege of a senator and daughter of Oceanus, or Hesperis, according
the right of sitting in the senate. to others, by whom he had seven daughters,
ATLANTEs, a people of Africa in the neigh called Atlantides. (vid. Atlantides.) He was
bourhood of mount Atlas, who lived on no king of Mauritania, and master of a thou
thing that had life, and were said not to have sand flocks of every kind, as also of beautiful
their sleep at all disturbed by dreams. They gardens, abounding in every species of fruit,
daily cursed the sun at his rising and at his which he had intrusted to the care of a dra
setting, because his excessive heat scorched gon. Perseus, after the conquest of the Gor
and tormented them. Herodot. gons, passed by the palace of Atlas, and de
ATLANTIDEs or ATLANTÉ1, a people of manded hospitality. The king, who was in
Africa, near mount Atlas. They boasted of formed by an oracle of Themis that he should
being in possession of the country in which all be dethroned by one of the descendants of Ju
the gods of antiquity received their birth. piter, refused to receive him, and even offer
Uranus was their first king, whom, on ac led him violence. Perseus, who was unequal
count of his knowledge of astronomy, they in strength, showed him Medusa's head, and
enrolled in the number of their gods. Diod Atlas was instantly changed into a large
3. [This people, of whom Diodorus speaks, nountain. This mountain, which runs across
if they ever existed, must have been distinct the deserts of Africa, east and west, is so high
from the Atlantes of Herodotus.] The that the ancients have imagined that the
daughters of Atlas, seven in number, Maia, heavens rested on its top, and that Atlas sup
Electra, Taygeta, Asterope, Merope, Alcyo ported the world on his shoulders. [The
ne, and Celaeno. They married some of the chain of Atlas is highest and broadest in the
gods and most illustrious heroes, and their kingdom of Morocco, where it rises in some
thildren were founders of many nations and places to the height of 13,000 feet above the
cities. The Atlantides were called nymphs, level of the sea..] Hyginus says that Atlas
and even goddesses, on account of their great assisted the giants in their wars against the
intelligence and knowledge. The name of gods, for which Jupiter compelled him to bear
Hesperides was also given them, on account the heavens on his shoulders. The fable that
of their mother Hesperis. They were made Atlas supported the heavens on his back, ari
constellations after death. vid. Pleiades. ses from his fondness for astronomy, and his of.
ATLANTIs, a celebrated island mentioned ten frequenting elevated places and moun
by the ancients. Its situation is unknown, tains, whence he might observe the heaven
aud even its existence doubted by some wri ly bodies. [It is doubted whether the true
ters. [Plato gives an account of this island Atlas may not have been Mount.Altai in In
in his Timaeus and Critias. According to dependent Tartary, and the fables relating
him, it was a large island in the western to it, together with its name, have been in
ocean, opposite the straits of Gades or Gibral process of time transferred to the African
tºr. He speaks of it as having been in a mountain.] The daughters of Atlas were car
uigh degree fertile and productive. It sunk ried away by Busiris king of Egypt, but re
at last under water, and for a long time after deemed by Hercules, who received as a re
11 |
 AT AT

ward from the father the knowledge of astrono succeeded him on the throne. He marrie.],
my, and a celestial globe. This knowledge Her. a some report, Ærope his predecessor’s
cules communicated to the Greeks; whence daughter, by whom he had Plisthenes. Mene
the fable has further said, that he eased for laus, and Agamemnon. Others affirm that
some time the labour of Atlas, by taking up Frope was the wife of Plisthenes, by whom
on his shoulders the weight of the heavens. she had Agamemnon and Menelaus, who
According to some authors, there were two are the reputed sons of Atreus, because that
other persons of that name, a king of Italy, prince took care of their education. and
father of Electra, and a king of Arcadia, fa brought them up as his own. (vid. Plisthenes.)
ther of Maia, the mother of Mercury. Virg. Thyestes had followed his brother to Argos,
JEn. 4, p. 481, l. 8, v. 186 —Ovid...Met. 4, fab. where he lived with him, and debauched his
17.-Diod. 3.-Lucan. 9, v. 667, &c.—Val wife, by whom he had two, or, according to
Flacc. 5.—Hygin. 83, 125, 155, 157, 192– some, three children. This incestuous com
.4ratus in Astron.—Apollod. 1.-Hesiod. The merce offended Atreus, and Thyestes was ba
og. v. 508, &c.—A river flowing from mished from his court. He was, however,
mount Haemus into the Ister. Herodot. 4, soon after recalled by his brother, who deter
c. 49. mined cruelly to revenge the violence offered
Atossa, a daughter of Cyrus, who was to his bed. To effect this purpose, he invited
one of the wives of Cambyses, Smerdis, and his brother to a sumptuous feast, where Thy
afterwards of Darius, by whom she had Xer estes was served up with the flesh of the chil.
xes. She was cured of a dangerous cancer by dren he had had by his sister-in-law the
Democedes. She is supposed by some to be the queen. After the repast was finished, the
Vashti of Scripture. Herodot. 3, c. 68, &c. arms and heads of the murdered children
Atkäces, a people of Ætolia, who receiv were produced, to convince Thyestes of
ed their names from Atrax, son of AEtolus. what he had feasted upon. This action ap
Their country was called Atracia. peared so cruel and impious, that the sun is
ATRAx, a son of AEtolus, or, according to said to have shrunk back in his course at the
others, of the river Peneus. He was king of bloody sight. Thyestes immediately fled to
Thessaly, and built a town which he called the court of Thesprotus, and thence to Sicy
Atrax or Atracia. This town became so fa on, where he ravished his own daughter Pe
mous, that the word Atracius has been ap lopea, in a grove sacred to Minerva, without
plied to any inhabitant of Thessaly. He was knowing who she was. This incest he com
father to Hippodamia, who married Pirithous, mitted intentionally, as some report, to re
and whom we must not confound with the venge himself on his brother Atreus, accord
wife of Pelops, who bore thesame name. Pro ing to the word of the oracle, which promis
pert. 1. el. 8, v. 25.—Stat. 1, Theb. v. 106. ed him satisfaction for the cruelties he had
—Ovid. Met. 12, v. 209.--A city of Thessa suffered, only from the hand of a son who
ly, whence the epithet of Atracius. A ri should be borne of himself and his own
ver of Ætolia, which falls into the Ionian sea. daughter. Pelopea brought forth a son,
AREBRT E, a people of Britain [south-west whom she called Ægisthus, and soon aftershe
of the Trinobantes. They occupied what is married Atreus, who had lost his wiſe. Atre
now Berkshire, and part of Orfordshire. us adopted AEgisthus, and sent him to mur
Their principal town was Callera, probably der Thyestes, who had been seized at Delphi,
Silchester.] and imprisoned. Thyestes knew his son, and
At REBRTEs, now Artois, a people of Gaul, made himself known to him ; he made him
who, together with the Nervii, opposed J. espouse his cause, and instead of becoming
Caesar with 15,000 men. They were con his father's murderer, he rather avenged his
quered, and Comius, a friend of the general, wrongs, and returned to Atreus, whom he as
was set over them as king. They were sassinated. vid. Thyestes, Ægisthus Pelopea,
reinstated in their former liberty and inde Agamemnon, and Menelaus.-Hygin. fab. 83,
pendence, on account of the services of Co 86, 87, 88, and 258.-Erripid. in Orest. in
mius. [Their chief city was Nemetacum or Iphig. Taur.—Plut. in Parall.—Paus. 9, c.
Nemetocenna, afterwards Atrebates, now Ar 40.-Apollod. 3, c. 10–Senec. in Atr.
ras, or, as the Flemings call it, Atrecht.] Caps. At RidAE, a patronymic given by Homer
Bell. Gall. 2, &c. to Agamemnon and Menelaus, as being the
Athers, son of Pelops by Hippodamia, sons of Atreus. This is false, upon the au
daughter of OEnomaus king of Pisa, was king thority of Hesiod, Lactantius, Dictys of
of Mycenae, and brother to Pittheus, Troe Crete, &c. who maintain that these princes
zen, Thyestes, and Chrysippus. As Chry were not the sons of Atreus, but of Plisthe
sippus was an illegitimate son, and at the same nes, and that they were brought up in the
time a favourite of his father, Hippodamia house and under the eye of their grandfa
resolved to remove him. She persuaded her ther. vid. Plisthenes.
sons Thyestes and Atreus to murder him ; At RopateNE or ATRoPATIA, [a name
but their refusal exasperated her more, and given to the north-western part of Media, be:
she executed it herself. This murder was tween Mount Taurus and the Caspian Sea.
grievous to Pelops; he suspected his two It received this name from Atropates, a satrap
sons, who fled away from his presence. Atre of this province, who, after the death of Alex
us retired to the court of Eurysthenes king ander, rendered himselfindependent, and took
of Argos, his nephew, and upon his death he the title of king which his successors enjoyed
112
-
 AT AT
~

for many ages. It was a cold, barren, and make experiments on the melting of metals.
inhospitable country, and on that account, al He lived in great amity with the Romans;
lotted by Shalmanezar for the residence of and as he died without issue by his wife Bere
many captive Israelites, after the conquest nice, he left in his will the words P. R. meo
of their kingdom. It is now called.Aderbigi rum hares esto, which the Romans interpret
an, from the Persian term.Ader signifying fire; ed as themselves, and therefore took posses
according to the tradition that Zerdust or sion of his kingdom, B C. 123, and made of it
Zoroaster lighted a pyre, or, temple of fire, a Roman province, which they governed by a
in a city, samed Urmiah, of this his native proconsul. From this circumstance, what
country. Its metropolis was Gaza, now Te ever was a valuable acquisition, or an ample
brir, or, as it is more commonly pronounced, fortune, was always called by the epithet of
Tauris.] Strab. .4ttalicus. Attalus, as well as his predeces
ATRøros, one of the Parcae, daughters of Nox sors, made themselves celebrated for the va
and Erebus. According to the derivation of luable libraries which they collected at Per
her name (a men, retra verto,) she is inexora. gamus, and for the patronage which merit
ble and inflexible, and her duty among the and virtue always ſound at their court. Liv.
three sisters, is to cut the thread of life, with 24, &c.—Plin. 7, 8, 33, &c.—Justin. 39.-
ontany regard to sex, age, or quality. She was Horat. 1, od 1 —A philosopher, preceptor
represented by the ancients in a black veil, to Seneca. Senec. ep. 108. An astrono
with a pair of scissors in her hand. vid. Parcae. mer of Rhodes.
T. Q. ATTA, a writer of merit in the Au Attrius Capito, a consul in the age of
gustan age, who seems to have received this Augustus, who wrote treatises on sacerdotal
name from some deformity in his legs or feet. laws, public courts of justice, and the duty of
His compositions, dramatical as well as satiri a senator. vid. Ateius.
cal, were held in universal admiration, though At this, a daughter of Cranaus the 2d,
Horace thinks of them with indifference. king of Athens, who gave her name to Atti
Horat. 2, ep. 1, v. 79. ca, according to Apollod. 3, c. 14.
Atrilia, a city of Pamphylia, [south-west Attic A, [a country of Greece, without the
of Perga.] built by king Attalus. [The site Peloponnesus, forming a kind of triangular
of this city is called Palaia Antalia, while peninsula, and bounded on the north by Boeo
the modern city of Antalia, or, as it is com tia and the Euripus; on the west by Megaris;
Inonly called, Satalia, answers to the ancient on the south by the Sinus Saronicus; and on
Olbia.] Strab. the east by part of the Ægean sea; extend
AT rallicus. vid. Attalus 3d. ing from north-west to south-east about 80
ATTALUs ist, king of Pergamus, succeed miles, with decreasing breadth, but at an
ed Eumenes 1st. He defeated the Gauls who average about 40 miles. It received its
had invaded his dominions, and extended his name from Atthis the daughter of Cranaus,
conquests to mount Taurus. [He formed an according to some The better derivation of
alliance with the Romans, whom he vigorous the name, however, is from Acte, the Greek
ly assisted in their two wars against Philip of term for shore, the country being of a penin
Macedon. In conjunction with the Athenians sular shape.] It was originally called Ionia,
he invaded Macedonia, and recalled Philip from the tonians, [rid. Iones, and Cecro
from his enterprise undertaken against A pia, from Cecrops, the first of its kings, who
thens; on which account the Athenians gave led an Egyptian colony into this country
his name to one of their tribes.] He died at B. C. 1556. The most famous of its cities
Pergamus, after a reign of 44 years, B. C. is called Athens, whose inhabitants some
197. Liv. 26, 27, 28, &c.—Polyb. 5.-Strab. times bear the name of Attici. [The face of
13--The 2d of that name, was sent on an the country was partly level and partly
embassy to Rome by his brother Eumenes mountainous, and the sterility of the soil so
the 2d, and at his return was appointed guar great as to require assiduous industry to pro
diaa to his nephew Attalus the 3d, who was duce the common necessaries of life. Attica
then an infant. Prusias made successful war thus presented little temptation to plunder
against him, and seized his capital; but the ing or conquering invaders, while at the same
onquest was stopped by the interference of time its physical deficiencies operated direct
the Romans, who restored Attalus to his ly to invigorate the intellectual and moral
throne. Attalus, who has received the name energies of the people.] vid. Athenae.
of Philadelphus, from his fraternal love, was a Atticos, (T. Pomponius) a celebrated
runnificent patron eflearning, and the founder Roman knight to whom Cicero wrote a great
of several cities. He was poisoned by his number of letters, which contained the gene
nephew in the 82d year of his age, B.C. 138. ral history of the age. They are now extant,
He had governed the nation with great pru and divided into 17 books. In the time of
dence and moderation for 20 years. Strab. Marius and Sylla, Atticus retired to Athens,
13.-Polyb. 5. The 3d, succeeded to the where he so endeared himself to the citizens,
kingdom of Pergamus by the murder of At that after his departure, they created statues
talus the 2d, and made himself odious by his to him in commemoration of his munificencc
cruelty to his relations and his wanton exer. and liberality. He was such a perfect mas
ºse of power He was son to Eumenes 2d, ter of the Greek writers, and spoke their lam
and surnamed Philopator. He left the cares guage so fluently, that he was surnamed 4t
ºf government to cultivate his garden, and te ticus; and, as a proof f his learning, he fa
 AT AT

voured the world with some of his composi Atys, an ancient king of Lydia, who serir
tions. He behaved in such a disinterested away his son Tyrrhenus with a colony of
manner, that he offended neither of the inimi Lydians, who settled in Italy. Herodot. 1, c.
cal parties of Rome, and both were equally 7. A son of Croesus king of Lydia. He
anxious of courting his approbation. He was forbidden the use of all weapons by his
lived in the greatest intimacy with the illus father, who had dreamt that he had been kill
trious men of his age, as he was such a lover ed. Some time after this, Atys prevailed on
of truth, that he not only abstained from false his father to permit him to go to hunt a wild
hood even in a joke, but treated with the boar which laid waste the country of Mysia,
greatest contempt and indignation a lying and he was killed in the hunt by Adrastus
tongue. It is said that he refused to take all whom Croesus had appointed guardian over
ment when unable to get the better of a his son, and thus the apprehensions of the
[painful disorder of the intestines, and died monarch were realized. Herodot. 1, c. 34, &c.
in his 77th year, B. C. 32, after bearing the —vid. Adrastus.
A Trojan, who came to
amiable character of peace-maker among his Italy with Æneas, and is supposed to be the
friends. Cornelius.Wepos, one of his intimate progenitor of the family of the Attii at Rome.
friends, has written a minute account of his Virg. JEn. 5, v. 568. A son of Limniace,
life. Cie. ad. Attic. &c. Herodes, an the daughter of the river Ganges, who assist
Athenian in the age of the Antonines, descend ed Cepheus in preventing the marriage of
ed from Miltiades, and celebrated for his mu Andromeda, and was killed by Perseus with
niſicence. His son of the same name, was a burning log of wood. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 47.
honoured with the consulship, and he gene A celebrated shepherd of Phrygia, of
rously erected an aqueduct at Troas, of whom the mother of the gods, generally call
which he had been made governor by the ed Cybele, became enamoured. She intrust
emperor Adrian, and raised in other parts of ed him with the care of her temple, and made
the empire several public buildings as useful him promise he always would live in celiba
as they were magnificent.—Philostrat. in. vit. cy. He violated his vow by an amour with
2, p. 548.-4. Gell. noct. Att. the nymph Sangaris, for which the goddess
Attila, a celebrated king of the Huns, a made him so insane and delirious, that he cas
nation in the southern parts of Scythia, who trated himself with a sharp stone. This was
invaded the Roman empire in the reign of afterwards intentionally made by his sacer
Valentinian, with an army of 500,000 men, dotal successors in the service of Cybele, to
and laid waste the rovinces. He took the prevent their breaking their vows of per
town of Aquileia, and marched against Rome; petual chastity. This account is the most
but his retreat and peace were purchased general and most approved. Others say
with a large sum of money by the feeble em that the goddess became fond of Atys, be
peror. Attila, surnamed the scourge of God, cause he had introduced her festivals in the
died A. D. 453, of an uncommon effusion of greatest part of Asia Minor, and that she her
blood the first might of his nuptials. [His bo self mutilated him. Pausanias relates, in
dy was secretly buried, enclosed in three cof .Achaia, c. 17, that Atys was the son of the
fins, the first of gold, the second of silver, and
daughter of Sangar, who became pregnant by
the third of iron. Those who had been employ putting the bow of an almond tree in her
ed about his grave were put to death, lest bosom. Jupiter, as the passage mentions,
they should reveal the place of his interment. once had an amorous dream, and some of the
vid. Bayle Dict. art. Attila, for other particuimpurity of the god fell upon the earth, which
lars respecting this savage conqueror.] He soon after produced a monster of an human
had expressed his wish to extend his conquests form, with the characteristics of the two
over the whole world; and he often feasted Sexes. This monster was called Agdistis,
his barbarity by dragging captive kings in his and was deprived by the gods of those parts
train. Jornand. de Reb. Get. which distinguished themale sex. From the
Attilius, a Roman consul in the first mutilated parts, which were thrown upon the
Punic war. vid. Regulus.-Calatinus, a ground, rose an almond tree, one of whose
Roman consul who ſought the Carthaginian branches a nymph of the Sangar gathered
fleet. Marcus, a poet who translated the and placed in her bosom as mentioned above.
Electra of Sophocles into Latin verse, and Atys, as soon as born, was exposed in a wood,
wrote comedies, whose unintelligible lan but preserved by a she-goat. The genius
guage procured him the appellation of Ferreus. Agdistis saw him in the wood, and was cap
—Regulus, a Roman censor who built a tivated with his beauty. As Atys was going
temple to the goddess of Concord. Lir. 23, to celebrate his nuptials with the daughter of
c. 23, &c.—The name of Attilius was comthe king of Pessinus, Agdistis, who was jea
mon, among the Romans, and many of the lous of his rival, inspired by his enchantments *
public magistrates are called Attilii; their the king and his future son-in-law with such
lives, however, are not famous for any illus an uncommon fury, that they both attacked
trious event, and mutilated one another in the struggle.
At URUS, a river of Gaul, now the Adour, Orid says, JMet. 10, fab. 2, &c. that Cybele
which runs at the ſoot of the Pyrenean moun changed Atys into a pine-tree as he was going
tains into the Bay of Biscay. Lucan. 1, v.420. to lay violent hands upon himself, and ever
3i ATYADAE, the descendants of Atys the Ly after that tree was sacred to the mother of
lan.
the gods. After his death, Atys received di.
 AV AU

vine houours, and temples were raised to hisfables, however, met with their overthrow,
memory, particularly at Dindyma. Catull. when Agrippa, in order to render so remark
de ..?ty. § Beree.—Ovid...Met. 10, fab.3, Fast.
able a spot easier of access to the numerous
4, v. 223, &c.—Lucan. in Deá Syria. strangers whom curiosity attracted thither,
- Sylvus, son of Albius Sylvius, was king of cut down the woods and cleared the adjacent
Alba. Lir. 1, c. 3. country. Two roads were cut for this same
Avanicum, [a strong and fortified town of purpose, one through a mountain which se
Gaul, the capital of the Bituriges, now Bour parated the lake from Cumae, and another
ges. It received its former appellation from through a second mountain between Puteoli
the river Avara or Eure, one of the southern and Naples. Remains of each are to be seen
branches of the Liger. It was taken by Cae at the present day, the one being termed the
sar during the Gallic wars, and its inhabit Grotto of Pausilipo, the other the Grotto of
ants massacred.] Cors. Bell. Gall. 7. the Sibyl. vid. Lacus Lucrinus and Julius
Avestinus, a son of Hercules, by Rhea, Portus.] The waters of the Avernus were
who assisted Turnus against Æneas, and dis indispensably necessary in all enchantments
tinguished himself by his valour. Virg. JEn. and magical processes. It may be observed,
7, v. 657.-A king of the Alba, buried that all lakes, whose stagnated waters were
upon mount Aventine. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. putrid and offensive to the smell, were indis
51.-One of the seven hills on which part criminately called Averna. [These are said
of the city of Rome was built. It was [18 to be very frequent in Hungary on account
stadia] in circumference, and was given to of the abundance of mines there.] Virg. .ºn.
the people to build houses upon by king An 4, v. 5–12, &c. l. 6, v. 201, &c.—-Mela, 2, c.
eus Martius. It was not reckoned within the 4.—Strab. 5.-Diod. 4.—Aristot. de Adm.
precincts of the city till the reign of the em. AUFEIA AauA, called afterwards Marcia,
peror Claudius, because the soothsayers look was the sweetest and most wholesome water
ed upon it as a place of ill omen, as Remus in Rome, and it was first conveyed into the
had been buried there, whose blood had been city by Ancus Martius,
criminally shed. The word is derived, ac Aupines A, now Alfidena, [a city of Sam
cording to some, ab aribus, because birds nium, and the capital of the Caraceni, situate
were fond of the place. Others suppose on the Sagrus or Sangro..] Lir. 10, c. 12.
that it receives its name because Aventinus, AufidiA 1.1.x, was enacted by the tribune
one of the Alban kings, was buried upon it, Aufidius Lurco, A. U. C. 692. It ordained,
[and others from Avens, the river which that if any candidate, in canvassing for an of
watered the district, whose inhabitants were fice, promised money to [a tribe] and ſailed
transplanted hither. It was also called Mur in the performance, he should be excused ;
cius, from Mureia, the goddess of sleep, who but iſ he actually paid it, he should be com
had a temple here; and Collis Dianae, from pelled to pay every ſtribe a yearly fine of
the temple of Diana on it, as well as Remu 3000 sesterces as long as he lived.]
rius from Remus, who wished the city to be Aufidius Bassus, a famous historian in the
ſounded here.] Juno, the Moon, Bona Dea, age of Quintilian who wrote an account of
Hercules, and the goddess of Victory and Germany, and of the civil wars,
Liberty, had also magnificent temples built Aufidus, a rapid river of Apulia falling
ipon it. Parro de L. L. 4.—Virg. JEn. 8, into the Adriatic sea, and now called Ofanto,
v. 235—Liv. 1, c. 33. (or rather, Uffente. Strabo calls it the Aufi
Avensus 1, and AverNA orum, a lake of dus, but the Latin writers give it the name of
Campania, near Baiae, [called by the modern Uſens.] It was on its banks that the Ro
Italians Lago di Tripergota,) whose waters mans were defeated by Hannibal at Can
were so unwholesome and putrid that no naº. The spot is still shown by the inhabit
birds could fly over it, but dropped down ants, and bears the name of the field of blood.
lead; hence its original name was aogy@”, Horat. 3, od. 30, 1.4, od. 9.-Virg. JEn. 11,
[from a privative, and cºme a bird.] The an v. 405.
ents made it the entrance of hell. [It is AvGA and Aug E and AUGEA, daughter of
ituate in the country of Lavora in the king Aleus king of Tegea, by Neaera, was ra
on of Naples, near Pozzuoli, and is said to vished by Hercules, and brought forth a son,
be about 600 yards in diameter, and in some whom she exposed in the woods to conceal
places 188 feet deep. Some writers have her amours from her father. The child was
supposed that its sulphureous effluvia not be preserved, and called Telephus. Aleus was
ing of sufficient consistence to support the informed of his daughter's shame, and gave
birds, they dropped by their own weight. her to Nauplius to be put to death. Nauplius
TEe lake was surrounded with thick woods, refused to perform the cruel office, and gave
which, preventing the access of any free cur Auga to Teuthras, king of Mysia, who, be
rent of air, tended materially to encrease the ing without issue, adopted her as his daugh
unwholesomeness of the spot. Here, accord ter. Some time after, the dominions of Teu
is: to the ancient mythology, dwelt the thras were invaded by an enemy, and the
Cºmmerians, in deep caverns, into which no king promised his crown and daughter to him
*y of the sun ever penetrated, whence the who could deliver him from the impendin
fable of Cimmerian darkness. They worked calamity. Telephus, who had been directe
nines, served as priests of an oracle, and were by the oracle to go to the court of Tenthras,
under the government of a king. All these if he wished to find his parents, offered his
-i - r
 AU AU

no other sacerdotal body at Rome. [The au

services to the king, and they were accepted.
gur made his observations on the heavens
As he was going to unite himself to Auge, in
usually in the dead of night, or about twilight.
consequence of the victory he had obtained,
Auge rushed from him with secret horror, He took his station on an elevated place
where the view was open on all sides, and to
and the gods sent a serpent to separate them.
Auge implored the aid of Hercules, who make it so buildings were sometimes pulled
made her son known to her, and she return down. Having first offered up sacrifices
ed with him to Tegea. Pausanias says that and uttered a solemn prayer, he sat down
Auge was confined in a coffer with her infant with his head covered, and with his face turn
son, and thrown into the sea, where, after ed to the east, so that he had the south on his
being preserved and protected by Minerva, right and the north on his left. Then he de
she was found by king Teuthras. Apollod. 2 termined with his lituus the regions of the
and 3.-Paus. 8, c.4.—Hygun, fab.99 and 100. heavens from east to west, and marked in his
Aug EAE, a town of Laconia, [supposed to mind some object straight forward, at as great
be the same with Ægiae, near the coast, north a distance as his eyes could reach, withiu
west of Gythium.] Paus. 3, c. 21. which boundaries he should make his obser
Aug 1As and Aug EAs, son of Eleus, or vations.] There were generally five things
Elius, was one of the Argonauts, and after from which the augurs drew omens: the first
wards ascended the throne of Elis. He had consisted in observing the phenomena of the
an immense number of oxen and goats, and heavens, such as thunder, lightning, comets,
the stables in which they were kept had ne &c. The second kind of omen was drawn
ver been cleaned, so that the task seemed an from the chirping or flying of birds. The
impossibility to any man. Hercules under third was from the sacred chickens, whose
took it on a promise of receiving for a reward eagerness or indifference in eating the bread
the tenth part of the herds of Augias, or which was thrown to them was looked upon
something equivalent. The hero changed as lucky or unlucky. The fourth was from
the course of the Peneus, which immediately quadrupeds, from their crossing or appearing
carried away the dung and filth from the sta in some unaccustomed place. The fifth was
bles. Augias refused the promised recom from different casualties, which were called
pense, on pretence that Hercules had made Durat, such as spilling salt on a table, or wine
use of artiſice, and had not experienced any upon one's clothes, hearing strange noises,
labour or trouble, and he further drove his stumbling or sneezing, meeting a wolf, hare,
own son Phyleus from his kingdom, because fox, or pregnant bitch. From such supersti
he supported the claims of the hero. The tious notions did the Romans draw their pro
refusal was a declaration of war. Hercules phecies. The sight of birds on the left hand
conquered Elis, put to death Augias, and was always deemed a lucky object; [objects
gave his crown to Phyleus. Pausanvas says, on the left were deemed, on the contrary, of
5, c. 2 and 3, that Hercules spared the life of evil omen among the Greeks, because their
Augias for the sake of his son, and that Phy augur faced the north, and had the east, the
leus went to settle in Dulichium; and that lucky quarter, on his right. Sinister and larus
at the death of Augins, his other son, Agas therefore, properly signify lucky among the
thenes, succeeded to the throne. Augias re Romans, and when they are used as terms of
ceived, after his death, the honours which ill luck, it is in conformity merely with Gre
were generally paid to a hero. Augias has cian usage.] Cic. de Div.–Liv. 1, &c.—
been called the son of Sol, because Elius sig Dionys. Hal—Ovid. Fast.
mifies the sun. The proverb of Augean sta AugustA, a name given [singly, or in
ble is now applied to [any very laborious un conjunction with some epithet, to seventy
dertaking, approaching almost to an impos cities in the Roman provinces in honour of
sibility.] Hygin. fab. 14, 30, 157.-Plin. 17, Augustus Caesar. -

c. 9.-Strab. 8.—Apollod. 2. AUGUSTALIA, a festival at Rome, in com

Augii.A., [now Augela, one of the Oases memoration of the day on which Augustus re
of the great African desert, with a town of turned to Rome after he had established
the same name. This was one of the stations peace over the different parts of the empire.
for the ºyani which carried on the inland [It was celebrated on the 27th September.]
trade of Africa." It is at present also a cara AugustiNUs, bishop of Hippo, in Africa,
van station.] distinguished himself by his writings as well
Augſ REs, certain officers at Rome who as by the austerity of his life. [He was born
foretold future events, whence their name, at Tagestum, A. D. 354, and embraced chris.
ab avium garritu. They were first created tianity A. D. 387, having been before a Ma
by Roinulus, to the number of three. Ser nichean.] In his works, which are numer
vius Tullius added a fourth, and the tribunes ous, he displayed the powers of a great genius,
of the people, A. U. C. 454, increased the and an extensive acquaintance with the phi
number to nine ; and Sylla added six more losophy of Plato. He died in the 76th year
during his dictatorship. They had a part of his age, A. D. 430. The best edition of
cular college, and the chief amongst them his works is that of the Benedict, fol. Ant.
was called magister collegii. Their office was 1700 to 1703, 12 vols.
honourable; and if anyone of them was con Augustodunumſ, now Autun, a town of
victed of any crime he could not be deprived Gaul, the capital of the ancient ºdui. [It
of his privileges, an indulgence granted to was called Bibraote in Caesar's time.]
116
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Augustulus, the last Roman emperor of perhaps more eagerly to remove a man whose
the west, A. D. 475, conquered by Odoacer, power and existence kept him in continual
king of the Heruli. alarms, and made him dependent. Both par
Aversrus Octavianus CAESAR, second ties met at Actium, B. C. 31, to decide the
emperor of Rome, was son of Octavius, a se fate of Rome. Antony was supported by all
nator, and Accia, daughter of Julius and sis the power of the east, and Augustus by Italy.
terto Julius Caesar. He was adopted by his Cleopatra fled from the battle with 50 ships,
uncle Caesar, and inherited the greatest part and her flight ruined the interest of Antony
of his fortune. He lost his father at the age who followed her into Egypt. The conqueror
of four; and though only eighteen when his soon after passed into Egypt, besieged Alexan
uncle was murdered, he hastened to Rome, dria, and honoured, with a magnificent fune
where hisingratiated himself with the semate ral, the unfortunate Roman and the celebrat
and people, and received the honours of the ed queen, whom the fear of being led in the
consulship two years after as the reward of victor's triumph at Rome had driven to com
his hypocrisy. Though his youth and his in mit suicide. After he had established peace
experiencewere ridiculed by his enemies, who all over the world, Augustus shut up the gates
branded him with the appellation of boy, yet of the temple of Janus the year our Saviour
he rose in consequence by his prudence and was born. [This temple was thrice closed
valour, and made war against his opponents, during the reign of Augustus, and remained
on pretence of avenging the death of his mur closed the last time for about 12 years..] It
dered uncle. But when he perceived that by is said he twice resolved to lay down the su
making him fight against Antony the senate preme power, immediately after the victory
wished to debilitate both antagonists, he obtained over Antony, and afterwards on ac
changed his views, and uniting himself with |count of his ill health; but his friend Maece
his enemy, soon formed the second triumvir nas dissuaded him, and observed,that he would
ate, in which his cruel proscriptions shed the leave it to be the prey of the most powerful,
innocent blood of300senators and 200 knights, and expose himself to ingratitude and to dan
and did not even spare the life of his friend ger. He died at Nola, in the 76th year of
Cicero. By the divisions which were made his age, A. D. 14, after he had held the sove
among the triumvirs, Augustus retained for reign power during 44 years, [reckoning from
himself the more important provinces of the the battle of Actium.] Augustus was an ac
west, and banished, as it were, his col tive emperor, and consulted the good of the
leagues, Lepidus and Antony, to more dis. Romans with the most anxious care. He vi
tant territories. But as long as the murder sited all the provinces except Africa and Sar
ers of Caesar were alive, the reigning tyrants dinia, and his consummate prudence and ex
had reasons for apprehension, and there perience gave rise to many salutary laws:
fore the forces of the triumvirate were direct but it may be said, that he finished with a
ed against the partizans of Brutus and the good grace what he began with cruelty.
senate. The affair was decided at Philippi, While making himself absolute, he took care
where it is said that the valour and conduct to leave his countrymen the shadow of liber
of Antony alone preserved the combined ar ty; and if under the character and office of
mies, and effected the defeat of the republi perpetual tribune, of priest and imperator,
can forces. The head of the unfortunate he was invested with all the power of sove
Brutus was carried to Rome, and in insolent reignty, he guarded against offending the
revenge thrown at the feet of Caesar's statue. jealous Romans by not assuming the regal
On his return to Italy, Augustus rewarded title. His refusal to read the letters he found
his soldiers with the lands of those that had
after Pompey's defeat arose more from fear
been proscribed ; but among the sufferers than honour, and he dreaded the discovery of
were many who had never injured the con names which would have perhaps united to
queror, especially Virgil, whose modest appli sacrifice his ambition. His good qualities, and
cation, [seconded by the powerful intercession many virtues he perhaps never possessed,
of Mecenas,) procured the restitution of his have been transmitted to posterity by the pen
property. The friendship which subsisted of adulation or gratitude, in the poems ºf
between Augustus and Antony was broken as Virgil, Horace, and Ovid. To distinguish
toonas the fears of a third rival vanished away, himself from the obscurity of the Octavii, and
and the aspiring heir of Caesar was easily in if possible, to suppress the remembrance of
duced to take up arms by the little jealousies his uncle's violent fate, he aspired after a
and resentment of Fulvia. Her death, how. new title; and the submissive senate yielded
ever, retarded hostilities; the two rivals were to his ambition, by giving him the honourable
reconciled; their united forces were success appellation of Augustus. He has been ac
fully directed against the younger Pompey; cused of licentiousness and adultery by his
and, to strengthen their friendship, Antony biographer; but the goodness of his heart,
agreed to marry Octavia, the sister of Augus and the fidelity of his friendship, which in
tus. But as this step was political, and not some instances he possessed, made some
dictated by affection, Octavia was slighted,and amends for his natural foibles. He was am
Antony resigned himself to the pleasures and bitious of being thought handsome : and as he
*pany of the beautiful Cleopatra. Augus was publicly reported to be the son of Apol
tº was incensed, and immediately took up lo, according to his mother's declaration, he
*m to avenge the wrongs of his sister, and wished his flatterers to represent him with the
117
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figure and attributes of that god. Like the Sarta or Sarle, and the Laedus, two of the
Apollo, his eyes were clear, and he affected northern branches of the Liger. Their coun
to have it thought that they possessed some try is now Mans.—The Aulerci Eburonsa,
divine irradiation; and was well pleased, if, on the left bank of the Sequana or Seine, be
when he fixed his looks upon any body, they low Lutetia or Paris, answering now to the
held down their eyes as if overcome by the diocese of Evreur.]
glaring brightness of the sun. He distinguish Auli:TEs, the surname of one of the Plo
ed himself by his learning; he was a perfect lemean kings, father to Cleopatra.
master of the Greek language, and wrote Aulis, a town of Boeotia opposite to Chal
some tragedies, besides memoirs of his life cis on the sea-coast, where all the Greeks
and other works, all now lost. He was mar conspired against Troy. They were detain
ried three times; to Claudia, to Scribonia, ed there by contrary winds, by the anger of
and to Livia; but he was unhappy in his ma Diana, whose favourite stag had been killed
trimonial connexions, and his only daughter, by Agamemnon. To appease the resent
Julia, by Scribonia, disgraced herself and her ment of the goddess, Agamemnon was oblig
father by the debauchery and licentiousness ed to sacrifice his own daughter Iphigenia,
of her manners. He recommended, at his whom, however; Diana spared, by substitut
death, his adopted son Tiberius as his succes ing a ram. [No traces of Aulis remain at
sor. He left his fortune partly to Tiberius the present day, but there are two harbours
and to Drusus, and made donations to the ar still to be found here, called Megalo and
my and Roman people. Virgil wrote his JMikro Balhy..] Virg. JEn. 4, v. 426.-Orid.
heroic poem at the desire of Augustus, whom JMet. 12, v. 9, &c.—Homer. Il. 2, v. 303.
he represented under the character of Æneas. Aulon, [a hill of Italy near Tarentum,
Sueton. in vitā.-Horat.—Virgil.—Paus.— whose wine equalled the Falernian. Horat.
Tacit.—Patercul. —Dio.—Cass-Ovid. 2, od. 6. v. 18. A valley of Palestine, ex
The name of Augustus was afterwards given tending along the banks of Jordan, called
to the successors of Octavianus in the Roman also Magnus Campus. Another in Syria,
empire as a personal, and the name of Caesar between the ridges of Libanus and Anti
as a family distinction. In a more distant Libanus.] Paus.
period of the empire, the title of Augustus Aulus, a praenomen common among the
was given only to the emperor, while that of Romans. Gellius. vid. Gellius.
Caesar was bestowed on the second person in AURELIA LEx, was enacted [A. U.C. 683,
. state, who was considered as presumptive
elr.
and ordained that judices or jurymen should
be chosen from the Senators, Equites, and
Avidius Cassius, a man saluted emperor Tribuni AErarii.] Another, A.U. C. 678.
A. D. 175. He reigned only three months, It abrogated a clause of the Lex Cornelia,
and was assassinated by a centurion. He was and permitted the tribunes to hold other offi
called a second Catiline, from his excessive ces after the expiration of the tribuneship.
love of bloodshed Diod AURELIANus, emperor of Rome after Fla
Rufus FEstus AviRNUs, a poet in the vius Claudius, was austere, and even cruel
age of Theodosius, who translated the phae in the execution of the laws, and punished
momena of Aratus, [the Periegesis of Diony his soldiers with unusual severity. He ren
sius, the History of Livy, and Æsop's Fables dered himself famous for his military charac
into verse; and wrote also a poetical “ De ter; and his expedition against Zenobia, the
scription of the maritime coasts,” and some celebrated queen of Palmyra, gained him
other pieces. His geographical poems, and great honour. He beautified Rome, was cha
a few others, have been edited by Wernsdoff, ritable to the poor, and the author of many
in the Portur Latini.Minores. The best edi salutary laws. He was naturally brave; and
tion of the Fables is that of Cannegieter, n all the battles he fought, it is said he kill
Amst. 1731, in 8vo. He, however, assigns ed no less than 800 men with his own hand.
them to Flavius Avianus, whom he makes In his triumph he exhibited to the Romans
to have lived in the age of the Antonines.] people of 15 different nations, all of which
Avitus Alcimus, [a bishop of Vienna in he had conquered. He was the first empe
France, nephew to Marcus Maecilius Avitus, ror who wore a diadem. After a glorious
emperor of the west, and flourished at the reign of six years, as hemarched against the
beginning of the 6th century. He was the northern barbarians, he was assassinated A.
friend of Clovis, the first christian king of D. 275, 29th January. [A conspiracy had
France, and contributed to his conversion. been formed against his life by one of his se
He wrote letters on various subjects, chiefly cretaries who was accused of extortion.
controversial, sermons, and a poem on the Dreading the effects of the emperor’s dis
Mosaic history. His works are published by pleasure, this person counterfeited his mas
Simond, in 8vo. 1643. His poems have been ter's hand, and shewed to the principal offi
printed separately, at Frankfort in 1507, at cers a long list containing their names mark
Paris in 1509, and at Lyons in 1536.] ed down for death. Without suspecting or
AULERc1. [Under this name are reckoned examining the fraud, they immediately resolv.
three nations of Gaul. The Aulerci Bran ed to save their own lives by taking that of
novices, contiguous to the Ædui, and subject the emperor. They effected their purpose
to them, answering to what is now Morienne. on a march between Byzantium and Hera
-The Aulerci Cenomani, situate between clea.]
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LAURELIAN1. vid. Genabum.] branches of the Ausones, especially the for

Au Relius, emperor of Rome. vid. An mer.] Wirg...En. 3, v. 17 i.
tonius Bassianus.-Victor, an historian in DEcIM. MAGNus Ausonius, a poet, born
the age of Julian, two of whose compositions at Bordeaux in Gaul, in the 4th century.
are extant, an account of illustrious men, and He was preceptor to Gratian, son of the em
a biography of all the Caesars to Julian. [He peror Valentinian, and made consul by means
was born in Africa of obscure parents. He of his pupil. The thanks he returned the
came to Rome in search of employment, and emperor Gratian is one of the best of his
was raised by his merit to the most import poems, which were too often hurried for
ant offices in the state. He was consul with publication, and consequently not perfect. He
Valentinian, A. D. 369.] The best editions wrote the consular fasti of Rome, an useful
of Aurelius are the 4to. of Artzenius, Amst performance, now lost. His style is occasion
1733, and the 8vo. of Pitiscus, Utr. 1696.- ally obscene. [The best editions of Ausoni
Antonius, an emperor. vid. Antoninus. us are, that of Tollius. Amst. 1761, in 8vo.
Avaeolus, a general who assumed the and the Delphini of 1730.]
purple in the age of Gallienus. Auspices, a sacerdotal order at Rome,
Au RöRA, a goddess, daughter of Hyperion nearly the same as the augurs. vid. Augures.
and Thia or Thea, or, according to others, of Austrk, the wind blowing from the south,
Titan and Terra. Some say that Pallas, son whose breath was pernicious to flowers as
of Crius, and brother to Perses, was her fa well as to health. He was parent of rain.
ther; hence her surname of Pallantias. She Pirg. Ecl. 2, v. 58. rid. Venti.
married Astraeus, by whom she had the winds, Autochthon Es, [an appellation assumed
the stars, &c. Her amours with Tithonus by some nations, and in particular by the
and Cephalus are also famous ; by the for Athenians, importing that they sprang from
mer she had Memnon and AEmathion, and the soil which they inhabited. The Atheni
Phaeton by the latter. (vid. Cephalus and answore, as emblematic of this, golden grass
Tithonus) She had also an intrigue with hoppers in their hair; this insect being sup
Orion, whom she carried to the island of De posed to have the same origin. The name is
los, where he was killed by Diana's arrows derived from auror ipse, and x8w, terra. The
Aurora is generally represented by the poets Athenians took this name because no foreign
drawn in a rose-coloured chariot, and open tribe had ever dispossessed them of their
ing with her rosy fingers the gates of the east, country.]
pouring the dew upon the earth, and making AutoLöLAE, a people of Mauritania, de
the flowers grow. Her chariot is generally scended from the Gaetuli. [They spread
drawn by white horses, and she is covered themselves over the Atlantic coast of Mauri
with a veil. Nox and Somnus fly before her, tania Tingitana.]
and the constellations of heaven disappear AutoLycus, a son of Mercury by Chione,
at her approach. She always sets out be. a daughter of Daedalion. He was one of the
fore the sun, and is the forerunner of his ris Argonauts. His craft as a thief has been
ing. The Greeks call her Eös. Homer. It greatly celebrated. He stole the flocks of his
3, Od. 10, Hymn. in Vener.—Orid. Met. 3, neighbours, and mingled them with his own
9, 15–Apollod. 1, 3.-Virg. JEn. 6, v. 533. after he had changed their-marks. He did
—Varro. de L. L. 5, &c.—Hesiod. Theog.— the same to Sisyphus son of AEolus; but Si
Hygin. pref. fab. syphus was as crafty as Autolycus, and he
AuEv NCI,[a people of Latium, on the coast knew his own oxen by a mark which he
towards Campania, south-east of the Volsci.] had made under their feet. Autolycus was so
Auscr, a people of [Gallia Aquitania pleased with the artifice of Sisyphus, that he
Their capital was Ausci, now Auch, on the immediately formed an intimacy with him,
Ger, one of the southern branches of the Ga and even permitted him freely to enjoy the
rumna or Garonne.] company of his daughter Anticlea, who be
AU's ER, AusERIs, and ANSER, a river of came pregnant of Ulysses, and was soon after
Etruria, which [falls into the sea about 6 miles married to Laertes. wid. Sisyphus, Laertes.
north of the mouth of the Arnus. It is now Hygin. ſab. 200, &c.—Orid. Met. 1, fab. 8
the Serehio.] Apollod. 1.-Homer. Od. 14.
Ausox, a son of Ulysses and Calypso, from AutoMEDoN, a son of Dioreus, who went
whom the Ausones, a people of Italy, are de to the Trojan war with ten ships. He was
scended. [vid. Ausonia.] the charioteer of Achilles, after whose death
Ausosta, one of the ancient names of Italy, he served Pyrrhus in the same capacity.
which it received from Auson,the son of Ulys. Homer. Il. 9, 16, &c.—Virg. AEn. 2, v. 477.
ses. If Virgil makes ACneas speak of Auso AutoMéNEs, one of the Heraclidae, king
nia, it is by anticipation. [Ausonia was a of Corinth. At his death, B. C. 779, annual
name properly applied to the whole southern magistrates, called prytanes, were chosen at
part of Italy, through which the Ausones, one Corinth, and their power continued 90 years,
of the ancient races of Italy, had spread them till Cypselus and his son Periander made
selves. Its derivation from Auson is a mere themselves absolute.
ſable. The sea on the south-east coast was Autonor, a daughter of Cadmus, who
for a ſong time called from them Mare .4 u. married Aristaeus, by whom she had Actºo":
*onium. The Opiei and Samnites were often called Autoneius heros. The death of
t 1 10
 BA BA

her son (vid. Actaeon) was so painful to her, wished to recover from her a golden neck
ſ
that she retired from Boeotia to Megara, lace. vid. Alcmaeon and Alphesiboea.
where she soon after died. Paus. 1, c. 44.— AxiothéA, a woman who regularly went
Hygin. fab. 179.--Ovid. Met. 8. v. 720. in a man's dress to hear the lectures of Plato. .
[Autrigon Es, a people of Hispania Tar Axius, [the largest river in Macedonia,
raconensis, among the Cantabri. They oc rising in the chain of Mount Scardius, and,
cupied what is now the eastern half of La after a course of 80 miles, forming an exten
.Montana, the western quarter of Biscay and sive lake near its mouth. It falls into the
.Alapa, and the north-eastern part of Bur Sinus Thermaicus, and is now the Pardari.)
gos. Their capital was Flaviobriga, now AxonA, a river of Belgic Gaul, which falls
Porto Gallete, near Bilboa. Mannert, how into the Seine below Paris; [now the Aisne.
ever, makes it to be Santander.] Axus, a surname of Jupiter. [vid. Anxur,
Autura, the Eure, a river of Gaul which AzAN, a son of Arcas, king of Arcadia,
falls into the Seine. by Erato, one of the Dryades. He divided
Auxesia and DAMIA, two virgins who his father's kingdom with his brothers Aphi
came from Crete to Troezene, where the in das and Elatus, and called his share Azania.
habitants stoned them to death in a sedition. There was in Azania a ſountain called Clitº
The Epidaurians raised them statues by or rius, whose waters gave a dislike for wine to
der of the oracle, when their country was those who drank them. Vitruv. 8, c. 3.-
become barren. They were held in great Ovid. Met. 15, v. 322.-Paus. 8, c. 4.—[A
veneration at Troezeme. Herodot. 5, c. 82.— part of the coast of Ethiopia, on the Mare
Paus. 2, c. 30. Erythraeum : now the coast of Ajan.]
Axenus, the ancient name of the Euxine Azikis, a place of Libya, surrounded on
sea. The word signifies inhospitable, which both sides by delightful hills covered with
was highly applicable to the manners of the trees, and watered by a river, where Battus
ancient inhabitants of the coast. [It took built a town, [previous to founding Cyrene.]
the name of Euxinus after the coast was set Herodot.4, c. 157.
tled by Grecian colonies.] Ovid. 4. Trist 4, Azôtus, [a celebrated sea-port of Phae
v. 56. nicia, north-east of Ascalom. It was fortified
Axióchus, a philosopher, to whom Plato by the Egyptians as a barrier against the As.
dedicated a treatise concerning death. syrians, and, according to Herodotus, stood a
Axion brother of Alphesiboea, murdered siege of 29 years, about B.C. 631. It is now
Alcmaeon, his sister's husband, because he .Ashdod.]

BA BA
BABILUs, an astrologer in Nero's age, who |538, after he had drained the waters of the
told the emperor to avert the danger which Euphrates into a new channel, and marched
seemed to hang upon his head from the ap his troops by night into the town through
pearance of an hairy comet, by putting all the dried bed; and it is said that the fate of
the leading men of Rome to death. His ad the extensive capital was unknown to the
vice was faithfully followed. Sueton. in Ner. inhabitants of the distant suburbs till late in
c. 36. the evening. [It is memorable for the death
BABYLoN, a celebrated city, the capital of of Alexander the Great, April 21, B.C. 323.]
the Assyrian empire, on the banks of the Eu Its greatness was so reduced in succeeding
phrates. It had 100 brazen gates ; and its ages, according to Pliny’s observations, that
walls, which were cemented with bitumen, in his time it was but a desolate wilderness,
and greatly enlarged and embellished by the and at present the place where it stood is un
activity of Semiramis, [were in compass 60 known to travellers. The inhabitants were
miles or 480 stadia, in thickness 87 feet, in early acquainted with astrology. [A few
height 350 feet. They were built of bricks, vestiges of this famous city remain at a town
and surrounded on the outside with a vast called Hillah, or Elugo, about 47 miles south
ditch. The whole number of streets was of Bagdad. The causes of the decline of
50, the city being laid out in the form of a Babylon may be seen under Seleucia.] Plin.
square, and from the 25 gates on each side of 6, c. 26.-Herodot. 1, 2, 3–Justin. 1, &c.—
it, as many streets cutting each other at right Diod. 2.-Xenoph. Cyrop. 7, &c.—Propert.
angles. There were also four half streets, 3, el. 11, v. 21.—Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 2.-Mar
round the four sides of the city, next the tial. 9, ep. 77.-There was also a city of
walls, each of them 200 feet wide, the rest the same name in Egypt, [north of Memphis,
being about 150 feet. Each side of the square supposed to have been founded by the Per
which formed the city was 15 miles. Baby. sians during this invasion of Cambyses. A
quarter, retaining the name of Baboul or
lon, however, was greater in appearance than
Babilon, in the town of Old Cairo, marks its
reality, nearly one half of the city being ta
ken up with gardens and cultivated grounds.
position.]
It was founded, as some say, by Semiramis, BABYLóNiA, a large province of Assyria.
and according to others, by Belus, who isof which Babylon was the capital. The
inhabitants shook off the Assyrian yoke, and
thought by many to have been the same with
Nimrod..] It was taken by Cyrus B. C. afterwards became very powerful.—The sur:
 BA BA
name of Seleucia, which rose from the ruins all the divinity of a god. Jupiter was una.
of Babylon, under the successors of Alexan ble to violate his oath, and Semele unwilling
der. Plin.6, c. 26. to retract it ; therefore, as she was a mor
BABYRsA, a ſortified castle near Artaxata, tal, and unable to bear the majesty of Jupi
(where were kept the treasures of Tigra ter, she was consumed and reduced to ash
mes and Artabanus.] Strab. 11. es. The child, of which she had been preg
Bacchae, the priestesses of Bacchus. Paus. nant for seven months, was with difficulty
2, c. 7. saved from the flames, and put in his father's
Bacchan ALIA, festivals in honour of Bac thigh, where he remained the full time he na
chus at Rome, the same as the Dionysia of turally was to have been in his mother's
the Greeks. rid. Dionysia. womb. From this circumstance Bacchus
Bacchant Es, priestesses of Bacchus, who has been called Bimater. According to
are represented at the celebration of the or some, Dirce, a nymph of the Achelous, sav
gies almost naked, with garlands of ivy, with ed him from the flames. There are different
a thyrsus and dishevelled hair. Their looks traditions concerning the manner of his edu
are wild, and they utter dreadful sounds, and cation. Ovid says, that after his birth, he
clash different musical instruments together. was brought up by his aunt Ino, and after
They are also called Thyades and Maenades. wards intrusted to the care of the nymphs
Ovid. Met. 6, v. 592–Horat. 3, od. 25.-Pro of Nysa. Lucian supposes that Mercury
pert. 3, el. 21.—Lucan. 1, v. 674. carried him, as soon as born, to the nymphs
Bacchi iDAE, a Corinthian family descend of Nysa ; and Apollonius says, that he was
ed from Bacchia, daughter of Dionysius. In carried by Mercury to a nymph in the island
their nocturnal orgies, they, as some report, ef Euboea, whence he was driven by the pow
tore to pieces Actaeon, son of Melissus, which er of Juno, who was the chief deity of the
so enraged the father, that before the altar place. Some support, that Naxos can boast
he entreated the Corinthians to revenge the of the place of his education, under the
death of his son, and immediately threw nymphs Philia, Coronis, and Clyda. Pausa
himself into the sea. Upon this the Bacchi nias relates a tradition which prevailed in
ada were banished, and went to settle in Si the town of Brasiae in Peloponnesus; and
cly, between Pachynum and Pelorus. Ovid. accordingly mentions, that Cadmus, as soon
Met. 5, v.407.-Strab. 8. as he heard of his daughter’s amours, shut
BAccHis or BALUs, king of Corinth, suc her up, with her child lately born, in a coſ
ceeded his father Prumnides. His successors fer, and exposed them on the sea. The coſ
were always called Bacchidae, in remem fer was carried safe by the waves to the
brance of the equity and moderation of his coast of Brasiae ; but Semele was found dead,
reign. The Bacchidae increased so much, and the child alive. Semele was honoured
that they chose one of their number to pre with a magnificent funeral, and Bacchus pro
side among them with regal authority, and it perly educated. This diversity of opinions
is said that the sovereign power continued in shows that there were many of the same
their hands near 200 years. Cypselus over name. Diodorus speaks of three, and Cicero
turned this institution by making himself ab of a greater number; but among them all,
solute. Strab. 8.—Paus. 2, c. 4.—Herodot. 5, the son of Jupiter and Semele seems to have
e.92.-Orid. Met. 5, v. 407. obtained the merit of the rest. Bacchus is
Bacchium, a small island in the AEgean the Osiris of the Egyptians, and his history
sea, opposite [Phocaea, and near the entrance is drawn from the Egyptian traditions con
of the Smyrnaeus Sinus.] Plin. 5, c. 3. cerning that ancient king. Bacchus assisted
Bacchius and BITHus, two celebrated the gods in their wars against the giants, and
gladiators of equal age and strength ; [who, was cut to pieces ; but the son of Semele
after conquering many competitors, engaged was not then born ; this tradition therefore is
with each other and died of mutual wounds;] taken from the history of Osiris, who was
whence the proverb to express equality, killed by his brother Typhon, and the wor
Buthus contra Bacchium. Sueton. in Aug. ship of Osiris has been introduced by Or
—Harat. 1, Sat. 7, v. 20. pheus into Greece, under the name of Bac
Bacchus, was son of Jupiter and Semele, chus. In his youth he was taken asleep in the
the daughter of Cadmus. [vid. the end of island of Naxos, and carried away by some
this article.] After she had enjoyed the com mariners whom he changed into dolphins, ex
pany of Jupiter, Semele was deceived, and cept the pilot, who had expressed some con
perished by the artifice of Juno. This god cern at his misfortune. His expedition into
dess, always jealous of her husband's amours, the east is most celebrated. He marched at
assumed the shape of Beroe, Semele's nurse, the head of an army, composed of men as
and persuaded Semele that the lover whom well as of women, all inspired with divine
she entertained was not Jupiter, but a false fury, and armed with thyrsuses, cymbals, and
lover, and that to prove his divinity she other musical instruments. The leader was
ought to beg of him, if he really were Ju drawn in a chariot by a lion and a tiger, and
piter, to come to her bed with the same ma was accompanied by Pan and Silenus, and
jesty as he courted the embraces of Ju all the satyrs. . His conquests were easy and
nº. The artifice succeeded, and when Ju without bloodshed; the people easily submit
piter promised his mistress whatever she ted, and gratefully elevated to the rank of a
asked, Semele required him to visit her with god the hero who taught them the use of the
Q - 121
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vine, the cultivation of the earth, and the serpine, who was represented with horns;
manner of making honey. Amidst his bene and the son of Jupiter and Semele, called the
volence to mankind, he was relentless in Bacchus of Thebes. Those mentioned by
punishing all want of respect to his divinity; Cicero are, a son of Proserpine : a son ºf
and the punishment he inflicted on Pentheus, Nisus, who built Nysa; a son of Caprius
Agave, Lycurgus, &c. is well known. He who reigned in the Indies; a son of Jupite
has received the names of Liber, Bromius, Ly and the moon; and a son of Thyone and Ni
aeus, Evan, Thyonaeus, Psilas, &c. which are sus. [The worship of Bacchus came origin
partly derived from the places where he re. ally from India. The very name Azovurtz,
ceived adoration, or from the ceremonies ob which the Greeks commonly give to this De
served in his festivals. As he was the god of ity, clearly proves the fact. Alorvºrer means
vintage, of wine, and of drinkers, he is gene the god (Aus) from mount Nysa in India
rally represented crowned with vine and ivy Wine was selected as the symbol of this wor
leaves, with a thyrsus in his hand. His figure ship, inasmuch as the feelings of exhiliration
is that of an effeminate young man, to denote produced by it were supposed to be a type of
the joys which commonly prevail at feasts: those pure and rapturous feelings which would
and sometimes that of an old man, to teach be experienced by the faithful after death. The
us that wine taken immoderately will ener fable of the birth of Bacchus points also to an
vate us, consume our health, render us loqua Eastern origin. Bacchus is the son of Jupi
cious and childish like old men, and unable ter (the Dis of the Eastern nations) and of
to keep secrets. The panther is sacred to Semele, daughter of Cadmus, (i. e. the Ori
him, because he went in his expedition cover ental.) When the Greeks fabled that Bac
ed with the skin of that beast. The magpye chus went on an expedition to Asia, they mere.
is also his favourite bird, because in triumphs ly reversed the true order of events, mak
people were permitted to speak with bold. ing Bacchus one of their own pretended dei.
ness and liberty. Bacchus is sometimes re ties. Philostratus in Vit. Apollon. Tyan. 2,
presented like an infant, holding athyrsus and 8, 56.-Herodotus. 3, 97.-Strabo. 15.—Kam
clusters of grapes with a horn. He often ap ne's Mythologie der Griechen. Sect. 31.]
pears naked, and riding upon the shoulders Cic. de Mat. D. 2 and 3.-Paus.2, c. 22, 37,
of Pan, or in the arms of Silenus, who was his l. 3, c. 24, 1.5, c. 19, &c.—Herodot. 1, c. 150,
foster-father. He also sits upon a celestial l. 2, c. 42, 48, 49. Plut. in Isld. & Osir.—
globe, bespangled with stars, and is then the Diod. 1, 3, &c.—Orpheus in Dionys.—Apol
same as the sun, or Osiris of Egypt. The lod. 1, c, 9, 1.3, c. 4, &c.—0wid...Met. 3, fab.
festivals of Bacchus, generally called Orgies, 3, &c. Amor, 3, 1.3, Fast. 3, v. 715.-Hy
Bacchanalia, or Dionysia, were introduced in gin. fab. 155, 167, &c.—Plin. 7, c. 56, 1.8,
to Greece from Egypt by Danaus and his c. 2, l. 36, c. 5.-Homer, Il. 6.-Lact. de
daughters. The infamous debaucheries which fals. Rel. 1, c. 22.—Virg.G.2, &c.—Euripid.
arose from the celebration of these festivals in Bacch.—Lucian. de Sacrifie. de Baccho.in
are well known. vid. Dionysia. The amours dial Doer.—Oppian. *n Cyneg.—Philostrat.
of Bacchus are not numerous. He married 1, Icon. c. 50–Senec. in Chor. GEdip.–Mar
Ariadne, after she had been forsaken by The tial. 8, ep. 27, 1. 14, ep. 107.
seus in the island of Naxos ; and by her he Bacchy LIDEs, a lyric poet of Cos, nephew
had many children, among whom were Cera to Simonides, who, like Pindar, wrote the
nus, Thoas,CEnopion, Tauropolis, &c. Accord. praises of Hiero. Some of his verses have
ing to some, he was the father of Hymenaeus, been preserved. [He is reckoned the last of
whom the Athenians made the god of marriage. the nine lyric poets of Greece. Horace is
The Egyptians sacrificed pigs to him before said to have imitated him in some of his
the doors of their houses. The fir-tree, the pieces, particularly in the 15th Ode of the 1st
yew-tree, the fig-tree, the ivy, and the vine, Book. He flourished B. C. 452 J
were sacred to him; and the goat was gene. Back Nis, a wood in Germany, [generally
rally sacrificed to him on account ofthe great supposed to be a part of the Hercynia Silva,
propensity of that animal to destroy the vine. and to have been situate in the vicinity of the
According to Pliny, he was the first who ever Fulda or Vol, which flows into the Visurgis.]
wore a crown. His beauty is compared to Cars. Bell. Gall. 6, c. 10.
that of Apollo, and, like him, he is represented BAcis, a famous soothsayer of Boeotia.
with fine hair loosely flowing down his shoul Cic. 1, de Div. c. 34.
ders, and he is said to possess eternal youth. BActrºA (orum,) now Balk, the capital of
Sometimes he has horns, either because he Bactriana, on the river Bactrus in Asia. [It
taught the cultivation of the earth with oxen, was called likewise Zariaspa, a name which
or because Jupiter, his father, appeared to Strabo also applies to the river on which it
him in the deserts of Libya under the shape was situate.] Virg G. 2, v.138.-Strab. 2.
of a ram, and supplied his thirsty army with BActria or BActriñNA, [a country of
water. Bacchus went down to hell to re. Asia, bounded by Aria on the west, the moun
cover his mother, whom Jupiter willingly tains of Paropamisus on the south ; the Emo
made a goddess, under the name of Thyone. di montes on the east; and Sogdiana on the
The three persons of the name of Bacchus, north. It derived its name from the river
which Diodorus mentions, are, the one who Bactrus. The Bactrians were reckoned good
conquered the Indies, and is surnamed the soldiers, and were always at war either
hearded Bacchus; *::: of Jupiter and Pro among themselves or their neighbours. They
22
-
 BA BA

were enemies to every kind of luxury. Their [flowing between Utica and Carthago, in for
old people they exposed after a certain age, mer days, though, at present, their situation as
to fierce mastiffs, which they kept for that regards it is materially altered. It makes en
purpose, and called sepulchral dogs.] They croachments on the sea like the Nile, and
were conquered by Alexander the Great. hence its ancient mouth is now circumscribed
Curt 4, c. 6, &c. Plin. 6, c. 23.-Herodot. by mud, and become a large navigable pond.
1 and 3. rid. Carthago and Utica.) Plun. 8, c. 14.
Bacraus, [a river of Bactria, whence the BALE, [a city of Campania, on a small bay
country received its ancient name. It flowed west of Neapolis, and opposite Puteoli. It
by the capital, and is supposed to be the De was originally a village, but the numerous
kash.] Lucan. 3., v.267. advantages of its situation soon rendered it
BAccxtius, a river of Pannonia, which much frequented and famous. Its foundation
falls into the Save, [in the immediate vicinity
is ascribed in mythology to Baius, one of the
of Sirmium. It is now the Bossut.] companions of Ulysses. The cause of the ra
BADIA, a town of [Hispania Baetica, sup pid increase of Baiae lay in the fruitfulness
posed to be the present Badajoz.] Wal. of the surrounding country, in the beauty of
.Mar. 3, c. 7. its own situation, in the rich supply of shell
BADu HENNAE, [Lucus, a place in the and other fish which the adjacent waters af.
country of the Frisii, where 900 Romans ſorded; and above all, in the hot mineral
were killed. Tacit. 4, .4nn. c. 73. springs which flowed from the neighbouring
Bæbia LEx was enacted for the election of mountains and formed a chief source of at
4 pretors every other year. Liv. 40.- traction to invalids. Baiae was first called
Another law by M. Baebius a tribune of the Aquae Cumanie. Numerous villas graced
people, which forbade the division of the the surrounding country, and many were
lands, whilst it substituted a yearly tax to be likewise built on artificial moles extending a
paid by the possessors, and to be divided great distance into the sea. It is now, owing
among the people. Appian. 1. to earthquakes and inundations of the sea, a
[Bærica, vid. Hispania.] mere waste compared with what it once was.
BAEris, a river of Spain, from which a part The modern name is Baia. Many remains of
of the country has received the name of Bae ancient villas may be seen under the water.]
fica. [Its sources were surrounded by the Martial. 14, ep. 81.-Horal. 1, ep. 1.-Sirab.
chain of Mons Orospeda. At its mouth was O.
the island of Tartessus, the name of which BALA, a surname of Alexander, king of
was anciently also applied to the river, pre Syria. Justin. 35, c. 1.
vious to that of Baetis. The inhabitants of BALANEA, [a town of Syria, north of Ara
the country called this river Cirtium and dus, new Belnias.] Plin. 5, c. 20.
Certis, and the Arabians Ciritus, derived, as C. BALBILLUs, a learned and benevolent
is supposed, from the oriental term Kiriath, a man, governor of Egypt, of which he wrote
town, and denoting the river of towns, from the history, under Nero. Tacit. Ann. 13, c.
the great number of those which it watered. 22.
Its modern name, Guadalquiver, is a corrup BALbinus, a Roman, who, after govern
tion from the Moorish Wadi-al-Kibir, or ing provinces with credit and honour, assassi
the Great River.] nated the Gordians, and seized the purple.
[BAgistina, a town of Media, south-west He was some time after murdered by his
of Ecbatana, at the foot of the mountains soldiers, A. D. 238.
where the Gyndes rises. Here was an an BALbus, a mountain of Africa, [between
cient monument supposed to be that of Semi the town of Clupea and the sea,) famous for
ramis.] the retreat of Masinissa, after he had foughºt
BagóAs and BAGösas, an Egyptian eunuch a battle against Syphax.
in the court of Artaxerxes Ochus, so power BALEAREs, [a name applied anciently to
ful that cothing could be done without his the islands of Majorea and Minorca, off the
consent. He led some troops against the coast of Spain..] The word is derived from
'ews, and profaned their temple. He pois <axxum to throw, because the inhabitants were
ºned Ochus, gave his flesh to cats, and made expert archers and slingers. We are told by
knife-handles with his bones, because he had Florus, that the mothers never gave their
killed the god Apis. He placed on the throne children breakfast until they had struck with
Arses, the youngest of theslaughtered prince's an arrow a certain mark in a tree. [The
children, and afterwards put him to death. Greeks called them Gymnesiae, either be
He was at last killed, B. C. 335, by Darius cause, according to Diodorus, the inhabitants
omanus,) whom, after raising to the were yuayat, naked, in summer, or because,
crown, he had attempted to poison. Diod. according to Hesychius, they went to battle
18 and 17.--Another, greatly esteemed by armed only with a sling. They were reduc
Alexander. Curt. 10, c. 1–Plut. in Alex. ed by Metellus, hence surnamed Balearicus,
-The name of Bagoas occurs very fre A. U. C. 631. By many, Ebusus, now Ivica,
ºnently in the Persian history: and it seems is ranked with the Baleares, according to the
that most of the eunuchs of the monarchs of authority of Vitruvius. The larger of these
islandsand
*ia were generally known by that appel jorca, wasthe
called Balearis
smaller, Major,
Balearis hence”-
Minor, hence
lation.
Minorca. In the former was Palma. which
Badrida, now Megerda, a river of Africa 128
 BA BA

still retains the name. In the latter was for term is derived by Damm from Baćuy, but
tus Magonis, so called by the Carthaginians with the 6 inserted, and the initial consonant
from Mago, one of their generals, now slight repeated, in order to express to the ear the
ly corrupted into Port Mahon.] Strab. 14. harsh pronunciation of a foreigner. Others
–Flor. 3, c. 8.-Diod. 5. derive it from the harsh sound gag gag. We
BALNEAE (baths,) were very numerous at are informed by Drusius, that the Syriae bar
Rome, private as well as public. In the an means, without, extra. The word signified
cient times simplicity was observed, but in in general with the Greeks no more than
the age of the emperors they became expen foreigner, and did not carry that odium with
sive; they were used after walking, exercise, it which it does now.] -

or labour, and were deemed more necessary BARBARIA, [the name given in the Peri
than luxurious. Under the emperors it be plus of the Erythraean Sea, to a part of the
came so fashionable to bathe, that without coast of Africa; now Ajan. It was other
this the meanest of the people seemed to be wise called Azania.]
deprived of one of the necessaries of life. BARBosthen Es, a mountain of Pelopon.
There were certain hours of the day appoint nesus, 10 miles from Sparta. Liv. 35, c. 27
BARCAE1, or BAR citie, a warlike nation of
ed for bathing, and a small piece of money ad
mitted the poorest as well as the most opu Africa, near Carthage. Virg. -ºn. 4, v. 43.
lent. In the baths there were separate apart 3AR cF, the nurse of Sichaeus. Pºrg...Ex.
ments for the people to dress and to undress: 4, v. 632. [A city of Cyrene in Africa.
and after they had bathed, they commonly Its true position is involved in a great deal of
covered themselves, and the hair was pluck doubt. Accoording to Strabo and Pliny, it
ed out of the skin, and the body rubbed over stood on the spot where Ptolemais was after
with a pumice stone, and perfumed to ren wards built, but Scylax and Ptolemy are of
der it smooth and fair. The Roman empe a different opinion. D'Anville places it south
rors generally built baths, and all endeavour of Ptolemais. The city probably stood in
ed to eclipse each other in the magnificence land, and had a port on the coast. Tº'An
of the building. It is said, that Dioclesian ville makes it to be the modern Barca. Ac
employed 40,000 [christian slaves] in building cording to Herodotus, it was founded by the
his baths, and when they were finished, de brothers of Arcesilaus 3d, king of Cyrene.
stroyed the workmen. . Alexander Severus The name however shows it to be of Phoeni
first permitted the people to use them in the cian origin..] .
night, and he himself often bathed with the BARchA, a surname of a noble family at
common people. For some time both sexes Carthage, of which Annibal and Hamilcar
bathed promiscuously and without shame, were descended. By means of their bribes
and the edicts of the emperors proved abor and influence, they excited a great faction,
tive for a while in abolishing that indecent cus. which is celebrated in the annuls of Carthage
tom, which gradually destroyed the morals by the name of the Barchinian factuan, and at
of the people. They generally read in bath last raised themselves to power, and to the
ing, and we find many compositions written independent disposal of all the offices of trust
in the midst of this luxurious enjoyment. or emolument in the state. Liv. 21, c. 2
BANtia, now St. Marie de Vanze, a town and 9.
of Apulia, [south-east of Venusia.] Horat. BARD1, a celebrated sacerdotal order among
3, od. 4, v. 15. the ancient Gauls, who praised their heroes,
BAPTA, the priests of Cotytto, the goddess and published their fame in their verses or
of lasciviousness and debauchery at Athens. on musical instruments. They were so es
Her festivals were celebrated in the night teemed and respected by the people, that, at
with great obscenity. The name is deriv their sight, two armies who were engaged in
ed from Cartery to wash, because the priests battle laid down their arms, and submitted
bathed themselves in the most effeminate to their orders. They censured as well as
manner. Jur. 2, v. 91 A comedy of commended the behaviour of the people
Eupolis, in which women are introduced Lucan. 1, v.447.-Strab. 4.— Marcell. 15, c.
dancing on the stage, with all the indecent 24.
gestures of common prostitutes. BARDYLlls, an Illyrian prince, whose
BARäth Rumi, a deep and noisome pit at daughter Bircenna married king Pyrrhus
Athens, where criminals were thrown. [It Plut. in Pyrrh.
had sharp spikes at the top to prevent escape, BARGusii, a people of Spain, [towards the
and others at the bottom to pierce and lace Pyrenees, above the Iberus.] Liv. 21, c. 19.
rate the offender.] The word is applied BARissEs, one of the seven conspirato
to the infernal regions by Val. Flacc.2, v. against the usurper Smerdis. Ctesias.
86 and 192. [By the Greek writers it is also BARiuM, a town of Apulia, on the Adriatiº,
used to signify perdition, endless or hopeless [in the district of Peucetia,] now called Bar
misery, and likewise a wicked wretch who and remarkable for its fine fish. Horat. 1,
merits the punishment of the barathrum.] Sat. 5, v. 97.
BARBARI, a nameoriginally applied to those BARsiNE and BARséNE, a daughter of Da
who spoke inelegantly, or with harshness and rius, who married Alexander, by whom she
difficulty. The Greeks generally called all had a son called Hercules. Cassander or
nations, except their own, [and the Egyp. dered her and her child to be put to death
tians,] by the name of barbarians. [The Justin. 13, c. 2, 1.15, c. 2.-.Arrian,
12:1
 BA BA

BAsili.A.. [an island famous for its amber, ras. They are supposed to have been the
in the northern ocean. It is supposed by ancestors of the Russians.]
Mannert to have been the southern extremi BATAvi, a people of Germany, who in
ty of Sweden, mistaken by the ancients for habited that part of the continent known un
an island, on account of their ignorance of the der the modern name of [the United Provin
country to the north. rid. Abalus. A res, or Holland from its being the largest of
city on the Rhenus, in the territory of th them. But the modern is considerably larg
Rauraci, now Basle. It appears to have been er than the ancient country.] It was called
originally an insignificant fortress, and to have by the ancients Batavorum insula. Liv. 4.
increased in the course of time to a large ci c 15–Lucan, 1, v.431.
ty. By the writers of the middle ages it is BAthos, [a town of Arcadia, near the Al
called Basula.] pheus.]
BasiLiDAE, European Sarmatians, descend Bathycles, a celebrated artist of Magne
ed from Hercules and Echidna. Mela, 2, c sia. Paus. 3, c. 19.
1. BATHYLLUs, a youth of Samos. Horat.
BAs ILipes, the father of Herodotus, who ep. 14, v. 9. The poet who claimed as his
with others, attempted to destroy Strattes, own, Virgil's distich, Nocte pluu totá, &c.
tyrant of Chios. Herodot. 8, c. 132. A bore also the same name.—A fountain of
family who held an oligarchical power at Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 31.
Erythrae. Strab. 14. A priest of mount Baton, of Sinope, wrote commentaries on
Carmel, who ſoretold many momentous the Persian affairs. Strab. 12.
events to Vespasian, when he offered sacri. BATRAchomyom AchiA, a poem describ
fices. Tacit. 2, Hist. c. 87.-Sueton. in Vesp. ing a fight between frogs and mice, written
by Homer, which has been printed sometimes
BAsilipóTânios, the ancient name of the separately from the Iliad ..º. [Whe
Eurotas, [signifying, the king of rivers. The ther Homer wrote this poem, or not, is far
Eurotas is now called the Vasilipotamo.] from being a settled point among modern cri
Strab. 6. tics. The best editions of it are that by Er
Basilis, a city of Arcadia, built by Cyp nesti, in the works of Homer, 5 vols. 8vo. Lips.
selus, near the river Alpheus. Paus. 8, c. 1759, reprinted at Glasgow, .814; and that of
Matthiae, Lips. 1805, in 8vo. There is also
Basilius, a celebrated bishop of Africa, the edition of Maittaire, 8vo. Lond. 1721.]
[born in Cappadocia in Asia Minor, very BATT1Adrs, a patronymic of Callimachus,
animated against the Arians, whose tenets from his father Battus. Ovid, in Ibin. v. 53,
and doctrines he refuted with warmth, but A name given to the people of Cyrene
great ability. He was eloquent as well as from king Battus. Ital. 3, v. 253.
ingenious, and possessed of all those qualities BATTus 1st, a Lacedaemonian who built
which constitute the persuasive orator and the town of Cyrene B. C. 630, with a colony
the elegant writer. Erasmus has placed from the island of Thera. He was son of
him in the number of the greatest orators of Polymnestus and Phronime, and reigned in
antiquity. He died in his 51st year, A. D. the town he had founded, and after death re
379. The latest edition of his works is that ceived divine honours. The difficulty with
of the Benedictines, [3 vols. folio, Paris, 1721 which he spoke first procured him the name
-30. Another, a bishop of Ancyra, rank of Battus. Herodot: 4, c. 155, &c.—Paus.
ed by Epiphanius among the chief of the 10, c. 15. The 2d of that name was grand
Semi-Arians. He died at the end of lovian's son to Battus 1st, by Arcesilaus. He suc
reign.] ceeded his father on the throne of Cyrene,
Bassifieus, a surname of Bacchus, from and was surnamed Felix, and died 554 B.C.
the dress or long robe, called Bussaris, which Herodot. 4, c. 159, &c.—A shepherd of Py
his priests wore. Horat. 1, od. 18. los, who promised Mercury that he would not
BassiniDEs, a name given to the votaries discover his having stolen the flocks of Adme
of Bacchus, and to Agave by Persius, which tus which Apollo tended. He violated his
seems derived from Bassara, a town of Libya promise and was turned into a pumice stone.
sacred to the god, or from a particular dress Ovid. Met. 2, v. 702.
worn by his priestesses, and so called by the BAU Bo, a woman who received Ceres when
Thracians. Persius. 1, v. 101. she sought her daughter all over the world,
Bassus AuFIdius, an historian in the age and gave her some water to quench her
of Augustus, who wrote on the Germanic thirst. Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 7.
war. Quintul. 10, c. 1. Caesius, a lyric BAucis, an old woman of Phrygia, who
poet in Nero's age, to whom Persius address with her husband Philemon, lived in a small
ed his 6th satire. Some of his verses are ex cottage, in a penurious manner, when Jupi
tant.—Julius, an orator in the reign of Au ter and Mercury travelled in disguise over
gustus, some of whose orations have been Asia. The gods came to the cottage, where
preserved by Seneca. they received the best things it afforded ; and
Basta RNAE, [a people who first inhabited Jupiter was so pleased with their hospitality,
that part of European Sarmatia, which cor that he metamorphosed their dwelling into a
magnificent
responds with a part of Poland and Prussia, husband temple
were madeofpriests.
which Baucis and had
After they her
and who afterwards established themselves
in the south, to the left and right of the Ty lived happy to an extreme
125
old age, they "“”
…)
 BE BE

both at the same hour, according to their re BELGIUM, [a canton of Gallia Belgica, from
quest to Jupiter, that one might not have the which it is distinguished by Caesar, (B. G. 5,
sorrow of following the other to the grave. c. 24.) as a part from the whole, and to which
he assigns the Bellovaci, to whom Hirtius
Their bodies were changed into trees before adds the Atrebates. As the Ambiani were
the doors of the temple. Ovid. Met. 8, v.
631, &c.
situated between the other two, they must
also be included. These three tribes were
BAvius and MAEvius, two stupid and ma
levolent poets in the age of Augustus, who the genuine Belgæ.] Cars. Bell. Gall. 5, c. 2.
attacked the superior talents of the contem Belides, a name applied to Palamedes, as
porary writers. Wing. Ecl. 3. descended from Belus. Virg. En. 2, v. 82.
BEBRyce, a daughter of Danaus, who is BE1 is AMA, the name of Minerva among
said to have spared her husband. Most au the Gauls, signifying queen of heaven. Cas.
thors, however, attribute that character of Bell. Gall. 6.
humanity to Hypermnestra. vid. Danaides. BELISARIus, a celebrated general, who, in
Bebryces and BEBRYcil, a nation of Asia, a degenerate and an effeminate age, in the
near Pontus, of Thracian origin, and accord reign of Justinian emperor of Constantinople,
ing to Arrian, descended from Bebryce. [The renewed all the glorious victories, battles, and
origin of this people is very uncertain. Silius triumphs, which had rendered the first Ro
Italicus, (3, v.420) mentions a nation of this mans so distinguished in the time of their re
name who dwelt in Gallia Narbonensis, near public. He died, after alife of military glory,
the Pyrenees.] They were expert in the bat and the trial of royal ingratitude, in the 565th
tle of the Cestus. The Argonauts touched on year of the christian era. [The story of his
their coast in their expedition to Colchis. begging charity, with date obolum Belisario is
.4pollod. 1.-Strab. 7 and 12. a mere fable, taking its rise from some verses
BEBRYcia, an ancient name of Bithynia, of Tzetzes.]
from [the Bebryces who settled there, after BELLERörhon, son of Glaucus king of
passing from Europe..] Strab.13.-Virg...En. Ephyre, by Eurymede, was at first called
5, v. 373. Hipponous. The murder of his brother,
[BEDR1Acum, a small town of Italy, be whom some call Alcimenus and others Beller,
tween Mantua and Cremona; according to procured him the name of Bellerophon or
Cluvier, the modern Caneto, a large village murderer of Beller. After this murder, Bel
on the left of the Oglio. D'Anville, however, lerophon fled to the court of Proetus king of
makes it to correspond with the modern Civil Argos. As he was ofa handsome appearance,
dala, on the right side of that river. Man the king's wife, called Antaea or Stenoboea, fell
nert places it about a mile west of the mo in love with him; and as he slighted her pas
dern town of Boggolo. This place was fa sion, she accused him before her husband of
mous for two battles fought within a month attempts upon her virtue. Proetus, unwilling
of each other. In the first Otho was defeat to violate the laws of hospitality, by punishing
ed by the generals of Vitellius, and in the se Bellerophon, sent him away to his father-in
cond. Vitellius by Vespasian, A. D. 69. Ta law Jobates king of Lycia, and gave him a
citus and Suetonius call the name of this letter, in which he begged the king to punish
place Betriacum. But Pliny, Juvenal, and with death a man who had so dishonourably
later writers, Bebriacum.] treated his daughter. [vid. Pelasgi.] From
BELENus, a divinity of the Gauls, the same that circumstance, all letters which are of an
as the Apollo of the Greeks, and the Orus of unfavourable tendency to the bearer have
the Egyptians. been called letters of Bellerophon. Jobates, to
BELEPHANTEs, a Chaldean, who, from his satisfy his son-in-law, sent Bellerophon to con
knowledge of astronomy, told Alexander that quer a horrible monster called Chimaera, in
his entering Babylon would he attended with which dangerous expedition he hoped, and
fatal consequences to him. Diod. 17. was even assured, he must perish. (rid. Chi
BElésis, a priest of Babylon, who told Ar maera.) But the providence of Minerva sup
baces, governor of Media, that he should ported him, and, with the aid of the winged
reign one day in the place of Sardanapalus. horse Pegasus, he conquered the monster and
His prophecy was verified, and he was re returned victorious. After this Jobates sent
warded by the new king with the govern him against the Solymi, in hopes of seeing
ment of Babylon B. C. 826. Diod. 2. him destroyed ; but he obtained another vic
Belgæ, a warlike people of ancient Gaul, tory, and conquered afterwards the Ama
separated from the Celtae by the rivers Ma zons, by the king's orders. At his return
trona and Sequana. [In the new division of from this third expedition, he was attacked
Gallia made by Augustus, whose object was by a party sent against him by Jobates; but
to render the provinces more equal in extent, he destroyed all his assassins, and convinced
the countries of the Helvetii and Sequani, the king that innocence is always protected
which till that time were included in Gallia by the gods. Upon this, Jobates no longer
Celtica, were added to Gallia Belgica. The sought to destroy his life; but. he gave him
Belgae were of German extraction, and, ac his daughter in marriage, and made him his
cording to Caesar, the most warlike of the successor on the throne of Lycia, as he was
Gauls.] Caes. de Bell. Gall. 1 and 2. without male issue. Some authors have sup
BELGICA, one of the provinces of Gaul ported that he attempted to fly to heaven
near the Rhine. [rid. Galia.] upon the horse Pegasus, but that Jupiter sent
126
 BE BE

an insect, which stung the horse, and threw marchs till the age of Xerxes, who, after his
down the rider, who wandered upon the earth unfortunate expedition against Greece, plun
in the greatest melancholy and dejection till dered and demolished it. Among the riches
the day of his death, one generation before the it contained were many statues of massy
Trojan war. Bellerophon had two sons, gold, one of which was 40 feet high. In the
Isander, who was killed in his war against the highest of the towers was a magnificent bed,
Solymi, and Hippolochus, who succeeded to where the priests daily conducted a woman,
the throne after his death, besides one daugh who, as they said, was honoured with the
ter called Hippodamia, who had Sarpedon company of the god. Joseph. Ant. Jud. 10.
by Jupiter. The wife of Bellerophon is call —Herodot. 1, c. 181, &c.—Strab. 16.-Ar
ed Philonor by Apollodorus, and Achemone by ran. 7.- Duod, 1, &c A king of Egypt,
Homer. Homer. Il. 6, 156. &c.—Juv. 10– ‘on of Epaphus and Lybia, and father of
Apollod. 2, c. 3, i. 3, c. 1.-Hygin. fab. 157 Agenor. Another son of Phoenix the son
and 243. P...?, ?, c. 18.-Hesiod. Theog. v. of Agenor, who reigned in Phoenicia. A
325—Horat 4, od. 11. v. 26.-Paus. 9, c. 31. river of Syria, where glass was first invented.
BELLERUs and BELLER, a brother of Hip Plin. 5, c. 19.
ponous. rid. Bellerophon. BENAcus, a lake of Italy, now Lago di Gar
BELLösa, the goddess of war, daughter to da, from which the vincius flows into the
Phorcys and Ceto, was called by the Greeks Po. [It is about 30 miles in length by 3 in
Enyo, and often confounded with Minerva. breadth. The modern name is derived from
She was anciently called Duellona, and was the sº all city of Gardº, on the north-east
the sister of Mars, or, according to others, his shore of the lake..] Virg. G.2, v. 160. .42n.
daughter or his wife. She prepared the cha 10, v 205.
riot of Mars when he was going to war; and BENDIs, a name of Diana among the Thra
she appeared in battles armed with a whip, cians and their northern neighbours. Strab.
to animate the combatants, with dishevell d 9.—Her festivals, called Bendidia, were in
hair, and a torch in her hand. The Romans troduced from Thrace into Athens.
paid great adoration to her; but she was held BENEventum, a town of the Hirpini, built
in the greatest veneration by the Cappado. by Diomedes, 28 miles from Capua. Its ori
cians, and chiefly at Comana, where she had ginal name was Małerentum, changed into
above 3000 priests. Her temple at Rome the more auspicious word of Beneventum,
was [without the city, near the Porta Car when the Romans sent a colony to it aſter
mentalis. In it the senators gave audience to the conquest of Samnium. [The Samnites
foreign ambassadors, and to generals return had given it the name of Maleventum on ac
ed from war. The priests of this goddess count of its unhealthy atmosphere. The situ
consecrated themselves by great incisions in ation of this city was a very important one,
their body, and particularly in the thigh, of since here the main roads intersected each
which they received the blood in their hands other, from Latium into southern Italy, and
to offer as a sacrifice to the goddess. In their from Samnium into Campania. Augustus
wild enthusiasm they often predicted blood sent new colonists to this quarter, and the
shed and wars, the defeat of enemies, or the whole colony took the name of Julia Concor
besieging of towns. Jur. 4, v. 124.—Varro. dia. Under the Lombards, Beneventum be
de L. L. 5-Hesiod. Theog, v 270.-Paus.
came the capital of a powerful dukedom. It
4, c. 30–Virg. JEn. 8. v. 703.—Stat. Theb. abounds in remains of ancient sculpture
2, v. 718, 1.7, v. 73.-Ital. 5, v. 221. above any other town in Italy. The most
BELLöwann, the priests of Bellona. beautiful relic of former days at this place is
Bellovici, a people of Gaul conquered the arch of Trajan, which forms one of the
by J. Caesar. They inhabited the modern entrances into the city. Near Beneventum,
Beautais. Cars. Bell. 2, c. 4. Pyrrhus was defeated by Curius Dentatus,
BELLovésus, a prince of the Celtae, who, A U. C. 479. It is now Benevento.J Plin.
in the reign of Tarquinius Priscus, was sent 3. c. 11.
at the head of a colony to Italy by his uncle BERAEA.. [eid. Beroea.]
Ambigatus. Lir. 5, c. 34. BEREcyNTHIA, a surname of Cybele, from
BELos, a city of Hispania Baetica, [the mount Berecynthus in Phrygia, where she
usual place of embarkation for Tingis in Afri was particularly worshipped. She has been
ca. The modern name Balonza marks the celebrated in a poem by Catullus. Diod. 5.
ſpot, though now uninhabited. The name is —Stat. Theb. 4, v. 782–Virg. JEn. 9, v. 82.
sometimes written Baelon.] Strab. 3. Benenice and BERo NicE, a woman fa
BELts, one of the most ancient kings of Ba mous for herbeauty, mother of Ptolemy Phi
bylon, about 1800 years before the age of ladelphus by Lagus. AElian. W. H. 14, c. 43.
Semiramis, was made a god after death, and —Theocrat.—Paus. 1, c. 7.-A daughter
worshipped with much ceremony by the As of Philadelphus, whomarried Antiochus king
syrians and Babylonians. He was supposed of Syria, after he had divorced Laodice, his
to be the son of the Osiris of the Egyptians. former wife. After the death of Philadel
The temple of Belus was the most ancient phus, Laodice was recalled, and mindful of
and most magnificent in the world. It was the treatment she had received, she poisoned
originally the tower of Babel, which was con her husband, placed her son on the vacant
verted into a temple. It had lofty towers, and throne, and murdered Berenice and her child
it was enriched by all the succeeding mo at Antioch, where she had fled, B.C. 248.
127
 BE BI

A daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, who usurped lous city of Macedonia, south of AEdessa. The
her father's throne for some time, strangled inhabitants are commended by St. Paul for
her busband Seleucus, and married Archelaus their docility and ingenuous dispositions. (Acts
a priest of Bellona. Her father regained his 17, v. 10.)—A town of Syria, south-east of
power, and put her to death, B.C. 35– Antiochia. Its Syriac name was Chalep,
The wife of Mithridates, who, when conquer changed by the Macedonians to Beroea. It is
ed by Lucullus, ordered all his wives to des: supposed to be the same with the modern
troy themselves, for fear the conquerorshould .Aleppo.]
offer violence to them. She accordingly drank BERösus, a native of Babylon, priest to Be
poison, but this not operating soon enough, lus. He passed into Greece, and remained a
she was strangled by an eunuch. The long time at Athens. He composed an history
mother of Agrippa, who shines in the history of Chaldea, and signalized himself by his astro
of the Jews as daughter-in-law of Herod the nomical predictions, and was rewarded for his
Great.—A daughter of Agrippa who enar learning with a statue in the gymnasium at
ried her uncle Herod, and afterwards Pole Athens. The age in which he lived is not pre
mon king of Cilicia. She was suspected of com cisely known, though some fix it in the reign
mitting incest with her brother Agrippa, [to of Alexander, or 268 years B. C. Some frag
which Juvenal alludes, 6, v. 155.] It is said ments of his Chaldaean history are preserved
that she was passionately loved by Titus, by Josephus, contra Appian, & in Antiq. Jud.
who would have made her empress but for 105. The book that is now extant under his
fear of the people.—A wife of king Atta name, and speaks of kings that never existed,
lus.--—Another, daughter of Philadelphus is a superstitious fabrication.
and Arsinoe, who married her own brother BERYTUS, an ancient town of Phoenicia, on
Evergetes, whom she loved with much ten the coast of the Mediterranean, [about 24
derness. When he went on a dangerous ex miles south of Byblus, famous in the age of
pedition she vowed all the hair of her head Justinian for the study of law, and styled by
to the goddess Venus if he returned. Some the emperor, “the mother and nurse of the
time after his victorious return, the locks laws.” The civil law was taught there in
which [had been consecrated in the temple Greek, as it was at Rome in Latin. The
which Ptolemy had built in honour of Arsi modern name is Bairout..] Plin. 5, c. 20.
moé, under the name of the Zephyrian Ve Besippo, a town of Hispania Baetica, [east
mus, on the promontory of Zephyrium in of Junonis Promontorium, where Mela was
Cyprus, were lost through the carelessness of born. [It is now Bejer.] Mela, 2, c. 6.
the priests,) and Conon, an astronomer, to BEssi, a people of Thrace, [occupying a
make his court tothe queen, publicly report district called Bessica, between Mons Rho
ed that Jupiter had carried them away, and dope and the northern part of the Hebrus.
had made them a constellation, [still called They were the most savage and inhuman of
Coma Berences, She was put to death by all the Thracians.] Ovid. Trist. 4, el. 1, v.
her son, B. C. 221. Catull, 67.-Hygin. P. 67.—Herodot. 7, c. 111.
.A. 2, c. 24.—Justin. 6, c. 3. This name Bºssus, agovernor of Bactriana, who,after
is common to many of the queens and prin the battle of Arbela, seized Darius his sove
cesses in the Ptolemean family in Egypt.— reign, and put him to death. After this mur
A city of Libya. Strab.-Mela, 3, c. 3.- der, he assumed the title of king, and was
Two towns of Arabia, Strab. 16.-One in some time aſter brought before Alexander,
Egypt, on the Red Sea, where the ships from who gave him to Oxartes, the brother of Da
India generally landed their cargoes, [and rius. The prince ordered his hands and ears
from which a road was made across the in to be cut off, and his body exposed on a cross,
tervening desert to Coptos on the Nile, by and shot at by the soldiers. Justin. 12, c.5.—
Ptolemy Philadelphus, 258 miles in length.] Curt.6and 7.—[Plutarch states that Alexan
Plin.6, c. 23. Another in Cyrenaica, near der himself punished the offender in the fol
the mouth of the river Lathorn, where itemp lowing manner: he caused two straight trees
ties into the greater Syrtis. [It was ancient to be bent, and one of his legs to be made fast
ly called Hesperis, and near it the ancients to each ; then suffering the trees to return to
located the gardens of the Hesperides. It is their former posture, his body was torn asun
now Ben-gazl or Bernic.) Id. 17. by the violence of the recoil.—Arrian
BERGion ind ALBioN, two giants, sons of der makes Alexander to have caused his mostrils
Neptune, who opposed Hercules as he at to be slit, the tips of his ears to be cut off, and
tempted to cross the Rhone, and were killed the offender after this to have been sent to
with stones from heaven. JMela, 2, c. 5.
BERöE, an old woman of Epidaurus, nurse Ecbatana and put to death in the sight of all
to Semele. Juno assumed her shape when the inhabitants of the capital of Media. Plut.
she persuaded Semele not to grant her favours in Vit. Aler.—Arrian. Erp..Aler. 4, 7.]
who discovered the murder he
to Jupiter, if he did not appear in the majesty A parricide,
of a god. Ovid. Met. 3, v. 278. The wife of had committed, upon destroying a nest of
Doryclus, whose form was assumed by Iris at swallows which, as he observed, reproached
him of his crime. Plut.
the instigation of Juno, when she advised the
BIANort, a son of Tiberius and Manto the
Trojan women to burn the fleet of MEneas in
Sicily. Virg. Jºn. 5, v. 620. daughter of Tiresias, who received the sur
BERGEA or Bruanºſ, large and popu Hename of aOcnus,
built town which he calledover
and reigned Etruria
Mantua. af.
128
 BI BI

ter his mother's name. His tomb was seen in Billbilis, a town of Celtiberia, where Mar
the age of Virgil on the road between Mantua tial was born. [Now Bambola.j.Mart. 1, ep.
and Andes. Wirg. Ecl. 9, v. 60. 50–A river of Spain, [whose waters were
BIAs, son of Amythaon and Idomene, was famous for tempering iron; now the Salo or
king of Argo-, and brother to the famous Xalon. The town of Bilbilis was situate up
soothsayer Melampus. He fell in love with on it. It flowed into the Iberus.] Justin. 44,
Perone, daughter of Neleus king of Pylos; c. 3.
but the father refused to give his daughter in B1MATER, a surname of Bacchus, which
marriage before he received the oxen of Iphi signifies that he had two mothers, because
cius. Melampus, at his brother's request, when he was taken from his mother's womb
went to seize the oxen, but was caught in the he was placed in the thigh of his father Jupi
fact. He, however, one year after received ter. Ovid...Met. 4, v. 12.
his liberty from Iphielus, who presented him BING1UM, a town [of Gaul, in Germania
with his oxen as a reward for his great ser Prima, west of Moguntiacum. It lay upon
vices. Bias received the oxen from his bro the Rhine, and is now Bingen.] Tacit. Hist,
ther, and obliged Neleus to give him his daugh 4, c. 70.
ter in marriage. Homer. Od. 11.-Paus. 2, BioN, a philosopher and sophist of Borys.
c. 6 and 18, l. 4, c. 34.—Apollod. 1, c. 9. thenes in Scythia, who rendered himself fa
One of the seven wise men of Greece, son to mous for his knowledge of poetry, music, and
Teutamidas, born at Priene, which he long philosophy. He made every body the object
saved from ruin. He flourished B. C 566, of his satire, and rendered his compositions
and died in the arms of his grandson [as he distinguished for clearness of expression, for
was pleading a cause in behalf of a friend.] facetiousness, wit, and pleasantry. He died
Diog. 1–Plut. in Symp.—Wal. Maz. 7, c. 2. 241 B. C. Diog. in vita. A Greek poet of
—Paus. 10, c. 24. Smyrna, who wrote pastorals in an elegant
BraicóLUs, (M. Furius) a Latin poet in style. Moschus, his friend and disciple, men
the age of Cicero. He composed annals in tions in an elegiac poem, that he died by poison,
iambic verse, and wrote epigrams full of wit about 300 years B. C. His Idyllia are writ
and humour, and other poems now lost. Ho ten with elegance and simplicity, purity, and
rat. 2. Sat. 5, v.41.-Quintil. 1U.—A pre ease, and they abound with correct images,
tor, &c. Pſal. Mar. 1, c. 1. such as the view of the country may inspire.
BuBlis, a woman who became enamoured There are many good editions of this poet's
of her brother Caunus, and was changed into works, generally printed with those of Mos
a fountain near Miletus. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 662. chus, [the best of which is that of Walcke
BibRActe, a large town of the AEdui in naer, L. Bat. 1810, 8vo. printed at Oxford
Gaul, [upon the Arrour, one of the branch in 1816, with additional notes by Gaisford,
es of the Ligeris or Loire. It was afterwards in the Poetae Minores Graeci.-A native
ealled Augustodunum, and is now Mutun.] of Borysthenes, who flourished in the reign
Crs. Bell. G. 7, c. 55, &c. of Antigonus Genatas. He was of mean ex
Bietilus, a son of M. Calpurnius Bibulus traction, and when young, sold as a slave to
by Portia, Cato's daughter. He was Caesar's an orator, who afterwards freed him and gave
colleague in the consulship, but of no conse him large possessions. He studied philosophy
quence in the state, according to this distich at Athens under Crates, but maintained and
mentioned by Seuton. in Jul. c. 20. followed the opinions of Theodorus, called
Won Bibulo quicquam nuper, sed Casare the Atheist. He was skilled in geometry and
acturiest : music, and also in poetry and rhetoric, and
Nam Bibulo fieri consule nil memni.--One was famous for his repartees. Hence Biomei
of the friends of Horace bore that name. 1 sermones in Horal. 2, ep. 2, v. 60.]
Sat.10, v. 86. BIs ALT+, a people of [Macedonia, above
Bicoaxia ER. a name of Bacchus, [who is Amphipolis and the coast of the Sinus Stry
armetimes represented with horns, as symbols monicus.]
of the rays of the sun, or of the virtue which BIsAltis, a patronymic of Theophane, by
he imparts to wine.] whom Neptune, under the form of a ram, had
Bicoxxis, the name of Alexander among the golden ram. Orid. Met. 6, v. 117.-Hy
the Arabians, [either expressive of his hav gin. fab. 188.
ing added the eastern to the western empire, Bisanth E, a town on the [Propontis, north
or in allusion to his medals, on which he is west of Perinthus. It was called also Roedes
sometimes represented with horns, under the tus, and is now Rodosto.]—Herodot. 7, c. 137.
Pretence that he was the son of Ammon.] Biston, son of Mars and Callirhoe, built
BIFoRMIs, (two forms,) a surname of Bac Bistonia in Thrace, whence the Thracians
:hus, who received it because he changed are often called Bistones. Herodot. 7, c. 110.
himself into an old woman to fly from the –Plin. 4, c. 14.—Lucan. 7, v. 569.
Persecution of Juno, or perhaps because he BistóNIs, a lake of Thrace, north-east of
was represented sometimes as a young and Abdera. Herodot. 7, c. 109.
ºmetimes as an old man. B1th US. vud. Bacchus.
Bufkows, a surname of Janus, because he Bithy NIA, a country of Asia Minor, for:
* represented with two faces among the merly called Bebrycia. It was bounded by
**, as acquainted with the past and fu the Euxine on the hörth, on the south by
**te. Wirg...En. 7, v. 180 Phrygia and Galatia, * the west by the
R 12
 BO BO

Propontis and Mysia, and on the east by the victory which Theseus obtained over the
Paphlagonia. [It was a well watered and Amazons in a month called at Athens Boedro
very fruitful country, and was anciently in mion.
habited by various nations, differing in man Boeotia, a country of Greece, north of At
ners, customs, and language. The Bithyni, tica. It was called Boeotia, from Boeotussº
from Thrace, gave it the name of Bithynia.] of Neptune; or, according to others, from a
Strab. 12.—Herodot. 7, c. 75.—Mela, 1 and 2. cow, by which Cadmus was led into the cour
BITow. vid. Cleobis. try where he built Thebes. The inhabitant
BiturigEs, a people of Gaul, divided from were reckoned rude and illiterate, fonder of
the AEdui by the Ligeris. [Their capital was bodily strength than of mental excellence;
Avaricum.] Caes. Bell. G.7, c. 21. yet their country produced many illustrious
BizíA, [a town on the Euxine, above Hal men; such as Pindar, Hesiod, Epaminoudas,
mydessus, the residence of Tereus, the hus Plutarch, &c. The mountains of Boeotia
band of Procne. It was shunned, say the an particularly Helicon, were frequented by the
cient poets, by swallows, on account of the muses, to whom also many of their fountains
crimes of Tereus. vid. Tereus.] and rivers were consecrated. [It had seve
BLANDusi.A, a fountain on the borders of ral other names; Ogygia, from Ogyges: Cad
the country of the Sabines near Mandela, meis, from Cadmus; Aonia, from Aon the son
Horace's country-seat; [rather in the vicini of Neptune; and Hyanthis, from Hyas the
ty of Venusia in Apulia.] Horat. 3, Od. 13. son of Atlas. It is now called Liradia, a
BLEMMYEs, a people of Africa, who, as is name which properly belongs to what was
fabulously reported, had no heads, but had the once the ancient Lebadea, now the chief city
eyes and mouth placed in the breast. [This of the country. Boeotia was next to Thessaly
fable is supposed to owe its origin to a custom the most fertile province of Greece. From
prevailing among this people, of depressing its situation upon two seas it was well adapt:
their heads between their shoulders which ed for commerce, which, however, was scarce
they forced upwards, so that their necks be ly attended to. The original inhabitant
came very short, and their heads were con were Ionians, who were subsequently dispos
cealed partly by their shoulders, and partly sessed by tribes of Hellenic descent.] Here
by their long and thick hair.] Mela, 1, c. 4. dot. 2, c. 49, 1.5, c. 57.—Ovid. Met. 3, v. 10.
BLucium, a castle where king Dejotarus —Paus. 9, c.1, &c.—C. Wep.7, c. 11. –Strab
kept his treasures in Bithynia. Strab. 12. 9.—Justin. 1, c. 6, 1.8, c. 4.—Horat. 2, ep. 3
BoADICEA. rid. Boudicea. Paus. v. 244.—Diod. 19.-Liv.27, c. 30, &c.
BoAGRIus, a river of [the Locri Epicnemi Boethius, a celebrated Roman, [born A
dii, watering the town of Thronium.] Strab. D. 470. After enjoying the highest civil hon
9. ours, and the favour of Theodoric the Gothi
Bog ALIAs, a river in the island of Salamis. king of Italy, he became suspected by tha
BocchöRIs, a wise king and legislator of monarch of being hostile to his government
Egypt. Duod. 1. and having been condemned upon false test
Bocchus, a king of Mauritania, who per mony, was committed to the tower of Patia
fidiously delivered Jugurtha to Sylla, the and there at last put to death.] It was dur
quaestor of Marius. [Many of the old editions ing his imprisonment that he wrote his cele
of Sallust read Jugurtha filia Boccho nupse brated treatise de consolatione philesophia
rat, (Jug. Bell. c. 80) instead of Bocchi, &c. in five books. [He wrote also a treatise o
thereby making Bocchus to have been Ju music, and two works on arithmetic and ge
gurtha's son-in-law. The Abbe Brotier, rely ometry.] The best edition of his works
ing upon this reading and some of Sylla's med that of Hagenau, 4to. 1491, or that of L. Ba
als, proposes to substitute in Plutarch's life of 1671, with the notis variorum.
Marius, where mention is made of Bocchus, BoII, a people of Celtic Gaul, [who inhi
the term son-in-law for father-in-law: butbited the country watered by the riverSigm
M. Vauvilliers more judiciously contends, nus, Signatus, or Igmanus, now the Sottº
from six MSS. of Sallust, and in conformity From Gaul they passed into Germany, at
with Florus, 3, 1, for the expression “father. settled in the present Bohemia, (Boierher
in-law” of Jugurtha. Bocchus obtained i.e. the residence of the Boii,) until they we
as the reward of his treachery the western expelled by the Marcomanni. Abandoni
part of Numidia, which was afterwards, in this quarter, they carried their name wi
thereign of Claudius, named Mauretania Cae them into Boiaria, Bayaria, or Barrar
sariensis, now Fez.] Sallust. Jug.—Paterc. Some suppose that the Boii were a Cell
2, c. 12. tribe who inhabited Thrace and IIlyrie,
BoDüN1, a people of Britain, who surren part of whom afterwards migrated to Bel
dered to Claudius Caesar. Dio. Cass. 60. mia..] Cre. Bell. G. 1, c.28, 1.7, c. 17.-
BornRomíA, an Athenian festival institut 4, v. 158.
ed in commemoration of the assistance which Bor, A, a town of the AEqui in Italy. Fº
the people of Athens received in the reign of JEn. 6, v. 775.
Erechtheus from Ion son of Xuthus, when Bolbe, a marsh near Mygdonia. Thut
their country was invaded by Eumolpus son 1, c. 58.
of Neptune. The word is derived aro row Bolbrtin UM, one of the mouths of
Sandgoutty, from coming to help. Plutarch Nile, with a town of the same name. Ni
in Thes, mentions it as in commemoration of cratis was built near it. Herodot. 1, c. 1"
130
 BO BO

Bolina, a virgin of Achaia, who rejected with a veil where the ceremonies were ob
the addresses of Apollo, and threw herself served. In the latter ages of the republic,
into the seato avoid his importunities. The however, the sanctity of these mysteries was
god made her immortal. There is a city profaned by the intrusion of men, [vid. Clo
which bears her name in Achaia. Paus. 7, dius,) and by the introduction of lascivious
c. 23. ness and debauchery. Juv. 6, v. 313.-Pro
Bolissrs, a town and island near Chios. #.
637.
4, el. 10, v. 25.-Ovid. de Art. Am. 3, v.
Thucyd. 8, c. 24. -

Boxiesses, a people of AEtolia. Thuryd. Bononia, [a city of Pannonia, on the Da

3, c.96. nube, north of Sirmium. Its site corresponds
Bomilcar, a Carthaginian general, son of with the modern Illock. A city of Italy.
Amilcar. He was suspected of a conspiracy vid. Felsina.-A city of Gaul, vid. Gesori
with Agathecies, and hung in the forum acum.] Val. Mar. 8, c. 1.-Ital. 8, v. 599.
where he had received all his dignity. Diod. Bonosius, an officer of Probus, who assum
26.-Justin. 22, c. 7.-An African, for ed the imperial purple in Gaul.
some time the instrument of all Jugurtha's Bonus Eventus, a Roman deity, whose
cruelties. He conspired against Jugurtha worship was first introduced by the peasants.
who put him to death. Sallust. Jug. He was represented holding a cup in his right
Bomoxicae, [a name applied to the youths hand, and in his left, ears of corn. Varro de
who were whipt at the altar of Diana Orthia R. R. 1.-Plin. 34, c. 8.
at Sparts, in honour of that goddess. The Boostika, (bovis cauda) a promontory of
festival was called Alauaariyawit, and was Cyprus, where Venus had an ancient temple.
so named are row ºzºrryºvy, i. e. from whip [Mannert makesit the same with the promon
ping. These boys were, at first, free-born tory Drepanon, or the modern Cape Blanco.]
Spartans, but afterwards of meaner birth, be Strab.
ing frequently the offspring of slaves. They Boötes, a modern constellation near the
were called Bomonica (3~aoyuza) from the Ursa Major, also called Bubulcus and Arcto
exercises they underwent at the altar, and phylax. Some suppose it to be Icarus, the
which were very severe and cruel; and lest father of Erigone, who was killed by shep
the officer should out of compassion remit any herds for inebriating them. Others maintain
of their rigour, Diana's priestess stood by all that it is Arcas, whom Jupiter placed in hea
the time holding in her hand the goddess's ven. Ovid. Fast. 3, v.405.-Cic. de JNat. D.
inage, which, say the ancients, was light and 2, c. 42.
easy to be borne, but if the boys were spar Boötus and Boeotus, a son of Neptune and
ed, became so ponderous that the priestess Melanippe, exposed by his mother but pre
was scarcely able to support its weight. The served by shepherds. Hygin. fab. 186.
parents of the boys were also present, and ex BoreñDEs, the descendants of Boreas, who
horted their sons to bear their sufferings with long possessed the supreme power and the
patience and firmness. He who showed the priesthood in the island of the Hyperboreans.
nost firmness was highly honoured. Some Duod. 1 and 2.
of the boys even died under the lash; these Boréas, the name of the [north-east] wind
they buried by a public funeral, with gar blowing from the Hyperborean mountains.
lands on their heads in token of joy and vic According to the poets he was son of Astrae
tory. The origin of this cruel custom is va us and Aurora, but others make him son of
riously accounted for by the ancient writers. the Strymon. He was passionately fond of
Some ascribe it to a wish on the part of Ly Hyacinthus, [tid. Hyacinthus] and carried
curgus to inure the Lacedaemonian youth to away Orithyia, who refused to receive his
labour and fatigue, and to render them in addresses, and by her he had Zethes and Ca
sensible to pain or wounds. Others main lais, Cleopatra and Chione. He was wor
tain that it was a mitigation of an oracle, shipped as a deity, and represented with wings
which ordered that human blood should be and white hair. The Athenians dedicated
thedon Diana's altar. Another tradition men. altars to him, and to the winds, when Xerxes
tions that Pausanias, at the battle of Plataea, invaded Europe. Boreas changed himselfin
being disturbed during the preparatory sacri to a horse, to unite himself with the mares of
flees by a party of Lydians, and his attendants Dardanus, by which he had twelve mares so
having repelled them with staves and stones, swift that they ran, or rather flew over the
the only weapons they had at the moment, in sea without scarce wetting their feet. Ho
Mituted this custom subsequently in comme mer. Il. 10, v. 222.—Hesiod. Theog. v. 379.-
ºration of the event.) Paus. 3, c. 16.- .Apollod. 3, c. 15.-Herodot. 7, c. 189.-0vid.
Pluſ, in Lye. JMet. 6, v. 700.
Boxa DEA, a name given to Ops, Vesta, BoreASMI, a festival at Athens in honour
Cybele, Rhea, by the Greeks; and by the of Boreas, who, as the Athenians supposed,
Latinº, to Fauna, or Fatua. This goddess was related to them on account of his mar
was so chaste, that no man but her husbandriage with the daughter of one of their kings.
aw her after her marriage; from which rea [vid. Orithya.] They attributed the over.
*a, her festivals were celebrated only in the throw of the enemy's fleet to the respect
*ht by the Roman matrons in the houses of which he paid to his wife's native coulº.
the highest officers of the state, and all the There were also sacrifices at Megalopolis in
**hts of the men were carefully covered honour of Boreas. Paus. Attic. & Mread.
131
 BO BR

Boays thrºw Es, a large river of Scythia, rowest part of the strait, where it is not more
falling into the Euxine sea, now called the than 500 paces across. Here Darius, is said
Dnieper. [Herodotus considers it the great to have crossed, on his expedition against the
est of the Scythian rivers after the Ister, and Scythians. A city in the Chersonesus Tau
as surpassing all others except the Nile. He rica, vid. Panticapaeum.] Plin. 4, c. 12, 1.6,
does not appear, however, to have known c. 1.-Ovid. Trist. 3, el. 4, v.49.-Mela. 1, c.
much about its course, and seeins not to have 1.—Strab. 12.-Herodot. 4, c. 85.
been apprised of the famous cataracts of this BottlA, a colony of Macedonians in
river, which occur at the height of 200 miles Thrace. The people were called Bottian.
above its mouth, and are said to extend 40 Plin. 4, c. 1.-Herodot. 7, c. 185, &c.—Thu
miles, being 13 in number. vid. Danaparis.] cyd. 2, c. 99
There was a city of the same name on the Bottiaeis, a country at the north of Ma
borders of the river, built by a colony of cedonia, on the bay of Therma. Herodot. 7,
Milesians 655 years before the christian era. c. 123, &c.
It was also called Olba Salvia. Mela, 2, c. Boudicka, a queen [of the Brigantes] in
1 and 7. A horse with which the empe Britain, who rebelled upon being insulted by
ror Adrian used to hunt. At his death he the Romans. She poisoned herself when con
was honoured with a monument. Diod. quered, A. D. 61. Tacit. Ann. 14, c. 31. [vid.
Bosporus, [a long and marrow sea, which Brigantes.]
it is supposed an ox, 88wº, may swim over. BoulāNUM, an ancient colony of the Sam
In a more general sense a long narrow sea nites, at the foot of the Apennines not far
intervening between two seas, or separating from Beneventum. Liv. 9, c. 28.
Bovillae, a town of Latium near Rome.
two continents, and by which two seas or a
gulf and a sea, are made to communicate with nia.Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 607.-Another in Campa
each other. The name, however, is chiefly
confined to two straits, the Thracian and the BRAcHMANEs, Indian philosophers, who
Cimmerian Bosporus; the former now known derive their name from Brahma, one of the
by the name of the Straits or Channel of Con three beings whom God, according to their
stantinople, the latter the Straits of Caffa or theology, created, and with whose assistance
Theodosia, or, according to a later denomi he formed the world. They devoted them
nation, the straits of Zabache. By the Rus selves totally to the worship of the gods, and
sians, however, it is commonly called the were accustomed from their youth to endure
Bosporus. Various reasons have been as: labours, and to live with frugality and absti
signed for the name. It is supposed to have nence. They never ate flesh, and abstained
been first given to the Thracian strait, and from the use of wine and all carnal enjoy
afterwards, from its similarity, to the Cim ments. [The ancient Brachmans are sup
merian. Nymphius tells us, on the authority posed to have been a tribe or numerous fa
of Accarion, that the Phrygians, desiring to mily, descended from one common ancestor,
pass the Thracian strait, built a vessel on who existed at some remote period, and was
whose prow was the figure of an ox, and that different from the progenitors of the people
the vessel was hence named the ox, (3ov;) among whom they lived. Many have sup
and the strait over which she carried them, posed the progenitor of the Brachmans to
goor aregor, Bosporus, or the ox's passage. have been the patriarch Abraham. The
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Valerius Flac Greeks usually give them the name of Gym
cus, and others of the ancient writers, refer nosophists. Pythagoras is said to have stu
the name to the history of Ino, who, when died their doctrine and manners, and to have
transformed into a cow (£ovº) by Juno, swam borrowed from them the doctrine of the Me
across this strait, to avoid her tormentor. tempsychosis. The modern Brahmins de
Arrian says that the Phrygians were direct rive their name, and pretend to derive their
ed by an oracle to follow the route which an doctrine and practice also, from the ancient
ox would point out to them, and that one Brachmans. The resemblance is striking in
being roused by them for this purpose, it some respects, but they are inferior to their
swam across the strait. The strait of the ancestors, both as philosophers and men of
Thracian Bosporus properly extended from learning.]
the Cyanean rocks to the harbour of Byzan BRANch 15 LEs, a surname of Apollo.
tium or Constantinople. It is said to be 16 BRANCHIDAE, a people of Asia near the ri
miles in length, including the windings of its ver Oxus, put to the sword by Alexander
course, and its ordinary breadth about 13 [They were descended from the Branchidae.
miles. In several places, however, it is very a family who held the priesthood of the temple
narrow; and the ancients relate that a per of Apollo Didymaeus at Didyma near Mile
son might hear birds sing on the opposite side, tus. The Persians under Xerxes plundered
and that two persons might converse across and burnt the temple, and the Branchidae,
with one another. Herodotus, Polybius, and who had betrayed it into their hands, became,
Arrian make its length 120 stadia, from the on the defeat of Xerxes, the voluntary com
Cyanean rocks to Byzantium. The new cas panions of his flight, in order to avoid the jus
tles of Europe and Asia are erected on either tice of their countrymen. They settled on
Mºst, on the site of the ancient temples of the Oxus, and grew up into a small state.
Alexander's motive in the cruel massacre of
Serapis, and Jupiter. The old ones, raised
by the Greek emperors, command the mar this people was retakration for the sacrileg
 BR BR

of their ancestors.] Strab. 11.-Curt. 7, c. tol, and left the whole city in possession of
->.
the enemy. The Gauls climbed the Tarpe
BRANchus, a youth of Miletus, son of Smi tan rock in the night, and the capitol would
crus, beloved by Apollo, who gave him the have been taken had not the Romans been
power of prophecy. He gave oracles at Di awakened by the noise of some sacred geese
dyma, which became inferior to none of th: which were kept in the temple of Juno. [vid.
Greeian oracles, except Delphi, and which \lanlius.) Camillus, who was in banishment,
exchanged the name of Didymean for that of marched to the relief of his country, and so
Branchidae. The temple, according to Stra totally defeated the Gauls that not one re
bo, was set on fire by Xerxes, who took pos. mained to carry the news of their destruc
session of the riches it contained, and trans tion. [There is great reason to question the
ported the priests into Sogdiana, where they truth of the latter part of this story. Ac
[settled, and grew up into a small city.; which cording to Polybius, the Gauls received gold
was afterwards destroyed by Alexander. from the Romans, and returned in safety to
Strab. 15.-Stat. Theb. 3, v. 479.-Lucian. their country; and this is confirmed by Jus
de Domo. tin, Suetonius, Diodorus Siculus, and partly
BRAsinas, a famous general of Lacedæ even by Livy himself, 10, c. 16.] Liv. 5, c.
mon, son of Tellus, who, after many great 36, &c.—Plut. ºn Canhull. Another Gaul,
victories over Athens and other Grecian who made an irruption into Greece, with
states, died of a wound at Amphipolis, which 150,000 men and 15,000 horse, and endea
Cleon, the Athenian, had besieged, B.C. 442 voured to plunder the temple of Apollo at
A superb monument was raised to his memory Delphi. He was destroyed with all his troops,
Paus. 3, c. 24.—Thucyd. 4 and 5.-Diod, 5. by the god, or more properly, he killed him
BRAs.II, FA, festivals at Lacedaemon, in ho self in a fit of intoxication, B. C. 278, after
mour of Brasidas. None but free born Spar being defeated by the Delphians. Paus. 10,
tans were permitted to enter the lists, and c. 22 and 23.-Justin 24, c. 6, &c.
such as were absent were fined. BRIAREUs, a famous giant, son of Coelus
BRAC Rox, a town of Attica, where Diana and Terra, who had 100 hands and 50 heads,
had a temple. The goddess had three festi and was called by men AFgeon, and only by
vals called Brauronia, celebrated once every the gods Briareus. When Juno, Neptune,
fifth year by ten men, who were called tego and Minerva conspired to dethrone Jupiter,
rates. They sacrificed a goat to the goddess, Briareus ascended the heavens, and seated
and it was usual to sing one of the books of himself next to him, and so terrified the con
Horner's Iliad. The most remarkable that spirators by his fierce and threatening looks,
attended were young virgins in yellow gowns, that they desisted. He assisted the giants in
consecrated to Diana. They were about ten their war against the gods, and was thrown
years of age, and not under five, and there under mount AEtna, ... to Some ac
fore their consecration was called Jezareviv. counts. Hesiod. Theog. v. 148.-Apollod. 1,
from fixa, decem; and sometimes agatively. c. 1.-Homer. Il. 1, v. 403.− Virg. JEn. 6, v.
as the virgins themselves bore the name of 287, l. 10, v 565. A cyclol, made judge
agxtes bears, from this circumstance. There between Apollo and Neptune, in their dispute
was a bear in one of the villages of Attica, about the Isthmus and promontory of Co
so tame, that he ate with the inhabitants, and rinth He gave the former to Neptune and
played harmlessly with them. This famili the latter to Apollo. Paus. 2, c. 1.
arity lasted long, till a young virgin treated BRIGANTEs, a people in the northern parts
the animal too roughly, and was killed by of Britain. [The greatest, most powerful,
it. The virgin's brothers killed the bear, and most ancient of the British tribes. They
and the country was soon after visited by a possessed the country from sea to sea, com
pestilence. The oracle was consulted, and prising the counties of York, Durham, Lan
the plague removed by consecrating virgins caster, Westmoreland, and Cumberland. Their
to the service of Diana. This was so faith capital was Eboracum, York.] Juv. 14, v.
fully observed, that no woman in Athens was 196.-Paus. 8, c. 43. -

ever married before a previous consecration BRIGANTINUs, a lake of Rhoetia between

to the goddess. The statue of Diana of Tau
ris, which had been brought into Greece by
Iphigenia, was preserved in the town of Brau
ron. Xerxes carried it away when he in
vaded Greece. Paus. 8, c. 46.--Strab. 9.
3rtex N1, a people of [Italy, dwelling north
of the Lacus Larius, among the Lepontine
Alps, near the sources of the Ticinus. They,
together with the Genaunes, were subdued
by Drusus, whose victory Horace celebrated.
Strabo calls them Brenci and Genaui, others
term the former Breuni.] Horat. 4, od. 14.
Brilex Nus, a general of the Galli Senones,
who invaded Italy, defeated the Romans at
the river Allia, and entered their city without
opposition. The Romans fled into the capi
the Alps, now the lake of Constance. The
town on its eastern bank is now Bregentz in
T. rol, anciently called Brigantia. Plin. 9,
c. 17.
BRIsèrs, a woman of Lyrnessus, called also
Hippodamia. When her country was taken
by the Greeks, and her husband Mines and
brother killed in the fight, she fell to the
share of Achilles in the division of the spoils.
Agamemnon took her away some time after
from Achilles, who made a vow to absent
himself from the field of battle. Briseis was
very faithful to Achilles; and when Agamem
pon restored her to him, he swore he had ne
ver offended her chastity. Homer. Il. 1, 2,
&c.—Ovid. Heroid. 3, de...Art. Am. 2 and 3
133
 BR BR

—Propert. 2, el. 8, 20 and 22--Paus. 5, c. Paus. 1, c. 33.--Tacit, in Agric. 10.-Plin.

24.—Horat. 2, od. 4. 34, c. 17.
BRIséus, a surnanie of Bacchus, from his BRITANNicus, son of Claudius Caesar by
nurse Brisa, or his temple at Brisa, a pro Messalina. Nero was raised to the throne
montory at Lesbos. Persius, 1, v. 76. in preference to him, by means of Agrippina,
BRITANN1, the inhabitants of Britain. [vid. and caused him to be poisoned. His corpse
Britannia.] A nation in Gallia Belgica. was buried in the night; but it is said that a
Plin. 4, c. 17. shower of rain washed away the white paint
BRITANNIA, [called also Albion, an island which the murderer had put over his face, so
in the Atlantic Ocean, and the largest in Eu that it appeared quite black, and discovered
rope. The Phenicians appear to have been the effects of poison. Tacit. Ann.-Sºº-u.
early acquainted with it, and to have carried in JNer. c. 33. -

on here a traffic for tin. (vid. Cassiterides.) BritomARTIs, a beautiful nymph of \º

Commercial jealousy, however, induced them daughter of Jupiter and Charme, -

to keep their discoveries a profound secret. ed herself to hunting, and became a

The Carthaginians succeeded to the Pheni favourite of Diana. She was loved by ſº
cians, but were equally mysterious. Avia nos, who pursued her so closely, that to a
nus, in his small poem entitled Ora Maritima, his importunities, she threw herself intº
v. 412, unakes mention of the voyages of a sea. Paus. 2, c. 30, 1.3, c. 14.
certain Hamilco in this quarter, and profes of Diana.
ses to draw his information from the long BR1xELLUM, [a town of Italy, in C :
concealed Punic Annals. Little was known Cispadana, north-east of Parma, where
of Britain until Caesar's time, who invaded slew himself when defeated. It is now Z čº
and eudeavoured, although ineffectually, to sello.] Tacit. Hist. 2, c. 32. %. ;:
conquer the island. After a long interval, BRIxia, a town of Italy beyond the 1%;
Ostorius, in the reign of Claudius, reduced the the north-east of Cremona, now Brzº:
southern part of the island, and Agricola, sub Justin. 20, c. 5. -
zº
seque ty, in the reign of Domitian, extended BRomius, a surname of Bacchus, ſº
the Roman dominion to the Frith of Forth Apsaur, frendere, alluding to the groans w.:
and the Clyde. The whºle force of the em Semele uttered when consumed by Jupi
pire, although exerted to the utmost under fire. Ovid. JMet. 4, v. 11.
Severus, could not, however, reduce to sub BRongus, a riverfalling into the Ister.
jection the hardy natives of the highlands. rodot. 4, c. 49. º

Britain continued a Roman province until A. RRoth Eus, a son of Vulcan and Mine
D. 426, when the troops were in a great who burned himself to avoid the ridiculº
measure withdrawn, to assist Valentinian the which his deformity subjected him. Oviſ
3d against the Hui, and never returned. Ib. v. 517. -

The Britons had tecome so enervated under Bauctºri, a people of Germany, inhal
the Roman yoke as to be unable to repel th: in: the country at the east of Holland, [????:
incursions of the lunabitants of the north. tween the Arhisia or Erus, and the Lsí; ;
They invoked therefore the aid of the Sax Flevus, or Zuyder Zee.] Tacit. Ann. 1, c. ::; *
ons, by whom they were themselves sub BRUMALiA, festivals celebrated at R. ...r.
jugated, and at length obliged to take re in honour of Bacchus, about the mont?? ...”
fuge in the mountains of Wales. The name December. They were first instituted%3%
of Britain was unknown to the Romans before Romulus.
the time of Caesar. Bochart derives the name
º
BRundusium, now Brindisi, a city of G.
from the Phoenician or Hebrew term Bara labria. on the Adriatic sea, where the Appi
fanac, the land of tin. Britain was famous road was terminated. It was founded by D
for the Roman walls built in it, of which medes after the Trojan war, or, accordi
traces remain at the present day. The first to Strabo, by a Cretan colony. [Probably :
was built by Agricola A. D. 79, nearly in the owed its origin to the Illyrians, the earlies #2
situation of the rampart of Adrian, and wall navigators in this quarter J. The Romans gº.
of Severus mentioned below. In A. D. 81, nerally embarked at Brundusium for Greece
Agricola built a line of very strong forts from ſº. was the usual landing place.
the Frith of Forth to the Frith of Clyde. t is famous for the birth of the poet Pacuvius, , ;
This, however, was insufficient to check the and the death of Virgil, and likewise for its
barbarians after his departure. In A. D. harbour, which was capacious and sheltered
º
120, therefore, Adrian erected a famous wall by the land, and by a small island at the en
from Boulness on Solway Frith, to a spot a lit trance, against the fury of the winds and
tle beyond Newcastle upon Tyne. It was 68 waves. Little remains of the ancient city, and
English or 74 Roman miles long. Twenty even its harbour has now been choked up by
years after this, Lollius Urbicus, under the the negligence of the inhabitants. Jus
emperor Antoninus, restored the second wall tin. 3. c. 4, 1.12, c. 2.-Strab. 5-Caes. Bell.
of Agricola, which is commonly called the Wal Civ. 1, c. 24.—Cic. ad Attic. 4, ep 1.
lum Antonini. But the greatest of all was that BRuttii, a people in the farthest parts of
of Severus, begun A. D. 209, and finished the Italy, who were originally shepherds of the
next year, and which was only a few yards Lucanians, but revolted, and went in quest of
north of Adrian's wall. It was garrisoned by a settlement. They received the name of
10,000 men.] Cars. #. G. 4.—Diod, 5.- Bruttii from their stupidity and cowardice in
134
 BR BR

submitting without opposition to Annibal in made him one of his most faithful friends. He
the second Punic war. They were ever after however forgot the favour, because Caesar as
held in the greatest disgrace, and employed pired to tyranny. He conspired with many of
in every servile work. [It is better to derive the most illustrious citizens of Rome against
their name, which was otherwise written the tyrant, and stabbed him in Pompey's Ba
Bretti, from the circumstance of their having silica. The tumult which this murder occa
revolted from the Lucanians. Bgºtrieve ya; sioned was great; the conspirators tie to the
xxxivri arºvratar, says Strabo (Lib. 6,) capitol, and by procliming freedom and li
speaking of the Lucanians. Justin gives a berty to the populace, they re established
third derivation, (23,1,) from a female named tranquillity in the city. Antony, whom Bru
8's sº S S X utin.33, c. 9.—Strab.6.—Diod. tus, contrary to the ºpinion of his associates,
refused to seize, gained ground in behalf of his
L. Junius, son of M. Junius, and fruend Caesar, and the murderers were soon
econd daughter of Tarquin Pris obliged to leave Rome. Brutus retired into
Greece, where he gained himself many friends
$5 by Tarquin the Proud, and Lucius, by his arms, as well as by persuasion, and he
revenge their death, pretended to was soon after pursued thither by Antony,
The artifice saved his life ; he whom young Octavius accompanied. A bat
| Brutus for his stupidity, which tle was fought at Philippi. Brutus, who
'er, soon aftershowed to be feigned. commanded the right wing of the republican
§ meretia killed herself B.C. 509, n army, defeated that opposed to him under
ºS ace ofthe brutality of Tarquin, Bru the command of Octavius; but Cassius,
-ched the dagger from the wound, who had the care of the left, was overpower
& te upon the reeking blade immortal ed by Antony; and as he knew not the situ
s otheroyal family. His example ani ation of his friend, and grew desperate, he

;;
the Romans, the Tarquins were ordered one of his freed-men to run him
bed by a decree of the senate, and through. Brutus deeply deplored his fall,
$ tal authority vested in the hands of and in the fulness of his grief called him the
: chosen from patrician families. Bru. last of the Romans. In another battle, the
: S his consular office, made the people wing which Brutus commanded obtained a
they never would again submit to victory over that of Octavius; but the
authority; but the first who violat other, commanded by the lieutenant of Cas
roath were in his own family. His sius, was defeated by Antony, who in place of
aspired with the Tuscan ambassador pursuing the fugitives, turned round on the
ºre the Tarquins; and when discover rear of Brutus, and entirely broke and dis
y were tried and condemned before persed his troops. Brutus escaped with a
lather, who himself attended at their few friends, and soon after fell upon his
tion. Some time after, in a combat that sword, B.C. 42, in the 43d year of his age
ought between the Romans and Tar according to Cicero, but in the 37th accord
: A Brutus engaged with Aruns, and so ing to Velleius Paterculus.) Antony honoured
* * was the attack that they pierced one him with a magnificent funeral. Brutus is
her at the same time. The dead body not less celebrated for his literary talents than
Abrought to Rome, and received as in tri his valour in the field. When he was in the
ph; a funeral oration was spoken over it. camp, the greatest part of his time was em
, the Roman matrons showed their grief ployed in reading and writing ; and the day
§: mourning a year for the father of the re which preceded one of his most bloody bat
xiic. Flor. 1, c. 9.-Liv. 1, c. 56, l.2, c. 1, tles, while the rest of his army was under con
; :x*
*—Dionys. Hal. 4 & 5–C. Nep. in Attic. tinual apprehensions, Brutus calmly spent
*** -Eutrop. de. Targ—Virg. AEn. 6, v. 818. his hours till the evening in writing an epi
$º-Prut. in Brut. & Caes.—Marcus Junius, tome of Polybius. He was fond of imitating
* Ather of Caesar's murderer, wrote three the austere virtues of Cato; and in reading
3 books on civil law. He followed the party the histories of nations he imbibed those prin
of Marius, and was conquered by Pompey. ciples of freedom which were so eminently
* After the death of Sylla he was besieged in displayed in his political career. He was in
3 Mutina by Pompey, to whom he surrendered, timate with Cicero, to whom he would have
: and by whose orders he was put to death. communicated his conspiracy, had he not
He had married Servilia, Cato's sister, by been apprehensive of his great timidity. He
whom he had a son and two daughters. severely reprimanded him in his letters for
Cie. de Orat. c. 55.-Plut. in Brut.—His joining the side of Octavius, who meditated
son of the same name, by Servilia, was line. the ruin of the republic. Plutarch mentions,
ally descended from J. Brutus who expelled that Caesar's ghost made its appearance to
the Tarquins from Rome. He seemed to in Brutus in his tent, and told him that he would
herit the republican principles of his great meet him at Philippi. Brutus married Por
progenitor, and in the civil wars joined him tia, the daughter of Cato, who killed herself,
self to the side of Pompey, though he was his by swallowing burning coals, when she heard
father's murderer, only because he looked the fate of her husband. C. JNep. in Attic
upon him as more just and patriotic in his Paterc.2, c. 48.-Plut, in Brut. &c. Coes. 1.
claims. At the battle of Pharsalia, Caesar Flor. 4.—D. Jun. Albinus, one of C****
not only spared the life of Brutus, but he murderers, who, after the battle of Mutina,
135
 BU BU

was deserted by the legions with which he bucolics, or pastoral poetry, is attributed to
wished to march against Antony. He was a shepherd of Sicily. [vid. Tiraboschi Storia
put to death by Autony's orders, though con della Letteratura Italiana, vol. 1, p. 75–77.]
sul elect. Bucolicum, one of the mouths of the
Bayg Es, a people of Thrace, afterwards Nile, situate between the Sebennytic and
called Phryges. Strab. 7. [vid. Phryges.] Mendesian mouths. [It is supposed to be the
Bubă Ris, a Persian, who married the same with the Phatnetic..] Herodot. 2, c. 17.
daughter of Amyntas, against whom he had Bulls, a town of Phocis, built by a colony
been sent with an army. Justin. 7, c. 13. from Doris, [on the shore of the Sinus Corin
Bubastis, a city of Egypt, in the eastern thiacus, south-east of Anticyra.] Paus. 10.
parts of the Delta, where cats were held in c. 37.-A Spartam, who, [along with his
great veneration, because Bubastis, [the countryman Sperthies,) offered himself up to
same with the Grecian Diana, who was the Xerxes, to atone for the offence his country
chief deity of the place, is said to have trans men had committed in putting the king's mes
formed herself into a cat when the gods fled sengers to death. [The king refused to re
into Egypt. [This city is called in Scripture taliate.] Herodot. 7, c. 134, &c.
Phi-Beseth, which is now altered into Basta BUNUs, a son of Mercury and Alcidamea,
It was situated on a canal leading from the who obtained the government of Corinth
Pelusiac mouth of the Nile to the canal of when Æetes went to Colchis. He built a tem
Trajan. The Pelusiac branch was sometimes ple to Juno. Paus. 2, c. 3 and 4.
called, from this city, the Bubastic. Bubas BUph Agus, a son of Japetus and Thornax,
tus was remarkable also as being the place killed by Diana, whose virtue he had attempt
where great numbers assembled to celebrate ed. A river of Arcadia bears his name. Paus.
the festival of the goddess Bubastis. More 8, c. 24. A surname of Hercules, given
than 70,000 persons were accustomed to meet him on account of his gluttony.
here on these occasions. The custom had! Buphonia, a festival in honour of Jupiter
ceasel, however, in the time of Herodotus. at Athens, where an ox was immolated.
This was the place, also, were the sacred cats | Paus. 1, c. 24.—JElian. W. H. 8, c. 3.
were interred.] Herodot. 2, c. 59, 137 and | Buphasium, a city, district, and river of
154.—Ovid. Mel. 9, v. 690. Elis. Homer. -

BUBAsus, a country of Caria, whence Bw BURA, a daughter of Jupiter, or, according

basides applied to the natives. Ovid. Met. 9, to others, of Ion and H. lice, from whom Bura
v. 643. 9. Buris, once a flourishing city in the bay of
Bucephala, a city of India, on the Hydas Corinth, received its name. This city was
pes, built by Alexander in honour of his fa destroyed by the sea. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 293.
vourite horse Bucephalus. [It is supposed —Paus. 7, c. 25.—Strab. 1 and 8.-Diod. 15.
to have been situated somewhere on the road BURA ſcus, an epithet applied to Hercules,
between Attock and Lahaur.] Curt. 9, c. 3. from his temple near Bura. A river of
–Justin. 12, c. 3.-Diod. 7. Achaia. Paus. 7, c. 25.
Buceph ALUs, [a horse of Alexander's, so Burrhus AFRANius, a chief of the prae
called either because his head resembled torian guards, put to death by Nero. A
that of an ox, (322; xºaxn.) or because he brother-in-law of the emperor Commodus.
had the mark of an ox's head impressed up Busiris, a king of Egypt, son of Neptune
on his flank; or, according to another ac and Lybia, or Lysianassa, who sacrificed all
count, because he had a black mark upon his foreigners to Jupiter with the greatest cruel
head resembling that of an ox, the rest of his ty. When Hercules visited Egypt, Busiris
body being white. Arrian. Exp. Al. 5, 19. carried him to the altar bound hand and foot.
—Plin. 8, c. 42.] Alexander was the only The hero soon disentangled himself, and of
one who could mount on his back, and he al fered the tyrant, his son Amphidamas, and
ways knelt down to take up his master. He the ministers of his cruelty, on the altar.
was present in an engagement in Asia, where [The barbarity of Busiris is a mere fable, as
he received a heavy wound, and hastened Diodorus Siculus himself confesses, and was
immediately out of the battle, and dropped grounded on a custom practised in Egypt of
down dead as soon as he had set down the sacrificing all the red-haired people they met
king in a safe place. He was 30 years old with, (most of whom were strangers, as the
when he died, and Alexander built a city in hair of the natives was seldom of this colour.)
honour of him [on the banks of the Hydas to the manes of Osiris. Bow in the Egyptian
pes, on the site of his camp before his engage language signified a tomb, whence Busiris
ment with Porus. According to Arrian, how means the tomb of Osiris. There was a city
ever, he died of the heat of the climate, and of this name in the middle of the Delta, where
of age, being about 30 years old. Arrian. was a very large temple of Isis, Sicard has
5, c. 19.]—Plut. in Alex. Curt.—Arrian. 5, described the ruins of this temple, and gives
c. 3.-Plin. 8, c. 42. us a grand idea of what it once was. (Mernor
BucolicA, a sort of poem which treats of res des Missions du Levant) The situation
the care of the flocks, and of the pleasures assigned to this place by Herodotus agrees
and occupations of the rural life, with sim with the modern village of B. Herodor.
plicity and elegance. The most famous pas 2, c. 59 and 61.—Strab. 17.-Ovid. Met. 9, v.
toral writers of antiquity are Moschus, Bion, 132.-Heroid. 9, v. 69.-Plut. in Thes.—
Theocritus, and Virgil. The invention of Pirg, G. 3, v. 5–Apollod. 2, c. 5.
136
 BY BY
=i-_*

BUTEs, one of the descendants of Amycus, hence were fabled to flow with the blood of
king of the Bebryces, very expert in the com Adonis.]
bat of the cestus. He came to Sicily, where BYRSA, a citadel in the middle of Carthage,
he was received by Lycaste, a beautiful har on which was the temple of Æsculapius. As
lot, by whom he had a son called Eryx. Ly drubal's wife burnt it when the city was tak
caste, on account of her beauty, was called en. When Dido came to Africa, she bought
Venus; hence Eryx is often callel the son of of the inhabitants as much land as could be
Venus. Pirg. .42n. 5, v. 372 encompassed by a bull's hide. After the
ButhRöTux1, now Butrinto, a sea-port agreement, she cut the hide in small thongs,
tawa of Epirus, opposite Corcyra, visited by and enclosed a large piece of territory, on
£eeas in his way to Italy from Troy. [It which she built a citadel which she called
was originally a small village, but was subse Byrsa, (39.27a, a hide.) [This is a mere fa
quently fortified by the Romans, in order to ble of the Greeks. The name is derived, by
eep in subjection the inhabitants of the in a slight transposition of letters, from the Pu
terior, and became a place of great conse nic term Byrsa, a citadel, according to Sca
quence. Virgil makes Helenus to have reign liger.] Pirg, .32n. 1, v. 371.-Strab. 17.-
ed here. Stephanus Byzantinus derives the Justin. 18, c. 5.-Flor. 2, c. 15.-Lir. 34, c.
name from an ox (3.9%) having broke loose at 62.
this place when about being sacrificed.] Virg. Byzacium, [a district of Africa Propria, ly
.#2n. 3., v. 293–Plin. 4, c. 1. ing above the Syrtis Minor. The Carthagi
Bºth Rörus, a river in Italy, [in the coun nians were the possessors of it, and for a long
try of the Bruttii, near the Locri Epizephy. time allowed no Roman vessels to navigate
rii.] the coast below the Hermean promontory,
BUTHYREts, a noble statuary, disciple to fearful lest their enemies might be tempted to
Myron. Plin. 34, c. 8. seize what formed the granary of Carthage.
BUTöA, an island in the Mediterranean, This district was originally distinct from what
below the eastern part of Crete.] Plin. 4, c. was termed Emporiae, which lay below it.
12. Afterwards, however, they became united in
ButoRides, an historian who wrote con to one, and the territory of Byzacium was ex
cerning the pyramids. Plin. 36, c. 12. tended upwards as far as the river Bagradas,
Butos, a town of Egypt, [at the Sebenny thus forming the Byzacena
tic mouth of the Nile.] where there was a
.."...ºr
Byzantiu M, a town situate on the Thra
temple of Apollo and Diana, and an oracle of cian Bosphorus, founded by a colony from Ar
Latona. [The shrine of the goddess, accord gos and Megara, under the conduct of Byzas,
ing to Herodotus, was of one solidstone, hav 658 years before the christian era. Patercu
ing equal sides, each side 40 cubits long. It ins says it was founded by the Milesians, and
was brought from a quarry in the isle of Phi by Pausanias, king of the Lacedæmonians ac
ide near the cataracts, on rafts, for the space cording to Justin,and according to Ammianus
of 200 leagues, to its destined station, and by the Athenians. [Justin is altogether wrong.
seems to have been the heaviest weight ever Pausanias probably rebuilt and fortified it
moved by human power. It employed many while commanding in the Hellespont.] The
thousand men for three years in its transpor pleasantness and convenience of its situation
tation.] Herodot. 2, c. 59 and 63. was observed by Constantine the Great, who
BuzygEs, an Athenian, who first ploughed made it the capital of the eastern Roman em
with harnessed oxen. Demophoon gave him pire, A. D.328, and called it Constantinopolis.
the Palladium with which Diomedes had in iConstantine wished it to imitate the capital
trusted him to be carried to Athens. Polyaen. of the west in size, and therefore extended
1, c. 5, the walls of the ancient Byzantium from sea
Brelis, a daughter of Miletus and Cyanea. to sea. The new city was solemnly dedicat
She fell in love with her brother Caunus, and ed by him to the God of Martyrs, according
when he refused to gratify her passion, she to Eusebius, on the 11th May, A. D. 330, and
destroyed herself. Some say that Caunus in the 25th of his reign, and from that period
became enamoured of her, and fled from his was styled after the emperor's name, Constan
country to avoid incest; and others report tinopolis, or the city of Constantine. It was
that he fled from his sister's importunities, taken by Mahomet?d on the 29th May, A. D.
who sought him all over Lycia and Caria, 1453. The Turks call it Stamboul or Istam
and at last sat down all bathed in tears, and bol, a Turkish corruption of the modern
was changed into a fountain ofthe same name. Greek phrase ºf ray ºrcair. That part of
Ovid. de Art. Am. 1, v. 284. Met. 9, v. 451. – the city which was the ancient Byzantium is
Hygin. fab. 243.-Paus. 7, c. 5. now occupied principally by the buildings
Byblus, [a maritime town of Phoenicia. and gardens of the seraglio.] A number of
nearly midway between Tripolis and Bery Greek writers, who have deserved or usurp
tus. Here Adonis was worshipped, and in ed the name of Byzantine historians, flourish
its neighbourhood ran the small river Ado ed at Byzantium after the seat of the em
nis, called at the present day, Nahr Ibrahim.
pire had been translated thither from Rome.
The waters of this stream, at the anniversary Their works, which more particulariy relate
to the time
of the death of Adonis, which was in the rai seldom readinbut
which
by they
thoseflourished,
who wish and **
to form
ny season, were tinged red with the ochrous an acquaintance with the revolution* of tº
marticles from the mountains of Libanus, and º
S 137 -
 CA CA

lower empire, were published in one large | Timoth.-Justin. 9, c. 1.--Tacit. 12. .4nn. c.
collection, in 36 vols. folio, 1648, &c. at Paris, 62 and 63.−.Mela, 2, c. 2.-Marcel. 22, c. 3
and recommended themselves by the notes | Byzas, a son of Neptune, from whom it is
and supplements of Du Fresne and Du Cange, said Byzantium received its name. [His be
They were likewise printed at Venice, 1729, ſing styled a son of Neptune, means that he
in 8 vols, though perhaps this edition is not | was a famous navigator.] Diod 4.
so valuable as that of the French. Strab. 1.- Bxzia, [vid. Bizya.]
Paterc. 2, c. 15.-C. Nep. in Paus. Alcib. &

CA CA
ſº

CAANTUS, a son of Oceanus and Tethys. CABIRíA, a surname of Ceres.

tivals of the Cabiri. vid. Cabiri.
The fes
He was ordered by his father to seek his sis
ter Malia, whom Apollo had carried away, CAcA, a goddess among the Romans, sister
and he burnt in revenge the ravisher's tem to Cacus, who is said to have discovered tº
Hercules where her brother had concealed
ple near the Isthmus. He was killed for this
impiety by the god, and a monument raised
|
his oxen. The vestals offered sacrifices in
to his memory. Paus. 9, c. 10. her temple. Lactant. 1, c. 20.
CAbALLA, [vid. Solymi.] CAcus, a famous robber, son of Vulcan
[CABALLäca, a town of Albania, now Kah and Medus, represented as a three-headed
las-var.] monster, and as vomiting flames. He resid:
CAbAlinus, a clear fountain on mount He ed in Italy, and the avenues of his cave were
lison, sacred to the muses, and called also covered with human bones. He plundered
Hippocrene, as raised from the ground by the the neighbouring country; and when Hercu
foot of Pegasus. Pers. les returned from the conquest of Geryon,
CAbAllinum, a town of the AEdui, now Cacus stole some of his cows, and dragged
ds into his cave to prevent dis
Chalons, [sur-Saone.) Cºs. 7, Bell. G. c.42. them backwar
CAbia A, [a town of Pontus, south-east of covery. Hercules departed without per
Amasia, upon the river Iris, memorable for ceiving the theft; but his oxen having lowed
the defeat of Mithridates by Lucullus in itswere answered by the cows in the cave of
Cacus, and the hero became acquainted with
vicinity.] the loss he had sustained. Heran to the place,
CABIR1, certain deities held in the greatest
veneration at Thebes, Lemnos, Macedonia, attacked Cacus, squeezed and strangled him
and Phrygia, but more particularly in the isin his arms, though vomiting fire and smoke.
lands of Samothrace and Imbros. The num | Hercules erected an altar to Jupiter Serva.
ber of these deities is uncertain. Some say tor in commemoration of his victory; and
they were only two, Jupiter and Bacchus; an annual festival was instituted by the inha:
others mention three, and some four, Aschie bitants in honour of the hero who had delir
ros, Achiochersa, Achiochersus, and Camil ered them from such a public calamity.
lus. It is unknown where their worship was Ovid. 1, Fast. v. 551–Pirg. AEn. 8, v.194.
first established ; yet Phoenicia seems to be —Propert. 3, el. 10.-Juv. 5, v. 125-Lit.
the place according to the authority of San 1, c. 7.-Dionys. Hal. 1, c. 9.
choniathon, and from thence it was introduc CAcúthis, a river of India flowing intº
ed into Greece by the Pelasgi. The festivals the Ganges; [according to Mannert, the Gº
or mysteries of the Cabiri, were celebrated ty, which falls into the Ganges, to the north
with the greatest solemnity at Samothrace, of Benares.] Arrian. Indie.
where all the ancient heroes and princes CADMEA, the citadel of Thebes, built tº
were generally initiated, as their power seem Cadmus. Stat. Theb. 8, v. 601.-Paur. 2.
ed to be great in protecting persons from c. 5.
shipwreck and storms. The obscenities CADME is, an ancient name of Boeotia.
which prevailed in the celebration have ob. CADMUs, son of Agenor king of Phot
liged the authors of every country to pass cia, by Telephassa or Agriope, was order
over them in silence, and say that it was un by his father to go in quest of his sister Fº
lawful to reveal them. These deities are ropa whom Jupiter had carried away, are
often confounded with the Corybantes, Ana he was never to return to Phoenicia if he dº
ces, Dioscuri, &c. and, according to Herodo not bring her back. As his search prorº
tus, Vulcan was their father. This author fruitless, he consulted the oracle of Apo
mentions the sacrilege which Cambyses com. and was ordered to build a city where hº
mitted in entering their temple, and turning should see a young heifer stop in the graº
to ridicule their sacred mysteries. They and to call the country Boeotia. He four
were supposed to preside over metals. [vid. the heifer according to the directions of tº
Barker's Letters to Maurice on Pagan Trini. oracle; and as he wished to thank the gº
ties, Classical Journal, vol. 3, p. 133, and vol. by a sacrifice, he sent his companions to ſetº
4, p. 93, and also Schelling uéber die Gother water from a neighbouring grove. The wº
ten ºn Samothraee.] Herodot. 2, c. 51.- ters were sacred to Mars, and guarded by *
Strab. 10,&c.—Paus. 9, c. 22, &c.—Cic. de dragon, which devoured all the Phoenicia:
Nat. D. 1. atteudants. Cadmus, tired of their seemi |
138
 *
CA CAE

*elay, went to the place, and saw the mon given him by Apollo in return for the lyre.
ster still feeding on their flesh. He attacked Various interpretations have been put upon
the dragon, and overcame it by the assist the two serpents round it. Some suppose
ance of Minerva, and sowed the teeth in a them to be a symbol of Jupiter's amours
plain, upon which armed men suddenly rose with Rhea, when these two deities transform
up from the ground. He threw a stone in ed themselves into snakes. Others say that
the midst of them, and they instantly turn it originates from Mercury's having appeas
ed their arms one against the other, till all ed the fury of two serpents that were fighting
perished except five, who assisted him in by touching them with his rod. Prudence is
building his city. Soon after he married generally supposed to be represented by these
Hermione the daughter of Venus, with whom two serpents, and the wings are the symbol
he lived in the greatest cordiality, and by of diligence; both necessary in the pursuit
whom he had a son, Polydorus, and four of business and commerce, which Mercury
daughters, Ino, Agave, Autonoe, and Semele. patronized. With it Mercury conducted to
Juno persecuted those children; and their the inſernal regions the souls of the dead, and
well-known misfortunes so distracted Cad could lull to sleep, and even raise to life a
Inus and Hermione, that they retired to Illy dead person. [Mercury was a Phoenician
ricum, loaded with grief and infirm with age. deity, and his oriental name appears to have
They entreated the gods to remove them been Casmilus. The caduceus was original
from the misfortunes of life, and they were ly nothing more than a rod adorned with
immediately changed into serpents... Some green leaves, and with a skilfully-tied knot
explain the dragon's fable, by supposing that as the symbol of traffic. In a later age these
it was a king of the country whom Cadmus decorations were changed by the poets to
conquered by war; and the armed men ris wings and serpents.] }'irg. JEn. 4, v. 242.
ing from the field is no more than men arm —Horat. 1, od. 10.
ed with brass, according to the ambiguous CAdurci, a people of Gaul, at the east of
signification of a Phoenician word. Cadmus the Garonne. [Their capital was Divona,
was the first who introduced the use of let afterwards called from their owa name, Ca
ters into Greece; but some maintain that durci, now Cahors.] Coes.
the alphabet which he brought from Phoeni CADytis, a town of Syria. [It is supposed
cia was only different from that which was by Reland to have been the same with Gath.
used by the ancient inhabitants of Greece. L'Anville, and Rennell, on the contrary, con
[vid. Pelasgi.] This alphabet consisted only jecture it to have been Jerusalem, and the
of 16 letters, [to which Simonides of Ceos latter is of opinion that Cadytis is synony
added ſour, 5, 3, 2, x, and Epicharmus the mous with Al-Kads, which means the holy.]
Sicilian, the same number, 3, n., J., a. The Herodot. 2, c. 159.
lonians first adopted all the 24 letters, and CAEcIAs, a wind blowing from the [east
from them the Samians, from whom they north-east.]
were received by the Athenians; but it was CAEc111A CAIA, or Tanaquil. rid. Tana
not until after the Peloponnesian war, under quil.
the archonship of Euclides (ol. 94, 2, B. C. CAEcil.I.A Lex, was proposed A. U.C. 693,
403,) that they were used by them in public by Caecil. Metellus Nepos, [to exempt the
acts.] The worship of many of the Egyptian city and Italy from taxes.] Another,called
and Phoenician deities was also introduced by also Didia, A. U. C. 656, by the consuls
Cadmus, who is supposed to have come into Q. Caecilius Metellus, and T. Didius. [That
Greece 1493 years before the christian era, laws should be promulgated for 3 market
and to have died 61 years after. According days,(17 days.) and that several distinct things
to those who believe that Thebes was built should not be included in the same law.]
at the sound of Amphion's lyre, Cadmus C+cilišNus, a Latin writer before the age
built only a small citadel, which he called of Cicero.
Cadmea, and laid the foundations of a city CAEcILI1, a Plebeian family at Rome, de
which was finished by one of his successors. scended from Caecas, one of the companions
Orid. Met. 3, fab. 1, 2, &c.—Herodot, 2, c. 49, of AEneas, or from Caeculus the son of Vul
1.4, c. 147-Hygin. fab. 6, 76, 155, &c.— can, who built Praeneste. This family gave
Diod. 1, &c.—Paus. 9, c. 5, &c.—Hesiod. birth to many illustrious generals and patriots.
Theog. v. 937, &c.—A son of Pandion of CAEcilius CLAUD1Us Isidorus, a man
Miletus, celebrated as an historian in the age who left in his will to his heirs, 41 16 slaves,
ºf Croesus, and as the writer of an account 3600 yokes of oxen, 257,000 small cattle,
of some cities of Ionia, in 4 books. He is 600,000 pounds of silver. Plin. 33, c. 10–
called the ancient, in contradistinction from Epirus, a freedman of Atticus, who opened
another of the same name and place, son of a school at Rome, and is said to have first
Archelaus, who wrote an history of Attica taught reading to Virgil, and some othergrow.
in 16 books, and a treatise on love in 14 ing poets. A Sicilian orator, in the age of
bººks. Diod. 1.-Dionys. Hal. 2.-Clement. Augustus, who wrote on the servile wars, a
4trand. 3.-Strab. 1.-Plin. 5, c. 29. comparison between Demosthenes and Cice
Capccr.us, arol entwined at one end by ro, and an account of the orations of Demºs
vid. Metellus.-Star
** serpents, in the form of two equal semi tius, a comicMetellus.
thenes.
poet, deservedly commended by
circles. It was the attribute of Mercury Čicero and quintilian, though the ""
and the emblem of power, and it had been
130
 CAE
**-

ad.Attuc. calls him Malum Lalinitatis aucto Pal. JMar. 1, c. 7.—Cic. 13. ad Attic. ep. 8.
ren. Above 30 of his comedies are mention Tubero, a man who came to life after he
ed by ancient historians, among which are had been carried to the burning pile. Plin.
his Nauclerus, Phocius, Epiclerus, Syracusae. 7, c. 52.-Sabinus, a writer in the age of
Faenerator, Fallacia, Pausimachus, &c. He Vespasian, who composed a treatise on the
was a native of Gaul, and died at Rome 168 edicts of the curule ediles. One of the
B. C. and was buried on the Janiculum. seven hills on which Rome was built. Romu
Horal. 2, ep. 1. lus surrounded it with a ditch and rampart,
CAEciNA Tuscus, a son of Nero's nurse, and it was enclosed by walls by the succeeding
made governor of Egypt. Suet. in Ner. kings. It received its name from Coeles Wi
A Roman who wrote some physical treatises. benna, a Tuscan leader, who came to the as
A citizen of Volaterra, defended by Ci sistance of the Romans against the Sabines.
cero. -
and obtained this hill for himself and his fol
[CAEctibus Ag ER, a district in the vicinity lowers to dwell on.]
of Formiae and Caieta in Latium, famous for CAENE or CAEN opolis, vid. Taenarus. I
its wines. Pliny (N. H. 14, 6,) informs us CAENE or C+Nopolis, a town of Egypt,
that before his time the Caecuban wine which in the Panopolitan nome, supposed to be the
came from the poplar marshes of Amycia, present Ghenné or Kenné.]
was most esteemed, but that at the period CEN IDEs, a patronymic of Eetion, as des
when he wrote, it had lost its repute through cended from Caeneus. Herodot. 5, c. 92.
the negligence of the growers, and partly CAENINA, a town of Latium near Rome,
from the limited extent of the vineyards. |[placed by Cluverius on the banks of the A
which had been nearly destroyed by the na nio.] The inhabitants, called Caninenses,
vigable canal begun by Nero from the Lare made war against the Romans when their vir
Avernus to Ostia. Galen (Athenaeus 1, 21.) gins had been stolen away. [Their king was
describes the Caecuban as a generous and du slain, their army defeated, their city rased to
rable wine, but apt to affect the head, and the ground, and themselves removed to Rome.
ripening only after many years. When new vid. Opima Spolia, and Romulus.] Ovid.
it probably belonged to the class of rough Fast. 2, v. 135.-Propert. 4, cl. 11, c. 9.—Lir.
sweet wines. It was Horace's favourite, and . c. 9.
scarce after the breaking up of the principal CAEN is, a promontory of Italy, [in the
vineyards. The best, and at the same time country of the Bruttii, north of Rhegium, and
the oldest vintage was the Opimian. L. Opi opposite Messana on the straits of Sicily, J a
mius Nepos was consul A. U. 633, in which distance of about one mile and a half.
year the excessive heat of the summer caus CAEN is, a Thessalian woman, daughter of
ed all the productions of the earth to attain Elatus, who, being forcibly ravished by Nep
an uncommon degree of perfection. vid. Fa tune, obtained from the god the power to
lernum and Massicus.] Strab. 5-Horat. 1, change her sex, and to become invulnerable.
od. 20. l. 2, od. 14, &c. She also changed her name, and was called
CAEcijLus, a son of Vulcan, conceived, as Caneus. In the wars of the Lapithae against
some say, by his mother, when a spark of fire the Centaurs she offended Jupiter, and was
fell into her bosom. He was called Coelus |overwhelmed with a huge pile of wood, and
because his eyes were small. After a life changed into a bird.—Ovid. Met. 12, v. 72
spent in plundering and rapine, he built Prae. and 479.-Virg. JEn. 6, v, 448, says that she
neste; but being unable to find inhabitants, returned again to her pristine form.
he implored Vulcan to show whether he real CAERE, or (AEREs, anciently AR GYLLA,
ly was his father. Upon this a flame suddenly now Cer-veteri, a city of Etruria, once the
shone upon a multitude who were assembled capital of the whole country. It was in being
to see some spectacle, and they were immedi in the age of Strabo. When Æneas came to
ately persuaded to become the subjects of Italy, Mezentius was king over the inhabitants
Caeculus. Wirg. JEn. 7, v. 680, says, that he |called Carretes or Caerites; but they banished
was found in fire by shepherds, and on that their prince, and assisted the Trojans. The
account called son of Vulcan, who is the god people of Caere received with all possible hos
of fire.
pitality the Romans who fled with the fire of
CAELIA LEx, [vid. Coelia Lex.] Vesta, when the city was besieged by the
C.E.Lius, an orator, disciple to Cicero. He Gauls, and for this humanity they were made
died very young. Cicero defended him when |citizens of Rome, but without the privilege of
he was accuse ! by Claudius of being acces voting; [whence the phrases, in Caeritum ta
sary to Catiline's conspiracy, and of having hulas referre aliquem, to deprive one of his
murdered some ambassadors from Alexan |right of voting, and Carite cera digni; to de
dria, and carried on an illicit amour with Clo note worthless persons. This last phrase
dia, the wife of Metellus. Orat. pro. M. Cirl. |however does not often occur. I Virg...En.8
–Quintil.. 10, c. 1. Aurelianus, a writer and 10.-Lir. 1, c. 2.-Strab. 5.
about 300 years after Christ, the best edition C+sAR, a surname given to the Julian fami
of whose works is that of Almeloveen, Amst. |ly at Rome. [Various etymologies have been
1722 and 1755. L. Antipater, wrote an his assigned to it. Pliny (N. H. 7, 9,) informs
tory of Rome, which M. Brutus epitomized, us that the first who bore the name was so
and which Adrian preferred to the histories
galled, quod case mortug matris uteronata.
of Sallust. Caelius flourished 120 years B.C. fuertt. Festus derives it from rºsaries, run
1 m)
 CAE CAE

quae matris centre prodierit. Others, because ed Romans would suffer a superior, and th
the first of the name slew an elephant, which smallest matters were sufficient ground for
is called rºsa in Punic, as Servius informs us, unsheathing the sword. Caesar's pet tions
(ad ºn. 1, 290.) The derivation of Pliny were received with coldness or indifference
is the best.] This name, after it had been ºy the Roman senate; and by the influence
dignified in the person of Julius Caesar and 1 Pompey, a decree was passed to strip him
of his successors, was given to the apparen, of his power. Antony, who opposed it as
heir of the empire in the age of the Roman tribune, fled to Caesar's camp with the news:
emperors. The twelve first Roman empe and the ambitious general no sooner heard
tors were distinguished by the surname of this than he made it a plea of resistance.
Cesar. They reigned in the following order: Ou pretence of avenging the violeuce which
Julius Caesar, Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, had been offered to the sacred office of tri
Claudius, Nero, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Ves bune in the person of Antony, he crossed the
pistan, Titus, and Domitian. In Domitian. Rubicon, which was the boundary of his pro
or rather in Nero, the family of Julius Caesar vince. [No Roman commander was allowed
was extinguished. But after such a lapse of to pass the Rubicon with an armed force, as
time, the appellation of Caesar seemed inse they entered then upon the immediate juris
parable from the imperial dignity, and there diction of the senate and people ] The , as
fore it was assumed by the successors of the sage of the Rubicon was in fact, theretore,
Julian family. Suetonius has written an ac a declaration of war, and Caesar e tered
count of these twelve characters, in an ex Italy sword in hand. Upon this Pompey,
tensive and it partial manner. C. Julius with all the friends of liberty, left Rome, and
Cesar, the first emperor of Rome, was son of retired to Dyrrachium ; and Caesar, after
L. Catsar, and Aurelia the daughter of Cotta. he had subdued ail Italy, in 60 days, entered
He was descended, according to some ac Rome, and provided himself with money
counts, from Julius the son of Æneas. When from the public treasury. He went to Spain,
he reached his 15th year he lost his father, where he conquered the partizans of Pom
and the year after he was made priest of Ju pey under Petreius, Afranius, and Varro:
piter. Sylla was aware of his ambition and and, at his return to Rome, was declared
endeavoured to remove him ; but Caesar un dictator, and soon after consul. When he
derstood his intentions, and to avoid discove left Rome he went in quest ºf Pompey, ob
ry, changed every day his lodgings. He was serving that he was marching against a gene
received into Sylla's friendship some time af. ral without troops after having defeated
ter; and the dictator told those who solicit. troops without a general in Spain. In the
ed the advancement of young Caesar, that plains of Pharsalia [in The saly, ". C 48,
they were warm in the interest of a man who the two hostile generals engaged; Pompey
would prove, some day or other, the ruin of was conquered, and fled into Egypt, where
their country and of their liberty. when he was murdered. Caesar, after he had
Caesar went to finish his studies at Rhodes made a noble use of victory, pursued his ad
under Apollonius \lolo, he was seized by pi versary into Egypt, where he for some time
rates, who offered him his liberty for 30 ta forgot his fame and character in the arms of
lents. He gave them 40, and threatened to Cleopatra, by whom he had a son. His dan
revenge their insults; and he no sooner was ger was great while at Alexandria; but he
out of their power, than he armed a ship, extricated himself with wouderful success,
pursued them, and crucified them all. His and made Egypt tributary to his power. Af.
eloquence procured him friends at Rome; ter several conquests in Africa, the defeat of
and the generous manner in which he lived Cato, Scipio, and Juba ſat. Thapsus,) and
equally served to promote his interest. He that of Pompey's sons in Spain, [at unda,J
obtained the office of high-priest at the death he entered Rome, and triumphed over five
of Metellus; and after he had passed through different nations, Gaul, Alexandria, Pontus,
the inſerior employments of the state, he was Africa, and Slain, and was created perpetual
appointed over Spain, where he signalized dictator. But now his glory was at an end;
himself by his valour and intrigues. At his his uncommon success created him enemies,
return to Rome he was made consul, and and the chief of the senators, among whom
soon after he effected a reconciliation between was Brutus his most intimate friend, conspir
Crassus and Pompey. He was appointed for ed against him, and stabbed him in the se
the space of five years over the Gauls, by the nate-house on the ides of March. He died,
interest of Pompey, to whom he had . pierced with 23 wounds, the 15th of March,
his daughter Julia in marriage. Here he en B. c. 44, in the 56th year of his age. Casca
larged the boundaries of the Roman empire gave him the first blow, and immediately, he
by conquest, and invaded Britain, which was attempted to make some resistance; but when
then unknown to the Roman people. He he saw Brutus among the conspirators, he
checked the Germans, and soon after had his submitted to his fate, and fell down at their
government over Gaul prolonged for five other feet, muffling up his mantle, and exclaiming,
years, by means of his friends at Rome. The
Tu quoque Brute Caesar might have es:
death of Julia and of Crassus, the corrupted caped the sword of the conspirators if he had
*tate
of the Roman senate, and the ambitionlistened to the advice of his wife. whose
of Casar and Pompey, soon became the causes dreams, on the night previous to the day of
ºf a civil war. Neither of these celebrat
his murder, were alarming. He also receiv
 CAE CAE

ed, as he went to the senate-house, a paper |bute his saying, that he wished rather to be
from Artemidorus, which discovered the first in a village than second at Rome. It
whole conspiracy to him ; but he neglected was after his conquest over Pharnaces [the
the reading of what might have saved his life. son of Mithridates, at Zele in Pontus, in one
When he was in his first campaign in Spain, day, that he made use of these remarkable
he was observed to gaze at a statue of Alex. words to express the celerity of his opera
ander, and even shed tears at the recollection tions: Veni, ridi, ruci. Conscious of the ser
that that hero had conquered the world at an vices of a man who, in the intervals of peace,
age in which he himself had done nothing. beautified and enriched the capital of his
The learning of Caesar deserves commenda country with public buildings, libraries, and
tion as well as his military character. He porticoes, the senate permitted the dictator
reformed the calendar. He wrote his com to wear a laurel crown on his bald head; and
it is said, that, to reward his benevolence,
mentaries on the Gallic wars on the spot
where he fought his battles; and the compo they were going to give him the title or au
sition has been admired for the elegance as thority of king all over the Roman empire, ex
well as the correctness of its style. This va cept Italy, when he was murdered. In his
luable book was nearly lost; and when Cae private character, Caesar has been accused of
sar saved his life in the bay of Alexandria, seducing one of the vestal virgins, and sus
he was obliged to swim from his ship with pected of being privy to Catiline's conspira
his arms in one hand and his commentaries cy. It is said that he conquerd 300 nations,
took 800 cities, and defeated three millions of
in the other. The history of the war in
Alexandria and Spain is attributed to him by men, one of which fell in the field of battle.
some, and by others to Hirtius. [It has been Plan. 7, c. 25, says that he could employ at
affirmed that Caesar did not write the three the same time, his ears to listen, his eyes to
books of the civil war, and even that Sueto read, his hand to write, and his mind to dic
mius was the author of the seven books on the tate. His death was preceded, as many au
Gallic war. But Vossius has vindicated Cae thors mention, by uncommon prodigies; and
sar's title to the authorship of the Commen immediately after his death a large comet
taries as they stand in the editions, though made its appearance. The best editions of Cae
he does not vouch for his accuracy or veracity sar's commentaries, are the magnificent one
on all occasions. The opinion that the ex by Dr. Clarke, fol. Lond. 1712; that of Cam
tant commentaries are not Caesar's may pos bridge, with a Greek translation, to 1727;
sibly have arisen from a confusion of circum that of Oudendorp, 2 volumes 4to. L. Bat.
stances between two works. It is believed 1737 ; and that of Elzevir, 8vo. L. Bat. 1635;
that he wrote Ephemerides, containing a jour to which may be added that of Oberlinus.
nal of his life; but they are lost. Servius ips. 1819, 8vo.] Sueton. & Plut. in vita.-
quotes them, as does also Plutarch. Frontinus Dio.—Appian.—Orisius.-Diod. 16 and ecl.
likewise seems to refer to them, since he re 31 and 37.—Virg G. 1, v. 466.-Orid. Met.
lates many of Caesar's stratagems not men 15, v. 782.-JMarcell.—Flor. 3 and 4. Lu
tioned in the commentaries, aud must in all cius, was father to the dictator. He died sud
probability have read them in the journal. denly when putting on his shoes. Octavia
The question, when Caesar wrote his commen nus. vid. Augustus. Caius, a tragic poet
taries, has been frequently agitated. Guis and orator, commended by Cic. in Brut. His
chard, (Mem. Crit. p. 539,) is in favour of the brother C. Lucius was consul, and followed,
common opinion, viz. that they were written as well as himself, the party of Sylla. They
shortly after the events themselves, 1. Be were both put to death by order of Marius.
cause Cicero, in his Brutus, a work written Lucius, an uncle of M. Antony, who
before the civil war, speaks of the commen followed the interest of Pompey, and was
taries of Caesar. 2. Because if Caesar had proscribed by Augustus, for which Antony
written his commentaries after the civil war proscribed Ci ero, the friend of Augustus.
was ended, there would not have been a la His son Lucius was put to death by J. Caesar
cuna after the 6th Book, to .be supplied by in his youth. Two sons of Agrippa bore
Hirtius. 3. Because Caesar had little leisure also the name of Caesars, Caius and Lucius.
at his disposal after the civil war. Caesar rid. Agrippa. Augusta, a town of Spain,
wrote other books, especially one on the an built by Augustus, on the Iberus, and now
alogies of the Latin tongue. A few frag called Saragossa.
ments remain, which do not impress us with [CAEsAREA insula, now the isle of Jer
a very high opinion of this performance.] sey.]
Caesar has been blamed for his debaucheries [CAEsAREA.A.d Argaeum, the capital of Cap
and expenses; and the first year he had a pub padocia, called by this name in the reign of
lic office his debts were rated at 830 talents, Tiberius, previously Mazaca. It was situate
which his friends discharged; yet, in his pub at the foot of Mount Argaeus, and is now
lic character, he must be reckoned one of the called Kaisarieh.]
few heroes that rarely make their appearance [CA's AREA Philippi, a town on the north
among mankind. His qualities were such ern confines of Palestine, in the district Tra
that in every battle he could not but be con chonitis. Its first name was Laish, changed
queror, and in every republic, master; and afterwards to Paneas, and finally to Caesarra
to his sense of his superiority over the rest of Philippi: which last was given to it by He
the world, or to his ambition, we are to attri rod's son Philip.]
142
 CA CA
—-a-

(Cesarea, the principal city of Samaria, guish them by major and minor added to
on the coast, anciently called Turris Stratonis. their names; if there were more than two,
it was made a magnificent city and port by they were distinguished by their number,
Herod, who called it Caesarea in honour of Prima, Secunda, &c. Thus, in the first case,
Augustus. It was the residence of the Ro Tullia the daughter of Cicero, Julia the
man governors.] daughter of Caesar; and in the second, Cor
[CAEsARobúNUM, now Tours, the capital nelva Major, Cornelia Minor, &c.] Quintil.
of the Turones.] 1, c. 7.
ICAEsARoMāgus, now Beauvois, the capi Q. CALABER, called also Smyrnaeus, wrote
tal of the Bellovaci.] a Greek poem in 14 books, as a continuation
[CAEs&RIs ARAE, placed by Ptolemy near of Homer's Iliad, about the beginning of the
the Tanais, in what is now the country of the third century. The best editions of this ele
Don Cossacks. They are supposed to have gant and well written book are that of Rho
been erected in honour of some one of the Ro doman, 12mo, Hanover, 1604, with the notes
man emperors, by some neighbouring prince; of Dausqueius, and that of Pauw, 8vo. L.
perhaps by Polemo, in the reign of Tiberius. Bat. 1734.
Near the source of the Tanais Ptolemy lo CALABRIA, a country of Italy in Magna
cates the Alerandri ara, which see.] Græcia. . [Its name is supposed to have been
C#saalox, the son of J. Caesar by queen derived from the oriental “Kalab” or pitch,
Cleopatra, was at the age of 13 proclaimed on account of the resin obtained from the
by Antony and his mother, king of Cyprus, pines of this country. It was also called Mes
Egypt, and Coelosyria. He was put to death sapia, and Japygia.] The poet Ennius was
five years after by Augustus. Suet. ww.Aug. born there at Rudiae. The country was
17 and Cats. 52. fertile, and produced a variety of fruits, much
CAEsius, a Latin poet, whose talents were cattle, and excellent honey. Virg. G. 3, v.
not of uncommon brilliancy. Catull. 14.— 425—Horat. 1, od. 31. Epod. 1, v. 27, 1.1,
A lyric and heroic poet in the reign of Nero. ep. 7, v. 14.—Strab.6.—Mela, 2, c. 4.—Plin.
Persiºrs. 8, c. 48
CAEsoxius MAxIMUs, was banished from CALA1s and ZEthes. rid. Zethes.
Italy by Nero on account of his friendship [CALAGURRIs, a city of the Vascones in
with Seneca, &c. Tacit. 15, Ann. c. 71. Spain, on the Iberus, now Cºlahorra.]
CA1ciNUs, [a river of Italy in Bruttium, CALĀMos, a town of Syria, near Mount
near the Epizephyrian Locri. It was in the Libanus. Plin. 5, c. 20.-A town of Phoe
vicinity of this river that the Athenians in nicia.- Another of Babylonia.
vaded the territory of the Locrians. Thucyd. CALANUs, a celebrated Indian philosopher,
3, c. 103.) one of the gymnosophists He followed Alex
CAicus, a river of Mysia, falling into the ander in his Indian expedition, and being sick,
AFgean sea, opposite Lesbos; [on its banks in his 83d year, he ordered a pile to be rais
stood the city of Pergamus, and at its month ed, upon which he mounted, decked with flow
the port of Elaea. It is supposed by some to ers and garlands, to the astonishment of the
be the present Girmasti. According to Man king and of the army. When the pile was
nert, its modern name is the Mandragorati. fired, Alexander asked him whether he had
rid. Mysius.j Virg. G. 4, v. 370.—Ovid. any thing to say: “No,” said he, “I shall
.Met 2. v. 243. meet you again in a very short time.” Alex
CA1FTA, a town and harbour of [Latium, ander died three months after in Babylon.
south-east of the promontory of Cirecii,j Strab. 15.-Cic. de Dur. 1, c. 23.−.Arriam.
which received its name from Caieta, the & Plut. in Aler.—.42 lian. 2, c. 41, l. 5, c. 6.
nurse of Æneas, who was buried there. [Thi —Val. JMar. 1, c. 8.
CALĀo N, a river of Asia Minor, in Ionia,
is a mere fable : AEneas never was in Italy.
Fºually objectionable is the etymology of near Colophon. Paus. 7, c. 3.
Aurelius Victor, who derives the name from CA1, Athion, amountain of Laconia. Paus.
zzlery, to burn, because the fleet of Æneas was 3, c. 26.
burnt here : as if the Trojans spoke Greek : CALATEs, a town of Thrace, below To
Strabo furnishes the best explanation. It mus, on the Euxine sea. Strab. 7.-Mela,
comes, according to him from a Laconian 2, c. 2.
term, denoting a hollow or cavity; in allu CALATIA, a town of Campania, on the Ap
sion perhaps to a receding of the shore. It is pian way. [Julius Caesar established in it a
now Gaeta Virg...'B'n. 7, v. 1. colony of veterans.] Sil. 8, v. 543.
CAIts and CA1A, a praenomen very com CALAUREA, and CALAURIA, [an island in
mon at Rome to both sexes. [In this word, the Sinus Saronicus, opposite Troezene.]
and also in Cnevus, the C must be pronounc Apollo, and afterwards Neptune, was the
ed like G. Quintil 1, 7.] C, in its natu chief deity of the place. The tomb of De
ral position, denoted the man's name, and mosthenes was seen there, who poisoned
when reversed it implied Caia. [Female himself to flee from the persecutions of Anti
praenomina, which were marked with an in pater. [According to an ancient trad t ºn, La
verted capital, were early disused among thetona gave it to Neptune in exchange for De
Romans. The custom after this was, in case los, whence the proverb “pro Delo Calau
there was only one daughter, to name her af ria.") Ovid Met. 7, v. 384.—Paus. 1, c. 8.
*er the gens. If there were two, to distin &c.—Strab. 8.-Mela. : c. 7.
14:
 CA CA

CALcHAs, a celebrated soothsayer, son of | He, built a temple to himself, and ordered his
Thestor. He accompanied the Greeks to head to be placed on the images of the gods,
Troy in the office of high-priest; and he in while he wished to imitate the thunders and
formed them that that city could not be taken power of Jupiter. The statues of all great
without the aid of Achilles, that their fleet men were removed, as if Rome would sooner
could not sail from Aulus b fore Iphigenia was orget her virtues in their absence ; and the
sacrificed to Diana, and that the plague could emperor appeared in public places in the
not be stopped in the Grecian army befort nost indecent manner, encouraged roguery.
the restoration of Chryseis to her father. He committed incest with his three sisters, and
told them also that Troy could not be taken established public places of prostitution. He
before ten years siege He had received the often amused himself with putting innocent
power of divination from Apollo. Calchas people to death ; he attempted to fainish
was informed that as soon as he found a man Rome by a monopoly of corn; and as he
more skilled than himself in divination, he was well pleased with the greatest disasters
must perish; and this happened near Colo. which befel his subjects, he often wished the
phon, after the Trojan war. He was unable Romans had but one head, that he might
to tell how many ſigs were in the branches of have the gratification to strike it off. Wild
a certain fig-tree ; and when Mopsus men. beasts were constantly fed in his palace with
tioned the exact number Calchas died through human victims, and a favourite horse, [named
grief vid. Mopsus. Homer. Il. 1, v. 69.- Incitatus, had a palace erected for him, do
.#Eschyl. v. Agam.–Eurºp. in Iphig–Paus. mestics assigned, and a marble stable and
1, c. 43. ivory rack made; while gilt barley was given
CALE, (es) CALEs, (ium.) and CALENUM. to him and wine out of a golden cup. Cali
now Calri, a town of Campania. [vid. Fa gula is even said to have intended him for the
lernum.] Horat. 4, od. 12.—Jur. 1, v. 69 consulship. In imitation of Xerxes, he built
—Sul. 8. v. 413.-Virg...En. 7, v. 728. a bridge of boats across the bay from Baiae
CALEdoNIA, a country at the north of Bri to Puteoli, and would perhaps have shown
tain, now called Scotland [The ancient Ca. himself more tyrannical, had not Chaereas,
ledonia comprehended all those countries [a tribune of a praetorian cohort.] formed a
which lay to the north of the Forth and Clyde.] conspiracy against his life, with others equal
The reddish hai and lofty stature of its inha. ly tired with the cruelties and the insults that
bitants seened to announce a German ex. were offered with impunity to the persons and
traction, according to Tact. in vità Agric. feelings of the Romans. In consequence of
[It was never completely subdued by the Ro this, the tyrant was murdered January 24th,
mans, though Agricola penetrated to the in his 29th year, after a reign of three years
Tay, and Severus into the very heart of the and ten months, A. D. 11. It has been said
country J Martial. 10, ep. 14.—Sil. 3, v. 598. that Caligula wrote a treatise on rhetoric :
CALENTUM, a place of Spain, on the Ibe but his love of learning is better understood
rus, where it is said they made bricks [of an from his attempts to destroy the writings of
earth resembling pumice stone, which was 'ſomer, Virgil, and Livy. Dio.—Sueton, in
so light that they swam on the surface of the ritá.—Tacut. Ann.
water. Plun. 35, c. 14. CALLAici [or CALLEc1, a people of Spain.
CALEN us, a famous soothsayer of Etruria, ºn the north-western part of the country,
in the age of Tarquin. Plin. 23, c. 2.-A They inhabited what is now Gallicia, toge
lieutenant of Caesar's army. After Caesar's 'her with the Portuguese provinces of Entre
murder, he concealed some that had been Douro y-Minho and Tras-los-Montes.] Orid,
proscribed by the triumvirs, and behaved 6, Fast. v. 461.
with 3reat honour to them. Plut. in Cups. CALLE, a sea-port town of [the Callaici,
CALEs, vid. Cale. at the mouth of the Dourius. It is now opor
CALETAE. a people of Belgic Gaul, now to From Portus Calles comes by a corrup
Pays de Cauz, in Normandy. Caes Bell. G. tion the name of modern Portugal.]
2, c. 4. [Their capital was Juliobona, now CALLIAs, an Athenian, appointed to make
Lilebonne.] peace between Artaxerxes and his country.
[CALIDIt's. L. Julius, a man remarkable /) iod. 12. A Greek poet, son of Lysima
for his riches, the excellency of his charac chus. His compositions are lost. He was
ter, his learning and poetical abilities. He ºrnamed Schoenion from his twisting ropes
was proscribed by Volumnius, but delivered (7x civov;) through poverty. Athen. 10.
by Atticus. C. Nep. in Attic. 12. A partial historian of Syracuse. He wrote an
C. Caligüla, the emperor, received thi. account of the Sicilian wars, and was well re
surname from his wearing in the camp, the warded by Agathocles, because he had shown
Caliga, ſa kind of shoe or covering for the him in a favourable view. Athen. 12–Dionys
feet, used chiefly by the common soldiers.] A rich A'henian, who liberated Cimon
He was son of Germanicus by Agrippina, from prison on condition of marrying Elpi
and grandson to Tiberius, [born A. U.C. 765. nice his sister and wife. [Cimon consented,
A. D. 12.] During the first eight months of but with great reluctance. He was after
his reign, Rome expected universal prospe wards charged with having violated the terms
rity, the exiles were recalled, taxes were re. of his agreement with Callias, which was
mitted, and profligates dismissed ; but Cali looked upon by the Athenians as adultery on
ºula soon became proud, wauton, and cruel. his part, Elpinice having become the property
144
 CA CA

of amouner. This custom of marrying sisters CALLinRöMus, a place near Thermopylae.

at Athens extended, according to Philo Ju Thucyd. 8, c. 6.
daeus, only to sisters by the same father, and CALLiMÁchus, an historian and poet of
was forbidden in the case of sisters by the Cyrene, son of Battus and Mesatma, and pu
same mother. Elpinice was taken in mar pil to Hemocrates the grammarian. He had,
riage by Cimon, because, in consequence of in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus, kept a
his extreme poverty, he was unable to pro school at Alexandria, and had Apollonius of
vide a suitable match for her. The Lacedae Rhodes among his pupils, whose ingratitude
monians were forbidden to marry any of their obliged Callimachus to lash him severely in
kindred, whether in the direct degrees of as a satirical poem, under the name of Ibis. (vid.
cent or descent ; but in the case of a collate Apollonius.) The Ibis of Ovid is an imita
ral it was allowed. Several of the barbarous
tion of this piece. He wrote a work in 120
nations seen to have been less scrupulous on books on famous men, besides treatises on
this head; the Persians especially were re birds; but of all his numerous compositions
markable for such unnatural unions.] C. only 31 epigrams, an elegy, and some hymns
Mep and Plut. in Cim. An historian, who on the gods, are extant; the best editions of
wrote an explanation of the poems of Alcaeus which are that of Ernesti, 2 vols. 8vo. L. Bat.
and Sappho. 1761, and that of [Blomfield, Lond.1815, 8vo.]
CALLicéaus, a Greek poet, some of whose Propertius styled himselſ the Roman Callima.
epigrams are preserved in the Anthologia. chus. The precise time of his death, as well
CALL rehöraus, a place of Phocis, where as of his birth, is unknown. Propert. 4, el.
the orgies of Bacchus were yearly celebrat I, v. 65.—Cic. Tusc. 1, c. 84.—Horal. 2, ep.
ed 2, v. 109.—Quintil 10, c. 1.--An Atheni
CALLici. Es, an Athenian, whose house was an ſpolemarch.jkilled in the battle of Mara
not searched, on account of his recent mar thon. His body was found in an erect pos
riage, when an inquiry was made after the ture, all covered with wounds. Plut.
money given by Harpalus, &c. . [Ulpian A Colophonian, who wrote the life of Homer.
(Pandect. 2.) states that a newly-married Plut.
man was not liable also to be summoned into CALLinus, an orator, who is said to have
court.J Plut. in Demosth. first invented elegiac poetry, B. C. 776.
CALLicolòNE, [a rocky hill near the Si Some of his verses are to be found in Stobac
mois, about 60 stadia, as is supposed by geo us. Athen.—Strab. 13.
graphers, from the mouth of the Scamander. CALllopr, one of the muses, daughter of
Strabo speaks of it as a hill of 5 stadia, but Jupiter and Mnemosyne, who presided over
whether he means by this to express its cir eloquence and heroic poetry. [She received
cumference at the base, or its diameter, is not her name from her beautiful voice, aro ret
evident. Thus much, however, is certain. xzxnt oror.] She is said to have been the
that the rocky hill which Chevalier found mother of Orpheus by Apollo, and Horace
near Bounabarehi, is very applicable to Cal supposes her able to play on any musical in
licolone as described by Strabo.] strument. She was represented with a trum
Callicrites, an Athenian, who seized pet in her right hand, and with hooks in the
upon the sovereignty of Syracuse, by impos other, which signified that her office was to
ing upon Dion when he had lost his popula take notice of the famous actions of heroes, as
rity. He was expelled by the sons of Diony Clio was employed in celebrating them; and
sius after reigning thirteen months. He is she held the three most famous epic poems of
called Callippus by some authors. C. Wep. antiquity, and appeared generally crowned
in Dion.—An officer intrusted with the care with laurels. She settled the dispute be
of the treasures of Susa by Alexander. Curt. tween Venus and Proserpine concerning Ado.
5, c. 2 An artist, who made, with ivory, nis, whose eompany these two goddesses wish
ants and other insects so small that they ed both perpetually to enjoy. [rid. Musae.]
could scarcely be seen. It is said that he en Hesiod. Theog.—Apollod. 1, c. 3.-Horat. Od.
graved some of Homer's verses upon a grain CALLIPAT'iRA, a daughter of Diagoras, and
of millet. Plin. 7, c. 21.-JElian. W. H. 1, wife of Callianax the athlete, went disguised
c. 17.-A Syrian, who wrote an account of in man's clothes, with her son Pisidorus, to
Aurelian's life. the Olympic games. When Pisidorus was de
CALLickAridas, a Spartan, who succeed clared victor, she betrayed her sex through
ed Lysander in the command of the fleet. He excess of joy, and was arrested, as women
took Methymna, and routed the Athenian were not permitted to appear there on pain
fleet under Conon. He was defeated and of death. The victory of her son obtained
killed near the Arginusae, in a naval battle, her release; and a law was instantly made,
B.C. 406. Diod. IS-Xenoph. Hist. G.— which forbade any wrestlers to appear but
One of the four ambassadors sent by the La naked. Paus. 5, c. 6, 1.6, c. 7.
cedaemonians to Darius, upon the rupture of CALLiphon, a painter of Samos, famous for
their alliance with Alexander. Curt. 3, c. his historical pieces. Plin. 10, c. 6.—A
15–A Pythagorean writer. philosopher who made the summum bonum
CALLIDrus, a celebrated Roman orator, consist in pleasure joined to the love of ho
cºntemporary with Cicero, who speaks of his nesty. This system was opposed by Cicero.
abilities with commendation. Cic, in Brut. Quæst. Acad. 4, c. 131 and 139, de Qſſic. 3,
274.—Paterc. 2. c. 36. c. 119.
t 145
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CALLiphron, a celebrated dancing-mas is said that he gave poison to his master.

ter, who had Epaminondas among his pu Plut. in Lucull.
pils. C. Nep. in Epam. CALListo and CAListo, called also He
CALLIPOL is, a city of Thrace on the Hel lice, was daughter of Lycaon king of Arca.
lespont, [opposite Lampsacus. It is now dia, and one of Diana's attendants. Jupiter
Gallipoli..] Sil. 14, v. 250-A town of saw her, and seduced her after he had assum
Sicily, [north of Catana, now Gallipoli also.] ed the shape of Diana. Her pregnancy was
A city of Calabria, on the coast of Ta discovered as she bathed with Diana; and
rentum, on a rocky island, joined by a bridge the fruit of her amour with Jupiter, called
to the continent. It is now called Gallipoli, Arcas, was hid in the woods and preserved.
and contains 6000 inhabitants who trade in Juno, who was jealous of Jupiter, changed
oil and cotton. Calisto into a bear ; but the god, apprehen
CALLipus, or CALIPPUs, an Athenian, dis sive of her being hurt by the huntsmen, made
ciple to Plato. vid. Callicrates. C. Wep. in her a constellation of heaven, with her son
Dion. A Corinthian, who wrote an his Arcas, under the name of the bear. Ovid.
tory of Orchomenos. Paus. 6, c. 29.-A .Met. 2, fab. 4, &c.—Apollod. 3, c. 8.-Hygin
general of the Athenians when the Gauls in fab. 176 and 177.—Paus. 8, c. 3.
vaded Greece by Thermopylae. Paus. 1, c. CALLIstonicus, a celebrated statuary at
Thebes. Paus. 9, c. 16.
CALLIRhöE, a daughter of the Scamander, CALList Rātus, an Athenian, appointed
who married Tros, by whom she had Îlus, general with Timotheus and Chabrias ,
Ganymede, and Assaracus.-A fountain of against Lacedæmou. Diod. 15.-An ora
Attica where Callirhoe killed herself vid. tor of Aphidna, in the time of Epaminondas, ,
Coresus. Paus. 7, c. 21.-Stat. 12, Theb. v. the most eloquent of his age.—An Athe
629.-A daughter of Lycus tyrant of Li nian orator, with whom Demosthenes made
bya, who kindly received Diomedes at his an intimate acquaintance after he had heard
return from Troy. He abandoned her, upon him plead. Xenoph.-A Greek historian
which she killed herself.-A daughter of praised by Dionys. Hal—A comic poet,
the Achelous who married Alcmaeon. vid.
rival of Aristophanes.
Alcmaeon. Paus. 8, c. 24. A daughter of CALor, now Calore, a river in Italy [which
Phocus the Boeotian, whose beauty procured rose in the mountains of the Hirpini, passed
her many admirers. Her father behaved Beneventum, and joined the Vulturnus.] Lit.
with such coldness to her lovers that they 14, c. 14.
murdered him. Callirhoe avenged his death CALPE, alofty mountain in the most south
with the assistance of the Boeotians. Plut. ern parts of Spain, opposite to mount Abyla,
.4 mat. JNarr. on the African coast. These two mountains
CALLISTE, an island of the AEgean sea, were called the pillars of Hercules. Calpe
called afterwards Thera, [and now Santorin. is now called Gibraltar, [from the Arabic
vid. Thera.] Plin. 4, c. 12.-Paus. 3, c. 1. Gibel Tarik, or mountain of Tarik, a Moorish
CALList EIA, [Beauty's rewards,) a festivalgeneral, who first led the Moors into Spain,
at Lesbos, during which all the women pre A. D. 710.-The modern name of Abyla is
sented themselves in the temple of Juno, and Ceuta. Calpe is styled by Strabo a famous
the fairest was rewarded in a public manner. Spanish sea-port, while other ancient geo
There was also an institution of the same graphers call it a mountain. Probably there
kind among the Parrhasians, first made by was a town of the same name at the foot of
Cypselus, whose wife was honoured with the the mountain.]
first prize. The Eleans had one also, in CALPURNIU's BESTIA, a noble Roman
which the fairest man received as a prize a bribed by Jugurtha. Sall. B. Jug. Crassus,
complete suit of armour, which he dedicated a patrician, who went with Regulus against
to Minerva. the Massyli. He was seized by the enemy
CALList HéNEs, a Greek who wrote an as he attempted to plunder one of their
history of his own country in 10 books, begin towns, and he was ordered to be sacrificed to
ning from the peace between Artaxerxes and Neptune. Bisaltia, the king's daughter, ſell
Greece, down to the plundering of the tem in love wiſh him, and gave him an opportu
ple of Delphi by Philomelus. Diod. 14.— nity of escaping and conquering her father.
A philosopher of Olynthus, intimate with A Calpurnius returned victorious, and Bisaltia
lexander, whom he accompanied in his ori destroyed herself—Piso, condemned for
ental expedition in the capacity of a precep using seditious words against Tiberius. Tacit.
tor, and to whom he had been recommended Hist. 4, c. 21. Titus, a Latin poet, born in
by his friend and master Aristotle. He re Sieily in the age of Dioclesian, seven a
fused to pay divine honours to the king, for whose eclogues are extant, and generally
which he was accused of conspiracy, mutilat found with the works of the poets who have
ed and exposed to wild beasts, dragged about written on hunting. Though abounding in
in chains, till Lysimachus gave him poison many beautiful lines, they are howevergreat.
which ended together his tortures and his ly inferior to the elegance and simplicity of
life, B.C. 328. None of his compositions are Virgil. The best editions are that of Kem
extant. Curt. 8, c. 6.-Plut. in Alez.-Ar pher, 4to. L. Bat. 1728, [and that of Beck,
rian. 4.-Justin. 12, c. 6 and 7.—A writer
Lips. 1803, 8vo.]
of Sybaris.-A freedman of Lucullus. It CALPURNIA, a noble family in Rome, dr.
14ſ6
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rived from Calpus son of Numa. It branch found, one before, and the other to the right
ed into the families of the Pisones, Bibuli, of the port of Tenedos.]
Caesennini, Asprenates, &c. Plun. in Num. CALYDoN, a city of Ætolia, where OEneus,
CALPURNIA LEx, enacted A. U. C. 604, the father of Meleager, reigned, [situate on
to punish such as were ſound guilty of using the river Evenus which flows through it,
bribes, &c. and it receives its name from Calydon the
CALPURN1A, the daughter of Calpurnius son of Ætolus. During the reign of CEneus,
Piso and wife of Julius Caesar. Plutarch re Diana sent a wild boar to ravage the coun
lates that on the night before Caesar's mur try, on account of the neglect which had
der, as the Roman was sleeping in his cham been shown to her divinity by the king. All
ber, the doors and windows of the room sud the princes of the age assembled to hunt this
denly flew open. Caesar, disturbed both by boar, which is greatly celebrated by the po
the noise and light, observed by the moon ets, under the name of the chase of Calydon,
shine Calpurnia in a deep sleep, uttering or the Calydonian boar. Meleager killed
broken words and inarticulate groans. She the animal with his own hand, and gave the
dreamed that she was weeping over him, as head to Atalanta, of whom he was enamour
she held him murdered in her arms. Others ed. The skin of the boar was preserved,
say, adds the biographer, that she dreamt and was still seen in the age of Pausanias in
the pinnacle of the house had fallen, which the temple of Minerva Alea. The tusks were
the senate, by way of ornament and distinc also preserved by the Arcadians in Tegea,
tion, had ordered to be erected on Caesar's and Augustus carried them away to Rome
house, and that it was this which occasioned because the people of Tegea had followed
her sobbing and tears. The next morning she the party of Antony. These tusks were
conjured Caesar not to go out that day if he shown for a long time at Rome. One of them
could possibly avoid it, but to adjourn the se was about half an ell long, and the other was
nate. Caesar, alarmed by this sudden weak broken. vid. Meleager and Atalanta. Apol
ness in Calpurnia, was at first inclined to ac lod. 1, c. 8.-Paus. 8, c. 45.-Strab. 8.-Ho
cede to her request, [but Decimus Brutus, mer. Il. 9, v. 577.--Hygin. ſab. 174.—Ovid.
who was himselfimplicated in the conspiracy, Met. 8, fab. 4, &c.—A son of AEtolus and
prevailed on him to go to the senate-house.] Pronoe daughter of Phorbas. He gave his
—A favourite of the emperor Claudius, name to a town of Ætolia.
&c. Tacit...?nn. CALYMNE, [an island of the AEgean, north
Calos Ipics, a soldier in the army of Ger west of Cos, now Calmine. Strabo praises
manicus. When this general wished to stab the flavour of its honey. It was one of the
himself with his own sword [in order to Sporades.] Art. Am. 2, v. 81.
work upon the better feelings of the Ro CALYNDA, a town of Caria. - Ptol. 5, c. 3.
man soldiery, while quelling a sedition among CALypso, one of the Oceanides, or one of
them.] Calusidius offered him his own, ob the daughters of Atlas according to some,
serving that his was sharper. Tacit. 1, Ann. was goddess of silence, and reigned in the
c. 35. island of Ogygia, whose situation and even
CALvU's Cokx. Licinius, a famous ora existence is doubted. [Some make Calypso's
tor, equally known for writing iambics. As island to be Ogygia in the Ionian sea, off the
he was both facetious and satirical, he did Lacinian promontory; others are for Aea; and
rot fail to excite attention by his animadver a third class contend for a small island op
sions upon Caesar and Pompey, and, from his posite Puteoli. The truth is, Homer knew
eloquence, to dispute the palm of oratory with very little north of Sicily, and the most ra
Cicero. Cie. ep.—Horat. 1, Sat.10, v. 19. tional conclusion appears to be, that Calypso's
Calycapsus, [a river of Cilicia Trachea, island, placed by him in the “navel of the
which flowed into the sea between the two sea,” is a mere creation of the poet's fancy.
promontories of Zephyrium and Sarpedon, Mannert's Anc. Geogr. Vol. 4, p. 23.] When
:
It now the Yersak.] Ulysses was shipwrecked on her coasts, she
Alice, a daughter of AEolus, son of He received him with great hospitality, and offer
lenus and Enaretta daughter of Deimachus. ed him immortality if he would remain with
She had Endymion, king of Elis, by Æthlius her as a husband. The hero refused, and
the son of Jupiter. Apollod. 1, c. 7.-Paus. after seven years' delay, he was permitted to
5, c. 1.-A Grecian girl, who fell in love depart from the island by order of Mercury,
with a youth called Evathlus. As she was the messenger of Jupiter. During his stay,
unable to gain the object of her love, she Ulysses had two sons by Calypso, Nausithous
threw herself from the precipice of Leucate. and Nausinous. Calypso was inconsolable at
This tragical story was made into a song by the departure of Ulysses. Homer. Od. 7 and
Stesichorus, and was still extant in the age 15.-Hesiod. Theog. v. 360.-Ovid. de Pont.
of ºthenaeus, 14. 4, ep. 18. Amor. 2, el. 17.-Propert. 1, el. 15.
CALYDNA, [a single island, according to CAMALodunum, a Roman colony in Bri
Steph. Byzant. but a groupe of islands ac tain, [the first which was established in the
cording to Homer. Some suppose that the island under Claudius. Its situation agrees
poet means the Sporades. Strabo maintains with that of Colchester.]
that he means the two islands of Calymna [CAMARicum, a town of Belgic Gaul, now
and Leros, north of Cos. D'Anville sup Cambray.]
poses that they are two rocks, which are still CAMARina, a lake of Sicily, with a town
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of the same name, built B. C. 552. It was main in obscurity. He was disappointed. Cy
destroyed by the Syracusans, and rebuilt by rus, Mandane's son, dethroned him when
a certain Hippomous. [The lake in time of grown to manhood. Herodot. 1, c. 46, 107.
drought yielded a stench which produced &c.—Justin. 1, c. 4. A river of Asia which
a pestilence, and the inhabitants consulted an flows from Mount Caucasus into the Cyrus.
oracle whether they should drain it. Al JMela, 3, c. 5.
though the oracle dissuaded them, they CAMERINUM and CAMERtium, a town of
drained it, and opened a way to their enemies Umbria, very faithful to Rome. The inhabit
to come and plunder their city. Hence arose ants were called Camertes. Liv. 9. c. 36.
the proverb, from the words of the oracle, CAMERINUs, a Latin poet, who wrote a
Mn zwu Kaaagtray, “ne moveas Camarinam,” poem on the taking of Troy by Hercules.
applied to those who by removing one evil Ovid. 4, ea. Pont. el. 16, v. 19.--Some of
will bring on a greater. Nothing now remains the family of the Camerini were distinguish
of this city but some ruins, and the name Ca ed for their zeal as citizens, as well as for
marana, given by the natives to a tower and their abilities as scholars, among whom was
a neighbouring marsh.] Virg. AEn. 3, v. 791. Sulpicius, commissioned by the Roman senate
—Strab. 6.-Herodot. 7, c. 134. to go to Athens to collect the best of Solon's
CAM bf{E, a place near Puteoli. Juv. 7, v. laws. Juv. 7, v. 90.
154. CAMILLA, queen of the Volsci, was daugh
CAMBuvii, mountains of Macedonia, [be ter of Metabus and Casmilla. She was edu
low the sources of the Aliacmon, and sepa. cated in the woods, inured to the labeurs of
rating Elymiotis from Pelagonia.] Liv. 42. hunting, and fed upon the milk of mares.
c. 53. Her father devoted her, when young, to the
CAMBYSEs, king of Persia, was son of Cy service of Diana. When she was declared
rus the Great. He conquered Egypt, and queen, she marched at the head of an army,
was so offended at the superstition of the and accompanied by three youthful females of
Egyptians, that he killed their god Apis and equal courage with herself, to assist Turnus
plundered their temples. When he wished against Æneas, were she signalized herself
to take Pelusium, he placed at the head of by the numbers that perished by her hand.
his army a number of cats and dogs; and She was so swift that she could run, or ra
the Egyptians refusing, in an attempt to de ther fly over a field of corn without bending
fend themselves, to kill animals which they the blades, and make her way over the sea
reverenced as divinities, became an easy without wetting her feet. She died by a
prey to the enemy. (Cambyses afterwards wound she had received from Aruns. P'irg.
sent an army of 50,000 men from Thebes in JEn. 7, v. 803, l. 11, v.435.
upper Egypt to destroy the temple of Jupi CAMILLI and CAMILLAE, (boys and girls,
ter Ammon; but, in their passage through the of free parents, who ministered in the sacri
desert, they were overwhelmed by the sands. fices of the Gods, especially those of Jupiter.
He himself advanced with his main army The word was borrowed from the old Etru
against the Ethiopians, but was compelled to rian language, where it was written casnil
return through want of provisions. To make ſus, and signified munister.]
amends for these ſailures, he plundered and CAMILLus, (L. Furius,) a celebrated Re
destroyed the famous city of Thebes.] He man, called a second Romulus, from his ser
killed his brother Smerdis from mere suspi vices to his country. [He was accused of hav
cion, and flayed alive a partial judge, whose ing embezzled some of the spoils taken at Veii,
skin he nailed to the judgment-seat, and ap and, being well awarehow the matter would
pointed his son to succeed him, telling him to terminate, he prevented the disgrace of a for
remember where he sat. He died of a small mal condemnation by a voluntary exile. Du
wound he had given himself with his sword ring his exile, Rome, with the exception of
as he mounted on horseback, [when hasten the Capitol, was taken by the Gauls under
ing home to punish Smerdis, one of the Magi, Brennus. Camillus, though an exile, was invit
who had seized the throne under a pretence ed by the fugitive Romans at Veii to take
of being that Smerdis whom Cambyses had command of them, but refused to act until
ordered to be put to death. An oracle, it is the wishes of the Romans besieged in the Ca
said, had predicted that he should die at Ecba pitol were known. These unanimously revok
tana, which Cambyses always thought meant ed the sentence of exile, and elected him dicta
the capital of Media; but it seems that the tor. The noble-minded Roman forgot their
small place in Syria, near which he received previous ingratitude, and marched to the relief
the wound in his thigh, was also named Echa of his country, which he delivered, after it had
tana.] His death happened 521 years before been for some time in the possession of the
Christ. He left no issue to succeed him. He enemy.] He died in the 80th year of his age,
rodot. 2, 3, &c.—Justin. 1, c.9.—Wal...Mar. B. C. 365, after he had been five times dicta
6, c. 3–A person of obscure origin, to tor, once censor, three times interrex. twice
whom king Astyages gave his daughter Man a military tribune, and obtained four triumphs.
dane in marriage. The king, who had been He conquered the Hernici, Volsci, Latini.
terrified with dreams which threatened the and Etrurians, and dissuaded his country
loss of his crown by the hand of his daughter's men from their intentions of leaving Rome to
son, had taken this step in hopes that the reside at Veii. When the besieged Falisei,
children of so ignoble*a would ever re
he rejected, with proper indignation, the ot
14?
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ſers of a schoolmaster, who had betrayed in eat of the producc of that land. The sheaves
to his hands the sons of the most worthy citi which were thrown into the river stopped
zens. Plut. in vitā.-Liv. 5.-Flor. 1, c. 13. in a shallow ford, and by the accumulated
–Diod. 14.—Pirg, JEn. 6, v. 825 ——A collection of mud became firm ground, and
name of Mercury. formed an island, which was called the Holy
CAMIRo and CLYTIA, two daughters of island, or the Island of Æsculapius. Dead
Pandarus of Crete. When their parents were carcasses were generally burnt in the Cam
dead they were left to the care of Venus. pus Martius. [The Campus Martius is the
who, with the other goddesses, brought them principal situation o modern Rome. The
up with tenderaess, and asked Jupiter to grant writers of the middle ages use this term for
them kind husbands. Jupiter, to punish upon any large plain or open place near a great ci
them the crime of their father, who was ac ty.] Strab. 5-Liv. 2, c. 5, 1.6, c. 20.
cessary to the impiety of Tantalus, ordered CAMULus, a surname of Mars among the
the harpies to carry them away and deliver Sabines and Etrurians.
them to the ſuries. Paus. 10, c. 30.-Homer. CANA, a city and promontory of Æolia,
Od. 26, v. 66. [opposite the south-eastern extremity of Les
CAmirus and CAMIRA, a town of Rhodes, hos. Off from it lie the Arginusa insula.
[on the western coast,) which received its It is now Cape Colonni.] Mela, 1, c. 18.
uame from Camirus, a son of Hercules and LCANARIA, the largest of the cluster of
Jole. [There is now a Greek village on its islands called by the ancients Beatae and
site, called Camiro, vid. Rhodus.) Homer. Fortunata unsula, and now Canary. Islands.
Il. 2, v. 163. Some suppose the name of Canaria derived
CaMgewie, a name given to the muses from from Canis, a dog, on account of the number
the sweetness and melody of their songs, a can of large dogs that were found in the island,
tº amano, or, according to Varro, carmen. two of which were presented to Juba, king of
|According to Varro and Festus, the old or. Mauretania; while others deduce the origi
thography was Casmena..] Parro de L. L. mal name from the Canaanites or Phoenicians,
o, C. -- who are said to have often sailed from the
ɺl. a country of Italy, [south-east continent to Carne, supposed to be a contrac
of Latiºn, sometimes styled from its beauty tion of Canaria. vid. Fortunatae Insulae.]
and fertility, Regio Feliz. Capua was the Plin. 5, c. 1.
chief town. The modern name is Campag CANāThus, a fountain of Nauplia, where
na.] Strab. 5-Cic. de Leg. Ag. c. 35.- Juno yearly washed herself to receive her
Justin. 20, c. 1, 1.22, c. 1.-Plin. 3, c. 5.— infant purity. Paus. 2, c. 38.
-Mela, 2, c. 4.—Flor. 1, c. 16. CANDice, a queen of £thiopia, in the age
CAMPF, kept the 100 handed monsters con of Augustus, so prudent and meritorious that
fined in Tartarus. Jupiter killed her, because her successors always bore her name, [Can
she refused to give them their liberty to come dace is said by the ancient writers to have
to his assistance against the Titans. Hesiod. been always a title for the queens of AEthio
Theog. 500—Apollod. 1, c. 2. pia, and to have implied their sovereign au
Campaspe, a beautiful concubineof Alex thority. So Pharaoh amoug the Egyptians.]
ander, whom the king gave to Apelles, who Plin. 6, c. 22.-Dio. 54.—Strab. 17.
had fallen in love with her as he drew her CANDAvia, [a district of Macedonia, bound
picture It is said that from this beauty the ed on the east by the Candavian moun
painter copied the thousand charms of his tains, supposed to be the same with the Cam
Venus Anadyomene. Plin. 35, c. 10. buria Montes of Livy, and the “Canaluvii
CAMr. Diomédis, a plainsituate in Apulia. Montes” of Ptolemy. Lucan. 6, v. 331.]
Mart. 13, ep. 93. CANDAules, or Myrsilus, son of Myrsus,
Campus MARTIus, a large plain at Rome, was the last of the Heraclidae who sat on the
without the walls of the city, where the Ro throme of Lydia. He showed his wife naked
man youths performed their exercises, and to Gyges, one of his ministers; and the queen
learnt to wrestle and box, to throw the dis was so incensed, that she ordered Gyges to
cus hurl the javelin, ride a horse, drive a murder her husband, 718 years before the
chariot, &c. The public assemblies were [of christian era. After this murder, Gyges
ten] held there, and the officers of state cho married the queen and ascended the throne.
ºn and audience given to foreign ambassa Justin. 1, c. 7.—Herodot. 1, c. 7, &c.—Plut.
dors. It was adorned with statues, columns, Symp. ---

arches, and porticoes, and its pleasant situa CANENs, a nymph, called also Venilia,
tion made it much frequented. It was called daughter of Janus and wife of Picus king of
Martius because dedicated to Mars. It was the Laurentes. When Circe had changed
sometimes called Tiberinus, from its close her husband into a bird, she lamented so
ness to the Tiber. It was given to the Ro much that she pined away and was changed
man people by a vestal virgin ; but they into a voice. She was reckoned as a deity
were deprived of it by Tarquin the Proud, by the inhabitants. Orid. Met. 14, fab 9.
who made it a private field, and sowed corn CANEphoria, festivals at Athens in ho
in it. When Tarquin was driven from Rome, nour of Bacchus, or, according to others, of
the people recovered it, and threw away Diana, in which all marriageable women of
into the Tiber, the corn which had grown fered small baskets to the deity, and receiv
there, deeming it unlawful for any man to ed the name of Canephore, whence statues
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representing women in that attitude were the right. On the Roman side, want of union
called by the same appellation. Cic, in Verr. 4. among the two consuls, and want of spirit
CKNiculāREs DIEs, [certain days in the among the men, afforded a sure omen of the
summer, preceding and ensuing the heliacal fortune of the day. AEmilius commanded the
rising of Canicula or the dog-star in the right, Varro the left wing; the proconsuls Re
morning. The ancients believed that this gulus and Servius, who had been consuls the
star, rising with the sun, and joining his in preceding year, had charge of the centre.
fluence to the fire of that luminary, was the What Annibal ſoresaw took place. The
cause of the extraordinary heat which usual charge of the Romans, and their immense su.
ly prevailed in that season; and accordingly periority in numbers, at length broke his
they gave the name of dog-days to about 6 centre, which giving way inwards, his army
or 8 weeks of the hottest part of summer. now assumed the shape of a concave cres
This idea originated with the Egyptians, and cent. The Romans in the ardour of pursuit
was borrowed from them by the Greeks. were carried so far as to be completely sur
The Romans sacrificed a brown dog every rounded. Both flanks were assailed by the
year to Canucula, at its rising, to appease its veterans of Annibal, who were armed in the
rage.] Manilius. Roman manner; at the same time the caval
ANIDIUs, a tribune, who proposed a law ry of the Carthaginians attacked their rear,
to empower Pompey to go only with two lic and the broken centre rallying, attacked them
tors, to reconcile Ptolemy and the Alexandri in front. The consequence was that they
ans. Pºut. in Pomp. were nearly all cut to pieces. The two pro
CANINEFATEs, [a people of Germania consuls, together with Æmilius the consul,
Superior, of common origin with the Batavi, were slain. Varro escaped with 70 horse to
and inhabiting the western part of the insula Venusia. The Romans lost on the field of
Batavorum.] Tacit. Hist. 4, c. 15. battle 70,000 men ; and 10,000 who had not
C. CAN inius REBILUs, a consul with J. been present in the fight were made prison
Caesar, after the death of Trebonius. He ers. The Carthaginian loss amounted to
was consul only for seven hours, because his 5,500 infantry and 200 cavalry. Such is the
predecessor died the last day of the year, and account of Polybius, whose statement of the
he was chosen only for the remaining part of fight is much clearer and more satisfactory
the day; whence Cicero observed, that Rome than that of Livy. Annibal has been cen
was greatly indebted to him for his vigilance, sured for not marching immediately to Rome
as he had not slept during the whole time of after the battle, in which city all was conster
his consulship. Cic. 7, ad Fam. ep. 33.— nation. But a defence of his conduct may be
Plut. in Caes. found under the article Annibal, which see.
CAN1Us, a poet of Gades, contemporary Polyb. 3, c. 113 et seq.]—Liv. 22, c. 44.—
with Martial. Mart. 1, ep. 62. Flor. 2, c. 6.-Plut. in Annib.
CANNAE, a small village of Apulia near the CANôpicum ostrum, one of the mouths of
Aufidus, where Annibal conquered the Ro the Nile, twelve miles from Alexandria.
man consuls P. A.mylius and Terentius Var [Near its termination is the lake Madie or
ro on the 21st of May, B.C. 216. The spot JMaadié, denoting in Arabic, passage, which
where this famous battle was fought is now is the remains of this branch. This lake has
shown by the natives, and denominated the no communication with the Nile except at
field of blood. [The Greek writers, espe the time of its greatest increase. It is merely
cially Polybius, make the name singular, a salt-water lagoon.] Paus. 5, c. 21.
Kayva. There is an exception to this, how CANöpus, a city of Egypt, twelve miles
ever, in the 15th Book, c. 7 and 11, where from Alexandria, celebrated for the temple
the plural form is used by Polybius. This of Serapis. It was founded by the Spartans,
decisive victory was owing to three combinedand received its name from Canopus, the pilot
of the vessel of Menelaus, who was buried in
causes, the excellent arrangements of Annibal,
the superiority of the Numidian horse, and this place. The inhabitants were dissolute
the skilful manoeuvre of Asdrubal in oppos. in their manners. Virgil bestows upon it the
ing only the light armed cavalry against that epithet of Pellarus, [in allusion to the Mace
of the Romans, while he employed the hea. donian conquest of the country. Near the
vy horse, divided into small parties, in re ruins of Canopus is built the modern .4boukir,
/#!: attacks on different parts of the Ro called by Mariners Bekier] Ital. 11, v. 433.
man rear. The Roman army contained —JMela, 1, c. 9.-Strab. 17.-Plin. 5, c. 31.-
80,000 infantry and 6000 cavalry, the Cartha Wirg. G.4, v. 287. The pilot of the ship
ginians 40,000 infantry and 10,000 cavalry. Menelaus, who died in his youth on the coast
Annibal drew up his forces in the form of a of Egypt by the bite of a serpent. Mela, e,
convex crescent, having his centre thrown c. 7.
forward before the wings, He commanded in CANTABRI, a ferocious and warlike people
the centre in person, and here he had pur of Spain who (long resisted the Roman pow
posely stationed his worst troops, the best er. Their country answers to Biscay and
were posted at the extremities of each wing, part of Asturias. Augustus marched in per
which would enable them to act with deci son against them, anticipating an easy victo
sive advantage as bodies of reserve, they be ry. The desperate resistance of the Canta
ing in fact in the rear of the other forces. brians, however, induced him to retire to
Asdrubal commanded the left wing, Hanno Tarraco, and leave the management of the
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war to his generals. They were finally re CAPELLA, an elegiac poet in the age of J.
duced, but rebelling soon after, were decreed Caesar. Ovid. de Pont. 4, el. 16, v. 36.- .
to be sold as slaves. Most of them, however, Martianus, a Carthaginian, A. D. 490, who
preferred falling by their own hands.] Liv. wrote a poem on the marriage of Mercury
3, v. 329.-Harat. 2, od. 5 and 11. and Philology, and in praise of the liberal
CANTābriz LAGus, a lake among the Can arts. [The best editions are, that of Grotius,
tabri in Spain where a thunderbolt fell, and L. Bat, 1599, 8vo. and that of Goez, Norimb.
in which twelve axes were found. Suet. in 1794, 8vo.]
Galº. 8. Car#NA, a gate of ancient Rome, [now the
CANT HARus, a famous sculptor of Sicyon. gate of St. Sebastian, south-east of modern
Paus. 6, c. 17. Rone..] Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 192.
CANTium, a country in the [south-east CAPEN1, a people of Etruria, in whose ter
ern extremity] of Britain, now called Kent. ritory Feronia had a grove and a temple.
[The name is derived from the British word Virg. Jºn. 7, v. 697–Liv. 5, 22, &c.
cant, signifying an angle or corner.] Caes CAPétus, a king of Alba, who reigned 26
Bell. G. 5. years. Dionys.
CANULEIA, one of the first vestals chosen CAPHAREus, a lofty mountain and pro
by Numa. Plut.—A law. vid. Camuleius. montory [in the south-eastern part] of Eu
C. CANULEius, a tribune of the people boea, where Nauplius, king of the country, to
of Rome, A. U.C. 310, who made a law to revenge the death of his son Palamedes, slain
render it constitutional for the patricians and by Ulysses, set a burning torch in the dark
plebeians to intermarry. It ordained also ness of night, which caused the Greeks to be
that one of the consuls should be yearly cho shipwrecked on the coast. [It is now called
sen from the plebeians. Liv. 4, c. 3, &c.— Capo d'Oro, and, in the infancy of naviga
Flor. 1, c. 17. tion, was reckoned very dangerous on ac
CANUsium, now Canosa, a town of Apu count of the rocks and whirlpools on the
lia, [on the Aufidus,) whither the Romans coast.] Virg. AEn. 11, v. 260–Ovid. Met.
fled after the battle of Cannae. It was built 14, v. 481.-Propert. 4, el. 1, v. 115.
by Diomedes, and its inhabitants have been CApito, the uncle of Paterculus, who join
called bilingues because they retained the ed Agrippa against Crassus. Patercul. 2, c.
language of their founder, and likewise adopt 69.--An historian of Lycia, who wrote an
ed that of their neighbours. . [That Diomedes account of Isauria in eight books.-A poet
built this city is a mere fable, that it was of who wrote on illustrious men.
Greek origin, however, is attested by the epi Capitolini Lupi, games yearly celebrated
thet the Romans applied to it. It appears at Rome in honour of Jupiter, who preserv
to have been originally a place ofgreat trade, ed the capital from the Gauls.
and Strabo informs us that the compass of the Capitolinus, a surname of Jupiter, from
old walls even in his time plainly shewed that his temple on mount Capitolinus. A sur
the city had once been a very large one.] name of M. Manlius, who, for his ambition,
Horace complained of the grittiness of their was thrown down from the Tarpeian rock
bread. The wools and the cloths of the place which he had so nobly defended. A moun
were in high estimation. [It was a very tain at Rome, called also Mons Tarpeius
splendid city in the reign of Trajan, and af and Mons Saturni. The capitol was built
terwards, in consequence of its wealth, suffer upon it.—Julius, an author in Dioclesian's
ed severely from the attacks of the barbari reign, who wrote an account of the life of
ans. The present town stands on the foun Verus, Antoninus Pius, the Gordians, &c.
dation of the old citadel, and contains only most of which are now lost.
CAPitóLium, a celebrated temple and ci
about 300 houses.] Horat. 1, Sat.10, v. 30.
—Mela, 2, c. 4.—Plin. 8, c. 11. tadel at Rome, on the Mons Capitolinus.
CANUsius, a Greek historian under Pto [The foundations were laid by Tarquinius
lemy Auletes. Plut. Priscus, A.U.C. 139, B. C. 615. The walls
CANUTius TIBERINUs, a tribune of the were raised by his successor Servius Tullius,
people, who, like Cicero, furiously attacked and Tarquinius Superbus finished it, A. U.C.
Antony when declared an enemy to the state. 231, B.C. 533. It was not, however, conse
His satire cost him his life. Patercul.2, c. 64. crated until the 3d year after the expulsion of
CAPANEus, a noble Argive, son of Hippo the kings. This ceremony was performed by
nous and Astinome, husband to Evadne. He the consul Horatius. It covered 8 acres, was
was so impious, that when he went to the 200 feet broad and about 215 long. It con
Theban war, he declared that he would take sisted of three parts, a nave sacred to Jupi
Thebes even in spite of Jupiter. Some con ter, and two wings or ailes, the right to Mi
tempt provoked the god, who struck him dead nerva and the left to Juno.] The ascent to
with a thunderbolt. His body was burnt se it from the forum was by a hundred steps.
parately from the others, and his wife threw The magnificence and richness of this tem
herself on the burning pile to mingle her ple are almost incredible. All the consuls
ashes with his. It is said that Æsculapius successively made donations to the capitol,
restored him to life. Ovid. Met. 9, v.404.— and Augustus bestowed upon it at one time
Stat. Theb. 3, &c.—Hygin. fab. 68 and 70. 2,000 pounds weight of gold. [The gilding
-Euripid. in Phoeniss. & Supp.–Eschyl. of the whole arch of the temple of Jupiter,
Sept. ante Theb. which was undertaken after the destruction
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-z-

of Carthage, cost, according to Plutarch, cia mostly bore the name of Ariarathes =
21,000 talents. The gates of the temple were Horat. 1. ep. 6, v. 39.—Plin. 6, c. 3–Cur
of brass, covered with large plates of gold. 3 and 4.—Strab. 11 and 16.-Herodot. 1, c.
The inside of the temple was all of marble. 73, l. 5, c. 49.—JMela, 1, c. 2, 1.3, c. 8
It was adorned with vessels and shields of CAppädox, a river of Cappadocia.[boup.
solid silver, with golden chariots, &c. It was ing it on the side of Galatia and falling into
burnt in the time of Sylla, A. U. C. 670, B. the Halys.J Plin. 6, c. 3.
C. 34, through the negligence of those who CAPRARíA, now Cabrera, a mountain is
kept it, and Sylla rebuilt it, but died before land on the coast of Spain, [south of Baleari
the dedication, which was performed by Q. Major, or Majorca,] famous for its goats
Catulus, A. U. C 675.] It was again de Plin. 3, c. 6.-[One of the Insulae Fortu.
stroyed in the troubles under Vitellius, [19th natae, or Canaries, now Gomera.]
December, A. D. 69 ;) and Vespasian, who CKPREAE, now Capri, an island on the coast
endeavoured to repair it, saw it again in ruins of Campania, abounding in quails, and famous
at his death. Domitian raised it again, for for the residence and debaucheries of the em.
the last time, and made it more grand and peror Tiberius during the seven last years
magnificent than any of his predecessors. [A of his life. The island, in which now several
very few traces of it remain. On a part of medals are dug up expressive of the liced
the ancient site stands the modern Capitol, tious morals of the emperor, was about 40
where the courts of justice are now held. miles in circumference, and surrounded by
The Italians have corrupted the name to steep rocks. . [It abounds so much with vari
Campidoglio.] When they first dug for the ous birds of passage, but especially with
foundations, they found a man's head called quails, that the greatest part of the bishop's
income arises from this source. Hence it has
Tolius, sound and entire in the ground, and
from thence drew an omen of the future been called the “Bishopric of Quails.” In
greatness of the Roman empire. The hill bad years the number caught is about 12,000,
was from that circumstance called Capitoli in good years it exceeds 60,000. The island
nus, a capite Toli. The consuls and magis is surrounded by steep rocks, which render
trates offered sacrifices there when they first the approach to it very dangerous. In the
entered upon their offices, and the procession centre the mountains recede from each other
in triumphs was always conducted to the ca and a vale intervenes remarkable for its beau
pitol. Virg .42n. 6, v. 136, i. 8, v. 347– ty and fertility. The climate of the island
Tacit. 3. Hist. c. 72—Plut, in Poplic.—Lir. is a delightful one; the lofty rocks on the coast
1, 10, &c.—Plin. 33, &c. —Sueton. in Aug. keep off the cold winds of winter, and the
c. 40. sea-breeze tempers the heat of summer.]
CAppāDocíA, a country of Asia Minor, Ovid. Met. 15, v. 709.-Suet in Tib.-Staf.
[bounded on the north by Galatia and Pon Sulv. 3, v. 5.
tus; west by Phrygia; east by the Euphrates; CAPREAE PALUs, a place near Rome,
and south by Cilicia. Its eastern part was where Romulus disappeared. Plut. in Rom
called Armenia Minor.] It receives its name —Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 491.
from the river Cappadox, which separates CAPRicornus, a sign of the Zodiac, in
it from Galatia, [or, according to Herodian, which appear 28 stars in the form of a goat,
from Cappadocus the founder of this king supposed by the ancients to be the goat
dom.] The inhabitants were called Sy Amalthaea which fed Jupiter with her milk.
rians and Leuco-Syrians by the Greeks. Some maintain that it is Pan, who changed
They were of a dull and submissive disposi himself into a goat when frightened at the
tion, and addicted to every vice, according to approach of Typhon. When the sun enters
the ancients, who wrote this virulent epigram this sign it is the winter solstice, or the long
against them. est night in the year. [The stars, however,
Wipera Cappadocen nocitura momordit; at having advanced a whole sign to the east.
illa Gustato periit sanguine Cappudocis. Capricorn is now rather the eleventh sign;
When they were offered their freedom and and it is at the sun's entrance into Sagittarius
independence by the Romans, they refused it, that the solstice happens: though the ancient
and begged of them a king, and they received manner of speaking is still retained.] Manit.
Ariobarzanes. . [They come in also for a 2 and 4.—Horat. 2, od. 17, v. 19.-Hygin.
share of the old proverb of the three K’s, fab. 196, P. A. 2, c. 28.
“rgia warra kakista,” viz. Cappadocians, CAprificialis, a day sacred to Vulcan, cm
Cretans, and Cilicians.] It was some time af. which the Athenians offered him money.
tergoverned by a Roman proconsul. Though Plan. 11, c. 15.
the ancients have ridiculed this country for the CAPRIPEDEs, a surname of Pan, the Fauni,
unfruitfulness of its soil and the manners of and the Satyrs, from their having goat's feet.
its inhabitants, yet it can boast of the birth of CAProTINA, a festival celebrated at Rome
the geographer Strabo, St. Bazil, and Gre in July in honour of Juno, at which women
gory Nazianzen, among other illustrious cha %.officiated. (cid. Philotis.) Parro de
racters. The horses of this country were in L. L. 5.
the highestesteem for their shape and swift CAPsA, town of Libya, [in the district of
ness, and with these they paid their tributes Byzacium, north of the Palus Tritonis, sur
to the king of Persia, while under his power, rounded by vast deserts. Here Jugurths
for want of money. The kings of Cappado kept his treasures. It was surprised by
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Marius, and destroyed in the war of Caesar ed twenty-eight years. Dionys. Hal.—Wirg.
and Metelius Scipio. It was afterwards re JEn. 6, v. 768. -

built, and is now Gifsa.] Flor. 3, c. 1.--Sall. CAR, a son of Manes, who married Callir
Bell. Jug. hoe, daughter of the Maeander. Caria re
CAPúA, [a rich and flourishing city, the ceived its name from him. Herodot. 1, c.
capital of Caupania until ruined by the Ro 171.
mans. Its original name was Vulturnus, CARäcALLA. rid. Antoninus.
which was changed by the Tyrrheni, after CARAcătes, a people of [Germania Pri
they became masters of the place, to Capua ma, in Belgic Gaul. Their country answers
This latter name was derived from that of now to the diocese of Maience.]
their leader Capys, who, according to Fes CARActicus, a king of the Britons, con
tus, received this appellation from his feet quered by [Ostorius Scapula,] an officer of
being deformed and turned inwards. The Claudius Caesar, A. D. 47, [and brought to
uame is not of Latin but Tuscan origin. The Rome. He was pardoned by Claudius, who
Latins, however, pretended notwithstanding, was struck with admiration of his manly en
to ascribe the foundation of the city to Ro durance of misfortune.] Tacit. Ann. 12, c.
mulus, who named it, as they stated, after 33 and 37.
one of his ancestors. Capua was the chief CARālis, (or es, iwm,) the chief city of
city of the southern Tyrrheni; and even aſ Sardinia; [now Cagliari.J Paus. 10, c. 17.
ter it fell under the Roman dominion, conti CARAMBls, now Karempi, a promontory of
nued to be a powerful and flourishing place. Paphlagonia. Meia, 1, c. 19.
Before Capua passed into the hands of the CARANUs, one of the Heraclidae, the first
Romans a dreadful massacre of its Tyrrhe who laid the foundation of the Macedonian
nian inhabitants by the Samnites put the ci empire, B. C. 814. He took AEdessa, and
ty into the hands of this latter people. Livy reigned twenty-eight years, which he spent
appears to have confounded this event with in establishing and strengthening the govern
the origin of the place, when he makes it to inent of his newly founded kingdom. He
have changed its name from Vulturnus to was succeeded by Perdiccas. Justin. 7, c. 1.
Capua, after the Samnite leader Capys. It —Paterc. 1, c. 6.
is very remarkable that retaliation should CARAUsius, a tyrant of Britain for seven
have followed in a later age from the hands years, A. D. 293.
of the Romans, themselves in part of Tyrrhe CARRo, a Roman who embraced the party
nian, that is, Pelasgian descent. Capua deep of Marius, and after the death of Cinna suc.
ly offended them by opening its gates to An ceeded to the government. He was killed in
nibal after the victory of Cannae. The ven Spain, in his third consulship, by order of
geance inflicted by the Romans was of a most Pompey. Wal. Mac. 9, c. 13.
fearful nature, when five years after the city CARchidon, the Greek name of Carthage.
again ſell under their dominion. Most of the CARciNUs, a tragic poet of Agrigentum in
senators and principal inhabitants were put the age of Philip of Macedon. He wrote on
to death, the greater part of the remaining the rape of Proserpine. Diod. 5.
citizens were sold into slavery, and by a de CARcinus, a constellation, the same as
cree of the senate the Campani ceased to ex Cancer. Lucan. 9, v. 536.
ist as a people. The city and territory, how CARDIA, a town, in the Thracian Cherso
ever, did not become thereupon deserted. A nesus, [at the top of the Sinus Melanis. It
few inhabitants were allowed to remain in was destroyed by Lysimachus when he found
the former, and the latter was in a great mea. ed Lysimachia a little south of it. It derived
sure sold by the Romans to the neighbouring its name from being built in the form of a
communities. Julius Caesar sent a powerful heart. It was also called Hexamilium, be
colony to Capua, and under the emperors it cause the isthmus is here about 6 miles
again flourished. But it suffered greatly from across. It was afterwards rebuilt, and is now
the barbarians in a later age; so much so in Heramili..] Plun. 4, c. 11.
fact, that the Bishop Landulfus and the Lom CARDúchi, a warlike nation [in the north
bard Count Lando transferred the inhabit ern parts of Assyria, inhabiting the moun
ants to Casilinum, on the Vulturnus, 19 sta tains. They were of Scythian origin, and
dia distant. This is the site of modern Ca the progenitors, as is supposed, of the modern
pua.] Virg. JEn. 10, v. 145.-Liv. 4, 7, 8, Curds. vid. Assyria J Diod. 14.
&c.—Paterc. 1, c. 7, l. 2, c. 44.—Flor. 1, c. CAREs, a nation which inhabited Caria,
15.-Cie. in Philip. 12, c. 3.-Plut. in Ann. and thought themselves the original posses
Carys, a Trojan who came with Æneas sors of that country. They became so pow
into Italy, and founded Capua. [But see erful that their country was not sufficiently
preceding article.] He was one of those who, extensive to contain them all ; upon which
against the advice of Thymoetes, wished to they seized the neighbouring islands of the
destroy the wooden horse which proved the Fgean sea. These islands were conquered
destruction of Troy. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 145. by Minos, king of Crete, [and the Cretans '
—A son of Assaracus by a daughter of the dislodged, according to Thucydides: but He
Simois. He was father of Anchises by The rodotus, states that they were allowed to re
mis. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 33. main in possession on condition of *::::::
Carys SY1.vius, a king of Alba who reign his fleet with a certain number of vessels.
II 153 -
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Nileus, son of Codrus, invaded their country, her looks when giving oracles, as iſ careñº
and slaughtered many of the inhabitants, mentis. She was the oracle of the people of
{and many other colonies of Greeks came Italy during her life, and after death she re
in succession, who drove the original inha ceived divine honours. She had a temple at
bitants to the mountains.] In this calamity, Rome, and the Greeks offered her sacrifices
the Carians, surrounded on every side by ene under the name of Themis. Ornd. Fast. 1, v.
mies, [and reduced to poverty, constructed 467, l. 6, v. 530.-Plut. in Romul.-Pirg,
vessels,) and soon after made themselves ter JEn. 8, v. 339.-Liv. 5, c. 47. -

rible by sea. They were anciently caller CARMENTALEs, festivals at Rome in ho

Leleges. Herodot. 1, c. 146 and 171.—Paus. nour of Carmenta, celebrated the 11th of Ja
1, c. 40.-Strab. 13.—Curt. 6, c. 3.-Justin. nuary near the Porta Carmentalis, below the
13, c. 4.—Virg. JEn. 8, v. 725. capitol. This goddess was entreated to ren
CARIA, [a country of Asia Minor, south der the Roman matrons prolific and their la:
of Lydia. It was for some time called Phoe bours easy. Liv. 1, c. 7.
micia, because the Phoenicians had considera CARMENTALIs Porte, one of the gates of
ble establishments in it; and afterwards took Rome in the neighbourhood of the capitol.
the name of Caria from Car, one of its ancient It was aſterwards called Scelerata, because
kings. It comprehended the small district the Fabii passed through it in going to that
of Doris, to the south-west, while in the fatal expedition where they perished. P'ing.
south, the Rhodians possessed a part called JEn. 8, v. 238. -

Peroea. rid. Cares.] CARNA and CARD1NEA, a goddess at Rome

CARIATE, a town of Bactriana, where Al who presided over hinges, as also over the
exander imprisoned Callisthenes. [It was entrails and secret parts of the human body.
destroyed by Alexander.] She was originally a nymph called Grane,
CARILLA, a town of the Piceni, destroyed whom Janus ravished, and for the injury, he
by Annibal for its great attachment to Rome. gave her the power of presiding over the ex
Sil. Ital. 8. terior of houses, and of removing all noxious
CARINAE, [a street of Rome, where Cice. birds from the doors. The Romans offered
ro, Pompey, and others of the principal Ro her beans, bacon, and vegetables, to represent
mans dwelt. It was curved at the top like the simplicity of their ancestors. Ovid. Fasi.
the keel of a ship, whence the name. Ac 6, v. 101, &c.
cording to others, the roofs resembled the CARNERDEs, a philosopher of Cyrene in
hulls of ships inverted. The Romans appli Africa, founder of a sect called the third or
ed the name of Carina to all buildings in the New Academy. The Athenians sent him
form of a ship's keel, as the moderns give with Diogenes the stoic, and Critolaus the
the name nare to the middle or principal peripatetic, as ambassadors to Rome, B. C.
vault of Gothic churches, because it has that 155. [Carneades excelled in the vehement
figure.] Virg.JEn. 8, v. 361.-Horat. 1, ep. 7. and rapid,Critolaus in the correct and elegant,
CARINUs, (M. Aurelius,) a Roman who and Diogenes in the simple and modest kind
succeeded his father Carus as emperor. [He of eloquence. Carneades in particular at
was infamous for his debaucheries and cruel. tracted the attention of his new auditory
ties. Dioclesian, elected emperor of the Ro by the subtlety of his reasoning and the
man army assembled at Chalcedon, encoun fluency of his language. Before Galba, and
tered him near the Danube. The conflict Cato the Censor, he harangued with great
however would probably have terminated in variety of thought and copiousness of diction
favour of Carinus, had he not in the heat in praise of justice. The next day, to esta
of battle been stabbed by one of his own tri blish his doctrine of the uncertainty of human
bunes, whose wife he had seduced.] knowledge, he undertook to refute all his
CARisicum, a town of ancient Gaul, now former arguinents. Many were captivated
Cressy. - by his eloquence; but Cato, apprehensive
CARMANIA, [a country of Asia, between lest the Roman youth should lose their mi
Persia and India, now herman. Its capital litary character in the pursuit of Grecian
was Carmania or Kerman, south-east of Per learning, persuaded the senate to send back
sepolis.] Arrian.—Plin. 6, c. 23. these philosophers, without delay, to their
CARMELUs, [a god of the Syrians who own schools. Carneades obtained such high
dwelt near Mount Carmel. He had an altar, reputation at home, that other philosophers,
but no temple. According to Tacitus, a priest when they had dismissed their scholars, fre
of this deity predicted to Vespasian that he quently came to hear him. It was the doc
would be emperor.] Tacit. Hist. 2, c. 78.- trine of the New Academy, that the senses,
Sueton. Vesp. 5. the understanding, and the imagination, fre
CARM Enta and CARM Entis, a prophet quently deceive us, and therefore cannot be
ess of Arcadia, mother of Evander, with
infallible judges of truth; but that, from the
whom she came to Italy, and was received impressions which we perceive to be produc
y king Faunus, about 60 years before the ed on the mind by means of the senses, we
Trojan war. . [Hyginus, (fab. ult.) says that infer appearances of truth or probabilities.
she was the first who introduced int. Italy He maintained that
the old 16 Greek letters. rid. Evander.] respond they do not always cor
Her name was Nicostrala, and she receiv there is tonotheinfallible
real nature of things, and that
method of determin
*" that of Carmentis from the wildnes of ing when they are true or false, and conse.
15:1
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Ruently that they afford no certain criterion Carthage, a rich and commercial nation. vid.
of truth. Nevertheless, with respect to the Carthago.
conduct of life, Carneades held that pro CARTHAGo, a celebrated city of Africa,
bable appearances are a sufficient guide, be the rival of Rome, and long the capital of the
cause it is unreasonable that some degree of country, and mistress of Spain, Sicily, and
credit should not be allowed to those wit Sardinia. “The precise time of its foundation
messes who commonly give a true report. He is unknown, yet most writers seem to agree
maintained that all the knowledge the human that it was first built by Dido about 869
mind is capable of attaining is not science, years before the christian era, or, according
but opinion.] Cre. ad Attic. 12, ep. 23. de to others, 72 or 93 years before the founda
Orat. I and 2.-Plin. 7, c. 30.--Lactantias 5, tion of Rome. {vid. Byrsa.] This city and
c. 14.—Pal. Mar. 8, c. 8. republic flourished for 737 years, and the
CARNEIA, a festival observed in most of time of its greatest glory was under Annibal
the Grecian cities, but more particularly at and Amilcar. During the first Punic war,
Sparta, where it was instituted about 675 B. it contained no less than 700,000 inhabitants.
C. in honour of Apollo surnamed Carneus. It maintained three famous wars against
It lasted nine days, and was an imitation of Rome, called the Punic wars, (vid. Punicum
the manner of living in camps among the Bellum) in the third of which Carthage was
ancients.
totally destroyed by Scipio, the second Afri
CARNüTEs, a people of Gaul, [south-west canus, B. C. 147, and only 5000 persons were
of the Parisii. Their capital was Autricum, found within the walls. It was 24 miles in
afterwards called Carnutes, and now Char circumference, and when it was set on fire by
tres.] Cars. Bell. G. 6, c. 4. the Romans, it burned incessantly during i7
(CARPKTEs, a long chain of mountains in days. After the destruction of Carthage,
the northern parts of Dacia, called also Alpes Utica became powerful, and the Romans
Bastarnicae, now Mount Krapack.] thought themselves secure ; and as they had
CARPATHUs, an island in the Mediterra no rival to dispute with them in the field, they
mean, between Rhodes and Crete, now called fell into indolence and inactivity. Caesar
Scarpanto. It has given its name to a part planted a small colony on the ruins of Car
of the neighbouring sea, thence called the thage. [Augustus sent there 3000 men, and
Carpathian sea, between Rhodes and Crete. built a city at a small distance from the spot
Carpathus was at first inhabited by some on which ancient Carthage stood, thus avoid
Cretan soldiers at Minos. It was 20 miles ing the ill effects of the imprecations which
in circumference, and was sometimes called had been pronounced by the Romans at the
Plin. time of its destruction against those who
Tetrapolis, from its four capital cities,
4, c. 12-Herodot. 3, c.45–Diod. 5.—Strub. should rebuild it..] Adrian, after the exam
19.
ple of his imperial predecessors, rebuilt part
CARPophor.A, a name of Ceres and Pro of it, which he called Adrianopolis. Car
serpine in Tegea. Paus. 8, c. 53. thage was conquered from the Romans by
CARRAE and CARRHAE, a town of Mesopo the arms of Genseric, A. D. 439; and it was
tamia, near which Crassus was killed. [It for more than a century the seat of the Van
lay to the south-east of Edessa, and was a dal empire in Africa. [It was at last destroy
very ancient city. It is supposed to be the ed by the Saracens under the Caliphat of Ab
Charran of Scripture, whence Abraham de del Melek towards the end of the 7th cen
parted for the land of Canaan.] Lucan. 1, v. tury. According to Livy, Carthage was 12
105--Plin. 5, c. 14. miles from Tunetum or Tunis, a distance
CARRiNites SEcundus, a poor but in which still subsists between that city and a
genious rhetorician, who came from Athens to fragment of the western wall of Carthage.]
Rome, where the boldness of his expressions, The Carthaginians were governed as a re
especially against tyrannical power, exposed public, and had two persons yearly chosen
him to Caligula's resentment, who banished among them with regal authority. They
him. Jur. 7, v. 205. were very superstitious, and generally offered
CARs Eöll, a town of the AEqui, at the west human victims to their gods ; an unnatural
ºf the lake Fucinus. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 683. custom, which their allies wished them to
CARTEIA, a town of Spain, supposed to be abolish, but in vain. They bore the charac
the same as Calpe. [Its position has given ter of a faithless and treacherous people, and
rise to much dispute. It does not appear the proverb Punica fides is well known. [The
however to have been the same with Calpe. Greeks called Carthage, Kagxnday, and the
D'Anville locates it at the extremity of a Carthaginians, Katzºoyou. . The name of
fulf which the mountain of Calpe covers on Carthage was in Punic, Carthada, or the new
the east; but Mannert, more correctly, at the city, being founded, not by Dido, as the com
very extremity of the strait below Algesiras.) mon account states, but by fugitives from
CARTÉNA, a town of Mauritania (Caesari Tyre, whom domestic dissensions had driven
ensis, now Ténez, on the shores of the Medi from home, and who called their new place
terranean. of residence, the new city, in contradistinction
CARTHAEA, a town in the island of Cea, to the old. A specimen of the Carthaginian
whence the epithet of Cartheius. Ovid. Met. language, with a translation by Bochart, may
7, v. 368. be seen in the Poenulus of Plautus, Act. 5,
CARTHAGINIENSEs, the inhabitants of Scen, 1. In the total decay of the Phoenicic
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Punic literature we have nothing left for the Probus. He was a prudent and active gene
critical examination of these languages, be ral; he conquered the Samaritans, and con
side the passage of Plautus just mentioned, tinued the Persian war which his predecessor
except a few insulated words found in old had commenced. He reigned two years, and
authors; inscriptions and coins found princi died on the banks of the Tigris as he was go
pally in Phoenician colonies ; and lastly, pro ing on an expedition against Persia, A. D.
per names of persons and places, so far as 283. He made his two sons, Carinus and
they have an appellative signification and Numerianus, Caesars; and as his many vir
etymology in the language of the country. tues had promised the Romans happiness, he
Respecting the relation of the Hebrew and was made a god after death. Eutrop.
Phoenician we have the following results: 1. CARYA, a town of Arcadia. A city of
The greater part of those Phoenician words Laconia. Paus. 3, c. 10. Here a festival
which are correctly decyphered, coincide was observed in honour of Diana Caryatis.
closely with the ancient Hebrew, even in It was then usual for virgins to meet at the
words and forms which are quite peculiar to celebration, and join in a certain dance, said
the Hebrew, and which, namely, in the Ara to have been first instituted by Castor and
maic, sound otherwise. 2. Deviations rare Pollux. When Greece was invaded by Xer
ly occur, and may be considered as provin xes, the Laconians did not appear before the
cial; for example, the alphabetical, names, enemy for fear of displeasing the goddess
axpa, &c. (with a kind of st. emphat. or fe by not celebrating her festival. At that time
minine form); Edom for Dom, blood: the the peasants assembled at the usual place,
frequent use of the vowels u and i in the and sang pastorals called Bovkoawo wet, from
Punic. We must look for the greater part of Bovkoxor, a meat-herd. From this circumstance
the deviations more especially in the vowels. some suppose that bucolics originated. Stat.
3. The words which cannot be recognised 4. Theb. 225.
are usually as little to be found in the other CARYANDA, a town and island on the coast
dialects as in the Hebrew. Akerblad also of Caria, now Karacoion.
considers the Phoenician and Hebrew to have CARYATAs, a people of Arcadia. [It is
been anciently the very same, but blames said that they joined the Persians upon their
Bochart and his followers for mingling to invading Greece, and that, after the expulsion
gether many Oriental dialects for the purpose of the invaders, the Greeks made war upon
of finding support for their conjectures, and the Caryatae, took their city, slew all the
consequently forming a Phoenician tongue males, carried the women into slavery, and
altogether unlike the true one. As regards decreed by way of ignominy, that their im
the literary progress of the Phoenicians and ages should be used as supporters for public
Carthaginians we may observe that it does edifices. Hence the Caryatides of ancient
not appear to have been insignificant at least. architecture. No trace of this story howev
Pliny (N. H. 18, 5,) makes mention of libra er is to be found in any Greek historian, and
ries. Of Phoenician authors we can name as no small argument against its credibility may
historians, Sanchuniathon (comp. Bochart. be deduced from the situation of the Carya
Canaan, c. 17.); Moschus, (Jos. Antiq.1, 3, tae, within the Peloponnesus. A writer in the
Strabo. 16,); Theodotus, (Tatiani Orat. e. Museum Criticum, (Vol. 2, p. 402,) suggests,
Gent. no. 37) and Dios (Jos. Apion. 1, 17.) that these figures were so called from their
Of the Carthaginians, Mago on husbandry, resembling the statue of Agreate Kagwater, or
(Plin. l.c.); and Hanno, author of the Pe the Laconian virgins, who celebrated theirat
riplus. vid. Oxford Classical Journal, no. 65, mººl dance in her temple ; and he refers to
p. 123.] Strab. 17.-Virg. JEn. 1, &c.— Mela, Paus. 3. c. 10.-Lucian. Salt. 10.-Plut. Pºtt.
1, &c.—Ptol. 4.—Justin.—Liv. 4, &c.—Pa 4rtºr.]
terc. 1 and 2.-Plut. *n Annib. &c.—Cic.— CARY stus, a maritime town on the south
Nóva, a town built in Spain, on the coast of of Euboea, still in existence, famous for [the
the Mediterranean, by Asdrubal the Cartha quarries of marble found in Mount Ocha,
ginian general. It was taken by Scipio, when near the southern extremity of which range
Hanno surrendered himself after a heavy it was situated. It is now Caristo..] Stat.º.
loss. It now bears the name of Carthagena, Sylv.2, v. 93-Martial. 9, ep. 76.
Polyb. 10.--Liv. 26, c. 43, &c.—Sil. 15, v. Casca, one of Caesar's assassins, who gave
220, &c.—A daughter of Hercules. him the first blow. Plut. in Caes.
CAR villus Spurius, a Roman who made CAscELLIus Aulus, a lawyer of great
a large image of the breastplates taken from merit in the Augustan age. Horal...Art. Po
the Samnites, and placed it in the capitol. et. 371.
Plin. 34, c. 7. The first Roman who di CAsilin UM, a town of Campania. When
vorced his wife during the space of above it was besieged by Annibal, a mouse sold for
600 years. This was for barrenness, B. C. 200 denarii. The place was defended by 540
231. Dionys. Hal. 2.-Val. Mar. 2, c. 1.- or 570 natives of Praeneste, who, when hal:
[A grammarian of this name, accordingto Flu their number had perished either by war er
tarch (de quaest. Rom. n. 54) first introduced famine, surrendered to the conqueror. [Me
the G into the Roman alphabet, C having dern Capua is built upon its site. rid. Cº
been previously used for it. This was nearly pua.] Liv. 23, c. 19.--Strab. 5-Cie. de
500 years after the building of the city.] Iur. 2, c. 57.—Plin. 3, c. 5.
CARus, a Roman emperor who succeeded CAsius, a mountain [between Pelusium
156
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t
and Rhinocorura,)where Pompey’s tomb was to death. Roxane, with her son Alexander,
raised by Adrian. Jupiter, surnamed Casius, and Barsena the mother of Hercules, both
had a temple there. Lucan. 8, v. 258. wives of Alexander, shared the ſate of Olym
[Another in Syria, below Antiochia. It is a pias with their children. Antigonus, who
very lofty mountain. Pliny, in a style of ex had been for some time upon friendly terms
aggeration, asserts that at the 4th watch, (3 with Cassander, declared war against him ;
o'clock A. M.) the rising sun could be seen and Cassander, to make himself equal with
from its top while the base was enveloped in his adversary, made a league with Lysima
darkness.] Plin. 5, 22.—Mela, 1 and 3. chus and Seleucus, and obtained a memora
CAsp1AE PortAE [or PYLA, the Caspian ble victory at Ipsus, B. C. 301. He died
pass, a name belonging properly to a defile three years after this victory, of a dropsy.
near Teheran in ancient Media. It is vaguely His sou Antipater killed his mother, and for
applied by Tacitus and some other ancient this unnatural murder he was put to death
writers to different passes of Mount Cauca by his brother Alexander, who, to strength
sus. For the Caucasian and Albanian gates, en himself, invited Demetrius, the son of
vid. “Caucasus.] Antigonus, from Asia. Demetrius took ad
CAsrir, a Scythian nation near the Caspi vantage of the invitation, and put to death
an sea. Such as had lived beyond their 70th Alexander, and ascended the throne of Ma
year were starved to death. Their dogs cedonia. Paus. 1, c. 25.-Diod. 19.-Jus
were remarkable for their fierceness. Hero tin. 12, 13, &c.
dot. 3, c. 92, &c. 1.7, c. 92, &c.—C. Nep. 14. CAssannrA, daughter of Priam and He
c. 3.-Pºrg...En.6, v. 798. cuba, was passionately loved by Apollo, who
Caspium MARE, or HyrcăNUM, a large promised to grant her whatever she might
sea in the form a lake, which has no com require if she would gratify his passion.
munication with other seas, and lies between She asked the power of knowing futurity;
the Caspian and Hyrcanian mountains, at the and as soon as she had received it, she re
north of Parthia, receiving in its capacious fused to perform her promise and slighted
bed the tribute of several large rivers. An Apollo. The god, in his disappointment,
cient authors assure us that it produced enor. wetted her lips with his tongue, and by this
action effected that no credit or reliance
mous serpents and fishes, different in colour
and kind from those of all other waters. should ever be put upon her predictions,
[The south-eastern part was termed Mare however true or faithful they might be.
Hyrcanum, a name which the Greeks appli Some maintain that she received the gift of
ed to the whole sea. The Tartars call it prophecy with her brother Helenus, by being
.4kdinghis, or the White Sea; by the Geor placed when young one night in the temple of
gians it is termed the Kurtshenskian Sea; Apollo, where serpents were found wreathed
while the Persians denominate it Gursen, round their bodies, and licking their ears,
from the old Persian capital Gurgan, which which circumstance gave them the know
stood near it. It is 646 miles long from north ledge of futurity. She was looked upon by
to south, and 265 in its greatest breadth; and the Trojans as insane, and she was even con
though it receives several large rivers, partifined, and her predictions were disregarded.
cularly the Volga, the ancient Rha, the long. She was courted by many princes during the
est river in Europe, it has no outlet. This Trojan war. When Troy was taken, she
sea has been observed notwithstanding to re fled for shelter to the temple of Minerva,
main constantly full, which is owing perhaps where Ajax ſound her, and offered her vio
to the porous quality of its bottom.] There lence, with the greatest cruelty, at the foot
are ne tides in it, and on account of its nu of Minerva's statue. In the division of the
merous shoals it is navigable to vessels draw spoils of Troy, Agamemnon, who was ena
ing only nine or ten feet water. It has strong moured of her, took her as his wife, and re
currents, and like inland seas, is liable to vio turned with her to Greece. She repeatedly
lent storms. Some navigators examined it in foretold to him the sudden calamities that
1708, by order of the Czar Peter, and after awaited his return; but he gave no credit to
the labour of three years, a map of its ex her, and was assassinated by his wife Cly
tent was published. Its waters are describ temnestra. Cassandra shared his fate, and
ed'as brackish, and not impregnated with saw all her prophecies but too truly fulfilled.
salt so much as the wide ocean. Herodot. 1, vid. Agamemnon. JEschyl, in Agam.-Ho
e.202, &c.—Curt. 3, c. 2, 1.6, c. 4, 1.7, c. 3. mer. Ii. 13, v.363. Od. 4.—Hygin tab. 117–
—Strab. 11.--Mela, 1, c. 2, 1.3, c. 5 arid 6. Pirg...En.2, v.246, &c.—Q. Calab. 13, v.421.
–Plin. 6, c. 13.—Pionys. Perieg. v. 50. –Eurip. in Troad.—Paus. 1, c. 16.1.3 c. 19.
Cassander, son of Antipater, made him Cass annitia, a town of the peninsula of
self master of Macedonia after his father's Pallene in Macedonia, called also Potidaea.
death, where he reigned for 18 years. He Paus. 5, c. 23. [vid. Potidea.]
married Thessalonica, the sister of Alexan CAssia LEx, was enacted by Cassius Lom
der, to strengthen himself on his throne. ginus, A.U.C. 649. By it no man condemn
Olympias, the mother of Alexander, wished ed [by the people] was permitted to enter
to keep the kingdom of Macedonia for Alex the senate-house. Another, enacted by C.
ander's young children; and therefore she Cassius, the pretor, about supplying the *-
destroyed the relations of Cassander, who be mate—Another, that the people shºuld vote
sieged her in the town of Pydna, and put her by ballot.—[Another, vid. Terentialex.]
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CassionóRUs, a writer in the 6th century. Brutus was conquered and ruined as well as
He died A. D. 562, at the age of 93. [He himself. Fearful to fall into the enemy's
was highly favoured by Theodoric, and filled hands he ordered one of his freed-men to run
in succession many high offices. At last, him through, and he perished by that very
however, growing weary of public life, he sword which had given wounds to Caesar.
retired to a monastery, where he ended his His body was honoured with a magnificent
days. His Latin style partakes largely of the funeral by his friend Brutus, who declared
corruptions of the age. He is, however, a over him that he deserved to be called the
learned writer.] His works were edited by last of the Romans. If he was brave, he was
Chandler, 8vo. London. 1722. equally learned. Some of his letters are still
CAssiope and CAssiopeA, married Ce extant among Cicero’s epistles. He was a
pheus, king of AEthiopia, by whom she had strict follower of the doctrine of Epicurus.
Andromeda. She boasted herself to be fair He was often too rash and too violent, and
er than the Nereides; upon which Neptune, many of the wrong steps which Brutus took
at the request of these despised nymphs, are to be ascribed to the prevailing advice of
punished the insolence of Cassiope, and sent Cassius. He is allowed by Paterculus to
a huge sea-monster to ravage AEthiopia. have been a better commander than Brutus,
The wrath of Neptune could be appeased though a less sincere friend. The day after
only by exposing Andromeda, whom Cassi Caesar's murder he dined at the house of An
ope tenderly loved, to the fury of the sea-mon tony, who asked him whether he had then a
ster; and just as she was going to be devour dagger concealed in his bosom ; yes, replied
ed, Perseus delivered her. rid. Andromeda. hº, if you aspire to tyranny. Sueton. in Coes.
Cassiope was made a southern constellation, & Aug.—Plut. in Brut. & Cas-Paterc. 2.
consisting of 13 stars, called Cassiope. Cic. c. 46.-Dio. 40.-A tribune of the people,
de Nat. D. 2, c. 43.—Apollod. 2, c. 4.—Ovid. who made many laws tending to diminish the
-Met. 4, v. 738.-Hugun. fab. 64.—Propert. 1, influence of the Roman nobility. He was com
petitor with Cicero for the consulship. A
el. 17, v. 3.-Manilius, 1.——A city of Epi
rus near The-protia. Another in the is poet of Parma, of great genius. He was
land of Corcyra. Plin. 4, c. 12. killed by Varus by order of Augustus, whom
CAssite Rides, islands in the western ocean, he had offended by his satirical writings.
where tin was found, supposed to be the Scil His fragments of Orpheus were found and
ty islands, the Lund's end, and Lizard point, edited some time after by the poet Statius.
of the moderns. [The term Cassiterdes is Horat. 1, sat. 19, v.62. Spurius, a Roman,
derived from the Greek Kazaarsgo., tin. The put to death on suspicion of his aspiring to ty
tin was obtained by the islanders from the ranny, after he had been three times consul,
mainland, and afterwards sold to strangers. So | B. C. 485. Diod. 11.-Wal. Mar. 6, c. 3.
linus mentions these islands under the name —A consul to whom Tiberius married
of Silurun Insula, and Sulpitius Severus un Drusilla, daughter of Germanicus. Sueton. in
der that of Sylina Insula..] Plan. 4, c. 22. Cal. c. 57. A lawyer whom Nero put to
CAssive LAUN Us, a Briton invested with death because he bore the name of J. Caesar's
sovereign authority when J. Caesar made a murderer. Suet, in JNer. 37. L. Henina,
descent upon Britain. Caes. Bºll. G. 5, c. the most ancient writer of annals at Rome.
19, &c. He lived A. U. C. 608. Lucius, a Roman
C. CAssius, a celebrated Roman, who lawyer, whose severity in the execution of the
made himself known by being first quaestor law has rendered the words Cassiana judices
to Crassus in his expedition against Parthia. applicable to rigid judges. Cic. pro Rosc. c.
from which he exti icated himself with un 30. Longinus, a critic. vid. Longinus.
common address. He followed the interest of M. Scaeva, a soldier of uncommon valour in
Pompey; and when Caesar had obtained the Caesar's army. Val. Mar. 3, c. 2. An of
victory in the plains of Pharsalia, Cassius was ficer under Aurelius, made emperor by his sol
one of those who owed their life to the mer diers, and murdered three months after.—
cy of the conqueror. He married Junia the Felix, a physician in the age of Tiberius, who
sister of Brutus, and with him he resolved to wrote on animals.-Severus, an orator who
murder the man to whom he was indebted for wrote a severe treatise on illustrious men and
his life. on account of his oppressive ambition; women. He died in exile, in his 25th year.
and before he stabbed Caesar, he addressed vid. Severus. The family of the Cassiibranch
himself to the statue of Pompey who had fal ed into the surname of Longinus, Wiscellinus,
len by the ambition of him he was going to Brutus, &c.
assassinate. When the provinces were divid CastABALA, a city of Cilicia Campestris,
ed among Caesar's murderers, Cassius re [placed by D'Anville north-west of Issus.
Ptolemy, however, whom Mannert follows,
ceived Africa; and when his party had lost locates it east of Anazarbus. Another in
ground at Rome, by the superior influence of
Augustus and M. Antony, he retired to Phi Cappadocia, north-east of Cybistra.]
lippi, with his friend Brutus and their adhe CAst Alius Fons, or CASTALIA, a foun
rents. In a battle that was fought there, the tain of Parnassus, sacred to the muses. The
wing which Cassius commanded wasdefeated, waters of this fountain were cool and excel
and his camp was plundered. In this unsuc lent, and they had the power of inspiring
the true fire
cessful moment he suddenly gave up all hopes those that drank of them with
f recovering his losses, and concluded that !of poetry. The muses have received the
158
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surname of Castalides from this fountain.— sailors has been more firmly credited, and
| Another in Syria, near Daphne. The wa the two mentioned fires, which are very com
ters of this fountain were believed to give a mon in storms, have since been known by the
knowledge of futurity to those who drank name of Castor and Pollux ; and when they
them. The oracle at the ſountain promised both appeared it was a sign of fair weather;
Adrian the supreme power when he was but if only one was seen it prognosticated
yet in a private station. He had the foun storms, and the aid of Castor and Pollux was
tain shut up with stones when he ascended consequently solicited. Castor and Pollux
the throne..] Pºrg. G. 3, v. 293–Martial. made war against the Athenians to recover
7, ep. 11, l. 12, ep. 3. their sister Helen, whom Theseus had carri
Castask A, a town [of Thessaly, at the ed away ; and from their clemency to the
foot of mount Pelion.] Whence the nuces conquered, they acquired the surname of
Castaneae received their name. Plin. 4, c. 9. Anaces, or benefactors. They were initiated
CAst E1.1.U.M. MENAprôRUM, a town of Bel in the sacred mysteries of the Cabiri, and in
gium on the Maese, now Kessel.–Mori those of Ceres of Eleusis. They were invited
norum, now Mount Cassel in Flanders.- to a feast when Lynceus and Idas were going
Cattorum, now Hesse Cassel. to celebrate their marriage with Phoebe and
CAstor and Pollux, were twin brothers, Falaira, the daughters of Leucippus, who
sons of Jupiter, by Leda, the wife of Tynda was brother to Tyndarus. Their behaviour
rus, king of Sparta. The manner of their after this invitation was cruel. They became
birth is uncommon. Jupiter, who was ena enamoured of the two women whose nuptials
moured of Leda, changed himself into a beau they were to celebrate, and resolved to carry
tiful swan, and desired Venus to metamor them away and marry them. This violent
phose herself into an eagle. After this trans step provoked Lynceus and Idas; a battle
formation the goddess pursued the god with ensued, and Castor killed Lynceus, and was
apparent ferocity, and Jupiter fled for refuge killed by Idas. Pollux revenged the death
into the arms of Leda who was bathing in the of his brother by killing Idas ; and as he was
Eurotas. Jupiter took advantage of his si immortal, and tenderly attached to his bro
tuation, and nine months after, Leda, who was ther, he entreated Jupiter to restore him to
already pregnant, brought forth two eggs, life, or to be deprived himself of immortality.
from one of which came Pollux and Helena : Jupiter permitted Castor to share the immor
and from the other, Castor and Clytemnestra. tality of his brother ; and consequently, as
The two former were the offspring of Jupiter, long as the one was upon earth, so long was
and the latter were believed to be the chil the other detained in the infernal regions, and
dren of Tyndarus. [This story of the egg they alternately lived and died every day; or,
may be explained as follows: The women's according to others, every six months. This
apartments in the Grecian houses were in , ct of fraternal love Jupiter rewarded by ma
the upper part of the building. These un king the two brothers constellations in heaven,
per rooms were sometimes, especially at La under the name of Gemini, which never ap
cedaemon, called &z, &la, or ºrigºz, which pear together, but when one rises the other
words, being distinguished only by the accent, sets, and so on alternately. Castor made
(the use of which seems not to have been Talaira mother of Anogon, and Phoebe had
known to the more ancient Greeks) from wz. Vinesileus by Pollux. They received divine
eggs, are thought to have given rise to the honours aſter death, and were generally call
fable, as Castor and Pollux, Helen and ed Dioscuri, sons of Jupiter. White lambs
Clytemnestra were born in one of these were more particularly offered on their altars,
upper chambers.] Some suppose that Leda and the ancients were fond of swearing by the
brought forth only one egg, from which Cas divinity of the Dioscuri, by the expressions of
tor and Pollux sprung. Mercury, immedi .#Cdepol and Jºcastor. Among the ancients,
ately after their birth, carried the two bro and especially among the Romans, there pre
thers to Pallena, where they were educated; vailed many public reports, at different times,
and as soon as they had arrived to years of | that Castor and Pollux had made their ap
maturity, they embarked with Jason to go in pearance to their armies; and, Inounted on
quest of the golden fleece. In this expedition white steeds, had marched at the head of
both behaved with superior courage; Pollux their troops, and furiously attacked the ene
conquered and slew Amycus in the combat my. Their surnames were many, and they
of the cestus, and was ever after reckoned were generally represented mounted on two
the god and patron of boxing and wrestling. white horses, armed with spears, and riding
Castor distinguished himself in the manage side by side, with their head covered by a
ment of horses. The brothers cleared the bonnet, on whose top glittered a star. Orid.
Hellespont, and the neighbouring seas, from .Met. 6, v. 109 Fast. 5, v. 701. Am. 3, el. 2,
pirates. after their return from Colchis; from v. 54.—Hygin. fab. 77 and 78.- Homer.
which circumstance they have been always Hymn. in Jon, puer.—Eurip. in Helen.—Plut.
deemed the friends of navigation. During the in Thes.—Virg. Jºn. 6, v. 121.-Manil. Arg.
Argonautic expedition, in a violent storm, two 2.—Liv. 2.-Dionys. Hal. 6.-Justin. 20, c. 3.
flames of fire were seen to play round the —Horat. 2, Sat.1, v. 27.—Flor. 2, c. 12.--
heads of the sons of Leda, and immediately Cic. de N'at. D.2, c. 2.—Apollon. 1.-Apollod.
the tempest ceased and the sea was calmed. 1, c. 8, 9.1. 2, c. 4, l. 3, c. 11.-Paus. 3, c.
From this occurrence their power to protect 24, 1.4 c. 3 and 27. An orator of Rhodes.
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related to king Deiotarus. He wrote two CATARAcTEs, a river of Pamphylia, [fall

books on Babylon, and one on the Nile. ing into the sea near Attalia. It derived its
CAstka ALExANDRI, a place of Egypt ancient name from its impetuosity.] Now
about Pelusium. Curt. 4, c. 7.—Cornelia, Dodensoui.
a maritime town of Africa, between Carthage CATHAIA or CATHAEA, [a country of Asia,
and Utica. [Here Scipio Africanus Major the precise situation of which is doubtful.
first encamped, when he landed in Africa.] Mannert locates it north-east of the Malli, in
.Mela, 1, c. 7. Annibalis, a town of the the vicinity of the Hydrastes. The chief town
Brutii, now Roccella. Cyri, a country of was Sangala. Diodorus Siculus calls the
Cilicia, where Cyrus encamped when he people Catheri. Thevenot is supposed to
marched against Croesus. Curt. 3, c. 4. allude to their descendants under the name of
[From the winter-quarters of the Romans, Cattry, that is, the Kuttry tribe, or Rajpoots.]
strongly fortified according to established cus L. SERG1Us Câtilina, [a noble Roman,
tom, and presenting the appearance of cities of patrician rank, and the last of the gens
in miniature, many towns in Europe are sup Sergia. He appears to have been born in
posed to have had their origin; in England poverty, which accounts for the names of his
particularly, those whose names end in cester parents not having been transmitted. The
or chester.] cruelty of his disposition, his undaunted re
Castillo, a town of [Hispania Baetica, on solution, and the depravity of his morals, fit
the Baetis, west of º where Annibal ted him for acting a distinguished part in the
married one of the natives. [Now Caelona.] turbulent and bloody period in which he liv
Plut. in Sert.—Liv. 24, c. 41.-Ital. 3, v. 99 ed. He embraced the interest of Sylla, in
and 391. whose army he held the office of quaestor.
CATABATH Mos, a great declivity, [whence That monster in his victory had in Catilina
its name, Karača:04 or, separating Cyrenaica an able coadjutor, whose heart knew no sym
from Egypt. It is now called by the Arabs, pathy, and his lewdness no bounds. He re
.4kabet-ossolom. Some ancient writers, and joiced in the carnage and plunder of the pro
in particular Sallust, make this the point of scribed, and revenged some previous wrongs
separation between Asia and Africa. There by butchering the citizens with his own
was another Catabathmus in the Lybian hands. In the civil war he caused the death
nome, called parvus, as this was styled mag of his own brother, and afterwards, at the
nus. It lay south-east of Paraetonium.] Sal request of his murderer, inserted his name,
lust. Jug. 17 and 19.-Plin. 5, c. 5. as if alive, in the list of those whom Sylla
CAtADüPA, the name of the large cataracts had proscribed. Public opinion charged him
of the Nile, whose immense noise stuns the with the death of his sister's husband, Q. Cae
ears of travellers for a short space of time, cilius, a Roman knight, of no party, who was
and totally deprives the neighbouring inha peaceful both from age and natural inclina
bitants of the power of hearing. Cic. de tion. By these and other similar acts he re
Somn. Scip. 5. commended himself to Sylla, who appointed
CATAgogia, festivals in honour of Venus, him praetor, B. C. 68, and the next year he
celebrated by the people of Eryx. vid. Ama obtained Africa for his province where his
gogia. rapacity and cruelty knew no bounds. For
CAtăNA, a town of Sicily, at the foot of this he was accused on his return to Rome,
mount AFtna, founded by a colony from Chal but was saved by bribery. Sunk at last in
cis 753 years before the christian era. [Hi infamy, he entered into a conspiracy to mas
ero, king of Syracuse, having become mas sacre the higher classes, set fire to the city,
ter of the place, transferred the former inha and seize the supreme authority.] This con
bitants to Leontium, and settled in their ter spiracy was timely discovered by the consul
ritory at the foot of Ætna 5000 Peloponne Cicero, whom he had resolved to murder;
sians and 5000 Syracusans. The name of and Catiline, aſter he had declared his in
the city he changed to Ætna. After his death tentions in the full senate, and attempted
the city was taken by the Siculi, and wrested to vindicate himself, retired into Etruria,
from these by the old inhabitants of Catana where his partisans were assembling an ar
who had been transplanted to Leontium. The my; Cicero at Rome punished the condemn
city once more resumed the name of Catana. ed conspirators. [Antonius, the other consul,
It is now Catania.] Ceres had here a ten originally an accomplice in the conspiracy,
ple, in which none but women were permit but who had been gained over to the side of
ted to appear. It was large and opulent, and the state by Cicero, pursued the insurgents
it is rendered remarkable for the dreadful with an army. Upon overtaking them, not
overthrows to which it has been subjected daring to face Catiline himself, he ſeigned a
from its vicinity to Ætna. [From Catania fit of the gout, and consigned his army to his
to the summit of Ætna, is reckoned 30 miles. lieutenant Petreius, who attacked Catiline's
it is now a flourishing city, and its trade, par ill-disciplined troops and routed them. [The
ticularly in silks, which are extensively ma battle was fought near Pistoria, in Etruria.]
nufactured here, is very considerable. Popu Catiline was killed in the engagement, brave
lation, 50,000.] Perr. 4, c. 53, 1.5, c. 84.— ly fighting, about the middle of lecember,
Diod. 11 and 14.—Strab. 6.—Thucyd. 6, c. 3 B. C. 63. Sallust has written an account of
, Cataoxia, a country above Cilicia, in the conspiracy. Cic. in Catil.–Pirg, JEn.
"appadocia. C. Nep. in Dat. 4. - 8, v. 668. -

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Catullus or CAtilus, a son of Amphia |. age there were 150 orations of his,
raus, who came to Italy with his brothers besides letters, and a celebrated work called
Aoras [and Tiburnus, where the latter found |Origines, of which the first book gave a
ed the town of Tibur.] Horat. 1, od. 18, v.2. history of the Roman monarch; the second
M. Catius, an epicurean philosopher of In and third an account of the neighbouring ci
subria, who wrote a treatise in four books, on ties of Italy; the fourth a detail of the first,
the nature of things, and the summum bo and the fifth of the second Punic war; and
num, and an account of the doctrine and te in the others, the Roman history was brought
nets of Epicurus. But as he was not a sound down to the war of the Lusitanians carried
of faithful follower of the epicurean philoso on by Ser. Galba. Some fragments of the
phy, he has been ridiculed by Horal. 2, Sat. Origines remain, supposed by some to be
4.-Quintul. 10, c. 1. supposititious. Cato's treatise, De Re rustică,
Cato, a surname of the Porcian family, was edited by Anton. Popma, 8vo. Ant. Plant.
rendered illustrious by M. Porcius Cato, a 1590; but the best edition of Cato, &c. is
celebrated Roman, afterwards called Censo. Gesner's, 2 vols. 4to. Lips. 1735. Cato died
rius, from his having exercised the office of in an extreme old age, about 150 B.C.; and
censor. He rose to all the honours of the |Cicero, to show his respect for him, has in
state, and the first battle he ever saw was |troduced him in his treatise on old age as the
against Annibal, at the age of seventeen, |principal character. Plin. 7, c. 14. Plutarch
where he behaved with uncommon valour. & C. Nepos have written an account of his
In his quaestorship, under Africanus against |liſe. ... Cic. Mead. & de Senect. &c. Mar
Carthage, and in his expedition in Spain cus, the son of the censor, married the daugh
against the Celtiberians, and in Greece,he dis ter of P. Mºmylius. He lost his sword in a
played equal proofs of his courage and pru battle, and though wounded and tired, he
dence. [He is said to have served also in the went to his friends, and, with their assistance,
island of Sardinia, and to have brought from renewed the battle and recovered his sword.
thence to Rome the poet Ennius, who was |Plut. in Cat. Marcus, surnamed Uticen
one of the Calabrian auxiliaries attached to |sis, from his death at Utica, was great grand
the Roman army. rid. Ennius.] He was son to the censor of the same name. The
remarkable for his love of temperance; he jearly virtues that appeared in his childhood
never drank but water, and was always sa seemed to promise a great man; and at the
tisfied with whatever meats were laid upon |age of fourteen he earnestly asked his pre
his table by his servants, whom he never re ceptor for a sword to stab the tyrant Sylla.
proved with an angry word. During his cen | He was austere in his morals, and a strict
sorship, which he obtained, though he had follower of the tenets of the stoics; he was
made many declarations of his ſuture severi careless of his dress, often appeared bare
ty if ever in office, he behaved with the great footed in public, and never travelled but on
est rigour and impartiality, showed himself an foot. He was such a lover of discipline, that
enemy to all luxury and dissipation, and even in whatever office he was employed he al
accused his colleague of embezzling the pub ways reformed its abuses, and restored the
lic money. He is famous for the great oppo ancient regulations. When he was set over
sition which he made against the introduction the troops in the capacity of a commander,
of the finer arts of Greece into Italy, and his his removal was universally lamented, and
treatment of Carneades is well known. This deemed almost a public loss by his affection
prejudice arose from an apprehension that ate soldiers. His fondness for candour was
the learning and luxury of Athens would de so great, that the veracity of Cato became
stroy the valour and simplicity of the Roman proverbial. In his visits to his friends, he
people; and he often observed to his son, that wished to give as little molestation as possi
the Romans would be certainly ruined when ble; and the importuning civilities of king
ever they began to be infected with Greek. Dejotarus so displeased him when he was at
It appears, however, that he changed his his court, that he hastened away from his
opinion, and made himself remarkable for the presence. He was very jealous of the safety
knowledge of Greek which he acquired in and liberty of the republic, and watched care
his old age. He himself educated his son, fully over the conduct of Pompey, whose
and instructed him in writing and grammar. power and influence were great. He often
He taught him dexterously to throw the ja expressed his dislike to serve the office of a
velin, and inured him to the labours of the tribune; but when he saw a man of cor
field, and to bear cold and heat with the rupted principles apply for it, he offered
same indifference, and to swim across the himself a candidate to oppose him, and ob
most rapid rivers with ease and boldness. He tained the tribuneship. In the conspiracy of
was universally deemed so strict in his mo Catiline he supported Cicero, and was the
rals, that Virgil makes him one of the judges chief cause that the conspirators were capi
of hell. He repented only of three things tally punished. When the provinces of
during his life; to have gone by sea when he Gaul were decreed for five years to Caesar,
could go by land, to have passed a day inac Cato observed to the senators, that they had
tive, and to have told a secret to his wife. A introduced a tyrant into the capitol. He was
statue was raised to his memory, and he dis sent to Cyprus against Ptolemy, who had re
tinguished himself as much for his know belled, by his enemies, who hoped that the
ledge of agriculture as his political life. In difficulty of the expedition would injure his
X 16.1
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reputation. But his prudence extricated Mattium, is Marpurg. Tacit. Ann. 13, v.
him from every danger. Ptolemy submitted; 57
and after a successful campaign, Cato was CATULLUs, C. or Q. VALERius, a poet of
received at Rome with the most distinguish Verona, whose compositions, elegant and
ing honours, which he, however, modestly simple, are the offspring of a luxuriant ima
declined. When the first triumvirate was gination. He was acquainted with the most
formed between Caesar, Pompey, and Cras distinguished people of his age, and directed
sus, Cato opposed them with all his might, his satire against Caesar, whose only revenge
and with an independent spirit foretold to was to invite the poet, and hospitably enter
the Roman people all the misfortunes which tain him as usual at his table. Catullus was
soon after followed. After repeated appli the first Roman who imitated with success
cations he was made pretor, but he seemed the Greek writers, and introduced their num
rather to disgrace than support the dignity of bers among the Latins. Though the pages
that office, by the meanness of his dress. He of the poet are occasionally disfigured with
applied for the consulship, but could never licentious expressions, the whole is written
obtain it. When Caesar had passed the Ru with great purity of style. Catullus died in
bicon, Cato advised the Roman senate to de the 46th year of his age, B. C. 40. The best
liver the care of the republic into the hands editions of his works, are, that of Vulpius,
of Pompey; and when his advice had been 4to. Patavii, 1737, that of Barbou, 12mo,
complied with, he followed him with his son Paris, IT54, [and that of Doering, Lips. 1788
to Dyrrachium, where, after a small victory 92, 2 vols. 8vo.] Martial. 1, ep. 62.--Orld.
there, he was intrusted with the care of the Trist. 2, v. 427.
ammunition and of 15 cohorts. After the Q. Lutatius CAtulus, [a Romanºaval
battle of Pharsalia, Cato took the command commander, famous for his victory over the
of the Corcyrean fleet; and when he heard fleet of the Carthaginians, consisting of 400
of Pompey’s death on the coast of Africa, he sail, off the JEgates insula: ; 40 of the Car
traversed the deserts of Libya to join him. thaginian vessels were sunk, 70 taken, and
self to Scipio. He refused to take the com the remainder dispersed. This celebrated
mand of the army in Africa, a circumstance victory put an end to the first Punic war.]——
of which he afterwards repented. When An orator, distinguished also as a writer of epi
Scipio had been defeated, partly for not pay grams, and for the polished style of his com
ing regard to Cato's advice, Cato fortified positions. He issupposed to be the same with
himself in Utica, but, however, not with the the colleague of Marius, when a consul the
intentions of supporting a siege. When Cae fourth time; and he shared with him the
sar approached near the city, Cato disdained triumph over the Cimbri. He was, by his
to fly, and rather than fall alive into the con colleague's order, suffocated in a room filled
queror's hands, he stabbed himself, after he with the smoke of burning coals. Lucan.2
had read Plato's treatise on the immortality v. 174.—Plut. in JMario.
of the soul, B. C. 46, in the 59th year of his CATURIGEs, a people of Gaul, now Chor
age. He had first married Attilia, a woman ges, near the source of the Durance, [at the
whose licentious conduct obliged him to di foot of the Cottian Alps.] Caes. B. G. 1, c.
vorce her. Afterwards he united himself to 10.--Plin. 3, c. 20.
Martia, daughter of Philip. Hortensius, his CAvAREs, a people of Gaul, who inhabited
friend, wished to raise children by Martia, the present province of Comtat in Provence.
and therefore obtained her from Cato. Aſ Caucasus, [the name of the highest and
ter the death of Hortensius, Cato took her most extensive range of mountains in the
again. This conduct was ridiculed by the northern part of Asia, and which the ancients
Romans, who observed that Martia had en erroneously considered as a continuation of
tered the house of Hortensius very poor, but the chain of Taurus. According to Strabo,
returned to the bed of Cato loaded with it extended from the Euxine to the Caspian
treasures. It was observed that Cato always sea. It divided Albania and Iberia towards
appeared in mourning, and never laid himself the south, from the level country of the Sar
down at his meals after the defeat of Pom matae on the north. The inhabitants of these
pey, but always sat down, contrary to the mountains formed, according to some 70, and
custom of the Romans, as if depressed with according to others 300 different nations,
the recollection that the supporters of repub. who spoke various languages and lived in
fican liberty were decaying. Plutarch has a savage state. The breadth of this chain,
written an account of his life. Lucan. 1, v. according to the best Russian authorities,
138, &c.—Wal. Maz. 2, c. 10.—Horat. 3, od. is about 400 miles between the mouths of
31.-Kirg. Jºn. 6. v. 841, l. 8, v. 670.--—A the Don and Kooma, about 756 between
son of Cato of Utica, who was killed in a the straits of Caffa and the peninsula of .48.
battle, after he had acquired much honour. sheron; and about 350 between the mouths
Plut. in Cat.
of the Phasis and the city of Derbend. The
CATT, [a powerful nation of German etymology of the name of Caucasus, so cele
south of the Cherusci. Caesar calls . brated in history and poetry, is not agreed
yi, They were a warlike people, and their
infantry was reckoned the best in Germany. upon ; the most probable opinion is, that it
is a compound of a Persian word Caw, sig
A ſortress of the Catti, called Castellum, still nifying “a mountain,” and a Scythian word
bears the name of Cassel, but their capital Cat-pi, that is, “a white mountain.” This
162
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--

opinion is supported by a passage of Eratos the abundance of its fruits. The figs of this
themes, where he informs us that the natives place were famous.] Cic. de Div. 3, c. 4.—
of Caucasus called it Caspios. Pliny, how Strab. 14.—Herodot. 1, c. 176.
ever, states that the native name was Grau CAURos, [another name for Andros. vid,
casus, which may be considered as Gothic. Andros.] Plin. 4, c. 12.
The range of Caucasus cannot be compared Caurus, [or CoRus, in Greek Argestes,
with the Alps in point of elevation, though the west-north-west wind.]
in resemblance it may, as the middle of the CAYstER, or CAYstrus, a river of Lydia,
chain is covered with glaciers, or white with falling into the AEgeansea near Ephesus. Ac.
eternal snows. The highest summit is only cording to the poets, the banks and neigh
5900 feet above the level of the Black Sea. bourhood of this river were generally fre
The two principal passages of Caucasus are quented by swans. [In its course it flowed
mentioned by the ancients under the name through a marsh, called the Asian marsh,
of the Caucasian and Albanian gates. The much frequented by water-fowl, and men
first is the defile which leads from Mosdok totioned by Homer and Virgil. The Cayster
Tiflis. It is the narrow valley of four days is now called Kitchik-Minder, or little Maean
journey where, according to Strabo, the river der, from its wandering course.] Ovid. Met.
Aragon, now called .drakul, flows. It is, as 2, v. 253, 1.5, v. 386.-Mart. 1, ep. 54.—Ho
Pliny calls it, an enormous work of nature, mer. Il. 2, v.461.-Virg. G. 1, v. 384.
which has cut out a long opening among the CEA or CEos, an island near Euboea, call
rocks, which an iron gate would be almost ed also Ces, vid. Cos.
sufficient to close. It is by this passage that CEBA, now Ceva, a town of modern Pied
the barbarians of the north threatened both mont, famous for cheese. Plin. 11, c. 42.
the Roman and the Persian empire. It is now CEBENNA, mountains, now the Cevennes,
called Dariel. The Albanian pass of the an separating the Averni from the Helvii, ex
cients was, according to common opinion, the tending from the Garonne to the Rhone. Cars.
pass of Derbend along the Caspian Sea. Later B. G.7, c. 8.-Mela, 2, c. 5. -

and better authorities sanction the belief, CEBEs, a Theban philosopher, one of the
however, that it was the same with the Sar disciples of Socrates, B. C.405. He attended
matian pass, and coincides with a defile pass his learned preceptor in his last moments,
ing through the territory of Ooma-khan, along and distinguished himself by three dialogues
the frontier of Daghestan, and then travers that he wrote ; but more particularly by his
ing the district of Kagmamtharie. Malte beautiful picture of human life, delineated
Brun. Geogr. Vol.2, p. 27, et seqq.] Prome with accuracy of judgment, and great splen
theus was tied on the top of Caucasus by Ju dour of sentiment. Little is known of the
piter, and continually devoured by vultures, character of Cebes from history. Plato men.
according to ancientauthors. Plin.6, c. 11.- tions him once, and Xenophon the same, but
Strab. 11.-Herodot.4, c.203, &c.—Virg. Ecl. both in a manner which conveys most fully
6, G.2, v.440.42n-4, v.366.-Flac. 5, v.155. the goodness of his heart and the purity of
CAvcowes, a people of Paphlagonia, ori his morals. The best editions of Cebes are
ginally inhabitants of Arcadia, or of Scythia those of Gronovius, 8vo. 1689; and [that of
according to some accounts. Some of them Schweighaeuser, Lips. 1798, 8vo. appended
made a settlement near Dymae in Elis. Hero to his edition of Epictetus.]
dot. 1. &c.—Strab. 8, &c. CEBRENIA, a country of Troas with a
CAUD1 and CAUDIUM, a town of the Sam town of the same name, called after the river
nites, near which, in a place called Caudinae Cebrenus, which is in the neighbourhood.
Fureule, [or fauces, the Roman army under OEnone, the daughter of the Cebrenus, re
T. Weturius Calvinus and Sp. Posthumius ceived the patronymic of Cebrenis. Ovid,
was obliged to surrender to the Samnites, and JMet. 11, v. 769.-Stat. 1, Sylv. 5, v. 21.
pass under the yoke with the greatest dis CEBRUs, now Zebris, a river falling into
grace. Liz.9, c. 1, &c.—Lucan. 2, v. 138. the Danube, and dividing Lower from Up
Carlonia, or Caulon, a town of Italy in per Moesia. [It is south-east of Ratiaria.]
the country of the Brutii, ſounded by a colo CEcIDAs, an ancient dithyrambic poet.
ny of Achaeans, and destroyed by Dionysius ria; CEciNA, a river near Volaterra in Etru
the elder, about 400 B. C. Its inhabitants ſat its mouth were the Wada Wolater
were transported by him into Sicily. It lay # JMela, 2, c. 4.
A. CEcINA, a Roman knight in the in
above the Locri Epizephyrii, on the eastern
coast.] Paus. 6, c. 3.-Virg. En. 3, v. 553. terest of Pompey, who used to breed up
CAUNUs, a son of Miletus and Cyane. He young swallows and send them to carry news
was passionately fond of, or, according to to his friends as messengers. He was a par
others, he was tenderly beloved by, his sister ticular friend of,Cicero, with whom he cor
Byblis, and to avoid an incestuous commerce, responded. Some of his letters are still ex
he retired to Caria, where he built a city tant in Cicero. Plin. 10, c. 24.-Cic. 15, ep.
called by his own name. vid. Byblis. Ovid. 66. Orat. 29.
.Met. 9, fab. 11. A city of Caria, [at the Cecropia, the original name of Athens,
foot of mount Tarbelus, west of the Sinus in honour of Cecrops, its first founder. The
ancients often use this word for Attica, and
Glaucus. The air was proverbially unheal the Athenians are often called Cecropidae.
thy in summer and autumn, by reason of the
extreme heat, and the evil was increased by wirg...En. 6, v. 21.-Ovid. Met. 7, v. 673.
183
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Fast. 2, v. 81.—Lucan. 3, v. 306.-Plin. 7, c. skin he hung in the cave where the river
56.-Catull. 62, 79.-Juv. 6, v. 186. rises. Cyrus the younger had a palace there,
CEcroPIDAE, an ancient name of the Athe with a park filled with wild beasts, where he
nians, more particularly applied to those who exercised himself in hunting. Within the
were descended from Cecrops the founder of enclosure of this palace rose the Maeander,
Athens. The honourable name of Cecropi and flowed through the park; the Marsyas
dae was often conferred as a reward for some rose in the market-place. At the sources of
virtuous action in the field ol battle. Virg. the latter, Xerxes, after his return from
./En. 6, v 21,–Ovid. 7, Met. 671. Greece, built a palace and citadel. The in
CEcRops, a native of Sais in Egypt, who habitants of Celaenae were in after days car
led a colony to Attica about 1556 years be ried off by Antiochus Soter to the city of
fore the christian era, and reigned over part Apamea, founded by him a few miles to the
of the country which was called from him south-east, at the confluence of the Marsyas
Cecropia. He softened and polished the and Maeander.] Strab. 12.-Liv.38, c. 13—
rude and uncultivated manners of the inhabit Xenoph. Anab. 1.
ants, and drew them from the country to in CELAENo, one of the harpies, daughter of
habit twelve small villages which he had Neptune and Terra. Virg. AEn. 3, v.245.
founded. He gave them laws and regula CELE1A and CELA, a town of Noricum.
tions, and introduced among them the wor [now Cillei.] Plin. 3, c. 24.
ship of those deities which were held in ado CELENDRIs, a colony of the Samians in Ci
ration in Egypt. He married the daughter licia [Trachea, south-west of Seleucia. It is
of Acteus a Grecian prince, and was deemed now Kelmar.]
the first founder of Athens. He taught his CELENEus, a Cimmerian, who first taught
subjects to cultivate the olive, and instructed how persons guilty of murder might be ex
them to look upon Minerva as the watchful piated. Flacc. 3, v.406.
patroness of their city. It is said that he was CELENNA, or CELENA, a town of Cam
the first who raised an altar to Jupiter in pania where Juno was worshipped. Virg.
Greece, and offered him sacrifices. After a JEn. 7, v. 739.
reign of 50 years, spent in regulating his new CELER, a man who with Severus under
ly formed kingdom, and in polishing the man took to rebuild Nero's palace after the burn
ners of his subjects. Cecrops died, leaving ing of Rome. Tacit. Ann, 15, c. 42. A
three daughters, Aglauros, Herse, and Pan man called Fabius, who killed Remus when
drosia. He was succeeded by Cranaus, a na he leaped over the walls of Rome, by order
tive of the country. Some time after, The of Romulus. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 837.-Plut. in
seus, one of his successors on the throne, Romul. Metius, a noble youth to whom
formed the twelve villages which he had es Statius dedicated a poem.
tablished into one city, to which the name of CELéREs, [vid. Equites.
Athens was given. (rid. Athenae.) Some CELETRuni, a town of Macedonia, [north
authors have described Cecrops as a monster, east of Beraza, on a lake formed by the river
half a man and half a serpent; and this fable Astraeus. Under the Greek empire it was
is explained by the recollection that he was called Castoria.] Lir. 31, c. 40.
master of two languages, the Greek and CELEUs, a king of Eleusis, father to Trip
Egyptian; or that he had the command over tolemus by Metanira. He gave a kind re
two countries, Egypt and Greece. Others ception to Ceres, who taught his son the cul
explain it by an allusion to the regulations tivation of the earth. (vid. Triptolemus.)
which Cecrops made amongst the inhabitants His rustic dress became a proverb. The in
concerning marriage and the union of the two vention of several agricultural instruments
sexes. Paus. 1, c. 5.—Strab. 9.—Justin. 2, unade of osiers is attributed to him. Ovid.
c.6.-Herodot. 8, c. 44.—Apollod. 3, c. 14.— Fast. 4, v. 508, l. 5, v. 296.-Pirg G. 1, v.
Ovid. Met. 11, v. 561.—Hygun. fab. 166.— 165-.4pollod. 1, c. 5.-Paus. 1, c. 14.—A
The second of that name, was the seventh king of Cephallenia.
king of Athens, and the son and successor of CELMUs, a man who nursed Jupiter, by
Erechtheus. He married Metiadusa, the whom he was greatly esteemed. He was
sister of Daedalus, by whom he had Pandion. changed into a magnet stone for saying that
He reigned forty years, and died 1307 B. C. Jupiter was mortal. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 281.
.Apollod. 3, c. 15.-Paus. 1, c. 5. CELsus, an epicurean philosopher in the
CEDREATIs, the name of Diana among the second century, to whom Lucian dedicated
Orchomenians, because her images were hung one of his compositions. He wrote a treatise
on lofty cedars. against the christians, to which an answei
-

Cr1, the inhabitants of the island Cea. was returned by Origen.—Corn. [a physi
CELApus, a river of Arcadia, [falling into cian, born at Rome or Verona. e cance

the Alpheus.] Paus. 8, c. 38.--An island from the Patrician family of the Cornelii, and
of the Adriatic sea. Mela, 3, c. 1. flourished under Augustus, Tiberius, and
CRLENE, or CELENE, [a city of Phrygia, Caligula. He was styled the Hippocrates of
in the south-west, at the sources of the the Latins. He wrote on rhetoric, medi
Marsyas. This was a small river which flows cine, military tactics, and agriculture, and
into the Maeander, and which, according to seems to have understood all these sciences
Xenophon, was named after Marsyas, whom perfectly. Of the eight books of Celsus
Apollo caused to be flayed alive, and whose ||which remain, the first four treat of internal
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maladies ; the 5th and 6th of external ; and CELtici, a people [in the south of Lusi
the 7th and 8th of such diseases as come un tania, answering now to Alontejos. Their
der the cognisance of the surgeon. The chief town was Pax Julia, now Beja. rud.
works of Celsus are valuable, not only on ac Cuneus and Sacrum Promontorium.]
count of the purity of the language, but also CELtoscyth AE, a northern nation of Scy
for the excellence of the precepts which they thians. Strab. 10. -

contain..] The best editions of Celsus de mº (CEMA, a mountain of Gaul, forming part
decind are the 8vo. L. Bat. 1746, and that of of the chain of the Alps, now Callule.]
Vallart, 12mo. Paris apud Didot, 1772. CENAEUM, a promontory of Euboea, where
Albinovanus, a friend of Horace, warned Jupiter Corneus had an altar raised by Her
against plagiarisms, 1, ep. 3, v. 15, and plea cules. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 136.-Thucyd. 3, c. 93.
santly ridiculed in the 8th epistle for his fol CENch REE, now Kenkra, [a port of Co
bles. Some of his elegies have been pre rinth on the Sinus Saronicus, or Gulf of En
served. Juventius, a lawyer who conspir gia. vid Corinthus and Lechaeum.—A for
ed against Domitian. Titus, a man pro tress of Argolis, on the frontiers of Arcadia,
claimed emperor, A. D. 265, against his will, south-west of Argos. It defended the way
and murdered seven days after. from Argos to Tegaea..] Ovid. Trist. 1, el. 9,
CELTAE, [a powerful race, found at the v. 19.-Plin. 4, c. 4.
dawn of history in possession of the western CENcHRius, a river of Ionia near Ephe
extremity of Europe. They were discovered sus, (near Mount Solmissius, where the Cu
by the Romans in Gaul in a state of disunion retes, according to some, concealed and pro
and military decline, which speedily effected tected Latona after her delivery, when she
their subjugation. They seem to have dwelt was pursued by the power of Juno.] Tacit.
originally in the countries watered by the .1nn. 3, c. 61.
Danube, and in the vicinity of the Alps. CENNEus. vid. Caenis.
Dispossessed of these settlements by the CENIMAGNI, a people [of Britain, north
Teutones, and driven towards the west, they of the Trinobantes, on the eastern coast,
not only spread themselves over Gaul, but, forming part of the great nation of the Ice
upon the gradual receding of the Iberian ni. vid. Iceni.]
tribes, over Spain and other countries. Their CENINA. vid. Caenina.
possessions in Gaul reached from the extre [CENoMAN1, a people of Gaul, belonging
mity of Bretagne throughout all the country to the Aulerci, and corresponding, to the
between the Seine and Garogne, and eastward Diocese of Mans.—There was another peo
to the Rhine and the Alps. Towards the ple of the same name, who originally came
south, a branch of them, named Volcae, had es from Transalpine Gaul, and settled in Italy
tablished themselves along the coast of the a little after B. C. 600.]
Mediterranean; and towards the east the CENSOREs, two magistrates of great au
Helvetii also belonged to their nation. On thority at Rome, first created [A. U.C. 312.]
account of these extensive possessions the Their office was to number the people, esti
Romans and Greeks gave the name of Gala mate the possessions of every citizen, reform
tia, Ksxºrizº, or Celtica, to the whole land. and watch over the manners of the people,
By the more ancient Greeks the whole of and regulate the taxes. Their power was
western Europe, at some distance from the also extended over private families: they
Mediterranean, was called the land of the punished irregularity, and inspected the ma
Celtae. In the west of Gaul and of Britain nagement and education of the Roman youth.
there is evidence to presume that the greater They could inquire into the expenses [and
part of the population consisted of that divi moral conduct] of every citizen, and even de
sion of the Celtic race whose posterity now grade a senator from all his privileges and
possesses the name of Cymri. But in Ire |honours, if guilty of any extravagance. This
land the population was wholly Celtic, of punishment was generally executed in pass
that original stem which had penetrated in ing over the offender's name in calling the list
the earliest ages into Gaul, Spain, and the of the senators. The office of public censor
British Islands. Murray's Philosophical His was originally exercised by the kings. Ser
tory of European Lang: Vol. 2, p. 6-Man vius Tullius, the sixth king of Rome, first
nert's Anc. Geog. Vol.2, p. 19.] Cors. Bell. G. established a census, by which every man
1, c. 1, &c.—Mela, 3, c. 2.-Herodot. 4, c. 49.
was obliged to come to be registered, and
CELTIBERI, a people of Spain, [brave and give in writing the place of his residence, his
powerful, who occupied the greater part of name, his quality, the number of his children,
the interior of Spain. According to Diodorus of his tenants, estates, and domestics, &c.
Siculus, they were a people composed of two The ends of the census were very salutary
nations, the Celtae and Iberi, whence their to the Roman republic. They knew their
name. And this perhaps was used for dis own strength, their ability to support a war,
tinction sake from the Celtae beyond the Py or to make a levy of troops, or raise a tri
renees in Gaul. Their cavalry were excel bute. It was required, [at least towards the
lent, and fought equally on foot and on horse end of the republic and under the emperors, J
back.] They made strong head against the that every knight should be possessed of
Romans and Carthaginians when they invad 400,000 sesterces [f 3229 sterling,) to enjoy
ed their country. Diod. 6.—Flor. 2, c. 17.- the rights and privileges of his order; and ase
Strab. 4.—Lucan. 4, v. 10.-Sil. It. 3, v. 339. nator was entitled to sit in the senate, if he
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was really worth 800,000 sesterces, [between Rome, performed by the censors, a censee to
six and seven thousand pounds sterling. An value. vid. Censores. A god worshipped
gustus raised the senatorial tortune to 1,200,000 at Rome, the same as Consus.
sesterces, and supplied the deficiency to CENTAURI, a people of Thessaly, half men
those who had not that sum.] This labori and half horses. They were the offspring of
ous task of numbering and reviewing the peo Centaurus, son of Apollo, by Stilba, daugh
ple, was, after the expulsion of the Tarquins, ter of the Peneus. According to some, the
one of the duties and privileges of the consuls. Centaurs were the fruit of Ixion's adventure
But when the republic was become more with the cloud in the shape of Juno, or, as
powerful, and when the number of its citizens others assert, of the union of Centaurus with
was increased, the consuls were found unable the mares of Magnesia. This fable of the ex
to make the census, on account of the multi istence of the Centaurs, monsters supportel
plicity of business. After it had been neglect upon the four legs of a horse, arises from the
ed for 17 years, two new magistrates, called ancient people of Thessaly having tamed
censors, were elected. They remained in horses, and having appeared to the neighbours
office for five years, and every fifth year they mounted on horseback, a sight very uncom
made a census of all the citizens in the Cam mon at that time, and which, when at a dis
pus Martius, and offered a solemn sacrifice, tance, seemed only one body, and consequently
and made a lustration in the name of all the one creature. Some derive the name a fro row
Roman people. This space of time was call key'rity ravgove, from goading bulls,because they
ed a lustrum, and ten or twenty years were went on horseback after their bulls which
commonly expressed by two or four lustra. had strayed, or because they hunted wild
After the office of the censors had remained bulls with horses. Some of the ancients have
for some time unaltered, the Romans, jealous maintained, that monsters like the Centaurs
of their power, abridged the duration of their can have existed in the natural course of
office, and a law was inade, A. U. C. 420, by things. Plutarch in Sympos. mentions one
Mamercus AEmilius, [ordaining that they seen by Periander tyrant of Corinth; and
should still be elected every five years, but that Pliny 7, c. 3, says, that he saw one embalm
their power should continue only a year and ed in honey, which had been brought to Rome
a half.] After the second Punic war, they from Egypt in the reign of Claudius. The
were always chosen from such persons as had battle of the Centaurs with the Lapithae is
been consuls; their office was more honour. famous in history. Ovid has elegantly de
able, though less powerful than that of the scribed it, and it has also employed the pen
consuls; the badges of their effice were the of Hesiod, Valerius Flaccus, &c. and Pausa
same, but the censors were not allowed to mias in Eliac says it was represented in the
have lictors to walk before them as the con temple of Jupiter at Olympia, and also at
suls. [The sentence of the censors only affect Athens by Phidias and Parrhasius according
ed the rank and character of persons, and in to Pliny. 36, c. 5. The origin of this battle
later times had no other effect than that of was a quarrel at the marriage of Hippoda
putting a man to the blush. It was not fix mia with Pirithous, where the Centaurs, in
ed and unalterable, as the decision of a couri toxicated with wine, behaved with rudeness,
ofjustice, but might be either taken off by and even offered violence to the women that
the next ensors, or rendered ineffectual by were present. Such an insult irritated Her
the verdict of a jury or by the suffrages of the cules, Theseus, and the rest of the Lapithae,
Roman people. Sometimes the senate added who deſended the women, wounded and de
force to the feeble decree of the censors, y feated the Centaurs, and obliged them to
imposing an additional punishment.] When leave their country and retire to Arcadia.
one of the censors died, no one was elected in Here their insolence was a second time pun
his room till the five years were expired, and ished by Hercules, who, when he was going
his colleague immediately resigned. This to hunt the boar of Erymanthus, was kindly
circumstance originated from the death of a entertained by the Centaur Pholus, who gave
censor [in the lustrum in which Rome was him wine which belonged to the rest of the
taken by the Gauls.] and was ever after Centaurs, but had been given them on con
deemed an unfortunate event to the republic. dition of their treating Hercules with it
[No one, moreover, could be elected a censor whenever he passed through their territory.
a second time.] The emperors abolished the They resented the liberty which Hercules
censors, and took upon themselves to execute took with their wine, and attacked him with
their office, [or gave them to other magis. uncommon fury. The hero de ended himself
trates J with his arrows, and defeated his adversaries,
CENsortin Us, Ap. ‘’l. was compelled, af. who fled for safety to the Centaur Chiron.
termany services to the state, to assume the Chiron had been the preceptor of Hercules,
imperial purple by the soldiers, by whom he and therefore they hoped that he would de
was murdered some days after, A. D. 270 sist in his presence. Hercules, though awed
A grammarian of the 3d century, whose at the sight of Chiron, did not desist, but, in
book, De die natali, is extant, best edited in the midst of the engagement he wounded
8vo. by Havercamp, L. Bat. 1767. It treats his preceptor in the knee, who, in the exces
of the birth of man, of years, months, and sive pain he suffered, exchanged immortali
day. ty for death. The death of Chiron irritated
Cºnsus, the numbering of the people at Hercules the more, and the Centaurs that
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were present were all extirpated by his tation, name, and profession of every citizen,
hand, and indeed few escaped the common who amounted to 80,000 men, all able to
destruction. The most celebrated of the Cen bear arms, he divided them into six classes,
taurs were Chiron, Eurytus, Amycus, Gry and each class into several centuries or com
reus, Caumas, Lycidas, Arneus, Medon, panies of a hundred men. The first class
Rhaetus, Pisenor, Mermeros, Pholus, &c. consisted of 80 centuries, 40 of which were
Diod. 4.—Tietzes Chil.9. Hist. 237.—Hesiod. omposed of men from the age of 45 and up
in Scut Hercul—Homer, Il. & Od.—Ovid wards, appointed to guard the city. The 40
..Mct. 12.-Strab. 9.-Paus. 5, c. 10, &c.— others were young men from 17 to 45 years
Jºſian. P. H. 11, c. 2–.Apollod. 2, c. 3, 1.5.- of age, appointed to go to war, and fight the
Virg...En. 6. v. 286.-Hygin. fab. 33 and 62. enemies of Rome. Their arms were all-the
—Pindar, Pyth. 2. same, that is, a buckler, a cuirass, a helmet,
CENTR it is, [a river of Armenia Major, cuishes of brass, with a sword, a lance, and a
flowing under the ramparts of Tigranocerta, javelin ; and as they were of the most illus
and falling into the Euphrates. Diodorus ºrious citizens, they were cºlled, by way of
Siculus says that it flowed between Media eminence, classici, and their inferiors infra
and Armenia, and in Xenophon's Anabasis it classem. [To these were added 18 centuries
is said to have separated Armenia from the of Equites ; in all 98 centuries. They were
Carduchi. It is now the Khabour.] to be worth 100,000 asses, or pounds of brass;
CENTRöNEs. [a people of Gaul, among the which sum is commonly reckoned equal to
Alpes Cottiae, who, along with the Graiocell f322 18s. 4d. sterling ; but if we suppose
and Caturiges, were defeated by Caesar in each pound of brass to contain 24 asses, as
several engagements. Their chief city was Fo was the case afterwards, it will amount to
rum Claudii Centronum, now Centron.—— f7750.] The second, third, and fourth classes,
There was another nation of the same name, consisted each of twenty centuries, ten of
placed by Caesarin dependence on the Nervii. which were composed of the more aged, and
Some locate them in the territory of Gaud, the others of the younger sort of people. [To
others in that of Courtray, their precise situ the second class were added two centuries of
ation is unknown.] Cors. B. G. 1, c. 10, l. artificers, carpenters, smiths, &c. These
5, c. 38.-Plin. 3, c. 20. Livy joins to the first class. To the fourth
CExtum via1, the members of a court of class Dionysius adds two centuries of trum
justice at Rome. They were originally cho peters, whom Livy divides into three centu
sen, three from the 35 tribes of the people, ries, and includes among the 30 centuries of
and though 105, they were always called the filth class.) Their arms were a large
Centumviri. They were afterwards increas shield, a spear, and a javelin; they were to
ed to the number of 180, and still kept their be worth in the second class, 75,000 asses.
original name. The praetor sent to their tri In the third, 50,000, and in the fourth, 25,000.
bunal causes of the greatest importance, as The fifth class consisted of 30 centuries.
their knowledge of the law was extensive. They were to be worth 11,000 asses, [but,
[They were generally summoned by the De according to Dionysius, 12,500.] The sixth
cemviri, who also presided among them in class contained only one century, comprising
the absence of the praetor. These decemviri the whole body of the poorest citizens, who
consisted of five senators and five equites, andwere called Proletarii, as their only service
they assembled in the Basilicae, spacious halls to the state was procreating children. They
built around the forum for the administration were also called capite censi, as the censor
of justice.] Cic. de. Orat I, c. 38.- Quintil. took notice of their person, not of their estate.
4, 5, and 11.-Plin. 6, ep. 33. [The whole number of centuries was, accord
CENTUM CELLE, [a sea-port town of ing to Livy, i91; and, according to Dionysius,
Etruria, north-west of Caere. Trajan made 193. vid. Comitia.] The word Centuria is
this the place of his frequent residence, and also applied to a subdivision of the Roman
gave it importance by erecting a harbour legions. [rid. Legio ]
which he called after his own name. It is CENTURIPA, (es, or a, orum.) now Cen
now Civita Vecchia, the principal port in the torbi, a town of Sicily [on the eastern shore,
Papal dominions. Previous to Trajan's erect near Catana.1 Cic. in Verr. 4, c. 23.-Ital,
ing a villa here, the place was very thinly 14, v. 205.—Plin. 3, c. 8.
inhabited ; and received its name from the CEos and CEA, [an island of the Ægean,
mean and scanty abodes scattered here and one of the Cyclades, opposite the promontory
there along the shore.] Plun. 6, ep. 31. of Sunium in Attica. It was famed for its
CENTURIA, a division of the people among fertility and rich pastures. The island be
the Romans, consisting of a hundred. At first came so populous, that a law was made
a century contained a hundred, as its name commanding all persons upwards of 60 years
imported, but not so afterwards.] The Ro of age to be poisoned, that the others might
man people were originally divided into three subsist; so that none above 60 years of age
tribes, and each tribe into 10 Curiae. [In pro were to be seen in the island, being obliged,
cess of time, the tribes increased to 35, and after they had attained that age, either to sub
were divided into Rustica and Urbana, the mit to the law or abandon the place. Such
ſormer more honourable; the number of Curiae at least is the account of ancient writers;
was always 30 J Servius Tullius made a most probably, however, they have mistaken
census; and when he had the place of habi for a national custom, a law passed by the
67
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inhabitants while the island was suffering a reconciliation was easily made between
from want during a siege by the Athenians. them. They loved one another with more
Simonides was born here. It is now Zia.] tenderness than before, and Cephalus receiv
[CEphALE, and Triaeorum Promontorium ed from his wife the presents of Diana. As
a promontory of Africa, at the columence he was particularly fond of hunting, he every
ment of the Syr, is Major. Now Canan, or, morning early repaired to the woods, and af
Cape.Meserate.] ter much toil and fatigue, laid himself down
Ceph ALENiA, and CEPHALLEN1A, an island in the cool shade, and earnestly called for Au
in the Ionian sea, below Corcyra, whose in ra, or the refreshing breeze. This ambiguous
habitants went with Ulysses to the Trojan word was utistaken for the name of a mis
war. [It was known in the time of Homer tress; and some informer reported to the
by the names of Samus or Black Epirus. jealous Procris, that Cephalus daily paid a
(Hrtºo; a saaiya).] It abounds in oil and ex visit to his mistress, whose name was Aura.
cellent wines it was anciently divided into Procris too readily believed the information,
four different districts, from which circum and secretly followed her husband into the
stance it received the name of Tetrapolis. It woods. According to his daily custom, Ce
is about 90 miles in circumference. [Its capi phalus retired to the cool, aud called after
tal was Same, destroyed by the Romans, and Aura. At the name of Aura Procris eagerly
supposed to have stood in the place which th lifted up her head to see her expected rival.
Italians call Porto Guiscardo The name Her motion occasioned a rustling among the
of the four cities, according to Thucydides, leaves of the bush that concealed her; and as
were Same, Prone, Cranii, and Talae. The Cephalus listened, he thought it to be a wild
island is said to have taken its name from Ce beast, and he let fly his unerring dart. Pro
phalus. vid. Cephalus. It is now called cris was struck to the heart, and instantly ex
Cefalonia, and is one of the Ionian isles, as pired in the arms of her husband, confessing
they are termed.) Strab. 10.-Plan. 4, c. 12. that ill-grounded jealousy was the cause of
—Mela, 2, c. 7.—Homer. Il. 2.-Thucyd. 2, her death. [After this unfortunate event,
c. 30.—Paus. 6, c. 15. Cephalus fled to Amphytrion, who made him
CEPHALoßdis and CEPHALUDIUM, now governor of the island, which from him was
Cephalu, a town [on the northern coast of named Cephalonia or Cephalenia.] Accord
Sicily.] Sul. 14, v. 253.-Cie. 2, in Verr. 51. ing to Apollodorus, there were two persons
CEphâlon, a Greek of Ionia, who wrote of the name of Cephalus; one, son of Mercury
an history of Troy, besides an epitome of and Herse, carried away by Aurora, with
universal history from the age of Ninus to whom he dwelt in Syria, and by whom he had
Alexander, which he divided into nine books, a son called Tithonus. The other married
inscribed with the names of the nine muses. Procris, and was the cause ot the tragical
He affected not to know the place of his birth. event mentioned above. Cephalus was fa
expecting it would be disputed like Homer's. ther of Arcesius by Procris, and of Phaeton,
He lived in the reign of Adrian. according to Hesiod, by Aurora. Ovid...Met.
CEPHALUs, son of Deioneus, king of Thes: 7, fab. 26.-Hygin. fab. 189.--Apollod. 3,
saly, by Diomede, daughter of Xuthus, mar c. 15 —A Corinthian lawyer, who assisted
ried Procris, daughter of Erechtheus, king of Timoleon in regulating the republic of Sy
Athens. Aurora fell in love with him, and racuse. Diod. 16.-Plut. in Tim.
carried him away; but he refused to listen to CEPHEN Es, an ancient name of the Per
her addresses, and was impatient to return to sians, given them by the Greeks. Herodot.
Procris. The goddess sent him back: and to 7, c. 61. A name of the Æthiopians, from
try the fidelity of his wife, she made him put on Cepheus, one of their kings. Ovid...Met. 5, v. 1.
a different form, and he arrived at the house CEPHEU's, a king of Æthiopia, father of
of Procris in the habit of a merchant. Andromeda, by Cassiope. He was one of
Procris was deaf to every offer ; but she suf the Argonauts, and was changed into a con
fered herself to be seduced by the gold of stellation after his death. Ovid. Met. 4, v.
this stranger, who discovered himself the 669, l. 5, v. 12.—Paus. 4, c. 35, l. 8, c. 4.—
very moment that Procris had yielded up Apollod. 1, c. 9, 1.2, c. 1,4 and 7, 1.3, c. 9,
her virtue. This circumstance so ashamed mentions one son of Aleus, and another, son
Procris, that she fled from her husband, and of Belus. The former he makes king of Te
devoted herself to hunting in the island of gea, and father of Sterope; and says, that he,
Euboea, where she was admitted among the with his twelve sons, assisted Hercules in a
attendants of Diana, who presented her with war against Hippocoon, where they were
a dog always sure of his prey, and a dart killed. The latter he calls king of Æthiopia
which never missed its aim, and always re and father of Andromeda.
turned to the hands of its mistress of its own CEPHIsla, a part of Attica, through which
accord. Some say that the dog was a pre the Cephisus flows. Plin. 4, c. 7.
sent from Minos, because Procris had cured CEPHIsipóRus, a tragic poet of Athens
his wounds. After this Procris returned in in the age of Æschylus. An historian who
disguise to Cephalus, who was willing to dis wrote an account of the Phecian war.
grace himself by some unnatural concessions CEPhIsodotus, a disciple of Isocrates, a
to obtain the dog and the dart of Procris. great reviler of Aristotle, who wrote a book
Procris discovered herself at the moment of proverbs. Athen. 2.
that Cephalus showed himself faithless, and CEphisus and CEPhIssus, a celebrated
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river of Greece, that rises at Lilaca in Phocis, their confinement.

It was usual for those
and after passing at the north of Delphi and heroes, who in their life-time visited Pluto's
mount Parnassus, enters Boeotia, where it kingdom, to appease the barking mouths of
flows into the lake Copais. The graces Cerberus with a cake. Orpheus lulled him to
were particularly fond of this river, whence sleep with his lyre; and Hercules dragged
they are called the goddesses of the Cephi him from hell when he went to redeem Al
sus. [There were two other rivers of the ceste... [Horace gives him the title of Cent
same name in Attica, one of which ran on the ceps, by poetic amplification.] Wirg. ..HEn.
north of Athens, near the northern wall of 5, v. 134, 1.6, v. 417–Homer. Od. 11, v.
the Piraeus, and the other rose near Phyle, 622.-Paus. 2, c. 31, l. 3, c. 25.-Hesiod.
and flowed into the Sinus Saronicus near Sci Theog. 312–Tibull. 1, el. ſo, v. 35.
rus. There was a fourth river of this name CER casóRUM, CERCAEsúRA, or CER casA
in Argolis, flowing into the Inachus, above RoPöLls, a town of Egypt, where the Nile
Argos.) Strab. 9.-Plin. , c. 7.—Paus. 9, divides itself into the Pelusiac and Canopic
c. 24.—Homer. Il. 2, v. 29.-Lucan. 3, v.175. mouths, where the Delta begins. Herodot.
—Ovid. Met. 1, v. 369, l. 3, v. 19. 2, c. 15.
CEPuo or CAEpio, Servilius, a Roman con CERCINA and CERc1NNA, a small island of
sul, who put an end to the war in Spain. He the Mediterranean, near the smaller Syrtis,
took gold from a temple, and for that sacri on the coast of Africa, ſnow Kerkeni.] Ta
lege the rest of his life was always unfortu cit. 1, Ann. 53.-Strab. 17.—Lir. 33, c. 48.—
nate. He was conquered by the Cimbrians, Plin. 5, c. 7. A mountain of Thrace, to
his goods were publicly confiscated, and he wards Macedonia. Thucyd. 2, c. 98.
died at last in prison. CERCINE, [a town of Macedonia, west of
CERAxicus, a bay of Caria, [north of the Amphipolis. It was situate at the mouth of
peainsula of Doris,) receiving its name from the river Pontus, on a lake called Cercinitis
Ceramus. Plin. 5, c. 29.--Mela, l, c. 16.- palus.] Lir. 3., c. 41.
A public walk, and a place to bury those that CercóPEs, the inhabitants of the island
were killed in defence of their country, at Pithecusa, changed into monkies on account of
Athens. Cic. ad Att. 1, ep. 10. their dishonesty. Orid. Met. 14, v. 91.
CER (Mus, a town [of Caria, a short dis CER cops, t: Milesian author of a fabulous
tance east of Halicarnassus. It is now K-- *istory mentioned by Athenaeus, A Py
rano.] thagorean philosopher.
CER sus, (untis) [a city of Pontus, on the CER cyon and CER cyon Es, a king of Eleu
sea-coast, south-west of Trapezus. It was sis son of Neptune, or, according to others,
founded by a colony from Sinope in Paphla of Vulcan. He obliged all strangers to wres
gonia, to which it paid a yearly tribute. tle with him; and as he was a dexterous wres
Pharnaces greatly improved it, and gave it tler, they were easily conquered and put to
the name of Pharmacia. From hence, ac death. After many cruelties, he challenged
cording to Pliny, Lucullus first brought cher Theseus in wrestling, and he was conquered
ries into Italy, A. U. C. 680, which were and put death by his antagonist. His daugh
introduced 120 years after into Britain. ter Alope was loved by Neptune, by whom
Hence the Latin cerasa, cherries. According she had a child. Cercyon exposed the child,
to Tournefort, the country is hilly, and the called Hippothoon, but he was preserved by
hills covered with forests, in which cherry a mare, and afterwards placed upon his
trees grow naturally. It is now Kerasoun.] grandfather's throne by Theseus. Ovid. Met.
.Marcell. 22, c. 13.−Plin. 15, c. 25, l. 16, c. 7, v. 439.-Hygin. fab. 187.-Plut, in Thes,
18, l. 17, c. 14.—Mela, 1, c. 19. — Paus. 1, c. 5 and 39.
CERAtus, a river of Crete. * CERcy RA, [vid. Corcyra.]
CERAuxia and CERAUN11, large moun. CE REALIA, festivals in uonour of Ceres;
tains of Epirus, extending far into the sea, first introduced at Rome by Mummius the
and forming a promontory which projects aedile, and celebrated on the 19th of April.
between the lonian and Adriatic seas. They Persons in mourning were not permitted to
are the same as the Acroceraunia. appear at the celebration; therefore they
CERAUNII, mountains of Asia, opposite the were not observed after the battle of Cannae.
Caspian sea. [A part of the chain of Taurus They are the same as the Thesmophoria of
is here meant by Mela, proceeding from the the Greeks, vid. Thesnuophoria.
coast of the Euxine, the Palus Moeotis, and CEREs, the goddess of corn and harvests,
Tanais...] Mela, 1, c. 19. was daughter of Saturn and Vesta. She had
CERAunus, a river of Cappadocia.-A a daughter by Jupiter, whom she called
surname of Ptolemy the 2d, from his bold Pherephatta, and afterwards Proserpine.
ness. C. Nep. Reg. c. 3. This daughter was carried away by Pluto,
CERBALUs, a river of Apulia. Plin. 3, c. 11. as she was gathering flowers in the plains
CERBER Us, a dog of Pluto, the fruit of near Enna. The rape of Proserpine was
Echidna's union with Typhon. He had 50 grievous to Ceres, who sought her all over
heads according to Hesiod, and three accord Sicily; and when night came, she lighted
ing to other mythologists. He was stationed her torch in the flames of Mount #2tna,
at the entrance of Hell, as a watchful keeper, to continue her search by night all over the
to prevent the living from entering the inſer world. She at last found her veil near the
gal regions, and the dead from escaping from fountain Cyane; but no intºligedce cºuld be
Y 169
 CE CE

received of the place of her concealment, goddess, gratefully remembered her favours
till at last the nymph Arethusa informed her in the celebration of the Eleusinian mysteries.
that her daughter had been carried away by vid. Eleusinia. Ceres also performed the
Pluto. No sooner had Ceres heard this than duties of a legislator, and the Sicilians found
she flew to heaven with her chariot drawn by the advantages of her salutary laws; hence
two dragons, and demanded of Jupiter the re. her surname of Thesmophora. She is the
storation of her daughter. The endeavours same as the Isis of the Egyptians, and her
of Jupiter to soften her by representing Pluto worship, it is said, was first brought intº
as a powerful god, to become her son-in-law, Greece by Erechtheus. She met with differ.
proved fruitless, and the restoration was ent adventures when she travelled over the
granted, provided Proserpine had not eaten earth, and the impudence of Stellio was se
any thing in the kingdom of Pluto. Ceres verely punished. To avoid the importuni.
upon this repaired to Pluto, but Proserpine ties of Neptune, she changed herself into a
had eaten the grains of a pomegranate, which mare: but the god took advantage of her ,
she had gathered as she walked over the Ely metamorphosis, and from their union arose
sian fields, and Ascalaphus, the only one who the horse Arion. vid. Arion. The birth of
had seen her, discovered it to make his court this monster so offended Ceres, that she with
to Pluto. The return of Proserpine was drew herself from the sight of mankind; and
therefore inpracticable ; but Ascalaphus, the earth would have perished for want of
for his unsolicited information, was changed her assistance, had not Pan discovered her
into an owl., vid. Ascalaphus. The grief of in Arcadia, and given information of it to Ju
Ceres for the loss of her daughter was so piter. The Parcae were sent by the god to
great, that Jupiter granted Proserpine to pass comfort her, and at their persuasion she re
six months with her mother, and the rest of turned to Sicily, where her statues represent
the year with Pluto. During the inquiries of ed her veiled in black, with the head of a
Ceres for her daughter, the cultivation of horse, and holding a dove in one hand and
the earth was neglected, and the ground be in the other a dolphin. In their sacrifices
came barren ; therefore, to repair the loss the ancients offered Ceres a pregnant sow,
which mankind had suffered by her absence, as that animal often injures and destroys the
the goddess went to Attica, which was be productions of the earth. While the corn
come the most desolate country in the world, was yet in grass they offered her a ram, aſ
and instructed Triptolemus of Eleusis, in ter the victim had been led three times round
every thing which concerned agriculture. the field. Ceres was represented with a gar
She taught him how to plough the ground, to land of ears of corn on her head, holding in
sow and reap the corn, to make bread, and to one hand a lighted torch, and in the other a
take particular care of fruit trees. After poppy, which was sacred to her. She ap
these instructions, she gave him her chariot, pears as a country-woman mounted on the
and commanded him to travel all over the back of an ox, and carrying a basket on her
world, and communicate his knowledge of left arm, and holding a hoe; and sometimes
agriculture to the rude inhabitants, who hi. she rides in a chariot drawn by winged drº
therto lived upon acorns and the roots of the gons. She was supposed to be the same as
earth. vid. Triptolemus. Her beneficence to Rhea, Tellus, Cybele, Bona Dea, Berecym
mankind made Ceres respected. Sicily was thia, &c. The Romans paid her great ado
supposed to be the favourite retreat of the ration, and her festivals were yearly celebrat
goddess, and Diodorus says that she and her ed by the Roman matrons in the month ol
daughter made their first appearance to April, during eight days. These matrons
mankind in Sicily, which Pluto received as a abstained during several days from the used
nuptial dowry from Jupiter when he mar wine and every carnal enjoyment. They al
ried Proserpine. The Sicilians made a yearly ways bore lighted torches in commemoration
sacrifice to Ceres, every man according to of the goddess; and whoever came to these
his "abilities; and the fountain of Cyane, festivals without a previous initiation waſ
through which Pluto opened himself a pas. punished with death. Ceres is metaphorical
sage with his trident, when carrying away ly called bread and corn, as the word Barthur
Proserpine, was publicly honoured with an is frequently used to signify wine. Apollod.
offering of bulls, and the blood of the victims 1, c. 5, 1.2, c. 1, 1.3, c. 12 and 14.—Paul. I,
was shed in the waters of the fountain. Be c. 31, 1.2, c. 34, 1.3, c. 23, 1.8, c. 25, &c.-
sides these, other ceremonies were observed Diod. 1, &c.—Hesiod. Theog.—Orid. Fº
in honour of the goddesses who had so pecu. 4, v. 417, Met, ſab. 7, 8, &c.—Clondian, d.
liarly favoured the island. The commemo Rapt. Pros.-Cie. in Verr.—Callimach; in
ration of the rape was celebrated about the Cer.—Liv. 29 and 31.-Stat. Theb. 12.-Dir
beginning of the harvest, and the search of nys. Hal. 1, c. 33.-Hygin. P. A. 2.
Ceres at the time that corn is sown in the CERILLi or CARILLE, now Cirella, a toº
earth. The latter festival continued six suc of the Bruti, [south-west of Pandosia]Strº
cessive days; and during the celebration,thellº
votaries of Ceres made use of some free and
CERILIUM, a place of Lucania, [Prº
wantoº, expressions, as that language had bly the same with Cerilli..] Strab. S-Sº
made the goddess smile while melancholy Ital. 8, v. 580.
for the loss of her daughter. Attica, which CERINThus, now Zero, a town of Eubº
had been so eminently distinguished by the [on the Euripus, north-east ofChalcis, whº
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 CE CH

inhabitants went to the Trojan war, head and husband of Alcyone. He was drowned
ed by Elphenor, son of Chalcedon. Homer. as he went to consult the oracle of Claros.
Il. 2, v. 45.-Strab. 10. His wife was apprized of his misfortune in a
CERNE, [an island without the pillars of Jream, and ſound his dead body washed on
Hercules, on the African coast, mentioned the sea-shore. They were both changed
by Hanno, in his Periplus as it is usually into birds called Alcyons, vid. Alcyone. Orid.
though incorrectly termed. Here he esta JMet. 11, v. 587.-Paus. 1, c. 32. According
blished a colony, and it was always the de to Apollod. 1, c. 7, 1.2, c. 7, the husband of
pêt of the Carthaginianson the Atlantic coast Alcyone and the king of Trachinia were two
of Africa. Hanno says that it was the same different persons.
distance from the columns of Hercules that [ChabóRas, or, as most of the Greek wri
Carthage was. It is supposed to have been ters call it, Aborras, a river of Mesopotamia,
the present isle of Arguin, which the Moors springing, according to Ptolemy, from Mount
call Ghir.] Strab. 1.-Plin. 5 and 6. Masius, a little to the west of Nisibis, but,
CE Ros, a fountain of Histiaeotis, whose wa according to other authorities, a little east of
ters rendered black all the sheep that drank Charrac. These last are followed by D'An
of them. Plan. 3, c. 2. ville. It fell into the Euphrates near the town
CERETāN1, a people of Spain that inha of Circesium. Its modern name is the Kha
bited the modern district of Cerdana in Cata bour. In the Anabasis of Xenophon it is
lonia. Plin. 3, c. 3. called the Araxes, which appears to be an
CERT.owitzM, a town of Asia Minor, [be appellative term, as we find it applied to
tween Adramyttium and the Caicus, accord many other rivers in antiquity.]
ing to Xenophon.] Chabrias, an Athenian general, who chief
CEstius, an epicurean of Smyrna, who ly signalized himself when he assisted the
taught rhetoric at Rhodes in the age of Ci Boeotians against Agesilaus. In this cele
cero. A bridge at Rome. brated campaign, he ordered his soldiers to
CEs.TRINus, son of Helenus and Andro put one knee on the ground, and firmly to
mache; after his father's death he settled in rest their spears upon the other, and cover
Epirus, above the river Thyamis, and called themselves with their shields, by which
the country Cestrina. Paus. 1, c. 11. means he daunted the enemy, and had a sta
CETEs, a king of Egypt, the same as Pro tue raised to his honour in that same posture.
teus. Diod. 1. He assisted also Nectanebus, king of Egypt,
CFTHEGus, the surname of one of the and conquered the whole island of Cyprus:
branches of the Cornelii.-Marcus, a consul but he at last fell a sacrifice to his excessive
in the second Punic war. Cic, in Brut.— courage, and disdained to fly from his ship
A tribune at Rome, of the most corrupt when he had it in his power to save his life
morals, who joined Catiline in his conspiracy like his companions, B.C. 376. C. Nep. in
against the state, and was commissioned to witá.-Diod. 16.-Plut. in Phoc.
murder Cicero. He was apprehended, and ChaehéAs, an Athenian, who wrote on
with Lentulus, put to death by order of the agriculture.—An officer who murdered
Roman senate. Plut. in Cic. &c.—P. Corn. Caligula A. D. 41, to prevent the infamous
a powerful Roman, who embraced the party of death which was prepared against himself.
Marius against Sylla. His mistress had ob CHAEREMow, a comic poet and disciple
tained such an ascendancy over him, that she of Socrates.—A stoic, who wrote on the
distributed his favours, and Lucullus was not Egyptian priests.
ashamed to court her smiles when he wished Chaerºphon, a tragic poet of Athens, in
to be appointed general against Mithridates. the age of Philip of Macedonia.
CET11, [a people of Mysia, who probably CHAERoNEA, [a city of Boeotia, previously
derived their name from the small river Ce called Arne, and situate on a small branch of
tius, which traversed their district, and fell the Cephissus. It was memorable for the
into the Adriatic. Strabo, however, places defeat of the Athenians by the Boeotians, B.
them in Cilicia.] C. 447, and much more for their irretrievable
Cetics, a river of Mysia.—[A chain of defeat by Philip, B. C.338, which put an end
mountains in Noricum, forming its eastern to the liberties of Greece. Here also Sylla
boundary. According to Busching it was a gained a victory over the generals of Mith
ridge extending from the Saave towards the ridates. It was the birth-place of Plutarch.]
Danube, about nine British miles on the CHALEoN, [a part of the Locri Ozolae,
west of Vienna, where it is called Leopolds south-west of Crissa.]
herg. Mannert gives the name of Kalen Chalcea, an island with a town near
beg to its northern part.] Rhodes. Plin. 5, c. 3.-A festival at
CEto, a daughter of Pontus and Terra, Athens. vid. Panathemaea.
married Phorcys, by whom she had the three CHALcEpon, now Kadi-Keui, an ancient
Gorgons, &c. Hesiod. Theog. v. 237.-Lu city of Bithynia, opposite Byzantium, built
rrn. 9, v. 646. by a colony from Megara, headed by Argias,
CEOs and CAERos, a son of Coelus and Ter B. C. 685, [some years before the ſounding
ra, who married Phoebe, by whom he had of Byzantium.] It was first called Proceras
Latane and Asteria. Hesiod. Theog. v. 135. tis, and afterwards Colpusa. Its situation,
—Wirg..AEn. 4, v.179. however, was so inproperly chosen, that it
C#yx, a king of Trachinia, son of Lucifer, was called the city of blind men, intimating
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the inconsiderate plan of the founders [in His chief reason for this opinion is founded on
everlooking the superior position on the oppo the names of Chaldaean and Babylonian kings
site side of the straits, where Byzantium was preserved in Scripture, and by Ptolemy and
afterwards founded.] Strab. 7.-Plun. 5, c. Syncellus, which differ from the Assyrian
32.—JMela, 1, c. 19. names and bear an apparent resemblance to
CHALcIDENs Es, the inhabitants of the those of some northern nations of Slavonic
isthmus between Teos and Erythrae.—A origin. Thus Nebucadnezar would be in
people near the Phasis. Slavonic, Nebu-godnoi-tzar 1. e. a prince
CHALcidice, [a district of Macedonia, be worthy of heaven. Belshazar would be equi.
tween the Sinus Thermaicus and Strymoni valent to Bolshoi-tzar, i.e. a great prince;
cus. The lower part of it formed three and so of others. (See the supplement to
peninsulas, Phlegra or Pallene, Sithonia, and Michaelis's work on the Hebrew Laws, sect
Athos, which rid. The small town of Chal 1367, and his Spicilegium Geographia. He.
cis gave name to this district. Another in bracorum extera, vol. 2, p. 77, et seqq.) On
Syria, adjacent to the town of Chalcis.] the other hand, Adelung contends that all
(Chalci ecus, an epithet applied to Mi these names are resolvable into the Hebrew,
nerva at Sparta, from her having a brazen or its cognate dialects. This author consi
temple, (x2xxxv, otº ot). Gell. in his account ders the Chaldaeans or Chasdim, as a moun
of the Treasury at Argos, gives a reasonable taineer people from the north of Mesopota
explication of this seemingly strange term. mia, but belonging to the Assyrian, or, as he
He discovered in the interior of the Treasu calls it, the Shemitic race. (See his Mithri.
ry, which still remains in a great degree en dates, Erster Theil. p. 517, and also Rosen
tire, a number of brass nails placed through muller on Hab. 1, 6, and Gesenius's larger
out at regular intervals on the walls, and Hebrew Lexicon, p. 489.) The Chaldaean are
these he supposes were originally used for highly commended in many of the ancient
securing plates of the same metal to the writers for their skill in the sciences, especi.
wall, and hence the seeming ſables of brazen ally in astronomy. If we are to believe Dio
chambers and brazen temples. Gell's Itine dorus, however, their claims to this high cha.
rary, p. 33. In a similar manner may be ex racter were very slight. They seem to have
plained the account given by the ancients, of pursued the study of astronomy no farther
the brazen vessel made by Eurystheus, and than as it might tend to aid their ſancied as
into which he retired whenever Hercules trological researches. They taught that the
returned from his labours. vid. Eurystheus.] shape of the earth was that of a skiff or small
CHALcióPE, a daughter of Æetes king of boat, and of eclipses of the sun they knew
Colchis, who married Phryxus son of Atha but little, and never ventured to predict them
mas, who had fled to her father's court for or fix the time of their occurring. So says
protection. She had some children by Phryx Diodorus. Diod. Sic. 2, 31.—Aulus Gellius.
us, and she preserved her life from the ava 14, 1.—Sertus Empiricus, p. 338.--Montuela
rice and cruelty of her father, who had Hist. de Math. vol. 1, 1. 2, §. 4.)
murdered her husband to obtain the golden CHALYBEs and CALYBEs, a people of Asia
fleece. [vid. Phryxus.] Ovid. Heroid. 17, Minor, in the south-east corner of] Pontus,
v. 232.-Hygin. fab. 14, &c. once very powerful, and possessed of a great
CHALcis, now Egripo, the chief city of extent of country, abounding in iron mines,
Euboea, in that part which is nearest to Boeo where the inhabitants worked naked. The
tia. It was founded by an Athenian colony. Calybes attacked the ten thousand in their
The island was said to have been anciently retreat, and behaved with much spirit and
joined to the continent in the neighbourhood courage. They were partly conquered by
of Chalcis. [The inhabitants were famed Croesus, king of Lydia. [Their country is
for their skill in navigation, but were very still called Keldir. Strabo calls them Chaldei |
dissolute. Some derive the name from Chal vid. Chaldaea.j Virg. JEn. 8, v.421.—Strat.
cis, a daughter of Asopus king of Boeotia, 12, &c.—Apollon, 2, v. 375.-Xenoph.
surnamed Chalcis, from her having invented Anab. 4, &c.—Herodot. 1, c. 28.-Justin. 44,
brazen armour. Pliny deduces it from c. 3.
Žaxxor, brass or copper, which he supposes Chalybon, now supposed to be .4ieppe, a
to have been first used here.]—[Another of town of Syria, which gave the name of Chº
Macedonia.-Another of Syria, now Old libonitis to the neighbouring country. [tid.
.Alep.–Another near Libanus, now Kalcos ) Beraea..]
Plin. 4, c. 12.-Strab, 10.-Paus. 5, c. 23.- CH Aly Bonitis, a country of Syria, so fa
Cic. JW. D. 3, c. 10. mous for its wines that the king of Persia
CHALDAEA, [a country of Asia at the top drank no other.
of the Persian gulf, and south of Babylonia. CHALY bs, [now Cabe, a river in Spain,
Some writers, however, make Babylonia a where Justin 34, c. 3, places the people call.
part of it. With respect to the origin of the ed Calybes.
Chaldae,ans, who are called in Scripture Chas CHAMANI and CHAMAvi, a people of Ger
dim, various opinions have been entertained. many, [south-eatt of the Frisii.] Tacit. tº
Michaëlis.considers them as a foreign race in erm.

Assyria, anta' is inclined to derive them from CHAONEs, a people of Epirus.

the Chalybes f the Greek geographers, who CHAON1A, a mountainous part of Epirus,
are called Chak liby Stephanus Byzautibus. which receives its name from Chaon, a stºn
- 172
 CH

of Priam, inadvertently killed by his brother which it was carried to a desolate place,
Helenus. There was a wood near, where where they put a halter round its neck, and
doves (Chaonie aves) were said to deliver buried it where Charila was buried. Plut.
oracles. Irid. Dodona.] The words Chao in Quest. Graec.
witus victus are by ancient authors applied to CHARILäus and CHARILLUs, a son of Po
a corns, the food of the first inhabitants. Lu lydectes king of Sparta, educated and pro
ran. 6, v. 426.-Claudian de Pros. rapt. 3, v. tected by his uncle Lycurgus. He made
47.-Pīrg...En. 3, v. 335.-Propert. 1, el. 9. war against Argos and attacked Tegea. He
—Orld...?...A. 1. was taken prisoner, and released on promis
CHAos, a rude and shapeless mass of mat ing that he would cease from war, an engage
ter, and confused assemblage of inactive ele ment he soon broke. He died in the 64th
ments, which, as the poets suppose, pre-ex year of his age. Paus. 2, 36, 1.6, c. 48.
isted the formation of the world, and from CHAR1s.I.A., a town of Arcadia. Paus. 8.
which the universe was formed by the hand c. 3. A festival in honour of the Graces,
and power of a superior being. This doc with dances which continued all night. He
trine was first established by Hesiod, from who continued awake the longest was re
whom the succeeding poets have copied it : warded with a rake.
and it is probable that it was obscurely drawn CHARISIUs, an orator at Athens. Cic, in
from the account of Moses, by being copied B. 83.
from the annals of Sanchoniathon, whose age CHARusti A, festivals at Rome, celebrated
is fixed antecedent to the siege of Troy. on the 20th of February, by the distribution
Chaos was deemed, by some, one of the of mutual preseuts, with the intention of re
oldest of the gods, and invoked as one of the conciling friends and relations. Val. Mar.
infernal deities. Pirg. JEn. 4, v. 510.-Ovid. 2, c. 1.-Ovid. Fast 1.
.Met. 1, fab. 1. Charites and GRATIAE, the Graces,
CHARADRA, a town of Phocis, [about 20 daughters of Venus by Jupiter or Bacchus,
stadia from Lilaca. Near it flowed the rive were three in number, Aglaia, Thalia, and Eu
Charadrus, which fell into the Cephissus.j phrosyne. They were the constant attendants
Herodot. 3, c. 33. of Venus, and they were represented as three
CHARAx, a philosopher of Pergamus, who young, beautiful, and modestvirgins, all hold
wrote an history of Greece in 40 books. ing one another by the hand. They presided
CHARAxes and CHARAxUs, a Mitylenean, over kindness and all good offices, and their
brother to Sappho, who became passionately wor-hip was the same as that of the nine mu
ſoud of the courtezan Rhodope, upon whom ses, with whom they had a temple in common.
he squandered all his possessions, and reduc They were generally represented naked, be
ed himself to poverty, and the necessity of cause kindnesses ought to be done with since
piratical excursions. Ovid. Heroid. 15, v. rity and candour The moderns explain the
117. –Heroid. 2, c. 135, &c. allegory of their holding their hands joined,
CHAREs, an Athenian general.—A sta by observing, that there ought to be a per
tuary of Lindus, who was 12 years employ petual and never-ceasing intercourse of kind
ed in making the famous Colossus at Rhodes. ness and benevolence among friends. Their
Plin. 34, c. 7. A man who wounded youth denotes the constant remembrance that
Cyrus when fighting against his brother we ought ever to have of kindnesses received;
Artaxerxes.—An historian of Mitylene, and their virgin purity and innocence teach
who wrote a life of Alexander. us, that acts of benevolence ought to be done
CHARicles, one of the 30 tyrants set over without any expectations of restoration, and
Athens by the Lacedæmonians. Xenoph. that we ought never to suffer others or our
-Memor. 1.-Arist. Polit. 5, c. 6.-A fa selves to be guilty of base or impure favours.
mous physician under Tiberius. Tacit. Ann. Homer speaks only of two Graces.
6, c. 50. CHARiton, a writer of Aphrodisium, at
CHARILA, a festival observed once in nine the latter end of the fourth century. He com
years by the Delphians. It owes its origin to posed a Greek romance, called The Loves
this circumstance. In a great famine the of Chareas and Callirhoe, which has been
people of Delphi assembled and applied to much admired for its elegance and theorigina
their king to relieve their wants. He accor lity of the characters it describes. There is a
dingly distributed the little corn he had very learned edition of Chariton by Reiske,
among the noblest; but as a poor little girl, with D’Orville's notes, 2 vols. 4to. Amst. 1783.
called Charila, begged the king with more Chart MidEs, a philosopher of the third
than common earnestness, he beat her with academy, B. C. 95.
his shoe, and the girl, unable to bear his CHARMióNE, a servant maid of Cleopatra,
treatment, hanged herselfin her girdle. The who stabbed herself after the example of her
famine increased ; and the oracle told the mistress. Plut. in Anton.
king, that to relieve his people, he must atone CHARM is, a physician of Marseilles, in
for the murder of Charila. Upon this a fes Nero's age, who used cold baths for his pa
tival was instituted, with expiatory rites. tients, and prescribed medicines centrary to
The king presided over this institution, and those of his contemporaries. Plin. 21, c. 1.
distributed pulse and corn to such as attend CHARMus, a poet of Syracuse, some of
ed. Charila's image was brought before the whose fragments are found scattered in Athe
king, who struck it with his shoe; after intells.
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ºt-E-

CHARON, a Theban, who received into his by the moderns, as no whirlpool sufficiently
house Pelopidas, and his friends, when they tremendous is now found to correspond to the
delivered Thebes from tyranny, &c. Plut. in description of the ancients. The words
Pelop.–An historian of Lampsacus, son of Incidit in Scyllam qui vult vitare Charybdin,
Pytheus, who wrote two books on Persia, be became a proverb, to show thatin our eager
sides other treatises, B. C. 479.-Am histo ness to avoid one evil we often fall into a
rian of Naucratis, who wrote an history of his greater. It is supposed that Charybdis was
country and of Egypt. A god of hell, son an avaricious woman, who stole the oxen of
of Erebus and Nox, who conducted the souls Hercules, for which theft she was struck with
of the dead in a boat over the river Styx and thunder by Jupiter, and changed into a whirl
Acheron to the infernal regions, for an obolus. pool. [Spallanzani has explained the noted
Such as had not been honoured with a fune wonders of Scylla and Charybdis; the former
ral were not permitted to enter this boat being a lofty rock on the Calabrian shore,
without previously wandering on the shore with some caverns at the bottom, which by
for one hundred years. If any living person the agitation of the waves emit sounds resem
presented himself to cross the Stygian lake, bling the barking of dogs. The only danger
he could not be admitted before he shewed is when the current and winds are in opposi
Charon a golden bough, which he had re tion, so that vessels are impelled towards the
ceived from the Sibyl, and Charon was im rock. Charybdis is not a whirlpool, or in
prisoned for one year, because he had ferried volving vortex, but a spot where the waves
over, against his own will, Hercules with are greatly agitated by pointed rocks, and
out this passport. Charon is represented as the depth does not exceed 500 feet. Spallan
an old robust man, with a hideous coun zan. 3,99.] Lycophr. in Cass.-Homer. Od.
tenance, long white beard, and piercing eyes. 12.-Propert. 3, el. 11.—Ital. 14.—Orid, in
His garment is ragged and filthy, and his Ib. de Ponto. 4, el. 10. Amor. 2, el. 16.-
forehead is covered with wrinkles. As all Pirg, JEn. 3, v.420.
the dead were obliged to pay a small piece Chauci, a people of Germany, [a Suevic
of money for their admission, it was always race, and distinguished by Tacitus as the
usual, among the ancients, to place under the most noble and just of the German nations.
tongue of the deceased, a piece of money for They were divided into Majores and Minores.
Charon. This fable of Charon and his boat The former were situated between the Visur
is borrowed from the Egyptians, whose dead gis or Weser, and the Albis or Elbe. The
were carried across a lake, where sentence latter between the Amisia or Ems, and the
was passed on them, and according to their Visurgis. Tacit, Germ. 35.]
good or bad actions, they were honoured with CHELidoNIA, a festival at Rhodes,in which
a splendid burial or left unnoticed in the it was customary for boys to go begging from
open air. vid. Acherusia. Duod. 1.—Senec. door to door, [and singing a song called Che
in Her. Fur. act. 3, v. 765–Virg...En. 6, v. lidonisma, so called because it began with an
298, &c. invocation of the x*xiday, or swallow.] Athen.
CHARonnAs, [a native of Catana, flourish The wind Favonius was called also Che
ed about 446 B.C. and is supposed to have ledonia, from the 6th of the ides of February
been a disciple of Pythagoras. He was dis to the 7th of the calends of March, the time
tinguished both as a philosopher and legisla when swallows first made their appearance.
tor, and is said to have framed a code of laws Plin. 2, c. 47.
for his own native place, and several other CHELiDoNIAE, now Kelidon, small islands
cities.] He gave laws also to the people of [south of the Sacrum Promontorium, on the
Thurium, and among other things, ordained coast of Lycia,] very dangerous to sailors.
that no man should be permitted to come Dionys Perieg. v. 506.-Plin. 5, c. 27 and
armed into the assembly. He inadvertently 31.-Lur. 33, c. 41.
broke this law, and when told of it, he fell up CHElidonium Promontorium, [the same
on his sword. Val. Mar. 6, c. 5. with Sacrum Promontorium.]
[CHARosius, an epithet for caves, some [CHELoNites, Promontorium, a promon
of which are found in Italy and in other parts tory of Elis, now Cape Tornese.]
of the world, where the air is so loaded with CHELONE, a nymph changed into a tor
a poisonous vapour, that animals cannot live toise by Mercury, for not being present at the
in them even for a few moments.] nuptials of Jupiter and Juno, and condemned
CHARowiu M, a cave near Nysa, where the to perpetual silence for having ridiculed these
sick were supposed to be delivered from their deities.
disorders by certain superstitious solemnities. CHELöNis, a daughter of Leonidas king of
Chanops and CHAROPES, a powerful Epi Sparta, who married Cleombrotus. She ac
rot who assisted Flaminius when making war companied her father whom her husband had
against Philip the king of Macedonia. Plut. expelled, and soon after went into banishment
in Flam. with her husband, who had in his turn been
CHARY Bois, a dangerous whirlpool on the expelled by Leonidas. Plut. in Agid. &
coast of Sicily, opposite another whirlpool Cleom.
called Scylla, on the coast of Italy. It was CHELoNopháG1, a people of Carmania,
very dangerous to sailors, and it proved fatal [also the name of a people of Ethiopia,] who
to part of the fleet of Ulysses. The exact fed upon turtle, and covered their habitations
situation of the Charybdis is not discovered with the shells. Plin.6, c. 24.
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CHEMMIs, an islandin a deep lake of Egypt. Chilo, a Spartan philosopher, who has
Herodot. 2, c. 156. been called one of the seven wise men of
CHEoPs and ChEosPEs, a king of Egypt, Greece. One of his maxims was “know thy
after Rhampsinitus, who built a famous pyra self.” He died through excess of joy, in the
mid, upon which 1600 talents were expended arms of his son, who had obtained a victory at
only in supplying the workmen with leeks, Olympia, B.C. 597. Plin. 7, c. 33.—Laert.
garlick, and other vegetables. [vid. Pyra ChrMAERA, a celebrated monster, sprung
mides.] Herodot. 2, c. 124. from Echidna and Typhon, which had three
CHEPHREs, a brother of Cheops, who also heads, that of a lion, of a goat, and a dragon,
built a pyramid. The Egyptians so inve and continually vomited flames. The fore
terately hated these two royal brothers, [that, parts of its body were those of a lion, the mid
from an aversion towards mentioning their dle was that of a goat, and the hinder parts
names, they called their pyramids by the were those of a dragon. It generally lived in
name of the shepherd Philitis, who fed at Lycia, about thereign of Jobates, by whose or
that time his cattle in those places. [For ders Bellerophon, mounted on the horse Pega
some remarks on this Philitis, vid. Pyrami sus, overcame it. This fabulous tradition is
des.] Herodot. 2, c. 127. explained by the recollection that there was
CHERoNAEA. rid. Chaeronea. a burning mountain in Lycia, called Chimae
CHERópeox, a tragic writer of Athens in ra, whose top was the resort of lions, on ac
the age of Philip. Philostr. in vitis. count of its desolate wilderness ; the middle,
CHERRoNEsos. vid. Chersonesus. which was fruitful, was covered with goats;
CHERslas, an Orchomenian, reconciled to and at the bottom the marshy ground abound
Periander by Chilo. Pausanias praises some ed with serpents. [Bellerophon is said to
of his poetry, 9, c. 38. have conquered the Chimaera, because he
CHERsoxesus, a Greek word, [from cultivated the mountain.) Plutarch says
zºgzac, land, and ºnzac, an island, that is, an is
that it is the captain of some pirates, who
land joining the land,) rendered by the Latins jadorned their ship with the images of a lion,
Peninsula. There were many of these among |a goat, and a dragon. From the union of
the ancients, of which these five are the most |the Chimaera with Orthos, sprung the Sphinx
celebrated ; one called Peloponnesus ; one and the lion of Nemaa. Homer. Il. 6, v.
called Thracian, in the south of Thrace, and |181.-Hesiod. Theog. v 322–.Apollod. 1, c.
west of the Hellespont, where Miltiades led 9, l. 2, c. 3.-Lucret. 5, v. 903.-Ovid. 9,
a colony of Athenians, and built a wall across JMet. v. 646.-Virg. AEn. 6, v. 288–One
the isthmus. [The neck of land joining it to of the ships in the fleet of Æneas. Virg. JEn.
the continent is about 6 modern Greek, or 5, v. 118.
perhaps not 5 British miles in breadth. From CHIMARUs, a river of Argolis. Paus. 2,
its isthmus to its further shores it measured c. 36.
480 stadia according to Herodotus, but 400 CHIMERIUM, a mountain of Phthiotis in
according to Scylax, extending between the Thessaly. Plin. 4, c. 8.
bay of Melas and the Hellespont. The third, CH16NE, a daughter of Daedalion of whom
called Tauriea, now Crim Tartary, was situ Apollo and Mercury became enamoured.
ate near the Paius Maeotis. The fourth, call From them Chiome became mother of Phi
ed Cimbrica, now Jutland, is in the northern lammon and Autolycus, the former of whom,
parts of Germany ; and the fifth, surnamed as being son of Apollo, became an excellent
Auren, lies in India, beyond the Ganges. musician; and the latter was equally notori
[D'Anville makes it to be the peninsula of ous for his robberies, of which his father
.Malacca. In this opinion Rennell and Man Mercury was the patron. Chione grew sc
nert coincide; but M. Gosselin, author of proud of her commerce with the gods, that
“The Geography of the Greeksanalysed, &c.” she even preferred her beauty to that of Dia
differs from this and other positions of D'An na, for which impiety she was killed by the
ville in his Indian geography. The golden goddess and changed into a hawk. Ovid.
Chersonese is probably the southern part of JMet. 11, fab. 8.—A daughter of Boreas
the kingdom of Pegu.] Herodot. 6, c. 33, 1. and Orithyia, who had Eumolpus by Nep
7, c. 58.-Liv. 31, c. 16.—Cic. ad Br. 2. tune. She threw her son into the sea, but he
Also a peninsula near Alexandria in Egypt, was preserved by his father. Apollod. 3, c.
Hirt. Aler. 10. 15.-Paus. 1, c. 38.
CHEnusci, [a people of Germany, between Chros, now Srio, an island in the AEgean
the Weser and the Flbe, south-east of the sea, between Lesbos and Samos, on the coast
Chauci. Under the conduct of Arminius, of Ionia. [It is about 900 leagues in circuit,
they defeated and slew three Roman legions and was probably once connected with the
commanded by Varus, A. D. 10, in the Sal main land, from which it is separated only by
tus Teutobergiensis, or Bushoprick of Pad |a strait three leagues wide. It was known
erborn. They were afterwards defeated by |by the names of Æthalia, Macris, and Pityu
Germanicus, and never recovered their for |. but its most prevalent name was Chios,
mer eminence.] Tacit.—Cars. B. G. 6, c. 9. |derived, according to some. from x tav, snow;
ChidāRus, a river of Macedonia near because its mountains were often covered
Thessalonica, not sufficiently large to supply |with it. Isidorus, however, deduces the
the army of Xerxes with water. Herodot. 7, |. from a Syriac term signifying mastich,
c. 127. with which the island abounds.] It was well
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inhabited, and could once equip a hundred Chobus, a river of Colchis, |aling into
ships; and its chief town, called Chios, had the Euxine north of the mouth of the Pha
a beautiful harbour, which could contain sis I Arrian.
eighty ships. The wine of this island, so CHGERKDEs, [islands of the Euxine uear the
much celebrated by the ancients, is still in Hellespont, supposed to be the same with the
general esteem. [The Chians were said to Cyanean isles. Islands on the coast of Eu
have first known the art of cultivating the Gea, near the promontory of Caphareus,
vine, taught them by Oenopion the son of where the Oilean Ajax was shipwrecked.
Bacchus, and by them communicated to the Islands in the Sinus Persicus. Islands in
rest of mankind. The first red wine was the Ionian sea, off the coast of Iapygia. Thu
made here. It was one of the places which cud. 7, c. 33.]
contended for the honour of having zived Choerflus, a tragic poet of Athens, who
birth to Homer, and his school was shown in wrote 150 tragedies, of which 13 obtained the
the island. Modern Scio, until the late dread prize.—An historian of Samos. Two
ful ravages of the Turks, contained 115,000 other poets, one of whom was very intimate
inhabitants, nearly all Greeks, and was the with Herodotus. He wrote a poem on the
best culivated and most flourishing island in victory which the Athenians had obtained
the Archipelago.] Plut. de Virt. Mul—Ho over Xerxes, and on account of the excel
rat. 3, od. 19, v. 5, 1, Sat 10, v. 24.—Paus. lence of the composition, he received a piece
7, c. 4.—Mela, 2, v. 2.-Strab. 2. of gold for each verse from the Athenians, and
CHIRos, a centaur, half a man and half a was publicly ranked with Homer as a -

horse, son of Philyra and Saturn, who had The other was one of Alexander's flatterers
changed himself into a horse, to escape the and friends. It is said the prince promised
inquiries of his wife Rhea. Chiron was fa him as many pieces of gold as there should
mous for his knowledge of music, medicine, he good verses in his poetry, and as many
and shooting. He taught mankind the use of slaps on his forehead as there were bad ; and
plants and medicinal herbs; and he instruct in consequence of this, scarce six of his verses
ed in all the polite arts, the greatest heroes in each poem were entitled to gold, while the
of his age ; such as Achilles, Æsculapius, rest were rewarded with the castigation.
Iſercules, Jason, Peleus, AEneas, &c. He Plut. in Aler.—Horat. 2, ep. 1, v. 232.
was wounded in the knee by a poisoned ar Chon NiDAs a man made preceptor to
row, by Hercules, in his pursuit of the cen Theseus, by his grandfather Pittheus king of
taurs. Hercules flew to his assistance ; but Troezene. The Athenians instituted sacri
as the wound was incurable, and the cause of fices to him for the good precepts he had in
the most excruciating pains, Chiron begged culcated into his pupil. Plut. in Thes.
Jupiter to deprive him of immortality. His [Choa As Mir, a people of Asia, between
prayers were heard, and he was placed by the Sogdiana and the north-eastern shore of the
god among the constellations, under the name Caspian; their capital was Gorgo, now Urg
of Sagittarius. Hesiod. in Scuto.—Homer. hºng. Their country is now Kharasm.]
Il. 1 1.-Paus. 3, c. 18, l. 5, c. 19, 1.9, c. 31. Choroebus, vid. Coroebus.
—Orid. Met. 2, v. 676.-Apollod. 2, c. 5, 1. Choshoes, a king of Persia in Justinian's
3, c. 13.−Horat. epod. 13. reign, surnamed the Great. [The 2d of the
Chloe, a surname of Ceres at Athens same name, was grandson to, and succeeded
Her yearly festivals, called Chloe, were ce the first, after having deposed Hormidas.
lebrated with much mirth and rejoicing, and a He reigned in the time of the Emperor He
ram was always sacrificed to her. The name of raclius, and after having been defeated by
Chloe is supposed to bear the same significa him, was imprisoned and put to death by his
tion as Flara, so often applied to the goddess of own son A. D. 628. Persia soon after fell
corn. The name, from its signification, (xach, under the power of the Arabian Caliphs.]
herba virens) has generally been applied to CHERMETEs, a river of Libya, [falling in
women possessed of beauty and of simplicity. to the Atlantic ; supposed to be the Zaire.]
Chronis, the goddess of flowers, who mar Chronos, the Greek name of Saturn, ºr
ried Zephyrus. She is the same as Flora. time, in whose honour festivals called Chronia
Ovid. Fast. 5.-A daughter of Amphion, were yearly celebrated by the Rhodians and
son of Jasus and Persephone, who married some of the Greeks.
Neleus, king of Pylos, by whom she had one CHRYSA, [a town of Troas, south of the is.
daughter and twelve sons, who all, except land of Tenedos, famous for a temple of A
Nestor, were killed by Hºrcules. Homer. pollo Smintheus, whence the town was also
Od. 11, v. 280. –Paus. 2, c. 21, l. 9, c. 36. called Sminthium. vid. Sminthium.] Horter.
Chlorus, Constantine, one of the Caesars ll. 1, v. 37.-Strab. 13.-Ocid. Met. 13, v
in Dioclesian's age, who reigned two years 174.
after the emperor's abdication, and died July CHRYSãME, a Thessalian, priestess of Di
25, A. D. 306. ana Trivia. She fed a bull with Poison,
ChoARINA, a country near India, reduced which she sent to the enemies of her country.
by Craterus, &c. [It was that part of Par who eat the flesh and became delirious, and
thia which was nearest to India.] were an easy conquest. Polyten.
ChoASPEs, an Indian river. [vid Suas CHRYSAnthius, a philosopher in the age
tus.) Curt. 5, c. 2.-A river of [Susiana. of Julian, known for the great number of vº
rid. Fulaeus.] lumes he wrote.
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CHRYsAoR, a son of Medusa by Neptune. than in solid arguments.] He died through

Some report that he sprung from the blood excess of wine, or, asothers say, from laughing
of Medusa, armed with a golden sword, too much on seeing an ass eating figs on a sil.
whence his name xeva or aeg. He married ver plate, 207 B.C. in the 83d year of his age.
Callirhoe, one of the Oceanides, by whom he [Chrysoceras, or the horn of gold, along
had Geryon, Echidna, and the Chimaera. cove on the north-east side of Byzantium.
Hesiod. Theog. v. 295. fortning an excellent harbour, whence its
CHRysaorters, a surname of Jupiter, from name.]
his temple at Stratonicea, where all the Ca Chrysogºnus, a celebrated singer in [the
rians assembled upon any public emergency. time of Alcibiades, who was victorious at the
Strab. 4. Pythian games. Another of the same name
CHRYsAs, a river of Sicily, falling into the is mentioned in Juv. 6, v. 74.]
Simaethus. Cic. in Verr. 4, c. 44. CHRYsopolis, a promontory and port of
CHRYséis, (vid. Chryses.] Asia, opposite Byzantium, now Scutari. [The
CHRysen Mus, a Corinthian, who wrote an Athenians encompassed this place with walls,
history of Peloponnesus, and of India, besides imposed a tenth on the ships which came
a treatise on rivers. Plut. in Parall. hither from the Euxine, and had a fleet here
CHRYSEs, the priest of Apollo, father of of 30 sail.]
Astynome, called from him Chryseis. When CHRyson HöAs, [or Golden stream, a river
Lyrnessus was taken, and the spoils divided of Syria, near Damascus, called also Bardine,
among the conquerors, Chryseis, who was and now Baradi.]
the wife of Eetion, the sovereign of the place, Chrysostom, a [native of Antioch, bishop
fell to the share of Agamemnon. Chryses of Constantinople, who died A. D. 407, in his
upon this went to the Grecian camp to soli 53d year. He was a great disciplinarian, and
cit his daughter's restoration; and when his by severely lashing the vices of the age, he
prayers were fruitless, he implored the aid of procured himself many enemies. [He was
Apollo, who visited the Greeks with a plague, at length accused of disrespect to the empress
and obliged them to restore Chryseis. Ho Eudoxia and cruelty to some of the clergy,
mer. Il. 1, v. 11, &c. and was in consequence banished. His great
CHRysIPPus, a natural son of Pelops, high popularity, however, and a dreadful tumult
ly favoured by his father, for which Hippo which his banishment occasioned at Constan
damia, his step-mother, ordered her own tinople, produced his speedy recall. He
sons, Atreus and Thyestes, to kill him, and to was soon, however, banished a second time,
throw his body into a well, on account of for his severe remarks on the empress, in re
which they were banished. Some say that lation to a statue which had been erected to
Hippodamia’s sons refused to murder Chry her. The place of his second banishment
sippus, and that she did it herself. They fur was Cucusus, a lonely town atmong the ridges
ther say, that Chrysippus had been carried of Mount Taurus on the confines of Cappado
away by Laius, king of Thebes, to gratify his cia and Cilicia. From this place he was order
unnatural lusts, and that he was with him ed afterwards to be taken to Pityoeus, a town
when Hippodamia killed him. Hygin. ſab. on the Euxine, but died on the Journey at
85.-Plato de Leg. 6.--Apollod. 3, c. 5.— Comana in Cappadocia. Within 10 years aſ
Paus. 6, c. 20.-[A stoic philosopher of ter his death, he was generally revered as a
Soli in Cilicia Campestris. He fixed his saint, and his remains transported to Constan
residence at Athens, and became a disciple of tinople. The name of Chrysostom, or gold
Cleanthes, the successor of Zeno. He was en mouth, was not applied to him until af.
equally distinguished for natural abilities and ter his death, when his works had rendered
industry, seldom suffering a day to elapse him illustrious for eloquence. His previous
without writing 500 lines. He wrote several name was John..] His works have been no
hundred volumes, of which 300 were on logi bly and correctly edited, without a Latin ver
cal subjects, but in all he borrowed largely sion, by Saville, 8vols. fol. Etonae, 1613. They
from others. He maintained, with the stoics have appeared, with a translation, at Paris.
in general, that the world was God, or an edit. Benedict. Montfaucon, 13 vols. fol. 1718.
universal effusion of his spirit, and that the CHRysosthèMis, a name given by Homer
superior part of this spirit, which consisted to Iphigenia, daughter of Agamemnon and
in mind and reason, was the common nature Clytemnestra. A Cretan, who first obtain
of things, containing the whole and every ed the poetical prize at the Pythian games.
part. Sometimes he speaks of God as the Paus. 10, c. 7.
power of ſate, and the necessary chain of Chthonia, a surname of Ceres, [either
events; sometimes he calls him fire ; and from x8ar, terra, or,) from a temple built to
sometimes he deifies the fluid parts of nature, her by Chthonia, at Hermione. She had a
as water and air; and again, the earth, sun, festival there called by the same name, aud
moon, and stars, and the universe in which celebrated every summer. During the cele
these are comprehended, and even those men bration, the priests of the goddess marched in
who have obtained inmortality. He was procession, accompanied by the magistrates,
very fond of the figure Sorites in arguing, and a crowd of women and boys in white
which is hence called by Persius, the heap apparel, with garlands of flowers on their
of Chrysippus. His discourses abounded more heads. Behind was dragged an untamed
in curious subtleties and nice distinctions, heifer, just taken from the herd. When they
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came to the temple, the victim was let loose, desperate Romans, had conspired against their
and [the door-keepers, who till then had kept country, and combined to murder Cicero him
the temple gates open, having made all se self. The consul detected and defeated their
cure, four old women armed with scythes. plans, and claimed by his success the proud
were left within, who pursued the heifer title of father of his country. The vehe
and dispatched her as soon as they were able mence with which he had attacked Clodius
by cutting her throat.] A second, a third, proved injurious to him; and when his enemy
and a fourth victim, was in a like manner dis was made tribune, Cicero was driven by the
patched by the old women; and it was ob power of the opposite faction into banishment.
servable, that they all fell on the same side. vid. Thessalonica. [The principal charge
Paus. 2, c. 35, against him was his having put to death in an
CIB&I.A., a town of Lower Pannonia, [si. illegal manner the accomplices of Catiline.
tuate on the Saarus, about 50 miles from Sir though this had been done, not by him indi
mium and about 100 from the confluence of vidually, but in consequence of a general vote
the Saavus and Danube. It was famous for of the senate.] He was not, however, desert:
the defeat of Licinias by Constantine, A. D. ed in his banishment, [although he tarnished
315, and was also the birth-place of Gratian. the lustre of his character by his want of pa
Its name is preserved in the obscure ruins of tient firmness under misfortune.] Wherever
Savilei.] Eutrop. 10, c. 4.—JMarcell, 30, c. he went he was received with the highest
24. marks of approbation and reverence ; and
CIBYRA, [a flourishing commercial city in when the faction had subsided at Rome, the
the south-west angle of Phrygia, between Ly whole senate and people were unanimous for
cia and Caria. It was surnamed the Great his return. After sixteen months absence he
for distinction sake from another city of the entered Rome with universal satisfaction; and
same name situate in Pamphylia. A colony when he was sent, with the power of procon
of Lydians were its first founders; to these sul, to Cilicia, his integrity and prudence made
succeeded one of Pisidians, who transplanted him successful against the enemy, and at his
the city to a more favourable situation. Its return he was honoured with a triumph which
authority extended far over the adjoining the factious prevented him from enjoying. Af
country, and it could arm at one time 30,000 ter much hesitation during the civil commo
foot and 2000 horse. It suffered severely tions between Caesar and Pompey, he joined
from an earthquake, on which account Tibe himself to the latter and followed him to
rius remitted the tribute due from it for 3 Greece. When victory had declared in ſa
years, and he was regarded as its second vour of Caesar, at the battle of Pharsalia,
founder. Four different languages were Cicero went to Brundusium, and was recon
spoken here, viz. the Lydian, Pisidian, Lyci ciled to the conqueror, who treated him with
an, and Greek. It is now in ruins. D'Anville great humanity. From this time Cicero re
gives it the modern name of Burur. A tired into the country, and seldom visited
city of Pamphylia, south-east of Aspendus.] Rome. When Caesar had been stabbed in
M. T. Cicero, born at Arpinum, was son the senate, Cicero recommended a general
of a Roman knight, and lineally descended amnesty, and was the most earnest to decree
from the ancient kings of the Sabines. His the provinces to Brutus and Cassius. But
mother's name was Helvia. After displaying when he saw the interest of Caesar's murder
many promising abilities at school, he was ers decrease, and Antony come into power,
taught philosophy by Piso, and law by Mutius he retired to Atheus. He soon after return
Scaevola. He was naturally of a weak ed, but lived in perpetual fear of assassination.
and delicate constitution, and he visited Augustus courted the approbation of Cicero,
Greece on account of his health; though, per and expressed his wish to be his colleague in
haps, the true cause of his absence from Rome the consulship. But his wish was not sin
might be attributed to his fear of Sylla. His cere; he soon forgot his former professions of
friends, who were well acquainted with his friendship ; and when the two consuls had
superior abilities, were anxious for his return; been killed at Mutina, Augustus joined his in
and when at last he obeyed theirsolicitations, terest to that of Antony, and the triumvirate
he applied himself with uncommon diligence was soon after formed. The great enmity
to oratory, and was soon distinguished above all which Cicero bore to Antony was fatal tº
the speakers of his age in the Roman forum. him ; and Augustus, Antony, and Lepidus,
When he went to Sicily as quaestor, he be the triumvirs, to destroy all cause of quarrel,
haved with great justice and moderation; and and each to dispatch his enemies, produced
the Sicilians remembered with gratitude the their list of proscription. About two hun
eloquence of Cicero, their common patron, dred were doomed to death, and Cicero was
who had delivered them from the tyranny and among the number upon the list of Antony.
avarice of Verres. After he had passed through Augustus yielded a man to whom he partly
the offices of aedile and praetor, he stood a can owed his greatness, and Cicero was pursued
didate for the consulship, A. U. C. 691; and by the emissaries of Antony, among whom
the patricians and the plebeians were equally was Popilius, whom he had defended upon
anxious to raise him to that dignity against an accusation of parricide. He had fled in
the efforts and bribery of Catiline. His new a litter towards the sea of Caieta ; and when
situation was critical, and required eircum the assassins came up to him, he put his head
spectiºn. Catiline, with many dissolute and out of the litter, and it wars severed from the
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body by Herennius. This memorable event are, a large fragment of the oration for
happened in December, 43 B.C. after the en Scaurus, and detached portions of that de
joyment of life for 63 years, 11 months, and livered against Clodius for his profanation of
five days. The head and right hand of the the mysteries of the Bona Dea. Of all the
orator were carried to Rome, and hung up in lost orations the two most regretted are, that
the Roman forum ; and so inveterate was in defence of Cornelius, and the speech de
Antony's hatred against the unfortunate man, livered by him in the temple of Bellona in
that even Fulvia, the triumvir's wife, wreak quelling the disturbance excited by the law
ed her vengeance upon his head, and drew the of Otho. This last is said to have been one
tongue out of his mouth, and bored it through of the most signal victories of eloquence over
repeatedly with a gold bodkin, verifying in the turbulence of human passions, while to
thus act of inhumanity what Cicero had once the former Cicero himself frequently alludes,
observed, that no animal is more revengeful as among the most finished of ilis composi
than a woman. Cicero has acquired more tions. The oration for Marcellus is main
real fame by his literary compositions than tained by many to be a spurious performance.
by his spirited exertions as a Roman senator. It would seem, however, after weighing all
The learning and the abilities which he pos the arguments adduced by modern critics,
sessed have been the admiration ofevery age that a part is actually genuine, but that much
and country, and his style has always been ac |has been subsequently interpolated by some
counted as the true standard of pure latinity. rhetorician or declaimer. Of the Rhetorical
The words nascitur poeta have been verified works of Cicero, the most admired and finish
in his attempts to write poetry; and the satire ed is the dialogue “De Oratore,” of which
of Martial, Carmina quod scribit musis et Cicero himself highly approved, and which
..?polline nullo, though severe, is true. He his friends were accustomed to regard as one
once formed a design to write the history of of the happiest of his productions. In the
his country, but he was disappointed. He “Oratoria Partitiones,” the subject is the art
translated many of the Greek writers, poets of arranging and distributing the parts of an
as well as historians, for his own improve oration so as to adapt them in the best man
ment. When he travelled into Asia, he was ner to their proper end, that of moving and
attended by most of the learned men of his persuading an audience. In the dialogue on
age; and his stay at Rhodes, in the school of famous orators, entitled “ Brutus,” he gives
the famous Molo, conduced not a little to per a short character of all who had ever flou.
fect his judgment. Like his countrymen he rished in Greece or Rome with any consider
was not destitute of ambition, and the arro able reputation for eloquence, down to his
gant expectations with which he returned own time. It was intended as a fourth and
from his quaestorship in Sicily are well known. supplemental book to the treatise “De Ora.
He was of a timid disposition; and he who tore." The “Orator,” addressed to Brutus,
shone as the father of Roman eloquence ne and written at his solicitation, was intended
ver ascended the pulpit to harangue with to complete the two works just mentioned,
out feeling a secret emotion of dread. His It enlarges on the favourite topic of Cicero,
couduct, during the civil wars, is far from that which had already been partially discussed
of a patriot; and when we view him, du in the treatise “De Oratore,” the character
bious and irresolute, sorry not to follow Pom of the perſectorator, and seeks to confirm his
pey, and yet afraid to oppose Caesar, the judg favourite proposition that perſection in ora
ment would almost brand him with the name tory requires an extensive acquaintance with
of coward. In his private character, how every art. It is on the merits of this work
ever, Cicero was of an amiable disposition ; in particular that Cicero in a letter to a
and though he was too elated with prosperi friend asserts his perfect willingness that his
ty and debased by adversity, the affability of reputation should be staked. The “Topica”
the friend conciliated the good graces of all. are a compend of the Topica of Aristotle.
He married Terentia, whom he afterwards The treatise “De Optimogenere Oratorum.”
divorced, and by whom he had a son and a was originally intended as a preface to a
daughter. He afterwards married a young translation of the celebrated orations of De
woman to whom he was guardian ; and be. mosthenes and AEschines “De Corona.” The
cause she seemed elated at the death of his work “De Inventione” was a youthful per
daughter Tullia, he repudiated her. The formance, and that addressed to Herennius,
works of this celebrated man, of which, ac according to the best authorities, never pro
cording to some, the tenth part is scarce ex ceeded from his pen. With respect to the
tant, have been edited by the best scholars in other works of Cicero, the treatise “De Le
every country. [All the orations pronounced gibus” has reached us in an imperfect state,
by Cicero during the five years intervening only three books remaining, and these disſi
between his election to the quaestorship and gured by numerous chasms that cannot be
a dileship have perished, except that for M. supplied. It traces the philosophic principles
Tullius, the exordium and narratio of which of jurisprudence to their remotest sources,
were brought to light by the discoveries of sets forth a body of laws conformable to Ci
Maii, in the Ambrosian library at Milan. cero's idea of a well regulated state, and is
From the same quarter have been obtained supposed to have treated in the books that
Imany other reliques of the eloquence of Ci are lost of the executive power of the magis"
cero, among the most important of which tratgs and the rightsfºoms citizęus. The
 CI Cl

treatise “De finibus bonorum et malorum” Florus.-C. Nep, in Attic.—Eutrop.–Cic.

is written after the manner of Aristotle, and &c. Marcus, the son of Cicero, was taken
discusses the chief good and ill of man : in it by Augustus as his colleague in the consulship.
Cicero explains the several opinions enter He revenged his father's death, by throwing
tained on this subject by the sages of antiqui public dishonour upon the memory of Anto
ty. The “..Academica: Quastiones” relate my. He disgraced his father's virtues, and
to the Academic Philosophy, whose tenets was so fond of drinking, that Pliny observes
Cicero himself had embraced. It is an ac he wished to deprive Antony of the honour
count and defence of the doctrines of the of being the greatest drunkard in the Roman
Academy. In the “Tusculanae Disputa empire. Plut. in Cic.—Quintus, the bro
tiones” five books are devoted to as many ther of the orator, was Caesar's lieutenant in
different questions of philosophy, bearing the Gaul, and proconsul of Asia for three years.
most strongly on the practice of life, and in He was proscribed with his son at the same
volving topics the most essential to human time with his brother Tully. Plut. in Cic.—
happiness. The “Paradorn" contain a de .Appian
fence of six paradoxes of the Stoics. The CicóNEs, a people of Thrace near the
work “De natura Deorum" embraces a full Hebrus. Ulysses, on his return from Troy,
examination of the various theories of hea oonquered them, and plundered their chief
then antiquity on the nature of the gods, to city Ismarus because they had assisted Priam
which the treatise “De Divinatione” may against the Greeks. Ovid. Met. 10, v. 83, l.
be regarded as a supplement. The essay
“De Qſiciis” on moral duties, has not unaptly
15, v. 313.-Virg. G.4, v. 520, &c.—Mela,
2, c. 2.
:
been styled the heathen “Whole Duty of Cilicia, [a country of Asia Minor, on the
Man ;” nor have the dialogues “De Senec. sea-coast, south of Cappadocia and Lyca
tute,” and “De Amicitia,” been incorrectly onia, and bounded by Syria on the east, and
regarded as among the most highly finished Pisidia and Pamphylia on the west. It was
and pleasing performances of which any lan so surrounded by steep and rugged mountains,
guage can boast. We have to lament the that a few men might defend it against a
loss of the treatises “De Consolatione,” (that whole army, there being but three narrow
which we have under this title being a patch passes leading into it, the Pylae Ciliciae on the
ed-up imposture of Sigonius,) “De Gloria,” side of Cappadocia, and on the east the Py
and that entiled “Hortensius,” in which la Amanicae and Pylae Syriae. The coun
last Cicero undertook the defence of learn try was divided into Trachea and Campes
ing and philosophy, and left to his illustrious tris, or the rugged and level Cilicia. The
competitor the task of arraigning them. It former was subsequently considered as a con
was this book which first led St. Austin to tinuation of Isauria. The latter was one of
the study of Christian philosophy and the the most fruitful provinces of Asia, ex
doctrines of Christianity. Cicero's corres cepting the western part; which however,
pondence is one of the most valuable legacies though barren, was famed for its horses.]
bequeathed to us by antiquity. The collec The inhabitants enriched themselves by pira
tion addressed to his friends is full of politi tical excursions, till they were conquered by
cal information; the letters to Atticus pour. Pompey. The country was opulent, and was
tray, besides this, the mind of the writer in governed by kings, under some of the Roman
its most engaging form, in all the frankness emperors; but reduced into a province by
of familiar intercourse. The treatise “ De Vespasian. Cicero presided over it as a pro
Republica,” a part of which has been recent consul. It receives its name from Cilix, the
ly discovered by Maii, a work so highly ex son of Agenor. [Bochart derives the name
tolled by the unanimous suffrages of antiqui from the Phoenician word Challekim, signify
ty, does not seem so profound a treatise as ing “a stone,” a term which well suits Cilicia
we had been led to imagine, if indeed it be Trachea, which to this day is called by the
just to form an opinion of the work in ques Turks “Tis-Weleieth,” or, “ the stony pro
tion when we have only a portion of it in our vince.” To what is said above of the Cili
hands.] The most valuable editions of the cians, may be added, that they were rough in
works complete, are that of Verburgius, 2 their manners, unfair in their dealings, cruel,
vols. fol. Amst. 1724—that of Olivet, 9 vols. and great liars. They claimed their share of
4to. Geneva, 1758—the Oxford edition in the proverb, ºrgia warra Raktara, which ap
10 vols, 4to. 1782—that of Lallemand, 12mo, plied to the Cretans, Cappadocians, and Cili
14 vols. Paris apud Barbou, 1768–Ithat of cians.] Apollod. 3, c. 1–Warro. R. R.
Ernesti, Halae, 1774-77, in 8 vols. 8vo. and 2, c. 11.—Sueton. in Vesp. 8.-Herodot.
that of Schütz, Lips. 1814, &c. in 16 vols. 2, c. 17, 34.—Justin. 11, c. 11.-Curt. 3, c. 4.
small octavo. This last edition is highly —Plin. 5, c. 27. Part of the country be
praised, and contains the fragments of Cicero's, tween Æolia and Troas is also called Cilicia.
orations lately discovered. The treatise de Strab. 13, calls it Trojan, to distinguishit from
Republica, was first published by Maius at the other Cilicia. Plin. 5, c. 27.
Rome in 1822, and re-published in London, CILux, a son of Phoenix, or, according to
1823. There are several recent editions of it Herodotus, of Agenor, who after seeking in
also in Germany, the best of which is that vain his sister Europa, settled in a country
of Moser, Francofurti, 1826, 8vo.] Plutarch to which he gave the name of Cilicia. -ºpol
in tºd.-Quintil—Dio. Cans.--Appian.- hod. 3, c. 1.-Herodot. 7, c. 91.
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CIMBER, Tull...one of Caesar's murderers. bric or German origin. Their first appella.
He laid hold of the dictator's robe, which was tion is not known; that of Cimmerii, they ob
a signal for the rest to strike. Plut. in Caes. tained, it is said, aſter inhabiting the town of
CIMBR1, a people of Germany, who invad Cimmerium and its vicinity, on the Cimmeri
ed the Roman empire with a large army, and an Bosporus. This, however, seems very im
were conquered by Marius. [They occupied probable, as it is more natural to suppose that
the Chersonesus Cimbrica, or modern Jut they gave name to the town and strait. The
band.] Flor. 3, c. 3. country bordering on the Palus Moeotis and
CIMBRicum BELlum, was begun by the Bosporus, which was inhabited by the Cim
Cimbri Teutones [and Ambrones,l by an in merii, is represented by the ancients as inhos
vasion of the Roman territories, B.C. 109. pitable and bleak, covered with forests and
These barbarians were so courageous, and fogs which the sun could not penetrate.
even desperate, that they fastened their first Hence, according to some, arose the expres
ranks each to the other with cords. [In the sion, Cimmerian darkness. Homer places his
first battle they vanquished the consul Papiri Cimmerians beyond the Oceanus, in a land of
us Carbo; in another they defeated M. Ju continual gloom, and immediately after them
nius Silamus, another consul; in a third L. the empire of the shades. This poetic fable,
Cassius; and in a fourth, M. Aurelius Scau however, is like that of Lycophron, which
rus, whom they took prisoner and put to Pliny and otherscopy, viz. that the Cimmerii
death. After various other successes, they were a people dwelling near the lake Avernus
were defeated by the valour and policy of in Italy, in whose canton the sun never shines;
Marius and Catulus.] Marius, in his second whereas Strabo represents it as a pleasant
consulship, was chosen to carry on the war; and agreeable district. vid. Avernus.] He
he met the Teutones at Aquae Sextiae, where, rodot. 1, c. 6, &c. l. 4, c. 1, &c.
after a bloody engagement, he left dead on CIMMERIUM, [a town in the interior of the
the field of battle 20,000, and took 90,000 pri Tauric Chersonese, north of Mons Cimme
soners, B. C. 102. The Cimbri, who had rius, now Eski-Krim, or, the old Krim.—
formed another army, had already penetrat A town of Italy in Campania, near lake Aver
ed into Italy, where they were met at the ri nus.] Mela, 1, c. 19.
ver Athesis, by Marius and his colleague Ca CIMMERIus Bosporus. [vid. Bosporus.]
tulus a year after. An engagement ensued, CumóLus, [one of the Cyclades, north-east
and 140,000 of them were slain. This last of Melos. Its more ancient name was Echi
battle put an end to this dreadful war, and nusa or Viper’s Island, from the number of
the two consuls entered Rome in triumph. vipers which infested it before it was inhabit
[Marius, if we credit the account of Plutarch ed. It produced what was called the Cimolia
who quotes the lost commentaries of Sylla, terra, a species of earth resembling, in some
deserved little if any of the credit of this se of its properties, fullers earth, though not the
cond victory. He missed his way in the field, same with it. The ancients used it for clean
in consequence of a thick cloud of dust which ing their clothes. It was white, dense, of a
arose, and the whole brunt of the action fell loose texture, mixed with sand or small peb
upon the legions of Catulus. A hot dispute bles, insipid to the taste, and unctuous to the
arose between the soldiers of the two com touch. Cimolus is now Kimoli, though more
manders, which had the better claim for the generally known by the name of Argentiera.]
victory, and certain ambassadors from Par. Ovid. JMet. 7, v.463.-Plin. 35, c 16.
ma, who were present, were appointed arbi CIMon, an Athenian, son of Miltiades and
trators. Catulus's soldiers led them to the Hegisipyle, famous for his debaucheries in his
field of battle to see the dead, and clearly youth, and for the reformation of his morals
proved that they had been killed by their when arrived to years of discretion. When
javelins, because Catulus had taken care to his father died, he was imprisoned, because
have the shafts inscribed with his name. unable to pay the fine laid upon him by the
Nevertheless the whole honour of the day Athenians: but he was released from confine
was ascribed by the Roman populace to Ma ment by his sister and wife Elpinice. [vid.
rius, on account of his former victory and Elpinice and Callias.] He behaved with
present authority. He declined, however, great courage at the battle of Salamis, and
the honour of a sole triumph, and shared it rendered himself popular by his munificence
with Catulus.] Flor. 3, c. 3.-Plin. 7, c. 22, and valour. His famous exploit, however,
l. 17, c. 1.-Mela, 3, c. 3.-Paterc. 2, c. 12. was at Mycale. [This bettle of Mycale must
—Plut. in Mario. not be confounded with the one fought on the
Ciminus, now Viterbe, a lake and mountain same day with the action at Plataea. It is
thought to have been fought off the coast of
of Etruria. Virg...En. 7,v.697.-Liv. 9, c. 36.
. CIMMÉRII, a people near the Palus Moeo Pamphylia, near the river Eurymedon. vid.
tis, who invaded Asia Minor, and seized upon Eurymedon and Mycale.] The money that
the kingdom of Cyaxares. After they had he obtained by his victories was not applied
been master of the country for 28 years,they to his own private use; but with it he forti
were driven back by Alyattes king of Lydia. fied and embellished the city. He some time
[The Cimmerians seem to have been a north after lost all his popularity, and was banished
ºrn nation, driven from their abodes by the by the Athenians, who declared war against
Scythians, and compelled to seek for new ha the Lacedæmonians. He was recalled from
bitations. Posidonius makes them of Cim his exile, and at his return, he made a re
181
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conciliation between Lacedæmon and hº Medea had a son by Jason, called Medus, and
countrymen. He was afterwards appointed a daughter called Eriopis. Paus. 2, c. 18.
to carry on the war against Persia in Egypt, CINGA, now Cinea, a river of Spain, flow
and Cyprus, with a fleet of 00 ships; and on ing from the Pyrenean mountains [through
the coast of Asia, he gave battle to the enemy, the territories of the Ilergetes.] into the Ibe
and totally ruined their fleet. [This is the rus. Lucan. , v. 21.-Cats. B. C. 1, c. 48.
same battle alluded to above under the name CINGūLUM. now Cingoli, a town of Picc
of Mycale.] He died as he was besieging num. Plin. 3, c. 13.—Caes Bell. Civ. 1, c.
the town of Citium in Cyprus, B. C. 449, in 15.-Sil. It. 10. v. 34.—Cic. Alt. 7, ep. 11.
the 51st year of his age. He may be called L. Corn. CINNA, a Roman who oppress
the last of the Greeks, whose spirit and ed the republic with his cruelties, and was
boldness defeated the armies of the barbari banished by Octavius for attempting to make
ans. He was such an inveterate enemy to the fugitive slaves free. He joined himself
the Persian power, that he formed a plan of to ‘larius; and with him, at the head of 30
totally destroying it; and in his wars, he had legions, he filled Rome with blood, defeated
so reduced the Persians, that they promis his enemies, and made himself consul even to
ed in a treaty, not to pass the Chelidonian a fourth time. He massacred so many citi
islands with their fleet, or to approach within zens at Rome that his name became odious:
a day's journey of the Grecian seas. The and one of his officers assassinated him at An
munificence of Cimon has been highly extoll cona as he was preparing war against Sylla.
ed by his biographers, and he has been deser His daughter Cornella ma ie Julius Caesar,
vedly praised for leaving his gardens open to and became mother of Julia. Plut. in Mar.
the public. Thucyd. i., c. 100 and 112.—Jus Pomp. & Syll.—Lucan. 4, v. 822.-Appian.
tin. 2, c. 13.—Diod. 11.- Plut. & C. Nep. in Bell. Cw. 1.-Flor. 3, c. 21.-Paterc.2, c. 20.
vilă.—A Roman, supported in prison by &c.—Plut. in Caes. One of Caesar's mur
the milk of his daughter. An Athenian, deers.-C. Helvius Cinna, a poet intimate
who wrote an account of the war of the Ama with Cae-ar. He went to attend the obse
zons against his country. quies of Caesar, and being mistaken by the
CINCIA LEx, was enacted by M. Cincius, populace for the other Cinna, he was torn to
tribune of the people, A.U.C. 549. By it no pieces. He had been eight years in compos
man was permitted to take any money as a ing an obscure poem called Smyrna, in which
gift or a fee in pleading a cause. Lir. c. 4. he made mention of the incest of Cinyras.
L. Q. CINCINNATus, a celebrated Roman, Plut. in Caes.—A grandson of Pompey. He
who was informed, as he ploughed his field, conspired against Augustus, who pardoned
that the senate had chosen him dictator. Upon him, and made him, one of his most intimate
this he left his ploughed land with regret. friends. He was consul, and made Augustus
and repaired to the field of battle. where his his heir. Dio.—Seneca de clem. c. 9. A.
countrymen were closely besieged by the town of Italy, taken by the Romans from the
Volsci and AEqui. He conquered the enemy, Samnites.
and returned to Rome in triumph; and, 16 CINXIA, a surname of Juno, who presided
days after his appointment, he laid down his over marriages, and was supposed to untie
office and retired back to plough his fields. the girdle of new brides.
In his 80th year he was again summoned CINYphs or CINYPs, [a small river of Af
against Praeneste as dictator; and after a suc rica, below Tripolis, and falling into the sea
cessful campaign, he resigned the absolute south-west of the promontory of Cephalae.
power he had enjoyed only 21 days, nobly It owed its name, according to Bochart, to
disregarding the rewards that were offered the great number of porcupines in the adja
him by the senate. He flourished about 460 cent country. It flowed from a hill called in
years before Christ. Liv. 3, c. 26.-Flor. 1, Punic Zachabari, or the hill of the Graces, in
c. 11.-Cuc. de Finib. 4.—Plin 18, c. 3. the country of the Macae. vid. Macae. It is
L. CINcius ALIMENtus, a praetor o Sici now called Wadi-Quaham.] Virg. G. 3, v.
ly in the second Punic war, who wrote an 312–Herodot. 4, c. 198.-Plin. 5, c. 4.—
mals in Greek. Dionys Hal. 1. Martial. 7, ep. 94.—Ovid. Met. 7, v. 272, L.
CINKAs, a Thessalian, minis' er and friend 15, v. 755.-Lu'an. 9, v 787.
to Pyrrhus king of Epirus. He was sent to CINYRAs, a king of Cyprus, son of Paphus,
Rome by his master to sue for a peace, which who married Cenchreis, by whom he had a
he, however, could not obtain. He told Pyr daughter called Myrrha. Myrrha fell in love
rhus that the Roman senate were a venera. with her father; and in the absence of her
ble assembly of kings; and observed, that to mother at the celebration of the festivals of
fight with them, was to fight against another Ceres, she introduced herself into his bed by
Hydra. He was of such a retentive memory, means of her nurse. Cinyras had by her a
that the day after his arrival at Rome, he son called Adonis ; and when he knew the
could salute every senator and knight by his incest he had committed, he attempted to
name. Plin. 7, c. 24.—Cic. ad Fam. 9, ep.25. stab his daughter, who escaped his pursuit
CINEsias, a Greek poet of Thebes in Boeo and fled to Arabia, where, after she had
tia, who composed some dithyrambic verses, brought forth, she was changed into a tree,
...Athen. which still bears her name. Cinyras, accord
Cinéthon, a Spartan, who wrote genealo ing to some, stabbed himself. He was so
gical poems, in one º which he asserted that rich that his opulence, like that of Croesus,
82
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became proverbial. Ovid...Met 10, fab. 9.- zod Consus, and were first established by Ro
Plut. in Parall.—Hygin fab. 242, 248, &c uulus at the rape of Sabines. They were
Cros, [a river of Thrace, rising in the in imitation of the Olympian games among
north-western part of the chain of Moun. he Greeks, and, by way of eminence, were
Rhodope, and falling into the Ister. It is now ºften called the great games. Their original
the Esker. D'Anville calls the river Ceseus. me was Consualia, and they were first call
A river and tewn of Bithynia. Th e Circenses by Tarquin the elder after he
town was destroyed by Philip, father o' lad built the Circus. They were not ap
Perses, and rebuilt by Prusias, who called it ºropriated to one particular exhibition, but
after his own name, Prusa.] were equally celebrated for leaping, wrest
Circer, ſa promontory of Latium, with : ling, throwing the quoit and Javelin, races on
town of the same name, the fabled residenc toot as well as in chariots, and boxing. Like
of Circe. The adjacent country being very the Greeks, the Romans gave the name of
low, gives this promontory at a distance the Pentathlum or Quinquertium to these exer
appearance of an island. It would seem that cises. The celebration continued five days,
Hesiod's making the kings of the Tyrrheni beginning on the 15th of September. All
to have been descended from Circe and games in general that were exhibited in the
Ulysses, led to the opinion that the island Circus, were soon after called Circensian
of that goddess was to be found on the Ita games. Some sea-fights and skirmishes, call
lian coast. An accidental resemblance in ed by the Romans Naumachiae, were after
name also may have induced many to select wards exhibited there. Virg. AEn. 8, v. 636.
this promontory as the place of her abode. C1Rcius, a part of Mount Taurus. Plin.
Horner's account, however, of the isle of 5, c. 27. A rapid and tempestuous wind,
Circe does not at all suit this spot. The isl frequent in Gallia Narbonensis, and unknown
and was a low one, whereas this is a lofty many other country. Lucan. 1, v 408.
promontory. The adjacent sea also is re Circus, a large and elegant building at
presented by the poet as boundless to the Rome, where plays and shows were exhibited.
view, which is not the case as regards Cir There were about eight at Rome; the first,
ceni. rid Æea. The promontory is now alled Maximus Circus, was the grandest,
called Monte Circello, and was famed for its aised and embellished by Tarquin Priscus.
oysters in the time both of Horace and Ju [Its figure was of an oblong circular form,
venal.] Orid. M-t. 14, v.248–Virg. JEn. whence its name circus. The length of it
7, v. 99.—Lir. 6. c. 17.-Cic. JW. D. ', c. 19. was 3 furlongs and a half. i. e. 4373 paces,
CIRcr. a taughter of Sol and Perseis, ce. or 21874 feet; the breadth little more than
lebrated for her knowledge in magic and ve one furlong, with rows of seats all around,
nomous herbs. She was sister to Æetes king rising one above another. The lowest of these
of Colchis, and Pasiphae the wife of Minos. seats were of stone, and the highest of wood,
She married a Sarmatian prince of Colchis, where separate places were allowed to the
whom she murdered to obtain his kingdom. senators and equites. It is said to have con
She was expelled by her subjects, and carried tained at least 150,000 persons, or, according
by her father upon the coasts of Italy, to an to others, above double that number; accord
island called Æea. Ulysses, at his return ing to Pliny, 250,000; some moderns say
from the Trojan war, visited the place of her 380,000. Its circumference was one mile. It
residence: and all his companions, who ran was surrounded with a ditch or canal, called
headlong into pleasure and voluptuousness. Euripus, 10 feet broad and 10 feet deep; and
were changed by Circe's potions into filthy with porticoes 3 stories high ; both the work
swine. Ulysses, who was fortified against all ºf Caesar. The canal served to supply it
enchantments by an herb called moly, which with water in naval exhibitions.]
he had received from Mercury, went to Circe, CIRIs, the name of Scylla, daughter of
and demanded, sword in hand, the restoration Nisus, who was changed into a bird of the
of his companions to their former state. She same name. Ovid. Mt. 8, v. 151.
complied, and loaded the hero with pleasures CIRRHA and CYRRhA, [a maritime town
and honours. In this voluptuous retreat. of Phocis, at the top of the Sinus Crisaeus,
Ulysses had by Circe one son, called Telego serving as a port to Delphi, and being 60 sta
nus, or two, according to Hesiod. called Agri dia distant from it.]
ms and Latinus. For one whole year Ulysses C1RTHA and CIRTA, [a city of Numidia,
forgot his glory in Circe's arms, and at his about 48 miles from the sea on a branch of
departure, the nymph advised him to descend the river Ampsagas. It was intended as the
to hell, and consult the manes of Tiresias royal residence, and being in fact the only
concerning the fates that attended him. Cir city originally in the country and erected by
ce showed herself cruel to Scylla her rival. Carthaginian workmen, it hence took the
and to Picus. rid. Scylla and Picus. Ovid. Punic name of Cartha, or, “the city”. It
Met. 14, fab. 1 and 5.—Horat. 1, ep. 2, l. 1, was the residence of Syphax, Masinissa, and
od. 17. –Pirg. Erl. 8, v. 70.-ACn. 3. v. 386, the other rulers of the land. When Caesar
1.7. v. 10, &c.—Hugin. fab. 125.—Apollon. had landed in Africa. and was in great danger
Arg. 4.—Homer. Od. 10, v. 136, &c.—Apol of being overpowered by Scipio and Juba, a
(of 1. c. 9.—Hesiod. Th. 956.-Strab 5. certain Sittius, who had fled from Rome into
CIRCEN'sEs Ludi, games performed in the Africa, and was roaming about the latter
circus at Rome. They were dedicated to the !country with a predatory band, having made
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a sudden attack upon Cirta, took it, and com AEgean, between Tenedos and Scios. Thucyd.
pelled Juba to return and defend his king 3, c. 33.
dom. Caesar being thus relieved, when the CLAstidium, now Schiategzo, a town of
war was over, gave Cirta as a reward to Liguria. Strab. 5,-Liv. 32, c. 29.
Sittius with a part of the adjacent country. CLAUD1A, a patrician family at Rome, de
The city now changed its name to Sittianorum scended from Clausus, a king of the Sabines.
Colonia. In the time of the emperor Con It gave birth to many illustrious patriots in the
stantine, having suffered much on account of republic; and it is particularly recorded that
its fidelity to that prince, he repaired and re there were not less than 28 of that family
embellished it, giving it the name of Con who were invested with the consulship, five
stantina. This name remains with a slight with the office of dictator, and seven with
variation to the present day, and the small that of censor, besides the honour of six tri
city built upon the ruins of the ancient capi umphs. Sueton. in Tib. 1.
tal is still called Cosantina.] Strab. 7. CLAUDIA, a vestal virgin accused of incon
CISALPINA GALLIA, (vid. Gallia. tinence. To show her innocence, she offered
CrspadāNA GALLIA, [rid. Gallia. to remove a ship which had brought the im
CisséIs, a patronymic given to Hecuba as age of Cybele to Rome, and had stuck in one
daughter of Cisseus. of the shallow places of the river. This had
Cisséus, a king of Thrace, father of Hecu already baffled the efforts of a number of
men; and Claudia, after addressing her pray
ba, according to some authors. Purg. JEn. 7,
v. 320. ers to the goddess, untied her girdle, and
Cissa, [vid. Susiana.] with it easily dragged after her the ship to
Cissus, [a town and mountain of Macedo shore, and by this action was honourably ac
nia, south of Thessalonica.] quitted. Vai. Mar. 5, c. 4.—Propert. 4, el.
CistENAE, a town of Æolia. A town of 12, v. 52–Ital. 17, v. 35.—Ovid. Fast. 4, v.
Lycia. Mela, 1, c. 18. 315, ea Ponto. 1, ep. 2, v. 144. A step
CithAERoN, a king who gave his name to daughter of M. Antony, whom Augustus
a mountain of Boeotia, situate at the south of married. He dismissed her undefiled imme
the river Asopus, and sacred to Jupiter and diately after the contract of marriage, on ac
the Muses. Actaeon was torn to pieces by his count of a sudden quarrel with her mother
own dogs on this mountain, and Herculeskill Fulvia. Sueton. in Aug. 62—The wife of
ed there an immense lion. [Here also the Metellus Celer, sister to P. Claudius and to
infant CEdipus was exposed. It was midway Appius Claudius. –A Roman road [which
between Thebes and Corinth.] Virg. JEn. branched off from the Via Flaminia, at the
4, v. 303.-Apollod. 2, c. 4.—Mela, 2, c. 3.- Pons Mulvius, near Rome, and proceeding
Strab. 9.-Paus. 9, c. 1, &c.—Plin. 4, c. 7.— through the more inland parts of Ftruria,
Ptol. 3, c. 15. and joined the Via Aurelia at Lucca.) Ovid. 1 -

C1th AR1stA, [a harbour of Gallia Narbo ea: Pont. el.8, v. 44.—A tribe which receiv
nensis, now the port of Cireste.] edits name from Appius Claudius, who came
Citium, now Chitti, a town of Cyprus, to settle at Rome with a large body of attend
where Cimon died in his expedition against ants. . Liv. 2, c. 16.--Antonia, a daugh
Egypt. [It was the birth-place of Zeno. Jo ter of the emperor Claudius, married Čn.
sephus says that it was built by Chittim the Pompey, whom Messalina caused to be put
son of Javan.] Plut. in Cum.—Thucyd. 1, c. to death. Her second husband, Sylla Faus
112. tus, by whom she had a son, was killed by
J. Civilis, a powerful Batavian, who rais Nero, and she shared his fate when she re
ed a sedition against Galba, &c. Tacit. Hist. fused to marry his murderer.
1, c. 59. CLAUDIA LEx, de comitiis, was enacted by
CLADEUs, a river of Elis, passing near M. Cl. Marcellus, A.U.C. 703. [It ordained
Olympia, and honoured next to the Alpheus, that no one should be allowed to stand can
(into which it fell.] Paus. 5, c. 7. didate for an office while absent; thus taking
CLANIus or CLAN is, a river of Campania, from Caesar the privilege granted him by
[rising near Abella, on the confines of Samni the Pompeian law.]—Another, de usuri.
um, and falling into the sea below Vultur [by the emperor Claudius,) which forbade
num. It is now the .4gno.] Virg. G. 2, v.225. people to lend money to minors on condition
—A river of Etruria, now Chiaca, [risins of payment after the decease of their parents.
near Arretium, and falling into the Tiber, Another, de negotiatione, by Q. Claudi
north-east of Wulsinii.] us the tribune, A.U.C. 535. It forbade any
CLARus, or Claros, a town of Ionia, fa senator, or father of a senator, to have any
mous for an oracle of Apollo. It was built vesselcontaining above 300 amphorae, for fear
by Manto daughter of Tiresias, who fled of their engaging themselves in commercial
from Thebes, after it had been destroyed by schemes. The same law also forebade the
the Epigoni. She was so afflicted with her same thing to the scribes and the attendants
misfortunes, that a lake was formed with her of the quaestors, as it was naturally supposed
tears, where she first founded the oracle. that people who had any commercial cennec
Apollo was from thence surnamed Clarius, tions could not be faithful to their trust, ner
Strab. 14.—Paut. 7, c. 3.-Mela, 1, c. 7.- promote the interest of the state. Another,
Ovid. Met, 1, v. 516.-An island of the A. U.C. 576, to order the allies to return tº
184
 CL CL

their respective cities, after their names were Gallienus. [He defeated the Goths, who had
enrolled. Lar. 41, c. 9. Another, to take passed over into Greece, to the number of
away the freedom of the city of Rome from 300,000 men, in two bloody battles, and des
the colonists which Caesar had carried to troyed nearly all their vast force. A pesti
Novi-comum. Sueton. in Jul. 28. lence, however, which had broken out among
CLAUD13. Aauž, the first water brought the Gothic fugitives, carried him off at Sirmi
to Rome by means of an aqueduct erected by um, after a short but splendid reign of two
the censor Appius Claudius, A. U. C. 441. years..] The excellence of his character,
Eutrop. 2, c. 4.—Liv. 9, c. 29. marked with bravery, and tempered with jus
CLAUDIYNus, a celebrated poet, born at tice and benevolence, is well known by these
Alexandria in Egypt [in the age of Theodo words of the senate, addressed to him: Claw
sius and his sons Honorius and Arcadius, di.Auguste, tu frater, tu pater, tu amicus, tu
who seems to possess all the majesty of Virgil bonus senator, tu vere princeps.—Nero, a
without being a slave to the corrupted style consul, with Liv. Salinator, who defeated
which prevailed in his age. Scaliger observes. and killed Asdrubal near the river Metaurus,
that he has supplied the poverty of his mat after he had passed from Spain into Italy
ter by the purity of his language, the happi to the assistance of his brother Annibal. Lir.
ness of his expressions, and the melody of 27, &c.—Horat. 4, od. 4, v. 37.—Suet. in Tib.
his numbers. [His poems, however, display —The father of the emperor Tiberius,
great inequalities of genius ; he often flags in quaestor to Caesar in the wars of Alexandria.
the midst of his finest passages, and in his —I’ontius, a general of the Samnites, who
conquered the Romans at Furcae Caudinae, and
longer poems especially, falls off generally be
fore he reaches the conclusion.] As he was made them pass under the yoke. Liv. 9, c.
the favourite of Stilicho, he removed from 1, &c.—App. Caecus, a Roman censor, who
the court when his patron was disgraced, built an aqueduct A.U.C. 441, which brought
and passed the rest of his life in retirement water to Rome ſrom Tusculum. It was the
and learned ease. His poems on Rufinus first that was brought to the city from the
and Eutropius, [whom he severely satirises country. Before his age the Romans were
as being the rivals of his patron Stilicho, satisfied with the waters of the Tiber, or of
seem to be the best of his compositions. The the fountains and wells in the city. [vid. Ap
best editions of his works are that of Burman, pius.] Liv. 9, c. 29.-Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 203.
4to. 2 vols. Amst. 1760, and that of Gesner, —Cic.de. sen.6. Tiberius Nero, was elder
2 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1758. brother of Drusus, and son of Livia Drusilla.
CLAudioPolis, a town of Cappadocia. who married Augustus after his divorce of
Plin. 5, c. 24.—[Another in Bithynia—in Scribonia. He married Livia, the emperor's
Isauria—in Cataonia, &c.] . daughter by Scribouia, and succeeded in the
Claudius I. (Tiber. Drusus Nero,) son of enmpire by the name of Tiberius. vid. Tibe
Drusus, Livia's second son, sncCeeded as em rius. Horat. 1, ep. 3, v. 2. The name of
peror of Rome after the murder of Caligula, Claudius is common to many Roman consuls
whose memory he endeavoured to annihilate. and other officers of state; but nothing is re
He made himself popular for awhile, [but corded of them, and their name is but barely
soon, under the guidance of Messalina, who mentioned. Liv.
possessed the most absolute control over him, CLAvig ER, a surname of Janus, from his
he became a cruel and bloody tyrant..] He being represented with a key. Orid. Fast. 1,
passed over into Britain, and obtained a tri v. 228. Hercules received also that surname,
umph for victories which his generals had as he was armed with a club. Ovid. Met. 15,
won, and suffered himself to be governed by v. 284.
favourites whose licentiousness and avarice CLAUsus, or CLAUD1Us, a king of the Sa
plundered the state, and distracted the pro bines who assisted Turnus against Æneas.
vinces. He married four wives, one of whom, He was the progenitor of that Ap. Claudius
called Messalina, he put to death on account who migrated to Rome, and became the found
of her lust and debauchery. He was at last er of the Claudian family. Vurg. .42n. 7, v.
poisoned [by his niece Agrippina, whom he 707, l. 10, v. 345.
had married after the death of Messalina, CLAzom ENAE and CLAzoméNA, [a city
and who wished to raise to the throne her of Ionia, on the coast of the AEgean sea,
son Nero by a former marriage, to the preju west of Smyrna. There were two cities
dice of Brittanicus, the son and lawful heir of of this name; the more ancient stood on the
Claudius ; which she effected.] The poison continent, and was strongly ſortified by the
was conveyed in mushrooms; but as it did Ionians to resist the Persians. After the de
not operate fast enough, his physician, by or feat of Crºsus, however, they were terrified,
der of the empress, made him swallow a poi and withdrew to a neighbouring island, where
soned feather. He died in the 63d year of his they built the second Clazomenae so often
age, 13 October, A. D. 54, after a reign of mentioned in Roman history. Alexander,
13 years; distinguished neither by humanity according to Pausanias, joined it to the conti
nor courage, but debased by weakness and nent by a causeway 250 paces long; from
irresolution. He was succeeded by Nero. which time it was reckoned among the cities
Tacit. Ann. 11, &c.—Dio.60.-Juv. 6, v. 619. on the continent. Augustus greatly embel
—Suet. in vitā.-The second emperor of lished it, and was styled, on some medals, its
that name was a Dalmatian, who succeeded founder, through *::::Anaxagoras was
 CL CL

born here. On or near its site stands the the Byzantines. He was recalled, but refused
small town of Dourlak, or Vourla.] Mela, 1. to obey, and fled to Cyrus the younger. [Af
c. 17.-Plin. 5, c. 29.-Strab. 14.—Liv. 38, ter the battle of Cunaxa, and the death of
c. 39. Cyrus, he, together with the other Greek
CLEANTHEs, [a stoic philosopher of Assos commanders, were made prisoners by the
in Lydia, disciple of Zeno. After the death of treachery of Tissaphernes, and put to death.]
Zeno, his school was continued by Cleanthes. Diod. 14. A disciple of Aristotle, who
His first appearance was in the character wrote a treatise on tactics, &c. Xenoph.
of a wrestler. In this capacity he visited CLEMENs Romanus, one of the fathers of
Athens, where the love of philosophy was dif the church, said to be contemporary with St.
fused through all ranks of people. He soon Paul. Several spurious compositions are as
caught the general spirit, and though he was cribed to him, but the only thing extant is
possessed of no more than four drachmae, he his epistle to the Corinthians, written to qui
determined to put himself under the tuition of et the disturbances that had arisen there. It
some eminent philosopher. His first master has been much admired. The best edition is
was Crates, the Academic. He afterwards be that of Wotton, 8vo. Cantab. 1718. Ano
came a disciple of Zeno, and a celebrated ad ther of Alexan ºria, called from thence Aler
vocate of his doctrines. By night he drew andrinus, who flourished 206 A.D. His works
water as a common labourer in the public are various, elegant, and full of erudition;
gardens, that he might have leisure in the day the best edition of which is Potter's, 2 vols.
time to attend the schools of philosophy. The folio, Oxon. 1715.
Athenian citizens observing, that, though he CLEGBis and Biton, two youths, sons of
appeared strong and healthy, he had no visi Cydippe, the priestess of Juno at Argos.
ble means of subsistence, summoned him be When oxen could not be procured to draw
fore the Areopagus, according to the custom their mother's chariot to the temple of Juno,
of the city, to give an account of his manner of they put themselves under the yoke, and drew
living. Upon this he produced the gardener it 45 stadia to the temple, amidst the accla
for whom he drew water, and a woman for mations of the multitude, who congratulated
whom he ground meal, as witnessess to prove the mother on account of the filial affection
that he subsisted by the labour of his hands. of her sons. Cydippe entreated the goddess
The judges of the court were struck with to reward the piety of her sons with the best
such admiration of his conduct, that they gift that could be granted to a mortal. They
ordered ten minoe to be paid him out of the went to rest, and awoke no more; and by this
public treasury; which, however, Zeno would the goddess showed that death is the only
not suffer him to accept. Antigonus after true happy event that can happen to man.
wards presented him with three thousand The Argives raised them statues at Delphi.
mina. From the manner in which this phi. Cuc. Tusc. 1, c. 47.—Val. Mar. 5, c. 4.—He
losopher supported himself, he was called rodot. 1, c. 31.-Plut. de Cons. ad Apol.
q gavraor, or, the well-drawer. For many CLEoBULiNA, a daughter of Cleobulus, re
years he was so very poor that he was com markable for her genius, learning, judgment,
pelled to write the heads of his master's lec and courage. She composed aenigmas, some
tures on shells and bones for the want of of which have been preserved. One of them
money to buy better materials. He remain. runs thus : ** A father had 12 children, and
ed, however, notwithstanding every obstacle, these 12 children had each 30 white sons, and
a pupil of Zeno for nineteen years. His na 30 black daughters, who are immortal, though
tural faculties were slow ; but resolution and they die every day.” In this there is no need
perseverance enabled him to overcome every of an GEdipus to discover that there are 12
difficulty: and, at last, he became so complete months in the year, and that every month
a master of the stoic philosophy, as to be per consists of 30 days and of the same number
fectly well qualified to succeed Zeno. His of nights. Laert.
fellow-disciples often ridiculed him for his CLEobūLUs, one of the seven wise men of
dullness, by calling him an ass; but his au Greece, son of Flvagoras of Lindos, famous
-swer was that if he were an ass, he was better for the beautiful shape of his body. He wrote
able to bear the weight of Zeno's doctrine. some few verses, and died in the 70th year of
He wrote much, but none of his writings re his age, B.C. 564. Diog. in vilá.—Plut. in
main except a most beautiful hymn to Jupi
ter, preserved in the Anthology. After his CLEoMBRötus, son of Pausanias, a king
death, the Roman senate erected a statue in of Sparta, after his brother Agesipolis Ist.
honour of him at Assus. It is said that he He made war against the Boestians, and lest
starved himself in his 90th year, B.C. 240.] he should be suspected of treacherous com
Strab. 13.-Cic. de Finib. 2, c. 69, l. 4, c 7. munication with Epaminondas, he gave that
CLEARchus, a tyrant of Heraclea in Pon general battle at Leuctra, in a very disadvan
tus, who was killed by Chion and Leonidas, tageous place. He was killed in the engage
Plato's pupils, during the celebration of the ment, and his army destroyed, B. C. 371.
festivals of Bacchus, after the enjoyment of Diod. 15 —Paus. 9, c. 13.—Xenoph.-A
the sovereign power during twelve years, 353 son-in-law of Leonidas, king of Sparta, who,
B. C. Justin. 16, c. 4.—Diod. 15.—The for awhile, usurped the kingdom after the
second tyrant of Heraclea of that name died expulsion of his father-in-law. When Leoni
B.C. 288-A Lacedæmonian sent to aid das was recalled, Cleombrotus was banished:
186
 CL CL

and his wife Chelonis, who had accompanied the state, by his intrigues and eloquence. He
her father, now accompanied her husband in took Thoron in Thrace, and after distinguish
his exile. Paus. 3, c. 6.-Plut. in .4g. and ing himself in several engagements, he was
Cleom.—A youth of Ambracia, who threw killed at Amphipolis, in a battle with Bra
himself into the sea after reading Plato's trea sidas the Spartan general, 422 B.C. Thu
tise upon the immortality of the soul. Cic. in cyd. 3, 4, &c.—Duod. 12. An orator of
Tusc. 1, c. 34.—Ovid. in Ib. 493. Halicarnassus, who composed an oration for
CleoMEDEs, a famous athlete of Astypa Lysander, in which he intimated the propri
laca, above Crete. In a combat at Olympia ey of making the kingdom of Sparta elective.
he killed one of his antagonists by a blow with C. Mep. and Plut. in Lys.
his fist. On account of this accidental murder, CLEóNAE and CLEoNA, a city of Argolis,
he was deprived of the victory, and he became etween Corinth and Argos. Hercules killed
delirious. On his return to Astypalaea, he en the lion of Nemaea in its neighbourhood, and
tered a school, and pulled down the pillars thence it is called Cleonaeus. It was made a
which supported the roof, and crushed to constellation. Stat. 4. Sylp. 4, v. 28.-Ovid.
death 60 boys. He was pursued with stones, Met. 6, v. 417.-Sil. 3, v. 32.-Paus. 2, c. 15.
and he fled for shelter into a tomb, whose —Plan. 36, c. 5. A town of Phocis.
doors he so strongly secured, that his pursuers |[Another in Arcadia.--Another on the pe
were obliged to break them for access. When ninsula of Athos.]
the tomb was opened, Cleomedes could not CLEoNicA, a young virgin of Byzantium,
be found either dead or alive. The oracle of whom Pausanias, king of Sparta, invited to his
Delphi was consulted, and gave this answer, bed. She was introduced into his room when
Ultimus heroum Cleomedes Astypalaeus. Upon he was asleep, and unluckily overturned a
this they offered sacrifices to him as a god. burning lamp which was by the side of the
Paus. 6, c. 9.-Plut. in Rom. bed. Pausanias was awakened at the sudden
CLEoMENEs 1st, king of Sparta, conquered noise, and thinking it to be some assassin, he
the Argives, and burnt 5000 of them by setting seized his sword, and killed Cleonica before
fire to a grove where they had fled, and freed he knew who it was. Cleonica often appear
Athens from the tyranny of the Pisistratidae. ed to him, and he was anxious to make pro
By bribing the oracle, he pronounced Dema per expiation to her manes. Paus. 7, c. 17.
ratus, his colleague on the throne, illegitimate. —Plut. in Cim. &c.
because he refused to punish the people o CLEoNY MUs, a son of Cleomenes 2d., who
AEgma, who had deserted the Greeks. He called Pyrrhus to his assistance, because
killed himself in a fit of madness, 491 B. C. Areus, his brother's son, had been preferred
Herodot. 5, 6, and 7.-Paus. 8, c. 3, &c.— to him in the succession ; but the measure
The 2d, succeeded his brother Agesipolis 2d. was unpopular, and even the women united
He reigned 61 years in the greatest tranquil to repel the foreign prince. His wife was
lity, and was father to Acrotatus and Cleony unfaithful to his bed, and committed adulte
mus, and was succeeded by Areus 1st, son of ry with Acrotatus. Plut. in Pyrrh.-Paus.
Acrotatus. Paus. 3, c. 6. The 3d, suc l, c. 3. A person so cowardly that Cleo
ceeded his father Leonidas. He was of an nymo timidior became proverbial.
enterprising spirit, and resolved to restore the CleopithA, the grand-daughter of Atta
ancient discipline of Lycurgus in its full force, lus, betrothed to Philip of Macedonia, after
by banishing luxury and intemperance. He he had divorced Olympias. When Philip
killed the Ephori, and removed by poison his was murdered by Pausanias, Cleopatra was
royal colleague Eurydamides, and made his seized by order of Olympias and put to
own brother, Euclidas, king, against the laws death. Diod. 16.-Justin. 9. c. 7.-Plut. in
of the state, which forebade more than one of Pyrrh. A sister of Alexander the Great,
the same family to sit on the throne. He who married Perdiccas, and was killed by
made war against the Achaeans, and attempt Antigonus, as she attempted to fly to Ptolemy
el to destroy their league. Aratus, the gene in Egypt. Diod. 16 and 20–Justin.9, c. 6,
ral of the Achaeans, who supposed himself l. 13, c. 6. A wife of Tigranes, king of
inferior to his enemy, called Antigonus to his Armenia, sister of Mithridates. Justin. 38,
assistance; and Cleomenes, when he had fought c. 3. A daughter of Ptolemy Philometor,
the unfortunate battle of Sellasia, B. C. 222, who married Alexander Bala, and afterwards
retired into Egypt, to the court of Ptolemy Nicanor. She killed Seleucus, Nicanor's son,
Euergetes, where his wife and children had because he ascended the throne without her
fled before him. Ptolemy received him with consent. She was suspected of preparing poi
great cordiality; but his successor, weak and son for Antiochus her son, and compelled to
suspicious, soon expressed his jealousy of this drink it herself, B. C. 120.-A wife and
noble stranger, and imprisoned him. Cle sister of Ptolemy Evergetes, who raised her
omenes, with 12 friends, forced the place son Alexander, a minor, to the throne of
where he was confined, but finding escape from Egypt, in preference to his elder brother Pto
the city impracticable, they slew each other, lemy Lathurus, whose interest the people ſa
and Cleomenes' body was flayed, and exposed voured. As Alexander was odious, Cleopa
on a cross, B. C. 219. Polyb. 6.—Plut. in tra suffered Lathurus to ascend the throne, on
titá.-Justin. 28, c. 4. condition, however, that he should repudiate
Cleon, an Athenian, who, though original his sister and wife, called Cleopatra, and mar
ly a tanner, became general of the armies of ry Seleucia, his younger sister. She after
 CL CL

wards raised her favourite Alexander to the CLEosTRATUS, an ancient philosopher anº
throne; but her cruelties were so odious that astronomer of Tenedos, about 533 years be
he fled to avoid her tyranny. Cleopatra laid fore Christ. He first reformed the Greek cº
snares for him : and when Alexander heard lendar.
it he put her to death. Justin. 39, c. 3 and 4. CLEPsyDRA, a ſountain of Messenia, in
A queen of Egypt, daughter of Ptolemy mount Ithome.] Paus. 4, c. 31.
Auletes, and sister and wife to Ptolemy Dio CLIMAx, a pass of Mount Taurus, formed
nysius, celebrated for her beauty and her by the projection of a brow into the Mediter
cunning. She admitted Caesar to her arms. ranean sea. [It was on the eastern coast of
to influence him to give her the kingdom in Lycia, above the mountain and town of
preference to her brother, who had expelled Olympus, near the city Phaselis. The army
her, and had a son by him, called Caesarion. of Alexander, which passed here in the win
As she had supported Brutus, Antony, in his ter, were in the utmost danger, being com
expedition to Parthia, summoned her to ap pelled to wade a whole day up to their mid
pear before him. She arrayed herself in the dles in water.] Strab. 14.
most magnificent apparel, and appeared be CLINIAs, a Pythagorean philosopher and
fore her judge in the most captivating attire musician, 520 years before the Christian era.
Her artifice succeeded; Antony became ena Plut. Symp.—AElian. V. H 14, c. 23. A
moured of her, and publicly married her, for son of Alcibiades, the bravest man in the
getful of his connections with Octavia, the Grecian fleet that fought against Xerxes.
sister of Augustus. He gave her the greatest Herodot. 8, c. 7.—The father of Alcibin
part of the eastern provinces of the Roman des, killed at the battle of Coronea. Phºt.
empire. This behaviour was the cause of in Alc. The father of Aratus, killed by
a rupture between Augustus and Antony ; Abantidas, B.C. 263. Plut. in Arat.
and these two celebrated Romans met at Ac CLiNUs of Cos, was general of 7000 Greeks
tium, where Cleopatra, by flying with sixty in the pay of king Nectanebus. He was
sail, ruined the interest of Antony, and he killed with some of his troops by Nicostratus
was defeated. Cleopatra had retired into and the Argives, as he passed the Nile.
Egypt, where soon after Antony followed her. Diod. 16.
Antony killed himself upon the false informa CLIo, the first of the Muses, daughter of
tion that Cleopatra was dead; and as his Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided over
wound was not mortal, he was carried to the history. She is -represented crowned with
queen, who drew him up by a cord from one laurels, holding in one hand a trumpet, and a
of the windows of the monument where she book in the other. Sometimes she holds a
had retired and concealed herself. Antony plectrum, or quill with a lute. Her name sig
soon after died of his wounds, and Cleopatra, nifies honour and reputation, (xxtGr, gloria,)
after she had received pressing invitations from and it was her office faithfully to record the
Augustus, and even pretended declarations of actions of brave and illustrious heroes. She
love, destroyed herself by the bite of an asp, had Hyacintha by Pierus, son of Magnes.
not to fall into the conqueror's hands. She She was also mother of Hymenaeus, and Iale
had previously attempted to stab herself, and mus, according to others. Hesiod. Theog. v.
had once made a resolution to starve herself. 75.—Apollod. 1, c. 3.--Strab. 14. [red. Mu
Cleopatra was a voluptuous and extravagant Sæ
woman, and in one of the feasts she gave to downtº
the last tyrant of Sicyon.
Antony at Alexandria, she melted pearls into Aristot.—An Athenian of the family of Alc
her drink to render her entertainment more maeon. It is said that he first established
sumptuous and expensive. She was ſond of ostracism, and that he was the first who was
appearing dressed as the goddess Isis; and she banished by that institution. He banished
advised Antony to make war against the rich Isagoras, and was himself soon after restored.
est nations to support her debaucheries. Her Plut. in Arist.—Herodot. 5, c. 66, &c.
beauty has been greatly commended, and her CLITHE, [a people of Cilicia Campestris, who
mental perfections so highly celebrated, that retired to mount Taurus in order to avoid
she has been described as capable of giving au paying tribute to Archelaus, king of Cappa
dience to the ambassadors of seven different docia, and maintained themselves there under
nations, and of speaking their various lan their leader Trosova, against the troops sent
guages as fluently as her own. Two treatises, to reduce them.] Tacu. Ann. 12, c. 55.
De medicamine faciei epistolæ eroticae, and De C1.1TARchus, a man who made himself
morbis mulierum, have been falsely attributed absolute at Eretria, by means of Philip of
to her. She died B. C. 30 years, after a Macedonia. He was ejected by Phocion
reign of 24 years, aged 39. Flor. 4, c. 11. An historian, who accompanied Alexander
—Appian. 5, Bell. Civ.–Plut. in Pomp. & the Great, of whose life he wrote the histo
./lnt.—Horat. 1, od. 37, v. 21, &c.—Strab. ry. Curt. 9, c. 5.
17.—A daughter of Ptolemy Epiphanes, ClitoMichus, a Carthaginian philosopher
who married Philometor, and afterwarus of the third academy, who was pupil and suc
Physcon of Cyrene. cessor to Carneades at Athens, B. C. 128.
CreoPATRIs or ARSINor, a fortified town Diog. in vità.
of Egypt on the Arabian gulf. [rid. Arsinoe.]
Clitor, a son of Azan, who founded a city
CLEophanthus, a son of Themistocles, in Arcadia, called after his name. Porus. 3,
ffmous for his skill in riding. c. 4.—.4pollod. 3, c. 8. Ceres, Æsculapius,
 CA C1,

the HDi oscuri, and other deities, had temples | Roman province. This was done in order to
in that city. There was also in the town a punish that monarch for having refused Clo
fountain, called Cliterium, whose waters gave|dius money to pay his ransom when taken
a dislike for wine. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 322.- by the pirates, and to remove Cato out of the
Plin. 32, c. 2. way by appointing him to see the law execut
Clirusts us, [a river of Umbria, rising in ed J Another, de Magistratibus, A. U. C.
the vicinity of Spoletum, and falling into the 695, by Clodius the tribune. It forbade
Topinus or Tinia, now Tupino, and both toge the censors to put a stigma or mark of in
ther into the Tiber. The nodern name of famy upon any person who had not been ac
the Clitumnus is Clitumno It was famous, tually accused and condemned by both the
according to Virgil, for its milk-white flocks censors. Another, de Religione, by the
and herds, selected as victims in the celebra same, A. U. C, 696, to deprive the priest of
tion of the triumph.] Propert. 2, el. 10, v. Cybele, a native of Pessinus, of his office, and
25.-Virg. G. 2. v. 146.-Plin. 2, c. 103. confer the priesthood upon Brotigonus, a
CL1 rus, a familiar friend and foster-brother Gallogrecian. Another, de Provincils, A.
of Alexander. He saved the king's life in a U. C.695, which nominated the provinces of
blooly battle. Alexander killed him with a Syria, Babylon, and Persia, to the consul Ga
javelin, in a fit of anger, because, at a feast, binius; and Achaia, Th, ssaly, Macedon, and
he preferred the actions of Philip to those of Greece, to his colleague Piso, with pro-con
his son. Alexander was inconsolable for the sular power. It empowered them to defray
loss of a friend, whom he had sacrificed in the the expenses of their march from the public
hour of drunkenness and dissipation. Justin. treasury. Another, A. U. C. 695, which
12, c. 6.-Plut. in Aler.—Curt. 4, &c. required the same distribution of corn among
Cloacina, a goddess at Rome, who pre the people gratis, as had been given them be
sided over the Cloacae. Some suppose her to fore at six asses and a triens the bushel
be Venus, whose statue was found in the Another, A. U. C. 695, by the same. de Ju
Cloaca, whence the name. The Cloacae, diciis it prohibited from fire and water
were large receptacles for the filth and dung such as had executed a Roman citizen without
of the whole city, begun by Tarquin the el a judgment of the people and all the formali
der, and finished by Tarquin the proud. [They ties of a trial. |..."was aimed at by this
were built under the city, and the arches law, and soon after, by means of a hired mob,
were so high, that, according to Procopius, a was actually banished.] Another, by the
man on horseback might ride through them same, to pay no attention to the appearances
even in the ordinary course of the channel, of the heavens whºle any affair was before
and a wain loaded with hay might pass and the people.——Another, to make the power
vessels sail in them. There were in the of the tribunes free, in making and proposing
streets at proper distances, openings for the laws — -Another, to re-establish the com
admission of dirty water or any other filth, panies of artists which had been instituted by
which persons were appointed always to re Nuna, but since his time abolished.
move and also to keep the Cloacae clean. PB. Clödi Us, a Roman, descended from an
The principal sewer, now existing, with illustrious family, and remarkable for his li
which the rest communicated, was called centiousness, a varice, and ambition. He com
Cloaca maxima, and was principally the work mitted incest with his three sisters, and intro
of Tarquinius Superbus. Such at least is duced himself in women's clothes into the
the general opinion: see, however, remarks house of J. Caesar, whilst Pompeia, Caesar's
at the end of the articl. Roma. The Cloacae wife of whom he was enamoured, was cele
were at first carried through the streets, but brating the mysteries of Ceres, where no man
through the want of regularity in rebuilding was permitted to appear. He was accused
the city, after it was burnt by the Gauls, they for this violation of human and divine laws;
in many places passed under private houses. but he corrupted his judges, and by that
The cleaning ofthe Cloacae was the more easi means screened himself from justice. He
ly effected by means of the declivity of the descended from a patrician into a plebeian
ground, and the plenty of water with which family to become a tribune. He was such an
the city was supplied. Under the republic, enemy to Cato, that he made him go with
censors had eharge of them, but under the praetorian power in an expedition against
emperors, Curatores cloacarum were appoint. Ptolemy king of Cyprus, that, by the difficul
ed, and a tax was imposed for keeping them ty of the campaign, he might ruin his reputa
in repair, called Cloacarium.] Liv. 3, c. 48. tion, and destroy his interest at Rome during
–Plin. 5, c. 29. his absence, Cato, however, by his uncom
. Clodia, the wife of Lucullus, repudiated mon success, fru-trated the views of Clodius.
for her lasciviousness. Plut. in Lucull. He was also an inveterate enemy to Cicero ;
A woman who married Q. Metellus, and aſ and by his influence he banished him from
terwards disgraced herself by her amours Rome, partly on pretence that he had punish
with Coclius and her incest with her brother ed with death, and without trial, the adhe
Publius, for which he is severely and eloquent rents of Catiline. He wreaked his vengeance
ly arraigned by Cicero. upon Cicero's house, which he burnt, and **
-

all hismortification,
Slodia LEx de Cypro, was enacted by the great goods to sale;nowhich, however,
one offered to buy:to *
In
tribune Clodius, A.U.C. 695, [that Cyprus spite of Clodius, Cicero was recalled, and all
 CL CL

lus goods restored to him. Clodius was some on account of the insalubrity ofthe air.] Diod
time after murdered by Milo, whose defence 14. Wirg. JEn. 10, v. 167 and 655.
Cicero took upon himself. Plut. in Cic.—.1p Clusius, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, (now
pº
-L-0
de Civ. 2.-Cic. pro Mulon. A prodomo. La Chiese.j Polyb. 2—The surname ºf
Janus, wien his temple was shut. (Prid. Fait.
CloeliA, a Roman virgin, given with other 1, v. 130.
madeus as hostages to Porsenna king of Etru Clymène, a daughter of Oceanus and
ria. She escaped from her confinement, and Tethys, who married Japetus, by whom the
swam across the Tiber to Rome. Her un had Atlas, Prometheus, Menoetius, and EP.
precedented virtue was rewarded by her metheus. Hesiod. Theog. The mother
country men with an equestrian statue in the of Phaëton.
Via Sacra. Liv. 2, c. 16.-Virg. .42n. 8, v. CLYMEN Eides, a patronymic given tº
651.-Duonys. Hal. 5.-Jur. 8, v.265. A Phaeton'ssisters, who were daughters of Cly
patrician family descended from Cloelius, unene.
one of the companions of Æneas. Duonys. CLYMENus, a king of Orchomenos, son of
CLOELIAE foss AE, a placeuear Rome. Plut. Presbon, and father of Erginus. Stratius,
in Curiol. Arrhon, and Axius. He received a wound
Clotho, the youngest of the three Parcae, from a stone thrown by a Theban, of which
daughter of Jupiter and Themis, or, according he died. His son Erginus, who succeeded
to Hesiod, of Night, was supposed to preside him, made war against the Thebans to re
over the moment that we are born. She held venge his death. Paus. 9, c. 37.
the distaff in her hand, and span the thread Clyte MNEstra, a daughter of Tyndarus |
of life, whence her name (&awºtty, 10 spin.) king of Sparta, by Leda. She was born, to
She was represented wearing a crown with gº ther with her brother Castor, from one of 1.
seven stars, and covered with a variegated the eggs which her mother brought forth aſ
robe. vid. Parcae. Hesiod. Theog. v. 218. ter her amour with Jupiter under the form -
—v1 pullod. I c. 3. of a swan. [This story of the egg has thus
Cluacina, a name of Venus, whose statue been explained. The women's apartments
was erected in that place where pence was in the Grecian houses, were in the upper part
made between the Romans and Sabines, after of the house. These upper rooms were
the rape of the virguns. rud. Cloacina. sometimes, especially at Lacedæmon, called
Club, Ntius, a Roman citizen, accused by ºx, aiz, or ºrigéz, which words being distin
his mother of having murdered his father, 54 guished only by the accent (the use whereof
years B. C. He was ably defended by Cice seems not to have been known by the more
ro, in an oration still extant. The family of ancient Greeks,) from **, *ggs, are thought
the Cluentil was descended from Cloanthus, by some to have given occasion to the inven.
one of the companions of Æneas. Virg-En. tors of fables to ſeign that Castor, Pollux,
5, v. 122.-Cic. pro Cluent. Helen, and Clytemnestra, were produced
CLupº A and CLYPEA, now.1klibu, a town from eggs, when in fact they were born in
of Africa Propria, 22 miles east of Carthage. one of these upper chambers..] Clytemnes
[It was built upon a promontory which was tra married Agamemnon king of Argos. She
shaped li e a shield. Agathocles seized upon had before married Tantalus, son of Thyes
this place when he landed in Africa, fortified tes, according to some authors. When Aga
it, and gave it, from the shape of the promon memnon went to the Trojan war, he left bis
tory, the name Aspis, (a shield, in Greek, cousin Ægysthus to take care of his wife, of
whence Clypeus in Latin). The natives his family, and all his domestic affairs. Be
called the promontory Taphitis. This town sides this, a certain favourite musician was
served also as a stronghold to Regulus in the appointed by Agamemnon to watch over the
first Punic war.) Lucan. 4, v. 586.-Strab. conduct of the guardian, as well as that cf:
17 —Lºv. 27, c. 29.--Cars. Civ. 2, c. 23. Clytemnestra. In the absence of Agamem
CLUSIA, a daughter of an Etrurian king, of non, Ægysthus made his court to Clytemnes:
whom V. Torquatus, the Roman general, be tra, and publicly lived with her. Her infi.
came enamoured. He asked her of her fa delity reached
the ears of Agamemnon be:
ther, who slighted his addresses; upon which fore the walls of Troy, and he resolved to
he besieged and destroyed his town. Clusia take full revenge upon the adulterers at his
threw herself down from a high tower, and return. He was prevented from putting his
came to the ground unhurt. Plut. in Pa schemes into execution; Clytemnestra, with
rall. her adulterer, murdered him at his arrival,
Clusix1 FoxtEs, baths in Etruria, [near as he came out of the bath, or, according to
Clus ºn f hey are now called Bagni de S other accounts, as he sat down at a feast pre
Cantiano ) Horat. 1, ep. 15, v. 9. pared to celebrate his happy return. Cas:
Clusium. [now Chiusi, a town of Etruria, sandra, whom Agamemnon had brought fºom
on the banks of the Clanis. Its more ancient Troy, shared his fate; and Orestes would al-,
name was Camers. Here Porsenna held his so have been deprived of his life, like his fa
court, and was buried. Pliny speaks of his ther, had not his sister Electra removed him
tomb, and a monument erected in honour of from the reach of Clytemnestra. After this
him, called the Labyrinth. The Gauls under murder, Clytemnestra publicly married Æ
Brennus besieged it, but marched to Rome gysthus, and he ascended the throne of Argo
without taking it. It is now almost forsaken |Orestes, after an absence of seven years. re
 CO CO

turned to Mycenae, resolved to revenge his Cocklus, a king of Sicily, who hospitally
father's murder. He concealed himself in the received Daedalus, when he fled before Mlimos.
house of his sister Electra, who had been mar When Minos arrived in Sicily, the daughters
ried by the adulterers to a person of mean of Cocalus destroyed him. Ovid. Met. 8, y.
extraction and indigent circumstances. His 261.—Diod. 4.
death was publicly announced ; and when Coccsius NERVA, a friend of Horace and
Ægysthus and Clytemnestra repaired to the Mecaenas, and grandfather to the emperor
temple of Apollo, to return thanks to the goi Nerva. He was one of those who settled the
for the death of the surviving son of Agamem disputes between Augustus and Antony. He
non, Orestes, who with his faithful friend Py afterwards accompanied Tiberius in his re
lades, had concealed himself in the temple, treat in Campania, and starved himself to
rushed upon the adulterers and killed them death. Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 58 and 6, c. 26.--
with his own hand. They were buried Horat. 1, Sat. 5, v. 27.--An architect of
without the walls of the city, as their remains Roine, one of whose buildings is still in being,
were deemed unworthy to be laid in the se. the present cathedral of Naples.
pulchre of Agamemnon. rid. AEgysthus, CocintuM, a promontory of the Brutii, now
Agamemnon, Orestes, Electra. Diod. 4.— Cape Stilo
Horner. Od. 1".-Apollod. 3, c. 10. Paus. 2. Cocles, Pu B. HoRAt. a celebrated Ro
c. 18 and 22–Euripid. Iphig. in Aul.—Hy man, who, alone, opposed the whole army of
gin. fab. 117 and 1.0.—Propert. 3, el. 19.— Porsenna at the head of a bridge, while his
Pirg. .42n. 4, v.471.-Philoslr. Icon. 2, c. 9. companies behind him were cutting off the
CLITIA or CLYTIE, a daughter of Ocea communication with the other shore. When
nus and Tethys, beloved by Apollo. She the bridge was destroyed, Cocles, though se
was deserted by her lover, who paid his ad verely wounded in the leg by the darts of the
dresses to Leucothoe; and this so irritated her enemy, leapt into the Tiber, and swam across
that she discovered the whole intrigue to her with his arms. A brazen statue was raised
rival's father. Apollo despised her the more to him in the temple of Vulcan by the consul
for this, and she pined away, and was chang Publicola, for his eminent services. He had
ed into a flower, called [the Heliotrope (Halo: the use only of one eye, as Cocles signifies.
and ºrgaza, or) sun-flower, which still turns Liv. 2, c. 10.—Val. Mar. 3, c. 2.- Virg. JEn.
its head towards the sun in his course, as in 8. v. 650.
pledge for her love. Orid. Met. 4, fab. 3, &c. Cocytus, a river of Epirus. The word is
CNAcADIUM, a mountain of Laconia, [near derived from waxwuy, to weep and to lament.
which was the town of Las, south-west of Its etymology, the unwholesomeness of its
Gythium.] Paus. 3, c. 24. water, and above all, its vicinity to the Ache
CNAcăLis, a mountain of Arcadia, where rom, have made the poets call it one of the
ſestivals were celebrated in honour of Diana rivers of hell; hence Cocytia rurgo, applied to
Id. 8, c. 23. Alecto, one of the furies. Virg. G. 3, v. 38,
CNEMIs, a mountain of Locris, near the l. 4, v. 479. JEn. 6, v. 297, 323, 1.7, v. 479.
roast which faces Euboea. From it the Lo —Paus. 1, c. 17.—A river of Campania,
cri Epicnemidiiderived their appellation. In flowing into the Lucrine lake.
its vicinity was a town of the same name.] Cod ANUs sinus, one of the ancient names
CxIDUs and GNIDüs, a town of Doris in of the Baltic. [Mela represents it as full of
Caria, [at the extremity of a promontory large and small islands, the largest of which
called Triopium, now Cape Crio ] Venus he calls Scandinavia; so also Pliny. The
was the chief deity of the place, and had here name Codanus seems to have some reference
a famous statue made by Praxiteles. [Ni to that of the Goths in sound. Mela, 3, c. 3.
comedes of Bithynia offered to pay the debts –Plin. 4, c. 13.] -

of this city, which were immense, in order to Codom (Nus, a surname of Darius the third.
obtain this masterpiece of art, but the offer king of Persia.
was declined. The shores of Cnidus furnish Coorida, the descendants of Codrus, who
el in ancient times, as they do now, a great went from Athens at the head of several colo
abundance of fishes. The wines were famous, nies. Paus. 7, c. 2.
and Theophrastus speaks of the Cnidian oni. Codnopolis, [a town of Illyricum, at the
ons as of a particular species, being very lower part of the Adriatic, and serving as a
mild, and not occasioning tears. Cnidus is boundary to the empire divided between
now a hºap of ruins.] Horat. 1, od. 30.- Marc. Antony and Augustus.]
Plin. 36, c. 15. - Copaus, the 17th and last king of Athens,
Croscs, or GNossus, [a town of Crete, on son of Melanthus. When the Heraclidae
the northern coast, at a small distance from made war against Athens, the oracle declared
the sea. According to Strabo, it was 30 sta that the victory would be granted to that
did in extent. Here Minos held his court, nation whose king was killed in battle. The
and in its vicinity was the famous Labyrinth. Heraclidaeupon this gave strict orders to spare
A small village, called Cnossou, occupies part the life of Codrus; but the patriotic king dis
of the ancient site of Cnossus. The name of guised himself, and attacked one of the enemy,
the port of the city was Heraclacum.] Paus. by whom he was killed. The Athenians ob
1, c. 27. tained the victory, and Codrus was deserved
Coast RAE and CoActrze, a people of Asia, ed
ly 22
called theand
years, father
wasofkilled
his country. Hebefore
1070 years reign
 CO CC)

the christian era. To pay greater honour to pears by the titles given them. Thus, Hy
his memory, the Athenians made a resolu perion (he that moves on high, i. e. the sun"
tion, that no man after Codrus should reign Kotor, (he that inflam's or burns), father of
in Athens under the name of king, and there Asteria, (from artne a star.) husband of Pht
fore the government was put into the hand be (the bright shining). It is rather remark.
of [elective magistrates, called Archons, whº ºble that in the Iroquois language of our own
hell the office for life, and transmitted it to continent, the sun is similarly styled Icarº,
their children The first of these was Medon, i. e. he who is above our heads.) Hesiod. &.
eldest son of Codrus, from whom the thir Coeus, a son of Coelus and Terra. He
teen follow ug archons were called Medonti was father of Latona, Asteria, &c. by Phoebe
dae, as being descended from him. In the Hesiod. Th. 135 and 405.-Virg. G. 1, w
first year of the seventh Olympiad, the 279.-A river of Messenia, flowing by
power and succession devolved on the peo Electra Paus. 4, c. 33.
ple, who made the office decennial.] Paterc. Cohors, [vid. Legio.]
1, c, 2.-Justin. 2, c. 6 and 7.-Paus. 1, c. 19. Colchi, the inhabitants of Colchis.
l. 7, c. 25. – Val. Max. 5, c. 6.-A Latin Colchis, a country of Asia, at the south
poet, contemporary with Virgil. Virg. Ecl of Asiatic Sarmatia, east of the Euxile ses,
7.—— Another, in the reign of Domitian, north of Armenia. and west of Iberia, now
whose poverty became a proverb. Juv. 3, called ingrelia. It is famous for the ex
W. 20.3. pedition of the Argonauts, and the birth
[CoELE, or, the Hollow, the northern divi. place of Medea. [The country abounded,
sion of Elis. A town situate on the Helles according to Strabo, with fruit of every kind,
pont, south of Sestos, where the Athenians ob and every material requisite for navigation
tained a navai victory over the Lacedaemo Its only exceptionable produce was the ho
mians. It changed its name to Ælium in the ney, which had a bitter taste. The linen
time of Airian.] manufactured here was in high repute, and
CoElesy RIA and Coelosyria, [the Hollow some of it curiously painted and dyed like
Syria,] a country of Syria, between mounts that of the Indians; and no washing could e
Libanus and Antilibanus, where the Orontes face the colours, according to Herodotus.
takes its rise. Its capital was Damascus.-- This species of manufacture, together with
Antiochus Cyzicenus gave this name to that the dark complexion and crisped locks of the
part of Syria which he obtained as his share natives, were so many arguments among the
when he divided his father's dominions with ancients to prove them of European origin,
Grypus, B.C. 112. Dwnys Perueg. independent of other proof derived from their
CoELIA, the wife of Sylla. Plut. in Syll language and general mode of life. The tra
The Coelian family, which was plebeian, but dition was, that the Colchians were descended
honoured with the consulship, was descended from a part of the army of Sesostris, left by
from Vibenna Coeles, an Etrurian, who came him in Colchis to people the country and guard
to settle at Rome in the age of Romulus. the passes, when he was going on his Scythi
[CoEli A LEx, a law passed A. U. C. 630, an expedition.] Juv. 6, v. 640—Flace. 5, v.
that in trials for treason the people should 18.—Horat. 2, od. 13, v. 8,-Strab. 11.-
vote by ballot, which had been excepted by Ptol. 5, c. 10.—Ovid. Met. 13. v. 24. Ainur.
the Cassian law.] 2, el. 14, v 28.-Mela. 1. c. 19, l. 2. c. 3.
CoELUs or URäNUs, an ancient deity, sup CoLENDA, a town of Spain, [now Carar
posed to be the father of Saturn, Oceanus. ruvia:..]
Hyperion, &c. (vid. end of this article. CoL1As, now Agio Nocolo, a promontory of
He was son of Terra, whom he afterwards Attica. [south-east of the port of Phalerus.]
married. The number of his children, ac wh re Venus had a temple. Herodot. 8. c. 96.
cording to some, amounted to forty-five. They CoLLATIA, a towu on the Anio, built by
were called Titans, and were so closely con the people of Alba. It was there that Sext.
fined by their father that they conspired Tarquin offered violence to Lucretua. Lit. I
against him, and were supported by their 37, &c.—Strab. 3.-Virg AEn. 6, v. 774.
mother, who provided them with a scythe. L. T.A.Rauinius Collatings: a nephew of
Saturn armed himself with this scythe, and Tarquin the Proud, who married Lucretia, to
deprived his father of the organs of genera whom Sext. Tarquin offered violence. He
tion as he was going to unite himself to Ter with Brutus, drove the Tarquins from Rome,
ra. From the blood which issued from the and they were made first consuls. As he was
wound, sprang the giants, furies, and nymphs. one of the Tarquins so much abominated by
The mutilated parts were thrown into the all the Roman people, he laid down his office
sea, and from them, and the foam which they of consul, and retired to Alba in voluntary
occasioned, arose Venus the goddess of beau banishment. Liv. 1, c. 57, l.2, c. 2.-Flº,
ty. [The Grecian religion appears to have 1, c. 9. |

been in its origin pure Sabaism, or worship Collina, one of the gates of Rome, ce.
of the heavenly bodies. Hence the simila Mount Quirinalis, [so called a collibus Quan
rity between the term Sabaism and the Greek mali et Viminali. It was called also Quiring:
verb rºowai, “to worship.” In like man lis. To this gate Annibal rode up and threw
ner the name Uranus is from the Greek ow. a spear within the city.] Ovid. 4, Fast. v. 871
gºver, heaven. So also the Titans were no —A goddess at Rome who presided over
thing more than the constellations, as ap hills.-[The name of one of the four re
 CO CO
gions or wards into which Rome was divided who could clasp round its thumb, and its
by Servius Tullius. The other three were fingers were larger than most statues. It was
Palatina, Suburrana, and Esquilina.] hollow, and in its cavities were large stones,
Colóx4s, a place of Troas. Nepos. 4, c. 3. placed there to counterbalance its weight, and
ColóNE, a city of Phocis—uf Thessaly render it steady on its pedestal. It is gene
——of Messenia. A rock of Asia, on the rally supposed to have stood with distended
Thracian Bosphorus. legs, upon the two moles which formed the
Colonia AgrippinA, a city of Germany, entrance of the harbour. As the city, how
on the Rhine, now Cologne. Equestris, a ever, had two harbours, the main one, and a
town on the lake of Geneva, now JWyon. second much smaller, within which their fleets
Morinorum, a town of Gaul, now Terrouen,
in Artois. Trajana, or Ulpia, a town of were secured, it seems more natural to sup
pose that the Colossus was placed at the en
Germany, now [Koln or Keln, about a mile trance of this latter one, inasmuch as the space
from Cleves.] Valentia, a town of Spain, between the legs at the base could not have
which now bears the same name.
greatly exceeded 50 feet; a space too narrow
Colósos, an eminence near Athens, where to be the entrance to the main harbour. There
GEdipus retired during his banishment; from was a winding stair-case to go up to the top
which circumstance Sophocles has given the of the statue, from whence one might discover
title of GEdipus Coloneus to one of his trage Syria, and the ships that went to Egypt. It
dies.
was erected B. C. 300, and after having stood
Colophon, [a city of Ionia, near the sea, about 66 years, was broken off below the
north-west of Ephesus. It was founded by knees, and thrown down by an earthquake.]
Mopsus, grandson of Tiresias, and in process It remained in ruins for the space of 894 years;
of time, Damasichthon and Promether, sons and the Rhodians, who had received several
of Codrus, conducted a colony hither. It was large contributions to repair it, divided the
destroyed by Lysimachus, and its inhabit money among themselves, and frustrated the
ants sent to people Ephesus; but after his expectations of the donors, by saying that the
death, it was rebuilt in a more convenient si oracle of Delphi forbade them to raise it up
tuation. The Colophonians were such excel again from its ruins. In the year 672 of the
lent horsemen that they generally turned the |christian era, it was sold by the Saracens, who
scale on the side on which they fought ; and were masters of the island, to a Jewish mer
hence the proverb, Koxoqaya truriširai, “to chant of Edessa, who loaded 900 camels with
add a Colophonian,” i.e. to put the finishing the brass. [Allowing 800 pounds weight for
band to an affair. Hence, also, in the early eachload,the brass, after the diminution which
periods of the art of printing, the account it had sustained by rust, and probably by theft,
which the printer gave of the place and date amounted to about 720,000 pounds weight.
of the edition, being the last thing printed at The city of Rhodes had, according to Pliny,
the end of the book, was called the Colophon. 100 other colossuses, of inferior size, in its dif
This city was one of the places which con ferent quarters.]
tended for the birth of Homer. Its port was ColubRARIA, a small island at the east of
called Notium. It was also famed for its re
Spain supposed to be the same as Ophiusa.
sin, whence the name of Colophony, other Plin. 3, c. 5.
wise called Spanish wax, and Grecian resin. ColumELLA, (L. Jun. Moderatus,) a native
The modern name of the city is Attobosco, or, of Gades, who wrote, among other works,
according to others, Belvidere.] Strab. 14.— twelve books on agriculture, of which the
Plin. 14, c. 20.—Paus. 7, c. 3.-Tacit. Ann. tenth, on gardening, is in verse. The style is
2, c. 54.—Cic. pro-Arch. Poet.8.—Ovid. Met. elegant, and the work displays the genius of
6, v. 8. a naturalist and the labours of an accurate
Coloss E and ColossIs, a large town of observer. The best edition of Columella is
Phrygia [Pacatiana, near Laodicea. One that of Gesner, 2 vols. 4to. Lips. 1735, and
of the first christian churches was established
reprinted there 1772.
there, and one of St. Paul's epistles was ad Columſ NAE HERcúlis, aname given to two
dressed to it. [Colossae, together with Laodi mountains on the extreme parts of Spain and
cea and Hierapolis, from which it was equi Africa, at the entrance into the Mediterra
distant, perished by an earthquake in the 10th nean. They were called Calpe and :4byla,
year of Nero's reign, or about two years after the former on the coast of Spain, and the lat
St. Paul's epistle was sent. The government ter on theside of Africa, at the distance of only
of Colossae was democratic, and its chief ma 18 miles. They are reckoned the boundaries
gistrate styled Archon. It was rebuilt after of the labours of Hercules, and they were sup
the earthquake, and became a flourishing city. posed to have been joined, till the hero sepa
Its name was subsequently changed to Chonae, rated them and opened a communication be
which remains in that of the village of Conus, tween the Mediterranean and Atlantic seas.
south-east of the ancient site.] Plin. 21, c. 9. [rid. Remarks under the article Mediterra
Colossus, º celebrated brazen image of neum Mare. Protei, the boundaries of
Rhodes, which passed for one of the seven Egypt, or the extent of the kingdom of Pro
wonders of the world. It was the workman teus. Alexandria was supposed to be built
thip of Chares, a pupil of Lysippus, who was near them, though Homer places them in the
employed 12 years in making it. . Its height island Pharus. 5dys. 4, v. 351–Pirg, En.
was 105 Grecian feet; there were few persons 11, v. 262. -
B 4. g3
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Colūthus, a native of Lycopolis in Egypt, assemblies was the electing of magistrates,

and all the public officers of state. They
[in the time of the emperor Anastasius, in the
beginning of the 6th century,) who wrote a could be dissolved by one of the tribunes, if
short poem on the rape of Helen in imitationhe differed in opinion from the rest of his col
of Homer. The composition remained long leagues. If one among the people was taken
unknown, till it was discovered in the 15th with the falling sickness, [or epilepsy, the
century by the learned cardinal Bessarion. whole assembly was immediately dissolved ;
is morbus comitalis.
Coluthus was, as some suppose, a contempo whence that disease called
rary of Tryphidorus. [The poem is of infe After the custom of giving their votes wità
rior merit. The best edition is that of Len voce had been abolished, every one of the as
map, Leovard. 1747, in 8vo.] sembly, in the enacting of a law, was present
CoMAGENE, [the northern part of Syria, ed with two ballots, on one of which were the
on the declivity of mount Taurus and Ama letters U. R. that is, uti rogas, [be it as you
nus,) extending on the east as far as the Eu request:] on the other was an A, that is, an
phrates. Its chief town was called Samosata, liquo, which bears the same meaning as anti
the birth-place of Lucian. Strab. 11 and 17. quam volo, [I am for the old law. I vote
CoMANA (a and orum,) a town of Pontus, against the new.] If the number of ballots
[on the Iris, south-east of Amasea, now Al with U. R. was superior to the; A's, the law
mons.] Hist. Alez. 34. Another in Cap was approved constitutionally if cot it was
padocia, [on the Sarus, now el Bostan.]. Both rejected. Only the chief magistrates, and
these places were famous for temples of Bel sometimes the pontifices, had the privilege
lona, where there were above 6000 ministers of convening these assemblies. [The ponti
of both sexes. The chief priest among them fex maximus is thought to have held the co
was very powerful, and knew no superior but mitia for creating a rea: sacrorum, but this is
the king of the country. This high office was not certain.]
generally conferred upon one of the royal fa. M.CoMMöpus, (L. Aurelius Antonius,) son of
succeeded his father in the Ro
mily. [Strabo makes the goddess worship manAntoninus,
empire [A. D. 180.] He was naturally
ped at these places to have been Venus, and
Procopius the Tauric Diana. The temple cruel, fond of indulging his licentious propen
of the Cappadocian Comana was plundered sities, and regardless of theinstruction of phi
by Antony.] Hist. Alex. 66.-Flacc. 7, v. losophers and of the decencies of nature. De
sirous to be called Hercules, like that hero,
636.-Strab. 12.
he adorned his shoulders with a lion's skin,
CoMARIA, the ancient name of Cape Como
and armed his hand with a knotted club. He
rin in India.
CoMETHo, a daughter of Pterilaus, who showed himself naked in public, and ſought
deprived her father of a golden hair in his with the gladiators, and boasted of his dexte
head, upon which depended his fate. She was rity in killing the wild beasts in the amphi
put to death by Amphitryon for her perfidy. theatre. He required divine honours from
.Apollod. 2, c. 4. the senate, and they were granted. He was
CoMITIA, (orum,) an assembly of the Ro wont to put such an immense quantity of gold
man people. The word is derived from Co dust in his hair, that when he appeared bare
mitium, the place where they were convened, headed in the sun-shine, his head glittered as
if surrounded with sun-beams. Martia, one
quasi a con eundo. The Comitium was a
part of the Forum, which was left uncover of his concubines, whose death he had pre
ed at the top in the first ages of the republic; pared, poisoned him; but as the poison did
so that the assembly was often dissolved in not quickly operate, he was strangled by a
rainy weather. [It was covered the year that and wrestler. He died in the31st year of his age,
Hannibal came into Italy, and afterwards the 13th of his reign, A. D. 192. It has
adorned with paintings and statues.] The been observed that he never trusted himself
Comitia were known by the name of Comilia, to a barber, but always burnt his beard, in
Curiata, Centuriata, and Tributa. The Cu imitation of the tyrant Dionysius. Herodian.
riata was when the people gave their votes by CompitãLIA, festivals celebrated by the
curiae. [These were the most ancient, having Romans [on the 2d of May] in the cross-ways,
been established by Romulus. They became in honour of the household gods, called Lares.
very little used after the institution of the Tarquin the proud, or, according to some,
other two.] The Centuriata were not con Servius Tullius, instituted them, on account
of an oracle which ordered him to offer heads
vened in later times. (vid. Centuria.) An
other assembly was called Comitia Tributa, to the Lares. He sacrificed to them human
where the votes were received from the victims; but J. Brutus, after the expulsion of
whole tribes together. [These were first in the Tarquins, thought it sufficient to offer
troduced by the tribunes of the commons at them only poppy heads and men of straw,
the trial of Coriolanus, A. U. C. 263. In The slaves were generally the ministers, and
them every individual’s vote counted, and during the celebration they enjoyed their
freedom. Varro de L. L. 5, c. 3.-Orid,
the people consequently had the full power,
as the nobility and richer classes had at the Fast. 5, v. 140,-Dionys. Hal. 4.
Centuriata.] At first the Roman people CoMuM, now Como, [a town of Gallia
were divided only into three tribes; but as Transpadana, at the southern extremity of
their numbers increased, the tribes were at the Lacus Larius, or Lake of Como. It was
Thatswelled to 35. The chief object of these founded by the Gauls, became afterwards a
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Roman colony, and was enlarged by Scipio. val called Connideia. It was then usual to
Julius Caesar established Greeks in it, and sacrifice to him a ram. Plut. in Thes.
changed its name to Neo-Comum, but upon CoNoN, a famous general of Athens, son
their departure, it lost this, and resumed its of Timotheus. He was made governor of
former appellation. It is now Como, and was all the islands of the Athenians, and was
the birth-place of the younger Pliny..] Plin. defeated in a naval battle by Lysander near
3. c. 18.-Liv. 33, c. 36 and 37.-Suet. in Jul. the AEgospotamos, [on the coast of the
28.-Plin. 1, ep. 3.-Cic. Fam. 13, ep. 35. Thracian Chersonese.] He retired in volun
CoMUs, the god of revelry, feasting, and tary banishment to Evagoras king of Cyprus,
nocturmal entertainments. During his festi and afterwards to Artaxerxes king of Persia,
vals, men and women exchanged each other's by whose assistance he freed his country from
dress. He was represented as a young and slavery. He defeated the Spartans near Cni
drunken man, with a garland of flowers on dos, in an engagement where Pisander, the
his head and a torch in his hand, which seem enemy's admiral, was killed. By his means
ed falling. He is more generally seen sleep the Athenians fortified their city with a strong
ing upon his legs, and turning himself when wall, [and were bidding fair, under his guid
the heat of the falling torch scorched his side. ance, to recover their former power, when
Phil. 2, Icon.—Plut. Quest. Rom. with their wonted fickleness they accused
Concis I, a people of Spain, [among the him of a misapplication of the money receiv
Cantabri. Their chief beverage was horse's ed by him from the king of Persia, and of
blood.] Wirg. G. 3, v.463.-Sil. 3, v. 361.— other crimes for which there was not appa
Horat. 3, od. 4, v. 34. rently the slightest foundation. He died in
Coxcond1A, the goddess of peace and prison, having been murdered, as is general
concord at Rome, to whom Camillus first ly supposed.] C. Nep. in vitā.-Plut. in
raised a temple in the capitol, where the ma Lys. & Artar.—Isocrates. A Greek astro
gistrates often assembled for the transaction nomer of Samos. He was intimate with Ar
of public business. She had, besides this, chimedes, and flourished 247 B. C. [He
other temples and statues, and was addressed gave the name to the constellation called
to promote the peace and union of families Coma Berenices. He invented a spiral, the
and citizens. Plut. in Camil.—Plin. 33, c. 1. properties of which were demonstrated by
—Cic. pro Domo.—Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 639, l. Archimedes, whence it has obtained the name
6, v. 637. of the latter. Archimedes held him in high
Cospite, a town of Gaul, now Rennes estimation.] Catul. 67.-Virg. Ecl. 3, v. 40.
(Rhedonun urbs) in Brittany. [There were —A Grecian mythologist, in the age of Ju
many others of the same name in Gaul. lius Caesar, who wrote a book which contain
Among them may be enumerated what are ed 40 ſables, still extant, preserved by Pho
now Condat.—Cône.—Coignac.—Condé-sur tius.
Iton.] CoNsertes, the name which the Romans
CoNoivienusr, a town of Gaul, now JWan gave to the twelve superior gods, the Dii
tes in Brittany. [vid. Namnetes.] majorum gentium. The word signifies as
CoNDochites, a river of India, flowing much as consentientes, that is, who consented
into the Ganges. [According to D'Anville, to the deliberations of Jupiter's council.
the Kandak, or, according to the orthography They were twelve in number, whose names
of Mannert, the Gunduk. It falls into the Ennius has briefly expressed in these lines:
Ganges opposite Patna.] -

CoNDRüsſ, [a people of Gallia Belgica. Juno, Vesta, JMinerra, Ceres, Diana, Venus,
Their country answers now to the district of JMars,
Condros, in the Bishopric of Liege.) Caes. JMercurius, Jovi, Neptunus, Vulcanus, Apollo.
Bell. G. 4, c. 6.
Cox FLUENTEs, a town at the confluence [In ancient inscriptions they are thus mark
of the Moselle and Rhine, now Coblentz. ed: J. O. M. (i. e. Jovi optimo maximo) cº
This town, in the time of the Romans, was terisa. Dis consentibus.]
the station of the first legion; and afterwards Consentia, now Cosenza, a town in the
it became the residence of the successors of
country of the Brutii, [on the Mare Tyrrhe
Charlemagne.] num.] Liv. 8, c. 24, 1. 28, c. 11.-Cic. Fin.
CoNFucius, [or Kong-fu-tse, a celebrated 1, c. 3.
Chinese philosopher of imperial descent, 'Constans, a son of Constantine. vid.
born about four centuries and a half before Constantinus.
Christ, and contemporary with Pythagoras.] Constantia, a grand-daughter of the
Coxlaci, a people of Spain, at the sources great Constantine, who married the emperor
of the Iberus. Strab. 3. Gratian.
Costarbarca, [a town of Lusitania, near Constantina, a princess, wife of the em
the sea-coast, on the river Munda, now Co peror Gallus.
imbra of Portugal.] Constantinopólis, ſwid. Byzantium.]
Cosrsalrus, a god worshipped at Athens, Constantinus, surnamed the Great, from
with the same ceremonies as Priapus at the greatness of his exploits, was son of Con
Lampsacus. Strab. 3. stantius. As soon as he became independent
Cossinas, the preceptor of Theseus, in he assumed the title of Augustus, and made
whose honour the Athenians instituted a festi war against Licinius, 195
his brother-in-law, and
->
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colleague on the throne, because he was cruel triumph, and died in his march against Julian,
and ambitious. He conquered him, and who had been proclaimed independent em
obliged him to lay aside the imperial power. peror by his soldiers.-The name of Con
It is said that as he was going to fight against stantine was very common to the emperors
Maxentius, one of his rivals, he saw a cross of the east in a later period.—A private
in the sky, with this inscription, tv Towtº vixa, soldier in Britain, raised on account of his
in hoc vince. [Eusebius, from whom this ac name to the imperial dignity.
count is taken, adds that Constantine was in Constantius Chlorus, son of Eutropius,
structed on the following night by a vision of and father of the great Constantine, merited
Christ himself, bearing his cross, and direct the title of Caesar, which he obtained by his
ing him to make a similar standard under victories in Britain and Germany. He be
which he should march to victory. In the came the colleague of Galerius, on the abdi
morning Constantine communicated this vi cation of Diocletian; and after bearing the
sion to his friends, and sending for ingenious character of a humane and benevolent prince,
workmen, caused them to form in gold and he died at York, and made his son his succes
precious stones a representation of the sign sor, A. D. 306. The second son of Con
which he had seen. This was placed upon stantine the Great. vid. Constantinus.--
the imperial standard. vid. Labarum. Con The father of Julian and Gallus, was son of
stantine, in consequence, became a Christian. Constantius by Theodora, and died A. D.
Dr. Lardner very properly doubts the whole 337.--—A Roman general of Nyssa, who
story.] After the death of Diocletian, Max married Placidia, the sister of Honorius, and
iminian, Maxentius, Maximinus, and Licinius, was proclaimed emperor, an honour he enjoy
who had reigned together, though in a subor ed only seveu months. He died universally
dinate manner, Constantine became sole em regretted, 421 A.D. and was succeeded by
peror, and began to reform the state. He his son Valentinian'in the west.
founded a city in a most eligible situation, ConsuáLEs Lupi, or CoNsuñLiA, festi
where old Byzantium formerly stood, and vals at Rome in honour of Consus, the god
called it by his own name, Constantinopolis. of counsel, whose altar Romulus discovered
Thither he transported part of the Roman under the ground. This altar was always
senate ; and by keeping his court there, he covered except at the festival, when a mule
made it tho rival of Rome in population and was sacrificed, and games and horse-races
magnificence. From that time the two im exhibited in honour of Neptune. It was dur
perial cities began to look upon each other ing these festivals that Romulus carried away
with an eye of envy; and soon after the age the Sabine women who had assembled to be
of Constantine, a separation was made of the spectators of the games. They were first in
two empires, and Rome was called the capi stituted by Romulus. Some say, however,
tal of the western, and Constantinopolis war that Romulus only regulated and re-instituted
called the capital of the eastern dominions of them after they had been before established
Rome. The emperor has been distinguished by Evander. During the celebration, which
for personal courage, and praised for the pro happened about the middle of August, horses,
tection he extended to the Christians. He at mules, and asses, were exempted from all
first persecuted the Arians, but afterwards labours, and were led through the streets
inclined to their opinions. His murder of his adorned with garlands and flowers. Auson.
son Crispus has been deservedly censured. 69, v. 9.-Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 199,-Liv. 1, c. 9.
By removing the Roman legions from the —Dionys. Hal.
garrisons on the rivers, he opened an easy Consul, a magistrate at Rome, with regal
passage to the barbarians, and rendered his authority for the space of one year. There
soldiers unwarlike. He defeated 100,000 were two consuls, a consulendo, annually cho
Goths, and received into his territories 300,- sen in the Campus Martius. The two first
000 Sarmatians, who had been banished by consuls were L. Jun. Brutus, and L. Tarquin
their slaves, and allowed them land to culti ius Collatinus, chosen A. U. C. 244, after the
vate. Constantine was learned, and preach expulsion of the Tarquins. In the first ages
ed, as well as composed, many sermons, one of the republic, the two consuls were always
of which remains. He died A. D. 337, after chosen from patrician families, or noblemen;
a reign of 31 years of the greatest glory and but the people obtained the privilege, A. U.
success. He left three sons, Constantinus, C. 388, of electing one of the consuls from
Constans, and Constantius, among whom he their own body; and sometimes both were
divided his empire. The first, who had Gaul, plebeians. The first consul among the ple
Spain, and Britain for his portion, was con beians was L. Sextius. It was required that
quered by the armies of his brother Constans, every candidate for the consulship should be
and killed in the 28th year of his age, A. D. 43 years of age, called legitimum tempus.
340. Magnentius, the governor of the pro. He was always to appear at the election as a
vinces of Rhaetia, murdered Constans in his private man, without a retinue; and it was
bed, after a reign of 13 years over Italy, Af. requisite, before he canvassed for the office,
rica, and Illyricum; and Constantius, the only to have discharged the inferior functions of
surviving brother, now become the sole em. quastor, a dile, and praetor. [Sometimes these
peror, A.D. 353, punished his brother's mur qualifications were disregarded. Wal. Corvus
derer, and gave way to cruelty and oppres was made a consul in his 23d year, Scipio
sion. He visited Rome, where he displayed a Africanus the elder, in his28th, and theyoung
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er, at 38. T. Q. Flaminius, when not quite a mere title under the emperors, and retain
30; Pompey, before he was full 36. The con ed nothing of its authority but the useless
suls were at the head of the whole republic ; ensigns of original dignity. [In retaining
all the other magistrates were subject to them, the badges of the ancient consuls, they in
except the Tribunes of the commons. They dulged in even greater pomp : for they
assembled the people and senate, laid before wore the toga picta or palmata, and had
them what they pleased, and executed their their fasces wreathed with laurel, which
decrees. The laws which they proposed and used formerly to be done only by those who
got passed were usually called by their name. triumphed. They also added the securis to
They received all letters from the governors the fasces.] Even the office of consul, which
of provinces, and from foreign kings and was originally annual, was reduced to two or
states, and gave audience to embassadors, three months by J. Caesar; but they who
The year was named after them, as it used were admitted on the first of January deno
to be at Athens from one of the Archons. minated the year, and were called ordinarii.
Their insignia were the same with those of Their successors, during the year, were dis
the kings, (excepting the crown,) namely, the tinguished by the name of suffecti. Tiberius
toga praetexta, sella curulis, the sceptre or ivo and Claudius abridged the time of the consul
ry staff, and 12 lictors with the fasces and secu ship, and the emperor Commodus made no
ris. Within the city, the lictors went before less than 25 consuls in one year. Constantine
only one of the consuls, and that commonly the Great renewed the original institution,
for a month alternately. A public servant, and permitted them to remain a whole year
called accensus, went before the other consul, in office.—Here follows a list of the consuls,
and the lictors followed. He who was eld from the establishment of the consular power
est, or had most children, or who was first to the battle of Actium, when the consular
elected, or had most suffrages, had the fasces office virtually ceased.
first. When the consuls commanded different The two first consuls chosen about the mid
armies, each of them had the fasces and secu dle of June, A. U.C. 244, were L. Jun. Bru
ris, but when they both commanded the same tus, and L. Tarq. Collatinus. Collatinus re
army they commonly had them for a day al tired from Rome as being of the family of the
ternately. Valerius Poplicola took away the Tarquins, and Pub. Valerius was chosen in
securis from the fasces, i.e. he took from the his room. When Brutus was killed in battle,
consuls the power of life and death, and only Sp. Lucretius was elected to succeed him ;
left them the right of scourging. Out of the and after the death of Lucretius, Marcus Ho
city, however, when invested with military ratius was chosen for the rest of the year with
command, they retained the securis, i. e. the Valerius Publicola, The first consulship last
right of punishing capitally..] This office ed about 16 months, during which the Ro
lasted from the year of Rome 244 till the mans fought against the Tarquins, and the
year 1294, or 541st year of the christian era, capitol was dedicated.
when it was totally suppressed by Justinian. A. U. C. 246. Pub. Valerius Publicola 2.
[Their provinces used anciently to be decreed Tit. Lucretius. Porsenna supported the
by the senate after the consuls were elected claims of Tarquin. The noble actions of Co
or had entered on their office. But by the cles, Scaevola, and Cloelia.
Sempronian law, passed A. U.C. 631, the se 247. P. Lucretius, or M. Horatius ; P. Wa
nate always decreed two provinces to the fu ler. Publicola 3. The vain efforts of Porsen
ture consulsbefore their election, which they, na continued.
after entering upon their office, divided by 248. Sp. Lartius; T. Herminius. Victo
lot or agreement. Sometimes a certain pro rics obtained over the Sabines.
vince was assigned to some one of the con 249. M. Valerius ; P. Postumius. Wars
sals, both by the senate and people, and some. with the Sabines continued.
times again the people reversed what the se. 250 P. Valerius 4; T. Lucretius 2.
nate had decreed respecting the provinces. 251. Agrippa Menenius; P. Postumius 2.
vid. Marius and Sylla.] They were not per The death of Publicola.
mitted to return to Rome without the special 252. Opiter Virginius; Sp. Cassius. Sa
command of the senate, and they always re bine war.
mained in the province till the arrival of 253. Postumius Cominius : T. Lartius. A
their successor. At their return they ha conspiracy of slaves at Rome.
rangued the people, and solemnly protested 254. Serv. Sulpicius ; Marcus Tullius.
that they had done nothing against the laws 255. P. Veturius Geminus; T. AEbutius
or interest of their country, but had faithful Elva.
ly and diligently endeavoured to promote the 256. T. Lartius 2 ; L. Cloelius. War with
greatness and welfare of the state. No man the Latins.
could be consul two following years; [an in. 257. A. Sempronius Atratinus; M. Mi
terval of 10 years must have elapsed pre nucius.
vious to the second application ;] yet this 258. Aulus Postumius; Tit. Virginius.
institution was sometimes broken; and we The battle of Regillae.
find Marius re-elected consul after the expi 259. Ap. Claudius; P. Servilius. War
ration of his office, during the Cimbrian with the Volsci.
war. The office of consul, so dignified duº. 260. A. Virginius; T. Veturius. The dis
ing the times of the commonwealth, became satisfied commons retired to Mons. Sacer.
197
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261. Postumius Cominius 2; Sp. Cassius 2. 294. C. Claudius; P. Valerius 2. A Sabine

A reconciliation between the senate and peo seizes the capitol, and is defeated and killed.
ple, and the election of the tribunes. Valerius is killed in an engagement, and Cin
262. T. Geganius; P. Minucius. A famine cinnatus is taken from the plough and made
at Rome. dictator ; he quelled the dissensions at Rome
263. M. Minucius 2d ; Aul. Sempronius 2. and returned to his farm.
The haughty behaviour of Coriolanus to the 295. Q. Fabius 3; L. Cornelius. The cer
populace. sus made ; the Romans amount to 132,049.
264. Q. Sulpitius Camerinus; Sp. Lartius 296. L. Minucius; C. Nautius2. Minuci
Flavus 2. Coriolanus retires to the Volsci. us is besieged in his camp by the AEqui; and
265. C. Julius ; P. Pinarius. The Volsch Cincinnatus, being elected dictator, delivers
make declarations of war. him, obtains a victory, and lays down his
266. Sp. Nautius; Sex. Furius. Coriolanus power 16 days after his election.
forms the siege of Rome. He retires at the 297. Q. Minucius; C. Horatius. War with
entreaties of his mother and wife, and dies. the Æqui andSabines. Ten tribuneselected
267. T. Sicinius; C. Aquilius. The Wolsci instead of five.
defeated. 298. M. Valerius; Sp. Virginius.
268. Sp. Cassius 3; Proculus Virginius. 299. T. Romilius; C. Weturius.
Cassius conspires to tyranny. 300. Sp. Tarpeius; A. Aterius.
269. Serv. Cornelius; Q. Fabius. Cassius 301. P. Curiatius; Sex. Quintilius.
is condemned and thrown down the Tarpeian 302. C. Menenius; P. Cestius Capitolinus
rock. The Decemvirs reduce the laws into twelve
270. L. AEmilius ; Caesio Fabius. The tables.
AEqui and Volsci defeated. 303. Ap. Claudius; T. Genutius; P. Ces.
271. M. Fabius ; L. Valerius. tius, &c. The Decemvirs assume the reins of
272. Q. Fabius 2; C. Julius. War with government, and preside with consular power.
the AEqui. 304 and 305. Ap. Claudius; Q. Fabius Wi
273. Caesio Fabius 2; Sp. Furius. War bulanus; M. Cornelius, &c. The Decemvirs
continued with the AEqui and Veientes. continued. They act with violence. Appius
274. M. Fabius 2; Cn. Manlius. Victory endeavours to take possession of Virginia,
over the Hernici. who is killed by her'father. The Decemvirs
275. Caeso Fabius 3; A. Virginius. The abolished. Valerius Potitus and M. Horati
march of the Fabii to the river Cremera. us Barbatus are created consuls for the rest
276. L. ACmilius 3; C. Servilius. The wars of the year. Appius is summoned to take his
continued against the neighbouring states. trial. He dies in prison, and the rest of the
277. C. Horatius; T. Menenius. The de Decemvirs are banished.
feat and death of the 200 Fabii. 306. Lart. Herminius; T. Virginius.
278. Sp. Servilius : Aul. Virginius. Mene 307. M. Geganius Macerinus; C. Julius,
mius brought to his trial for the defeat of the Domestic troubles.
armies under him. 308. T. Quintius Capitolinus 4; Agrippa
279. C. Nautius; P. Valerius. * Furius. The AEqui and Wolsci come near to
280. L. Furius; C. Manlius. A truce of the gates of Rome and are defeated.
40 years granted to the Veientes. 309. M. Genucius ; C. Curtius. A law
281. L. AEmilius 3; Virginius or Vopiscus passed to permit the patrician and plebeian
Julius. The tribune Genutius murdered in families to intermarry.
his bed for his seditions. 310. Military tribunes are chosen instead of
282. L. Pinarius ; P. Furius. consuls. The plebeians admitted among
283. Ap. Claudius; T. Quintius. The Ro them. The first were A. Sempronius; L.
man army suffered themselves to be defeated Atilius; T. Cloelius. They abdicated three
by the Volsci, on account of their hatred to months after their election, and consuls were
Appius, while his colleague is boldly and again chosen, L. Papirius Mugillanus; L.
cheerfully obeyed against the AEqui. Sempronius Atratinus.
284. L. Valerius 2; Tib. AEmilius. Appi 311. M. Geganius Macerinus 2; T. Quin
us is cited to take his trial before the people, tius Capitolinus 5. The censorship instituted.
and dies before the day of trial. 312. M. Fabius Vibulanus; Postumius AE
285. T. Numicius Priscus; A. Virginius. butius Cornicen.
286. T. Quintius 2; Q. Servilius. 313. C. Furius Pacilus; M. Papirius Cras
287. Tib. AEmilius 2; Q. Fabius. sus.

288. Q. Servilius 2; Sp. Postumius. 314. P. Geganius Macerinus; L. Menenius

289. Q. Fabius 2; T. Quintius 3. In the Lanatus. A famine at Rome. Maclius at
Census made this year, which was the ninth, tempts to make himself king.
there were found 124,214 citizens in Rome. 315. T. Quintius Capitolinus 6; Agrippa
290. Aul. Postumius; Sp. Furius. Menenius Lanatus.
291. L. A.butius; P. Servilius. A plague 316. Mamercus AEmilius; T. Quintus; L.
at Rome. Julius. Military tribunes.
292. T. Lucretius Tricipitinus; T. Vetu 317. M. Geganius Macerinus; Sergius F
rius Geminus. denas. Tolumnius, king of the Veientes, kill
293. P. Volumnius; Serv. Sulpitius. Dread ed by Cossus, who takes the second royal
ful prodigies at Rome, and seditions. spoils called Opima.
193
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318. M. Cornelius Maluginensis; L. Papi 351. Manlius Aemilius Mamercimus, &•

rius Crassus. The Roman cavalry begin to receive pay.
319. C. Julius; L. Virginius. 352. C. Servilius Ahala, &c. A defeat at
320. C.Julius 2; L. Virginius 2. The du Veii, occasioned by a quarrel between two ot
ration ofthe censorship limited to 18 months. the military tribunes.
321. M. Fabius Vibulanus; M. Fossius; L 353. L. Valerius Potitus 4; M. Furius Ca
Sergius Fidenas. Military tribunes. millus 2, &c. A militarytribune chosenfrom
322. L. Pinarius Mamercus; L. Furius Mie among the plebeians.
dullinus; Sp. Postumius Albus. Military 354. P. Licinius Calvus, &c.
tribunes. 355. M. Veturius, &c.
323. T. Quintius Cincinnatus , C. Julius 356. L. Valerius Potitus 5; M. Furius Ca
Manto; consuls. A victory over the Veien millus 3. &c.
tes and Fidenates by the dictator Postumius. 357. L. Julius Julus, &c.
324. C. Papirius Crassus ; L. Julius. 358. P. Licinius, &c. Camillus declared
325. L. Sergius Fidenas 2; Host. Lucret. dictator. The city of Veii taken by means
Tricipitinus. * of a mine. Camillus obtains a triumph.
326. A. Cornelius Cossus; T. Quintius 359. P. Corn. Cossus, &c. The people
Pennus 2. wished to remove to Veii.
327. Servilius Ahala; L. Papirius Mugil 360. M. Furius Camillus, &c. Falsici sur
lanus 2. rendered to the Rommns.
328. T. Quintius Pennus; C. Furius; M. 361. L. Lucret. Flaccus ; Servius Sulpi
Posthumius; A. Corn. Cossus. Military tri cius Camerinus, consuls, after Rome had
bunes, ali ofpatriciam families. Victory over been governed'by military tribunes for 15
the Veientes. successive years. Camillus strongly opposes
329. A. Sempronius Atratinus; L. Quinti the removing to Veii, and it is rejected.
us Cincinnatns; L. Furius Medullinus; L. M 362. L. Valerius Potitus; M. Manlius. One
Horat. Barbatus. of the cemsors dies.
330. A. Claudius Crassus, &c. Military 363. L. Lucretius, &c. Military tribunes.
tribunes. A strange voice heard, which foretold the
331. C. Sempronius Atratinus ; Q. Fabius approach of the Gauls. Camillus goes into
Vibulanus. Consuls who gave much dissa banishment to Ardea. The Gauls besiege
tisfaction to the people. Clusium, and soon after march towards
332. L. Manlius Capitolinus,&c. Military Rome.
tribunes. 364. Three Fabii military tribunes. The
333. Numerius Fabius Vibulanus ; T. Q. Romans defeated at Allia by the Gauls. The
Capitolinus. Gauls enter Rome, and set it ora fire. Camil
334. L. Q. Cincinnatus3; L. Furius Me lus declared dictator by the senate, who had
dullinus 2 ; M. Manlius; A. Sempronius retired into the capitol. The geese save the
Atratinus. Military tribunes. capitol, and Camillus suddenly comes and
335. A. Menenius Lanatus, &c. Military defeats the Gauls.
tribunes. 365. L. Valerius Poplicola 3; L. Virginius,
336. L. Sergius Fidenas ; M. Papirius Mu &c. Camillus declared dictator, defeats the
gilianus; C. Servilius. Volsci, Æqui, and Tuscans.
337. A. Menenius Lanatus 2, &c. 366. T. Q. Cincinnatus; Q. Servilius Fide
338. A. Sempronius Atratinus 3, &c. nas ; L. Julius Julus.
339. P. Cornelius Cossus, &c. 367. L. Papirius ; Cn. Sergius ; L. Æmi
340. Cn. Corn. Cossus, &c. One ofthe mi lius, &e.
368. M. Furius Camillus, &c.
litary tribunes stoned to death by the army.
341. M. Corn. Cossus; L. Furius Medül 369. A. Manlius ; P. Cornelius, &c. The
Minns, consuls. Domestic seditions. Volsci defeated. Manlius aims at royalty.
3£. Q. Fabius Ambustus; C. Furius Pa 370. Ser. Corn. Maluginensis ; P. Valerius
•*itis. Potitus ; M. Furius Camillus. Manlius is
343. M. Papirius Atratinus ; C. Nautius condemned and thrown down the Tarpeian
Rutijus. rock.
344- Mamercus AEmilius ; C. Valerius Po 371. L. Valerius ; A. Manlius ; Ser. Sul
titus. picius, &c.
345. Cn. Corn. Cossus; L. Furius Medul 372. Sp. and L. Papirii, &c.
1inas 2. Plebeians for the first time quæs 373. M. Furius Camillus ; L. Furius, &c.
tore. 374. L. and P. Valerii.
346. C. Julius, &c. Military tribunes. 375. C. Manlius, &e.
347. L. Furius Medullimus, &c. Military 376. Sp. Furius, &c.
tribunes. 377. L. Aemilius, &c.
348. P. and Cn. Cornelii Cossi,&c. Military 378.Y For five years anarchy at Rome. No
tribunes. This year the Roman soldiers first 379. ] consuls or military tribunes elected,
reeeived pay. 380. -but only for that time, L. Sextinus;
349. T. Quintius Capitolinus, &c. Military 381. | C. Licihius Calvus stolo, tribunes of
tribunes. The siege of Veii begum. 382. J the people.
350. C. Valerius Potitus, &c.TMilitary tri 383. L. Furius, &c.
btnnes. Ten
384. Q. Servilius ; C. Veturius,&c.
-
noo
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magistrates are chosen to take care of the Si 416. L. Furius Camillus; C. Maenius. The
bylliue books. Latins conquered.
385. L. Q. Capitolinus ; Sp. Servilius, &c. 417. C. Sulpicius Longus; P. Ælius Paetus.
386. According to some writers, Camillus The prætorship grantedto a plebeian.
this yenr was solédictator, without consuls or 418. L. Papirius Crassus ; Caeso Duilius.
tribumes. 419. M. Valerius Corvus; M. Atilius Re
387. A. Cornelius Cossus; L. Vetur. Cras gulus.
sus, &c. The Gauls defeated by Camillus. 420. T. Veterius ; Sp. Posthumius.
One of the consuls for the future to beelected 421. L. Papirius Cursor; C. Paetilius Libo
from among the plebeians. 422. A. Cornelius 2 ; Cn. Domitius.
388. L. Æmilius, patriciam ; L. Sextius, 423. M. Caudius Marcellus ; C. Valerius
plebeian; consuls. The offices ofprætor and Potutus.
Curule AEdile granted to the senate by the 424. L.Papirius Crassus;C. PlautiusVeppe.
people. -
425. L. Æmilius Mamercinus 2 ; C. Plau
389. L. Genucius; Q. Servilius. Camillus tius.
died. 426. P. Plautius Proculus; P. Corn. Sca.
390. Sulpitius Pæticus; C. Licinius Stolo. pula.
391. Cn. Genucius ; L. Aemilius. 1 427. L. Corn. Lentulus; Q. Publilius Phi
392. Q. Serv. Ahala 2; L. Genucius 2. o 2.
Curtius devotes himself to the Dii manes. 428. C. Pætilius; L. Papirius Mugillanus
393. C. Sulpicius 2; C. Licinius 2; Man 429. L. Furius Camillus 2; D.Jun. Brutus
lius conquers a Gaul in single battle. Scæva. The dictator Papirius Cursor is for
394. C. Petilius Balbus ; M. Fabius Am putting to death Fabius, his master of borse,
l»ustus. because he fought in his absence, and obtain
395. M. Popilius Lænas ; C. Manlius 2. ed a famous victory. He pardons him.
396. C. Fabius; C. Plautuus. Gauls de 430. Accordingtosome authors, therewere
feated. no consuls elected this year, bat only a dicta
397. C. Marcius; Cn. Manlius 2. tor, L. Papirius Cursor.
398. M. Fabius Ambustus 2 ; M. Popilius 431. L. Sulpicius Longus 1 ; Q. Aulius Cer
Lænas 2. A dictator elected from the ple retamus
beians for the first time. 432. Q. Fabius ; L. Fulyius.
399. C. Sulpicius Pæticus 3; M. Valerius 433. T. Veterius Calvinus 2; Sp. Postumi
Poplicola 2; both of patrician families. us Albinus 2. C. Pontius, the Samnite, takes
400 M. Fabius Ambustus 3, T. Quintius. the Roman consuls in an ambuscade at Caudi
401. C. Sulpicius Pæticus 4; M. Valerius um.
Poplicola 3. 434. L. Papirius Cursor 2; Q. Publilius
402. M. Valerius Poplicola 4; C. Marcius Philo.
Rutilus. 435. L. Papirius Cursor3; Q. Aulius Cer
403. Q. Sulpicius Pæticus 5 ; T. Q. Pennus. retanus 2.
A censor elected for the first time from the 436. M. Fossius Flaccinator ; L. Plautius
plebeians. Venno.
404. M. Popilius Lænas 3; L. Corn. Scipio. 437. C. Jun. Babulcus; L. AEmilins Bar
405. L. Furius Camillus ; Ap. Claudius bula.
Crassus. Valerius, surnamed Corvus, after 438. Sp. Nautius : M. Popilius.
conquering a Gaul. 439. L. Papirius 4 ; Q. Publilius4.
406. M. Valer. Corvus ; M. Popilius Læ 440. M. Pætilius : C. Sulpicius.
nas 4. Corvus was elected at 23 years of age 441. L. Papirius Cursor 5 ; C. Jun. Bu
against the standing law. A treaty of amity bulcus 2.
concluded with Carthage. 442. M. Valerius ; P. Decius. The censor
407. T. Manlius Torquatus ; C. Plautius. Appius makes the Appiam way and aque
408. M. Valerius Corvus 2; C. Pætilius. duets. The family of the Potitii extinct.
409. M. Fabius Dorso : Ser. Sulpicius Ca 443. C. Jun. Bubulcus 3; Q. Æmilius Bnt
nuerinus. bula 2.
410. C. Marcius Rutilus ; T. Manlius Tor 444. Q. Fabius 2; C. Martius Rutilus.
quatus. 445. According to some authors, ther.
411. M. Valerius Corvus 3; A. Corn. Cos were no consuls elected this year, but only w
sus. The Romams begin to make war against dictator, L. Papirius Cursor.
the Samnites, at the request of the Campani 446. Q. Fabius 3 ; P. Decius 2.
ans. They obtain a victory. 447. Appius Claudius ; L. Volumnius.
412. C. Marcius Rutilus 4 ; Q. Servilius. 448. P. Corn. Arvina ; Q. Marcius Tre
413. C. Plautius ; L. Æmilius Mamercinus. mulus.
414. T. Manlius Torquatus 3; P. Decius 449. L. Postumius ; T. Minucius.
Mus. The victories of Alexander the Great 450. P. Sulpicius Saverrio; Semproniu
in Asia. Manlius put his son to death for Sophus. The Æqui conquered.
fighting against his order. Decius devotes 451. L. Genucius ; Ser. Cornelius.
himself for the army, which obtains a great 452. M. Livius ; M. AEmilius.
victory over the Latins. 453. Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus ; M
415. T. Aemilius Mamercinus; Q. Publilius Val. Corvus; not consuls, but dictator*, nr
Ρhilo.
cording to some authors.
anm
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454. M. Valerius Corvus; Q. Apuleius. 485. Q. Ogulinus Gallus; C. Fabius Pic

The priesthood made common to the ple tor. Silver money coined at Rome for the
beians. first time.
453. M. Fulvius Paetinus; T. Manlius Tor 486. P. Sempronius Sophus; Ap. Claudius
quatus. Crassus.
456. L. Cornelius Scipio; Cn. Fulvius. 487. M. Atilius Regulus; L. Julius Libo.
457. Q. Fabius Maximus 4; P. Decius Italy enjoys peace universally.
Mus. 3. Wars against the Samnites. 488. Numerius Fabius; D. Junius.
458. L. Volumnius 2; Ap. Claudius 2. Con 489. Q. Fabius Gurges: L. Mamilius Wi
quest over the Etrurians and Samnites. tulus. The number of the quaestors doubled
459. Q. Fabius 5; P. Decius 4. Decius de to eight.
votes himself in a battle against the Samnites 490. Ap. Claudius Caudex; M. Fulvius
and the Gauls, and the Romans obtain a vic Flaccus. The Romans aid the Malmertines,
tory. which occasions the first Punic war. Appius
460. L. Postumius Megelius; M. Attilius defeats the Carthaginians in Sicily. The
Regulus. combats of gladiators first instituted.
461. L. Papirius Cursor ; Sp. Carvilius. 491. M. Valerius Maximus; MI. Otacilius
Victories over the Samnites. Crassus. Alliance between Rome and Hiero
462. Q. Fabius Gurges ; D. Jun., Brutus king of Syracuse. A sun-dial first put up at
Scaeva. Victory over the Samnites. Rome, brought from Catana.
463. L. Postumius 3: C. Jum. Brutus. AEs 492. L. l’ostumius Gemellus : Q. Mami
cupalus brought to Rome in the form ofa ser lius Vitulus. The siege and taking of Agri
pent from Epidaurus. gentum. The total defeat of the Carthagi
464. P. Corn. Rufinus; M. Curius Denta alains.

tus. 493. L. Valerius Flaccus : T. Otacilius

465. M. Valerius Corvus; Q. Caedicius Crassus.
Noctua. | 494. Cn. Corn. Scipio Asina; C. Duilius.
466. Q. Marcius Tremulus; P. Corn. Ar In two months the Romans build and equip a
withia. |fleet of 120 gallies. The naval victory and
467. M. Claudius Marcellus; C. Nautius. triumph of Duilius.
468. M. Valerius Potitus; C. A.lius Paetus. 495. L. Corn. Scipio; C. Aquilius Florus.
469. C. Claudius Caenima; M.A.milius Le Expedition against Sardinia and Corsica.
pidus. 496. A. Attilius Calatinus; C. Sulpicius
470. C. Servilius Tucca ; Caecilius Metel Paterculus. The Carthaginians defeated in
lus. War with the Senones. a naval battle. -

471. P. Corn. Dolabella; C. Domitius Cal 497. C. Attilius Regulus; Cn. Corn. Bla
vinus. The Senones defeated. sho. -

472. Q. Aemilius; C. Fabricius. War with 498. L. Manlius Vulso : Q. Caedicius. At

Tarentum. the death of Caedicius, Matilius Regulus 2
473. L. ACmilius Barbula : Q. Marcius. was elected for the rest of the year. The fa
Pyrrhus comes to assist Tarentum. mous battle of Ecnoma. The victorious con
474. P. Valerius Laevinus; Tib. Corun suls land in Africa.
canus. Pyrrhus conquers the consul Laevi 499. Serv. Fulvius Paetinus Nobilior; M.
nus, and, though victorious, sues for peace. AEmilius Paulus. Regulus, after many victo
which is refused by the Romansenate. The ries in Africa, is defeated and taken prisoner
census was made, and 272,222 citizens were by Xanthippus. Agrigentum retaken by the
found. Carthaginians.
475. P. Sulpicius Saverrio; P. Decius Mus. 500. Cn. Corn. Scipio Asina 2: A. Atti.
A battle with Pyrrhus. lius Calatinus 2; Panormus taken by the Ro
476. C. Fabricius Luscinus 2; Q. Aemilius mans.
Papus 2 Pyrrhus goes to Sicily. The treaty 501. Cn. Servilius Caepio ; C. Sempronius
between Rome and Carthage reuewed. Blaesus. The Romans, discouraged by ship
477. P. Corn. Rufinus; C. Jun. Brutus. wrecks, renounce the sovereignty of the seas.
Crotona and Locri taken. 502. C. Aurelius Cotta; P. Servilius Gemi
478. Q. Fabius Maximus Gurges 2 ; C. nus. Citizens capable to bear arms amount
Genucius Clepsina. Pyrrhus returns from ed to 297,797. - -

Sicily to Italy. 503. L. Caecilius Metellus2; C. Furius Pa

479. M. Curius Dentatus 2 ; L. Corn. cilus. The Romans begin to recover their
Lentulus. Pyrrhus finally defeated by Cu power by sea.
rººs. 504. C. Attilius Regulus 2; L. Manlius Vol.
420. M. Curius Dentatus 3; Ser. Corn. so 2. The Carthaginians defeated near Pa
Merenda. normus in Sicily. One, hundred and forty
481. C. Fabius Dorso; C. Claudius Caemi two elephants taken and sent to Rome. Re
na?. An embassy from Philadelphus to con gulus advises the Romans not to exchange
cºnde an alliance with the Romans. prisoners. He is put to death in the most ex
482. L. Papirius Cursorz; Sp. Carvilius 2. cruciating torments:
Tarentum surrenders. 505. P. Clodius Palcher; L. Jun; Pujº;
483. L. Genucius; C. Quintius. The Romans defeated in a naval battle. "
484. C. Genucius; Cn. Cornelius. Roman fleet lost in a storm. *
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506. C. Aurelius Cotta 2 ; P. Servilius 531. C. Flaminius ; P. Furius Philus.

Geminus 2. 532. M. Claudius Marcellus ; Ch. Corn.
507. L. Caecilius Metellus 3; Num. Fabius Scipio Calvus. A new war with the Gauls
Buteo. The number of the citizens 252,222. Marcellus gains the spoils called opima.
508. M. Otacilius Crassus; M. Fabius Li 533. P. Cornelius : M. Minucius Rufus.
cinus. Annibal takes the command of the Carthagi
509. M. Fabius Buteo : C. Attilius Balbus. nian armies in Spain.
510. A. Manlius Torquatus 2; C. Sempro
nius Blaesus.
534. L. Weturius; C. Lutatius. The Wis
Flaminia built. |
511. C. Fundanius Fundulus; C. Sulpi 535. M. Livius Salinator; L. AEmilius Pau
cius Gallus. A fleet built by individuals at lus. War with Illyricum.
Rome. 536. P. Cornelius Scipio; T. Sempronius
512. C. Lutatius Catulus; A. Postumius Longus. Siege of Saguntum by Annihal.
Albinus. The Carthaginian fleet defeated The cause of the second Punic war. Anni
near the island AEgates. Peace made between bal marches towards Italy, and crosses the
Rome and Carthage. The Carthaginians Alps. The Carthaginian fleet defeated near
evacuate Sicily. Sicily. Sempronius defeated near Trebia
513. Q. Lutatius Cerco ; A. Manlius Atti by Annibal.
cus. Sicily is made a Roman province. The 537. Cn. Servilius; C. Flaminius 2. A fe
39th census taken. The citizens amount to mous battle near the lake Thrasymenus
260,000. Fabius is appointed dictator. Success of Cn.
514. C. Claudius Centho; M. Sempronius Scipio in Spain.
Tuditanus. 538. C. Terentius Varro; L. AEmilius
515. C. Mamilius Turinus; Q. Valerius Paulus 2. The famous battle of Cannae. An
Falto. nibal marches to Capua. Marcellus beats :
516. C. Sempronius Gracchus; P. Vale Annibal near Nola. , Asdrubal begins his
rius Falto. The Carthaginians give up Sar. march towards Italy, but his army is totally
dinia to Rome. defeated by the Scipios.
517. L. Corn. Lentulus Caudinus; Q. Ful 539. Ti. Sempronius Gracchus; Q. Fabius
vius Flaccus. The Romans offer Ptolemy Maximus 2. Philip of Macedonia enters in.
Evergetes assistance against Antiochus The to an alliance with Annibal. Sardinia re
o 8. volts, and is re-conquered by Manlius. The
518. P. Corn. Lentulus Caudinus; Licinius Carthaginians twice beaten in Spain by Sci
Varus. Revolt of Corsica and Sardinia. los

519. C. Attilius Bulbus 2; T. Manlius Tor 540. Q. Fabius Maximus 3; M. Claudius

quatus. The temple of Janus shut for the Marcellus 2. Marcellus besieges Syracuse by
first time since the reign of Numa, about 440 sea and land.
years. An universal peace at Rome. 541. Q. Fabius Maximus 4; T. Sempro
520. L. Postumius Albinus; Sp. Carvilius nius Gracchus 3. The siege of Syracuse
Maximus. continued.
521. Q. Babius Maximus Verrucosus; M. 542. Q. Fulvius Flaccus; Ap. Claudius
Pomponius Matho. Differences and jealousy Pulcher. Syracuse taken and plundered.
between Rome and Carthage. Sicily made a Roman province. Tarentum
522. M. Aemilius Lepidus ; M. Publicius treacherously delivered to Annibal. The two
Malleolus. Scipios conquered in Spain.
523. M. Pomponius Matho 2; C. Papirius 543. Cn. Fulvius Centumalus; P. Sulpi
Maso. The first divorce known at Rome. cius Galba. Capua besieged and taken by
524. M. Aemilius Barbula ; M. Junius the Romans. P. Scipio sent to Spain with
Pera. War with the Illyrians. proconsular power.
525. L. Postumius Albinus 2; Cn. Fulvius 544. M. Claudius Marcellus 4; M. Vale
Centumalus. The building of new Car rius Laevinus 2. The Carthaginians driven
thage. from Sicily. Carthagena taken by young
526. Sp. Carvilius Maximus 2; Q. Fabius Scipio.
Maximus. 545. Q. Fabius Maximus 5; Q. Fulvius
527. P. Valerius Flaccus; M. Attilius Re Flaccus 4. Annibal defeated by Marcellus.
gulus. Two new praetors added to the other Fabius takes Tarentum. Asdrubal defeated
praetors. by Scipio.
528. M. Valerius Messala; L. Apulius 546. M. Claudius Marcellus 5; T. Quin
Fullo. Italy invaded by the Gauls. The tius Crispinus. Marcellus killed in an am
Romans could now leadinto the field of battle buscade by Annibal. The Carthaginian fleet
770,000 men. defeated.
529. L. Emilius Papus; C. Attilius Regu 547. M. Claudius Nero; M. Livius :2. As
lus. The Gauls defeat the Romans near Ciu drubal passes the Alps. Nero obtains some
sium. The Romans obtain a victory near advantage over Annibal. The two consuls
Telamon. defeat Ásdrubal, who is killed, and his head
530. T. Manlius Torquatus 2; Q. Fulvius thrown into Annibal's camp. The Romans
Flaccus2. The Boii, part of the Gauls, sur make war against Philip.
fender. 548. L. Wetarius; Q. Caecilius. Scipic
**
-
302
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obtains a victory over Asdrubal, the son of cinius. Philip of Macedon sends his son De
Gisgo, in Spain. Masinissa sides with the Ro metrius to Rome.
mans. 571. M. Claudius Marcellus ; Q. Fabius
549. P. Cornelius Scipio; P. Licinius Labeo. Death of Annibal, Scipio, and Phi
Crassus. Scipio is empowered to invade lopoemen. Gauls invade Italy.
Africa. 572. M. Baebius Tamphilus; L. Fimilius
550. M. Cornelius Cethegus ; P. Sempro Paulus. Death of Philip.
nius Tuditanus. Scipio lands in Africa. 573. P. Cornelius Cethegus; M. Baebius
The census taken, and 215,000 heads of fami Tamphilus. Expeditions against Liguria.
lies found in Rome. The first gilt statue raised at Rome.
551. Co. Servilius Caepio ; C. Servilius Ge 574. A. Postumius Albinus Luscus; C.
minus. Scipio spreads general consternation Calpurnius Piso. Celtiberians defeated.
in Africa. Annibal is recalled from Italy by 575. Q. Fulvius Flaccus ; L. Manlius Aci
the Carthaginian senate. dinus. Alliance renewed with Perseus the
552. M. Servilius; Ti. Claudius. Annibal son of Philip. º
and Scipio come to a parley; they prepare 576. M. Junius Brutus; A. Manlius Vulso.
for battle. Annibal is defeated at Zama. 577. C. Claudius Pulcher; T. Sempronius
Scipio prepares to besiege Carthage. Gracchus. The Istrians defeated.
553. Cn. Corn. Lentulus; P. A.lius. Paetus. 578. Cn. Corn. Scipio Hispalus; Q. Pe
Peace granted to the Carthaginians. Scipio tillius Spurinus.
triumphs. 579. P. Mucius; M. Aemilius Lepidus 2.
554. P. Sulpicius Galba 2; C. Aurelius 580. Sp. Postumius Albinus; Q. Mucius
Cotta. War with the Macedonians. Scaevola.
555. L. Corn. Lentulus ; P. Willius Tapu 581. L. Postumius Albinus; M. Popilius
ius. The Macedonian war continued. Laenas.
556. Sex. AClius Paetus; T. Quintius Fla. 582. C. Popilius Laenas; P. Hºlius Ligur.
minius. Philip defeated by Quintius. War declared against Perseus.
557. C. Corn. Cethegus; Q. Minucius Ru 583. P. Licinius Crassus ; C. Cassius Lon
fus. Philip is defeated. Quintius grants him ginus. Perseus gains some advantage over
peace. the Romans.
558. L. Furius Purpureo ; M. Claudius 584. A. IIostilius Mancinus; A. Atilius
Marcellus. The independence of Greece Serranus.
proclaimed by Flaminimus at the Isthmian 585. Q. Marcius Philippus 2; Cn. Servi
games.
lius Caepio. The campaign in Macedonia.
559. L. Valerius Flaccus; M. Porcius 586. L. Eºſi. Paulus 2; C. Licinius
Cato. Quintius regulates the affairs of Crassus. Perseus is defeated and taken pri
Greece. Cato's victories in Spain, and tri soner by Paulus.
umph. The Romans demand Annibal from 587. Q. Aelius Paetus ; M. Junius Pennus.
the Carthaginians. -
588. M. Claudius Marcellus; C. Sulpicius
560. P. Corn. Scipio Africanus 2; T. Sem Galba.
promius Longus. Annibal flies to Antiochus. 589. Cn. Octavius Nepos; T. Manlius
561. L. Cornelius Merula; Q. Minucius Torquatus.
Thermus. Antiochus prepares to make war 590. Aulus Manlius Torquatus; Q. Cas
against Rome, and Annibal endeavours in sius Longus.
vain to stir up the Carthaginians to take up 591. Tib. Sempronius Gracchus; M. Ju
arras.
vencius Phalna.
562. Q. Quintius Flamininus; Cn. Domi 592. P. Corn. Scipio Nasica; C. Marcius
tius. The Greeks call Antiochus to deliver Figulus. Demetrius flies from Rome, and is
them. made king of Syria.
563. P. Corn. Scipio Nasica; Manlius Aci593. M. Valerius Messala ; C. Fannius
lius Glabrio. The success of Acilius in Strabo.
594. L. Anicius Gallus ; M. Corn. Cethe
Greece against Antiochus.
595. C. Cornelius Dolabella ; M. Fulvius
564. L. Corn. Scipio; C. Laelius. The gus.
fleet of Antiochus under Annibal defeated
Nobilior.
by the Romans. Antiochus defeated by Sci
pio.
596. M. Emilius Lepidus; C. Popilius
565. M. Fulvius Nobilior; Cn. Manlius Laenas.
597. Sex. Jul. Caesar; L. Aurelius Ores
Vulso. War with the Gallogrecians.
566. M. Valerius Messala; C. Livius Sali tes. War against the Dalmatians.
nator. Antiochus dies. 598. L. Corn. Lentulus Lupus ; C. Mar
567. M. AEmilius Lepidus; C. Flaminius. cius Figulus 2.
599. P. Corn. Scipio Nasica 2; M. Clau
The Ligurians reduced. dius Marcellus 2.
568. Sp. Postumius Albinus; Q. Marcius
Philippus. The Bacchanalia abolished at 600. Q. opimius Nepos; L. Postumius
Albinus.
Rome.
569 Ap. Claudius Pulcher; M. Sempro 601. Q. Fulvius Nobilior ; T. Annius Lus
nius Tuditanus. Victories in Spain and Li cus. The false Philip. Wars in Spain.
602. M. Claudius Marcellus 3; L. Vale
guria.
570. P. Claudius Pulcher: L. Porcius Li rius Flaccus.
203
 (L'() Co
603. L. Licinitis Lucullus ; A. Posthumius! 633. Lucius Opimius ; Q. Fabius Maximus,
Albinus. The umfortunate end of Caius Gracchus
604. T. Quintius Flaminimus ; M. Acilius The Allobroges defeated.
Balbus. War between the Carthaginians 634. P. Manlius Nepos ; C. Papirius Car*
and Masinissa. 635. L. Cæcilius Metellus Calvus ; L. At
605. L. Marcius Censorinus ; M. Manil relius Cotta.
lius Nepos. The Romans declare war against 636. M. Portius Cato ; Q. Marcius Rex.
Carthage. The Carthaginians wish to accept 637. L. Cæcilius Metellus; Q. Mutius Scae
the hard conditions which are imposed upon vola.
them ; but the Romans say that Carthage 638. C Licimius Geta ; Q. Fabius Maxi
must be destroyed. mus Eburnus.
606. Sp. Posthumius Albinus ; L. Calpur 639. M. Cæcilius Metellus; M. AEmilius
nius Piso. Carthage besieged. Scaurus.
607. P. Corn. Scipio ; C. Livius Drusus. 640. M. Acilius Balbus; C. Portius Cato.
The siege of Carthage continued with vigour 641. C. Cæcilius Metellus; Cn. Papirius
by Scipio. Carbo.
608. Cn. Cornelius Lentulus ; L. Mum 642. M. Livius Drusus ; L. Calpurnius
mius. Carthage surrenders, and is destroyed. Piso. The Romans declare war against Ju
Mummius takes and burms Corinth. gurtha,
609. Q. Fabius AEmilianus ; L. Hostilius 643. P. Scipio Nasica; L. Calpurnius Be*-
Mancinius. tia. Calpurnius bribed by Jugurtha.
610. Ser. Sulpicius Galba ; L. Aurelius 644. \1. Minucius Rufus; Sp. Postumius
Cotta. Albinus.
611. Ap. Claudius Pulcher; Q. Cæcilius 645. Q. Cæcilius Metellus ; M. Junius Si!-
Metellus Macedonicus. War against the Cel anus. Success of Metellus against Jugurtha.
tiberians. 646. Servius Sulpicius Galba ; M. Aure
612. L. Metellus Calvus ; Q. Fabius Max lius Scaurus. Metellus continues the war.
imus Servilianus. 647. C. Marius ; L. Cassius. The war
613. Q. Pompeius ; C. Servilius Cæpio. against Jugurtha ccntinued with vigour by
614. C. Lælius Sapiens; Q. Servilius Cæ Marius.
pio. The wars with Viriatus. 648. C. Atilius Serramus ; Q. Servilius Cæ
615. M. Popilius Lænas; Cn. £alpurnius pio. Jugurtha betrayed by Bocchus into the
Piso. hands of Sylla, the lieutenant of Marius.
616. P. Corn. Scipio Nasica ; D. Junius 649. P. Rutilius Rufus; Corn. Manlius
Brutus. The two consuls imprisoned by the Maximus. Marius triumphs over Jugurtha.
tribunes. Two Roman armies defeated by the Cimbri
617. M. Æmilius Lepidus ; C. Hostilius and Teutones.
Mancinus. Wars against Numantia. 650. C. Marius 2; C. Flavius Fimbris.
618. P. Furius Philus ; Sex. Atilius Serra The Cimbri march towards Spain.
m uns. 651. C. Marius 3; I,. Aurelius Orestes.
619. Ser. Fulvius Flaccus ; Q. Calpurnius The Cimbri defeated in Spain.
Piso. 652. C. Marius 4: Q. Lutatius Catulus.
620. P. Corn. Scipio 2; C. Fulvius Flaccus. The Teutones totally defeated by Marius.
621. P. Mucius Scævola ; L. Calpurnius 653. C. Marius 5; M. Aquilluus. The
Piso Frugi. Numantia surrenders to Scipio, Cimbri enter Italy, and are defeated by Ma
and is entirely demolished. The seditioms of rius and Catulus.
Ti. Gracchus at Romc. 654. C. Marius 6 ; L. Valerius Flaccns.
622. P. Popilius Lænas ; P. Rupilus. Factions against Metellus.
623. P. Licinius Crassus ; L. Valerius Flac. 655. M. Antonius ; A. Postumius Albinus.
cus. Metellus is gloriously recalled.
624. C Claudius Pulcher; M. Perpenna. 656. L. Cæcilius Metellus Nepos ; T. Di
In the census are found 313,823 citizens. dius. -

625. C. Sempronius Tuditanus ; M. Aqui 657. Cn. Corn. Lentulus; P. Licinius Cras
lius Nepos. sus.
626. Cn. Octavius Nepos; T. Anuius Lus 658. Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus; C, Cas
cus. sius Longinus. 'The kingdom of Cyrene left
627. L. Cassius Longus ; L. Cornelius Cin by will to the Romam people.
na. A revolt of slaves in Sicily. 659. L. Lucinius Crassus ; Q. Mucius Scae
628. L. Aemilius Lepidus ; L. Aurelius vola. Seditions of Norbanus.
Orestes. 660. C. Coelius Caldus; L. Domitius Abe
629 M. Plautius Hyps;eus; M. Fulviu. nobarbus.
Flaccus. 661. C. Valerius Flaccus; M. Herennius,
.630. C. Cassius Longinus ; L. Sextius Cal. Sylla exhibited a combat of 100 lions with
vinus. men in the circus.
631. Q. Cæcilius Metellus ; T. Quintius 662. C. Claudius Pulcher ; M. Perpenna.
Flaminimus. The allies wish to be admitted citizens of
632. C. Fannius Strabo ; Cn. Domitius Rome.
Ahenobarbus. The seditions of Caius Grac 663. L. Marcius Philippus ; Sex. Julius
chus.
Cæsar. The allies prepare to revolt.
204
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ot;4. M. Julius Cæsar ; I’. Rutilius Rufus. lus. Lucullus defeats the united forces of
Wars with the Marsi. -
Mithridates and Tigranes.
665. Cu. Pompeius Strabo ; L. Portius Ca. 687. M. Acilius Glabrio; C. Calpurnius
to. The great valour of Sylla, surnamed the Piso, Lucullus falls under the displeasure
l'ortunate. of his troops, who partly desert him. Pom
666. L. Cornelius Sylla ; Q. Pompeius Ru pey goes against the pirates.
ſus. Sylla appointed to conduct the Mithri 688. M. AEmilius Lepidus ; L. Wolcatus
datic war. Marius is empowered to supersede Tullus. Pompey succeeds Lucullus to finish
him ; upon which Sylla returns to Rome with the Mithridatic war, and defeats the enemy.
his army, and takes it, and has Marius and 689. L. Aurelius Cotta; L. Manlius Tor
his adherents judged as enemies. quatus. Success of Pompey in Asia.
667. Cn. Octavius; L. Cornelius Cinna en 690. L. Julius Caesar: C. Marcius Figulus,
deavours to recall Marius, and is expelled. Pompey goes to Syria. His conquests there.
Marius returns, and, with Cinna, marches 691. M. Tullius Cicero; C. Antonius. Mi
against Rome. Civil wars and slaughter. thridates poisons himself. Catiline conspires
668. C. Marius 7; L. Cornelius Cinna 2. against the state. Cicero discovers the con
Marius died, and L. Valerius Flaccus was spiracy and punishes the adherents,
chosen in his room. The Mithridatic war. 692. D. Junius Silanus; L. Licinius Murae
669. L. Cornelius Cinna 3: Cn. Papirius na. Pompey triumphs over the pirates, Mi
Carbo. The Mithridatic war continued by thridates, Tigranes, and Aristobulus.
Sylla. 693. M. Puppius Piso ; M. Valerius Mes
670. L. Cornelius Cinna 4: Cn. Papirius sala Niger.
Carbo 2. Peace with Mithridates. 694. L. Afranius; Q. Metellus Celer. A
671. L. Corn. Scipio Asiaticus; C. Norba reconciliation between Crassus, Pompey, and
nus. The capitol burnt. Pompey joins Sylla. Caesar.
672. C. Marius; Cn. Papirius Carbo 3. 695. C. Jul. Caesar; M. Calpurnius Bibu
Civil wars at Rome between ºlarius and Syl lus. Caesar breaks the fasces of his colleague,
la. Murder of the citizens by order of Sylla, and is sole consul. He obtains the govern
who makes himself dictator. ment of Gaul for five years.
673. M. Tullius Decula ; Cn. Cornelius 696. C. Calpurnius Piso; A. Gabinius Pau
Dolabella. Sylla weakens and circumscribes lus. Cicero banished by means of Clodius.
the power of the tribunes. Pompey triumphs Cato goes against Ptolemy king of Cyprus.
over Africa. Successes of Caesar in Gaul.
674. L. Corn. Sylla Felix 2; Q Caecilius 697. P. Corn. Lentulus Spinther; Q. Caeci
Metellus Pius. War against Muthridates. lius Metellus Nepos. Cicero recalled. Cae
675. P. Servilius Vatia; Ap. Claudius Pul sar's success and victories.
cher. Sylla abdicates the dictatorship. 698. Cn. Corn. Lentulus Marcellinus ; L.
676. M. Emilius Lepidus; Q. Lutatius Marcius Philippus. The triumvirate of Cae
Catulus. Sylla dies. sar, Pompey, and Crassus.
677. D. Junius Brutus; Mamercus AEmi 699. Cn. Pompeius Magnus 2; M. Licinius
lius Lepidus Levianus. A civil war between Crassus 2. Crassus goes against Parthia.
Lepidus and Catulus. Pompey goes against Caesar continued for five years more in the
Sertorius in Spain. administration of Gaul. His invasion of Bri
678. Cn. Octavius; M. Scribonius Curio. tain.
679. L. Octavius; C. Aurelius Cotta. Mi 700. L. Domitius Ahenobarbus: Ap. Clau
thridates and Sertorius make a treaty, of al
dus Pulcher. Great victories of Caesar.
liance together. Sertorius murdered by Per 701. Cn. Domitius Calvinus; M. Valerius
penna. Messala. Crassus defeated and slain in Par
689. L. Licinius Lucullus; M. Aurelius thia. Milo kills Clodius.
Cotta. Lucullus conducts the Mithridatic 702. Cn. Pompeius Magnus 3; the only
*ar. consul.
He afterwards took for colleague,
631. Mr. Terentius Varro Lucullus ; C. Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio. Revolts
Cassius Varus Spartacus. The gladiators of the Gauls crushed by Caesar.
make head against the Romans with much 703. Ser. Sulpicius Rufus ; M. Claudius
success. Marcellus. Rise of the jealousy between Ca2
632. L. Gellius Poplicola; Cn. Corn. Len sar and Pompey.
tulus Clodianus Victories of Spartacus over 704. L. A.milius Paulus; P. Claudius Mar
three Roman generals. cellus Cicero proconsul of Sicily. Increase of
683 Cn. Aufidius Orestes; P. Corn. Len the differences between Caesar and Pompey.
tulus Sura. Crassus defeats and kills Spar 705. C Claudius Marcellus; L. Cornelius
tacus near Apulia. Lentulus. Caesar begins the civil war. Pom
634. M. Licinius Crassus; Cn. Pompeius pey flies from Rome. Caesar made dictator.
Magnus. Successes of Lucullus against Mi 706. C. Julius Caesar 2; P. Servilius Isau
thridates. The census amounts to above ricus. Caesar defeats Pompey at Pharsalia.
909,000. Pompey murdered in Egypt. The wars of
635. Q. Hortensius 2; Q. Caecilius Metel Caesar in Egypt. - -

lus. Lucullus defeats Tigranes king of Ar 707. Q." Fusius Calenus ; P. Vatimius.
menia, and meditates the invasion of Parthia. | Power and influence of Caesar at Rome. He
636. Q. Marcius Rex; L. Caecilius Metel reduces Pontus.
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708. C. Julius Caesar 3; M. A. milius Lepi Equestris. Romulus instituted festivals to

dus. Caesar defeats Pompey's partisans in his honour. called Consualia, during the ce
Africa, and takes Utica. lebration of which the Romans carried away
709. C. Julius Caesar 4; consul alone. He the Sabine women. (vid. Consuales ludi.)
conquered the partisans of Pompey in Spain, Plut. in Rom.—Auson. 69, and eleg. de far,
and was declared perpetual Dictator and Im R. 19 —Dionys. Hal. 1.--Liv. 1, c. 9.
perator, &c. Copæ, [a town of Boeotia, on the northern
710. C. Julius Caesar 5 ; M. Antonius. bank of the Lacus Copais, to which it gave
Caesar meditates a war against Parthia. Above wame. According to Pliny, cars were in
sixty Romans conspire against Caesar, and vented at this place.]
murder him in the senate-house. Antony Copäis Lacus, [a lake of Boeotia, called
raises himself to power. The rise of Ucta sometimes Haliartos Lacus, from Haliartus,
Wlus. on its southern bank. It was formed princi
711. C. Vibius Pansa ; A. Hirtius. Anto pally by the Cephissus. Its present name is
ny Judged a public enemy. He is opposed given by some as Livadia Limne, by others
by the consuls and Augustus. He joins Au. Lago di Topoglia. It was 380 stadia, or 143
gustus. Triumvirate of Antony, Augustus. leagues in circumference, and received the
and Lepidus. rivers which flowed from the mountains by
712. L. Minucius Plancus ; M. AEmilius which Boeotia was surrounded. According
Lepidus 2. Great honours paid to the me to Strabo there was a subterranean passage
mory of J. Caesar. Brutus and Cassius join under Mount Ptous, connecting this lake with
their forces against Augustus and Antony. the sea; it had been formed by an earthquake,
713. L. Autonius; P. Servilius Isauricus 2. and prevented the lake from gaining upon
Battle of Philippi, and the defeat of Brutus the adjacent country. Diodorus intorms us
and Cassius. that the lake itself was produced by Hercu
714. Cn. Domitius Calvinus; C. Asimius les having stopped up this outlet, by which
Pollio. Antony joins the son of Pompey the river Cephissus was prevented from fall
against Augustus. The alliance of short du ing into the sea, and the neighbouring fields
ration. were inundated. The existence of such a
715. L. Marcius Censorinus; C. Calvisius passage appears altogether fabulous. The
Sabinus. Antony marries Octavia, the sister opinion that there was one seems to have
of Augustus, to strengthen their mutual aili arisen from the circumstance of there being
ance. a deep cavern near Copae, and also from
716. Ap. Claudius Pulcher ; C. Norbanus springs breaking forth on the other side of
Flaccus; to whom were substituted C. Oc the mountain. An attempt to cleanse this
tavianus, and Q. Pedius. Sext. Pompey imaginary canal was made in Alexander's
the son of l'ompey the Great, makes him time, but soon abandoned. Wheeler, in mo
self powerful by sea, to oppose Augustus. dern times, pretended to have discovered
717. M. Agrippa ; L. Caninius Gullus. A this passage; his error arose, however, from
grippa is appointed by Augustus to oppose his having mistaken the mouth of a small
Sext. Pompey with a fleet. He builds the stream for that of the Cephussus.]
famous harbour of Misenum. Cophes or Cophenes, [a river of India,
718. L. Gellius Poplicola; M. Cocceius supposed by Rennel to be modern Cow.]
Nerva. Agrippa obtains a naval victory Copia, the goddess of plenty among the
over Pompey, who delivers himself to Anto Romans, represented as bearing a horn filled
ny, by whom he is put to death. with grapes, fruits, &c.
719. L. Cornificus Nepos; Sex. Pompeius Coprºtes, a river of Asia falling into the
Nepos. Lentulus removed from power by Tigris. Duod. 9.
Augustus. Coptus and Coptos, now Kypt, a town of
720. L. Scribonius Libo; M. Antonius 2. Egypt, about 100 leagues from Alexandria.
Augustus and Antony being sole masters of on a canal which communicates with the
the Roman empire, make another division of Nile. [It was the centre of communication
the provinces. Caesar obtains the west and between Egypt and the Red Sea, by a north
Antony the east. east route to Myos-hormos, and by a south
721. C. Caesar Octavianus 2; L. Wolcatius east course to Berenice; which last place
Tullus. Octavia divorced by Antony, who was the staple of the trade with India. Ac
marries Cleopatra. cording to Plutarch, Isis, upon receiving the
722. Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus; C. Sosius. news of the death of Osiris, cut off here one
Dissentions between Augustus and Antony. of her locks in token of her grief, and hence
723. C. Caesar Octavianus 3; M. Valer. the place was called Coptos, which signified
Messala Corvinus. The battle of Actium, in the Egyptian language, want or privation.
Plut. de Isid. et Os.]—Plin. 5, c. 9, 1.6, c.
which, according to some authors, happened 23.-Strab.
the year of Rome 721.-The end of the com 16.-Juv. 15, v. 28.
monwealth. CoRA, a town of Latium, on the confines
Consus, a deity at Rome, who presided of the Volsci, built by a colony of Dardani
over councils. His temple was covered in ans before the foundation of Rome; [now
the Maximus Circus, to show that counsels #. Lucan. 7, v. 392–Virg. JEn. 6, v.
5.
ought to be secret and inviolable. Some
CoRACESIUM and Coracensium, a mari
suppose that he is the same as Neptunus
 CO CU

time town of Pamphylia, [where Pompey Coreia, were instituted to her honour in
vanquished the pirates. It is now Analieh.] Greece.
I.iv. 33, c. 20. CoRFINIUM, the capital of the Pelignſ.
Coralli, a savage people . Sarmatia three miles from the Aturnus, which falls into
Europaea, who inhabited the shores of the the Adriatic, [now Santo Pelino. It was the
Euxine, near the Danube..] Ovid. er Pont. capital of the Italian allies during the social
4, el. 2, v. 37. war, and the place where their senate met.]
CoRAx, an ancient rhetorician of Sicily, Caes. Civ. 1, c. 16.-Lucan. 2, v. 478.-Sil.
who first demanded salary of his pupils. Cic. 5, v. 522.
in Brut. 12. de orat. 1, c. 20.—A. Gell. 5, c. CoRINNA, a celebrated woman of Tana
10.-Quintil 3, c. 1. gra, near Thebes, disciple to Myrtis. Her
CoReulo, Domitius, [a celebrated Roman father's name was Archelodorus. It is said
commander, famous for his rigid observance that she obtained five times a poetical prize,
of military discipline, and for the success of in which Pindar was her competitor; but it
his arms, especially against the Parthians. must be acknowledged, that her beauty great
On account of his great reputation, he be ly contributed to defeat her rivais. She had
came an object of jealousy and suspicion to composed 50 books of epigrams and odes, of
Nero, who recalled him, under pretence of which only some few verses remain. Propert.
rewarding his merit. When Corbulo reach 2, el. 3.-Paus. 9, c. 22
ed Corinth he met there an order to die. Re Corinnus, an ancient poet in the time of
flecting on his own want of prudence and the Trojan war, on which he wrote a poem.
foresight, he fell upon his sword, exclaiming, Homer, as some suppose, took his subject
I have well deserved this A. D. 66.] His from the poem of Corinnus.
name was given to a place (Monumentum) Coninthus, an ancient city of Greece,
in Germany, which some suppose to be mo now called Corito, situated on the middle of
dern Groningen. Tacit. Ann. 11, c. 18. the Isthmus of Corinth. [The isthmus itself
Corcy RA, now Corfu, an island in the Ioni is now called H camli, being 6 modern
an sea, about 12 miles from Buthrotum, on Greek, or not 5 British miles in breadth.]
the coast of Epirus; famous for the shipwreck It was first founded by Sisyphus a son of £o
of Ulysses, and the gardens of Alcinous. [Its lus, A. M. 2616, and received its name from
more ancient names were Drepane and Sche Corinthus the son of Pelops. [Corinth ap
ria. The island is said to have been first in pears to have been of Pelasgic origin, and to
habited by the Phaeaces, or Phaeacians. It have been first called Ephyre. f the lam
is 45 miles in length, 22 in breadth, and 210 guage of fable, Ephyre was the name of one"
in compass. The southern parts are barren, of the daughters of Qceanus, and a descendant
mountainous, and ill provided with water, but o; her's, called Corinthus, gave its second
the northern coast is very fertile in all sorts appellation to the city. Before the Trojan
of delicious fruits, in excellent wines, olives, war it was ruled by Argive princes from My
grain, &c. Homer calls it the fruitful, and cenae, and after the termination of that con
celebrates the gardens of Alcinous. It had test, was seized by the Dorians. The govern
anciently two cities, both of note: Corcyra ment was monarchical until 779 B.C. when
the capital, and Cassiope. For an account of officers, termed Prytanes, were instituted.
the war of the Corcyreans with the Corinthi I'he situation of Corinth was admirably
ans, vid. Pelopounesiacum Bellum.] Some adapted for commerce. It lay on the Corin
Corinthians, with Chersicrates at their head, thian and Saronic gulphs, and hence was
came to settle here, when banished from their called Bimaris, having the harbour of Le
country, 756 years before the christian era chaeum on the former, and that of Cenchreae
A colony of Colchis had settled here 1349 on the latter. There was also a third, but
years before Christ. Ovid. Ib. 5 12.—Homer. smaller, harbour on the Saronic gulph, called
Od. 5, &c.—Lucan. 9, v. 32.—Mela, 2, c. 7. Schoenus. Hence the isthmus was narrow
–Plin. 4, c. 12.—Strab. 6. est, and small vessels were accustomed to be
[Coacy RA, an island in the Adriatic. on the conveyed across on machines. In this place
coast of lllyricum, called wixauva, nigra, also was the attempt made to cut a canal
(black), to distinguish it from the preceding. through from sea to sea. (vid. Corinthi isth
The Cnidians built a town upon it. It is mus.) By reason of its favourable position,
now Cursoti.] Corinth became a staple to all northern and
Coande A, now Cordova, a famous city of outhern Greece for wares transported by
Hispania Baetica, [on the Baetis, the native land-conveyance, and a central point for the
place of both the Senecas, and of Lucan. trade of Asia, Italy, and Illyricum. To the
.Martial. 1, ep. 62.-Mela, 2, c. 6.-Cars. Bell. Corinthians is also to be ascribed the inven
-lier. 57.-Plin. 3, c. 1. tion of triremes, or, vessels with three banks
CoRDYLA, a port of Pontus, [a short dis of oars. Their power by sea, however, gra
tance to the south-west of Trapezus, J sup dually yielded to that of Corcyra and Athens.]
posed to give its name to a peculiar sort of They colonized Syracuse in Sicily, and deliv
fish caught there, (Cordyla). [By Cordyla ered it from the tyranny of its oppressors, by
are meant “the fry of the tunny fish.” Plin. the meabs of Timoleon. Corinth was totally
9, e. 15.-Martial. 13, ep. 1. destroyed by L. Mummius, the Roman consul,
CoRE, the same as Proserpine, [from the and burnt to the ground, 146 B.C. [The
Greek, zºº”, puella.] Festivals, called true cause of its destruction was its having
on”
 CO ÜO

joined the Achaean league, although the os [CoalNTH1 1st HMUs, or, Isthmus of Co
tensible one was an insult offered to the Roman rinth, between the Saronicus Sinus and Co
ambassadors by the inhabitants.] The riches rinthiacus Sinus, and uniting the Peloponnesus
which the Romans found there were immense to the northern parts of Greece or Greeia Pro
During the conflagration, all the m tals, as is pria. It is now called Heramili, being 6 mo
said, which were in the city melted and mixed dern Greek, or not 5 British miles in breadth.
together, and formed that valuable composi Nero attempted to cut it through, and persist
tion of metals which has since been known ed, in spite of the idle tales propagated by the
by the name of Corinthium .45s. This, how superstitious, until, in 75 days, he had con
ever, appears improbable; especially when pleted 4 stadia, or about a tenth part of the
it is reinembered that the artists of Corinth whole breadth. He is said to have stopped in
made a mixture of copper, with small quan the midst of the work, on account of an alarm
tities of gold and silver, and so brilliant was of disturbances at Rome. According to others
the composition, that the appellation of Corin he was terrified, and induced to desist from
thian brass afterwards stamped an extraordi the report made by some Egyptian mathe
mary value on pieces of inferior worth. [Kla maticians, who pretended that the waters
proth also rejects the common opinion res of the lonian sea were higher than those of -

pecting the origin of the Corinthian brass. the AEgean, and that if the communication \
He seems to think, and adduces the authori were cut, the island of Ægina, and the low
ty of Pliny in his favour, that it was merely lands on the side of the AEgean sea would be
a term of art, and applied to a metallic mix overflowed and destroyed.]
ture in high estimation among the Romans, [Corinth1Acus Sinus, or Gulf of Lepan
and though of a superior quality, nearly re to, an arm of the sea, running in between the
sembling aurichalcum. This last was compos coast of Achaia and Sycionia to the south,
ed of either copper and zinc, or of copper, and that of Phocis, Locris, and Ætolia to the
tin, and lead, the former of a pale yellow, north. The Sinus Corinthiacus properly
the latter of a darker colour resembling gold. commenced from the mouth of the Achelous
The mixture by means of calamine was rem on the outside of the promontories of Rhium
dered tough and malleable.] There was and Antirrhium, and extended inwards. It
there a famous temple of Venus where las was in this anterior part of the gulf and not
civious women resorted, and sold their plea under Lepanto, (the ancient Naupactus,) that
sures so dear, that many of their lovers were the Ottoman fleet was defeated by that of the
reduced to poverty; whence the proverb of Christians in 1571.]
Corrói,ANus, the surname of C. Martius,
*Yon cuiris homini contingit adire Corinthum,
from his victory over Corioli, where, from a
to show that all voluptuous indulgences are private soldier, he gained the amplest ho
attended with much expense. J. Caesar plant nours. When master of the place, he ac
ed a colony at Corinth, and endeavoured to cepted as the only reward, the surname of
raise it from its ruins, and restore it to its for Coriolanus, a horse, and prisoners, and his an
mer grandeur. [It is mentioned by Plutarch cient host, to whom he immediately gave his
as a singular coincidence that Corinth and liberty. After a number of military exploits,
Carthage were destroyed the same year, re and many services to his country, he was re
built and re-peopled at the same time, and fused the consulship by the people, when his
both by the same individual, Julius Caesar. scars had for a while influenced them in his
Corinth after this became the capital of the favour. This raised his resentment; and
province of Achaia.j The war which has when the Romans had received a present of
received the name of Corinthian war, because corn from Gelo king of Sicily, Coriolanus in
the battles were fought in the neighbourhood sisted that it should be sold for money, and
of Corinth, was begun B. C. 395, by the com not be given gratis. Upon this the tribunes
bination of the Athenians, Thebans, Corin raised the people against him for his impru
thians, and Argives, against Lacedaemon. Pi dent advice, and even wished him to be put
sander and Agesilaus distinguished them to death. This rigorous sentence was stop
selves in that war; the former, on the first ped by the influence of the senators, and Co
year of hostilities, was defeated with the La riolanus submitted to a trial. He was ba
cedaemonian fleet, by Conon, near Cnidus; nished by a majority of three tribes, and he
while a few days after Agesilaus slaughteredimmediately retired among the Volsci, to
10,000 of the enemy. The most famous bat Tullus Aufidius, his greatest enemy, from
tles were fought at Leuctra and Mantinea ; whom he met a most friendly reception. He
but Agesilaus refused to besiege Corinth, laadvised him to make war against Rome, and
menting that the Greeks, instead of destroy he marched at the head of the Volsci as gene
ing one another, did not turn their arms ral. The approach of Coriolanus greatly
against the Persian power. Martial. 9, ep alarmed the Romans, who sent him several
58.-Sueton. Aug. 70.-Lw. 15, c. 28–Flor. embassies to reconcile him to his country,
2, c. 16.—Ovid. Met. 2, v. 240.-Horat. 1, and to solicit his return. He was deaf to all
ep. 17, v. 36.—Plin. 34, c. 2.-Stat. Theb. 7, proposals, and bade them prepare for war.
v. 106.—Paus. 2, c. 1, &c.—Strab. 8, &c.— He pitched his camp only at the distance of
Homer. Il. 15.-Cie. Tusc. 4, c. 11. in Perr. five miles from the city; and his enmity
4. c. 44. de JN'. D. 3. An actor at Rome. against his country would have been fatal,
Jur. 8, v. 197. had not his mother Volumnia and his wife
 CO CO

Vergilia been prevailed upon by the Roman influence the soldiers to spare or ransom a
matrous to go and appease his resentment captive general of the enemy, to pardon the
The meeting of Coriolanus with his family leaders of robbers or pirates, or for the ab
was tender and affecting. He remained long sence of a Roman citizen, to a foreign court
Winexorable; but at last the tears and entrea without previous leave. The punishment
gies of a mother and a wiſe prevailed over was aqua" & "gnis interdictio. Another,
he stern and obstinate resolutions of an ene. by the same, which gave the power to a man
. and Coriolanus marched the Volsci from accused of murder, either by poison, weapons,
e neighbourhood of Rome. To show their or false accusations, and the setting fire to
use of Volumnia's merit and patriotism, the buildings, to choose whether the jury that
omans dedicated a temple to Female For tried him should give their verdict clam or
tºne. The behaviour of Coriolanus, how palam by ballots. Another, by the same,
er, displeased the Volsci. He was sum which made it aquac & ignis interdictio to
º
comed to appear before the people of Anti such as were guilty of forgery, concealing
uš, ; but the clamours which his enemies and altering of wills, corruptions, false accu
räsed were so prevalent, that he was mur sations, and the debasing or counterfeiting of
dºed on the place appointed for his trial, the public coin; all such as were accessary
...]C. 488. His body was honoured with a to this offence were deemed as guilty as the
gnificent funeral by the Volsci, and the offender. Another, de pecunits repetundis,
ºoman matrons put on mourning for his loss by which a man convicted of peculation or
ome historians say that he died in exile, in extortion in the provinces, was condemned
an advanced old age. Plut. in vità.-Flor. to suffer the aqua & ignis interdictio.
2, c. 22. Another by the same, which gave the power
Cortion.1 and Corioli.A., a town of Latium. to such as were sent into the provinces with
on the borders of the Volsci, taken by the any government, of retaining their command
tomans under C. Marius, called from thence and appointment, without a renewal of it by
Coriolanus. Plin. 3, c. 5.-Plut.—Lir. 2, the senate, as was before observed. Ano
c. 33. ther by the same, which ordained that the
Corvelma LEx, de Judiciis, enacted A U. lands of proscribed persons should be common,
C. 670, by L. Corn. Sylla. It ordained that especially those about Volaterrae and Fesulae
the praetor should always observe the same in Etruria, which Sylla divided among his
invariable method in judicial proceedings, soldiers. Another by C. Cornelius, tri
and that the process should not depend upon bune of the people, A. U. C. 686; which or
his will. Another, de Sumptibus, by the dained that no person should be exempted
same. It limited the expenses which gene from any law, according to the general cus
rally attended funerals. Another, de Re tom, unless 200 senators were present in the
figione, by the same, A.U. C. 677. It restor senate ; and no person thus exempted, could
ei to the college of priests the privilege of hinder the bill of his exemption from being
thoosing the priests, which, by the Domitian carried to the people for their concurrence.
law, had been lodged in the hands of the Another by Nasica, A. U. C. 582, to
people. Another, de Municipiis, by the make war against Perseus, son of Philip,
same; [that the free towns which had sided king of Macedonia, if he did not give proper
with Marius should be deprived of their satisfaction to the Roman people.
lands and the right of citizens ; the last of CortNE1.1A, a daughter of Cinna, who was
which Cicero says could not be done. Pro the first wife of J. Caesar. She became mo
Pom. 30.—Cecin.33.] Another.de.Magis ther of Julia, Pompey's wife, and was so affec
*-ariºus, by the same ; which gave the pow tionately loved by her husband, that at her
er of bearing honours and being promoted death he pronounced a funeral oration over
before the legal age, to those who had fol her body. Plut. in Cats.—A daughter of
lowed the interest of Sylla, while the sons Metellus Scipio, who married Pompey, after
and partisans of his enemies, who had been the death of her husband P. Crassus. She
ºroscribed, were deprived of the privilege of
has been praised for her great virtues. When
tanding for any office of the state. Anoher husband left her in the bay of Alexan
tºer, de.Magistratibus, by the same, A. U. Cdria, to go on shore in a small boat, she saw
~73. It ordained that no person should ex him stabbed by Achillas, and heard his dying
ercise the same office within ten years dis groans without the possibility of aiding him.
* ance, or be invested with two different ma She attributed all his misfortunes to his con
ristracies in one year; [and that no one nection with her. Plut. in Pomp.–A
**ould be praetor before being quaestor, nor daughter of Scipio Africanus, who married
cºnsul before being praetor.] Another, de Sempronius Gracchus, and was mother of
ºfagistratibus, by the same, A. U. C. 673. It Tiberius and Caius Gracchus. She was court
invested the tribunes of the privilege of mak ed by a king; but she preferred being the
irag laws, interfering, holding assemblies, and wife of a Roman citizen to that of a monarch.
receiving appeals. All such as had been tri Her virtues have been deservedly commend
tº anes were incapable of holding any other ed, as well as the wholesome principles she
-rifice in the state by that law. Another. inculcated in her two sons. When a Campa
ze Majestate, by the same, A.U. C. 670. It ſian lady made once a show of her jewels at
rºade it treason to send an army out of a pro Cornelia's house, and entreated her to favour
-race, or engage in a * without orders, to her with a sight of her own, Cornelia pro
2 I) 200
 CO CO

duced her two sons, saying, these are the only begin. rid. olympias.j Paus. 5, c. 8–A
jewels of which I can boast. . [She is said to hero of Argolis, who killed a serpent called
have reproached her sons in their youth, that Poene, sent by Apollo to avenge Argos, and
they had not rendered her illustrious as the mo placed by some authors in the number of the
ther of the Gracchi; and after their untime furies. His country was afflicted with the
ly death, she replied to one who would have plague, and he consulted the oracle of Delphi,
condoled with her on their account, “that which commanded him to build a temple,
the woman who had given birth to the Grac where a tripod, which was given him, should
chicould not be deemed unfortunate.” After fallſrom his hand. Paus. 1, v.43.
her decease, the Romans erected a statue to [Coronz, a city of Messenia, on the wes
her memory, with this inscription, “To Cor tern shore of the Sinus Messeniacus. It is
nelia, mother of the Gracchi.”] Some of her now Coron, and the gulf is called after it,
epistles are preserved. Plut. in Gracch.— the Gulf of Coron. Its original name was
Juv. 6, v. 167.—Val. Mac. 4, c. 4.—Cic in CEpeia; but Epimelides leading a colony to
Brut. 58, de El. Or. 58.-A vestal virgin, it from Coronea in Boeotia, changed its name
buried alive in Domitian's age, as guilty of to Corone, after his native town. The har
incontinence. Sueton. in Dom. bour of this city was called “the port of the
CoRN Elii, an illustrious family at Rome, Achaeans.”] - |
of whom the most distinguished were, Caius CoRoNEA, a town of Boeotia, where, in the ,
Cornelius, a soothsayer of Padua, who fore. first year of the Corinthian war, Agesilaus
told the beginning and issue of the battle of defeated the allied forces of Athens, Thebes,
Pharsalia. Cossus, a military tribune dur Corinth and Argos, B.C. 394. [It was si- |
ing the time that there were no consuls in tuate to the south-east of Cheropaea, on * ,
the republic. He offered to Jupiter the branch of the Cephissus, and not far to the K
spoils called Opima, [after having slain Lar south-west of the temple of Minerva Itonia,
Tolumnius, king of the Veientes, A. U. C. where the states of Boeotia were accustomed
318.] Liv. 4, c. 19.-Balbus, a man of to assemble.] C. Mep. in Ages.—Paus. 9,
Gades, intimate with Cicero, whom he ably c. 34.—Diod. 12-A town of Cyprus—
defended when accused.—Gallus, an ele of Phthiotis.
giac poet. vid. Gallus.-C. Nepos, an his. CoRöNis, a daughter of Phlegias, loved by
torian. rid. Nepos. Merula, a consul, sent Apollo. She became pregnant by her lover,
who killed her on account of her criminal
against the Boii in Gaul. He killed 1400 of
them. His grandson followed the interest of partiality to Ischys the Thessalian. Accord
Sylla; and when Marius entered the city, he ing to some, Diana killed her, for her infi
killed himself, by opening his veins. Seve delity to her brother, and Mercury saved
the child from her womb as she was on the
rus, an epic poet in the age of Augustus, of
great genius. He wrote a poem on mount burning pile. Others say, that she brought
AEtna, and on the death of Cicero. Quinlil. forth her son, and exposed him near Epidau
10, v. 1. Aur. Celsus, wrote eightbooks on rus to avoid her father's resentment; and
medicine, still extant, and highly valued.— they farther mention, that Apollo had set a
Cn, and Publ. Scipio. vid. Scipio.—Liv.– crow to watch her behaviour. The child was
Plut.—Wal. Mar.--Tacit.—Suet.— Polyb.— preserved, and called Æsculapius; and the
C. Nep. &c. mother, after death, received divine honours,
Conniculum, a town of Latium. Dionys. and had a statue at Sicyon, in her son's tem
Hal. ple, which was never exposed to public view.
Connificius, a poet and general in the Paus. 2, c. 26. The daughter of Coro
age of Augustus, employed to accuse Brutus, naeus, king of Phocis, changed into a crow
&c. His sister Cornificia, was also blessed by Minerva, when flying before Neptune.
wth a poetical genius. Plut. in Brut. A Ovid. Met. 2, v. 543.
friend of Cicero, and his colleague in the of. CoRs1, a people [who inhabited the north
fice of augur. ern part] of Sardinia, descended from the
Corniger, a surname of Bacchus. Corsicans.
CoRNütus, a stoic philosopher of Africa, CoRsica, an island of the Mediterranean,
proceptor to Persius the satirist. He wrote called by the Greeks Kūčver. Its inhabitants
some treatises on philosophy and rhetoric, were styled by the same people Kágvue, by
Pers. 5, v. 36. A Roman saved from the the Latins, Corsi. The ancient writers re
proscription of Marius, by his servants, who present it as mountainous, woody, and well
hung up a dead man in his room, and said it cultivated only along the eastern coast, where
was their master. Plut. in Mario. the Romans had settlements. Its natural
CoRoebus, a Phrygian, son of Mygdon and products were resin, honey, and wax. The
Anaximena. He assisted Priam in the Tro honey, however, had a bitter taste, in conse
jan war, with the hopes of being rewarded quence of the bees deriving it from the yew
with the hand of Cassandra for his services. trees with which the island abounded. The
Cassandra advised him in vain to retire from inhabitants were a rude race of mountain
the war. He was killed by Peneleus. Paus. 10,eers, indebted for their subsistence more to
c.27.-Virg. .42n.2, v. 341, &c. A courier the produce of their flocks than to the culti
of Elias, killed by Neoptolemus. He obtain vation of the soil. Seneca, who was banished
ed a prize at Olympia, B. C. 776; (from to this island in the reign of Claudius, draw:
“sºdates of the Olympiads a very unfavourable picture of the island and
wiftch time the
l
 CO CO
nts inhabitants; describing the former as forgetful as not even to remember his own
rocky, unproductive, and unhealthy, and the nanne.
latter as the worst of barbarians. He writes, T. CoruncANUs, the first plebeian who
however, under the influence of prejudiced was made high-priest at Rome.—The fa
feelings, and many allowances must be made. mily of the Coruncani was famous for the
The Corsi appear to have derived their ori number of great men which it supplied for
gin from Ligurian and Iberian (called by Se the service and honour of the Roman repub
neca, Spanish) tribes. Eustathius says that lic. Cic. pro Domo.
a Ligurian female, named Corsa, having CoRus, a river of Arabia, falling into the
pursued in a small boat a bull which had ta Red Sea. Herodot. 3, c. 9.
ken to the water, accidentally discovered the Cory BANTEs, the priests of Cybele, called
island, which her countrymen named after also Galli. In the celebration of their festi
her. The Phocaeans, on retiring from Asia, vals, they beat their cymbals, and behaved as
settled here for a time, and founded the city if delirious. They first inhabited on mount
Aleria, but were driven out finally by the Ida, and from thence passed into Crete, and
Tyrrhenians and Carthaginians. The Ro secretly brought up Jupiter. Some suppose
mans took the island from this latter people that they receive their name from Corybas
B. C. 231, and subsequently two colonies son of Jasus and Cybele, who first introduced
were sent to it; one by Marius, which found the rights of his mother into Phrygia. There
ed Mariana, and another by Sylla, which set was a festival at Cnossus in Crete, called
tled on the site of Aleria. Mantinorum Op Corybantica, in commemoration of the Cory
pidum, in the same island, is now Bastia; bantes, who there educated Jupiter. [Some
and Urcinium, Ajaccio, the birth-place of derive the name from their moving along in a
Napoleon. Senec. de Cons. c. 6, 8.-Eustaih. kind of dance, and tossing the head to and fro,
ad Dionys. v.458–Pirg, Eel. 9, v. 30.] (aro too regurreytar gauvur.)] Paus. 8, c. 37.
Consºte, [a city of Mesopotamia, on the —Diod. 5.-Horat, i, od. 16.-Wurg. JEn.9,
river Masca. D'Anville places it at the con v. 617, 1.10, v. 250.
fluence of the Masca and Euphrates. The ConyBAs, a son of Jasus and Cybele. Diod.
Masca, according to Xenophon, flewed around||5
the city in a circular course. Mannert sup {Corycium Antau M, a cave or grotto on
poses it to have been nothing more than aca Mount Parnassus, about 60 stadia from Del
nal cut from the Euphrates. rid. Masca, phi, on the ascent of the hill. The nymphs
where notice is taken of an error in D'An of this grotto were called Corycides, a name
ville's chart. Xen. Anab. 1. 5.] which is sometimes applied to the Muses.
CoRsūra, an island in the bay of Carthage. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 320.]
ContôNA, [a town of Etruria, a short CoRYcus, [a town of Cilicia Campestris,
distance north-west of the Lacus Thrasyme. on the coast, south-east of Seleucia Trachea.
nus. It is thought to have been built on the Strabo merely terms it a promontory. In its
ruins of an ancient town called Corythus. It vicinity was produced the best saffron of an
is called by this name in Virgil. From the tiquity. The famous Corycian cave (diffe
similarity of names, it has been supposed to rent from the one mentioned in the preceding
owe its origin to Corythus the father of Dar article.) was also situated near it, in the same
danus. Others deduce the name from the valley which produced the saffron, about 20
circumstance of Dardanus having lost his stadia north of the town. This cave, accord
helmet (Kºgut) there in fighting. Both, how ing to the poets, was the residence of the mon
ever, are pronounced by Heyne to be mere strous Titan Typhon.] Horat. 2, Sat.4, v. 68.
fables. (vid. Heyn. Ercurs. 6, ad AEn. 3.) —Lucan. 9, v. 809.-Plin. 5, c. 27.-Cie, ad
Perhaps the opinion most entitled to credit is Fam. 12, ep. 13.—Strab. 14. A promon
that of Mannert, who makes the place to have tory of Ionia, south-east ofthe southern extre
been of Pelasgic origin. This, in fact, is mity of Chios, now Cape Curco. It was a ſa
strongly corroborated by the massy remains mous place of retreat for robbers.-Atown of
of the ancient walls, evidently of Pelasgic Lycia, south of Phaselis, on the eastern coast.j
structure. The original name of the place, Coe YMBff ER, a surname of Bacchus, from
according to the same learned writer, was his wearing a crown of corymbi, certain ber
Croton, subsequently altered by the Romans ries that grow on the ivy. Orid. 1. Fast. v.
to Cortona. Herodotus informs us that even 393.
in his time the Pelasgic language prevailed Cory NETA and CoryNEtes, a famous
here; he writes the name, however, errone robber, son of Vulcan, killed by Theseus.
ously, Creston. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Plut. in Thes.
who quotes the passage, rectifies the error. Coryph Asium, [a promontory on the west
Herod. 1, 57-Dionys. Hal. 1, p. 23.]—Liv. ern coast of Messenia, north of Methone, now
9, c. 37, 1.22, c. 4. Cape Zonchio. There was a town of the
Corvinus, a name given to M. Valerius, same name on it, to which the inhabitants of
from a crow, which assisted him when he Pylos retired after their town was destroy
was fighting against a Gaul. Messala, an ed.] Paus. 4, c. 36.
eloquent orator in the Augustan age, distin Cohytus, a king of Etruria, father to Ja
guished for integrity and patriotism, yet ridi sius. [vid. Cortona.] Virg. AEn. 3, v. 170,
culed for his frequent quotations of Greek in l. 7, v. 209.-Sul. 5, v. 123, 1.4, v. 721.
his orations. In his old age, he became so Cos, [an island of the AEgean, one of the
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Sporades, west of the promontory of Doris. from his banishment. Tacit. 2, -inn. 64
Its more ancient uames were Merope, Caea, Ovid. 2, de Pont. ep. 9. A king of Art:
Nymphaea, and Caris. It is now called Stan mia Minor, who ſought against Mithridate
Co. Its chief city was Astypalaea. From in the age of Claudius. Tacit. Ann. 11 at: .
this island came both the substance and name Corytto, the goddess of all debaucted
of the whet-stone (Cos.) It produced Hip whose festivals, called Colyttia, were ce.
pocrates, Apelles, Sisyphus, and others. The brated by the Athenians, Corinthians, Thº
island was famous for its manufacture of a clans, &c. during the night. Her pries
species of transparent silk stuff, against the were called Baptae, and nothing but dº
use of which by the Romans Juvenal in par bauchery and wantonness prevailed at tº
ticular so strongly inveighs.] celebration. A festival of the same cate
Cos A and Coss A, or Cosſe, a town of Etru was observed in Sicily, where the votaries
ria, [near the coast, on the promontory of of the goddess carried about boughs hºrs
Mount Argentarius, north-west of Centum with cakes and fruit, which it was law: . .
Cellae.] Virg. .42n. 10, v. 168.—Lir. 22, c. for any person to pluck off. It was a capitº
11.-Cic. 9, Att. 6.—Cars. B. C. 1, c. 34. punishment to reveal whatever was seen c
CossEA, [vid. Cussaei. done at these sacred festivals, and it cost Ez
Cossus, a surname given to the family of polis his liſe for an unseasonable reflectic
the Cornelii.-A Roman, who killed Vo upon them. The goddess Cotytto is suppos
lumnius, king of Veii, and obtained the Spo ed to be the same as Proserpine or Cere:
lia Opima, A.U.C. 318. Virg...En. 6, v. 841. Horat. epod. 17, v. 58.—Juv. 2, v. 91. º

Cossutil, a family at Roule, of which Cos CRAG Us, [a chain of woody mountains, sa
sutia, Caesar's wife, was descended. Suet. in cred to Diana, running along the eastern sher
Caes. 1.-One of the family was distinguish of the Sinus Glaucus. The fabulous monste: .
ed as an architect about 200 B. C. He first Chimaera, said to have been subdued by Be.
introduced into Italy the more perfect models Ierophon, was a volcano in this ridge, whic
of Grecce. he cultivated.] Ovid. Met. 9, v. 645.-H...-
Cotes and Cottes, a promontory of Mau rat. 1. od 21.
ritania. CRANK1, a surname of the Athenians, from
Cothon, a small island near the citidal of their king Cranaus. Herodot. 8, c. 44.
Carthage, with a convenient bay, which serv CRAN AUs, the second king of Athens, who
ed for a dock-yard. [The term signifies an succeeded Cecrops, and reigned nine years,
artificial port or harbour, and was pronounc B. C. 1497. Paus. 1, c. 2–A city of Ca
ed by the Carthaginians “Kathum” or “Ka ria. Plin. 5, c. 29.
thom.”] Servius in Virg. JEn. 1, v. 431– CRANoN and CRANNoN, a town of Thes
Diod. 3. saly. [on the river Onchestus, south-east of
Cotiso, a king of the Daci whose army in Pharsalus.] where Antipater and Craterus
vaded Pannonia, and was defeated by Corn. defeated the Athenians after Alexander's
Lentulus, the lieutenant of Augustus. It is death. Liv 26, c. 10, l 42, c. 64.
said that Augustus solicited his daughter in CRANtor, a philosopher of Soli, among the
marriage. Suet. in Aug. 63.-Horat. 3, od. pupils of Plato, B. C. 310. [He was the
8, v. 18. first who wrote commentaries on the works
Cotta M.AURELius, a Roman who op of Plato. He was highly celebrated for the
posed Marius. He was consul with Lucullus; purity of his moral doctrine, as may be in
and when in Asia he was defeated by sea and ferred from the praises bestowed by the an
land, by Mithridates. He was surnamed cients, especially by Cicero, upon his dis
Ponticus, because he took Heraclea of Pon course “on grief.” Horace also (AEp. 1, 2,
tus by treachery. Plut. in Lucull. An v. 3.) alludes to his high reputation as a mo
orator, greatly commended by Cicero de Orat. ral instructor.] Diog.
Cotti E ALPEs, [now Mont St. Genevre, CRAssus, a grandfather of Crassus the
generally, though erroneously, supposed to Rich, who never laughed. Plan. 7, c. 19.--
be the place where Annibal crossed into Ita. Publ. Licinius, a Roman high-priest, about
ly. rid. Alpes. They took their name from 130 years B. C. who went into Asia with an
Cottius, a Gallic prince, established in his army against Aristenicus, where he was kill
dominions by Augustus, when he subdued the ed, and buried at Smyrna. M. Licinius, a
nations of the Alps.] celebrated Roman, surnamed Rich, on as
Cottus, a giant, son of Coelus and Terra, count of his opulence. At first he was very
who had 100 hands and 50 heads. Hesiod. circumscribed in his circumstances; but, by
Theog. v. 147. educating slaves and selling them at a high
Coty EUM, [a town of Phrygin, south of price, he soon enriched himself. The cruel
Dorylaeum, on the Thymbris, a branch of the ties of Cinna obliged him to leave Rome;
Sangarius. It is now Kutiaeh.] and he retired to Spain, where he remained
Coty Leus, a surname of AEsculapius, concealed for eight months. After Cinna's
worshipped on the borders of the Eurotas. death he passed into Africa, and thence tº
His temple was raised by Hercules. Paus. Italy, where he served Sylla, and ingratiate!
3, c. 19. himself in his favour. When the gladiators,
Cotys, king of Thrace, who divided the with Sparticus at their head, had spread as
kingdom with his uncle, by whom he was universal alarm in Italy, and defeated soºn tº
killed. It is the same to whom Ovid writes of the Roman generals, Crassus was
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against them. A battle was fought, in which rary fame, as well as by his valour in the field,
Crassus slaughtered 12,000 of the slaves, and and wrote the history of Alexander's life. He
by this decisive blow, he soon put an end to was greatly respected and loved by the Mace
the war, and was honoured with an oratio at donian soldiers, and Alexander always trusted
his return. He was soon after made consul him with unusual confidence. After Alexan
with Pompey; and in this high office he dis der's death, he subdued Greece with Antipa
played his opulence, by entertaining the po ter, and passed with his colleague into Asia,
pulace at 10,000 tables. He was afterwards where he was killed in a battle against Eume
censor, and formed the first triumvirate with •es, B. C. 321. [So highly was Craterus re
Pompey and Caesar. As his love of riches was spected by the Macedonians, that they were
more predominant than that of glory, Crassus desirous of having him for their leader after
never imitated the ambitious conduct of his the death of Alexander, and such was their
colleagues, but was satisfied with the province known attachment to him, that Eumenes, in
of Syria, which seemed to promise an inex. the engagement in Cappadocia, which prov
haustible source of wealth. With hopes of en ed fatal to Craterus, took particular care not
larging his possessions, he set off from Rome, to oppose any Macedonian to him. He was
though the omens proved unfavourable, and wou ded by a Thracian, and failing from his
every thing seemed to threaten his ruin. He horse, was trampled to death by the enemy's
crossed the Euphrates, and, forgetful of the cavalry.] He had received for his share of
rich cities of Babylon and Seleucia, he has. Alexander's kingdoms, Greece and Epirus.
tened to make himself master of Parthia. Yep. in Eumen, 2–Justin: 12and 13.—Curt.
He was betrayed in his march by the delay 3.—Arrian.—Plºt. in Altar. An Athe
of Artavasdes, king of Armenia, and the per nian, who collected into one body all the de
fidy of Ariamnes. He was met [near Char crees which had passed in the public assein
rae] by Surena, the general of the forces of blies at Athens.
Orodes, king of Parthia, and a battle was CRATEs, a philosopher of Boeotia, son of
ſought, in which 20,000 Romans were killed Ascondus, and disciple of Diogenes the Cynic,
and 10,000 taken prisoners. The darkness of B. C. 324. [He is considered as the most
the night favoured the escape of the rest, and distinguished philosopher of the Cynic sect,
Crassus, forced by the mutiny and turbulence after Diogenes. In his natural temper, how
of his sol fiers, and the treachery of his guides, ever, he differed from his master, and instead
trusted himself to the general of the enemy, of being morose and gloomy was cheerful
on pretence of proposing terms of accommo and facetious. Hence he obtained access to
datiou, and he was put to death B. C. 53. many families of the most wealthy Athenians,
tº: head was cut off, and sent to Orodes. and became so highly esteemed, that he fre
ho poured meltedgold down his throat. The quently became an arbiter of disputes and
firmness with which Crassus received the quarrels among relations. He was honour
news of his son's death, who perished in that ably descended, and inherited large estates;
expedition, has been deservedly commend but when he turned his attention to philoso
ed; and the words that he uttered when he phy, he sold them and distributed the money
surrendered himself into the bands of Sure among the poorer citizens. He adopted all
na, equally claim our admiration. He was the singularities of the Cynic sect. His
wont often to say, that no man ought to be wife, Hipparchia, who was rich and of a
accounted rich if he could not maintain ab good family, and had many suitors, prefer
army. Though he has been called avari red Crates to every other, and when her
cious, yet he showed himself always ready parents opposed her inclinations, so deter
to lend money to his friends without inte mined was her passion that she threatened
rest. . He was fond of philosophy, and his to put an end to her life.] Diog. in vità.
knowledge of history was great and extensive. A stoic, son of Timocrates, who opened
Plutarch has written his life. Flor. 3, c. 11. a school at Rome, where he taught grammar.
Publius, the son of the rich Crassus, Suclon. A native of Pergamus, who wrote
went into Parthia with his father. When he an account of the most striking events of
saw himself surrounded by the enemy, and every age, B. C. 165. .42 lian. de Anim. 17,
without any hope of escape, he ordered one c. 9. A philosopher of Athens, who suc
of his men to run him through. His head was ceeded in the school of his master Polemon.
cut off, and shown with insolence to his father CRAthis, a river of Achaia, falling into the
by the Parthians. Plut. in Crass. L. Li bay of Corinth. [It passed to the north-west
cinius, a Roman orator, commended by Cice of AEgira, and had AEgae at its mouth.) Strab.
ro, and introduced in his book de Oratore as 8. Another in Magna Graecia, whose
the principal speaker. A son of Crassus waters, [according to Strabo, gave a yellow
the rich, killed in the civil wars after Cae colour to the hair and beard of those that
sar's death. drank them. [It rises near Consentia, and
CRATER, [or, Sinus Crater, the ancient runs into the Sinus Tarentinus below Sy
name of the Gulf of Naples, given to it from baris. It is now the Crata Strab. 6..]—
its resembling the mouth of a large bowl or Ovid. 14.— Met. v. 315.-Paus. 7, c. 25.-
mixer, (xgathg.) It is about 12 miles in dia Plin. 31, c. 2.
meter.} CRATINUs, a native of Athens, celebrated
CRATER Us, one of Alexander's generals. for his comic writings, and his fondness for
He rendered himself conspicuous by his lite drinking. He died *
age of 97, B. C.
21:
 CR CR

531 years. Quintilian greatly commends his city also opened itsgates. The soldiery, how
comedies, which the little remains of his poe ever, could not be restrained, and Cremona
try do not seem fully to justify. Horat. 1, was sacked and destroyed. It was after
Sat. 4.—Quintil.—A wrestler, of uncom wards rebuilt, but with little if any of its for
mon beauty. Paus. 6, c. 3. mer magnificence..] Liv. 21, c. 56.--Tacit.
CRAtippus, a [Peripatetic] philosopher of Hist. 3, c. 4 and 19.
Mytelene, who, among others, taught Cicero's CREMUtius Corpus, an historian, who
son at Athens. [He first became acquainted wrote an account of Augustus, and of the ci
with Cicero at Ephesus, whither he had gone vil wars, and starved himself for fear of the
for the purpose of paying his respects to him. resentment of Tiberius, whom he had offend
Afterwards, being aided by the orator, he ed, by calling Cassius the last of the Romans.
obtained from Caesar the rights of Roman Tacit. Ann. 55, c. 34, 35.-Suet. in Aug. 35.
citizenship. On coming to Athens, he was in Tib. 60. in Calig. 16.
requested by the Areopagus to settle there, CREoN, king of Corinth, was son of Sisy
and become an instructor of youth in the phus. He promised his daughter Glauce to
tenets of philosophy, a request with which he Jason, who repudiated Medea. To revenge
complied. He wrote on Divination, and on the success of her rival, Medea sent her for
the interpretation of dreams.] After the a present [an enchanted robe..] Glauce put
battle of Pharsalia, Pompey visited the house it on, and was seized with sudden pains. Her
of Cratippus, where their discourse was body took fire, and she expired in the greatest
chiefly turned upon Providence, which the torments. The house also was consumed by
warrior blamed, and the philosopher defend the fire, and Creon and his family shared
ed. Plut. in Pomp.–Clc. in Offic. 1. An Glauce's fate. Apollod. 1, c. 9, 1.3, c. 7–
historian, contemporary with Thucydides. Eurip. in Med.—Hygin, fab. 25.-Diod. 4.
Dionys. Hal. —A son of Menoetius, brother to Jocasta,
CRATYius, a philosopher, a preceptor to the wife and mother of CEdipus. At the
Plato after Socrates. death of Laius, who had married Jocasta,
CRAusiàº, two islands on the coast of [Ar Creon ascended the vacant throne of Thebes.
golis, off Cape Spiraea..] As the ravages of the Sphinx (vid. Sphinx)
CREMERA, a small river of Tuscany, fail were intolerable, Creon offered his crown,
ing into the Tiber, famous for the death of and [sister] in marriage, to him who could
the 300 Fabii, who were killed there in a bat explain the aenigmas which the monster pro
tle against the Veientes, A. U. C. 277; [306 posed. OEdipus was happy in his explana
of the Fabii perished: one alone of the whole tions, and he ascended the throne of Thebes,
family remained, who had been left at Rome and married Jocasta, without knowing that she
on account of his tender years. He was was his mother, and by her he had two sons,
grandfather of Fabius Maximus. The Cre Polynices and Eteocles. These two sons mu
mera is now called the Varea.] Ovid. Fast. tually agreed, after their father's death, to
2, v. 205.-Juv. 2, v. 155. reign in the kingdom, each alternately. Ete
CREMMYon, and CroMMYon, a town near ocles first ascended the throne, by right of
Corinth, where Theseus killed a sow of un seniority; but when he was once in power,
common bigness. Ovid. Met. 7, v. 435. he refused to resign at the appointed time,
CREMN1 [or CREMNA, a strong place in and his brother led against him an army of
the interior of Pisidia, where the Romans es Argives to support his right. The war was
tablished a colony, now Kebrinar.] A com decided by a single combat between the two
mercial place on the Palus Maeotis. [Man brothers. They both killed one another, and
nert supposes the name to be one of Greek Creon ascended the throne, till Leodamas the
origin, and to have reference to its rocky situ. son of Eteocles should be of a sufficient age
ation. He locates the place near the mouth to assume the reins of government. In this
of the Tanais, near the modern Taganrock. regal capacity, Creon commanded that the
JMannert. Anc. Geogr. vol. 4, p. 115.] Hero Argives, and more particularly Polynices,
dol. 4, c. 2. who was the cause of all the bloodshed, should
CREMöNA, [a city of Cisalpine Gaul, remain unburied. If this was in any man
north-east of Placentia, and a little north of ner disobeyed, the offenders were to be bu
the Pocremona and Placentia, were both set ried alive. Antigone, thesister of Polynices,
tled by Roman colonies, A. U. 535, when transgressed, and was accordingly punished.
Annibal was threatening Italy. They main Haemon, the son of Creon, who was passion
tained themselves successfully against Anni ately fond of Antigone, killed himself on her
bal, and Cremona especially became subse grave, when his father refused to grant her
quently a large and powerful city. It suffer. pardon. Creon was afterwards killed by
ed a little under Augustus, when a portion of Theseus, who made war against him at the
its lands were divided among his veterans, but request of Adrastus, because he refused bu
soon recovered its former prosperity. In the rial to the Argives, rid. Eteocles, Polynices,
contest between Vitellius and Vespasian, Adrastus, GEdipus. Apollod. 3, c. 56, &c.—
Cremona met with its death blow. It had Paus. 1, c. 39, 1.9, c. 5, &c.—Stat. in Theb.
favoured the party of the former, and their —Sophocl. in Antig.—JEschyl. Sept. in Theb.
camp was pitched in the vicinity of the city. —Hygin. fab.67 and 76.—Duod. l and 4.—
The camp was stormed by the soldiers of The first annual archon at Athens, 684 B.C.
Vespasian, their opponents yielded, and the Pater. 1, c. 8. -

214
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CREoPHILUs, a Samian, who hospitably her virtue, because he refused to comply with
entertained Homer, from whom he received her wishes, &c. She is called by some Hip
a poem in return. Some say that he was polyte or Astiadamia. Pindar. JWem. 4.
that poet's master, &c. Strab. 14. CREUsa, a daughter of Creon king of Co
[CREssa, a port of Doris, opposite Rhodes, rinth. As she was going to marry Jason, who
at the distance of about 11 miles from that had divorced Medea, she put on an enchanted
island.] garment, presented by Media, which im
CREsphon TEs, a son of Aristomachus, mediately set her body on fire, and she ex
who, with his brothers Temenus and Aristo pired in the most excruciating torments. She
demus, attempted to recover the Pelopoene had received this gown as a gift from Medea,
sus. Paus. 4, c. 3, &c. who wished to take that revenge upon the in
CREston, a town of Thrace, capital of a fidelity of Jason. Some call her Glauce,
part of the country called Crestonia. Ovid. de Art. Am. 1, v. 335.—A daughter
CRETA, one of the largest islands of the of Priam, king of Troy, by Hecuba. She
Mediterranean sea, at the south of all the married Æneas, by whom she had some chil
Cyclades. [Its name Crete is derived by dren, among whom was Ascanius. When
some from the Curetes, who are said to have Troy was taken, she fled in the night, with
been its first inhabitants; by others, from the her husband; but they were separated in the
nymph Crete, daughter of Hesperus; and midst of the confusion, and Æneas could not
by others, from Cretus, the son of Jupiter, who recover her, nor hear where she was. Wir
is supposed to have reigned there. It was gil makes Creusa appear to her husband in
called also Macaris, or the fortunate island, a vision, while he was seeking her in the tu
on account of the fruitfulness of the soil, and mult. She predicted to AEneas the calamities
purity of the air.] It was once famous for that attended him, the ſame he should ac
its hundred cities, and for the laws which quire when he came to Italy, and his conse
the wisdom of Minos established there. [Of quent marriage with a princess of the country.
its 100 cities, 90 existed before the Trojan Paus. 10, c. 16.- Virg. JEn. 2, v. 562, &c.
war, and the remaining 10 were built after —Adaughter of Erechtheusking of Athens.
the Dorians settled there. Of these 100, She was mother of Janus by Apollo.——A
there were 40 remaining in the time of Pto town of Boeotia. Strab. 9.—Paus. 9, c. 32.
lemy, who enumerates as many. Among the CREUsis, [a maritime town of Boeotia, on
principal cities were Cnossus, Cydonia, and the Sinus Corinthiacus. It was the arsenal
Gortynia. The principal mountain was lia, of the Thespians.] Paus. 9, c. 32.
and next to it Dicte. From Ida came the CRIMisus, [or CRIMIssus, a river on the
worship ofCybele and the priests, called Idaei western parts of Sicily, where Timoleon de
Dactyli; here also Jupiter was nursed. The feated the Carthaginian forces. [It falls into
laws of Minos were in such high repute, that the Hypsa. The god of the river was repre
Lycurgus passed a considerable time in Crete sented under the shape of a dog on the coins
in order to study them, and made them the of the city of Segesta. It is supposed by Man
basis of his Spartan code. The primary eſ: nert to be the modern San Bartolomeo, but
fect of these laws was to render the Cretans Cluvier inclines in favour of the Belici. D’
eminent for virtue, justice, and probity. They Anville gives the modern name as Caltabellot.
afterwards, however, degenerated and became ta.] C. Nep. in Tim.—Wirg..HEn.5, v. 38.--
dishonest, avaricious, addicted to the most The word in the various editions of Virgil, is
impure practices, and, in a word, the most spelt Cremissus, Crimissus, Crimisus, Crime
vicious people of all antiquity. They shar sus, Crimnisus. [The true reading is Crimisus
ed with the Cretans and Cappadocians the or Crimissus. Heyne adopts the former, and
honour of the old adage, “ºrgia xarna kazºr alludes to both in War. Lect.] Crimisis or
+z.” They were notoriously given to false Crimissus, was a Trojan prince, who exposed
hood. St. Paul mentions this trait in their his daughter on the sea, rather than suffer
character, (Ep. ad Tit. 1, 12.) and is suppos her to be devoured by the sea-monster which
ed to quote the words of one of their own Neptune sent to punish the infidelity of Lao
poets, Epimenides. [rid. Remarks at the end medon. tid. Laomedon. The daughter came
of the article Jupiter.] The Cretans were safe to the shores of Sicily. Crinisus some
very skilful archers, especially the inhabit time after went in quest of his daughter, and
ants of Cydonia. They submitted to the was so disconsolate for her loss, that the gods
Roman yoke B.C. 66. The modern name changed him into a river in Sicily, and grant
of Crete is Candia.] Chalk was produced ed him the power of metamorphosing himself
there, and thence called Creta, and with into whatever shape he pleased.——[A river
it the Romans marked their lucky days in of the Brutii in Magna Graecia, falling into
their calendar. Horat. 1, od. 36, v. 10, epod. the Sinus Terentinus, north of Crotona, near
9.—Ovid. Fast. 3, v.444. —Epist. 10, v. 106. Petilia. It is now the Fiumica.]
—Pal. Mar. 7, c. 6.—Strab. 10.-Lucan. 3, CRispinus, a praetorian, who, though ori
v. 184.—Virg. AEn. 3, v. 104.—Mela, 2, c. 7. ginally a slave in Egypt, was, after the acqui
—Plin. 4, c. 12. sition of riches, raised to the honours of Ro
CRETHEIs, the wife of Acastus, king of man knighthood by Domitian. Juv. 1, v. 26.
Iolchos, who fell in love with Peleus, son of ——A stoic philosopher, as remarkable for
£acus, and accused him of attempts upon his loquacity as for the foolish and tedious
º
---
 CIR
t—-

poem he wrote to explain the tenets of his Carneades. He is said to have maintained
own sect, to which Horace alludes in the last that the world is eternal.] Cic. 2, de Orat.
verses of 1 Sat.1. - - An historian who wrote about Epirus.
CRispus SALLustius. Vid. Sallustius. [CR iu-METópon, a promontory ofthe Tau
—Viro, a famous orator. Quintul. 10, c. 1. ric Chersonese, and the most southern point
Flav. Jul a son of the Great Constantine. of that peninsula. It is now called Karadje
made Caesar oy his father, and distinguished bouroun, according to D'Anville, which sig
for valour and extensive knowledge. Faus tº fies in the Turkish language, Black-nose.
ta, his stepmother, wished to seduce him; and Viannert, however, makes the modern name
when he refused, she accused him before to be Ajadag, or the Holy Mountain. The
Constantine, who believed the crime, and me ning of the ancient appellation is Ram's
caused his son to be poisoned, A. D. 326. front, (Kgºv attarºv).j
CRiss AEus sinus, [an arm of the Sinus Co CR 1Us, a river of Achaia, called after a
rinthiacus, on the northern shore. It extends giant of the same name. [It was north-east
into the country of Phocis, and had at its of Cyllene, and ran into the sea near A.gi
head the town of Crissa, whence it took its ra.] Paus. 7, c. 27.
name. Its modern name is the Gulf of Sa Robyzi, a people [between Mount Hae
Iona, from the modern city of Salona, the an nus and the Danube, in Lower Maesia.]
cient Amphissa, which was the chief town of CRoconilopolis, [a city of Egypt, south
the Locri Ozolae, and lay to the north-east of east of the Lake Moeris, and afterwards
Delphi..] called Arsinoe. It derived its name from the
Caitli Eis, a daughter of Melamippus, who crocodiles which were fed and worshipped
became pregnant by an unknown person, and there. The Egyptians honoured the croco
afterwards married Phemicis of Smyrna, and dile, because it was consecrated to Typhon,
brought forth the poet Homer, according to an evil genius, whom they dreaded and
Herodot. in vité. sought to appease by worshipping an animal
CairíAs, one of the thirty tyrants set over which was his symbolical image. This city
Athens by the Spartans. He was eloquent has been succeeded by the modern Faiourn,
and well bred, but of dangerous principles, situate about a league to the north-east. rid.
and he cruelly persecuted his enemies and Arsinooe. Another city of Egypt, of the
put them to death. He was killed in a bat name of Aphroditopolis. Another, near
tle against those citizens whom his oppression the coast of Phoenicia, seuth of Caesarea, in
had banished. He had been among the disci the vicinity of the Lacus Crocodilorum, which
ples of Socrates, and had written elegies and received the river Cana.] Herodot. 2, c. 69.
other compositions, of which some fragments —Strab 17.
remain. Cic. 2. de Orat. CRocus, a beautiful youth, enamoured of
CRito, one of the disciples of Socrates, the wymph Smilax. He was changed into a
who attended his learned preceptor in his last flower of the same name, and Smilax was me
moments, and composed some dialogues now tamorphosed into a yew-tree. Ovid. 4, Met.
lost. Diog A physician in the age ofAr v. 283.
taxerxes Longimanus. An historian of CROEsus, the fifth and last of the Merm
Naxus, who wrote an account of all that had nada, who reigned in Lydia, was son of Al
happened during eight particular years of hi yattes, and passed for the richest of mankind.
life. —A Macedonian historian, who wrote He was the first who made the Greeks of
an account of Pallene, of Persia, of the foun. Asia tributary to the Lydians. His court
dation of Syracuse, of the Getae, &c. was the asylum of learning ; and AEsop, the
CRitobüLUs, a general of Phocis, at the famous fable writer, among others, lived un
battle of Thermopylae, between Antiochus der his patronage. In a conversation with
and the Romans. Paus. 10, c. 20. A son Solon, Croesus wished to be thought the hap
of Crito, disciple to Socrates. Diog. in Crit. piest of mankind; but the philosopher ap
CRitolăus, a citizen of Tegea in Arcadia. prized him of his mistake, and gave the pre
who, with two brothers, fought against the ference to private virtue. Croesus undertook
two sons of Demostratus of Pheneus, to put a war against Cyrus the king of Persia, and
an end to a long war between their respec marched to meet him with an army of 420,-
tive nations. The brothers of Critolaus were 000 men and 60,000 horse. After a reign of 14
both killed, and he alone remained to with years, he was defeated, B.C. 548, [vid. Thym
stand his three bold antagonists. He conqer. bra,) his capital, Sardis, was besieged, and he
ed them ; and when, at his return, his sister fell into the conqueror's hands, who ordered
deplored the death of one of his antagonists, him to be burnt alive. The pile was already on
to whom she was betrothed, he killed her in fire, when Cyrus heard the conquered mo
a fit of resentment. The offence deserved narch three times exclaim.Solon! with lamen
capital punishment; but he was pardoned, table energy. He asked him the reason of his
on account of the services he had rendered exclamation,and Croesus repeated the conver
his country. He was afterwards general of sation he had once had with Solon on human
the Achaeans, and it is said that he poisoned happiness. Cyrus was moved at the recital,
himself, because he had been conquered at and at the recollection of the inconstancy of
Thermopylae by the Romans. Cic. de Nat human affairs, he ordered Croesus to be taken
D. A peripatetic philosopher of Athens, from the burning pile, and he became one of
sent ambassador to Rome, 140 B.C. [vid. his most intimate friends. The kingdom of
216
 CR CT

Lydia became extinct in his person, and the defeated by the Locrians at the battle of Sa
power was transferred to Persia. [Croesus gra. Crotona suffered severely in the wars
survived Cyrus, who in his last moments re of Pyrrhus and Hannibal. It became a Ro
commended him to his son Cambyses, as one man colony A, U.C. 559.] Herodot. 8, c.
in whom he might place the most unlimited 37.-Strab. 6.-Plin. 2, c.96.—Lir. 1, c. 18,
confidence. Cambyses, however, treated him !. 24, c. 3.-Justin. 20, c. 2.
ill and condemned him to death, a sentence CRoton IATAE, the inhabitants of Crotona.
from which he escaped. His subsequent his Cic. de inv. 2, c. 1.
tory is unknown.] He is celebrated for the CRustu MERIUM and CRūstum ERIA, a
immensely rich presents which he made to town of the Sabines. Liv. 4, c. 9, 1.42, c. 34.
the temple of Delphi, from which he received —Pirg. JEn. 7, v. 631.
an obscure and ambiguous oracle, which he CRust UMINUM, a town of Ftruria, near
interpreted in his favour, and which was ful Veii, famous for pears; whence the adjective
filled in the destruction of his empire. [The Crustumia. Virg. G. 2, v. 88.
river Halys formed the eastern boundaries of CRUstövirus, f. river of Umbria in Italy,
the possession of Croesus. The words of the rising in the Appenines, and falling into the sea
oracle were, below Ariminum. It is now called the Conca.]
Kgoszcz Axvy flagzt, aeyaany agxu, Jiaxugu. Lucan. 2, v. 406.
* If Croesus cross the Halys he will put an CRYPTA, a passage through mount Pausi
end to a great empire.” He crossed in expec. lypus. vid. Pausilypus.
tation of destroying the Persian power, but Ctenos, [a harbour of Chersonesus Tau
the kingdom alluded to proved to be his own. rica, on the western coast. It lay tothe east of
It is related of this monarch, also, that when the modern Achtiar, according to Mannert.]
Sardis was taken, his life was preserved by Ctesias, a Greek historian and physician
his son, who until then had been dumb, but of Cnidos, taken prisoner by Artaxerxes Mne
who, on seeing a soldier about to kill his fa mon at the battle of Cunaxa. He cured the
ther, suddenly exclaimed, “Soldier, spare the king's wounds, and was his physician for 17
king.”] Herodot. 1, c. 26, &c.—Plut. in So years. He wrote an history of the Assyrians
lon. 8, c. 24.—Justin...?, c. 7, and Persians, which Justin and Diodorus have
CRommyon and CRomy on, a [village in partially preferred to that of Herodotus. [He
the territory of Corinth, where Hercules contradicts Herodotus in many instances, and
killed a large sow that laid waste the neigh also Xenophon, calling the former a false and
bouring country. Ovid. Met. 7.—Xen. fabulous writer ; a character to which he
CRox LA, a ſestival at Athens, in honour of himself appears richly entitled.] Some frag
Saturn. The Rhodians observed the same ments of his compositions have been preserv
festival, and generally sacrificed to the god a cd by Photius, and are to be found in Wessel
condemned malefactor. ing’s, and other editions, of Herodotus. Strab,
CRoPH1, [a mountain of Egypt, between 1.—Athen. 12.—Plut. in Artar.
Elephantina and Syene. Between this moun CTEsibfus, a mathematician of Alexan
tain and another called Mophi were the dria, who flourished 135 years B. C. He was
sources of the Nile, according to a statement the inventor of the pump, and other hydraulic
made to Herodotus by an Egyptian priest at instruments. He also invented a clepsydra,
Sais.) Herodet. 2, c. 28. or a water clock. This invention of measuring
CRörös A, a town of Italy, still known by time by water, was wonderful and ingenious.
the same name, on the bay of Tarentum, Water was made to drop upon wheels, which
founded 739 years before the Augustan age, it turned. The wheels communicated their
regular motion to a small wooden image, which
by a colony from Greece. The inhabitants
by a gradual rise pointed with a stick to the
were excellent warriors and great wrestlers.
Democedes, Alcmaeon, Milo, &c. were ma proper hours and months, which were en
tives of this place. [The situation in fact was graved on a column near the machine. This
a most healthy one, and Crotona acquired artful invention gave rise to many improve
such reputation for the long life and vigour ments; and the modern manner of measuring
of its inhabitants, that its name was used time with an hour-glass, is an imitation of the
proverbially to signify a very healthy spot. clepsydra of Ctesibius. Pitruv. de Archit. 9,
The attention paid by the inhabitants to c. 9. A cynic philosopher.—An histo
gymnastic exercises contributed not a little rian, who flourished 254 years B. C. and died
to the same result. In one Olympiad, seven in his 104th year. Plut. in Dem.
inhabitants of Crotona carried off the first CTEsiphon, an Athenian, son of Leosthe
prize; hence the proverb that the least cham nes, who advised his ſellow-citizens publicly
pion among the Crotonians was the first to present Demosthenes with a golden crown
among the rest of the Greeks. Crotona was for his probity and virtue. This was opposed
equally famous for its Pythagorean schools of by the orator Æschines, the rival of Demos
philosophy and its military achievements. thenes, who accused Ctesiphon of seditious
In a contest with the Sybarites, 100,000 Cro views. Demosthenes undertook the defence
tonians, headed by Milo in the costume of of his friend, in a celebrated oration still ex- .
Hercules, defeated 300,000 of the enemy, so tant, and Æschines was banished. Demost and
that few escaped and their city was depopu JEschin. de Coroná.—[A city of Parthia,
lated. In after days, however, they lost their situate on the eastern bank of the Tigris, op
high character, and 130,000 Crotonians were posite to, and distant 3 miles from Seleucia.
2 E
- - 217
 CU CU

It was founded by Wardanes, fortified by CUNEus, [rid. Lusitania.]

Pacorus, and became the metropolis of the Cupido, a celebrated deity among thean:
whole Parthian empire. It was at first an cients, god of love, and love itself. There are
inconsiderable village, but the camp of the different traditions concerning his parents
Parthian monarchs being frequently pitched Cicero mentions three Cupids; one, son ºf
in its vicinity, caused it gradually to become a Mercury and Diana; another,son of Mercury
large city. In A. D. 165, it was taken by the and Venus, and the third, of Mars and Venus.
Romans, and 33 years after by the emperor Se Plato mentions two; Hesiod, the most ancient
verus. Notwithstanding, however, its losses, theogonist, speaks only of one, who, as he
it succeeded to Babylon and Seleucia, as one says, was produced at the same time as Chi
of the great capitals of the East. In the time os and the Earth. There are, according to
of Julian, Ctesiphon was a great and flourish more received opinions, two Cupids, one of
ing city; and Coche, as the only remaining whom is a lively ingenious youth, son of Ju
part of Seleucia was called, was merely piter and Venus, whilst the other, son ºf
its suburb. To these two has been assigned Nox and Erebus, is distinguished by his de
the modern epithet of Al Modain, or “the bauchery and riotous disposition. Cupidiº
cities.” They are now both in ruins. Ctesi represented as a winged infant, naked, armed
phon never recovered its sack by the Sara with a bow and a quiver full of arrows. On
cens, A. D. 637. This place was the win gems, and all other pieces of antiquity, he is
ter residence of the Parthian and Persian mo represented as amusing himself with some
narchs. In summer they dwelt at Ecbatana childish diversion. Sometimes he appears dri.
in Media.] ving a hoop, throwing a quoit, playing with a
CULARo, a town of the Allobroges in Gaul, nymph, catching a butterfly, or trying to burn
called afterwards Gratianopolis, and now Gre with a torch; at other times he plays upon a
noble. Cic. ep. horn before his mother, or closely embraces a
CUMA and CUMAE, [one of the oldest and swan, or with one foot raised in the air, he,
most powerful states of Æolia, in Asia Minor. in a musing posture, seems to meditate some
It lay north-east of Phocaea, and gave birth to trick. Sometimes like a conqueror he march:
Hesiod and Ephorus. The inhabitants bore es triumphantly with a helmet on his head,
the character of stupidity; and among other a spear on his shoulder, and a buckler on his
anecdotes related of them with reſerence to arm, intimating that even Mars himself owns
this trait, it is said, that for 300 years they the superiority of love. His power was ge
laid no duty on merchandise imported and nerally known by his riding on the back of a
exported. Their neighbours said that they lion, or a dolphin, or breaking to pieces the
only then discovered that their city was a thunderbolts of Jupiter. Among the ancients
maritime one. This little story, however, he was worshipped with the same solemnity
seems, on the contrary, very much to their as his mother Venus, and as his influence was
credit, and argues a liberal spirit. The name
extended over the heavens, the sea, and the
of the city is said to have been derived fromearth, and even the empire of the dead, his
the Amazon Cyme, and so the name should divinity was universally acknowledged, and
properly be written in Latin. In Greek, it isvows, prayers, and sacrifices were daily of
Kwun. It was afterwards called Phriconis, fered to him. According to some accounts,
(vid. Phriconis) and is now termed Nemourt.] the union of Cupid with Chaos gave birth to
—[Another in Italy, founded, it is said, by a men, and all the animals which inhabit the
colony from the former place. It was situate earth, and even the gods themselves were the
on the coast of Campania, north-west of Ne offspring of love before the foundation of
apolis, or JNaples. In its vicinity resided the the world. Cupid, like the rest of the gods,
famed Cumaean Sybil. Some make a colony assumed different shapes ; and we find him
ofChalcidians, from Chalcis in Euboea to have in the AFneid putting on, at the request of
united with the Cumaean colony in founding his mother, the form of Ascanius, and going
this city. The name of this city is com to Dido's court, where he inspired the queen
monly given by the Greek writers in the sin with love. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 693, &c.—Cic.
gular, Kūwn, and by the Latins, Cyme; the de JNat. D. 3.-Ovid. Met. 1, fab. 10.-He
true form, however, is the plural. Eusebius, swod. Theog. v. 121, &c.—Oppian. Haii. 4.
(with whom Paterculus nearly coincides,) Cyneg. 2.-Bion. Idyll. 3.-Moschus.-Eurip
makes the date of its foundation 1050 B.C. in Hippol.—Theocrit. Idyll. 3, 11, &c.
This will prove a much earlier acquaintance, CUREs, the chief town of the Sabines, of
on the part of the Asiatic Greeks, with Italy
than is generally allowed them. Cumae sent which Tatius was king. The inhabitants, call
out colonies to Neapolis, and to Zancle in ed Quirites, were carried to Rome, of which
they became citizens. [Cluverius fixes upon
Sicily, and eventually destroyed the power of the modern Il Vescopio as the site of the en
the Etrurians by sea..] Ovid. Met. 15, v. 712.
cient Cures. The Abbe Chaupy, however,
—Fast. 4, v. 158.-Pont. 2, el. 8, v. 41.- discovered what he took to be the ruins o
Paterc. 1, c.4–Wirg. Jºn.3, v.441-Strab.5.
CUNAXA, a place of Assyria, 500 stadia the this ancient town, at a place called Arci, on
left bank of the river Correse.
from Babylon, famous for a battle fought to Mannert, it is the little village According
of Corres,
there between Artaxerxes and his brother
on the river of the same name, two miles
Cyrus the younger, B.C. 401. [vid. Cyrus.] north of Monte Rotondo, and one mile east ci
Plut. in Artar.—Ctesias.
the Tiber.) Pirg, JEn. 1, v. 292, 1. 8, v.
219
 CU CU

533.--Liv. 1, c. 13.-Macrob. 1, c.9.—Ovid. peror Augustus. A town of the Rhoeti,

Fast. 2, v. 477 and 480, l. 3, v. 94. now Coire, the capital of the Grisons.
Cutteres, [a class of priests or people of CURIA LEx, de Comitiis, was enacted by
Crete, called also Crybantes. They are said M. Curius Dentatus the tribune. It ſorbade
to have been originally from mount lda in the convening of the Comitia, for the election
Phrygia, whence some derive their name of of [plebeian] magistrates, without a previous
Idaei Dactyli. This, however, came more pro permission from the senate.
bably from Ida in Crete, and the Curetes CURIAtil, a family of Alba, which was
themselves were in all likelihood of Cretan carried to Rome by Tullus Hostilius, and en
origin. Strabo derives their name from Kov tered among the patricians. The three Cu
ga, tonsura, from the circumstance of their riatii, who engaged the Horatii and lost the
cutting off the hair in front to prevent the ene victory, were of this family. Flor. 1, c.3.−
my from taking hold. They were very inge Dionys. Hal. 5.-I.iv. 1, c. 24.
nious, and invented many things, and proved Q. Curio, an excellent orator. Tacit. 21.
highly useful to mankind. They first taught Ann. c. 7.-Suet. in Cars. 49.-Cic. in Brut.
how to manage flocks, to gather honey, to —His son, C. Scribonius, was tribune of
hunt, to tame horses, to cast darts. They the people, and an intimate friend of Caesar.
formed men into societies, are said to have in Flor. 4, c. 2.-Plut. in Pomp. & Caes. 49.-
vented swords and helmets, and to have in Val. Mar.9, c. 1.-Lucan. v. 268.
troduced dancing in armour. Other accounts CURiosolitie, [a people of Gallia Celtica,
make them Phoenicians, and state that they in Armorica, north-west of the Redones.]
accompanied Cadmus, that some of them Caes. Bell. G. 2, c. 34, l. 3, c. 11.
settled in Phrygia, and were called Coryban CURiuM, a town of Cyprus, [on the south
tes; others in Crete, and were termed Idaei ern coast, or rather, according to the ancients,
Dactyli, and a third class in Rhodes, with at the commencement of the western coast,
the name of Telchines.] They were intrust at a small distance from which, to the south
ed with the education of Jupiter, and to pre east, there is a cape which bears the name
vent his being discovered by his father, they of Curias. The town is supposed by D'An
invented a kind of dance, and drowned his ville to answer to the modern Piscopia. The
cries in the harsh sounds of their shields and promontory is now called Capo delle Gatle.]
cymbals. As a reward for their attention, Herodot. 5, c. 1 iS.
they were made priests and favourite minis CURIUS DENTATUS MARcus ANNius, a
ters of Rhea, called also Cybele, who had Roman celebrated for his fortitude and fruga.
intrusted them with the care of Jupiter. lity. He was three times consul, and was
Dionys. Hal. 2.-Virg. G.4, v. 151.-Strab. twice honoured with a triumph. He obtained
10.-Paus. 4, c. 33.-Ovid. Met. 4, v. 282. decisive victories over the Samnites, the Sa
Fast. 4, v. 210. bines, and the Lucanians, and defeated Pyr
CURETIs, a name given to Crete, as being rhus near Tarentum. The ambassadors of
the residence of the Curetes. Ovid. Met. 8, the Samnites visited his cottage, while he was
v. 136. boiling some vegetables in an earthen pot,
Curia, a division of the Roman tribes. and they attempted to bribe him by the offer
Romulus originally divided the people into of large presents. He refused their offers
three tribes, and each tribe into ten Curiae. with contempt, and said, I prefer my earthen
Over each Curia was appointed a priest, who pots to all your vessels of gold and silver, and
officiated at the sacrifices of his respective it is my wish to command those, who are ins
assembly. The sacrifices were called Curi possession of money, while I am deprived of
onia, and the priest Curio. He was to be it, and live in poverty. Plut. in Cat. Cens.—
above the age of fifty. His morals were to Horat. 1, od. 12, v.41.-Flor. 1, c. 15.
be pure and unexceptionable, and his body M. CURT1Us, a Roman youth who devot
free from all deſects. The Curiones were ed himselſ to the gods Manes for his country,
elected by their respective Curiae, and above about 260 years B. C. A wide gap, called
them was a superior priest, called Curio max afterwards Curtius lacus, had suddenly open
imus, chosen by all the Curiae in a public as ed in the forum, and the oracle had said that
sembly.—The word Curia was also applied it would never close before Rome threw into
to public edifices among the Romans. These it that in which the Romans were most pow
were generally of two sorts, divine and civil. erful. [Curtius, on hearing the answer, de
In the former were held the assemblies of the manded of his countrymen whether they pos
priests, and of every religious order, for the sessed any thing so valuable as their arms and
regulation of religious sacrifices and ceremo courage. They yielded a silent assent to the
nies. The other was appointed for the sen question put them by the heroic youth.
ate, where they assembled for the despatch of Whereupon, having arrayed himself in full
public business. The Curia was solemnly armour and mounted his horse, he plunged
consecrated by the Augurs, before a lawful into the chasm, and the people threw after
assembly could be convened there. There him flowers and fruit. Valerius Maximus
were three at Rome, which more particularly states that the earth closed immediately over
claim our attention; Curia Hostilia, built him. From the account of Livy, however,
by king Tullus Hostilius; Curia Pompeii, and the words of Festus, it would seem that a
where Julius Caesar was murdered; and Cu lake, called Curtius lacus, afterwards occu
ria Augusti, the palace and court of the em pied the spot. Liv. 7, c. 6-Val. Mar. 5, c.
219
 CY CY

2.—Festus. p. 45, ed. Scaliger.]—Fons, a them. The waves of the sea, which con
stream which conveyed water to Rome, from tinually break against them with a violent
the distance of 40 miles by an aqueduct so elnoise, fill the air with a darkening foam. and
evated as to be distributed through all the render the passage extremely dangerous
hills of the city. Plin. 36, c. 15. The ancients supposed that these islands
Cukulis MAgist RAtus, [Roman ma floated, and even sometimes united to crush
gistrates who had the privilege of using the vessels into pieces when they passed through
the straits. This tradition arose from their
sella curulis, or chair of state. This was an
appearing, like all other objects, to draw near
ciently made of ivory, or at least adorned with
it. The magistrates who enjoyed this privi er when the navigators approached them.
lege, were the dictator, consuls, praetors, [They were sometimes called Symplegades, or,
censors, and curule aediles. They sat on this“the dashers,” to which the term Cyaneon, or,
chair, in their tribunals on all solemn occa “dark,” is often added. They were also term
sions. Those commanders who triumphed, had ed Planeta, or,” the wai.derers”.] Their true
it with them in their chariot. Persons whose situation and form was first explored and as
ancestors or themselves had borne any curule certained by the Argonauts. [Pindar (Pyth.
office, were called nobiles, and had the jus 4, v. 370,) says that they were alive until the
imaginum. They who were the first of the fa Argonauts brought death upon them. The
mily that had raised themselves to any curule Argo, according to Apollonius Rhodius, had
office, were called homines novi, new men, or a narrow escape with the loss of her rudder.]
upstarts.] Plin. 6, c. 12.-Herodot. 4, c. 85.--Apollon.
Cuss&i, [or Cossaei, a nation occupying the 2, v. 317 and 600.--Lycoph. 1285.-Strab. 1
southern declivity of the mountains which and 3.-JMela, 2, c. 7.-Ovid. Trist. 1, el. 9,
separated Susiana from Media. The Ely v. 34.
maei possessed the northern declivities. The CYANEus, a large river of Colchis.
Cussaei, or Cossaei, were a brave people, and CYARAxEs, or CYAxAREs, son of Phraor
the kings of Persia were frequently compel tes, was king of Media or Persia. [In his reign
led to purchase a passage over these moun the Scythians invaded his territory, and held
tains from them. Alexander effected one by Media and a great part of upper Asia for
taking them by surprise. Antigonus lost a nearly 30 years. He destroyed them at last
large portion of his army in crossing over. by stratagem, having invited them to a feast,
According to Mannert, this people, together and slain them when intoxicated. In conjunc
tion with Nebucadnezzar he took and de
with the Carduchi and some other neigh
bouring tribes, were the ancestors of the mo stroyed Nineveh. He died in the 40th year
dern Curds. Mannert...Anc. Geogr. vol. 5, p. of his reign, and was succeeded by Astyages,
493.] upon whose death the crown devolved to
Cusus, a river of Hungary, falling into the Cyaxares 2d. This latter prince has been
Danube, now the Vag, [according to D'An supposed to be the same with Darius the
ville. Mannert, however, makes it the same Mede, mentioned in Scripture. He reigned,
with the Granna, or Gran. Mannert. Anc. in conjunction with Cyrus, until the year 336
Geogr. vol. 3, p. 380, in notis.] B. C. when he died.]
[CutulLE, a town of the Sabines, east of CYBEBE, a name of Cybele, from xvéséssº,
Reate, famous for its mineral waters. This because in the celebration of her festivals men

country and that of Reate were, according to were driven to madness.

Varro, the most elevated part of Italy, and CYBELE, [vid. end of the article.] a god
the name Umbilicus, or, Navel of Italy, was dess, daughter of Coelus and Terra, and wife
applied to them. The town was situate on of Saturn. She is supposed to be the same
the banks of the lake, in which there were, as Ceres, Rhea, Ops, Westa, Bona Mlater,
according to ancient accounts, floating islands. Magna Mater, Berecynthia, Dindymene, &c.
Suetonius states that the emperor Vespasian According to Diodorus, she was the daughter
resided here during the summer, and accord of a Lydian prince, called Menos, by his wife
ing to Xiphilinus, he died in this place. It is Dindymene; and he adds, that as soon as she
now Cotila..] Plan. 3, c. 12, 1.3i, c. 2.—Se was born she was exposed on a mountain.
neca. Q. Nº. 3, c. 25.—Liv. 26, c. 11. She was preserved and suckled by some of
CyåNE, a nymph of Sicily, who endeavour the wild beasts of the forest, and received
ed to assist Proserpine when she was carried the name of Cybele from the mountain
away by Pluto. The god changed her into a where her life had been preserved. When
fountain now called Pisme, a few miles from she returned to her father's court, she had
Syracuse. Ovid. Mel. 5, v. 112.-A town of an intrigue with Atys, a beautiful youth,
Lycia. Plin. 5, c. 27. whom her father mutilated, &c. All the
. Cyaniº, now the Parorane, two rugged mythologists are unanimousin mentioning the
islands at the entrance of the Euxine Sea, amours of Atys and Cybele. The partiality
about 20 stadia from the mouth of the Thra. of the goddess for Atys seems to arise from
cian Bosphorus. [They are now very small his having first introduced her worship into
rocks, so that probably the attrition of the Phrygia. She enjoined him perpetual celiba
water has diminished them in size.] One of cy, and the violation of his promise was expiat
them is on the side of Asia, and the other on ed by voluntary mutilation. In Phrygia the
the European coast; and according to Strabo, festivals of Cybele were observed with the
there is only a space º
oc)
furlongs between greatest solemnity. Her priests, called Co
 CY CY

rybantes, Galli, &c. were not admitted in the Heym. ad Pirg ºn, 10, v. 220, in var. lect.]
service of the goddess without a previous mu —dugustin. de Cirit. D. &c. Lactant.—Lu.
tilation. In the celebration of the festivals, cian in DeáSyr—Diod.3—Virg. JEn. 9, v.
they imitated the manners of madmen, and 617, l. 10, v. 254.—Lucan. 1, v. 566.-Ovid.
filled the air with dreadful shrieks and how! Trist. 4, v. 210 and 361.-Plut. de Loquac.—
ings, mixed with the confused noise of Cic. ad Attic.—Carl. Rhod. 8, c. 17, &c.
drums, tabrets, bucklers, and spears. This Cybèle and CYBELA.[a mountain of Phry
was in commemoration of the sorrow of Cy gia, probably near Celaenae. Here Cybele
bele for the loss of her favourite Atys. Cy was worshipped.]
bele was generally represented as a robust CYBIRA, [vid. Cibyra.]
woman, far advanced in her pregnancy, to in Cy Bistria, (a town of Cappadocia, in
timate the fecundity of the earth. She held Cataonia, below Mons Argaeus, and north of
keys in her hand, and her head was crowned Tyana, according to D'Anville. The map
with rising turrets, and sometimes with the of Asia Minor, however, which accompanies
leaves of oak. She sometimes appears rid Mannert's Geography, varies in this respect,
ing in a chariot, drawn by two tame lions ; to say nothing of other discrepancies, essen
Atys follows by her side, carrying a ball in tially from that of the former. According to
his hand, and supporting himself upon a fir Mannert's chart, Tyana is situate near the
tree, which is sacred to the goddess. Some centre of Cappadocia, and Cybistria is placed
times Cybele is represented with a sceptre nearly due south from it, at a considerable
in her hand, with her head covered with a distance. It is mentioned by Hierocles among
tower. She is also seen with many breasts, the episcopal cities in Cappadocia. D'Anville
to shew that the earth gives aliments to nakes the modern name Bustereh.] Cic.
all living creatures; and she generally car Div. 15.
ries two lions under her arms. From Phry CycLADEs, a name given to certain islands
gia the worship of Cybele passed into of the AEgean sea, that surround Delos, as
Greece, and was solemnly established at Eleu with a circle; whence the name (kwºx@", cir
sis, under the name of the Eleusinian mys culus.) The principal were, Ceos, Naxos,
teries of Ceres. The Romans, by order Andros, Paros, Melos, Seriphos, Gyarus, Te
of the Sibylline books, brought the statue nedos, &c. [The name given to these islands
of the goddess from Pessinus into Italy; is not a very accurate one, as most of them
and when the ship which carried it had run lie west and south of Delos.) Plin. 4, c. 12.—
on a shallow bank of the Tiber, the virtue and .Melo, 2, c. 7.-Ptol. 3, c. 15.-Strab. 10.—
innocence of Claudia were vindicated in re Dionys. Perieg.—Virg. AEn. 3, v. 127, 1. 8,
moving it with her girdle. It is supposed that v. 692.
the mysteries of Cybele were first known Cyclopes, [tid. end of this article, a
about 1580 years B. C. The Romans were certain race of men of gigantic stature, sup
particularly superstitious in washing every posed to be the sons of Coelus and Terra.
year, on the 25th March, the chariot and sa They had but one eye, in the middle of the
cred things of the goddess in the waters of the forehead; whence their name (www.xG) circu
river Almon. There prevailed many obsce lus, wº occulus). They were three in num
nities in the observation of the festivals, and ber, according to Hesiod, called Arges,
the priests themselves were the most eager Brontes, and Steropes. Their number was
to use indecent expressions, and to shew their greater according to other mythologists, and
unbounded licentiousness by the impurity of in the age of Ulysses, Polyphemus was one of
their actions. rid. Atys, Eleusis, Rhea, Co the most powerful. They inhabited the
rybantes, Galli, &c. (The first germ of the western parts of the island of Sicily, [but
Grecian religion came from India, and many see end of this article ;] and because they
of the deities of the latter country will.be were uncivilized in their manners, the poets
found upon an attentive examination to have speak of them as men-eaters. The tradition
been the prototypes of those mentioned in of their having only one eye originates from
classical mythology. Thus there is a very their custom of wearing small bucklers of
strong resemblance between Cybele and steel which covered their faces, and had a
Pracriti, the goddess of nature among the small aperture in the middle, which corres
Hindoos. Both are represented as drawn by ponded exactly to the eye. [vid. end of this ar
lions; at the festival of Pracriti a drum is ticle.] From their vicinity to mount AEtna,
beaten, as it always was at that of Cybele : they have been supposed to be the workmen
this drum is called Dindyma, and in the his of Vulcam, and to have fabricated the thun
tory of the goddess Cybele we find mention derbolts of Jupiter. The shield of Pluto, and
made of JMons Dindymus where her rites the trident of Neptune, were the produce of
were celebrated, and of the appellation Din their labour. The Cyclops were reckoned
dºmene given to the goddess herself. The among the gods, and we find a temple dedicat
priests of Cybele were called Curetes, and ed to their service at Corinth, where sacrifices
curta in the Sanscreet language signifies cas were solemnly offered. Apollo destroyed
fratus. The parallel might be carried still them all, because they had made the thun
farther.—As regards the name Cybele, and derbolts of Jupiter, with which his son Æscu
its metrical quantity, it is now a settled prin lapius had been killed. From the different
ciple of philology that when the penult is accounts given of the Cyclops by the ancients,
long the word should be written Cybebe. vid. it may be concluded that they were all the
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 CY CY

same people, to whom various functions have with one of more recent date. This last pro
been attributed, which cannot be reconciled bably took its rise when Ætna and the Li
one to the other, without drawing the pencil pari islands were assigned to Vulcan, by the
of fiction or mythology. [Learned men have popular belief of the day, as his workshops:
involved the question respecting the Cyclops which could only have happened when Ætna
in great obscurity, when the whole admits of had become better known, and Mount Mlos
a very easy and natural solution. The ear. chylus in the isle of Lemnos, had ceased to
ly religion of the Greeks was Sabaism, (com be volcanic. As regards what are termed
pare the Greek term a 13-wat, “to worship,”, by the ancient writers Cyclopian walls, and
or, the adoration of the leavenly bodies, a were supposed by them to have been from
sytem which came to them from the Oriental their massy structure the works of a giant
nations. Uranus (heaven) and Gea produc race, it is now well ascertained that they
ed the Titans, the Giants and the Cyclops. were reared by the ancient Pelasgi, and should
The Titans were the same with the constel consequently be called Pelasgian. Walls
lations, the Giants, with their hundred arms were styled Cyclopian by the ancients that
were the energies of nature, while the Cy were built of large masses of stone, which
clops represented the energies of the sky, as though rough were yet nicely and skilfully
thunder and lightning. Their very names fitted together. Some of these still remain;
prove this, as well as the order in which they as at Argos, Mycenae, and Tiryns, in Greece,
are usually given; thus, Steropes, (ºts and at Cortona and elsewhere, in Italy. rid.
gorn,) i. e. lightning ; Arges (agyns) i. e. Pelasgi.] Apollod. 1, c. 1 and 2.-Homer.
quick-flashing, as lightning; Brontes (380yth) od. 1 and 9.-Hesiod. Theog. v. 140. Theo
i. e. the noise of the thunder. In immediate crit. Id. 1, &c.—Strab. 8-Vurg. G.4, v.
connection with this mode of explaining the 170. JEn. 6, v. 630, 1.8, v.418, &c. l. 11, v.
fables is the circumstance of but a single eye 263.-Ovid. Met. 13, v. 780, l. i4, v. 249.
being assigned to the Cyclops. To the ima —A people of Asia.
gination of the early Greek, lightning and Cycnus, a son of Neptune, invulnerable in
thunder were the weapons of Jupiter, which every part of his body. Achilles fought
he hurled against a guilty world. The God against him ; but when he saw that his darts
of Olympus in the act of discharging his bolts were of no effect, he threw him on the
would be pictured to their minds, by a rude ground and smothered him. He stripped him
though natural image, as closing one of his of his armour, and saw him suddenly chang
eyes for the purpose of taking a more effec ed into a bird of the same name. Ovid JMet.
tual aim. Hence the fable. That this man 12, fab. 2. A son of Sthenelus, king of
ner of explaining it is neither forced nor Liguria. He was deeply afflicted at the
puerile will appear from the name given by death of his friend and relation Phaeton, and
the ancients to a Scythian nation, the Ari in the midst of his lamentations he was me
maspi, or, “One-eyed," who were excellent tamorphosed into a swan. Ovid. Met. 2, v.
archers, and obtained this strange epithet from 367.—Virg. AEn. 10, v. 189—Paus. 1, c. 30.
their habit of closing one eye in directing Cydias, a painter, who made a painting
their arrows. Homer makes Ulysses in the of the Argonauts. This celebrated piece
course of his wanderings visit the land of the was bought by the orator Hortensius for
Cyclops. It has been usually supposed that 165 talents. Plin. 34.
Sicily was meant by the poet, an explanation Cydippé, the mother of Cleobis and Bi
involved however in many difficulties. In the 'on. rid. Cleobis.—A girl beloved by Acon
first place, Homer never speaks of the land tius. vid. Acontius.
of the Cyclops as being an island, but only CxDNus, [a river of Cilicia Campestris,
states that there was a small one in front of rising in the chain of mount Taurus, and fall
it. He represents their country moreover as ing into the sea a little below Tarsus, which
very fertile, and spontaneously productive, stood on its banks. Its waters were extreme
so far indeed eeing with Sicily, but the ly cold, and Alexander nearly lost his life by
Cyclops are made at the same time to inha bathing in them when overheated and fa
bit caves on the summits of lofty mountains, tigued. The illness of Alexander, resulting
where the comparison totally ceases. Be. from this, is connected with the well known
sides it would be very inconsistent in the story of the physician Philip. The river
poet to place the Cyclops, a race contemning Cydnus expanded about a mile below Tar
the Gods, in an island sacred to, and in which sus, near the sea. and formed a port for the
were pastured the herds of the Sun. The city, called Rhegma, or, the aperture.] Curt.
distance too between the land of the Loto 3. c. 4.—Justin. 11, c. 8.
phagi and that of the Cyclops could not have CypôNIA, [or Cypônis, the most ancient
been very considerable, since it is not given city in the island of Crete, said to have been
in days and nights, a mode of measurement built by Minos, and enlarged by the Samians.
always adopted by Homer when the distance It stood on the northern coast of the north
mentioned is a great one. Every thing con western part of Crete, and was the most
spires, therefore, to induce the belief that powerful and wealthy city of the whole is
the Cyclops of Homer were placed by him land, since, in the civil wars, it withstood the
on the coast of Africa, a little to the north of united forces of Gnossus and Gortyna after
the Syrtis Minor. They who make them to they had reduced the greater part of Crete.
have dwelt in Sicily blend an old tradition On account of its antiquity, it was called by
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the Greeks, “the mother of cities.” From had lost that also, he still kept hold with his
Cydonia, the quince-tree was first brought in teeth. Herodot. 6, c. 114. —Justin. 2, c. 9.
to Italy, and thence the fruit was called ma . | Herodotus merely relates, that he seized one
lum Cydonium, or Cydonian apple. Its in of the Persian vessels by the stern, and had
habitants were the best of the Cretan archers. his hand cut off with an axe. The more de
Its modern name is Canea.] Ovid...Met. 8, v. , alled account is given by Justin. Phasis, an
22.-Pirg. .ºn. 12, v.858. Sil.2, v. 109.— obscure painter, represented Cynaegirus with
Liv. 37, c. 60.—Lucan. 7, v. 229. both his hands, which Cornelius Longinus
Cydonia, an island opposite Lesbos, [one made the subject of an epigram, preserved
of the five islands called Leucae.] Plin. 2 in the Anthology.]
and 4. [CYNAETHAE, a town of Arcadia, on the
Cyph K.RA, [a city of Phrygia. Mannert river Crathis, near the northern borders, and
supposes it to have been the same with ILao some distance to the north-west of Cyllene.
dicea, on the confines of three provinces, Ca The inhabitants were remarkable for the bar
ria, Phrygia, and Lydia, and situate on the barous rusticity of their manners, so as to he
Lycus, which flows into the Meander. He despised by, or almost excluded from associ
rodotus speaks of a pillar erected in Cydrara ating with the other Greeks, who attributed
by Croesus, with an inscription defining the their ferocity to a neglect of the study of mu
boundaries of Phrygia and Lydia; so that it sic, so much cultivated among the Greeks in
must have been en the confines of these two general.]
countries at least. vid. Laodicea. Herod. 7, CYNES11 and Cvwitz, [according to He
c. 30. rodotus, the most western inhabitants of Eu
Cyclices, a people among the Illyrians. rope, living beyond the Celtae. Mannert
[They are said to have had among them the makes them to have been situate in Spain, on
sepulchre of Cadmus and Harmonia. Athen. both sides of the river Anas, and their west
11, 462, b.] erm limit to have corresponded with the mo
[Cyclici, poetz, a name given by the an dern Faro in Algarve, while their eastern
cient grammarians to the minor poets who was the bay and islands formed by the small
succeeded Homer. They were so termed, rivers Odiel and Tinto.] Herodot. 2, c. 33.
either from their selecting the materials for Cysici, [a sect of philosophers, so called
their poems from the whole compass (kvaxos) either from Cynosarges, where Antisthenes
of mythological and epic narrative, from the founder of the sect lectured, or from the
the union, namely, of Uranus and Gea, snarling humour of their master. This sect
down to the death of Ulysses by the hand of is to be regarded not so much as a school of
Telegonus; or because the later grammarians philosophers as an institution of manners. It
formed out of their separate productions one was formed rather for the purpose of provid
united whole.] ing a remedy for the moral disorders of lux
CYLLäRUs, a celebrated horse of Castor, ury, ambition, and avarice, than with a view
according to Seneca, [Valerius Flaccus, and to establish any new theory of speculative
Claudian ; but according to Virgil, of Pol opinions. The sole end of the Cynic philo
lux.] Purg. G. 3, v. 90. sophy was to subdue the passions, and produce
CYLExE, [the port of Elis, the capital of simplicity of manners. Hence the coarse
the district of Elis in the Peloponnesus. It ness of their outward attire, their haughty
is supposed to be the modern Chiarenza.]— contempt of external good, and patient endur
[A town of Asia Minor, in AEolis, surnamed, ance of external ill. The rigorous discipline
accordingto Xenophon, the Egyptian.] Paus. of the first Cynics, however, degenerated af
4, c. 23.-A mountain of Arcadia, with a terwards into the most absurd severity. The
small town on its declivity, which received ynic renounced every kind of scientific pur
its name from Cyllen, a son of Elatus. [Mer suit, in order to attend solely to the cultiva
cury was supposed to have been born here, tion of virtuous habits. The sect fell gra
and had a temple on the top of this mountain, dually into disesteem and contempt, and many
with a wooden statue in it. Hence his sur gross and disgraceful tales were propagated
name of Cylleneius, which is indiscriminately respecting them. vid. Diogenes.]
applied to any thing he invented, or over CYNIscA, a daughter of Archidamus king
which he presided.] Lucan. 1, v. 663.-Ho of Sparta, who obtained the first prize in the
rat. ep. 13, v. 13.-Paus. 8, c. 17.—Virg...En. chariot races at the Olympic games. Paus.
8, v. 139.-Ovid Met. 13, v. 146. A. A. 3, v. 3, c. 8.
147. CYNo, a woman who preserved the liſe of
CYMA or CYMAE, [vid. Cuma.] Cyrus. [Her name, in the Median language,
Cynrölus, [vid. Cimolus.) Ovid. 7, Met. was Spaco, according to Herodotus, who
W. 463. makes Cyno the Greek translation of it, and
CYNAEGIR Us, an Athenian, celebrated for adds, that it signified, in the Median tongue,
his extraordinary courage. He was brother a female dog. It is not known whether the
to the poet AEschylus. After the battle of dialect of the Medes and Persians was the
Marathon, he pursued the flying Persians to same. In such remains as we have of the
their ships, and seized one of their vessels Persian language, Burton and Reland have
with his right hand, which was immediately not been able to discover any term like this.
s by the enemy. Upon this he seized Nevertheless Lefevre affirms that the Hyrca
the vessel with his left hand, and when he nians, a people in subjection to the Persians,
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call, even at the present time, a dog by the word Peloponnesus, near Messenia. Liv.32, c. 31.
Spac. Foster, in his letter to Michaelis upon —Plan. 4, c. 5.
the origin of the Chaldees, thinks that he de CYPAaissus, a youth, son of Telephus of
tects a resemblance between the Median Cea, beloved by Apollo. He killed a favour.
Spaco and the Slavonic Sabaka, which has ite stag of Apollo's, for which he was so sor.
the same meaning, vid. Michaëlis Spicile ry, that he pined away, and was changed by
gium, vol 2, p. 99.] Herodot. 1, c. 110. the god into a cypress-tree. Virg. AEm. 3, v.
CYNoceph KLAE, ſeminences in Thessaly, 680.—Ovid. JMet. 10, v. 121.
south-east of Pharsalus, where the Romans CYPR1ANUs, a native of Carthage, who,
under T. Quinctius Flaminius gained a vic though born of heathen parents, became a
tory over Philip king of Macedon, and put convert to christianity, and the bishop of his
an end to the first Macedonian war. They country. To be more devoted to purity and
are described by Plutarch as hills of small study, he abandoned his wife; and as a proof
size, with sharptops; and the name properly of his charity, he distributed his goods to the
belongs to those tops, from their resenblance poor. He wrote 81 letters, besides several
to the heads of dogs, (zwyer aspaxau.) Plut. treatises, de Dei gratiâ, de virginum habitu,
wit. Flamun.] &c. and rendered his compositions valuable,
Cy Noceph K1,1, a nation in India, who had by the information he conveys of the disci
the head of a dog, according to some tradi pline of the ancient church, and by the sound
tions. [They are supposed to have been ness and purity of his theology. He died a
merelya species of large baboons.—There martyr, A. D. 258. The best editions of Cy
was a promontory of this name upon the prian are that of Fell, fol. Oxon. 1682, and
coast of the Red Sea, mentioned by Strabo, that re-printed Amst. 1700.
and another in Corcyra.] Plin. 7, c. 2. Cyprus, a daughter of Antony and Cleo
CYNorhontis, a festival at Argos, ob patra, who married Agrippa. A large
served during the dog days. It received its island in the Mediterranean sea, south of
name aro row wurzt wouv, killing dogs, be Cilicia, and west of Syria. [It was suppos
cause they used to kill all the dogs they met. ed to have been detached from the conti
CYNos, a town in Thessaly, where Pyrrha, ment by some violent convulsion of nature.
Deucalion's wife, was buried. The opinions of more modern times, however,
Cynosarges, [a place in the suburbs of oppose this, and are in favour of its having
Athens, where the school of the Cynics was been always an island. It was called by se
held. It derived its name from a while dog, veral names; Acamis, from one ofits promon
(kway ag) or,) which, when Diomus was sacri tories; Amathusia, Paphia, and Salaminia,
ficing to Hercules, snatched away part of the from three of its ancient cities ; Macaria, or
victim. It was adorned with several temples; the fortunate isle, from its fertility, mild cli
that of Hercules was the most splendid. The mate, and beautiful scenery ; Collinia, from
most remarkable thing in it, however, was its many hills. Sphecia, from its ancient in
the Gymnasium, where all strangers, who habitants, the Spheces; Cerastia, from the
had but one parent an Athenian, had to per number of small capes by which its coasts
form their exercises, because Hercules, to are surrounded ; Bºrosa from its copper
whom it was consecrated, had a mortal for mines. The name Cyprus is not derived as
his mother, and was not properly one of the some think, from the abundance of this last
immortals.] Herodot. 5 and 6. mentioned metal, but the metal gets its name
CYNossEMA, (a dog's tomb.) a promontory from the island, which was called after an
of the Thracian Chersonesus, where Hecuba ancient king, who reigned there.] It has been
was changed into a dog, and buried. Ovid. celebrated forgiving birth to Venus surnamed
13, Met. 569. Cypris, who was the chief deity of the place,
Cynosuka, a nymph of Ida in Crete. She and to whose service many places and tem
nursed Jupiter, who changed her into a star ples were consecrated. It was anciently di
which bears the same name. It is the same vided into nine kingdoms, and was for some
as the Ursa Minor. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 107. time under the power of Egypt and aſter
CYNTHIA, a surname of Diana, from mount wards of the Persians. The Greeks made
Cynthus, where she was born. themselves masters of it, and it was taken
Cynthius, a surname of Apollo, from from them by the Romans. Its length, ae
mount Cynthus. cording to Strabo, is 1400 stadia. [Modern
CYNThus, a mountain of Delos, so high calculations make its length about 70 leagues
that it is said to overshadow the whole island. from east to west; its breadth from north to
[Modern travellers, however, represent it to south 30 leagues, and its circumference near
be a hill of very moderate height. The city ly 180.] There were three celebrated tem
of Delos was at the foot of it..] Apollo was ples there, two sacred to Venus, and the
surnamed Cynthius, and Diana Cynthia, as other to Jupiter. The inhabitants were giv
they were born on the mountain, which was en much to pleasure and dissipation. Strab
sacred to them. Pirg, G. 3, v. 36.-Ovid. 6. 15.-Ptol. 5, c. 14.—Flor. 3, c. 9.-Justin
.Met. v. 304. Fast. 3, v. 346. 18, c. 5.-Plin. 12, c. 24, 1.33, c. 5, 1.36, c.
[Cypariss E, a town of Messenia, situate 26.-Mela, 2, c. 7.
at the mouth of the river Cyparissus. Its CypseLiprs, the name of three princes as
modern name is l'Acadia.] A town of descendoats of Cypselus, who reigned at Co
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rinth during 73 years. Cypselus was suc not in tranquillity or indolence, but in a
ceeded by his son Periander, who left his king pleasing agitation of the mind or in active en
dom after a reign of 40 years, to Cypselus II. joyment. Pleasure is the ultimate object of
CYPséLUs, a king of Arcadia, who mar human pursuit; it is only in subserviency to
ried the daughter of Ctesiphon, to strengthen this, that ſame, friendship, and even virtue,
himself against the Heraclidae. Paus. 4, c. 3.
are to be desired. All crimes are venial, be
—A man of Corinth, son of Eetion, and fa cause never committed but through the im
ther of Periander. He destroyed the Bac mediate impulse of passion. Nothing is just
chiadae, and seized upon the sovereign power, or unjust by nature, but by custom and law.
about 659 years before Christ. He reigned The business of philosophy is to regulate the
30 years, and was succeeded by his son. Pe senses in that manner which will render
riander had two sons, Lycophron, and Cyp them most productive of pleasure. Since
selus, who was insane. Cypselus received his pleasure is to be derived not from the past or
name from the Greek word zwºixot, a coffer. the future, but the present, a wise man will
because when the Bacchiadae attempted to take care to enjoy the present hour, and will
kill him, his inother saved his life by conceal be indifferent to life or death. Such vere
ing him in a coffer. Paus. 5, c. 17.—Cic. the tenets of Aristippus.] Laert. in Arist,
Tusc. 5. c. 37.-Herodot. 1, c. 114, l. 5, c. 92, —Cic. de .N'at. D. 3.
&c.—Aristot. Polit. The father of Milti CY RENE, the daughter of the river Pene
ades. Herodot. 6, c. 35. us, of whom Apollo became enamoured. He
CyréNAica, a country of Africa, [east of carried her to that part of Africa which is
the Syrtis Minor, and west of Marmarica. It called Cyrenaica, where she brought forth
corresponds with the modern Barca. Cyre Aristieus. She is called by some, daughter of
maica was considered by the Greeks a sort of Hypseus, king of the Lapithae, and son of the
terrestrial paradise. This was partly owing Peneus. P'irg. G. 4, v. 321.-Justin. 13, c,
to the force of contrast, as all the rest of the 7.—Pindar.—Pyth. 9.-A celebrated city
African coast along the Mediterranean from [the capital of Cyrenaica,) to which Arista
Carthage to the Nile, was a barren, sandy us, who was the chief of the colonists, settled
and waste, and partly to the actual fertility there, gave his mother's name. [Others, how
of Cyrenaica itself. It was extremely well ever,derive it from a ſountain in its neighbour
watered, and the inhabitants, according to hood, called Cyre.]. Cyrene was situate in a
Herodotus, employed eight months in collect beautiful and fertile plain, about eleven miles
ing the productions of the land: the mari from the Mediterranean Sea. Its port was
time places first yielded their fruits, then the Apollonia. It gave birth to many great men,
second region, which they called the hills, among whom were Callimachus, Eratosthe
and lastly those of the highest part inland. nes, Carneades, Aristippus, &c. [Its terri.
One of the chief natural productions of Cy tory produced a great number of excellent
renaica was an herb called Silphium, a kind horses, a circumstance which led the Cyrene
of laserpitium or assafoetida. It was fatten ans to apply themselves to the study and
ing for cattle, rendering their flesh also ten practice of every thing relating to those ani
der, and a useful aperient for man. From its mals.] The town of Cyrene was built by
juice also when kneaded with clay a power Battus, B. C. 630, and the kingdom was be
ful antiseptic was obtained. The Silphium, queathed to the Romans, B.C. 97, by king
formed a great article of trade, and at Rome Ptolemy Appion. [Its modern name is Cu
the composition above mentioned sold for its rin.] Herodot. 3 and 4.—Paus. 10, c. 13–
weight in silver. It is for this reason that the Strab. 17.—Mela, 1, c. 8,-Plin. 5, c. 5,-
Silphium appeared always on the medals of Tacit. Ann. 3. c. 70.
Cyrene. Its culture was neglected, howe [CYR EschATA, vid. Cyropolis.]
ver, when the Romans became masters of Cyr1&DEs, one of the thirty tyrants who
the country, and pasturage more attended harassed the Roman empire in the reign of
to. For the colonization of this district vid Gallienus. He died A. D. 259:
Cyrene. It was called Pentapolis, from its hav. CyßILLUs, a bishop of Jerusalem, who died
ing five towns of note in it, Cyrene, Barce, A. D. 386. Of his writings, composed in
Ptolemais, Berenice, and Tauchira. All of Greek, there remain 23 catacheses, and a let
these exist at the present day under the ter to the emperor Constantine, the best edi
form of towns or villages, and, what is re tion of which is Milles, fol. Oxon. 1703.−
markable, their names are scarcely changed A bishop of Alexandria, who died A. D.444.
from what we may suppose the pronunciation The best edition of his writings, which are
to have been among the Greeks. They are mostly controversial in Greek, is that of Pa
uow called Kurin, Barca, Tollamata, Bernic, ris, fol. 7 vols. 1638.
and Thukera. For a full account of the Sil. Oyrnos, [rid. Corsica.]
phium, see the 36th vol. of the Memoires de l' CYRRHEsrica, a country of Syria, [north
-*cadem. des Belles Lettres, p. 18.] east of the city Antiochia, and north of the
CY RENA1cA, a sect of philosophers who district Chalybomitis. It was so called from
followed the doctrine of Aristippus. They its capital Cyrrhus, now Corus.] Plin. 5, c.
placed their summum bonum in pleasure, and 23.-Cic. Att. 5, ep. 18.
-aid that virtue ought to be commended be Cyrsilus, an Athenian, stoned to death by
rause it gave pleanºr
º
[Happiness consists his countrymen, because
- 225
he advised them tº
 CY

receive the army of Xerxes, and to submit to have been punished with death, had not his
the power of Persia. Demosth. de Coroná. mother Parysatis saved him from the hands
Cic. 3, de Offic. c. 11. of the executioner by her tears and entreaties.
CYRus, a king of Persia, son of Cambyses [ The sentence was commuted into bar
and Mandane, daughter of Astyages, king of ishment to the province of which Cyrus had
Media. His father was of an ignoble family, been appointed Satrap by his father. The
whose marriage with Mandane had been con disgrace and ignominy to which he had been
summated on account of the apprehensions of exposed excited in Cyrus a desire of revenge.
Astyages. (vid. Astyages.) Cyrus was ex which nothing could gratify but the dethrone
posed as soon as born ; but he was preserved ment of his brother. In furtherance of this
by a shepherdess, who educated him as her end, he called in to his aid numerous bodies
own son. As he was playing with his equals of Greek mercenaries, under various preten
in years, he was elected king in a certain di ces, and at last took the field with an army
version, and he exercised his power with of 100,000 barbarians, and about 13,080
such an independent spirit, that he ordered Greeks. Artaxerxes met him with 900,000
one ofhis play companions to be severely whip men near Cunaxa. The Greeks soon routed
ped for disobedience. The father of the youth, the barbarians opposed to them, but commit
who was a nobleman, complained to the king ted an error in advancing too far in their pur:
of the ill treatment which his son had received suit. Cyrus was compelled, in order to avoid
from a shepherd's son. Astyages ordered being surrounded by the rest of the king's
Cyrus before him, and discovered that he was army, to make an attack upon the centre,
Mandane's son, from whom he had so much where his brother was in person. He routed
to apprehend. He treated him with great the royal body-guard, but being hurried away
coldness ; and Cyrus, unable to bear his ty by the violence of his feelings, the moment he l
ranny, escaped from his confinement, and espied the king, he engaged with him in a
began to levy troops to dethrone his grand personal combat, wounded him, but was him
father. He was assisted and encouraged by self wounded and slain by a common soldier.
the ministers of Astyages, who were displeas. Had Clearchus acted in conformity with the
ed with the king's oppression. He marched directions of Cyrus,and led his division against
against him, and Astyages was defeated in a the king's centre, instead of being drawn of
battle, and taken prisoner, B. C. 559. From into pursuit of the flying enemy, the victory
this victory the empire of Media became tri must have belonged to Cyrus.] Artaxerxes
butary to the Persians. Cyrus subdued the was so anxious of its being universally report
eastern parts of Asia, and made war against ed that his brother had fallen by his hand, that
Croesus, king of Lydia, whom he conquered, he put to death two of his subjects for boast
B. C. 548. He invaded the kingdom of Assy ing that they had killed Cyrus. [The Greeks
ria, and took the city of Babylon, by dryingafter the battle began to negotiate with the
the channels of the Euphrates, and marching king through Tissaphernes, who offered to
his troops through the bed of the river while lead them home. He treacherously violated
the people were celebrating a grand festival. his word, however, and having by an act of
He afterwards marched against Tomyris, the perfidy obtained possession of the persons of
queen of the Massagetae, a Scythian nation, the Greek commanders, he sent them up to
and was defeated in a bloody battle, B. C.530. the king at Babylon, where they were put to
The victorious queen, who had lost her son death.] The Greeks were not, however, dis
in a previous encounter, was so incensed couraged, though at a great distance from .
against Cyrus, that she cut off his head, and their country, and surrounded on every side
threw it into a vessel filled with human blood, by a powerful enemy. They unanimously
exclaiming, Salia te sanguine quem sitisti. united in the election of new commanders,
Xenophon has written the life of Cyrus; but among whom was Xenophon, and travers
his history is not perfectly authentic. In the ed a great part of the Asiatic provinces in
character of Cyrus, he delineates a brave and spite of the continual attacks of the various
virtuous prince, and often puts in his mouth barbarous nations through which they passed.
many of the sayings of Socrates. The chro and nothing is more truly celebrated in an
nology is false ; and Xenophon, in his narra cient history than the bold retreat of the ten
tion, has given existenee to persons whom no thousand. The journey that they made from
other historian ever mentioned. The Cyro the place of their first embarkation till their
paedia, therefore, is not to be looked upon as return, has been calculated at 1155 leagues,
an authentic history of Cyrus the Great, but performed in the space of 15 months, includ
we must consider it as showing what every ing all the time which was devoted to take
good and virtuous prince ought to be. Diod. rest and refreshment. This retreat has been
1-Herodot. 1, c. 75, &c.—Justin. 1, c. 5 and celebrated by Xenophon, who was one of
7-The younger Cyrus, was the younger their leaders. [According to Diodorus and
son of Darius Nothus, and the brother of År Diogenes Laertius, the expedition was under
taxerxes. He was sent by his father at the taken by Cyrus in the 4th year of the 94th
age of sixteen, to assist the Lacedaemonians Olympiad. Larcher, on the contrary, in a
against Athens. Artaxerxes succeeded to the dissertation inserted in the 17th vol. of the
throne at the death of Nothus; and Cyrus Memoirs of the Academy of Inscriptions and
who was of an aspiring soul, attempted to as Belles Lettres, makes it to have been in the
sassinate him. He was discovered, and would third year of that Olympiad, in the end of
 CY CY

March or beginning of April. He makes the helithe confederacy and defend their owſ ter.
battle of Cunaxa to have been fought at the ritories. Cythera (Cerigo,) is now one of the
end of October, in the 4th year of the same Ionian islands.) Pirg. JEn. 1, v. 262, 1.10,
Olympiad, and the time which the whole ex v. 5.—Paus. 3, c. 38.—Ovid. Met. 4, v. 288.
pedition occupied, including the retreat, down 1, 15, v. 386. Fast. 5, v. 15.—Herodot. 1, c. 29.
to the period when the Greeks entered the Cyth ºf AEA, a surname of Venus.
army of Thymbron, to have been two years..] Cythnos, [an island hetween Ceos and
Cyrtopolis, [a large city of Asia, on the Seriphus, in the \lare Myrtoum. It was the
banks of the Jaxartes, founded by Cyrus. It birth-place of Cyadias an eminent painter.
was also called Cyreschata Both of these The cheese of Cythnos, according to Stepha
names, however, are Greek translations of nus and Julius Pollux, was held in high esti
the true Persian terms. The termination of mation among the ancients. The island is
the last is the Greek ºrzata, expressing, as now called Thermia. It was also called 0–
did the corresponding Persian one, the remote phiussa and Dryopis.]
situation of the place. Alexander destroyed CYTINEUM, one of the four cities in Doris.
it, and built in its stead a city, called by the Strab. 9. –Thucyd. 1, c. 107,
Roman geographers Alerandria Ultima, by CytöR cs, [a city of Paphlagonia, on the
the Greeks, however, Axe: aváguz sax arn, of coast between the promontory Carambis and
which the Latin is a translation. The mo Amast is. It is thought to have been found
dern Cogend is supposed by D'Anville to an ed by a colony of Milesians. According to
swer to the site of this city.] | Strabo it had been a port of the inhabitants of
Cy Rus, [a large river of Asia rising in Ibe Sinope. In its vicinity was a mountain which
ria, and falling into the Caspian : now the produced a beautifully-veined species of box
Kur. This river waters the great valley of tree. The city is said to have been founded
Georgia, and is increased by the Aragui, the by Cytor, son of Phryxus. It is now Kitros.]
Jora, probably the Iberus of the ancients, and Catull. 4, v. 13.-Orld...Met. 4, v. 311.-Strab.
the .41asan, which is their Alazo. When it 11.-Pirg. G. 2, v. 437.
reaches the plains of Shirvan its waters are Cyzicu M, or Cyzicus, an island of the
mixed with those of the Aras or Araxes. Propontis, about 530.stadia in circumference,
These two rivers form several branches, with a town called Cyzicus. Alexander join
sometimes united and sometimes separated, edit to the continent by two bridges, and ſrom
so that it appears uncertain, as it was in the that time it was called a peninsula. [Strabo
time cf Strabo and Ptolemy, whether their and Pliny both make it to have been an island
mouths were to be considered as separate, or until Alexander's time: Scylax,however,states
if the Cyrus received the Araxes.] that it was always a peninsula, and that the
CYTA, a town of Colchis, !. the mouth of city was built at its neck. His authority is
the river Cyaneus,) famous for the poisonous considered conclusive by Mannert, who is of
herbs which it produces, and for the birth of opinion that the inhabitants may, after the time
Medea. Flace. 6, v. 693. –Prop.2, el. 1,v. 73. of Scylax, have separated it from the main
CYTAEis, a surname of Medea, from her be land by a canal or ditch, for purposes of se
ing an inhabitant of Cyta. Propert. 2, el. 4, curity ; it is a peninsula at the present day.
W. T.
It was a flourishing commercial city, and call
Cythéna, now Cerigo, an island on the ed by Florus, the Rome of Asia. The an
coast of Laconia in Peloponnesus. It was cient coins of the place, called Kwººnyot a tarn
particularly sacred to the goddess Venus, who gº, were so beautifully executed that they
was from thence surnamed Cytherea, and were deemed a miracle of art. The inhabit
who rose, as some suppose, from the sea, near ants of Cyzicus laid claim to a very high an
its coasts. [Stephanus says that the island de tiquity for their city, and pretended that it
rived its name Cythera from a Phoenician was given by Jupiter to Proserpine for her
named Cytherus who settled in it. Before dowry, on which account they worshipped
his arrival it was called Porphyris or Porphy her as their chief deity.] It had two har
rissa, because it abounded with porphyry, or, bours, called Panormus and Chytus, the first
as others affirm on the authority of Aristotle, natural. and the other artificial. It was be
because the best scarlet was dyed here. The sieged by Mithridates, and relieved by Lucul
fable respecting Venus having arisen from the lus. Flor. 3, c. 5.—Plin. 5, c. 32.-Diod. 18.
sea in its vicinity means nothing more than Cyzicus, a son of (Eneus and Stilba, who
that her worship was introduced into the is. reigned in Cyzicus. He hospitably received
land by some maritime people, probably the the Argonauts in their expedition, against
Phoenicians. Cythera was a place of great Colchis. After their departure from the court
importance to the Spartans, since an enemy, of Cyzicus, they were driven back in the night,
if in possession of it, would be thereby ena by a storm, upon the coast; and the inhabit:
bled to ravage the southern coast of Laconia. ants, seeing such an unexpected number of
Hence the Argives, who originally held it, men, furiously attacked them, supposing
were driven out eventually by the Spartans. them to be the Pelasgi, their ancient enemies.
A magistrate was sent yearly from Sparta to In this nocturnal engagement many were
examine into the state of the island, and so killed on both sides, and Cyzicus perished by
important a position was it, that Demaratus the hand of Jason himself, who honoured him
expressly advised Xerxes to seize it with a monument over funeral,
with a splendid raised a1,stately
his grave.and Apbllod. c. 9.
part of------1
******.* his fleet, since by* ~that
*** - c.---------- -----1-1----. he
meansf.----- I’m.... — 4 no.11nn –fornhem's
 DA DA

1)AAE, DAHAE, or DAI, now the Dahlstan. celebrated every sixty years by all the cities
a people of Scythia, [who dwelt on the south of Boeotia, as a compensation for the intermis
eastern borders of the Caspian Sea, in the sion of the smaller festivals, for that number
province of Hyrcania. They seem to have of years, during the exile of the Plataeans.
been a roving nomadic tribe. Virgil styles Fourteen of the statues, called Daedala, were
them indomiti, aud Servius, incommenting on distributed by lot among the Plataeans, Leba
the passage of the poet where the term occurs, daeans, Coroneans, Orchomonians, Thespians,
states that they extended to the northern part Thebans, Tanagraeans, and Chaeroneans, be
of Persia. He must allude evidently to the cause they had effected a reconciliation among
incursions they were accustomed to make in the Plataeans, and caused them to be recalled
to the countries south of Hyrcania.] Sil. 13, from exile, about the time that Thebes was
3 764.—Lucan. 7, v. 429.-Virg. JEn. 1, v. restored by Cassander, the son of Antipater.
728. During this festival, a woman in the habit of
[DAcíA, a large country of Europe, bound a bridemaid accompanied a statue which was
ed on the south by the Danube, which sepa dressed in female garments, on the banks of
rated it from Moesia, on the north by Sarma the Eurotas, This procession was attended
tia, on the east by the Tyras and Pontus to the top of mout Cithaeron, by many of the
Euxinus, and on the west by the Jazyges Boeotians, who had places assigned them by
Metanastae. It corresponded nearly to Va lot. Here an altar of square pieces of wood,
lachia, Transylvania, Moldavia, and that part cemented together like stones, was erected.
of Hungary which lies to the east of the Ti and upon it were thrown large quantities of
biscus, or, Teiss, one of the northern branches combustible materials. Afterwards a bull was
of the Danube. In A. D. 105, Trajan, after a sacrificed to Jupiter, and an ox or heifer to
war of 15 years, added this country to the Juno, by every one of the cities of Boeotia, and
Roman empire. He erected a stately bridge by the most opulent that attended. The
over the Danube, 3325 English feet in length. poorest citizens offered small cattle; aud all
This, his successor Aurelian destroyed: his these oblations, together with the Daedala,
motive in so doing is said to have been the were thrown in the common heap and set on
fear lest the barbarians would find it an easy fire, and totally reduced to ashes. They ori
passage to the countries south of the Dan ginated in this; When Juno, after a quarrel
ube, for he had by a treaty abandoned to with Jupiter, had retired to Euboea, and re
the Goths the Dacia of Trajan. On this oc fused to return to his bed, the god, anxious
casion he named the province south of the for her return, went to consult Cithaeron king
Danube to which his forces were withdrawn, of Plataea, to find some effectual measure to
Dacia Aureliani. (rid. Moesia.) There were break her obstinacy. Cithaeron advised him
afterwards distinguished in Dacia, the part to dress a statue in woman's apparel, and
bordering on the Danube and called Ripensis, carry it in a chariot, and publicly to report it
and that which was sequestered in the inte was Plataea, the daughter of Asopus, whom
rior country under the name of Mediterranea. he was going to marry. The advice was fol
This last was probably the same with what was lowed, and Juno, informed of her husband's
more anciently termed Dardania. Accord future marriage, repaired in haste to meet
ing to Strabo, the inhabitants of the eastern the chariot, and was easily united to him,
when she discovered the artful measures he
part of Dacia were called Getae, with whom
both the Greeks and Romans seem to have made use of to effect a reconciliation. Pau
been better acquainted than with the Daci. san. & Plut.
From Dacus comes Davus, the common name DAEDāLUs, an Athenian, son of Epaulamus,
of slaves in Greek and Roman plays. Geta descended from Erechtheus, king of Athens.
was used in the same sense.] He was the most ingenious artist of his age,
-

DActy Li, a name given to the priest of Cy and to him we are indebted for the invention
bele, which some derive from Jax'ruxor, finger, of the wedge, the axe, the wimble, the level,
because they were ten, the same number as and many other mechanical instruments, and
the fingers of the hand. Paus. 1, c. 8. the sails of ships. He made statues, which
Dords LA, a mountain and city of Lycia, moved of themselves, and seemed to be en
where Daedalus was buried according to Pliny dowed with life. Talus, his sister's son, pro
5, c. 27.-A name given to Circe, from her mised to be as great as himself, by the ingenu
being cunning, (3=14|axo'), and like Daedalus ity of his inventions; and therefore, from envy,
addicted to deceit and artifice. Purg. .42n. he threw him down from a window and kill
7, v. 282. Two festivals in Boeotia. One ed him. After the murder of this youth, Dae
of these was observed at Alalcomenos by the dalus, with his son Icarus, fled from Athens to
Plataeans, in a large grove, where they ex Crete, where Minos, king of the country, gave
posed in the open air pieces of boiled flesh, him a cordial reception. Daedalus made a
and carefully observed whither the crows famous labyrinth for Minos, and assisted Pa
that came to prey upen then directed their siphae, the queen, to gratify her unnatural
flight. All the trees upon which any of these passion for a bull. For this action, Daedalus
birds alighted were immediately cut down, incurred the displeasure of Minos, who order.
and with them statues were made, called ed him to be confined in the labyrinth which
Dardala, in honour of Daedalus. The other he had constructed. Here he made himself
festival was of a more solemn kind. It was wings with feathers and wax, and carefully
 DA DA

fitted them to his body, and to that of his son, of the Adriatic. [Dalmatia was separated
who was the companion of his confinement. from Liburnia, the remaining part of Illyri
They took their flight in the air from Crete; cum, to the south-east of which it lay, by the
but the heat of the sun melted the wax on river Titius. Its modern name is Delmatia,
the wings of Icarus, whose flight was too high. from its ancient capital Delmium or Delmi
and he fell into that part of the ocean, which nium, which the Romans took and destroyed
from him has been called the Icarian Sea. A. U. C. 597. Dalmatia, according tº an
The father, by a proper management of his cient tradition, abounded with gold, and
wings, alighted at Cumae, where he built a artial in one of his epigrams calls it the
temple to Apollo, and thence directed his land which produced gold.] Horat. 2, od.
course to Sicily, where he was kindly receiv l, v. 16.-Lamprid. in Commod. 8.—Strab.
ed by Cocalus, who reigned over part of the 7 –Ptol. 2.
country. He left many monuments of his in DAMAGEtus, a man of Rhodes, who in
genuity in Sicily, which still existed in the age quired of the oracle what wife he ought to
of Diodorus Siculus. He was despatched by marry; and received for answer, the daugh
Cocalus, who was afraid of the power of M1 ter of the bravest of the Greeks. He appli
nos, who had declared war against him, be ed to Aristomenes, and obtained his daughter
cause he had given an asylum to Daedalus. in marriage, B.C. 679. Paus. 4, c. 24.
The flight of Daedalus from Crete with wings DAMAscen E, a part of Syria near mount
is explained, by observing that he was the in . Libanus. [It derived its name from 1)amas
ventor of sails, which in his age might pass at cus, which was situate in it.]
a distance for wings. Paus. 1, 7 and 9.- DAMAscius, a stoic of Damascus, who
Diod. 4.—Orid. Met. 8, fab. 3.-Herod. wrote a philosophical history, the life of Isi
De Art. Am. 2. Trist. 3, el. 4.—Hygin. fab. dorus, and four books on extraordinary events,
40.-Virg. .42n. 6, v. 14.—Apollod. 3, c. , in the age of Justinian. His works, which
&c.—Herodot. 7, c. 170. There were two are now lost, were greatly esteemed, accord
statuaries of the same name, one of Sicyou. ing to Photius.
son of Patroclus, the other a native of Bithy DAMAscus. [a rich and ancient city of Da
nia. Paus. 7, c. 14.—Arrian. mascene in Syria, beautifully situated in a
DAEMoN, a kind of spirit, which, as the an valley still called Gouteh Demesk, or, “the or
cients supposed, presided over the actions of chard of Damascus,” and watered by a river
mankind, gave them their private counsels, called by the Greeks Bardine or Chrysorrho
and carefully watched over their most secret as, “the golden stream,” now Baradi. The Sy
intentions. Some of the ancient philosophers riac name of the stream was Parphar. Da
maintained that every man had two of these mascus is supposed to have been founded by
Daemons ; the one bad, and the other good. Uz, the eldest son of Aram. However this
These Daemons had the power of changing may be, it subsisted in the time of Abraham,
themselves into whatever they pleased, and and may be reckoned one of the most ancient
of assuming whatever shapes were most sub cities in being. Damascus was seized by
servient to their intentions. At the momen: the Romans in the war of Pompey with Ti
of death, the Daemon delivered up to judgment granes, B.C. 65, and remained in their pos
the person with whose care he had been in session until taken by the Saracens, A. D.
trusted; and according to the evidence he de 634. It is now the capital of a Pachalic.
livered, sentence was passed over the body. The Arabs call it El-Sham, and the oriental
The Daemop of Socrates is famous in history. name Demesk is known only to geographers.]
That great philosopher asserted that the ge Lucan. 3, v. 215.-Justin. 36, c. 2.-Mela, 1,
nius informed him when any of his friends c. 11.
was going to engage in some unfortunate en DAMAsippus, a merchant of old seals and
terprise, and stopped him from the commis vessels, who, after losing his all in unfortunate
sion of all crimes and impiety. [vid. So. schemes in commerce, assumed the name and
crates.]. The Genii or Daemons, though at habit of a stoic philosopher. Horat. 2, Sat. 3.
first reckoned only as the subordinate minis DAMN11, [one of the ancient nations of
ters of the superior deities, received divine Scotland, whose country answered to the mo
honour in length of time, and we find altars dern Clydesdale, Renfrew, Lenox, and Stir
and statues erected to a Genio loci, Gento ling.
-4 ugusti, Junonibus, &c. Cie. Tusc. 1.-Plut
de Gen. Socr.
ſººn [or DuMNoN11, a people of
Britain, whose country answered to the mo
DAHAE. vid. Daae. Jern Devonshire and Cornwall. As the se
DALDEs, a solemnity observed by the veral tribes of the Damnonii submitted with
‘Greeks. It lasted three days. The first wa out much resistance to the Romans, and ne
in commemoration of Latona's labour; the ver joined in any revolt against them, their
second in memory of Apollo's birth; and the conquerors were under no necessity of build
third in honour of the marriage of Polalirius, ing many forts, or keeping many garrisons in
and the mother of Alexander. Torches were their country. Hence it happens that few
always carried at the celebration ; whence Roman antiquities have been found here, and
the name. that the name of its people is seldom meil
Dalmatius, one of the Caesars in the age tioned by the Roman writers.]
of Constantine, who died A. D. 337. DAMo, a daughter of Pythagoras, who, by
DALMATIA, a part of Illyricum, at the east order of her father, devoted her life to per
 DA DA

petual celibacy, and induced others to follow prevent Danae from becoming a mother
her example. Pythagoras at his death in proved fruitless; and Jupiter, who was ena
trusted her with all the secrets of his philo moured of her, introduced himself to her bed,
sophy, and gave her the unlimited care of by changing himself into a golden shower.
his compositions, under the promise that she From his embraces Danae had a son, with
never would part with them. She faithfully whom she was exposed on the sea by her fa
obeyed his injunctions; and though in the her. The wind drove the bark which car
extremest poverty, she refused to obtain mo ried her to the coasts of the island of Seriphus,
ney by the violation of her father's com where she was saved by some fishermen, and
mands. Laert. in Pythag. carried to Polydectes king of the place, whose
DAMöcLEs, one of the flatterers of Diony brother, called Dyctis, educated the child,
sius the elder, of Sicily. He admired the ty called Perseus, and tenderly treated the mo
rant's wealth, and pronounced him the hap ther. Polydecues fell in love with her; but as
piest man on earth. Dionysius prevailed he was afraid of her son, he sent him to con
upon him to undertake for a while the charge quer the Gorgons, pretending that he wished
of royalty, and be convinced of the happiness Medusa's head to adorn the nuptials which
which a sovereign enjoyed. Damocles as he was going to celebrate with Hippodamia,
cended the throne, and while he gazed upon the daughter of CEnomaus. When Perseus
the wealth and splendour that surrounded had victoriously finished his expedition, he
him, he perceived a sword hanging over his retired to Argos with Danae, to the house
head by a horse hair. This so terrified him of Acrisius, whom he inadvertently killed.
that all his imaginary felicity vanished at Some suppose that it was Proetus the brother
once, and he begged Dionysius to remove of Acrisius, who introduced himself to Danae
him from a situation which expºsed his life to in the brazen tower ; and instead of a golden
such fears and dangers. Cic. in Tuscul.5, c. 21. shower, it was maintained, that the keepers
DAMon, a poet and musician of Athens, of Danae were bribed by the gold of her se
intimate with Pericles and distinguished for ducer. Virgil mentions that she came to Ita
his knowledge of government and fondness of ly with some fugitives of Argos, and that she
discipline. He was banished for his intrigues founded a city called Ardea. Orid. Met. 4,
about 430 years before Christ. C. Nep. 15, v. 611. Art. Am. 3, v. 415. Amor. 2, el. 19,
c. 2.--Plut. in Pericl.—A Pythagorean v. 27.-Horat. 3, od. 16.-Homer. Il. 14, v.
philosopher, very intimate with Pythias. 319.-Apollod. 2, c. 2 and 4.—Stat. Theb. 1,
When he had been condemned to death by v. 255.-Virg. JEn. 7, v. 410.
Dionysius, he obtained from the tyrant leave DANA1, a name given to the people of Ar
to go and settle his domestic affairs, on pro gos, and promiscuously to all the Greeks,
mise of returning at a stated hour to the from Danaus their king. Virg. and Ovid.
place of execution. Pythias pledged himself passim.
to undergo the punishment which was to be DANAIDEs, the fifty daughters of Danaus
inflicted on Damon, should he not return in king of Argos. When their uncle Ægyptus
time, and he consequently delivered himself came froun Aegypt with his fifty sons, they
into the hands of the tyrant. Damon returned were promised in marriage to their cousins;
at the appointed moment, and Dionysius was so but before the celebration of their nuptials,
struck with the fidelity of those two friends, Danaus who had been informed by an oracle
that he remitted the punishment,and entreated that he was to be killed by the hands of one
them to permit him to share their friendship, of his sons-in-law, made his daughters so
and enjoy their confidence. Pal. Mar. 4, c. 7 lemnly promise that they would destroy their
DAMophila, a poetess of Lesbos, wife of husbands. They were provided with dag
Pamphilus. She was intimate with Sappho, gers by their father, and all, except Hyperm
and not only wrote hymns in honour of Dia nestra, stained their hands with the blood
na and of the gods, but opened a school, where
of their cousins, the first night of their nup
the younger persons of her sex were taught tials; and as a pledge of their obedience to
the various powers of music and poetry. Phi their father's injunctions, they presented him
lostr. each with the head of the murdered sons of
DANA, [a large town of Cappadocia. AEgyptus. Hypermnestra was summoned to
D'Anville makes it to have been the same appear before her father, and answer for her
with Tyana, an opinion which is ably refut disobedience in suffering her husband Lyn
ed by Mannert, who maintains that it lay ceus to escape: but the unanimous voice
more to the south-east, and coincides with of the people declared her innocent, and in
the Tanadaris of Ptolemy. It is mentioned consequence of her honourable acquittal, she
in Xenophon's Anabasis as being in the vi dedicated a temple to the goddess Persua
cinity of the Cilician Gates. The posi sion. The sisters were purified of this mur
tion of Tyana on Mannert's chart is north der by Mercury and Minerva, by order of
of the Cilician pass; in D'Anville's, it is to Jupiter; but, according to the more receiv
the north-east.] ed opinion, they were condemned to se
DXNAE, the daughter of Acrisius king of vere punishment in hell, and were compell
Argos, by Eurydice. She was confined in a ed to fill with water a vessel full of holes,
brazen tower by her father, who had been so that the water ran out as soon as pour
told by an oracle that his daughter's son ed into it, and therefore their labour was
would put him to death. His endeavours to infinite, and their punishment eternal. [Eu
 DA DA

sebius and some others suggest, that what tween the brothers, and Danaus set sail with
had given rise to this fiction was, that they had his fifty daughters in quest of a settlement.
laboured in digging wells in Argos, where He visited Rhodes, where he consecrated a
some of them had been continually drawing statue to Minerva, and arrived safe on the
water by pumps, which is a painful exercise; coast of Peloponnesus, where he was hospita
whence those who were condemned to this la bly received by Gelanor, king of Argos. Ge
bour took occasion to say, that the gods, to lanor had lately ascended the throne, and the
punish these princesses, had sentenced them in first years of his reign were marked with
hell to fill a vessel full of holes.] The names dissensions with his subjects. Danaus took
of the Danaides and their husbands were as advantage of Gelanor's unpopularity, and
follows, according to Apollodorus: Amymone obliged him to abdicate the crown. In Gela
married Enceladus ; Automate, Busiris ; mor, the race of the Inachidae was extinguish
Agave, Lycus : Scea, Dayphron; Hippoda ed, and the Beludes began to reign at Argos in
mia, Ister; Rhodia, Chalcedon; Calyce, an Danaus. Some authors say, that Gelanor vo.
other Lynceus; Gorgophone, Proteus; Cleo luntarily resigned the crown to Danaus on ac
patra, Agenor; Asteria, Chaetus ;... Glauce, count of the wrath of Neptune, who had dried
Zºleis; Hippodamia, Dyacorytes; Hippome up all the waters of Argolis to punish the
dusa, Alcmenon; Gorge, Hippothous; Iphi impiety of Inachus. The success of Danaus
medusa, Euchenor; Rhode, Hippolitus ; invited the fifty sons of Ægyptus to embark
Pirea, Agoptolemus; Cercestis, Dorion; for Greece. They were kindly received by
Pharte, Eurydamas; Mnestra, AEgius their uncle, who, either apprehensive of their
Evippe, Arigius; Anaxibia, Archelaus ; Ne uumber, or terrified by an oracle which
lo, Melachus; Clite, Clitus; Stenele, Stene threatened his ruin by one of his sons-in-law,
lus; Chrysippe, Chrysippus : Autonoe, Eu caused his daughters, to whom they were
rylochus; Theano, Phantes; Electra, Pe. promised in marriage, to murder them the
risthenes; Eurydice, Dryas ; Glaucippe, first night of their nuptials. His fatal orders
Potamon; Autholea, Cisseus; Cleodora, Lix were executed, but Hypermnestra alone
us; Evippe, Imbrus; Erata, Bromius; spared the life of Lynceus. (rid. Danaides.)
Stygne, Polyctor; Bryce, Chtonius; Actea, Danaus, at first, persecuted Lynceus with un
Periphas; Podarce, CEneus; Dioxippe, AEgyp remitted fury, but he was afterwards recon
tus; Adyte, Menalces; Ocipete, Lampus; ciled to him, and he acknowledged him for
Pilarge, Idmon; Hippodice, Idas ; Adiante, his son-in-law and successor, after a reign of
Daiphron; Callidia, Pandion; OEme, Arbe 50 years. He died about 1425 years before
lus; Celeno, Hixbius; Hyperia, Hippoco the Christian era, and after death he was ho
ristes. The heads of the sons of Ægyptus noured with a splendid monument in the town
were buried at Argos; but their bodies were of Argos, which still existed in the age of
left at Lerna, where the murder had been Pausanias. According to AEschylus, Danaus
committed. Apollod.' 2, c. 1.-Horat. 3, od. left Egypt not to be present at the marriage
11.-Strab. 8.-Paus. 2, c. 16.—Hygin. fab. of his daughters with the sons of his brother,
163, &c. a connexion which he deemed unlawful and
DANAPERIs, [another name for the Bo impious. The ship in which Danaus came to
rysthenes, first mentioned in an anonymous Greece was called Armais, and was the first
Periplus of the Euxine Sea. It is now the that ha-1 ever appeared there. It is said that
Dnieper. The Dnieper rises in the Valda, the use of pumps was first introduced into
hills, near the sources of the Duna, and after Greece by Danaus. Apollod. 2, c. 1. – Paus.
a winding course of about 800 miles, falls into 2, c. 19.-Hygin. fab. 168, &c.—Herodot. 2,
the Black Sea a little to the east of the Dnies c. 91, &c. 7, c. 94.
ter. In the lower part of its course the navi DANubius, [the largestriver of Europe (ex
gation is impeded by islands, and at one cept the Rha, or, Volga,) and called in Ger
place, about 200 miles from its mouth, by falls man the Donau, by us the Danube. Strabo
which continue for nearly 40 miles. A little and Pliny make it rise in the chain of Mons
above its mouth the river widens into a kind Abnoba, or the mountains of the Black forest.
of lake or marsh, called Liman, into which According to modern accounts it has its
the Bog, the ancient Hypanis or Bogus, one source near the small town of Donneschingen,
of the principal tributaries of the Dnieper, in the court-yard of the palace of the princes
discharges itself.] of Furstenberg in Suabia. It is one of the
[DANAstus, another name of the Tyras or few rivers which run from West to East, tra
Dniester. It is called Danastus by Ammia versing Austria, Hungary, and part of Tur
nus Marcellinus, Danastrus by Constantine, key in Europe, and, after a course of about
Porphyrogenitus, (de administr. Imperio, c. 1620 miles, falls into the Black Sea. It is of
3.) and Danaslu by Jornandes. The Dniester irregular width, being sometimes confined be
rises from a lake amid the Carpathian moun tween rocks and mountains, at other times so
tains in Austrian Gallicia, and empties into wide that it almost resembles a sea, and again
the Black Sea, after a course of about 600 broken and divided into small streams by nu
miles.] merous islands. It receives 60 navigable ri
DANäus, a son of Belus and Anchinoe, vers, the largest of which is the (Enus, or, Inn;
who, after his father's death, reigned conjoint and 120 smaller streams. It is always yellow
ly with his brother Egyptus on the throne of with mud, and its sands are every where au
Egypt. Some time after, a difference arose be riferous. At its entrance into the Black Sea,
 DA DA

it is shallow, its waters are spread over an Apollo, celebrated every ninth year by the
immense surface, and lie stagnating among Boeotians. Il was then usual to adorn an
an infinity of reeds and other aquatic plants. olive bough with garlands of laurel and other
The current of the river communicates a flowers, and place on the top a brazen globe.
whitish colour to the sea, and gives a fresh on which were suspended smaller ones. In
ness to it for nearly 9 leagues, and within one the middle was placed a number of crowns,
league renders it fit for use. Pomponius Me and a globe of inferior size, and the bottom
la says it had as many mouths as the Nile, ol was adorned with a saffron-coloured garment.
which three were small and four navig ble. The globe on the top represented the sun, or
Only two now remain, which can scarcely be Apollo; that in the middle was an emblem of
entered by ships of considerable size or bur. the moon, and the others of the stars. The
then, the rest being choked up. The ancients crowns, which were 365 in number, represent
gave the name of Ister to the eastern part of ed the sun's annual revolutions. This bough
this river after its junction with the Savus o was carried in solemn procession by a beauti
Saave. The Greeks and Romans were very ful youth of an illustrious family, and whose
imperfectly acquainted with the whole course parents were both living. The youth was
of the stream, which was for a long period the dressed in rich garments which reached to
northern boundary of the Roman empire in the ground, his hair hung lose and dishevel
this quarter. This river was an object of wor led, his head was covered with a golden crown,
ship to the Scythians. The river-god is re and he wore on his feet shoes called Iphicra
presented on a medal of Trajan; but the finest tidae, from Iphicrates an Athenian who first
figure of him is on the column of that empe invented them. He was called Azovategºr,
ror at Rome.] Dionys. Perieg.—Herodot. 2, laurel-bearer, and at that time he executed
c. 33. l. 4, c. 48, &c.—Strab. 4.—Plun. 4, c. the office of priest of Apollo. He was pre
12.-Ammian. 23. ceded by one of his nearest relations, bearing
DApHNAE, a town of Egypt, 16 miles from a rod adorned with garlands, and behind him
Pelusiun, [on the route from Memphis, on the followed a train of virgins with branches in
Pelusiac mouth of the Nile. Herodot. 2, c. 30. their hands. In this order the procession ad
DApHNE, a daughter of the river Peneus or vanced as far as the temple of Apollo, sur
of the Ladon, by the goddess Terra, of whom named Ismenius, where supplicatory hymns
Apollo became enamoured. This passion had were sung to the god.—This festival owed
been raised by Cupid, with whom Apollo, its origin to the following circumstance: when
proud of his late conquest over the serpent an oracle advised the AEtolians, who inhabit
Python, had disputed the power of his darts. ed Arne and the adjacent country, to aban
Daphne heard with horror the addresses of don their ancient possessions, and go in quest
the god, and endeavoured to remove herself of a settlement, they invaded the Theban ter
from his importunities by flight. Apollo pur ritories, which at that time were pillaged by
sued her ; and Daphne, fearful of being an army of Pelasgians. As the celebration of
caught, entreated the assistance of the gods, Apollo's festivals was near, both nations, who
who changed her into a laurel. Apollo crown religiously observed it, laid aside all hostili
ed his head with the leaves of the laurel, and ties, and, according to custom, cut down lau
for ever ordered that the tree should be a rel boughs from mount Helicon, and in the
cred to his divinity. Some say that Daphne neighbourhood of the river Melas, and walk
was admired by Leucippus, son of OEnomaus ed in procession in honour of the divinity.
king of Pisa, who, to be in her company, dis The day that this solemnity was observed,
guised his sex, and attended her in the woods, Polemates, the general of the Boeotian army,
in the habit of a huntress. Leucippus gained saw a youth in a dream that presented him
Daphne's esteem aud love; but Apollo, who with a complete suit ofarmour, and command
was his powerful rival, discovered his sex, and ed the Boeotians to offer solemn prayers to
Leucippus was killed by the companions of Apollo, and walk in procession with laurel
Diana. [The fable of Apollo and Daphne boughs in their hands every ninth year. Three
merely denotes the perpetual verdure of the days after this dream, the Boeotian general
laurel, called Azown by the Greeks.] Ovid made a sally, and cut off the greatest part of
.Met. 1, v. 452, &c.—Parthen. Erotic. c. the besiegers, who were compelled by this
15.-Paus. 8, c. 20.-A daughter of Ti blow to relinquish their enterprise. Pole
resias, priestess in the temple of Delphi. mates immediately instituted a novenmial fes
supposed by some to be the same as Manto. tival to the god who seemed to be the patron
She was consecrated to the service of Apollo of the Boeotians. Paus. Barotic, &c.
by the Epigoni, or, according to others, by the DAphnis, a shepherd of Sicily, son of
goddess Tellus. She was called Sibyl, on ac Mer ury by a Sicilian nymph. He was edu
count of the wildness of her looks and ex rated by the nymphs. Pan taught hio to sing
pressions, when she delivered oracles. Her and play upon the pipe, and the muses inspir
oracles were generally in verse, and Home", ed him with the love of poetry. It is sup
according to some accounts, has introduced posed he was the first who wrote pastoral
much of her poetry in his compositions. Di oetry, in which his successor Theocritus so
od. 4.—Paus. 10, c. 5. A famous grove happily excelled. He was extremely fond of
near Antioch, consecrated to voluptuousness hunting; and at his death, five of his dogs,
and luxury. ||from their attachment to him, refused all ali
"ApHNEphonia, a festival in honour of ments, and pined away. From the celebrity
an ex->
 DA DA

of this shepherd, the name of Daphnis has DAREs, a Phrygian, who lived during the
been appropriated by the poets, ancient and Trojan war, in which he was engaged, and of
modern, to express a person fond of rural which he wrote the history in Greek. This
employments, and of the peaceful innocence history was extant in the age of Ælian; the
which accompanies the tending of flocks. Latin translation, now extant, is universally
.Elian. W. H. 10, c. 18.-Diod. 4. -
believed to be spurious, though it is attributed
DAPHNUs, [a part of the canal of Constan by some to Cornelius Nepos. [The best edi
tinople at the distance of 80 stadia from the tion is that of Madame Dacier, in Usum Del
city and 40 from the Euxine Sea.—A town phini, Paris, 1680, 4to. This edition, how
of the Locrii Opunti, situate on the sea-coast, ever, is very rare, and its place is usually sup
at the mouth of a river of the same name, plied by a re-print, edited by Perizonius,
near the frontiers of the Epicnemidian Locri. .1mst. 1702, 4to..] Homer. Il. 5, v. 10 and 27.
into this river the body of Hesiod was thrown –One of the companions of Æneas, des
after his murder. vid. Hesiodus.] cended from Amycus, and celebrated as a
DARibA, [a town of Ethiopia, placed by pugilist at the funeral games in honour of
Strabo on the other side of the forest of Cu Hector, where he killed Butes. He was
mania, and in the vicinity of the country be killed by Turnus in Italy. Wirg...ºn. 5, v.
longing to the people called Elephantophagi.] 369, l. 12, v. 363.
DARANTAsia, a town of Belgic Gaul, call DARIUs, [for the import of this name
ed also Forum Claudii, and now Monstier. in ancient Persian, and other particulars, vid.
DARDANIA, ſa district of Troas, in the Daricus, a noble satrap of Persia, son of
north, called so from its inhabitants the Dar Hystaspes, who conspired with six other
dani. These derived their name from Dar noblemen to destroy Smerdis, who usurped
danus, who built here the city Dardania. the crown of Persia after the death of Cam
This district extended on the coast from Aby byses. On the murder of the usurper, the
dos to the promontory Rhaeteum, and inland seven conspirators universally agreed that he
to the sources of the Granicus. A country whose horse neighed first should be appointed
of Illyria in Dalmatia, the capital of which king. In consequence of this resolution, the
bore the same name. A name given to a groom of Darius previously led his master's
region north of Macedonia, called afterwards horse to a mare at a place near which the
Dacia Mediterranea, vid. Dacia.] seven noblemen were to pass. On the mor
DARDANIDEs, a name given to AEneas, as row before sun-rise, when they proceeded to
descended from Dardanus. The word, in the appointed place, after riding up and down,
the plural number, is applied to the Trojan they came at length to the spot whither the
women. Virg...En. horse had been led the preceding evening;
LDARDAN is, a promontory of Troas, on the horse recollecting the mare, suddenly
which was situate the city of Dardanus. It neighed; and at the same time a clap of
is now called Cape Berbieri, or, Kepos Burun. thunder was heard, as if in approbation of
The Hellespont here begins to contract it the choice. The noblemen dismounted from
self.] their horses, and saluted Darius king; and a
[DARDi Nus, a city of Troas, on the pro resolution was made among them, that the
montory Dardanis. It lay at the distance of king's wives should be taken from no other
70 stadia from Rhaeteum and about the same family but that of the conspirators, and that
distance from the town of Abydos. It is said they should for ever enjoy the unlimited pri
to have been founded by Dardanus and named vilege of being admitted into the king's pre
after him. The city no longer exists, but the sence without previous introduction. Da
name is supposed to have been communicat rius was 29 years old when he ascended the
ed to the Dardanelles or ancient Hellespont. throne, and he soon distingushed himself by
In this city Mithridates and Sylla concluded his activity and military accomplishments.
peace.] He besieged Babylon; which he took after a
DARDANUs, a son of Jupiter and Electra, siege of 20 months, by the artifice of Zopy
who killed his brother Jasius to obtain the rus. From thence he marched against the
kingdom of Etruria after the death of his re Scythians, and in his way conquered Thrace.
puted father Corytus, and fled to Samothrace, This expedition was unsuccessful; and, after
and thence to Asia Minor, where he married several losses and disasters in the wilds of
Batia, the daughter of Teucer, king of Teu Scythia, the king retired with shame. [The
cria. After the death of his father-in-law he expedition of Darius into Scythia has given
ascended the throne, and reigned 62 years. rise to considerable discussion, the point in
He built the city of Dardania, and was reck volved being to ascertain how far the Persian
ened the founder of the kingdom of Troy. monarch penetrated into the country. Ac
He was succeeded by Erichthonius. Accord cording to Herodotus, he crossed the Thracian
ing to some, Corybas, his nephew, accoun Bosporus, marched through Thrace, passed
panied him to Teucria, where he introduced the Danube on a bridge of boats, and then
the worship of Cybele. Dardanus taught his pursued a Scythian division as far as the Ta
subjects to worship Minerva; and he gave nais. Having crossed this river, he travers
them two statues of the goddess, one of which ed the territories of the Sauronatae as far as
is well known by the name of Palladium. the Budini, whose city he burnt. Beyond
Pirg. -En. 3, v. 167.-Paus. 7, c. 4.—Hygin. the Budini he entered upon a vast desert, and
fab. 155 and 275.-Apollod. 3.-Homer, Il. 20. reached the river Oarus, where he remained
2 G 233
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some considerable time, erecting forts upon the Athenians.” Mardonius the king's son
its banks. Finding that the Scythians had in-law was entrusted with the care of the
disappeared, he left these works only half war. After crossing the Hellespont, he
finished, turned his course to the westward, marched down through Thrace, but in en
and advancing by rapid marches, entered deavouring to double Mount Athos, he lost
Scythia, where he fell in with two of the 300 vessels, and it is said more than 20,000
divisions of the enemy. Pursuing these, he men. After this he was attacked in the night
traversed the territories of the Melanchlaeni, by the Brygi, who killed many of his men,
Androphagi, and Neuri, without being able to and wounded Mardonius himself. He suc
bring them to an engagement. Provisions ceeded, however, in defeating and reducing
failing, he was eventually compelled to re them under his power, but his army was so
cross the Danube, (vid. Histiaeus,) glad to weakened by these circumstances that he
have saved a small portion of his once nu was compelled to return ingloriously to Asia.
merous army. According to Rennel, the Darius, more animated by this loss, sent a
Persian monarch, in marching against the more considerable force, under the command
Scythians, crossed the Danube between Ismail of Datis and Artaphernes, with orders to
and the junction of that river with the Pruth, sack the cities of Athens and Eretria, and to
and penetrated as far as Saratow on the Wol send to him all the surviving inhabitants in
ga. It is very doubtful, however, whether fetters. The Persians took the isle of Naxos
barius proceeded as far as this, especially and the city of Eretria in Euboea, but were
when we take into consideration the time defeated with great slaughter by the Athe
consumed by a Persian army in making an nians and Plataeans under the celebrated Mil
expedition, and the difficulty of crossing large tiades at Marathon. Their fleet was also
and rapid rivers. According to other ac completely unsuccessful in an attempt to sur
counts, (Strabo 7, p. 305.) Darius only prise Athens after the battle. vid. Miltiades
came as far as the sandy tract between the and Marathon.] Darius was not dishearten
Danube and the Tyras, in the present Bessa ed by this severe blow, but he resolved to
rabia, where, in after days, Antigonus was carry on the war in person, and immediately
taken prisoner by the Scythians, with his ordered a still larger army to be levied. He
. . whole army. To wipe away the disgrace of died in the midst of his preparations, B.C.
this unfortunate enterprise, we find the Per 485, after a reign of 36 years, in the 65th
sian monarch shortly after undertaking an year of his age. [This sovereign is entitled
expedition against India. In this he was to the praise of wisdom, justice, and huma
more successful, and conquered a part of the nity, when compared with the generality of
Pendjab; not, however, the whole country, eastern despots.] Herodot. 1, 2, &c.—Diod.
as some modern writers erroneously repre 1.—Justin. 1, c. 9.-Plut. in. Arist.—C.JNep.
sent. Some time after this, Miletus having in Miltiad.—The second king of Persia of
revolted, and Aristagoras, its ruler, having that name, was also called Ochus in Persian,
solicited aid from the Athenians, for the in Greek Nothus, because he was the illegi.
purpose of enabling it to maintain its inde timate son of Artaxerxes Longimanus by a
pendence, they sent twenty ships, to which concubine. Soon after the murder of Xerxes
the Eretrians added five more, in order to he ascended the throne of Persia, and mar
requite a kindness previously received from ried Parysatis, his sister, a cruel and am
the Milesians. Aristagoras, upon this suc. bitious woman, by whom he had Artaxerxes
cour arriving, resolved to make an expeditionMnemon, Amestris, and Cyrus the younger.
against Sardis, the residence of the Persian He carried on many wars with success, un
satrap. Accordingly, lauding at Ephesus, der the conduct of his generals and of his son
the confederates marched inland, took Sar. Cyrus. He died B. C. 404, after a reign of
dis, and drove the governor into the citadel. 19 years, and was succeeded by his son Ar
Most of the houses in Sardis were built of taxerxes, who asked him on his death-bed,
reeds; and even those which were built of what had been the guide of his conduct in
brick, were roofed with reeds. One of these the management of the empire, that he might
was set on fire by a soldier, and immediately imitate him : The ductates of justice and ºf
the flame spread from house to house, and religion, replied the expiring monarch. Jus
consumed the whole city. The light of the tin. 5, c. 11.--Diud. 12. The third of
conflagration shewing to the Greeks the great that name was the last king of Persia, sur
numbers of their opponents, who were begin named Codomanus. The eunuch Bagoas
ning to rally, being constrained by necessity raised him to the throne, though not nearly
to defend themselves, as their retreat was allied to the royal family, in hopes that he
cut off by the river Pactolus, the former re would be subservient to his will; but he pre
tired through fear, and regained their ships. pared to poison him when he saw him des.
Upon the receipt of this intelligence Darius pise his advice, and aim at independence.
having called for a bow, put an arrow into it Darius discovered his perfidy, aud made him
and shot it into the air, with these words, drink the poison which he had prepared
“Grant, O Jupiter, that I may be able to re. against his life. The peace of Darius was
venge myself upon the Athenians.” After early disturbed, and Alexander invaded Per
he had thus spoken he commanded one of his sia to avenge the injuries which the Greeks
attendants thrice every time dinner was set had suffered from the predecessors of Darius.
before him, to exclaim, “master! remember [Darius did not take the command of his a-.
234
 DA DA

my in person, until after the battle of Grani |francs, very nearly 5 dollars 75 cents, of our
cus had been fought, and Alexander had ad currency : a computation which appears
vanced into Cilicia. He then proceeded to much too large.—The darick had on one side
meet him in all the pomp of royalty, but with the head of Darius, whence the name of the
a force ill adapted to contend with such an coin, and on the reverse an archer bending
enemy. He resolved, nevertheless, to hazard his bow. This gave rise to the witticism of
a battle, contrary to the advice and opinion of Agesilaus, who said that he had been driven
his Greek allies. The battle at Issus was out of Asia by thirty thousand archers, mean
ſought, and Darius took the command, but |ing so many daricks distributed among the
fled with such precipitation that he left be Greek cities by the Persian king. Who the
hind him his bow, shield, and mantle. His | Darius was from whom the coin received its
camp was plundered, and his mother, wife and name has never been clearly ascertained.
children ſell into the hands of the conqueror. According to the scholiast on Aristophanes
In vain, after this, did Darius supplicate for an (Eccles. 589.) and also Harpocration and
accommodation; Alexander went on in the ca Suidas, the darick did not obtain this appella
reer of victory, and in a second pitched battle, |tion from the son of Hystaspes, but from a
at Gaugamela, conmonly called the battle of more ancient king of the name of Ilarius.
Arbela, (cºd. Arbela) Darius again fought and |Hence some writers are led to infer that Da
again disgraceſully fled. He now lost Baby |rius the Mede, who is mentioned by Daniel,
lon, Susa, Persepolis, and all his treasures, (c. 5, v. 31.) was the same with the Cyaxares
and sought for personal safety at Ecbatana ; of whom Xenophon speaks. vid. Prideaur
but his misfortunes had alienated the minds |Hist. Connect. l. 2, 538.--Hutchinson. ad
of his subjects, and he was seized by Bessus, Xen. Cyrop. 5, 2, 3.-Perizon. ad.A.lian. V.
governor of Bactriana, who assumed the roy |H. 1, 22.) Wesseling, however, maintains
al authority in his stead. Alexander closely the contrary, and ascribes the origin of the
pursued the usurper and his captive beyond coin in question to the son of Hystaspes; 1st,
the Caspian straits. On reaching the camp because we find no mention made by the
of Bessus at the close of the pursuit, Darius |Greeks of any more ancient Darius than the
was found extended on his chariot, pierced |one just alluded to ; and 2d. because, as the
with many darts.] He asked for water, and |lineage of the monarch is given by Herodo
exclaimed, when he received it from the tus, Darius the son of Hystaspes appears to
hand of a Macedonian, “It is the greatest of have been the first who bore the name.
my misſortunes that I cannot reward thy hu Zeune conjectures (what in fact seems more
manity. Beg Alexander to accept my warm than probable) that Darius the son of Hys
st thanks for the tenderness with which he taspes, only corrected, and gave his name
has treated my wretched family, whilst I am to, an ancient coinage already existing.—As
doomed to perish by the hand of a man whom regards the import of the name Darius in
I have loaded with kindness.” These words Persian, Herodotus informs us that it signifi
of the dying monarch were reported to Alex ed, “one who restrains,” (“g:star.) But he is
ander when he came up, who covered the at variance with Hesychius, who makes it
dead body with his own mantle, and honour equivalent to 28%ruaor, “prudent.” The
edit with a most magnificent funeral. The scanty remains which we have of ancient
traitor Bessus met with a due punishment Persian have prevented the ablest oriental
from the conqueror, who continued his kind. scholars, such as Bochart, Hyde, Reland, An
ness to the unfortunate family of Darius. In quetil, &c. from reconciling this discrepancy.
Darius the empire of Persia was extinguish rud. Reland. Dissert. de vet. ling. Pers. sect.
ed 228 years after it had been first founded 23, 24, 61.—Anquetil. Mem. Acad. Inscript.
by Cyrus the Great. Diod. 17.—Plut. in vol. 31, v. 365.]
Aler.—Justin. 10, 11, &c.—Curtius. A [DAscy Lium, a city of Bithynia, in the dis
son of Xerxes, who married Artaynta. and trict Olympena, placed by D'Anville on a
was killed by Artabanus. Herodot. 9, c. 108. lake at the mouth of the small river Horisius,
—Diod. 11. A son of Artaxerxes, declared which runs, according to him, into the Propon
successor to the throne, as being the eldest tis. Mannert, however, locates it to the west
prince. He conspired against his father's of the mouth of the river Gebes or Gelbes,
life, and was capitally punished. Plut. in. and makes the Horisius flow to the west to
..?rtar. wards the Rhyndacus. This city is named
[DARicus, a Persian coin of the purest by Strabo and Ptolemy Dascylium, as it is
gold, equal to 20 Attic silver drachmae, and here given, but by Mela and Pliny, Dascylos.
of which consequently 5 went to a Mina, and During the continuance of the Persian em
300 to a Talent. Its value in the currency of pire it was the residence of the satrap of My
our own times is, however, very differently sia and Phrygia Minor; hence immediately
estimated by various writers. Reckoning after the battle of Granicus, Alexander de
the Attic drachma equal to 73d. sterling, spatched Parmenio to take possession of it.
which is the ordinary computation, the da ſhe modern name, according to D'Anville,
rick will be equivalent to 13s. sterling, want. is Diaskillo.] -

ing one penny. If, however, it be supposed DATAMEs, a son of Camissares, governor
equal to 84 d. st.then the darick will be 13s. of Caria, and a distinguished general of the
9d. sterling. But M. Gosselin, (Coray, Plut. armies of Artaxerxes. [The success and
Parall. 5. p. 446,) estimates it at about 28% high merit of Datames excited the envy of
235
 DA 1) E

the courtiers, who determined to ruin him. from him was called Daunia, and he was still
Datames, apprised of their intentions, resolv on the throne when Diomedes came to Italy.
ed to be beforehand with them by quitting [vid. Diomedes.] Ptol. 3, c. 1.--Mela, 2, c.
the king's service and making himself inde 4.—Strab. 5-A river of Apulia, now Ca:
pendent.] He was treacherously killed by rapelle. Horat. 3, od. 30. -

Mithridates, who had invited him under pre DAvus, a comic character in the Andria of
tence of entering into the most inviolable Terence. [vid. Dacia.] Horat. 1, Sat.10,
connection and friendship, 362 B. C. C. v. 40.
Nep. in Datam. DEcAröLis, [a country of Palestine, lying
DATAPHERNEs, one of the friends of Bes: to the east and south-east of the sea of Tibe
sus. After the murder of Darius, he betray rias. It seems to have belonged originally to
ed Bessus into Alexander's hands. He also the possessions of the kingdom of Israel, but
revolted from the conqueror, and was deli was afterwards reckoned as a part of Syria.
vered up by the Dahae. Curt. 7, c. 5 and 8. Pliny and Ptolemy both speak of it as forming
DAT is, a general of Darius 1st, sent with a part of the latter country. The name is
an army of 200,000 foot, and 10,000 horse, derived from the circumstance of ten cities
against the Greeks, in conjunction with Arta (ſixa reauc), contained in it, having formed a
phernes. He was defeated at the celebrated confederation in order to oppose the Asmo
battle of Marathon by Miltiades, and some naean princes, by whom the Jewish nation
time after put to death by the Spartans. This was governed until the time of Herod. The
commander, in the exultation which he felt inhabitants were not Jews, but for the most
on occasion of his first success in reducing part of Grecian origin. These ten cities, ac
Naxos, (rid. Darius) exclaimed or hºokwa i zai cording to Ptolemy, were Scythopolis, Hip
tigrowai kal Xangoº at . The word x*goaa. pos, Gadara, Dion, Pella, Gerasa, Philadel
is a barbarism, for the Greeks always said phia, Canatha, Capitolias, and Gadora. Pliny,
x auga. . These kinds of barbarisms were af instead of the two last, gives Damascus and
terwards called Datisms. rid. Aristoph. Paz. Raphana; in the rest his account agrees with
v. 290, and the remarks of the scholiast on v. that of Ptolemy, who seems more worthy of
238.] C. Nep. in Milt. reliance in this instance than the Roman
DAtos, [a town of Europe, which after writer.] Plin. 5, c. 18.
having belonged to Thrace, was transferred DEcEBALUs, a warlike king of the Daci,
to Macedonia when the empire was extended who made a successful war against Domitian.
on that side. It was situate not far from the He was conquered by Trajan, Domitian's
coast, to the north-east of Amphipolis, and successor, and he obtained peace. His active
near the southern extremity of the range of spirit again kindled rebellion, and the Roman
Mount Pangaeus. It stood on a craggy hill, emperor marched against him, and defeated
having a forest to the north, and to the south him. He destroyed himself, and his head
a lake or marsh at a small distance from the was brought to Rome, and Dacia became a
sea. Proserpine is said to have been gather Roman province A. D. 103. Dio. 68.
ing flowers here when she was carried away DEcELEUM, or EA, [now Biala Castro, a
by Pluto. (vid, however, Enna.) This place small village of Attica, north-east of Athens,
was proverbially rich, on account of the mines near the sources of the Cephisus. It was
of gold in its territory. It was at first called taken and fortified by the Lacedæmonians in
Crenides, from the intº (xgnvas) which the 19th year of the Peloponnesian war, and
abounded in the hill on which it was built. from it they greatly annoyed the Athenians.]
Callistratus, the Athenian, afterwards gave it DEcEMviri, ten magistrates of absolute
the name of Datos, expressive, as some sup authority among the Romans. The privi
pose, of the abundance which prevailed there. leges of the patricians raised dissatisfaction
When Philip, king of Macedonia, took pos among the plebeians; who, though freed
session of it, he fortified it and called it ſhi from the power of the Tarquins, still saw
lippi.] Appian. de Civ. that the administration of justice depended
DAULis, a nymph from whom the city of upon the will and caprice of their superiors,
Daulis in Phocis, anciently called Anacris, without any written statute to direct them,
received its name. It was there that Philo and convince them that they were governed
mela and Procne made Tereus eat the flesh with equity and impartiality. The tribunes
of his son, and hence the nightingale, into complained to the senate, and demanded that
which Philomela was changed, is often called a code of laws might be framed for the use
Daulias aris. Ovul. ep. 15, v. 154.—Strab. and benefit of the Roman people. This peti
9.—Paus. 10, c. 3.-Ptol. 3, c. 15.-J.iv. 32. tion was complied with, and three ambassa
c. 18.—Plin. 4, c. 3. dors were sent to Athens, and to all the other
Daunia, [a country of Italy, forming a Grecian states, to collect the laws of Solon,
part of Apulia, and situate on the coast to and of the other celebrated legislators of
the north-west of Peucetia. It derived its Greece. Upon the return of the commis
name from Daunus.] Virg...En. 8, v. 146 – sioners, it was universally agreed that ten
Sil. 9, v. 500, l. 12, v. 429.-Horat. 4, od. 6, new magistrates, called Decemviri, should be
Y. 27. elected from the senate to put the project in
DAusts, a son of Pilumnus and Danae. to execution. Their power was absolute:
He came from Illyricum into Apulia, where all offices ceased after their election, and they
he reigned over pººr the country, which presided-over the city with regal authority
 DE DE

They were invested with the badges of the strangers to, and disposed to resist, the haugh
consul. in the enjoyment of which they suc ty commands of the patricians, who on their
ceeded by turns, and only one was preceded side wished to bring matters back to their
by the fasces, and had the power of assem ancient footing. Hence the secret of all the
bling the senate and confirming decrees. The contests between the two orders. A despe
first decemvirs were Appius Claudius, T. rate effort was finally made by the patricians.
Genutius, P. Sextus, Sp. Veturius, C. Julius, The people had been clamorous for a code of
A.Manlius, Ser. Sulpitius Pluriatus, T.Romu laws, a demand which the patricians, in
lus, Sp. Posthumius, A. U. C. 303. Under whom the wholejudiciary power was vested,
them the laws which had been exposed to and to whem the knowledge of the few laws
public view, that every citizen might speak which then existed was confined, had always
his sentiments, were publicly approved of as very strenuously opposed. After violent al
constitutional, and ratified by the priests and tercations between the two orders, the patri
augurs in the most solemn and religious man cians on a sudden yielded to the popular
ner. These laws were ten in number, and wish, and became apparently as desirous of a
were engraved on tables of brass; two were code of laws as the people themselves were ;
afterwards added, and they were called the when, however, it came to the choice of
laws of the twelve tables, leges duodecim ta commissioners who should be sent abroad or
bularum, and leges decenvirales. The de the purpose of inspecting foreign codes, the
cemviral power, which was beheld by all nobility insisted that all three deputies should
ranks of people with the greatest satisfaction, be of patrician rank. They gained their
was continued; but the decenvirs now soon point, and three of their own order were
became odious on account of their tyranny, sent. That these deputies actually went
and the attempt of Ap. Claudius to ravish to Greece is a point far from being well es
Virginia was followed by the total abolition tablished. Indeed, the contrary would seem
of the office. The people were so exasperat much nearer the truth. We have, it is
ed against them, that they demanded them true, the authority of Florus, Orasius, and
from the senate, to burn them alive. Con Aurelius Victor, in favour of the Roman
suls were again appointed, and tranquillity laws having been compiled from the code
re-established in the state. [The affair of the of Solon; but, on the other hand, Diodorus
decemviri is involved in considerable obscu Siculus, who makes mention of the De
rity. A careful examination of the whole cemviri, and of the laws compiled by them,
subject gives rise to the suspicion, that it was says nothing of the Romans having sent to
an artful and well concerted scheme on the Athens for that purpose; and in none of the
part of the nobility to regain the power of works of Cicero is any account given of this
which they had been dispossessed by the gra deputation. It must not be denied, however,
dual encroachments of the commons, and was that Dion Cassius makes Cicero remark, a
only frustrated by the selfish and inordinate little after the death of Caesar, that their
ambition of the leading agents. In Rome forefathers had not disdained to borrow some
(ſar earlier in its origin than the era of Ro laws from Athens; and Cicero himself, in his
mulus,) the patricians seem to have formed treatise “ on laws”, speaking of a funeral law
the ruling portion of the inhabitants. By en of the twelve tables, states that it was nearly
grossing all the power, and by intermarriages all borrowed from one of the laws of Solor.
among themselves, they had become a dis In opposition to this, however, it may be
tinct and peculiar caste. Perhaps they were urged that a comparison of the fragments we
so even from their very origin, since there is possess of the decemviral laws with the code
strong reason to believe that they were des of Solon, shews so striking a discrepancy in
cended from some sacerdotal or sacred caste, general, as to lead at once to the belief that
especially as we find sacred rites attached to, the coincidences mentioned by Cicero are to
and invariably accompanying, each patri be explained on other and different grounds.
cian gens, and as all the sacerdotal offices Why, it may be asked, if the Roman code
were at first filled by none but persons of pa was borrowed from the Greek, did it breathe
trician rank. The early inhabitants along so little of the spirit of Grecian legislation,
the Tiber would seem to have been nothing and contain so many things peculiar to the
less than vassals of this higher order, a rela Romans and foreign to the Greeks? how
tion which was afterwards softened down in came it that Hermodorus of Ephesus, who is
to that of patron and client by Romulus, who reported to have interpreted and explained
appears to have come in as conqueror, and the Attic laws to the Roman commissioners,
was finally taken off by those whose power used many Latin terms, such as auctoritas,
he was beginning gradually to diminish. If, libripens, assiduus proletarius, and many
others, for which there were no equivalent
however, the lower orders of the early popu
expressions among the Greeks
lation of Rome were held in such subjection But the
and dependence by the higher class, it wasauthority of Cicero himself is conclusive on
not so afterwards. In proportion as stran this point. He hesitates not to rank the laws
of the twelve tables far above those of Greece.
gers, and especially Latins, flocked into the
“It is easy,” he observes, “to perceive how
city, the inferior orders began to throw off
much the wisdom and prudence of our fore
their subjection, and to assume a more inde
pendent tone. The Plebeian order now fathers surpassed that of other nations, if you
erose. composed in a great measure of men compare our laws with those of Lycurgus,
ex
Q37
 DE DE

3Draco, and Solon. It is incredible how ill as judges in litigated matters under the pre
digested and almost ridiculous every system |tor; decemviri for dividing the lands among
of civil law is, excepting our own. This I 'the veteran soldiers; decemviri to prepare
repeat every day, when in my discourses I and preside at feasts in honour of the gods;
prefer the wisdom of our Romans to that of decemviri to take care of the sacrifices; and
other men, and in particular of the Greeks.” decemviri to guard the Sibylline books. With
(Cic de Orat. 1, c. 44). Is this the language regard to the last of these, however, it must
of a man who believed that the decemviri be observed that the number, after having
had been indebted for the code which they been originally two, and then increased to
promulgated to the legislators of Greece — 10, was subsequently still farther increased
The truth appears to be that whatever admix to 15 and 16. rid. Sibyllae.]
ture of Grecian laws there was in the Ro DEc1a LEx, was enacted by M. Decius the
man code, was derived from Grecian customs tribune, A.U. C. 443, to empower the people
and usages prevalent at the time both in the to appoint two proper persons to fit and re
vicinity of Rome and in the city itself, which pair the fleets.
forms one of the arguments against the com DEcius VI Us, a celebrated Roman consul,
monly received notion of the origin of Rome. who, after many glorious exploits, devoted
This city was in a great degree of Grecian himself to the gods Manes for the safety of
origin. (rid. Roma.) To these Grecian his country, in a battle against the Latins, 338
customs were added others peculiar to the years B. C. His son Decius imitated his ex
Romans. These last were in fact the old ample, and devoted himself in like manner
Leges Regia, which, as the ancient writers in his fourthconsulship, when fighting against
inform us, were observed, after the expul the Gauls and Samnites, B.C. 296. His grand
sion of the kings, not as written law, but as son also did the same in the war against Pyr
customs. The patricians might well be rhus and the Tarentines, B.C. 280. This ac
anxious to give them the sanction of written tion ofdevoting himself, was of infinite service
laws, as it is highly probable, being of regal to the state. The soldiers were animated by
institution, that they breathed more or less of the example, and induced to follow with intre.
an aristocratical spirit. Now the concur pidity, a commander, who arrayed in an un
rence of the nobility in the views of the usual dress, and addressing himself to the
people, as regarded a code of laws, appears gods with solemn invocation, rushed into the
to have been all a preconcerted plan. They thickest part of the enemy to meet his ſate.
wished to destroy the tribunician power, and Liv. 8,9, &c.—Wal. Mar. 5, c. G.-Polyb. 2.
bring in laws which would tend to strengthen —Virg. JEn. 6, v. 824.—(Cn. Metius, Q.
their own hands. The short time in which Trajanus,) a native of Pannonia, sent by the
the decemviri were occupied with digesting emperor Philip to appease a sedition in Moe
the code in question shews that the laws had sia. Instead of obeying his master's com
already been compiled and arranged by the mand he assumed the imperial purple. [His
patricians, and that their object merely was disaffected troops, it is said, forced him to this
to present them under the sanction of some step. The emperor immediately marched
esteemed and respected name, as that of So against him, and a battle was fought near Ve
lon, to the Roman people. The very cont rona, which terminated successfully for De
nuance of the decemviral office shews this ; cius, and Philip was either slain in the conflict
and Dionysius of Halicarnassus expressly or put to death after he fell into the conque
states that the want of two additional tables ror's power. This took place A. D. 249, and
was a mere pretext to continue the office, and from this period is dated the commencement
crush the tribunician power. It was no diffi of the reign of Decius. It was one of short
cult thing for the patricians to impose on the duration, about two years. During this, how
lower orders, and give them old Roman laws ever, he proved a very cruel persecutor of
for Athenian ones, especially as the patricians the Christians. He greatly signalized him
were the sole depositaries of the ancient laws. self against the Persians, but was slain in an
The whole history of the decemviri would action with the Goths, who had invaded his
shew that until a short time previous to their dominions. In advancing upon them, he
abdication, they acted with a full understand was, with the greatest part of his troops, en
ing on the part of the patricians, and that tangled in a morass, where being surrounded
even towards the close of their administra by the enemy he perished under a shower of
|
tion, when they wanted levies of troops, the darts, A. D. 251, aged 50 years..] I

opposition of the senate was little better than Dr.curio, a subaltern officer in the Roman
a mere farce. Had Appius not been tempted armies. He commanded a decuria, which
to play the tyrant, and to endeavour to mono consisted of ten men, and was the third part
polise too large a portion of the decenviral of a turma, or the 30th part of the regular
power, the plans of the nobility might have compliment of horse allotted to each legion,
had a successful result.] [There were also viz. 300. [Each decurio had an optio or depu
military decemviri; and on various emer ty under him.—There were also provincial
gencies, decemviri were created to manage magistrates called by this name. The colonies
and regulate certain affairs after the same differed from the free towns in this, that they
manner as boards of commissioners are now used the laws prescribed them by the Ro
appointed. Thus, there were decemviri for mans, but they had almost the same kind of
conducting colonies, decemviri
co
who officiated magistrates. Their two chief magistrates
-
 DE DE

were called Duumviri; and their senators pey, which appointment was confirmed by
Decuriones, because, as some say, when the the senate. In the civil wars he sided with
colony was first planted, every tenth man was Pompey, and on that account was deprived
made a senator. The fortune requisite to be of his Armenian possessions by Caesar, but
chosen a decurio, under the emperors, was allowed to retain the title of king and the
100,000 sesterlii.] other favours conferred upon him by the Ro
DEcumites AGRI, lands in Germany, mans. Shortly after this he was accused by
Ilying along the Danube, in the vicinity of his grandson, with whom he was at open va
Mons Abnoba, which paid the 10th part of riance, of having made an attempt on the life
their value to the Romans. Hence the name. of Caesar, when the latter was in Asia. Ci
Tacit. G. 29. cero ably and successfully defended him be
DEJāNiñA, a daughter of CEneus, king of fore Caesar, in whose presence the cause was
AEtolia. Her beauty procured her many ad tried. After Caesar's death, he recovered
mirers, and her father promised to give her by bribery his fortified territories. He in
in marriage to him only who proved to be the tended also to join Brutus, but the general to
strongest of all his competitors. Hercules whom he committed his troops went over to
obtained the prize, and married Dejanira, by Antony, which saved him his kingdon,.]
whom he had three children, the most known Strab. 12.-Lucan. 5, v. 55.
of whom is Hyllus. As Dejanira was once DEiphobe, a sibyl of Cumae, daughter of
travelling with her husband, they were stop Glaucus. It is supposed that she led AEneas
ped by the swollen streams of the Evenus, and to the infernal regions. (vid. Sibyllae.) Purg.
the centaur Nessus offered Hercules to con .#2 n. 6, v. 36.
vey her safe to the opposite shore. The he DELPHöBUs, a son of Priam and Hecuba,
ro consented; but no sooner had Nessus gain who, after the death of his brother Paris,
ed the bank, than he attempted to offer vio married Helen. His wife unworthily betray
lence to Dejanira, and to carry her away in ed him, and introduced into his chamber her
the sight of her husband. Hercules, upon old husband Menelaus, to whom she wished
this, aimed from the other shore a poisoned to reconcile herself. He was shamefully mu
arrow at the seducer, and mortally wounded tilated and killed by Menelaus. He had high
him. Nessus, as he expired, wished to avenge ly distinguished himself during the war, espe
his death upon his murderer; and he gave cially in his two cambats with Merion, and
Dejanira his tunic, which was covered with in that in which he slew Ascalaphus son of
blood, poisoned and infected by the arrow, Mars. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 495.-Hamr. Il. 13.
observing, that it had the power of reclaim. Deiphon, a brother of Triptolemus, son of
ing a husband from unlawful loves. Dejani Celeus and Metamira. When Ceres travell
ra accepted the present; and when Hercules ed over the world, she stopped at his father's
proved faithless to her bed, she sent him the court, and undertook to nurse him and bring
centaur’s tunic, which instantly caused his him up. To reward the hospitality of Ce
death. (rid. Hercules.) Dejanira was so leus, the goddess began to make his son im
disconsolate at the death of her husband, mortal; and every evening she placed him
which she had ignorantly occasioned, that she on burning coals to purify him from whate
destroyed herself. Ovid. Met. 8 and 9 — ver mortal particles he still possessed. The
Diod. 4.—Senec. in Hercul—Hygin, fab. 34. uncommon growth of Deiphon astonished
Dřídà MIA, a daughter of Lycomedes, Metanira, who wished to see what Ceres did
king of Scyros. She bore a son called Pyr to make him so vigorous. She was frighten
rhus, or Neoptolemus, to Achilles, who was ed to see her son on burning coals, and the
disguised at her father's court in women's shrieks that she uttered disturbed the mys
clothes, under the name of Pyrrha. Pro terious operations of the goddess, and Dei
pert. 2, el. 9.—Apollod. 3, c. 13. phon perished in the flames. .4pollod. I, c. 5.
DEiðcEs, a son of Phraortes, by whose DELIA, a festival celebrated every fifth
means the Medes delivered themselves from year in the island of Delos, in honour of Apol
the yoke of the Assyrians. He presided as lo. It was first instituted by Theseus, who,
judge among his countrymen, and his great at his return from Crete, placed a statue
popularity and love of equity, raised him to there, which he had received from Ariadne.
the throne, and he made himself absolute, B. At the celebration, they crowned the statue
C. 700. He was succeeded by his son Phra of the goddess with garlands, appointed a
ortes, after a reign of 53 years. He built Ec choir of music, and exhibited horse-races
batana, according to Herodotus, and sur They afterwards led a dance, [ealled , gavcº,
rounded it with seven different walls, in the i e the crane, in which they imitated, by
middle of which was the royal palace. [He their motions, the various windings of the
reigned 43 years, and at his death was suc Cretan labyrinth from which Theseus had
ceeded by his son Phraortes.] Herodot. 1, c. extricated himself by Ariadne's assistance,
96, &c.—Polyaen. There was also another festival of the
DElotARus, [w is first distinguished as same name, yearly celebrated by the Athe
tetrarch of Galatia, and on account of the nians in Delos. It was also instituted by The
eminent services which he performed in that seus, who, when he was going to Crete, made
station, and of the figure which he made in a vow that if he returned victorious, he
the Mithridatic war, was afterwards appoint would yearly visit, in a solemn manner,
ed to the throne of Armenia Minor by Pom the temple of Delos. [Thucydides, however,
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gives a different account, vid. Delos.] The DELMAtius, Fl. Jul. a nephew of Con
persons employed in this annual procession stantine the Great, honoured with the title of
were called Deliasta and Theori. The ship Caesar, and put in possession of Thrace, Ma
the same which carried Theseus, was calle cedonia, and Achaia. His great virtues were
Theoria and Delias. When the ship was ºnable to save him from a violent death. and
ready for the voyage, the priest of Apollo he was assassinated by his own soldiers, &c.
solemnly adorned the stern with garlands, DeLMINIUM, [the ancient capital of Dal
and an universal lustration was made all ove matia, situate inland, to the east of the ri
the city. The Theori were crowned with ver Naro.]
laurel, and before them proceeded men arm DELos, [an island of the AEgean, situate
ed with axes, in commemoration of Theseus nearly in the centre of the Cyclades. This is:
who had cleared the way from Troezene to land was called also Asteria, Pelasgia, Chla
Athens, and delivered the country from rob mydias, Lagia, Pyrpilis, Scythias, Mydia, and
bers. When the ship arrrived at Delos, they Ortygia. It was named Ortygia from 28tw:.
offered solemu sacrifices to the god of the a quail, and Lagia from Aayer a hare, the island
island, and celebrated a festival in his honour. formerly abounding with both these animals.
After this, they retired to their ship, and On this account, according to Strabo, it was
sailed back to Athens, where all the people not allowed to have dogs at Delos, because
of the city ran in crowds to meet them. Eve they destroyed the quails and hares. The
ry appearance of festivity prevailed at their name Delos is commonly derived from de
approach, and the citizens opened their doors, Aor, manifest, in allusion to the island having
and prostrated themselves before the Delias floated under the surface of the sea until
tae, as they walked in procession. L.The be made to appear and stand firm by order of
ginning of the voyage was computed from Neptune. This was done for the purpose of
the time that the priest of Apollo first adorn receiving Latona, who was on the eve of de
ed the stern of the ship with garlands, ac livery, and could find no asylum on the earth
cording to Plato, and from that time they it having been bound by an oath by Juno not
began to cleanse and lustrate the city. Dur to receive her: as Delos at the time was
ing this period, up to the time of the vessel's floating beneath the waters it was not consi
return, it was held unlawful to put any con dered to be bound by this oath. Pliny quotes
demned person to death, which was the rea among others Aristotle, who pretends that
son that Socrates was reprieved for thirty the name was given to it because it rose un
days after his condemnation, as we learn from expectedly out of the sea, and appeared to
Plato and Xenophon. With regard to the view. Many other opinions have been ad
sacred vessel itself, it was preserved by the vanced respecting its origin. According, how
Athenians to the time of Demetrius Phale ever, to Olivier, it is at the present day every
reus, they restoring always what was de where schistous or granitical, exhibiting no
cayed, and changing the old rotten planks for trace of a volcane, and nothing that can ex
others that were new and entire; so that it plain by the laws of physics the wonders
furnished the philosophers with matter of dis which the Greeks have transmitted to us
pute, whether, after so many repairs and al respecting ...] The island is celebrated for
terations, it still remained the same identical the nativity of Apollo and Diana; and the so
ship, and served as an instance toillustrate the lemnity with which the festivals of these dei
opinion of those who held that the body still ties were celebrated there by the inhabitants
remained the same numerical substance, not of the neighbouring islands, and of the conti
withstanding the continual decay of old parts nent, is well known. One of the altars of
and acquisition of new ones, through these. Apollo in the island was reckoned among the
veral stages of life. For this reason. Callima seven wonders of the world. It had been
chus calls its tackle (zºocytz) ever living.] erected by Apollo, when only four years old,
Xenophon, Memor. & in Conv.–Plut. in and made with the horns of goats killed by
Phaed.—Senec. ep. 70. Diana on mount Cynthus. It was unlawful
DELIA, a surname for Diana, because she to sacrifice any living creature upon that
was born in Delos. Virg Ecl. 3, v. 67. altar, which was religiously kept pure from
DELIUM, [a town of Boeotia, situate on the blood and every pollution. The whole isl
sea-coast, on the frontiers of the territory of and of Delos was held in such veneration,
Tanagra and Attica, north of the mouth of that the Persians, who had pillaged and pro
the Asopus. The Athenians were defeated famed all the temples of Greece, never offer
here by the Boeotians in the Peloponnesian ed violence to the temple of Apollo, but res
war, B. C. 421. Thucyd, 4. c. j pected it with the most awful reverence.
DELius, a surname of Apollo, because he Apollo delivered there oracles during the
was born in Delos. –Quint, an officer of summer, in a plain manner, without any am
Antony, who, when he was sent to cite Cleo biguity or obscure meaning, from which cir
patra before his master, advised her to make cumstance some will have the name of the
her appearance in the most captivating at island to be derived. [The winter residence
tire. The plan succeeded. He aſterwards of the God was at Patara in Lycia. The
abandoned his friend, and fled to Augustus, Athenians were commanded by an oracle, in
who received him with great kindness. Ho the time of Pisistratus, to purify Delos, which
race has addressed 2 od. 3, to him. Plºt. in they did by causing all the dead bodies to be
-lnton. . taken up which had been buried there, and
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removed from all places within view of the ginal temple at Delphi was a hut made of
emple. In the 6th year of the Peloponnesi laurel boughs: afterwards, as the wealth of
ºu war they, by the advice of an oracle, pu the oracle increased, a more commodious
ified it anew, by carryiug all the dead bo edifice was erected. This was destroyed by
lies to the neighbouring island of Rhenaea, fire in the time of Cyrus, and the Amphicty
where they were interred. After having ones contributed 300 talents towards erecting
doue this, in order to prevent its being polluta new one. The city of Delphi bore a fourth
id for the time to come, they publi-hed an part of the whole expense, the remainder
'dict, that for the future no person should was obtained from private contributions.
he suffered to die, nor any woman to be When it is said, however, by the scholiast
rought to bed in the island, but that when on Pindar, (Pyth. 7, v. 9,) that the Alcmae
feath or parturition approached, they should onidae offered to rebuild it themselves, it can
>e carried over into Rhenaea. In memory of only mean that they intended contributing
his purification, it is said, the Athenians in a large sum for this purpose : the cost
tituted a solemn quinquenuial festival. vud of erecting the entire building would be
Delia. The Athenians afterwards drove out far beyond the resources of a single family.
all the ancient inhabitants, but were them This third temple was again burnt in the
elves subsequently expelled by Mithridates, first year of the 58th Olympiad, and the Am
who lost it to the Romans. It is now cover phictyones again rebuilt it from the treasures
*l with ruins and rubbish, so as to admit of which had there accumulated. This is the
ittle or no culture. Delos and Rhenaea are edifice Pausanias saw in the second century
now called S Hill.] Strab. 8 and 10.—Ovid. after the Christian era.] According to some
3ſel. 5, v. 329, 1.6. v. 333.--Mela, 2, c. 7.— accounts, Apollo was not the first who gave
Plin. 4, c. 12.-Plut. de Salert. Anim. &c.— oracles there; but Terra, Neptune, Themis,
Thucyd. 3, 4, &c.—Virg. JEn. 3, v. 7.3.− and Phoebe, were in possession of the place
Ptol. 3. c. 15.-Callim. ad Del.—Claudium. before the son of Latoua. The oracles were
de 4, Cons. Hon. generally given in verse; but when it had
DELPH1, [a small but important city of been sarcastically observed that the god and
Phocis in Greece, situate on the south-west patron of poetry was the most imperfect poet
side of mount Parnassus, and built in the form in the world, the priestess delivered her an
of an amphitheatre. It had no defence from swers in prose. [The answers of this oracle
walls, but was rendered secure by the rocky were famed for their studied and dexterous
and precipitous sides of the mountain. The ambiguity. vid. Croesus and Pyrrhus...] The
circuit of the city was only sixteen stadia, but oracles were always delivered by a priestess
there were numerous buildings scattered over called Pythia. (vid. Pythia.) It was cus
different parts of the vicinity. It was called tomary for those who consulted the oracle
also Pytho, from the serpent Python which to make rich presents to the god of Delphi;
was slain there by Apollo, and, according to and no monarch distinguished himself more
some accounts, received its name Delphi from by his donations than Croesus. This sacred
Delphus, a son of the same deity. Others de repository of opulence was often the object
rive the name from ad sapot, brethren, because of plunder; and the people of Phocis seized
Apollo and his brother Bacchus were both 10,000 talents from it. [This sum will equal
worshipped there, each having one of the two 1,937,500 pounds sterling. Yet, notwith
ummits of Parnassus sacred to him. Others standing this, there were so many materials
leduce it from the Arabic telb, to seek or in left for the plunder of more powerful rob
ſuire.] Some have also called it Parnassia bers, that neither Sylla, nor Nero, who at
Nape, the ralley of Parnassus. It was famous once transported 500 brazen images to
for a temple of Apollo, and for an oracle cele Rome, could exhaust the sacred treasury.
rated in every age and country. The ori A very large collection of some of the finest
gin of the oracle, though fabulous, is describ specimens of ancient painting and sculpture,
edas something wonderful. A number ofgoats together with the sacred temples themselves,
that were feeding on mount Parnassus came remained to excite the admiration of Pausa
near a place which had a deep and long per nias, who must have visited Delphi nearly
foration.The steam which issued from the two hundred years after the oracle had fallen
hole seemed to inspire the goats, and they into contempt. For the power of Apollo did
played and frisked about in such an uncom not long survive the Grecian confederacy to
mon manner, that the goatherd was tempted which it had owed its importance; and
to lean on the hole, and see what mysteries though the Pythia was consulted by Nero,
the place contained. He was immediately and was once heard to speak in the days of
seized with a fit of enthusiasm, his expressions Julian, yet her responses were disregarded
were wild and extravagant, and passed for long before the days of Cicero, and had be
Prophecies. This circumstance was soon gun to yield to the Sibylline books, the aus
known about the country, and many experi pices, and the observers of omens and astro
*ced the same enthusiastic inspiration. The logical signs, brought into repute by the pre
Place was revered, and a temple was soon valence of Roman superstition. It was net
*tº erected in honour of Apollo, and a city the sanctity of the place which preserved so
built. [The Amphictyones, in after days, many monuments of ancient art from the ra
divideº their meetings between this place pacity of the first Latin conquerors of Greece.
and Anthela near Thermopylae. The ori but rather an ignorance of their true value
2H
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The gold, the silver, and even the brazen priestess to Bacchus. Hygin. 161. –Paul
ornaments of the temple were stripped by 10, c. 6.
successive plunderers, but the marbles were DELTA, a part of Egypt, which received
spared, and the greater part of them may be that name from its resemblance to the form
believed to have been crushed under the fall of the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet, 3.
ing fragments of the mountain, or sunk into It lies between the Canopic and Pelusiac
the ground. It is reserved for posterity to re mouths of the Nile, and begins to be formed
cover many of them, and among the rest where the river divides itself into several
perhaps, the famed “navel of the earth,” streams. It has been formed totally by the ,
which was shewn here, made of stone. Eve mud and sand which are washed down from
ry nation in the infancy of their gougraphi the upper parts of Egypt by the Nile, ac-)
cal knowledge, suppose themselves as placed cording to ancient tradition. [The opinion
in the centre of the earth's surface: such also that the Delta has been formed by the accu
was the belief of the Greeks with respect to mulation of slime or soil, in consequence of
Delphi, and Jupiter is said to have ascertained the periodical inundations of the Nile, is now
the fact by letting fly two eagles from the very generally received by naturalists, but is
eastern and western limits of the world. liable to several very strong objections from
which met here in their course. One only of chronology. [rid. Mediterraneum Mare.]
the master[ieces which adorned this sacred In the time of Moeris, 500 years before the
place can be said now to remain ; but that Trojan war, the Delta appeared in its in
is by far the most ancient, and the best au fancy. Eight cubits were then sufficient to
thenticated Grecian relic at present in exis overflow it in its whole extent. When Hero
tence. The triple-twisted serpentine column dotus visited Egypt, 15 cubits were necessa
of brass, whose three heads supported the ry to cover all Lower Egypt, but the Nile
tripod dedicated by the Greeks to Apollo then overflowed the country for the space of
after the battle of Plataea, is still to be seen, two day's journey to the right and left of the
though mutilated, in the spot to which it was Delta. Under the Roman empire, 15 cubits
conveyed ſrom Delphi by Constantine, to produced the same effect. In the time of the
adorn the hippodrome of his new capital. Arabian power, the ſavourable number was
The column, as much of it as appears above 17. At this time, 18 are the measure oi
ground, is now about seven feet in height, abundance. But the inundation no longer ex
and of a proportionate thickness. Its hol tends over the Lower Egypt; its progress is
low, and the cavity, have been filled with stopped at Cairo. The mud which has accu
stones by the Turks. The Castalian foun mulated on the Delta keeps it free from the
tain still exists. It is a small stream trick. inundation ; banks being raised to oppose, or
ling down the crags of a large chasm into a canals cut to allow a passage for the waters.
stone basin, overflowing whose margin, and It is now 90 leagues in circumference, and
enlarged in its progress by other rills, it falls the most fertile part of Egypt.] Caes..?ler.
over the rocks into the valley beneath. In c. 27.-Strab. 15 and 17.-Herodot. 2, c. 13, -
this basin the Pythia used to bathe before &c.—Plin. 3, c. 16.
she ascended the sacred tripod. No traces, DEMADEs, an Athenian, who, from a sailor,
however, of the sacred aperture remain. became an eloquent orator,and obtained much
Castri, a small mud town, situate a little to influence in the state. He was taken prisoner
the east of a circular hollow in the moun at the battle of Cheronaea, by Philip, and in
tain, is supposed to occupy a part of the site gratiated himself into the favour of that
of ancient Delphi. Around it are the rows prince, by whom he was greatly esteemed. He
of seats belonging to the Pythian stadium. was put to death, with his son, on suspicion
Delphi was attempted to be plundered by the of treason, B. C. 322. One of his orations is
Gauls under Brennus, as well as by the army extant, Diod. 16 and 17.-Plut. in Dem.
of Xerxes, but both were repulsed, and did DEMARAtus, the son and successor of
not dare to advance into the fastnesses of the Ariston on the throne of Sparta, B.C. 526.
mountains. The same object of security in He was banished by the intrigues of Cleome
duced the Greeks to place their other mag mes, his royal colleague, as being illegitimate.
nificent temple of Apollo in Delos, which He retired into Asia, and was kindly receiv
modern travellers represent as nothing more ed by Darius son of Hystaspes king of Persia.
than one mass of rugged ...] .Apollon. When the Persian monarch made prepara
2, v. 706.-Diod. 16.-Plut. de Defect. Orac. tions to invade Greece, Demaratus, though
&c.—Paus. 10, c. 6, &c.—Ovid. Met. 10, v. persecuted by the Lacedaemonians, informed
168.-Strab. 9.
them of the hostilities which hung over their
DELPHicus, a surname of Apollo, from head. Herodot. 5, c. 75, &c. l. 6, c. 50, &c
the worship paid to his divinity at Delphi. A rich citizen of Corinth, of the family
BELPHinia, festivals at Ægina, in honour of the Bacchiadae. When Cypselus ha.
of Apollo of Delphi. usurped the sovereign power of Corinth, De
Delphus, a son of Apollo who built Del maratus, with all his family, migrated to Ita
phi, and consecrated it to his father. The ly, and settled at Tarquinii, 658 years before
name of his mother is differently mentioned. Christ. His son, Lucumon, was king ºf
She is called by some Celaeno, by others Me. Rome, under the name of Tarquinius Pris
laene daughter of Cephis, and by others Thyas cus. Dionys. Hal.
daughter of cº 2
the first who was DEMETRIA, a festival in honour of Ceres
 DE DE

called by the Greeks Demeter. It was then machus with various success; but famine
customary for the votaries of the goddess to and pestilence destroyed the greatest part of
lash themselves with whips made with the his army, and he retired to the court of Se
Łark of trees. The Athenians had a solemni leucus for support and assistance. He met
ty of the same name in honour of Demetrius with a kind reception, but hostilities were
Poliorcetes. soon begun; and after he had gained some
DEMETRIAs, [a town of Thessaly, on the advantages over his son-in-law, Demetrius
Pelasgicus or Pagasaeus Sinus, at the mouth was totally forsaken by his troops in the field
of the river Onchestus. It was built by of battle, and became an easy prey to the
Demetrius Poliorcetes, and is now called enemy. Though he was kept in confinement
Polo. A town of Syria, near the coast, by his son-in-law, yet he maintained himself
south-east of Aradus. It is now .1kker.—A like a prince, and passed his time in hunting
town of Asia, south-east of Arbelia, now Ker and in laborious exercise. His son Antigonus
Rourk. It is called Corcura by Ptolemy.] offered Seleucus all his possessions, and even
DEMETRius, a son of Antigonus and Stra his person, to procure his father's liberty;
tonice, surnamed Poliorcetes, destroyer of but all proved unavailing, and Demetrius
towns. At the age of 22, he was sent by his died in the 54th year of his age, after a con
father against Ptolemy, who invaded Syria. finement of three years, 286 B. C. His re
He was defeated near Gaza; but he soon re mains were given to Antigonus, and honour
paired his loss by a victory over one of the ed with a splendid funeral pomp at Corinth,
generals of the enemy. He afterwards sailed and thence conveyed to Demetrius. His pos
with a fleet of 250 ships to Athens, and re terity remained in possession of the Macedo
stored the Athenians to liberty, by freeing nian throne till the age of Perseus, who was
them from the power of Cassander and Pto conquered by the Romans. Demetrius has
lemy, and expelling the garrison which was rendered himself famous for his fondness of
stationed there under Demetrius Phalereus. dissipation when among the dissolute, and
His reception at Athens, after these victories, his love of virtue and military glory in the
was attended with the greatest servility; and field of battle. He has been commended as a
the Athenians were not ashamed to raise al great warrior; and his ingenious inventions,
tars to him as to a god, and to consult his |his warlike engines, and stupendous machines,
oracles. . [He afterwards fought a great na in his war with the Rhodians, Justify his
val battle with Ptolemy off Cyprus, in which claims to that perfect character. He has
the latter was defeated and fled with eight ships been blamed for his voluptuous indulgen
out of 150 with which he commenced the ac cies; and his biographer observes, that no
tion, and all his numerous train, servants, Grecian prince had more wives and concu
friends, wives, money, and machines, ſell into bines than Poliorcetes. His obedience and
the hands of the enemy. Demetrius subse reverence to his father have been justly ad
quently went to war with the Rhodians, and mired; and it has been observed, that Anti
in pressing the siege of Rhodes, displayed his gonus ordered the ambassador of a foreign
mechanical genius in the construction of new prince particularly to remark the cordiality
and formidable machines. The Athenians, and friendship which subsisted between him
having negotiated a peace between him and and his son. Plut. in vitā.- Diod. 17. –
the Rhodians, called him to their aid against Justin. 1, c. 17, &c. A prince who suc
Cassander, whom he defeated at Thermopy. ceeded his father Antigonus on the throne of
lae.] This uncommon success raised the jea Macedonia. He reigned 11 years, and was
lousy of the successors of Alexander ; and succeeded by Antigonus Doson. Justin. 26,
Seleucus, Cassander, and Lysimachus, united c 2.-Polyb. 2. A son of Philip king of
to destroy Antigonus and his son. Their hos Macedonia, delivered as an hostage to the
tile armies met at Ipsus, B.C. 301. Antigo Romans. His modesty delivered his father
nus was killed in the battle ; and Demetrius, from a heavy accusation laid before the Ro
after a severe loss, retired to Ephesus. His ill man senate. When he returned to Macedo
success raised him many enemies ; and the nia, he was falsely accused by his brother
Athenians, who had lately adored him as a Perseus, who was jealous of his popularity,
god, refused to admit him into their city. He and his father too credulously consented to
soon after ravaged the territories of Lysima his death, B. C. 180. Liv. 40, c. 20.-Justin.
chus, and reconciled himself to Seleucus, to 32, c. 2. A prince surnamed Soter, was
whom he gave his daughter Stratonice in son of Seleucus Philopater, the son of Antio
marriage. Athens now laboured under ty chus the Great, king of Syria. His father
ranny; and Demetrius relieved it, and par gave him as a hostage to the Romans. After
doned the inhabitants. The loss of his pos the death of Seleucus, Antiochus Epiphanes,
sessions in Asia recalled him from Greece, the deceased monarch's brother, usurped the
and he established himself on the throne of kingdom of Syria, and was succeeded by his
Macedonia by the murder of Alexander the son Antiochus Eupator. This usurpation
son of Cassander. Here he was continually displeased Demetrius, who was detained at
at war with the neighbouring states; and the
Rome; he procured his liberty on pretence of
superior power of his adversaries obliged him going to hunt, and fled to Syria, where the
to leave Macedonia, after he had sat on the troops received him as their lawful sovereign,
throne for seven years. He passed into Asia B.C. 162. He put to death Eupator and Ly
and attacked some of the provinces of Lysi sias, and established himself on his throne by
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cruelty and oppression. Alexander Bala, the sent the philosopher into Upper Egypt, and
son of Antiochus Epiphanes, laid claim to the there detained him in strict confinement.
crown of Syria, and defeated Demetrius in a Demetrius, tired with his situation, put an
battle in the 12th year of his reign. Strab. end to his life by the bite of an asp, 284 B.C.
16.—.Appian.-Justin. 34, c. 3. The 2d, [Some have affirmed, without sufficient au
suruamed Nicator, or Conqueror, was son of thority, that he was librarian to Ptolemy
Soter, to whom he succeeded by the assist Philadelphus, and that by his advice this prince
ance of Ptolemy Philometer, after he had gave orders for a version of the Jewish Scrip
driven out the usurper Alexander Bala, B. tures from the Hebrew into the Greek lan- ;
C. 146. He married Cleopatra, daughter guage. He was author of a vast number of )
of Ptolemy; who was before the wiſe of the books, in prose and verse, on philosophy, his
expelled monarch. Demetrius gave himself tory, politics, criticism, and rhetoric : but
up to luxury and voluptuousness, and suffer. time has destroyed them all. The elegant
ed his kingdom to be governed by his favour piece, “De Interpretione,” which some have
ites. At that time a pretended son of Bala, ascribed to him, is properly the work of a later
called Diodorus Tryphou, seized a part of age.] Diog. in vilă.-Cic. ºn Brut. & de Oſ
Syria; and Demetrius, to oppose his antago jic. 1–Plut. in Eril. [A Cynic philoso
mist, made an alliance with the Jews, and pher, who flourished at Corinth in the first
marched into the east, where he was taken century. During the reign of Caligula, he
by the Parthians. Phraates, king of Parthia, taught philosophy at Rome, where he ob
gave him his daughter Rhodogyne in mar tained the highest reputation for wisdom and
riage; and Cleopatra was so incensed at this virtue. He was banished from Rome in the
new connexion, that she gave herself up to time of Nero, for his ſree censure of public
Antiochus Sidetes, her brother-in-law, and manners. After the death of this emperor.
married him. Sidetes was killed in a battle he returned to Rome; but the boldness of his
against the Parthians, and Demetrius regain language soon offended Vespasian, and again
ed the possession of his kingdom. His pride subjected him to the punishment of exile.
and oppression rendered him odious, and his Apollonius, with whom he had contracted a
subjects asked a king of the house of Seleu friendship, prevailed on Titus to recall him :
cus, from Ptolemy Physcon, king of Egypt; but under Domitian he shared the common
and Demetrius, unable to resist the power of ſate of philosophers, and withdrew to Puteoli.
his enemies, fled to Ptolemais, which was Seneca, who was intimately acquainted with
then in the hands of his wife Cleopatra. The him, speaks in the highest terms of his mas
gates were shut up against his approach by culine eloquence, sound judgment, intrepid
Cleopatra; and he was killed by order of the fortitude, and inflexible integrity. Senec. de
governor of Tyre, whither he had fled for vut. beat c. 25.]
protection. He was succeeded by Alexander DEMocłDEs, a celebrated physician of
Zebina, whom Ptolemy had raised to the Crotona, son of Calliphon, and intimate with
throne, B.C. 127. Justin. 36, &c.—Appian. Polycrates. He was carried as a prisoner
de Bell. Syrr.—Joseph.-The 3d, surnamed from Samos to Darius king of Persia, where
Eucerus, was son of Antiochus Gryphus. he acquired great riches and much reputa
After the example of his brother Philip, who tion by curing the king's foot, and the breast
had seized Syria, he made himself master of of Atossa. [Always desirous of returning to
Damascus, B. C. 93, and soon after obtained his native country, he pretended to enter into
a victory over his brother. He was taken the views and interests of the Persians, and
in a battle against the Parthians, and died in procured himself to be sent with some nobles
captivity. Joseph. 1. Phalereus, a disci to explore the coasts of Greece, and to ascer
ple of Theophrastus, who gained such an in tain in what parts it might be attacked with
fluence over the Athenians, by his eloquence the greatest probability of success. Stopping
and the purity of his manners, that he was at Tarentum, the Persians were seized as
elected decennial archon, B. C. 317. He so spies, and Democedes escaped to Crotona,
embellished the city, and rendered himself so whither the Persians followed him, and de
popular by his munificence, that the Athe ...anded, but in vain, that he should be re
nians raised 360 brazen statues to his honour. stored. He settled there, and married the
Yet in the midst of all this popularity, his en daughter of Milo.] AClian. W. H. 8, c. 18.-
emies raised a sedition against him, and he Herodot. 3, c. 124, &c.
was condemned to death, and all his statues DEMochár Es, an Athenian, sent with
thrown down, after he had governed the some of his countrymen on an embassy to
city with great wisdom and moderation for Philip king of Macedonia. The monarch
10 years. He fled without concern or morti gave them audience; and when he asked
fication to the court of Ptolemy [Soter. them what he could do to please the people
where he met with kindness and cordiality. of Athens, Demochares replied, “Hang your
The Egyptian monarch consulted him con self.” This impudence raised the indignation
cerning the succession of his children; and of all the hearers; but Philip mildly dismissel
Demetrius advised him to raise to the them, and bade them ask their countrymen.
throne the children of Eurydice, in pre which deserved most the appellation of wise
ſerence to the offspring of Berenice. This and moderate, they who gave such ill lan
counsel so irritated Philadelphus, the son guage, or he who received it without any
of Berenice, that after his father's death he signs of resentment? Senec. de Ira, 3.--
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• Elian. W. H. 3, 7, 8, 12.—Cic. in Brut. 3, de only reasonable conclusion which can be

Orat. 2. drawn from the many marvels which were
DEMocritus, a celebrated philosopher of propagated respecting this philosopher is that
Abnera, disciple to Leucippus. He travelled he was, what he is commonly represented to
over the greatest part of Asia and Africa, in have been, a man of sublime genius and pene
quest of knowledge, and returned home in the urating judgment, who by a long course of
greatest poverty. There was a law at Abde study and observation, became an eminent
ra, which deprived of the honour of a funeral master of speculative and physical science.
the man who had reduced himself to indigence; The natural consequence of this was that, like
and Democritus, to avoid ignominy, repeat Roger Bacon, in a later period,he astonished
ed before his countrymen one of his composi and imposed upon the ignorance and creduli
tions called Duacosmus. It was received with y of his countrymen. Democritus has been
such uncommon applause, that he was pre commonly known under the appellation of the
sented with 500 talents; statues were erect Laughing Philosopher, and among his fellow
ed in his honour; and a decree passed tha' citizens he obtained the title of yºxazoo;, or
the expenses of his funeral should be paid derider.] Euseb. 14, c. 27.--Dwog. in vità.
from the public treasury. [This story about —JElian. V. H. 4, c. 20.—Cic. de Finnb.—
the 500 talents is related by Diogenes Laer Wal. Mar. 3. c. 7.-Strab. 1 and 15.
tius, but it is wholly incredible that a sum DEMophile, a name given to the sibyl of
which few royal treasuries were at that time Cumae. Varro apud Lact. 1, c. 6.
able to furnish, should have been raised in an DEMoPHoon, son of Theseus and Phaedra,
obscure town as a gratuity to any individual.] was king of Athens, B. C. 1182, and reigned
He retired to a garden near the city, where 33 years. At his return from the Trojan war,
he dedicated his time to study and solitude; he visited Thrace, where he was tenderly re
and, according to some authors, he put out his ceived and treated by Phyllis. He retired to
eyes, to apply himself more closely to philo Athens, and forgot the kindness and love of
sophical inquiries. He was accused of insa Phyllis, who hanged herself in despair. [rid.
nity, and Hippocrates was ordered to inquir Amphipolis. Ovid. Heroid. 2.-Paus. 10,
into the nature of his disorder. The physician c. 55.
had a conference with the philosopher, and DEMost HéNEs, a celebrated Athenian,
declared that not Democritus, but his enemie [-on of a respe table citizen of Athens who
were insane. He continually laughed at the was the proprietor of large iron forges, and
foilies and vanity of mankind, who distract kept a number of slaves manufacturingsword
themselves with care, and are at once a prey blades, by which he amassed considerable
to hope and to anxiety. He told Darius, who wealth. His father's name was Demosthenes.
was inconsolable for the loss of his wife, that He was born B. C. 381, and was but seven
he would raise her from the dead, if he could years old when his parent died. His patri
find three persons who had gone through life mony was 14 talents, about £3150 ster
without adversity, whose names he might en ling.] His guardians negligently managed
grave on the queen's monument. The king's his affairs, and embezzled the greatest part of
inquiries to find such persons proved unavail. his possessions. His education was totally neg
ing, and the philosopher in some manner lected; and for whatever advances he made
soothed the sorrow of his sovereign. He taught in learning, he was indebted to his own indus
his disciples that the soul died with the body; try and application. He became the pupil of
and therefore, as he gave no credit to the ex Isaeus and Plato, and applied himself to study
istence of ghosts, some youths, to try his forti the orations of Isocrates. At the age of 17
tude, dressed themselves in a hideous and de he gave an early proof of his eloquence and
formed habit, and approached his cave in the abilities against his guardians, from whom he
dead of night, with whatever could create obtained the retribution of the greatest part
terror and astonishment. The philosopher of his estate. His rising talents were, however,
received them unmoved ; and without even impeded by weak lungs, and a difficulty of
looking at them, he desired them to cease pronunciation, especially of the letter p, but
making themselves such objects of ridicule these obstacles were soon conquered by un
and folly. He died in the 109th year of his wearied application. To correct the stam
age, B.C. 361. His father was so rich that mering of his voice, he spoke with pebbles in
he entertained Xerxes, with all his army, as his mouth ; and removed the distortion of his
he was marching against Greece. All the features, which accompanied his utterance,
works of Democritus are lost. He was the by watching the motions of his countenance
author of the doctrine of atoms, and first in a looking-glass. That his pronunciation
taught that the milky way was occasioned by migh be loud and full of emphasis, he fre
a confused light fro ºr a multitude of stars. He quently ran up the steepest and most uneven
may be considered as the parent of experi walks, where his voice acquired force and
mental philosophy, in the pro ecution of which energy: and on the sea-shore, when the waves
he shewed himself so ardent that he declared were violently agitated, he declaimed aloud,
be would prefer the discovery of one of the to accustom himself to the noise and tumults
causes of the works of nature, to the diadem of a public assembly. He also confined him
of Persia. He made artificial emeralds, and self in a subterraneous cave, to devote himself
tinged them with various colours: he likewise more closely to studious pursuits; and, to
dissolved stones, and softened ivory. [The eradicate all curiosity of appearing in public,
tº 4 -
J.-H. "Y
 i}E DE

be shaved one half of his head. In this soli mon application, it need only be mentioned,
tary retirement, by the help of a glimmering that he transcribed eight, or even 10 times,
lamp, he composed the greatest part of his the history of Thucydides, that he might not
orations, which have ever been the admiration only imitate, but possess the force and energy
of every age, though his contemporaries of the great historian. The best editions of
and rivals severely inveighed against them. his works are that of Wolfius, fol. Frankof.
and observed that they smelt of oil. His 160 ; that left unfinished by Taylor, Cantab.
abilities as an orator raised him to conse 4to. ; [and that by Reiske, in the Corpus Ora
quence at Athens, and he was soon placed at torum Græcorum, 12 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1770,
the head of the government In this publi &c. A new edition of the works of Demos
capacity he roused his countrymen from their thenes by Reiske, separate from the rest, was
indolence, and animated them against the published in London 1822-23, in 3 vols. 8vo.
encroachments of Philip of Macedonia. In edited by Schaefer.] Many of the orations of
the battle of Cheronaea, however, Demos Demosthenes have been published separate
thenes betrayed his pusillanimity, and saved ly. Plut. in vuá.—Diod. 16.-Cie. in Orat.
his life by flight. After the death of Philip, &c.—Paus. 1, c. 8, 1.2, c. 33.−An Athe
he declared himself warmly against his son nian general sent to succeed Alcibiades in Si
and successor Alexander, whom he branded cily. He attacked Syracuse with Nicias, but
with the appellation of boy ; and when the his efforts were ineffectual. After many ca
Macedonians demanded of the Athenians their lamities he fell into the enemy's hands, and his
orators, Demosthenes reminded his country army was confined to hard labour. The ac
men of the fable of the sheep which delivered counts about the death of Demosthenes are
their dogs to the wolves. Though he had various; some believe that he stabbed himself,
boasted that all the gold of Macedonia could whilst others suppose that he was put to
not tempt him, yet he suffered himself to be death by the Syracusans, B. C. 413. Plut. in
bribed by a small golden cup from Harpalus. JWic.—Thucyd. 4, &c.—Diod 12.
The tumults which this occasioned, forced DEóis, a name given to Proserpine from
him to retire from Athens ; and in his ban her mother Ceres, who was called Deo. This
ishment, which he passed at Troezene and name Ceres received, because when she
AEgina, he lived with more effeminacy than sought he daughter all over the world, all
true heroism. When Antipater made war wished her success in her pursuits, with the
against Greece, after the death of Alexander, word ºntº, invenies; a dºw, invenio. Orid.
Demosthenes was publicly recalled from his JMet. 6, v. 114.
exile, and a galley was sent to fetch him from DERBE, [a city of Asia Minor, in Lycao
AEgina. His return was attended with much nia, near Isauria. D'Anville places it near a
splendour, and all the citizens crowded at the small chain of mountains detached from Tau
Piraeus to see him land. His triumph and rus in the country of Isauria called Antiochi
popularity, however, were short. Antipater ana. Stephanus of Byzantium locates it in
and Craterus were near Athens, and demand Isauria; Strabo, however, and all other wri
ed all the orators to be delivered up into their ters place it in Lycaonia. It is mentioned in
hands Demosthenes with all his adherents the New Testament, (Acts 14, 6.) It was
fled to the temple of Neptune in Calauria, [a the residence of Antipater Derbæus and the
small island off Troezene in Argolis, in the country of Timothy. Its name is supposed
Sinus Saronicus;] and when he saw that all to have been derived from the word Darb,
hopes of safety were banished, he took a dose “a gate”; and here perhaps was one of the
of poison, which he always carried in a quill, pa-ses of Mount Taurus, as the name of
and expired on the day that the Thesmophº .4lah-dag is yet given to the spot, signifying
ria were celebrated, in the 60th year of his “ the pass of the high mountains.”]
age, B. C. 322. The Athenians raised a bra DER cºto and DER cetis, a goddess of
zen statue to his honour with an inscription Syria, called also Atergatis, whom some sup
translated into this distich : pose to be the same as Astarte. [cid. Atar
Si tibi par menti robur, Vir magne, ſuisset, gatis and Astarte..] She was represented as
Graecia non Macedae succubuisset hero. a beautiful woman above the waist, and the
Demosthenes has been deservedly called the lower part terminated in a fish's tail. Accord
prince of orators; and Cicero, his successful ing to Diodorus, Venus, whom she had of
rival among the Romans, calls him a perfect ſended, made her passionately fond of a young
model, and such as he wished to be. These priest, remarkable for the beauty of his fea
two great princes of eloquence have often tures. She had a daughter by him, and be
been compared together; but the judgment came so ashamed of her incontinence, that she
hesitates to which to give the preference. removed her lover, exposed the fruit of her
They both arrived at perfection; but the amour, and threw herself into a lake. Her
measures by which they obtained it were body was transformed into a fish, and her
diametrically opposite. Demosthenes has child was preserved, and called Semiramis.
been compared, and with propriety, by his As she was chiefly worshipped in Syria, and
rival AEschines, to a Siren, from the melody represented like a fish, the Syrians anciently
of his expressions. No orator can be said abstained from fishes. Lucan. de Deá Ser.
to have expressed the various passions of ha –Plin. 5, c. 13-0vid. Met. 1, v. 44.—
tred, resentment, or indignation, with more Diod. 2.
energy than he ; and as a proof of his uncom DErcy LLinas, a general of Sparta, cele
Q46
 DE DE

brated for his military exploits. He took nine are called, appear to have engrossed every ac
different cities in eight days, and freed Cher tive undertaking. vid. ABolus, Dorus, Xu.
sonesus from the inroads of the Thracians by thus...] In his age the whole earth was over
building a wall across the country. He lived whelmed with a deluge. The impiety of mau
*::: 399. Diod. 14.—Zenoph. Hist. Graec. kind had irritated Jupiter, who resolved to
1, &c. destroy mankind, and immediately the earth
DERtoNA, now Tortona, a town of Ligu exhibited a boundless scene o waters. The
ria, [north of Genoa, on the small river Iria highest mountains were climbed by the fright
which runs into the Padus or Po.] A Roman ened inhabitants of the country; but thisseem
colony was settled here. ing place of security was soon over-topped
DERTöse, now ... city of the Iler by the rising waters, and no hope was left of
caones in Spain, situate on the Iberus, a short escaping the universal calamity. Deucalion
distance above its mouth. Here was a bridge made himself a ship, and by this means he
over the river, and along this route led the saved himself and his wife Pyrrha. The
main military road to the southern parts of vessel was tossed about during nine successive
Spain, and the colonies established there.] days, and at last stopped on the top of mount
DEva, [a city of the Cornavii in Britain. Parnassus, where Deucalion remained till
it lay on the river Setein, or Dee, and was the waters had subsided. Pindar and Ovid
the station of the 20th legion. It is now make no mention of a vessel, but state that
Chester. A river of Britain, in the north, Deucalion saved his life by taking refuge on
now the Dee, from which the cities of Old the top of Parnassus. As soon as the waters
and New Aberdeen, the latter of which lies had retired from the surface of the earth,
at its mouth, derive their name. D'Anville Deucalion and his wife went to consult the
calls the ancient name of this river Devana. oracle of Themis, and were directed to re
—There was another river named Deva pair the loss of mankind by throwing behind
in Britain, on the north-western coast, which them the bones of their grandmother. This
is also called Dee, and flows into Wigtoun was nothing but the stones of the earth; and
Bay, the ancient Jena CEstuarium.] after some hesitation about the meaning of
DEucAlfoN, [a son of Prometheus, ac the oracle, they obeyed. The stones thrown
cording to the common account, who married by Deucalion became men, and those of Pyr
Pyrrha, the daughter of his uncle Epime rha, women. According to Justin, Deucalion
theus. Prometheus, it is said, had been ban was not the only one who escaped from the
ished into Scythia, to the confines of Cauca universal calamity. Many saved their lives
sus, during the wars of the Titan princes. by ascending the highest mountains, or trust
His son Deucalion, weary of this lonely re ing themselves in small vessels to the mercy
treat, came and settled in Thessaly, in the vi of the waters. According to Xenophon, there
cinity of Phthia. In progress of time he made were no less than five deluges. The first
himself master of all lower Thessaly, near happened under Ogyges, and lasted three
the Peneus. Such is the account common months. The second, which was in the age
ly given of the origin of Deucalion. His of Hercules and Prometheus, continued but
being a son of Prometheus is asserted, how one month. During the third, which hap
ever, only by the later mythological writers, pened in the reign of another Ogyges, all
since the early ones are entirely silent on this Attica was laid waste by the waters. Thes
head. Indeed, how could he be the offspring saly was totally covered with the waters dur
of one who lay for thirteen generations, up to ing the fourth, which happened in the age of
the time of Hercules, chained to the rocks of Deucalion. The last was during the Trojan
Caucasus? And yet upon this weak founda war, and its effects were severely felt by the
tion many have been led to erect a theory in inhabitants of Egypt. There prevailed a re
favour of Deucalion and the Hellenes being port in Attica, that the waters of Deucalion's
originally derived from the regions of Cau deluge had disappeared through a small aper
casus. The truth is that the original seat of ture about a cubit wide, near Jupiter Olym
the Hellenes was in the vicinity of Parnassus. pus's temple; and Pausanias, whosaw it, fur
From Parnassus, and from Locris, Deucalion ther adds, that a yearly offering of flour and
led forth his followers, the Hellenes, together honey was thrown into it with religious
with their neighbours the Leleges, into the ceremony. The deluge of Deucalion, so
southern part of Thessaly, where their new much celebrated in ancient history, is sup
settlements received from them the name of posed to have happened 1503 years B. C.
Hellas. This took place about three ages [The famous deluge of Deucalion seems to
after the time of Cecrops, for Xuthus, Deu have been merely an inundation of Thessaly,
calion's grandson, came to Athens in the and to have been caused probably by an earth
time of Erechtheus, the sixth descendant from quake, which stopping the course of the Pe
Cecrops. Many writers mention Hellen as neus between Ossa and Olympus, where is
the son of Deucalion. He appears, however, the mouth of that river, caused the stream
to have been merely a fabulous person, and of its waters to overflow the plains of Thes
the story to have arisen from Deucalion's be saly. This inundation is thought to have been
ing leader of the Hellenes. There is no aided by a vast quantity of rain which fell
mention whatever in history of any opera during the same year. M. Malte-Brun, ap
tions on the part of Hellen which tends to con pears to entertain a different idea of the cause
firm what has just been said. His sons, as they which produced this and other inundations in
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 DI 1) I
-

Greece. “The soil of Greece,” observes DIAMAstigosus, a festival at Sparta in

this writer, “must from its very nature have honour of Diana Orthia, which received that
frequently given way and sunk down, and name aro rew was ryovy, from whipping, be
consequently the country must frequently have cause boys were whipped before the altar of
experienced local inundations. The deluge of the goddess. These boys were called Bomo
Deucalion desolated Thessaly, especially the nicae. [vid. Botnonicae.]
mountainous canton named Hellas; that of DIANA, was the goddess of hunting. [Her
Ogyges overwhelmed Boeotia. Popular tra ame is derived from dia, i. e. dra, and
dition naturally referred to those disasters Iana, i. e. luna : for Iana is the same as
which had ravaged whole provinces, every una, according to Varro, R. R. 1, 37.3.
ancientinundation, the remembrance ef which From dea Iana comes by contraction Diana,
was preserved in any district. Thus a single (rud. Voss. Art. Gramm. 2, 13.) Nigidius
opening of inconsiderable extent was shown (ºp. Macrub. Sat.1,9.) says that Diana comes
in Attica as the funnel by which all the wa from Iana, with D added.] According to Ci
ters of Deucalion's flood were drained away. cerothere were three of this name ; a daugh
Twelve of fifteen centuries after the epoch ter of Jupiter and Proserpine, who became
assigned to these events, historians began to mother of Cupid ; a daughter of Jupiter and
collect these scattered traditions, and to com Latona, and a daughter of Upis and Clauce.
pose from them highly finished descriptions The second is the most celebrated, and to her
of pretended universal deluges, unknown to all the ancients allude. She was born at the
more ancient authors ‘’J Deucalion had two same birth as Apollo ; and the pains which
sons by Pyrrha. Hellen, called by some son she saw her mother suffer during her labour,
of Jupiter, and Amphictyon, king of Attica, gave her such an aversion to marriage, that
and also a daughter, Protogenea, who became she obtained from her father the permission
mother of Æthilus by Jupiter. Pind. 9. to live in perpetual celibacy, and to preside
Olymp.—Ovid. Met. 1, ſab. 8.—Heroid. , 5. over the travails of women. To shun the
v. 167.-Apollod. 1, c. 7.—Paus 1, c. 10, 1. society of men, she devoted herself to hunt
5, c. 8 —Jur. 1, v. 81.-Hygin. fab. 153.− ing, and obtained the permission of Jupiter
Justin. 2, c. 6.—Diod. 5.—Lucian. de Dºd to have for her attendants 60 of the Ocea
Suriá.—Virg. G. 1. v 62. mides, and 20 other nymphs, all of whom ab
Dia, [an island off the north shore of Crete, jured the use of marriage. She is represent
now º Another, the same with ed with a bent bow and quiver, and attended
Naxus. vid. Naxus. A city of Thrace. by dogs, and sometimes drawn in a chariot
—Euboea, &c. by two white stags. Sometimes she appears
DIAgóRAs, [a native of the island of Me awith wings, holding a lion in one hand, and
panther in the other, with a chariot drawn
los and follower of Democritus. Having
been sold a captive in his youth, he was re by two heifers, or two horses of different co
deemed by Democritus, and trained up in the lours. She is represented taller by the head
study of philosophy. He attached himself than her attendant nymphs, her face has
also to lyric poetry, and was much distin. something manly, her legs are bare, well
guished for his success in this branch of the shaped, and strong, and her feet are covered
art. His name, however, has been transmit with a buskin, worn by huntresses among
ted with infamy to posterity, as that of an the ancients. Diana received many sur
avowed advocate for the rejection of all reli names, particularly from the places where
gious belief. It is expressly asserted by an her worship was established, and from the
cient writers that when, in a particular in functions over which she presided. She was
stauce, he saw a perjured person escape pun called Lucina, Ilythia, or Juno Pronuba,
ishment, he publicly declared his disbelief of when invoked by women in childbed, and
Divine Providence, and from that time spoke Trivia when worshipped in the cross-ways
of the gods, and all religious ceremonies, with where her statues were generally erected.
ridicule and contempt. He even attempted She was supposed to be the same as the moon,
to lay open the sacred mysteries, and to dis or Proserpine or Hecate, and from that cir
suade the people from submitting to the rites cumstance she was called Triformis ; and
of initiation. A price at last was set upon his some of her statues represented her with
head, and he fled to Corinth, where he died.] three heads, that of a horse, a dog, and a boar.
He lived about 416 years before Christ. Cic. Her power and functions under these three
de Mat. D. 1, c. 23, 1.3, c. 37, &c.—Wal. characters have been beautifully expressed
.Mar. 1, c. 1. An athlete of Rhodes, it 0 in these two verses:
years before the christian era. Pindar cele
brated his merit in a beautiful ode still ex Terret, lustrat, agit, Proserpina, Luna,
tant, which was written in golden letters in Diana,
the temple of Minerva. He saw his three Ima, suprema, feras, sceptro, fulgore, sagitta.
sons crowned the same day at Olympia, and She was also called Agrotera, Orthia, Tau
died through excess of joy. Cic. Tusc. 5.- rica, Delia, Cynthia, Aricia, &c. She was
Plut. in Pel-–Paus. 6, c. 7. supposed to be the same as the Isis of the
D1Alis, a priest of Jupiter at Rome, first Egyptians, whose worship was introduced in
instituted by Numa. He was never permit. to Greece with that of Osiris, under the name
ted to swear, even upon public trials. Varro. of Apollo. When Typhon waged war against
I. L. 4, c. 15.-Dionys. 2.--Liv. 1, c. 20. the gods, Diana is said to have metamorphos
248
 DI DI

ed herself into a cat, to avoid his fury. Theſ D1c3:ARCHU's, a Messenian, famous for his
goddess is generally known in the figures that knowledge of philosophy, history, and mathe
represent her, by the crescent on her head, matics. He was one of Aristotle's disciples.
by the dogs which attend her, and by her Nothing remains of his numerous composi
hunting habit. The most famous of her tem tions. He had composed an history of the
pies was that of Ephesus, which was one of the Spartan republic, which was publicly read
seven wonders of the world. (rid. Ephesus.) over every year by order of the magistrates,
She was there represented with a great num for the improvement and instruction of youth.
ber of breasts, and other symbols, which sig [His map of Greece was highly prized by
nified the earth or Cybele; (or rather na Cicero and Atticus, on account of its accura
ture herself, whom that goddess represented.] cy. Theophrastus ordered by his will that
Though she was the patroness of chastity, yet the map of the world which he appears to
she forgot her dignity to enjoy the company have obtained from Dicaearchus should be
of Endymion, and the very familiar favours hung up in public.]
which, according to mythology, she granted Dick:NEUs, an Egyptian philosopher in the
to Pan and Orion are well known. (vid. age of Augustus, who travelled into Scythia,
Eudymion, Pan, Orion.) The inhabitants| where he ingratiated himself with the king
of Taurica were particularly attached to the of the country, and by his instructions soften
worship of this goddess, and they cruelly of. |ed the wildness and rusticity of his man
fered on her altar ali the strangers that were ners. He also gained such an influence over
shipwrecked on their coasts. Her temple in the multitude, that they destroyed all the
Aricia was served by a priest who had always vines which grew in their country, to pre
murdered his predecessor, and the Lacedae vent the riot and dissipation which the wine
monians yearly offered her human victims till occasioned among them. He wrote all his
the age of Lycurgus, who changed this bar maxims and his laws in a book, that they
barous custom for the sacrifice of flagellation. might not lose the benefit of them after his
The Athenians generally offered her goats, death.
and others a white kid, and sometimes a boar, Dicraeus Mows, [rid. Dicte.]
pig, or an ox. Among plants, the poppy and [Dict AMINUM promontorium, vid. Dictyn
the ditany were sacred to her. She, as well maeum promontorium.]
as her brother Apollo, had some oracles, Dict Atok, a magistrate at Rome invested
among which those of Egypt, Cilicia, and with supreme authority. This officer, whose
Ephesus, are the most known. Ovid. Fast. magistracy seems to have been borrowed from
2, v. 155. Met. 3, v. 156, l. 7, v. 94 and 194, the customs of the Albans or Latins, was first
&c.—Cic. de JNat. D. 3.-Horat. 3, od. 22.-- chosen during the Roman wars against the
Wirg. G. 3, v. 302. ACn. 1. v. 505.-Homer. Latins. The consuls being unable to raise
od. 5.-Paus. 8, c. 31 and 37.—Catull.—Stat. forces for the defence of the state, because
3, Silv. 1, v. 87.-Apollod. 1, c. 4, &c. l. 3, c. the plebeians refused to enlist if they were
o, - not discharged from all the debts they had
[DIANAE FANUM, a promontory of Asia contracted with the patricians, the senate
Minor in Bithynia, at the entrance of the found it necessary to elect a new magis
Euxine Sea, according to Ptolemy. There trate with absolute and incontrollable pow
was here also a temple of Jupiter Urius, or er to take care of the state. [His pow
the dispenser of favourable winds.] er, however, continued only for the space of
DLANſum.[a promontory and town of His six months, even although the business for
pania Tarraconensis, on the Mediterranean which he had been created was not finished,
coast, opposite the Pityusae Insulae. The mo and was never prolonged beyond that time
dern name of the town is Denia, and of the except in extreme necessity; as in the case
promontory, cape St. JMartin. It was one of of Camillus, for Sylla and Caesar usurped
the three towns on this coast, whose founda their perpetual dictatorship, in contempt of
tion was ascribed to the Massilians. It was the laws of their country. But the dictator
called by them Artemisium, from the Greek usually resigned his command whenever he
name of Diana, who had a temple there had effected the business for which he had
which was much venerated.] been created: thus, Q. Cincinnatus and Ma
D1Asia, festivals in honour of Jupiter at mercus AEmilius abdicated the dictatorship
Athens. They received their name aro row on the 16th day. Q. Servilius on the 8th
*13° 221 rur arat,from Jupiter and misfortune, day. Another check on the dictator's pow
because, by making applications to Jupiter, er was, that he could lay out none of the
men obtained relief from their misfortunes, public money without the authority of the
and were delivered from danger. During senate or the order of the people. He could
this festival things of all kinds were exposed not, moreover, leave Italy, a law which was
to sale. only once violated, and that on account of
Dubio, a town of France, now Dijon in the most urgent necessity. , (Liv, epit. 19.)
Burgundy. Neither was he allowed to ride on horseback
Dicaea, [a town of Thrace in the territo without the permission of the people. The
ry of the Ristones, and to the south-east of principal check, however, against a dicta
the Bistonian Marsh. A town of Greece tor's abuse of power was, that he might be
on the Sinus Thermaicus.] called to an account for his conduct when he
 1)| DI

in the republic, and even the laws were sub nucius] was invested with a power equal to
jected to him. He was called dictator, be that of the dictator [Fabius Maximus]. A
second dictator was also chosen for the elec
cause dictus, named by the consul, or quonnam
dictis ejus parebat pepulus, because the peo: tion of magistrates at Rome, aſter the battle
ple implicitly obeyed his command. [The of Cannae. The dictatorship was originally
dictator was not created by the suffrages of confined to the patricians, but the plebeians
were afterwards admitted to share it. Titus
the people, as the other magistrates, but one
of the consuls, by order of the senate, nam Lartius Flavus was the first dictator, A. U. j
ed as dictator whatever person of consular C. 253. Dionys. Hal—Cuc. de Leg. 3.-
dignity he thought proper; and this he did, Dio.—Plut. in Fab.—.Appian. 3.-Polyº. 3.
—Paterc. 2, c, 28.—Liv. 1, c. 23, 1.2, c. 18,
|
after having taken the auspices, usually in
the dead of night. Sometimes the peo l. 4, c. 57, l. 9, c. 38.
ple gave directions whom the consul should [Dict E, a mountain of the island of Crete,
name.] As his power was absolute, he could now called Sethia and also Lasthi, next in
proclaim war, levy forces, conduct them height to mount Ida, and covered through
against an enemy, and disband them at out a great part of the year with snow;
pleasure. He punished as he pleased ; whence it is denominated by Strabo, Pliny,
and ſrom his decisions there was no ap and Ptolemy, “the White Mountain.” It ob
peal, at least till later times. During his tained its name from Dictynna, a nymph of
administration, all other officers, except theCrete, who is supposed first to have invented
tribunes of the people, were suspended, hunting-nets (3 krva,) and to have been call
and he was the master of the republic ed Dictynna on that account, having been be
[The writers on Roman antiquities, and espe fore named Brito-martis. According to ano
cially Dr. Adam, assert that the dictator was ther account, she plunged into the sea, in or
attended by 24 lictors with the fasces and st der to avoid Minos, who pursued her, and
curis, even in the city. In this they appear was caught in a fisherman's net. This moun
to have erred. Plutarch indeed tells us, in tain was consecrated to Jupiter, and hence
his life of Fabius, that the dictator was at he was called Dictaeus, as well as from a cave
tended by 24 lictors; but, as Justus Lipsius which was there, in which he had been con
observes, this statement is contradicted by cealed from Saturn. Crete was sometimes
higher authority; for we are told in the epi also styled by the poets Dietaa ...)
tome of the 89th Book of Livy, that Sylla, in [Dicty NNA, a nymph of Crete, rad. Dicte.]
assuming to himself 24 lictors, had done a [DictyNNAEUM, or Dict AMNUM promon
thing entirely unprecedented. “Sylla, dic torium, a promontory ou the northern coast
tutor factus, quod nemo quidem unquam fe of the isle of Crete, towards the north-west.
cerat, cum fascibus viginli quatuor processit.”] This promontory was at the extremity of a
A dictator was chosen only when the state chain of mountains, on which was a temple of
was in imminent dangers from foreign ene. Diana, culled Dictynnaea.}
mies or inward seditions. In the time of a Dictys, a Cretan, who went with Idome
pestilence a dictator was sometimes elected, neus to the Trojan war. It is supposed that
as also to hold the comitia, or to celebrate the he wrote an history of this celebrated war,
public festivals, to hold trials, to choose se and that at his death he ordered it to be laid in
mators, or drive a nail in the capitol, by his tomb, where it remained till a violent
which superstitious ceremony the Romans earthquake in the reign of Nero opened the
believed that a plague could be averted or monument where he had been buried. This
the progress of an enemy stopped. [For 120 convulsion of the earth threw out his history
years before Sylla the creation of a dictator of the Trojan war, which was found by some
was disused, but in dangerous emergencies shepherds, and afterwards carried to Rome.
the consuls were armed with dictatorial pow This mysterious tradition is deservedly deem
er.] This office, so respectable and illustri ed fabulous; and the history of the Trojan
ous in the first ages of the republic, became war, which is now extant as the composition
odious by the perpetual usurpations of Sylla of Dictys of Crete, was composed in the 15th
and J. Caesar; and after the death of the lat century, or, according to others, in the age of
ter, the Roman senate, on the motion of the Constantine, and falsely attributed to one of
consul Antony, passed a decree, which for the followers of làomeneus. The best edition
ever after forbade a dictator to exist in Rome. º is by Masellus Venia, 4to. Mediol.
The dictator, as soon as elected, chose a sub 1477.
ordinate officer, called his master of horse, Dinja LEx, de Sumptibus, by Didius, A.
magister equitum... [Sometimes a master of U.C. 606, to restrain the expenses that at
the horse was pitched upou for the dictator tended public festivals and entertainments,
by the senate, or by the order of the people.] and limit the number of guests which gene
This officer was respectable, but he was to: rally attended them, not only at Rome, but in
tally subservient to the will of the dictator, all the provinces of Italy. By it, not only
and could do nothing without his express or those who received guests in these festive
der, though he enjoyed the privilege of using meetings, but the guests themselves, were
a horse, and had the same insignia as the liable to be fined. It was an extension of the
praetors. This subordination, however, was Oppian and Fannian laws. -

some time after removed; and during the se Didius JULIANUs, a rich Roman, who, al
eord Punic war the master of the horse [Mi. terthe murder of Pertinax, bought the empire
 1)| º - I)|

º, which the Pretorians had exposed to sale, and Dido contemporaries, in the year 883
* A.D. 192. His great luxury and extrava B. C. when, as he says, Dido built Car
a gance rendered him odious; and when he thage; and he states the capture of Troy
refused to pay the money which he had pro to have happened in the year 904 B.C.
mised for the imperial purple, the soldiers which others refer to 1184 B.C.] While
revolted against him, and put him to death, Virgil describes, in a beautiful episode, the
after a short reign. Severus was made em desperate love of Dido, and the submission
peror aſter him. of AEneas to the will of the gods, he at the
Dido, called also Elissa, a daughter of same time gives an explanation of the hatred
Belus king of Tyre, who married Sichaeus, which existed between the republics of Rome
of Sicharbas, her uncle, who was priest of and Carthage, and informs his readers that
Hercules. Pygmalion, who succeeded to the their mutual enmity originated in their very
throne of Tyre after Belus, murdered Si first ſoundation, and was apparently kindled
theus, toget possession of the immense riches by a more remote cause than the jealousy and
which he possessed ; and Dido, disconsolate rivalship of two flourishing empires. Dido,
for the loss of a husband whom she tenderly after her death, was honoured as a deity by
lovel, and by whom she was equally esteem. her subjects. But the landing of Æneas in
ed, set sail in quest of a settlement, with a Italy, and the origin of the Romans from the
number of Tyrians, to whom the cruelty of Trojans is a mere fable. vid. Roma.] Jus
the tyrant became odious. According to some 'in. 18, c. 4, &c.—Paterc. 1, c. 6.-P'ºrg.
accounts, she threw into the sea the riches of JEn—Orld. Met 14, ſab. 2.-Heroid. 7.-
her husband, which Pygmalion so greatly de Appian, Aler.—Oros. 4.—Herodian-Dio
sired; and by that artifice compelled the ships mys. Hal.
to fly with her, that had come by order of the DinyMA, [a fountain of Greece in Thessa
tyrant to obtain the riches of Sichaeus. Dur. ly.—Also two small islands near that of Scy
ing her voyage, Dido visited the coast of Cy ros.-One of the Æoliae insulae, near Sicily.]
prus, where she carried away 50 women, who Didy Mus, a scholiast on Homer, surnamed
prostituted themselves on the sea-shore, and Xaakºtºgór, [or brazen entruils, from the
jave them as wives to her Tyrian followers. jumber of his productions. IHe is said to have
A storm drove her fleet on the African coast, composed nearly 4000 volumes, none which
and she bought of the inhabitants as mu h have come down to us. Seneca speaks of the
land as could be covered by a bull's hide cut subjects which Didymus discussed as triſling
: into thongs. Upon this piece of land she built in themselves, or, as he says, subjects which
... a citadel, called Byrsa. A different account are forgotten, or which ought to be forgotten
º from the common one, of the origin of the if they were known.] He flourished B.C. 40.
name Byrsa, is given under that term.] The The best editions of his commentaries are, that
increase of population, and the rising com in 2 vols. 8vo. Venet. apud Ald. 1528, and that
merce among her subjects, soon obliged her of Paris, 8vo. 1530. [A mountain of Phry
tº enlarge her city and the boundaries of her £ia, vid. Dindymus.}
dºminions. Her beauty, as well as the ſame D1Espiter, a surname of Jupiter, as being
ºf her enterprise,gained her many admirers; the father of light.
and her subjects wished to compel her to DiG ENTIA, a small river which watered
marry Iarbas, king of Mauritania, who threat Horace's farm, in the country of the Sabines.
ened them with a dreadful war. Dido begged It discharges itself into the Anio, and is now
three months to give her decisive answer; called Licenza. Horal. 1, ep. 18, v. 104.
* during that time she erected a funeral I)11, the divinities of tie ancient inhabitants
File, as iſ wishing, by a solemn sacrifice, to of the earth, were very numerous. Every
*Pºease the manes of Sichaeus, to whom she object which caused terror, inspired gratitude,
*4 promised eternal fidelity, when all was or bestowed affluence, received the tribute of
Pºpared, she stabbed herself on the pile in veneration. Man saw a superior agent in
Pºence of her people, and by this uncommon the stars, the clements, or the trees, and sup
* obtained the name of Dido, taliant posed that the waters which communicated
* instead of Elissa. According to Vir. fertility to his fields and possessions were
º * Ovid, the death of Dido was caused under the inſluence and direction of some in
& **udden departure of Æneas, of whom visible power, inclined to ſavour and to bene
*.** deeply enamoured, and whom she fit mankind. Thus arose a train of divinities,
* not obtain as a husband. This poetical which imagination arrayed in different forms,
* represents Æueas as living in the age and armed with different powers. They were
º, and introduces an anthronism ºf endowed with understanding, and were actu
..º. Dido left Phoenicia 247 years ated by the same passions which daily afflict
**Trºjan war, or the age of Ænea, the human race, and those children of super
***wu'953 years B. C.” This j stition were appeased or provoked as the im
**rror proceeds not from the ignorance perfect being which gave them birth. Their
*the poets, but it i wrath was mitigated by sacrifices and incense,
** ºº::" supported by the autho. and sometimes human victims bled to expi
º ..?ul
i; -- - - -

fin** *re, aut sibi convenientia ate a crime which superstition alone suppos
ed to exist. The sun, from his powerful in
* Sir fluence and animating nature, first attracted
º lmac Newtown, however, makes Eneas' the notice and claimed the adoration of the
251
 DI Di

uncivilized inhabitants of the earth. The it bindymus, which is generally followed by

moon also was honoured with sacrifices, and subsequent geographers. Mannert, however,
addressed in prayers ; and after immortality considers the true name to have been Didy
had been liberally bestowed on all the heaven mus, from the Greek, Juávazz, (twin.) and suſ
ly bodies, mankind classed among their dei poses this appellation to have been given to
ties the brute creation, and the cat and sow it from its double summit. One of these
shared equally with Jupiter himself, the fa summits had the name of Agdistis ; and ou
ther of gods and men, the devout veneration this, according to Pausanias, Atys was buried.
of their votaries. This immense number of \lannert makes Dindymus to have been at
deities have been divided into different class the northern extremity of a chain of moun
es, according to the will and pleasure of the tains known by the name of Olympus. not to
mythologists. The Romans, generally speak. be confounded, however, with the mountain
ing, reckoned two classes of the gods, the dil named Olympus near Prusa in Bithynia, uor
majorum gentium, or dii consulentes, and the with another Olympus in Galatia. on which
dii minorum gentium. The former were the Tolistoboli collected their forces to resist
twelve in number, six males and six females. the proconsul Manlius. The whole march
(vid. Consentes.) In the class of the latter of the Roman army, as described by Livy
were ranked all the gods which were wor shows that the last-mentioned mountain lay
shipped in different parts of the earth. Be about 10 geographical miles north-west of
sides these, there were some called dii selecti, Ancyra. The goddess Cybele was worship
sometimes classed with the twelve greater ped at Pessinus and on mount Oindymus; and
gods; these were Janus, Saturn, the Genius, hence was called Dindymene. Mannert.
the Moon, Pluto, and Bacchus. There were Anc. Geogr. vol. 6, p. 3, p. 63.] Strab. 12
also some called demi-gods, that is, who de Stat. 1. Sult. 1, v. 9.—Horal. 1, od. 16, v. 3.
served immortality by the greatness of their —Virg. Jºn.9, v. 617.
exploits, and for their uncommon services to DiNiA, [a town of Gallia Narbonensis,
mankind. Among these were Priapus, Vertum and the capital of the Bodiontici. Its uame
mus, Hercules, and those whose parents were is said to be of Celtic origin, being derived
some of the immortal gods. Besides these, from din, water, and ia, hot, so called from
there were some called topici, whose worship the thermal waters at the distance of a quar
was established at particular places, such as ter of a league from it. It is now Digne.]
Isis in Egypt, Astarte in Syria, Uranus at DINöckātes, an architect of Macedonia,
Carthage, &c. In process of time, also, all [who proposed to Alexander to cut mount
the passions, and the moral virtues, were Athos into the form of a man having in his
reckoned as powerful deities, and temples left hand the walls of a great city, and all the
were raised to a goddess of concord, peace, rivers of the mountain flowing through his
&c. According to the authority of Hesiod, right hand into the sea ; or, according to an
there were no less than 30,000 gods that inha other account, holding a spacious basin in the
bited the earth, and were guardians of men, right, to receive all the waters which flowed
all subservient to the power of Jupiter. To from the mountain. (rid. Athos.) Alexan
these succeeding ages added an almost der declined the offer, but took him to Egypt
equal number; and indeed they were so nu and employed him in beautifying Alexandria.
merous, and their functions so various, that He was also employed by the Ephesians to
we find temples erected, and sacrifices offer superintend the rebuilding of the temple of
ed to unknown gods. It is observable, that Diana.] He began to build a temple in ho
all the gods of the ancients have lived upon nour of Arsinoe, by order of Ptolemy Philadel
earth as mere mortals; and even Jupiter, phus, in which he intended to suspend a sta
who was the ruler of heaven, is represented tue of the queen, by means of loadstones. His
by the mythologists as a helpless child; and death, and that of his royal patron, prevent
we are acquainted with all the particulars ed the execution of a work which would have
that attended the birth and education of Juno. been the admiration of future ages. Plin. 7,
In process of time, not only good and virtu c. 37.-Marcell. 22, c. 40.—Plut. in .11er.
ous men, who had been the patrons of learn D1NoN, the father of Clitarchus, who wrote
ing and the supporters of liberty, but also an history of Persia in Alexander's age. He
thieves and pirates, were admitted among the is esteemed a very authentic historian by C.
gods; and the Roman senate courteously .Nep. in Conon.—Plut. in .4ler.—Ding.
granted immortality to the most cruel and DiNostrăTEs, [a famous nathematician
abandoned of their emperors. of the Platonic school, the brother of Menech
D1NARchus, a Greek orator, son of Sos mus, and disciple of Plato. Pursuing the
tratus, and disciple to Theophrastus, at steps of his brother, who amplified the theory
Athens. He acquired much money by his of the conic sections, Dinostrates is said to
compositions, and suffered himself to be brib have made many mathematical discoveries:
ed by the enemies of the Athenians, 307 B. but he is particularly distinguished as the in
C. Of 64 of his orations, only three remain. ventor of the quadratriz. Montucla, how
Cic, de Orat. 2, c. 53. ever, observes, that there is some reason for
DIndymus or A, (orum,) [a mountain of ascribing the original invention of this curve
Galatia in Asia Minor, placed by Ptolemy to Hippias of Elea, an ingenious philosopher
south-east of Pessinus, while Strabo says that and geometer contemporary with Socrates.]
the city lay upon it. The latter writer names DiócLÉA, [a town of Illyricum, in Dalma
 1)| H)|
-º-º-" ºr T------------ --

tia, the native place of Diocietian. This town imitated by the emperor Charles the fifth of
is now ruined. It was not far from Narona, Germany. [All history reproaches him, not
now Nurenza.] withstanding the philosophical indifference
Diocletianopolis, a town of Thessaly, which caused him to resign the Roman dia
called so in honour of Diocletian. dem, with pride, ostentation, and arrogance.
Diocleti Nus, (Caius Valerius Jovius,) Aurelius Victor observes, that no connection
a celebrated Roman emperor. born of an ob with him justified confidence, and that those
scure family in Dalmatia, [at the town of Di whom he called his friends, could not depend
ociea, or Doºlea, from which town he derived upon any sincere affection on his part. He
his first name, which was probably Docles. was greatly addicted to building. His baths
afterwards lengthened to the more harmo at Rome were a vast collection of buildings,
nious Greek form of Diocles, and at length, containing, besides baths, places for exercise,
after his accession to the empire, to the Ro others for study, porticoes, halls, libraries, &c.
man form of Diocletianus, or Dioclesianus, The city of Nicomedia, in particular, felt his
He likewise, on this occasion, assumed the bounty, and he vainly endeavoured to make
patrician name of Valerius.] He was first a it equal to Rome.]
common soldier, and by merit and success he DióDoRus, an historian, surnamed Siculus,
gradually rose to the office of a general, and because he was born at Argyra in Sicily. He
at the death of Numerian, he was invested wrote an history of Egypt, Persia, Syria, Me
with the imperial purple. At the com dia, Greece, Rome, and Carthage, which was
mencement of his career, and whilst he occu divided into 40 books, of which only 15 are ex
pied some inferior post, it is said that a Lyruid tant, with some few fragments. This valu
woman, in whose house he lodged, upbraided able composition was the work of an accurate
him with covetousness, to whom he jocosely inquirer, and it is said that he visited all the
replied. “I shall be more generous when I places of which he has made mention in his
am emperor,” “You are joking,” replied history. It was the labour of 30 years, though
the Druidess; “but I tell you in good earnest, the greater part may be considered as nothing
that you will attain to the empire after you more than a judicious compilation from Bero
have killed a boar.” This circumstance is sus, Tin aeus, Theopompus, Callisthenes, and
said to have occurred in the city of Tongres. others. The author, h, wever, is too credu
and present bishoprick of Liege.j In his high lous in some of his narrations, and often wan
station he rewarded the virtues and fidelity ders far from the truth H is style is neither
of Maximian, who had shared with him all elegant, nor too laboured ; but it contains
the subordinate offices in the army, by making great simplicity and unaffected correctness.
him his colleague on the throne. He created He often dwells too long upon fabulous reports
two subordinate emperors, Constantius and and trifling incidents, whil' events of the great
Galerius, whom he called Caesars, whilst he est importance to bistory are treated with
claimed for himself and his colleague, the su brevity, and sometimes passed over in silence.
perior title of Augustus. Diocletian has been His manner of reckoning, by the Olympiads
celebrated for his military virtues; and though and the Roman consuls, will be found very
he was naturally unpolished by education and erroneous. The historian flourished about 44
study, yet he was the friend and patron of years B. C. He spent much time at Rome
learning and true genius. He was bold and to procure information, and authenticate his
resolute, active and diligent, and well ac historical narrations. The best edition of his
quainted with the arts which endear a sove works, is that of Wesseling, 2 vols. fol. Amst.
reign to his people, and make him respectable 1746. [A native of Caria, and disciple of
even in the eyes of his enemies. His cruelty, the Megaric school. He was a great adept
however, against the followers of christianity, in that species of verbal combat which pre
has been deservedly branded with the appel vailed among the philosophers of his sect. It
lation of unbounded tyranny, and insolent is said that a question was proposed to him
wantonness. After he had reigned 21 years in the presence of Ptolemy Soter, by Stilpo
in the greatest prosperity, he publicly abdi one of his fraternity, which he required wine
cated the crown at Nicomedia, on the first to answer, and on this account was ridiculed
of May, A. D. 304, and retired to a private by Ptolemy and denominated Chronus (x86
station at Salona. Maximian, his colleague, yet.) Mortified at this defeat, he wrote a book
followed his example, but not from voluntary on the question, but nevertheless died of vex
choice; and when he some time after endea ation. He is the reputed author of the famous
voured to rouse the ambition of Diocletian, sophism against motion. “If any body be
and persuade him to reassume the imperial moved, it is moved either in the place where
purple, he received for answer, that Diocle it is, or in a place where it is not, for nothing
tian took now more delight in cultivating his can act or suffer where it is not, and therefore
little garden than he formerly enjoyed in a there is no such thing as motion.” Diodorus
palace, when his power was extended over was suitably rewarded for this brilliant disco
all the earth. He lived nine years after his very : having dislocated his shoulder, the
abdication in the greatest security and enjoy surgeon who was sent for, kept him for some
ment at Salona, and died in the 68th year oi time in torture, while he proved from the
his age. Diocletian is the first sovereign who philosopher's own mode of reasoning that the
voluntarily resigned his power; a philoso hone could not have moved out of its place.
phical resolution, which, in a later age, was A peripatetic philosopher, with whom the
 |) i DI

uninterrupted succession of the peripatetic reply, and purchased him. On their arrival
school terminated. A bishop of Tarsus in at Corinth, Xeniades gave him, his freedom.
Cilicia. A few fragments of his writings r and, at length committed to him the educa
main in the Cat na Patrum Gra-corum. H. on of his children, and the direction of his
was ordained A. D. 378, and died A. D. 394.] tomestic concerns. Diogenes executed this
A stoic philosopher, preceptor to Cic re. trust with so much judgment and fidelity,
He lived and died in the house of his pupil. at Xeniades used to say that the gods had
whom he instructed in the various branche ent a good genius to his house. During his
of Greek literature. Cic, in Brut. residence at Corinth, the interview between
DioGENE-, a celebrated Cynic philosophet lim and Alexander is said to have taken
of Sinope. [His father, who was a banker, place. Plutarch relates, that Alexander,
was convicted of debasing the public coin, when at Corinth receiving the congratula
and was obliged to leave the country. This tions of all ranks on being appointed to com
circumstance gave the son an opportunity of man the army of the Greeks against the
visiting Athens.] At Athens he became the the Persians, missed Diogenes among the num
disciple of Antisthenes, who was at the head ber, with whose character he was not unac
of the Cynics. Antisthenes, having been quainted. Curious to see one who had given
mortified by neglect, was in a peevish hu so signal an instance of his haughty inder
mour, and at first refused to admit him pendence of spirit, Alexander went in search
into his house, and even struck him with of him, and found him sitting in his tub in
a stick. Diogenes calmly bore the rebuke, the sun. “I am Alexander the Great,” said
and said, “strike me, Antisthenes, as you the monarch, “and I am Diogenes the Cynic,”
please ; I will be your scholar.” Antisthe replied the philosopher. Alexander then
nes, overcome by his perseverance, receiv requested that he would inform him what
ed him, and afterwards made him his in service he could render him, “Stand attay
timate companion and friend. [Diogenes between me and the sun,” said the Cynic.
perfectly adopted the principles and charac Alexander, struck with the reply, said to his
ter of his master. Renouncing every other friends who were ridiculing the whimsical
object of ambition, he determined to distin singularity of the philosopher, “If I were
guish himself by his contempt of riches an not Alexander, I would wish to be Diogenes.”
honours, and by his indignation against lux the story is too good to be omitted, but there
ury. He wore a coarse cloak; carried a are several circumstances which in some de
wallett and a staff; made the porticoes, and gree diminish its credibility. It supposes
other public places, his habitation; and de piogenes to have lived in his tub at Corinth,
pended upon casual contributions for his dai whereas it appears that he lived there in the
ly bread. A friend, whom he had desired house of Xeniades, and that if he everdwelt in
to procure him a cell, not executing his order a tub, he left it behind him at Athens. Alex
so soon as was expected, he took up his abode ander, moreover, was at this time scarcely
in a tub, or large vessel, in the Metroum. 20 years old, and could not call himself Alex
It is probable, however, that this was only a ander the Great, for he did not receive this
temporary expression of indignation and title till his Persian and Indian expedition,
contempt, and that he did not make a tub the after which he never returned to Greece;
settled place of his residence. This famous yet the whole transaction supposes him elat
tub is indeed celebrated by Juvenal; it is also ed with the pride of conquest. Diogenes,
ridiculed by Lucian, and mentioned by Se probably, was visited by Alexander, when
neca. But no notice is taken of so singular the latter held the general assembly of the
a circumstance by other ancient writers who Greeks at Corinth, and was received by him
have mentioned this philosopher; not even with rudeness and incivility, which may
by Epictetus, who discourses at large con ha e given rise to the whole story. The
cerning Diogenes, and relates many particu philosopher at this time would be about 70
lars respecting his manner of life. It may years of age.] After a life spent in the
therefore be questioned, whether this whole greatest indigence, he died B. C. 324, in the
story is not to be ranked among the nume. 96th year of his age. He ordered his body
rous tales which have been invented to ex to be carelessly thrown into a ditch, and some
pose the sect of the Cynics to ridicule. It dust to be sprinkled over it. His orders
cannot be doubted, however, that Diogenes were, however, disobeyed in this particular,
practised the most hardy self-controul, and and his friends honoured his remains with a
the most rigid batinence; exposing himself magnificent funeral at Corinth. The inha
to the utmost extremes of heat and cold, and bitants of Sinope raised statues to his memo
living upon the simplest diet, casually sup ry; and the marble figure of a dog was
plied by the hand of charity. In his old age. placed on a high column erected on his tomb.
sailing to Ægina, he was taken by pirates His biographer has transmitted to posterity
and carried to Crete, where he was exposed a number ofsayings, remarkable for their sim
to sale in the public market. When the plicity and moral tendency. The life of Dic
auctioneer asked him what he could do, he genes, however, shrinks from the eye of a
said, “I can govern men, therefore sell me to strict examination; he boasted of his pover
one who wants a master.” Xeniades, a wealthy ty, and was so arrogant that many have ob
Corinthian, happening at that instant to pass served that the virtues of Diogenes arose from
hy, was struck with o: A the singularity of his pride and vanity, not from wisdom or sound
 D1 DI

philosophy. His morals were corrupted, he darkness of the night, and landed in Attica,
gave way to the most vicious indulgences, where his companions plundered the country,
and his unbounded wantonness has given oc and lost the Trojan Palladium. During his
casion to some to observe, that the bottom of long absence, his wife Ægiale forgot her mar
his tub would not bear too close an exam, riage vows, and prostituted herself to Co
nation. [It is wholly incredible that a man metes, one of her servants. This lase vious
who is universally celebrated for his sobriety ness of the queen was attributed by some to
and contempt of pleasure, and who, for his the resentment of Venus, whom Diomedes
vehement indignation against vice, and his had severely wounded in the arm in a battle
bold attempts to reform the age in which he before Troy The infidelity of Ægiale was
lived, has beea represented by some of the highly displeasing to Diomedes. He resolv
most eminent philosophers, as one endue. ed to abandon his native country which was
with divine wisdom, should have been capa the seat of his dis race, and the attempts of
ble of committing the grossest indecencies. his wife to take away his life, according to
The tale which is related of him and the some accounts, did not a little contribute to
courtesan Lais is wholly inconsistent with hasten his departure. He came to that part
chronology, for Lais must have been four of Italy which has been called Magna Grae
score years old, and Diogenes seventy, when cia, where he built a city called Argyrippa,
the circumstance is related to have taken and married the daughter of Daunus, the
place. The truth is, we are chiefly indebted king of the country. He died there in ex
for these stories to Athenaeus, a writer who treme old age, or, according to a certain tra
seems to have ransacked every corner of an dition, he perished by the hand of his father
tiquity, and of his own invention too, for in-law. His death was greatly lamented by
tales to the discredit of philosophy.] Diog. his companions, who in the excess of their
in vitā.-Plut. in Apoph.--Cic. de Mat. D. grief were changed into birds resembling
3, c. 36, &c.—A stoic of Babylon, disciple swans. These birds took flight into neigi,
of Chrysippus. He went to Athens, aud bouring islands in the Adriatic, [vid. Diome
was sent as ambassador to Rome, with Car deae Insulae, and became remarkable for
neades and Critolaus, 155 years before Christ. the tameness with which they approached
He died in the 88th year of his age, after a the Greeks, and for the horror with which
life of the most exemplary virtue. Some they shunned all other nations. They are
suppose that he was strangled by order of called the birds of Diomedes. Altars were
Antiochus king of Syria, for speaking disre raised to Diomedes as to a god, one of which
spectfully of his family in one of his tº eatises. Strabo mentions at Tinyavus. Virg. JEn. 1,
Quintil. 1, c. 1.-Athen. 5, c. 11.—Cic. de v. 756, l. 11, v. 243, &c.—Ovid. M. t. 14, fab.
Offic. 3, c. 51. –A native of Apollonia, ce 10–1pollod. 1, c. 8, 1.3, c. 7.-Hygin. fab.
lebrated for his knowledge of philosophy and 97, 112 and 113.—Paus. 2, c. 30.--—A king
physic. He was pupil to Anaxagoras. Diog. in of Thrace, son of Mars and Cyrene, who fed
witó. Laertius, an epicurean philosopher, his horses with human flesh. It was one of
born in Cilicia. He wrote the lives of the phi the labours of Hercules to destroy him ; and
losophers inten books, still extant. This work accordingly the hero, attended with some of
contains an accurate account of the ancient his friends attacked the inhuman tyrant, and
philosophers, and is replete with all their anec gave him to be devoured by his own horses
dotes and particular opinions. It is compiled, which he had fed so barbarously. Diod. 4.
however, without any plan, method, or pre —Paus. 3, c. 18. —-lpollod. 2, c. 5.
cision, though much neatness and conciseness [Dionſ Ed BAE Insula, islands of the Adria
are observable through the whole. In this tic, according to Strabo, Ptolemy, and Pliny.
multifarious biography the author does not They lay north of the promontory of Gargº
seem particularly partial to any sect, except nus, and are now the islands of Tremiti. One
perhaps it be that of Potamon of Alexandria. of these islands was called Teutria, and the
Diogenes died A. D. 222. The best editions other Diomedia and Trimetus.)
of his works are that of Meibomius, 2 vols. [Dion or Dium, a promontory placed by
4to. Amst. 1692, and that of Lips. 8vo. 1759. Ptolemy in the northern part of the isle of
[This is merely a reprint of the edition of Crete.—A town of Euboea.—— A town of
Longolius, Curiae Reginit. 1739, 2 vols. in Macedonia, on the coast of the Sinus Ther
gºoj There was a philosopher of that maicus, or, Gulf of Saloniki, and south of the
nouth of the Haliacmon. It is now called
name who attended Alexander in his Asiatic
expedition for the purpose of marking out Stan-Dia. There were several other unin
and delineating his march, &c. portant places of this name.]
D16MEDEs, son of Tydeus and Deiphyle, Dion, [an illustrious inhabitant of Syra
was king of Ætolia, and one of the bravest of cuse, who, deriving an ample inheritance from
the Grecian chiefs in the Trojan war. He his father Hipparinus, became a disciple of
engaged Hector and Æneas, and by repeated Plato, invited to the court of Syracuse by the
acts of valour obtained much military glory. elder Dionysius. In consequence of the in
He went with Ulysses to steal the Palladium structions of his master, he escaped being in
from the temple of Minerva at Troy; and as fected with the licentiousness of the capital,
sisted in murdering Rhesus, king of Thrace, and attaching himself to the cause of liberty,
and carrying away his horses. At his return took part with his preceptor in the persecu
from the siege of Troy, he lost his way in the
 IDI

He was nearly connected with Dionysius by cero, and extols the cause of Caesar. Seine
having married his daughter, and by his sis ca is the object of his satire, and he represents
ter being one of his wives; and he was also him as debauched and liceutious in his no
much esteemed by him, so as to be employed rals. Dion flourished about the 230th year
on several embassies. At the accession of of the christian era. The best edition of his
the younger Dionysius, Plato was again, at works is that of Remarus, 2 vols. fol. Hamb.
Dion s request, invited to Syracuse. In order, 1750.
however, to counteract his influence, the DióNAEA, a surname of Venus, supposed to
courtiers obtained the recall of Philistus, a be the daughter of Jupiter and Dione.
man notorious for his adherence to arbitra D10NE, a nymph, daughter of Nereus and
ry principles. This faction determined to Doris. She was mother of Venus, by Jupi
supplant Dion, and availed themselves of a ter, accºrding to Homer and others. Hesiod.
real or su posititious letter to fix on him the however, gives Venus a different origin. [cid.
charge of treason. Dion, precluded from Venus.] Venus is herself sometimes called
defence, was transported to Italy, and from Dione. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 19.—Homer. Il. 5,
thence proceeded to Greece, where he was v. 38 (.-Stat. 1, Sylv. 1, v. 86.
received with great honour. Dionysius be Dionysia, festivals in honour of Ai ºrva ºr,
came jealous of his popularity in Greece, es or Bacchus, [sometimes called by the gene
pecially at Athens, stopped his remittances, ral name of Ogyua, which word, though some
confiscated his estates, and compelled his wife, times applied to the mysteries of other gods.
who had been left at Syracuse as a hostage, more peculiarly belongs to that of Bacchus.]
to “arry another person. Dion, incensed at Their form and solemnity were first intro
this treatment, determined to expel the ty duced into Greece from Egypt by a certain
rant. Plato resisted his intentions; but en Melampus, and if we admit that Bacchus is
couraged by other friends, he assembled a the same as Isis, the Dionysia of the Greeks
body of troops, and with a small force sailed are the same as the festivals celebrated by
to Sicily, took advantage of the absence of the Egyptians in honour of Isis. [The wor
Dionysius in Italy, and freed the people from ship of Bacchus is rather of Indian origin.
his controul. Dionysius returned; but after rid. Bacchus...] They were observed at Atheus
some conflicts was compelled to escape to with more splendour and ceremonious super
Italy. The austere and philosophic manners stition than in any other part of Greece.
of Dio , however, soon lost him the favour of The years were numbered by their celebra
his fickle countrymen, and he was supplant |tion, the archon assisted at the solemnity,
ed by Heraclides, a Syracusan exile, and |and the priests that officiated were honour
obliged to make his retreat to Leontium. H. ed with the most dignified seats at the pub
afterwards regained the ascendancy, and in a lic games. At first they were celebrated
rash moment caused Heraclides to be assas with great simplicity, and the time was con
sinated. This robbed him ever after of his secrated to mirth. It was then usual to
peace of mind. An Athenian, an intimate bring a vessel of wine adorned as with a
friend, formed a conspiracy against his life, vine branch, after which followed a goat, a
and Dion was assassinated in the 55th year basket of figs, and the oxxxot. The worship
of his age, B.C. 354. His death was uni pers imitated in their dress and actions the
versally lamented by the Syracusans, and a poetical fictions concerning Bacchus. They
monument was raised to his memory. Dwd. clothed themselves in fawn's skins, fine linen.
16.-C. Nº p. in witá.] Cassius, a native of and mitres, they carried thyrsi, drums, pipes,
Nicaea in Bithynia. His father's name was and flutes, and crowned themselves with gar
A pronianus. He was raised to the greatest lands of ivy, vine, fir, &c. Some imitated
offices of state in the Roman empire by Per Silenus, Pan, and the Satyrs, by the uncouth
tinax and his three successors. Naturally manner of their dress, and their fantastical
fond of study, he improved himself by un motions. Soune rode upon asses, and others
wearied application, and was ten years in col. drove the goats to slaughter for the sacrifice.
lecting materials for an history of Rome, In this manner both sexes joined in the so
which he made public in 80 books, after a lemnity, and ran about the hills and country,
laborious employment of 12 years in compos. nodding their heads, dancing in ridiculous pos
ing it. This valuable history began with the tures, and filling the air with hideous shrieks
arrival of Æneas in Italy, and was continued and shouts, and crying aloud, Flvoe Bacche :
down to the reign of the emperor Alexander ſo Io Evoe . Iacche : Iobacche : Evohe .
Severus. The 34 first books are totally lost, With such solemnities were the festivals of
the 20 following are mutilated, and fragments Bacchus celebrated by the Greeks, particu
are all that we possess of the last 20. In the larly the Athenians. In one of these there fol
compilation of his extensive history, Dion
lowed a number of persons carrying sacred
proposed to hinself Thucydides for a model; vessels, one of which contained water. After
but he is not perfectly happy in his imitation. these came a select number of noble virgins
His style is pure and elegant, and his narra. carrying little baskets of gold filled with all
tions are judiciously managed, and his reflec sorts of fruits. This was the most mysterious
tious learned; but upon the whole he is cre part of the solemnity. Serpents were some
dulous, and the bigotted slave of partiality, times put in the baskets, and by their wreath
satire, and flattery. He inveighs against ing and crawling out they amused and asto
"he republican principles of Brutus and ci. nished the beholders. After the virgins, fol
 Di DI

lowed a company of men carrying poles, at the much to the corruption of morals among all
end of which were fastened paxxon. The heads ranks of people. They were also introduced
of these men, who were called ear, acqugal, into Tuscany, and from thence to Rome.
were crowned with ivy and violets, and their Among the Romans both sexes promiscuous
faces covered with other herbs. They march ly joined in the celebration during the dark
ed singing songs upon the oocasion of the festi ness of night. The drunkenness, the debau
vals called ºxxxixx artwara. Next to the chery, and impure actions and indulgences,
•=xx.cºgaſ followed the 18weaxxoi in women's which soon prevailed at the solemnity, called
apparel, with white striped garments reach aloud for the interference of the senate, and
ing to the ground ; their heads were decked the consuls Sp. Posthumius Albinus and Q.
with garlands, and on their hands they wore Martius Philippus, made astrict examination
gloves composed of flowers. Their gestures concerning the propriety and superstitious
and actions were like those of a drunken man. forms of the Bacchamalia. The disorder and
Besides these, there were a number of persons, pollution which was practised with impunity
called aux v22:32, who carried the auzroy or by no less than 7,000 votaries of either sex,
musical ran of Bacchus; without their at was beheld with horror and astonishment by
tendance none of the festivals of Bacchus the consuls, and the Bacchamalia were for
were celebrated with due solemnity, and on |ever banished from Rome by a decree of the
‘hat account the god is often called auxvurnt. senate. They were again reinstated there
The festivals of Bacchus were almost innume in length of time, but not with such licenti
rable. The name of the most celebrated was ousness as before. Eurip. in Bucc.—Virg.
the Dionysia agaztoº-tsz, at Limnae in Attica. JEn. 11, v. 737.-Diod. 4.—Ovid. Met. 3,
The chiefpersons that officiated were fourteen v. 533, l. 4, v. 391, l. 6, v. 587.
women.called 2 setts at, venerable. They were [Dionysikpes, two small islands lying off
appointed by one of the archons, and before the north-eastern part of the island of Crete.]
their appointment they solemnly took an oath, [Dionys!As, a town of Egypt, situate at
before the archon or his wife, that their body the south-western extremity of the lake Moe
was free from all pollution. The greater ris. It is now called Bełed-Kerun.]
Dionysia, sometimes called acuzz or 'ra zar’ Dionysopolis, [a town of Lower Moesia,
•ºw, as being celebrated within the city, were in the vicinity of the Euxine Sea. Pliny says
the most famous. They were supposed to be that it was also called Crunos, but Pomponi
the same as the preceding, [and were cele us Mela makes Crunos the port of Dionyso
brated in the month Elaphebolion.] The less polis. It is said to have had its name from a
Dionysia, sometimes called tº xar’aygove, be statue of Bacchus which was carried by sea
cause celebrated in the country; anyata from to this place.——A city of India, supposed by
****, a wine-press, were to all appearance a Wannert to be the same with the modern
preparation for the greater festivals. They Nagar, or Mughr, on the western bank of the
were celebrated in autumn. The Diony river Cour. Mannert does not consider it to
ria Agavgaziz, observed at Brauron in Attica. have been the same with the ancient city of
were a scene of lewdness, extravagance, and Nyssa, but makes the position of the latter
debauchery.—The Dionysia ruxtuxax were nore to the north.]
observed by the Athenians in honour of Bac Dionysius 1st, or the elder, a tyrant of
chus Nyctelius. It was unlawful to reveal Sº racuse, [raised to that high rank from the
whatever was seen or done during the cele station of a simple citizen. He was son-in
bration.—The Dionysia called aaoozya. law to Hermocrates, who, having been ban
because human victims were offered to the ished by an adverse party, attempted to re
zod, or because the priests imitated the eat. turn by force of arms, and was killed in the
ing of raw flesh, were celebrated with much action. Dionysius was dangerously wound
olemnity. The priests put serpents in their ed, but he recovered, and was afterwards re
hair, and by the wildness of their looks, and called. In time he procured himself to be
the oddity of their actions, they ſeigned insa nominated one of the generals, and under pre
auty. The Dionysia agxa£1.2 were yearly tence of raising a force sufficient to resist the
observed in Arcadia, and the children who Carthaginians, he obtained a decree for re
had been instructed in the music of Philoxen calling all the exiles. He was soon called to
us and Timotheus, were introduced in a thea. take the chief command. His first act was to
tre, where they celebrated the festivals of double the soldiers' pay, and, pretending that
Bacchus by entertaining the spectators with his life was in danger, he was allowed a body
songs, dances, and different exhibitions. guard. These he made the instruments for
There were besides these, others of inferior accomplishing his ambitious views, and be
ºte. There was also one observed every came tyrant of Syracuse in the 25th year of
three years, called Dionysia ºrgiºrnguzz, and it his age, B.C.404.] He vowed eternal enmi
is said that Bacchus instituted it himself in ty against Carthage, and experienced various
sommemoration of his Indian expedition, in success in his wars against that republic. He
which he spent three years. There is also was ambitious of being thought a poet, and
another celebrated every fifth year, as men his brother Theodorus was commissioned to
tiºned by the scholiast of Aristophanes,— go to Olympia, and repeat there some verses
in his name, with other competitors, for the
All these festivals in honour of the god of poetical prizes. His expectations were frus
wine, were celebrated by the Greeks with
great licentiousness, and they contributed trated, and his poetry was received with
º
K 257
 DI DI

groans and hisses. He was not, however, so either put Plato to death, or sell him on the
unsuccessful at Athens, where a poetical prize passage. The latter was done, and Plato was
was publicly adjudged to one of his composi sold as a slave in the island of Ægina. rid.
tions. This victory gave him more pleasure Plato..] Diod. 13, 14, &c.—Justin. 20, c. 1.
than all the victories he had ever obtained in &c. Xenoph. Hist, Graec.—C. Wep. Timol.
the field of battle. His tyranny and cruelty —Plut. in Diod. The second of that name,
at home rendered him odious in the eyes of surnamed the younger, was son of Dionysius
his subjects, and he became so suspicious, that the 1st, by Doris. [He succeeded his father
he never admitted his wife or children to his as tyrant of Sicily, and invited Plato to re | |

private apartments without a previous ex visit Sicily. The philosopher consented to

amination of their garments. He never trust come, being led it is said to this step, by a
ed his head to a barber, but always burnt his promise on the part of Dionysius, that he
beard. [The caye which he caused to be would adopt his form of government. Little,
constructed is well known. It still exists, and however, resulted from this visit ; Dion
is a large cavern cut horizontally in a rock, was in banishment, and Dionysius on the
72 feet high, 27 broad, and 219 deep. The commencement of a war sent Plato back
entrance resembles the shape of an ear, and to his own country; not, however, without a
the interior has somewhat the form of the let promise that Dion should be restored on
ter S. On the top of the cave there is a the return of peace. A third invitation to
groove, which runs from one end to the other, Sicily was given to Plato aſter this, the par
and has communication with a small room at ticulars of which the reader will find de
the entrance, now inaccessible by reason of tailed in the biographical sketch given of
the height and steepness of the rock. This that philosopher. (vid. Plato.) The treat
is imagined to have been a guard-room, where ment of Dionysius towards Dion eventually
the tyrant placed a sentinel, who, by hearing cost him his kingdom, (vid. Dion,) and he
the leastwhisper of the prisoners within, made was driven out of Sicily. He afterwards re
his report accordingly to his master. Some ascended the throne, B. C. 350; but unin
modern travellers deny the resemblance to structed by past misfortunes, and entering
the human ear, and deride the idea of such a anew on the same course of lawless tyranny,
design in its original formation. Lord Sand he was driven out by Timoleon, and retired
wich supposes the cavern to be the remains to Corinth, where he kept low company and
of the Lautumiſe Syracusana, mentioned by indulged in gross debauchery. Some writers
Cicero, but most other travellers agree that assert that he was obliged for a maintenance -
the immense cavern which has been convert to open a school at Corinth, but this is not
ed into a subterranean garden, and belongs to mentioned by Plutarch, and is not entitled to
the convent of the Capuchins, was the Lau credit. Neither the time nor the place of his
tumiae to which Cicero alluded.] The artists death is known.] Dionysius, was as cruel
that had been employed in making this cave as his father, but he did not, like him, possess
were all put to death by order of the tyrant, the art of retaining his power. This was
for fear of their revealing to what purposes a seen and remarked by the old man, who,
work of such uncommon construction was to when he saw his son attempting to debauch
be appropriated. His impiety and sacrilege the wives of some of his subjects, asked him
were as conspicuous as his suspicious credu with the greatest indignation, whether he had
lity. He took a golden mantle from the statue ever heard of his having acted so brutal a
of Jupiter, observing that the son of Saturn part in his younger days? No, answered the
had too warm a covering for the summer, son, because you were not the son of a king.
and too cold for the winter, and he placed one Well, my son, replied the old man, never shalt
of wool instead. He also robbed AEsculapius thou be the father of a king. Justin. 21, c.
of his golden beard, and plundered the tem 1, 2, &c.—Diod. 15, &c.—JElian. P. H. 9,
ple of Proserpine. [In the year 366 B.C. c. 8.-Quintil. 8, c. 6.—C. Nep. in Dion.—
a tragedy of his was acted, and gained the Cic. Tusc. 5, c. 2. An historian of Hali
prize. This so elated the king, that he of. carnassus, who left his country and came to
fered a solemn sacrifice, feasted all his sub reside at Rome, that he might carefully study
jects, and drank to such excess as to cause all the Greek and Latin writers whose com
his death, which happened in the 38th year positions treated of the Roman history. He
of his reign.] Some suppose that the tyrant formed an acquaintance with all the learned
invented the catapulla, an engine which prov of the age, and derived much information
ed of infinite service for the discharging of from their company and conversation. After
showers of darts and stones in the time of a an unremitted application, during 24 years, he
siege. [Dionysius, in the course of his reign, gave to the world his Roman Antiquities in
invited over to hiscourt the philosopher Plato, 20 books, of which only the 11 first are now
at the instance of Dion, who thought that the extant, nearly containing the account of 31?
conversation of the philosopher might prove years. [The style of this writer is flat and
of service to the tyrant. Plato's discourse, languid, but he is regarded as an accurate his
however, only had the effect of irritating him, torian, and judicious in his narratives.] Like
and the philosopher was compelled to fly from a faithful historian, he never mentioned any
the island. Before he departed, however, thing but what was authenticated, and totally
Dionysius, suspecting his design, made the disregarded the fabulous traditions which fill
captain of the vessel promise that he would and disgrace the pages of both his predecess
258
 DI Di

sors and followers. To the merits of the histo era. His reputation was so great among the
rian, Dionysius, as may be seen in his trea ancients that they ranked him with Pythagoras
tises, has also added the equally respectable and Euclid. From his epitaph in the Antho
character of the eloquent orator, the critic, logia, which furnishes a kind of arithmetical
and the politician. He lived during the Au problem, the following particulars of his life
gustan age, and came to Rome about thirty have been collected, viz. that he was married
years before the Christian era. The best when 33 years old, and had a son 5 years af.
editions of his works are that of Oxford, 2 ter; that his son died at the age of42, and that
vols. fol. 1704, and that of Reiske, 6 vols. his father did not survive him above four years;
8vo. Lips. 1774.—A tyrant of Heraclea in whence it appears that Diophantus was 84
Pontus, in the age of Alexander the Great. years old when he died. The problem amounts
After the death of the conqueror and of to this, viz. to find a number such that its 6th,
Perdiccas, he married Amestris, the niece of 12th, and 7th parts, with 5, its half and 4,
king Darius, and assumed the title of king. amount to the whole number ; which is evi
He was of such an uncommon corpulence dently 84. Diophantus introduced the use of
that he never exposed his person in public, various symbols into the science of Algebra;
and when he gave audience to foreign ambas but his more important service is the method
sadors he always placed himself in a chair of applying the algebraic analysis to indeter
which was conveniently made to hide his face minate problems. He wrote 13 books of
and person ſtom the eyes of the spectators. arithmetic or algebra, of which only 6 re
When he was asleep it was impossible to main. The best edition is that of Bachet, re
awake him without boring his flesh with published with additional notes of M. de Fer
pins. He died in the 55th year of his age. mat, by the son of the latter, at Toulouse,
As his reign was remarkable for mildness 1670, in folio.]
and popularity, his death was severely la Diospolis, [a town of Armenia Minor,
mented by his subjects. He left two sons previously called Cabira. Pompey gave it the
and a daughter, and appointed his widow name of Diospolis. It was afterwards called
queen-regent. A native of Chalcis, who Sebaste, in honour of Augustus.]
wrote a bookentitled zrezur, or, the origin of Dioryctus, a place of Acarnania, where
cities. A philosopher of Heraclea, disci a canal was cut (diz, ogvaaw) to make Leuca
ple to Zeno. He starved himself to death, dia an island. [vid. Leucadia.] Plin. 4, c. 1.
B. C.279, in the 81st year of his age. Diog. Diosconid Es, a native of [Anazarbus in]
A writer in the Augustan age called Cilicia, who lived, as some suppose, in the age
Peruegetes. He wrote a very valuable geo of Nero. He was originally a soldier, but
graphical treatise in Greek hexameters, still aſterwards applied himself to study, and
extant. [He follows, in general, the system of wrote a book upon medicinal herbs, of which
Eratosthenes; in such a way, however, as to the best edition is that of Saracenus, fol. Fran
interweave with it all the subsequent improve coſ. 1598. [His knowledge of plants has been
ments in geographical science down to his reckoned superior to that of any other an
own time; while, as a poet, he occasionally di cient writer; but Theophrastus must always
gresses into the regions of mythological fic be excepted as by far the more philosophi
tion.] The best edition of his treatise is that cal botanist, and one by whose information
of Henry Stephens, 4to. 1577, with the scho Dioscorides profited, as Pliny subsequently
lia, [and that of Wells, Oxon. 1709, in 8vo.] did from them both.]
A Christian writer, A. D. 492, called Dioscortions insula, an island situate at
..?reopagita, [so termed because a member the entrance of the Arabic Gulf, and now
of the Areopagus. He was converted to called Socotora. [The aloes here produced
Christianity by St. Paul's preaching. (Acts are held in more estimation than those of Ha
17, 34.) He is reported to have been the first dramaut. If we believe the Arabian writers,
bishop of Athens appointed to that office Alexander settled here a colony of lounanion,
by the apostle Paul, and to have suffered that is to say, of Greeks. Becoming christians,
martyrdom under Domitian. The best edi they remained such, according to Marco Polo,
tion of his works is that of Antwerp, 2 vols. at the close of the 13th century.]
fol. 1634. It is now, however, the general Dioscuri, or sons of Jupiter, a name given
opinions of the learned that these writings are to Castor and Pollux. There were festivals
spurious, though they differ in opinion con in their honour, called Dioscuria, celebrated
cerning the time when they were written.] by the people of Corcyra, and chiefly by the
—A celebrated critic. (vid. Longinus.)— Lacedæmonians, They were observed with
A native of Thrace, generally called the much jovial festivity. The people made a
Rhodian, because he lived there. He wrote free use of the giſts of Baechus, and diverted
some grammatical treatises and commenta themselves with sports, of which wrestling
ries, B.C. 64. Strab. 14. matches always made a part.
DióPHANtus, a Greek orator of Mitylene, Dioscurias, [a maritime town of Colchis,
preceptor to Tib. Gracchus, Cic. in Brut. at the mouth of the small river Charus. It
|A celebrated mathematician of Alexandria, was afterwards called Sebastopolis, and was
who flourished at a period which has not been in the earliestages the port most frequented in
precisely ascertained. According to Abul Colchis by distant as well as neighbouring na
pharagius, he lived under the emperor Juli tions, speaking different languages; a circum
an, or towards the year 366 of the Christian stance which still distinguishes Iskuriah,
n 250
 1)|

whose name is only a corruption of the ancient into the Ismenus. Near it Pindar had hi:
one. Arrian makes it to have been establish house..] According to some accounts. An
ed by a colony of Milesians. Pomponius Me tiope was mother of Amphion and Zethus,
la, however, says that it was founded by Cas before she was confined and exposed to the
tor and Pollux, who made a voyage to Col tyranny of Dirce. rid. Amphion. Antiope
chis, along with Jason, in the Argonautic ex Propert. 3, el. 15, v. 37.—Paus. 9. c. 26
pedition.] Plin. 6, c. 28. JElian. W. H. 12, c. 57.—Lucan. 3, v. 173.
Diospolis [...Magna, a famous city of l. 4, v. 550.
Egypt. vid. Thebae. Parva, a city of DIRPHYA, a surname of Juno, from Dir
Egypt, west of Tentyra, and on the western phya, a mountain of Boeotia, where the god
side of the Nile. A town of Asia Minor in dess had a temple.
Bithynia, on the coast of the Euxine, north Dis, a god of the Gauls, the same as Pluto
east of Prusa. A city of Palestine, called the god of hell. The inhabitants of Gaul sui
also Lydda, and now Lod. It was situate in posed themselves descended from that deity.
an extensive plain, and is placed by the itine [Caesar states that the Gauls believed them.
rary of Antonine 32 miles from Jerusalem, selves descended from father Dis. (Pluto.)
and 36 miles from Caesarea. It lay east of The fact most probably was this, that the
Joppa. This town suffered much during the Gauls told Caesar they were sprung from the
civil wars of the second triumvirate. Cassius earth, an expression which he, adapting it to
exposed the inhabitants to public sale, but the Roman form of speech, renders by the
Antony afterwards restored them to their words a patre Dite.] Caes. Bell. G. 6.--Tº
country.] cat. 4. Hist. c. 34.
DIPó1.1s, a name given to Lemnos, as hav Discond1A, a malevolent deity, daughter
ing two cities, Hephæstia and Myrina. of Nox, and sister to Nemesis, the Parcae and
Dipsas, (antis,) a river of Cilicia, flowing Death. She was driven from heaven by Ju
from mount Taurus. Lucan. 8, v. 255. piter, because she sowed dissensions among
[A species of serpent, whose bite is said to the gods, and was the cause of continual quar.
produce a most excessive thirst, and conse rels. When the nuptials of Peleus and
quently to prove mortal. Hence the Greeks Thetis were celebrated, the goddess of dis
called it & Lac, or, thirsty. In Latin it is called cord was not invited, and this seeming neglect
situla, a pail. Moses speaks of it in Deut. 8, so irritated her, that she threw an apple into
15. The Hebrew name is tzimaon, answer the midst of the assembly of the gods with the
ing to the Greek in meaning.] inscription of detur pulchriori. This apple
Dirae, the daughters of Acheron and Nox, was the cause of the ruin of Troy, and of in
who persecuted the souls of the guilty. They finite misfortunes to the Greeks. (vid. Paris.)
are the same as the Furies, and some suppose She is represented with a pale ghastly look,
that they are called Furies in hell, Harpies on her garment is torn, her eyes sparkle with
earth, and Dirae in heaven. They were re fire, and in her bosom she holds a dagger
presented as standing near the throne of Jupi concealed. Her head is generally entwined
ter, in an attitude which expressed their ea with serpents, and she is attended by Belloua.
gerness to receive his orders, and the power She is supposed to he the cause of all the dis
of tormenting the guilty on earth with the sensions, murders, wars, and quarrels, which
most excruciating punishments. Virg. JEn. arise upon earth, public as well as private.
4, v. 473, l. 8, v. 701. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 702.-Hesiod. Theogn. 225.
[DIRAE, called also Dire and Dira, now the Petronius.
straits of Bab-el-mandeb. The Greek name ex Dithy RAM bus, a surname of Bacchus,
presses a passage straitened in the manner of a whence the hymns sung in his honour were
throat; the modern appellation is Arabic, and called dithyrambics. [The measure, which
means “the port of mourning, or affliction,” is what distinguishes this kind of poetry, is
from apprehensions of the risk of venturing said to have been invented by Dithyrambus
beyond, into the expanse of a vast ocean.] a Theban. Pindar, however, and his scho
Dircr: a woman whom Lycus, king of liast, seem to consider this species of poetry
Thebes, married after he had divorced An as so very ancient that its original inventur
tiope. When Antiope became pregnant by cannot be ascertained. Herodotus ascribes
Jupiter, Dirce suspected her husband of infi. it to Arion. Clemens of Alexandria makes
delity to her bed, and imprisoned Antiope, the inventor to have been one Lassus or La
whom she tormented with the greatest cruel sus of Hermione. The ancients gave the
ty. Antiope escaped from her confinement, name of dithyrambics to those verses where
and brought forth Amphion and Zethus on none of the common rules or measures were
mount Cithaeron, When these children were observed ; much like those called by the
informed of the cruelties to which their mo French, vers libres, by the Italians, rersi
ther had been exposed, they besieged Thebes, sciolti. The measure ofthe Greek dithyram
put Lycus to death, and tied the cruel Dirce bics was very bold and irregular, the poets not
to the tail of a wild bull, who dragged her only coined new words for the purpose, but
over rocks and precipices, and exposed her assumed a great license in the use of com
to the most poignant pains, till the gods, pity pounds. The words iaucas, Beixacer, and
ing her fate, changed her into a ſountain, in *18964, Coc, seem to be related to one another.
the neighbourhood of Thebes. [The ſountain Perhaps they are corruptions of Sanscrit
Pirce is said by Pausanias
260
to have emptied terms, for the worship of Bacchus was un
 DO DO

questionably of Indian origin. Atºgawéo: bouring fountain, but the custom was after
was an ancient title of that deity, as Tlatºr wards changed. Large kettles were suspend
was of Apollo; and both terms were after ed in the air near a brazen statue, which
wards applied to songs in honour of their res held a lash in its hand. When the wind blew
pective possessors. It is very remarkable strong the statue was agitated and struck
that the Hindoos apply the term Triampo to against one of the kettles, which communicat
Baghesa, who almost exactly coincides with ed the motion to all the rest, and raised that
the Grecian Bacchus, as the Greeks did the clattering and discordant din which continued
term £giza&c to the latter deity. The com for awhile, and from which the artifice of the
mon derivation of Jºgzago; from Jiāvgot is priests drew their predictions. Some sup
erroneous, as the first syllable of the latter pose that the noise was occasioned by the
word is uniformly short.] shaking of the leaves and boughs of an old oak,
Divi, a name chiefly appropriated to those which the superstition of the people frequent
who were made gods after death, such as he ly consulted, and from which they pretended
roes, and warriors. to receive oracles. It may be observed with
Diviriacus, a nobleman of the Ædui. inore probability that the oracles were deli
who had great influence with Caesar in conse vered by the priests, who, by artfully con
quence of his steady attachment to the Ro cealing themselves behind the oaks, gave oc
mans.) Cir. 1, de Div. casion to the superstitious multitude to be
Duurſ, [vid. Dion.] lieve that the trees were endowed with the
Divoniaum, [the capital of the Medio power of prophecy. As the ship Argo was
matrici, a people of Belgic Gaul, who were built with some of the oaks of the forest of
located along the Mosella or Morelle. Its Dodona, there were some beams which gave
name was nfterwards changed to that of the oracles to the Argonauts, and warned them
people itself, and is now Metz.] against the approach of calamity. [Within the
DödöNA, [a famous city of Epirus, placed forest of Dodona there was a famous foun
by some writers in Thesprotia, and by others tain, the peculiar properties of whose waters
in Molossis; but Strabo reconciles these dis are mentioned below, in the article Dodone.]
cordant opinions,by informingus that anciently The oracles of Dodona were originally deli
it belonged to Thesprotia, and afterwards to vered by men, but afterwards by women.
Molossis, for it stood on the confines of these (rid. Dodonides.) Plin. 2, c. 103.—Herodot.
two provinces. It was situate near the sources 2, c. 57.-Mela, 2, c. 3.-Homer. Od. 14, Il.
of the Acheron.] There was in its neighbour —Paus. 7, c. 21.—Strab. 17.-Plut. in Pyrrh.
hood, upon a small hill called Tomarus, a ce. —Apollod. 1, c. 9.-Lucan. 6, v.427.—Ovid.
lebrated oracle of Jupiter. The town and Trist. 4, el. 8, v. 23.
temple of the god were first built by Deuca DödöNAEUs, a surname of Jupiter from Do
lion after the universal deluge. It was sup dona.
posed to be the most ancient oracle of all DödöNE, a fountain in the forest of Dodo
Greece, and, according to the traditions of the na. [Ancient naturalists state that it had a
Egyptians mentioned by Herodotus, it was property of rekindling torches, &c. when new
founded by a dove. Two black doves, as he ly extinguished; which it is supposed to have
relates, took their flight from the city of done by means of some sulphureous fumes ex
Thebes in Egypt, one of which flew to the haling from it, as we still find to be the case
temple of Jupiter Ammon, and the other to with a fountain in France, called the burning
Dodona, where with a human voice they ac fountain. It is also said to have extinguished
quainted the inhabitants of the country that torches, in which respect its powers do not
Jupiter had consecrated the ground, which in seem to have been very miraculous, since
future would give oracles. The extensive plunging them into a place where the sulphur
grove which surrounded Jupiter's temple was was dense, or into the water, would produce
endowed with the gift of prophecy, and ora that effect.]
cles were frequently delivered by the sacred DödöNides, the priestesses who gave ora
oaks, and the deves which inhabited the place. cles in the temple of Jupiter in Dodona. Ac
This fabulous tradition of the oracular power cording to some traditions the temple was ori
of the doves is explained by Herodotus, who ginally inhabited by seven daughters of Atlas,
observes that some Phoenicians carried away who nursed Bacchus. Their names were Am
two priestesses from Egypt, one of which brosia, Eudora, Pasithoe, Pytho, Plexaure,
went to fix her residence at Dodona, where Coronis, Tythe or Tyche. In the latter ages
the oracle was established. It may further the oracles were always delivered by three
be observed, that the fable might have been old women, which custom was first establish
founded upon the double meaning of the word ed when Jupiter enjoyed the company of
reasize, which signifies doves in most parts of Dione, whom he permitted to receive divine
Greece, while in the dialect of the Epirots honours in his temple at Dodona. The Boeo
it implies old women. [The truth appears to tians were the only people of Greece who re
be, however, that the oracle was of Pelasgic, ceived their oracles at Dodona from men, for
not Egyptian, origin. The story about the reasons which Strabol. 9, fully explains.
doves merely alludes to the early mode of Dol, Abri, LA P. Corn. a Roman who mar
giving oracles by means of tame doves, from ried the daughter of Cicero. During the civil
an oak tree..] In ancient times the oracles wars he warmly espoused the interest of J.
were delivered by the murmuring of a neigh Caesar, whom he accompanied in the famous
261
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battles at Pharsalia, Thapsus and Munda. He Vespasian he endeavoured to foment troubles

was made consul by his patron, though M. in the empire, and share the succession with
Antony his colleague opposed it. A ter the Titus. The latter, however, generously for
death of J. Caesar, he received the government gave him, treated him with great kindness,
of Syria as his province. Cassius opposed his and made him his colleague in the consulship,
views, and Dolabella, for violence, and for the always declaring to him that he intended hitn
assassination of Trebonius, one of Caesar's for his successor. Domitian is accused of
murderers, was declared an enemy to the re hastening the death of Titus by poison, a
public of Rome. He was besieged by Cas charge, however, not warranted by the circum
sius in Laodicea, and when he saw that all stances of Titus's death. wid. Titus.] The
was lost, he killed himself in the 27th year of beginning of his reign promised tranquillity
his age. He was of a small stature, which to the people, but their expectations were
gave occasion to his father-in-law to ask him soon frustrated. Domitian became cruel, and
once when he entered his house, who had gave way to incestuous and unnatural indul
tied him so cleverly to his sword. Another, gences. He commanded himself to be called
who conquered the Gauls, Etrurians, and Bou God and Lord in all the papers which were
at the lake Vadimonis, B. C. 283.−The presented to him. He passed the greatest
family of the Dolabellae distinguished them part of the day in catching flies and killing
selves at Rome, and one of them, L. Corn. them with a bodkin, so that it was wittily ad
conquered Lusitania, B. C. 99. swered by Vibius to a person who asked him
[DolichA, a town of Macedonia in the dis. who was with the emperor, nobody, not even
trict Pelasgiotis. A town of Syria, situate a fly. In the latter part of his reign Domi
in the district Euphratensis, and north-west tian became suspicious, and his anxieties were
of Zeugma. The ancient name is preserved increased by the predictions of astrologers.
in that of Doluc, a castle on a chain of moun but still more poignantly by the stings of re
tains, which, detached from Amanus, are pro morse. He was so distrustful, even when
longed towards the Euphrates.] alone, that round the terrace, where he usu
Dolon, a Trojan, son of Eumedes, famous ally walked, he built a wall with shiningstone,
for his swiftness. Being sent by Hector to that from thence he might perceive as in a
spy the Grecian camp by night, he was seiz: looking-glass whether anybody followed him.
ed by Diomedes and Ulysses, to whom he re All these precautions were unavailing, he pe
vealed the situation, schemes, and resolutions rished by the hand of an assassin the 18th of
of his countrymen, with the hopes of escaping September A. D. 96, in the 45th year of his
with his life. He was put to death by Dio age, and the 15th of his reign. After his
medes as a traitor. Homer. Il. 10, v. 314.— death he was publicly deprived by the senate
Wirg. JEn. 12, v. 349, &c. of all the honours which had been profusely
DöLóPES, º people of Thessaly, situate heaped upon him, and even his body was left
to the south of the districts Thessaliotis and in the open air without the honours of a fune
Aperantia, and amid the range of Mount Pin. ral. This disgrace might proceed from the
dus. They are supposed to have formed one resentment of the senators, whom he had
of the twelve nations or districts which sent exposed to terror as well as to ridicule. He
deputies to the council of the Amphyctions, once assembled that august body to know
These people possessed the isle of Scyros, in what vessel a turbot might be most conve
and they are said to have been a body of cor niently dressed. At another time they re
sairs who infested the AEgean Sea. When ceived a formal invitation to a feast, and when
Cimon took possession of their island he ex they arrived at the palace, they were intro
pelled them from it. Their country was duced into a large gloomy hall hung with
named Dolopia.] Virg. JEn. 2, v. 7.-Flacc. black, and lighted with a few glimmering ta
2, v. 10–Liv. 36, c. 33.—Strab.9.—Plut. in pers In the middle were placed a number
Cºmmon. of coffins, on each of which was inscribed the
Domidicus, a god who presided over name of some one of the invited senators. On
marriage. Juno also was called Domiduca, a sudden a number of men burstinto the room
from the power she was supposed to have in clothed in black, withdrawn swords and flam
marriages. ing torches, and after they had for some time
Domitia LEx de Religione, was enacted terrified the guests, they permitted them to
by Domitius Ahenobarbus, the tribune, A.U. retire. [Domitian's reign was marked
C. 650. It transferred the right of electing among other excesses by a persecution of the
priests from the college to the people. [The Christians. Confounding Christianity with
Pontifex Maximus and Curio Maximus were, Judaism, and ſeigning some defalcation in
in the first ages of the republic, always chos the tributes due by his exactions to the im
en by the people.] perial treasury, he commenced a violent per
Domiti ANUs, Titus Flavius, a Roman em secution. Another reason is said to have
peror, [the second son of Vespasian, and been his fear that some of the posterity of
born at Rome A. D.51. Vespasian, well aware David remained, and that at one period or
of his natural disposition, reposed no con other, they would excite the Jews, whom be
ſidence in him during his whole reign. did not distinguish from the Christians, to
Domitian, however, accompanied his father break out into rebellion. This persecution
and brother Titus in their triumph at the took place A. D. 95, and continued till the
close of the Jewish war. Upon the death of emperor's death. Some have said that
262
 DO DO
at this time St. John was thrown into a caul
Minor, and established the famous colony
dron of boiling oil.] Suet. in vitā.-Eutrop. 7. of Doris, in Asia Minor, on the coast of
Domitius Domitianus, a general of Dio Caria. In process of time another stream
cletian in Egypt. He assumed the imperia of emigration directed its course towards
purple at Alexandria, A. D. 288, and sup southern Italy and Sicily. rid. Graecia
ported the dignity of emperor for about two |-
wiagna. But the country which may be
years. He died a violent death. Lucius. regarded as the principal seat of their pow
vid. AEnobarbus. Afer, an orator, who was
er was the Peloponnesus, of which they took
preceptor to Quintilian. He disgraced his possession under the conduct of the Heracli
talents by his adulation, and by practising dae, about 80 years after the taking
the arts of an informer under Tiberius and of Troy.
The Heraclidae divided among themselves
his successors. He was made a consul by
Nero, and died A. D. 59. the territories of the Peloponnesus, reserving
some few towns the Ionians upon
AELIUs Donatus, [a grammarian who ders of Achaia.] to [A colony of the the bor
Dorians
flourished in the time of Constantine, and in Asia Minor, on the coast of Caria. On
was one of the preceptors of St. Jerome. He the arrival of the Dorians in Asia, they form
was a commentator on the works of Virgil and ed themselves into six independent
Terence, and the author of some grammati. or small republics, which were confined states
with
cal pieces which are still remaining J A in the bounds
of as many cities. These were
bishop of Numidia, a promoter of the Dona Lindus, Jalyssus, Camirus, Cos, Cnidus, and
tists. A. D. 311.
Halicarnassus. Other cities in the tract,
Doxysa, [an island of the Icarian Sea, one called from them Doris, belonge d to their
of the Sporades. It lay south-east of Icaria, confederacy, but the inhabitants of these six
and east of Patmos. The marble obtained
alone, as true and genuine Dorians, were ad
from this island was green. Virgil and Miela mitted into
call it Dionysa, others Dionusa. It is now they exhibitethe temple at Triope, where
d solemn games in houour of
Domussa.) Virg. AEn. 6, v. 125. Apollo Triopius. The prizes were tripods of
DöREs,the inhabita
nts of Doris, vid. Doris.
brass, which the victors were obliged to con
[DoRIAs, a river of India extra Gangem. secrate to Apollo, and leave in the temple.
Mannert makes itto correspo
nd with the When Agusicles of Halicarnassus won the
small river Pegu. Others, however, are in prize, he transgressed this custom, and carried
favour of the modern Zançan, the mouth of the tripod to his own house, on which account
which is in the kingdom of Tonquin.] the city of Halicarnassus was ever afterwards
DoRIow, a town of Thrace, where Tha exclude
musicia
d from the Dorian confederacy. The
myris the n challenged the Muses to Dorians
a trial of skill. Stat. Theb. 4, v. 182.-Pro name of were from that time known by the
the five cities or Pentapolis, and no
pert. 2, el. 22, v. 19.—Lucan. 6, v. 352. longer by that of Herapolis.]—A goddess
DöRis, [a country of Greece, situate to the of the sea, daughter of Oceanus and Tethys.
south of Thessaly and separated from it by She married her brother Nereus, by whom
the range of Mount Oeta. On the south it she had 50 daughters called Nereides. Her
had the Locri Ozolae. On the east it was
name is often used to express the sea itself.
parted from the Locri Epicnemidii by the Propert. 1, el. 17, v.25-Wirg. Ecl. 10.—He
Pindus, a branch of the Cephissus, and on stod. Theog. 240.
the west from AEtolia by a part of the chain DoRiscus, a plain of Thrace near the sea,
of Oeta. Its territory was of small size, ex and mouth of the Hebrus, on which, accord
tending only about 40 miles in length. The ing to Herodotus, was a royal fortress. Here
country, though mountainous, had still seve Xerxes reviewed his army. [The mode of
ral beautiful plains, and was very fruitful. It ascertaining the number of the forces was
was called Doris, and the people Dores, from this. They drew up in one place a body of
Dorus, the son of Hellen, and grandson of 10,000 men; making these stand together as
Deucalion, who is said to have peopled or compactly as possible, they drew a circle
conquered it, at least that part which lay be around them. Dismissing these, they enclos
tween the ranges of Oeta and Pindus. . It ed the circle with a wall breast high ; into
was also called Tetrapolis from its four cities, this they introduced the army by bodies of
viz. Pindus, Erineus,Cytineum, and Boiaeum. 10,000 men each time. vid. Xerxes.]
The Dorians were a stout and warlike race, DoRSo, C. Fabius, a Roman, who, when
aad formed a part of the nation of the Hel Rome was in the possession of the Gauls, is
lenes. Under Deucalion, the Hellenes inha sued from the capitol, which was then be
bited the territory of Phthiotis; under Dorus sieged, to go and offer a sacrifice which was
they first inhabited the territory of Histiaotis. to be offered on Mount Quirinalis. He dress
They were driven thence by the Cadmaeans, ed himself in sacerdotal robes, and carrying
according to Herodotus, but more probably on his shoulders the statues of his country
by the Pelasgi, and moving south, finally set gods, passed through the guards of the enemy
tled in Doris. From this, as a central point, without betraying the least signs of fear.
emigrated the various Doric colonies, one of When he had finished his sacrifice, he return
which settled in the isle of Rhodes. After ed to the capitol unmelested by the enemy,
the Trojan war, the Dorians founded Me who were astonished at his boldness, and did
gara, on the confines of Attica, A. C. 1131. not obstruct his passage or molest his sacri
Others migrated to the shores of Asia fice. - Lir. 3, c. 46.
26 o-
 DR DR

DöRus, a son of Hellen. [vid. Doris.] and other places adjacent. Drepanum and
DoRYLAEUM and DoRYLEUs, [a city of Lilybaeum formed the two most important
Phrygia, now Eski. Shehr, at the junction of maritime cities held by the Carthaginians in
the Bathys and Thymbris, two branches of Sicily. Off this place, near the Ægates in
the Sangarius, and on the confines of Bithy sulae, was fought the famous naval battle be:
nia. Plin. 5, c. 29.-Cic. Flacc. 17.] tween the Romans commanded by Lutatius
Doson, a surname of Antigonus, because Catulus, and the Carthaginians under Han
he promised and never gave; tāavay in Greek, no. The Romans gained a decisive victory,
i.e. about to give. which put an end to the first Punic war.
DRAco, a celebrated lawgiver of Athens, Drepanum was so called from the curvature
[who succeeded Triptolemus as legislator, B. of the shore in its vicinity, resembling a
C. 623.] When he exercised the office of scythe, (ºgºravow.) It is now Trapani.]
archon, he made a code of laws for the use of [A town of Bithynia, on the Sinus Astace
the citizens, which, on account of their severi nus, called by Constantine the Great, Helle
ty, were said to be written in letters of blood. nopolis.—A promontory on the Sinus Ara
By them, idleness was punished with as bicus, below Arsinoe: it is now Ras-Zafra
much severity as murder, and death was de né. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 707.-Cic. Per. 2, e.
nounced against the one as well as the other. 57.-Ovid. Fast. 4, v.474.]
Such a code of rigorous laws gave occasion DRILo, a river [of Illyricum, which falls
to a certain Athenian to ask of the legislator, into the Adriatic at Lissus.
why he was so severe in his punishments, and [DRöMUs Achillis, a promontory near
Draco gave for answer, that as the smallest the mouth of the Borysthenes. Aecording to
transgression had appeared to him deserving the old geographers, Achilles, having entered
of death, he could not find any punishment the Euxine with a hostile fleet, after ravag
more rigorous for more atrocious crimes. ing the coast, landed on this promontory,
These laws were at first enforced, but they and exercised himself and his followers in
were often neglected on account of their running and other gymnastic sports. It
extreme severity, and So'on totally abolish is a low. sandy, and uninhabited neck of
ed them, except that one which punished land, resembling somewhat a sword in its
murder with death. [The Athenians could shape. Strabo evidently exceeds the true
not endure the rigour of his laws, and the measurement when he states it to be 1000
legislator himself was obliged to withdraw stadia. Pliny only makes it 80 miles. Its
to the island of AEgina. Here he was actu modern name is said to be Rossa-Oschari
ally suffocated in the theatre, beneath the gatsh. vid. Leuce.]
number of cloaks and garments which the DRUENtius and Drurwtia, [a river of
people of the island, according to the usual Gaul, rising among the Alpes Cottie, north
mode of expressing approbation among the of Brigantio, or Briançon. It falls into the
Greeks, showered upon him. He was buried Rhodanus, or Rhone, about three miles be
in the theatre. Plut. in Sol.—A mau low Avenio, or Avignon, after a course of
who instructed Plato in music. Id. de Music. 180 miles, and is now called the Durance. It
DRAN cres, a friend of Latinus. Some have is an extremely rapid river, and below the
imagined that the poet wished to delineate modern town of Sisteron ; it has heen found
the character and the eloquence of Cicero impracticable to throw a bridge over it. Its
under this name.] Virg. .42n. 11, v. 122. inundations are frequent and very destruc
[DRANcA., vid. Zarangaei.] tive. Sil. Ital. 3, v. 468. –Strab. 4.]
Dr Avus, [a river of Germany, rising in DRuide, the ministers of religion among
the Norican Alps. It traverses the southern the ancient Gauls and Britons. [Britain, ac
parts of Noricum, and Pannonia, running cording to Caesar, was the great school of
from west to east, and falls into the Danube the Druids, and their chief settlement was
near the city of Comacum, or Erdent. It is in the island called Mona by Tacitus, now
now the Drare. Ptolemy calls it the Darus. .Anglesey. The natives of Gaul and Germa
The Greek copyists frequently allowed them ny, who wished to be thoroughly versed in
selves the license of altering names and add the mysteries of Druidism, resorted to this
ing remarks, which only tended to shew their island to complete their studies. Many opi
own ignorance. So, in the present instance, nions have been formed respecting the origin
they state that this river, which Ptolemy of their name. The common derivation is
calls Darus, is the same with that named Da from Jeu:, an oak, either from their inhabit
ris by the barbarians, or the modorn Drin. ing and teaching in forests, or, as Pliny states,
The truth is, Ptolemy means the Dravus and because they never sacrificed but under an
no other.] oak. But it is hard to imagine how the Druids
QRepšNE, [an ancient name of Corcyra.] should come to speak Greek. Some deduce
DREPANUM, ſa town of Sicily, north of the name from the old British word dru, or
Lilybaeum, and in the vicinity of Mount Eryx. drew, an oak, whence they take ſºv: to be
Here £neas, according to Virgil, lost his fa. derived. This last derivation derives con
ther Anchises. The more correct form of siderable support from a passage in Diodorus
the name is Drepana. This place was found Siculus, 5, c. 31, who, speaking of the philo
ed in the beginning ef the first Punic war sophers and priests of Gaul, the same with
by the Carthaginian commander Hamilcar, the Druids, says that they were called
who removed hither the inhabitants of Eryx,
Xagºevtårt, a term which some ofthe commen.
264
 I) R DR

tutors trace to the old Greek form, cagºur, man emperors attempted to abolish to little
º, an hollow oak. Wesseling, inowever, it purpose. The power and privileges which
i: -
must be acknowledged, condemns this read they enjoyed were beheld with admiration by
---
ing, andisin favour of receiving into the text, their countrymen, and as their office was open
the form Agevijat, where others read to every rank and every station, there were
21; wifal. Among the many Oriental deri many who daily proposed themselves as can
vations which have been given, the best is didates to enter upon this important function.
that from the Sanscreet term Druwidh, sig The rigour, however, and severity of a long
nifying poor, indigent. In historical conform noviciate deterred many, and few were willing
ity with this derivation, it has been urged that to attempt a labour, which enjoined them
among the Hindoos, we may observe in the during 15 or 20 years, to load their memory
Sanniassi, the professional mendicant, while with the long and tedious maxims of druidi
among the Druids, poverty was rather a cal religion. Caes. Bell. G. 6, c. 13.-Plin,
merit than a disgrace. The arguments in 16, c. 44.—Diod. 5.
favour of the Oriental origin of the Druids DRUNA, the Drome, a river of Gaul, fall
are descrving of great attention, although ing into the Rbone.
too numerous to be here all detailed. Dio. DRusilla Livia, a daughter of Germa
genes Laërtius and Aristotle class the Druids nicus and Agrippina, famous for her debauch
with the Chaldaeans, Persian Magi, and In eries and licentiousness. She committed in
dians, in which they are ſollowed by other cest with her brother Caligula, who was so
writers. The deities of the Sanscreet school tenderly attached to her, that in a dangerous
are closely to be traced in the names of the illness he made her heiress of all his posses
Druidical gods. The importance which the sions, and commanded that she should suc
Druids attached to bulls and oxen forms an ceed him in the Roman empire. She died A.
other very striking mark of coincidence. D. 38, in the 23d year of her age, and was
The Druidical mysteries also are said by deified by her brother Caligula, who survived
Davies to have been nearly parallel to the her for some time.
rites of Bhawanee and Eleusis. In the ma. DRUsus, a son of Tiberius and Vipsania.
gic rod of the Druids we likewise discern the who made himself famous by his intrepidity
sacred staff of the Brahmins; both possessed and courage in the provinces of Illyricum and
consecrated beads, both made almost endless Pannonia. He was raised to the greatest ho
lustrations, both wore linen tiaras : and Mau nours of the state by his father, but a blow
rine remarks, that the circle, Brahma's sym which he gave Sejanus, an audacious liber
bol, and the crescent, that of Siva, were both tine, proved his ruin. Sejanus corrupted Li
Druidical ornaments. So also there was a via, the wife of Drusus, and in conjunction
striking resemblance between the notion en with her he caused him to be poisoned by an
tertained by the Druids of a Supreme Being, eunuch, A. D. 23.−A son of Germanicus
and that found in the sacred writings of the and Agrippina, who enjoyed offices of the
Hindoos.] They were divided into different greatest trust under Tiberius. His enemy
classes, called the Bardi, Eubages, the Va Sejanus, however, effected his ruin by his in
tes, the Semnothei, the Sarronides, and the sinuations; Drusus was confined by Tiberius,
Samothei, They were held in the greatest and deprived of all aliment. He was found
reneration by the people. Their life was dead nine days after the confinement, A. D.
austere and recluse from the world, their 33.−A son of the emperor Claudius, who
dress was peculiar to themselves, and they died by swallowing a pear thrown in the air.
generally appeared with a tunic which reach An ambitious Roman, grandfather to
ed a little below the knee. As the chief pow Cato. He was killed for his seditious con
ºrwas lodged in their hands, they punished as duct. Paterc. 1, c. 13. Livius, father of
they pleased, and could declare war and make Julia Augusta, was intimate with Brutus, and
Peace at their option, Their power was ex killed himself with him aſter the battle of
tended not only to private families, but they Philippi. Paterc. 2, c. 71–M. Livius, a
ºuld depose magistrates, and even kings, iſ celebrated Roman, who renewed the propo
their actions in any manner deviated from sals of the Agrarian laws, which had proved
the laws of the state. They had the privi fatal to the Gracchi. He was murdered as
º lºgº of naming the magistrates which annu he entered his house, though he was attended
ally presided over the cities, and the kings with a number of clients and Latins, to whom
*e created only with their approbation. he had proposed the privileges of Roman ci
They were entrusted with the education of tizens, B. C. 190. Cic. ad Her. 4, c. 12
youth, and all religious ceremonies, festivals, Nero Claudius, a son of Tiberius Nero and
ºdiacrifices, were under their peculiar care. Livia, adopted by Augustus. He was bro
They taught the doctrine of the metempsy. ther of Tiberius, who was afterwards made
‘hºis, and believed the immortality of the emperor. He greatly signalized himself in
* They were professionally acquainted his wars in Germany and Gaul, against the
with the art of magic, and from their know Rhoeti and Windelici, and was honoured with
*fastrology, they drew omens and saw a triumph. He died of a fall from his horse
ſuity revealedbefore their eyes. In their in the 30th year of his age, B.C. 9. He left
*crifices they ofteninamolated human victims three children, Germanicus, Livia, and Qlau
tº their gods, a barbarous custom which con dius, by his wife Antonia. Dion.—M. Li
tinued long among them, and which the Ro vius Salinator, a consul who conquered As
-
- - 265
 DU LU

drubal with his colleague Claudius Nero. Ho nishment was scourging and beheading.] Lir.
rat. 4, od. 4.—Virg. JEn.6, v. 824. Caius, 3, c. 55.-Another, A.U. C. 392, to rege
an historian, who being one day missed from late what interest ought to be paid for money
his cradle, was found the next on the highest leat, [fixing it at one per cent.]
part of the house, with his face turned to. C. DUILLIUs NEpos, a Roman consul, the
wards the sun. The plebeian family of first who obtained a victory over the naval
the Drusi, produced eight consuls, two cen power of Carthage, B. C. 260. [After his
sors, and one dictator. The surname of colleague Cn. Corn. Scipio had been taken at
Drusus was given to the family of the Livii, sea by the Carthaginians in the first Punit
as some suppose, because one of them killed war, Duillius proceeded, with a newly-built
a Gaulish leader of that name. Virg. in 6 Roman fleet, to Sicily, in quest of the enemy,
ºn. v. 824, mentions the Drusi among the whom helmet near the Liparae islands; and, by
illustrious Romaus, and that perhaps more means of grappling-irons, so connected the
particularly because the wife of Augustus ships of the Carthaginians with his own,
was of that family. that the contest became a short of land-fight.
DRYKDEs, nymphs that presided over the By this unexpected manoeuvre, he took 36
woods. [The Dryades differed from the and destroyed 13 of the Carthaginian fleet,
Hamadryades, in that these latter were at and obtained a naval triumph, the first ever
tached to some particular tree with which enjoyed at Rome.] The senate rewarded
they were born, and with which they died : his valour by permitting him always to have
whereas the Dryades were the goddesses of music playing and torcheslighted, at the pue
the trees and woods in general, and lived at lic expense, when returning from supper.
large in the midst of them. For though Jew: There were some medals struck in comine
properly signifies an oak, it was also used for moration of this victory, and there still exists
a tree in general. Oblations of milk, oil, and a column at Rome which was erected on the
honey, were offered to them, and sometimes occasiou. [This column (called Columna
the votaries sacrificed a goat. The deriva Rostrata, because adorned with beaks of
tion of the name Hamadryades is from ‘aaa. ships) was, as Livy informs us, struck down
simul, and devº arbor quavis. The reason of by lightning during the interval between
the derivation has been already mentioned the second and third Punic wars. A new
above. vid. Nymphae.]—Virg. G. 1, v. 11 column was erected by the emperor Claudius,
DRYMAEA, a town of Phocis, [on the banks and the inscription restored, though proba
of the Cephissus, north-east of Elatia.] Paus. bly modernized. It was buried afterwards
10, c. 33. amid the ruins of Rome, until at length,
Day opes, [a people of Greece, in the vici in 1565, its base, which contained the inscrip
mity of Mount Oeta, and Parnassus, so called, tion, was dug up in the vicinity of the capi
it is supposed, from Dryope, the daughter of tol. So much, however, was defaced, that
Eurypylus, or, according to the poets, from a many of the letters were illegible. These
nymph violated by Apollo. Others derive the have been restored, however, by the conjec
name, however, from devº, an oak, and eq, a tures of the learned. The inscription pre
toice, on account of the number of oaks which sents a curious specimen of early Latinity.]
grew about the mountains, and the rustling of Cic. de Senec.—Tacit. Ann. 1, c. 12.
their leaves. The inhabitants themselves, DULIchium, [one of the Echinades, at the
however, advocated their fabulous origin, and mouth of the Achelous, off the coast of Æto
claimed to be the descendants of Apollo; and lia and Acarnania. It was also called Doli
therefore Hercules, having overcome this cha, and is now JNatolico. D'Anville, however,
people, carried them prisoners to Delphi, supposes it to have been near Cephallenia,
where he presented them to their divine pro and calls an island of considerable size above
genitor, who commanded the hero to take Cephallenia by the name of Dulichium, and
them with him to the Peloponnesus. Her makes it coincide with the ancient Ithaca. rid.
cules obeyed and gave them a settlement Ithaca.] Trist. 1, el. 4, c. 67. Met. 14, v.
there, near the Asinean and Hermionian ter. 226. R. A. 272.-Martial. 11, ep. 70, v. 8,
ritories; hence the Asineans came to be – Virg. Ecl. 6, v. 76.
blended with, and to call themselves, Dry DuMNøRix, a powerful chief among the
opes.] Herodot. 1, c. 146,1.8, c. 31. Paus. AEdui. Caes. Bell. G. 1, c. 9.
4, c. 34.-Strab. 7, 8, 13.−Plin. 4, c. 1,– Duris, an historian of Samos, who flourish
Virg. Jºn. 4, v. 146.-Lucan. 3, v. 179. ed B.C. 257. He wrote the life of Agathocles
Duals, [a river of Gallia, rising at the of Syracuse, a treatise on tragedy, an history
foot of Mount Jura, and after a course of 50 of Macedonia, &c. Strab. 1.
miles, failing into the Arar, or Saone, near DURIus, [a river of Spain. It rises in the
Cabillonum, the modern Chalons. It is now chain of Mons ldubeda, and near its source
the Doubs, or ...) are the ruins of ancient Numantia. It flowed
Dubais, a town of Britain, supposed to be to the west, through the territories of the
Dover.
Arevaci, and Vaccaei, and formed a dividing
Duillia Lex, was enacted by M. Duillius, line between the Lusitani and Vettones on
a tribune, A. U. C. 304. It made it a capital the south, and the Callaici on the north. It
crime to leave the Roman people without its empties into the Atlantic after a course ef
tribunes, or to create any new magistrate nearly 300 miles. It is navigable only 70.
[from whom there § no appeal. The pu miles from its mouth, on account of its rapiº.
2
 EB EB

course. Its modern name is the Douro. At the tribune. Orat. pro Rabir. Some of the
its mouth stood Calles, commonly styled Por. commanders of the Roman vessels were also
tus Calles, from a corruption of which last i. Duumviri, especially when there were
comes the modern name of Portugal.] : two together. They were first created A.
Du Rocasses, the chief residence of the U. C. 542. There were also in the municipal
Druids in Gaul, now Dreur. Cats. Bell. G. towns in the provinces two magistrates call
5, c. 13. ed duumviri municipales. They were chosen
[DurocoróRumſ, the capital of the Remi, from the Centurions, and their office was
on the Pesle, one of the branches of the Ax much the same as that of the two consuls at
ona, or -4isne. It is now Rheims.] Rome. They were sometimes preceded by
DuuM via1, [a general appellation among two lictors with the fasces. Their magistra
the ancient Romans given to magistrates, cy continued for five years, on which account
commissioners, and officers, where two were they have been called Quinquinnales magis
joined together in the same function. So that tratus. [These last were a kind of mayors.]
they had almost as many Duumviri as they DYME, a town of Achaia, [south-west of
had officers joined two by two in commission. the promontory Araxum.) Liv. 27, c. 31, 1.
The most considerable of the Duumviri were |32, c. 22.-Paus. 7, c. 17.
those called Duumviri sacrorum, sometimes DYRAs, a river of Trachinia. It rises at the
by way of distinction, styled simply Duum foot of mount CEta, and falls into the [Sinus
tiri. They were created by Tarquinius Su Maliacus, or Gulf of Zeiton.] Herodot. 7, c.
perbus, for the performance of sacrifices and 198 -

keeping the Sibylline books. They were DVRRAchium, now Durazzo, a large city
chosen from among the patricians, kept the of Macedonia, bordering on the Adriatic Sea,
office for life, were exempt from military ser founded by a colony from Corcyra, B.C. 623.
vice and the discharge ofcivil offices, and could It was anciently called Epudamnus, which
alone consult the Sibylline oracles, A. U. C. the Romans, considering it of ominous mean
387. The number was increased to ten, call ing, changed into Durrachium. . [Its port was
ed from their number Decimviri. Sylla, A. much frequented in the time of the Romans
U.C. 671, added five, upon which their name by all those who had occasion to pass from
was changed to Quindecimviri. Their body Brundusium to Greece. At the mouth of
was afterwards increased to 60, but still the Adriatic, the shores of Italy and Greece
retained the appellation last mentioned. The incline towards each other, and the distance
office was abolished under Theodosius, to across from Dyrrachium to Brundusium, is no
wards the close of the 4th century.] There more than 100 miles. At the last station of
were also certain magistrates at Rome call Otranto, it is contracted to 50, and this nar
ed Duumviri perdullionissire capitales. They row distance suggested to Pyrrhus, and to
were first created by Tullus Hostilius, for Varro the lieutenant of Pompey in the pirati
trying such as were accused of treason. This cal war, the extravagant idea of a bridge.’
office was abolished as unnecessary; but Ci .Mela, 2, c. 3.-Paus. 6, c. 10.-Plut.
cero complains of their revival by Labienus

EB EB
EANUS, the name of Janus among the an of Britain. Alexander Severus died here. The
tient Latins. [Cornificius, quoted by Macro modern city still can shew many vestiges of
bius (Sat.1, 9,) maintains that Cicero (N. D. Roman power and magnificence.]
2, 27.) means this appellation and not Janus, EBUDAE, the western isles of Britain, now
when he derives the name ab eundo. | Hebrides. [Ptolemy places them to the north
EspóME, a festival in honour of Apollo at of Hibernia, and makes them 5 in number.
Athens on the seventh day of every lunar The name Fbudae was borrowed by the Ro
month. It was usual to sing hymns in honour mans from the Greek appellation Eézvāau.
of the god, and to carry about boughs of lau Two of the 5 properly bear the name of Ebu
rel.—There was also another of the same ld. the remaining three were called Maleus,
name celebrated by private families the Epidium, and Ricina. Pliny calls them all
seventh day after the birth of every child. Hebrides Insulae.]
EpoRA, ſa town of Lusitania, on a branch EburóNEs, a people of Belgium, now the
ºf the Anas, south-east of Olisippo, or, Lis | county of Liege. Crs. B. G. 2, c. 4, 1.6, c.
lon. It is now Erora. According to Bochart, i5. The Eburovices Aulerci were the
its name, in the eastern language, signified people of Erereur in Normandy. Caºs. ib.
abundance; which corresponds with the ap 3, c. 17.
pellation Cerealis, applied to it by Pliny.] | Ebºsus, [one of the Pityuss, or Pine Is.
EnoRicum, [a city of Britain, in the ter. lands, so named by the Greeks from the num
ritories of the Brigantes, now York. Ebora ber of pine trees which grew in them, (retv:
cum was next to Londinium or London, the pinus.) The island of Ebusus was the larg
most important city in the whole island. It est of the number, and very fertile in the
formed a convenient post and place of arms production of vines, olives, and large figs which
for the Remans during the continual wars were exported to Rome and elsewhere. It
waged by them against the northern nations was famed also for its wool: but that no poi
67
 EC ED

sonous animal existed here is a mere fable of ed as a beautiful woman in the upper parts of
the ancients. It is about 40 miles from the the body, but as a serpent below the waist
Mediterranean coast of Spain, and is now She was mother, by Typhon, of Orthcs,
named by a slight corruption, Ivica. It still Geryon, Cerberus, the Hydra, &c. Accord
produces abundance of corn, wine, oil, fruit, ing to Herodotus, Hercules had three child
&c. and a great deal of salt is made in it by ren by her, Agathyrsus, Gelonus, and Scytha
matural evaporation. Its size is 190 square Herodot. 3, c. 108.—Hesiod. Theog.—.4pol
miles; the population about 15,000.] Plin.lod. 2.-Paus. 8, c. 18.-Ovid. JMet. 9, v. 158.
3, c. 5. EcH1NADEs or Echinae, five small islands
Ecbatina (orum,) [the capital of Media, near Acarnania, at the mouth of the river ,
situate, according to Diodorus, about 12 sta Achelous. They have been formed by the
dia from Mount Orontes. It was the residence inundations of that river, and by the sand aud
of the first Median kings, and the summer mud which its waters carry down. [They
place of abode, in after times, to the Persian are said by some geographers to be now call
monarchs, whose winter residence was Susa. ed Curzolari; but this name belongs to some
The Parthian kings also, after them, retired small pointed isles near them, called from that
to it in the summer to avoid the excessive circumstance Oxiae. (::stau) by the ancients.)
heat of Ctesiphon. It was built by Dejoces Plin. 2, c. 85.-Herodot. 2, c. 10.-Orid. Me'.
the first. In the book of Judith, however, it 8, v. 588.-Strab. 2.
is said to have been built by Arphaxad, sup Echinussa. (vid. Cimolus.] Plin.4, c. 12.
posed by some to be Dejoces, but by ethers Echion, one of those men who sprang from
Phraortes, his successor, who might have re the dragon's teeth sown by Cadmus. He was
paired the city or made some additions to it. one of the five who survived the fate of his
It was surrounded with seven walls, which brothers and assisted Cadmus in building the
rose in gradual ascent, and were painted in city of Thebes. Cadmus rewarded his ser
seven different colours. The most distant vices by giving him his daughter Agave in mar
was the lowest; and the innermost, which was riage. He was father of Pentheus by Agave.
the most celebrated, contained the royal He succeeded his father-in-law on the throne
palace. The situation of the grounds, which of Thebes, as some have imagined, and from
gently ascended, ſavoured, says Herodotus, that circumstance Thebes has been called
the mode of building which was adopted. It Echioniſe, and the inhabitants Echionidaſ.
would seem rather to have suggested it. The Ovid. JMet. 3, v. 311. Trist. 5, el. 5, v. 53.
same historian states that the outer, and of —A son of Mercury and Antianira, who
course largest wall, was hearly equal in ex was the herald of the Argonauts. Flacc. 1,
tent to the circumference of Athens. This v. 400.
was of a white colour, the next to it was black, Echion in Es, a patronymic given to Pen
the next purple, the fourth blue, the fifth theus as descended from Echion. Ovid. Mrſ.
orange. The two innermost walls were dif
ferently ornamented, one having its battle Echo, a daughter of the Air and Tellus,
ments plated with silver, the other with gold. who chiefly resided in the vicinity of the Ci
The mode of ornamenting walls is said to be phisus. She was one of Juno's attendants,
still used at the present day in many towns of and became the confidant of Jupiter's amours.
China and of India. The account which Her loquacity, however, displeased Jupiter:
Herodotus gives us, however, of these very and she was deprived of the power of speech
walls, must be taken evidently with much al by Juno, and only permitted to answer to the
lowance. Diodorus Siculus expressly states, questions which were put to her. Pan had
(10, 27,) that the city had no walls; and in formerly been one of her admirers, but he ne
fact we find it offering no resistance to any ver enjoyed her favours. Echo, aſter she had
conqueror who appeared before it. Parme been punished by Juno, fell in love with Nar
nio was put to death there by Alexander's cissus, and on being despised by him, she
orders; and Hephæstion died there also, and pined away and was changed into a stone
received a most magnificent burial. The which still retained the power of voice. [This
site of Ecbatana has given rise to much dis is a physical fable, invented, without doubt,
cussion. Mr. Gibbon and Sir W. Jones are to explain in an ingenious way the phenome
in favour of the modern Tauriz. D'Anville non of the echo: or, perhaps, some nymph
and Major Rennell declare for Hammedan, having lost herself in the woods, they whº
which is also a plural term. In this last opi sought for her, hearing only the voice of echo
nion Mannert coincides.] Herodot. 1, c.98– answering to their demands, gave out that
Strab. 11.-Curl. 4, c. 5, l. 5, c. 8, 1.7, c. 10. she had been changed into a voice.] Oriº
--Died. 17.-A town of Syria, where Cain JMet. 3, v. 358.
byses gave himself a mortal wound when [Ect ENEs, a people who, according to Pau
mounting on horseback. [For distinction sanias, first inhabited the territory of Thebes
sake from this, the city above described was in Boeotia. Ogyges is said to have been thei
sometimes called the Median Ecbatana. vid. first king. They were exterminated by a
º Herodot. 3.-Ptol.6, c. 2.-Curt. plague, and succeeded by the Hyantes. rid.
5, c. 8 lones.]
Echidna, a celebrated monster, sprung EDEssa, [a city of Mesopotamia, in the
from the union of Chrysaor with Caliirhoe district of Osroene, on the banks of a small
the daughter of Oceanus. She is represent river called Scirtus. It lay north-east of Zeug
268
 Ei EL

ima and south-east of Samosata. Edessa is ELEA, [the port of the city of Pergamus.
said to have been one of those numerous ci. It stood at the mouth of the Caicus in AEolia,
ties which were built by Seleucus Nicator. It and opposite to the south-eastern extremity
was once a place of great celebrity, and fa of Lesbo. It is now ſalea.]—[An island
mous for a temple of the Syrian goddess, in the Propontus, so called from the number
which was one of the richest in the world. of its olives, (saata).] Paus. 9, c. 5.
During the intestine broils which greatly ELAGABALUs, the surname of the sum at
weakened the kingdom of Syria, Augurus or Emessa. [vid. Emessa and Heliogabalus.]
Abgarus seized ou this city and its adjacent ELAPHEbolia, a festival in honour of Di
territory, which he erected into a kingdom, ana the Huntress. In the celebration a cake
and transmitted the royal title to his posteri was made in the form of a deer, exagg)", and
ty. We learn from St. Austin, that our Sa offered to the goddess. It owed its institution
viour promised Abgarus that the city should to the following circumstance: when the Pho
be impregnable, and Evagrius (Hist. Eccles. 4, cians had been severely beaten by the Thes
27.) observes, that although this circumstance salians, they resolved, by the persuasion of a
was not mentioned in our Lord's letter, still it certain Deiphantus, to raise a pile of combus
was the common belief; which was much con tible materials, and burn their wives, child
firmed when Chosroes, king of Persia, after ren, and effects, rather than submit to the ene
having set down before it, was obliged to my. This resolution was unanimously ap
raise the siege. This is all, however, a pious proved by the women, who decreed Dei
fable. Edessa was called Callirhoe, from a phantus a crown for his magnanimity. When
fountain contained within it. In later times every thing was prepared, before they fired
it was termed Roha, or, with the article of the the pile, they engaged their enemies, and
Arabs, Orrhoa, and by abbreviation Orha. It fought with such desperate fury, that they
is now called Orfa.-A town of Macedonia. totally routed them and obtained u complete
vid. AEdessa. ] victory. In commemoration of this unex
[EDETRNI, a people of Spain, south of the pected success this festival was instituted to
Iberus. They occupied what corresponds Diana, and observed with the greatest solem
with the northern half of Palencia, and the nity; so that even one of the months of the
south-western corner of Arragon.] year, March, was called Elaphebolion from
Epox, a mountain of Thrace, called also this circumstance.
Edonus. From this mountain that part ofELATEA, the largest town of Phocis, near
Thrace is often called Edonia which lies be the Cephissus.[It was next only to Delphi,
tween the Strymon and the Nessus, and the and was situate in the valley of the Cephis
epithetis generally applied not only to Thrace sus, on an eminence to the left of the stream.
but to a cold uorthern climate. Virg. JEn. To the north, in its rear, lay the range of
12, v. 325.-Plin. 4, c. 11.-Lucan. 1, v. 674. mount Cnemis. An enemy who wished to
EDóN1 or EDöNEs, a people of Thrace, pass from Thermopylae into southern Greece
near the Strymon. Apollod. 3, e. 5. would be compelled to make himself master
Epoxides, a name given to the priestesses first of the mountain-pass to the north of the
of Bacchus, because they celebrated the fes city, and next of Elatea itself; after which
tivals of the god on Mount Edon. Ovid...Met. all Phocis and Boeotia stood open to him.]
11, v. 69. It lay north-east of Delphi. This city is said
EEtiox, the father of Andromache and to have been ſounded by Elatus, who
of seven sons, was king of Thebes in Mysia. came from Arcadia to assist the Delphians
He was killed by Achilles. From him the against the Phlegians, when the latter at
word Eetioneus is applied to his relations or tempted to plunder the temple. It was one
descendants. Homer. Il. 12. of the towns burned by the Persians. Its sur
EGERIA, a nymph of Aricia in Italy, prise in after days by king Philip, and the
where Diana was particularly worshipped. consequent alarm of the Athenians, is beau
Egeria was courted by Numa, and, according tifully alluded to by Demosthenes in his ora
to Ovid, she became his wife. This prince tion “De Coroná.” It is now called Turco
pretended frequently to visit her, and that he corio.] Paus. 10, c. 34.
might more successfully introduce his laws ELAver, a river in Gaul, falling into the
and new regulations into the state, he solemn Loire, now the Allier.
ly declared before the Roman people, that ELEA, [called also Velia, a town of Luca
they were previously sanctified and approved nia in Magna Graecia, situate on the coast of
by the nymph Egeria. Ovid says that Egeria the Mare Tyrrhenum, south-east of Paestum.
was so disconsolate at the death of Numa It is said to have been built by a colony of
that she melted into tears, and was changed Phocaeans in the time of Cyrus. A sect of
into a ſountain by Diana. She is reckoned philosophy, which flourished here, has hence
by many as a goddess who presided over the been called the Eleatic. It must be divided
pregnancy of women ; and some maintain into two classes; one of which treated con
that she is the same as Lucina, or Diana. cerning the nature and origin of things upon
Liv. 1, c. 19.—Ovid. Met. 15, v. 547.-Virg. metaphysical, the other upon physical princi
.En. 7, v. 775.-Martial. 2, ep. 6, v. 16. ples. To the former class belongs Xeno
Elox, a commercial place at the mouth of
phanes, Parmenides, Melissus, and Zeno of
the Strymon, [about 4 miles from Amphipo Elea; to the latter Leucippus, Democritus,
lis. Paus. 8, c. 8. | Protagoras, Diagoras, and Anaxarchus.]
- 260
 EL EL

ELEctha, a daughter of Agamemnon king to an ignominious death. This festival was

of Argos. She first incited her brother Ores- ||ssacred to Ceres and Proserpine, every thing
tes to revenge his father's death by assassinat contained a mystery, and Ceres herself was
ing his mother Clytemnestra. Orestes gave known only by the name of ax&sia, from the
her in unarriage to his friend Pylades, and sorrow and grief (ax&@") which she suffered
she became mother of two sons, Strophius for the loss of her daughter. This mysterious
and Medon. Her adventures and misfor secrecy was solemnly observed and enjoined
tunes form one of the interesting tragedies on all the votaries of the goddess; and if any
of the poet Sophocles. Hygin. ſab. 122.- one ever appeared at the celebration, either
Paus. 2, c. 16.-JElian. P. H. 4, c. 26, &c. intentionally or through ignorance, without
E1, Ectkidrºs, islands in the Adriatic sea, proper introduction, he was immediately
which received their name from the quantity punished with death. Persons of both sexes
of amber, (electrum,) which they produced. and all ages were initiated at this solemnity,
They were at the mouth of the Po, according and it was looked upon as so heinous a crime
to Apollonius of Rhodes, but some historians to neglect this sacred part of religion, that it
doubt of their existence. [vid. Eridanus.] was one of the heaviest accusations which
Plan. 3, c. 26, l. 37, c. 2.-JMela, 2, c. 7. contributed to the condemnation of Socrates.
Electryon, a king of Argos, son of Per The initiated were under the more particular
seus and Andromeda. He was brother to care of the deities, and therefore their life
Alcaeus, whose daughter Anaxo he married, was supposed to be attended with more hap
and by her he had several sons and one piness and real security than that of other
daughter, Alcmene. [cid. Amphitryon and men. This benefit was not only granted
Alcmena.] Apollod. 2, c. 4.—Paus. during life, but it extended beyond the grave,
ELEI, a people of Elis in Peloponnesus. and they were honoured with the first places
[vid. Elis.] in the Elysian fields, while others were left
ELELEUS, a surname of Bacchus, from the to wallow in perpetual filth and ignominy.
word tatatu, which the Bacchanals loudly re As the benefits of expiation were so exten
peated during his festivals. His priestesses sive, particular care was taken in examining
were in consequence called Eleleis-ides. the character oſsuch as were presented for in
Ovid. JMet.4, v. 15. itiation. Such as were guilty of murder,
ELEPHANTIs, a poetess who wrote lascivil though against their will, and such as were
ous verses. Martial. 12, ep. 43. convicted of witchcraft, or any heinous
[ELEPHANTINE, an island of Egypt, on the crime, were not admitted ; and the Athe
Nile, with a town of the same name, about a nians suffered none to be initiated but
semi-stadium distant from Syene. The town such as were members of their city. This
described by Strabo no longer exists; but a regulation, which compelled Hercules, Cas
small village is built upon its ruins, near tor, and Pollux, to become citizens of
which is a superb gate of granite, which form Athens, was strictly observed in the first
ed the entrance of one of the porticoes of the
ages of the institution, but afterwards all per
temple of Cnept. A building surrounded by sons, barbarians excepted, were freely initiat
thick walls and rubbish, formerly made part ed. The festivals were divided into greater
of it, and an elevated rampart at the point of and less mysteries. The less were instituted
the island, served to defend it against the in from the following circumstance. Hercules
undation of the river. The nilometer, form passed near Eleusis while the Athenians were
ed of a biock of “arble, so favourably situat celebrating the mysteries, and desired to be
ed in this place for discovering the first ap. initiated. As this could not be done, be
pearance of the increase of the waters, and cause he was a stranger, and as Eumolpus
for regulating the labours of the husbandman, was unwilling to displease him on account of
is no more; a part of it being probably buri. his great power, and the services which he
ed under the mud and sand of the Nile.] had done to the Athenians, another festival
, ELEPHANTop Hägi, a people of Æthio was instituted without violating the laws. It
pla.
was called wikga, and Hercules was solemuly
ELEUSINIA, a great festival observed eve admitted to the celebration and initiated.
ry fourth year by the Celeans, Phliasians, as These less mysteries were observed at Agra.
also by the Pheneatae, Lacedæmonians, Par near the Ilissus, The greater were celebrat
rhasians, and Cretans; but more particularly ed at Eleusis, from which place Ceres has
by the people of Athens, every fifth year, at been called Eleusinia. In later times the
Eleu-is in Attica, where it was introduced by smaller festivals were preparatory to the
Eumolpus, B. C. 1356. [vid, the end of greater, and no person could be initiated at
this article, where an explanation is given
of the object of these mysteries.] It was the Eleusis without a previous purification at
Agra. This purification they performed by
most celebrated of all the religious ceremo. keeping themselves pure, chaste, and unpol
nies of Greece, whence it is often called by luted during nine days, after which they came
way ofeminence avºrngla, the mysteries. It and offered sacrifices and prayers, wearing
was so superstitiously observed, that if any garlands offlowers, called waspx, or wifa, and
one ever revealed it, it was supposed that he having under their feet, Ato: rºd low, Jupiter's
had called divine vengeance upon his head, skin, which was the skin of a victim offered to
and it was unsafe to live in the same house that god. The person who assisted was call
with him. Such **tch was publicly put
ed tºxycº from tdoº, water, which was used
•
 EL EL
3.

at the purification, and they themselves were sides him there were four others, called arº
called avtat, the initiated. A year after the antzi, curators, elected by the people. One
initiation at the less mysteries they sacrificed of them was chosen from the sacred fami
a sow to Ceres, and were admitted in the ly of the Eumolpidae, the other was one of
greater, and the secrets of the festivals were the Ceryces, and the rest were from among
solemnly revealed to them, from which they the citizens. There were also ten persons
were called sºpot, and sºrorral, inspectors. who assisted at this and every other festival,
The institution was performed in the follow. called “Igorouot, because they offered sacri
ing manner. The candidates, crowned with fices. This festival was observed in the
myrtle, were admitted by night into a place month Boedromion or September, and con
called Azurize; ºrexos,the mystical temple, a vast tinued nine days, from the 15th to the 23d.
and stupendous building. As they entered the During that time it was unlawful to arrest
temple they purified themselves by washing any man, or present any petition on pain of
their hands in holy water, and received for ad forfeiting a thousand drachmas, or, according
monition that they were to come with a mind to others, on pain of death. It was also un
pure and undefiled, without which the clean lawful for those who were initiate 1 to sit up
ness of the body would be unacceptable. Af. on the cover of a well, to eat beans, mullets,
ter this the holy mysteries were read to them or weazels. If any woman rode to Eleusis in
from a large book called ºrtréaux, because a chariot, she was obliged by an edict of Ly
made of two stones, ratgal, fitly cemented to curgus to pay 6000 drachmas. The design
gether. After this the priest, called'Iseo.ºaytnº, of this law was to destroy all distinction be
proposed to them certain questions to which tween the richer and poorer sort of citizens.
they readily answered. After this, strange The first day of the celebration was called
and amazing objects presented themselves to *}vgaor, assembly, as it might be said that
their sight, the place often seemed to quake, the worshippers first met together. The se
and to appear suddenly resplendent with fire, cond day was called ‘axz Jº avtat, to the sea,
and immediately covered with a gloomy dark you that are initiated, because they were
ness and horror. Sometimes thunders were commanded to purify themselves by bathing
heard, or flashes of lightning appeared on in the sea. On the third day, sacrifices, and
every side. At other times hideous noises chiefly a mullet, were offered; as also barley
and howlings were heard, and the trembling from a field of Eleusis. These oblations were
spectators were alarmed by sudden and dread called evz, and held so sacred that the priests
ful appariti ns. This was called avro-lia, in: themselves were not, as in other sacrifices,
tuition. After this the initiated were dismiss permitted to partake of them. On the fourth
ed with the barbarous words of zoy: oarać. day they made a solemn procession, in which
The garments in which they were initiated the waxa 3-cy, holy basket of Ceres, whose car
were held sacred, and of no less efficacy to ried about in a consecrated cart, while on
avert evils than charms and incanta ions. levery side the people shouted zauge Anant g,
From this circumstance, therefore, they were Hail Ceres ' After these followed women,
never left off before they were totally unfit called zig-coogol, who carried baskets, in which
for wear, after which they were appropri were sesamum, carded wool, grains of salt,
ated for children, or dedicated to the goddess. a serpent, pomegranates, reeds, ivy boughs,
The chief person that attended at the initia certain cakes, &c. The fifth was called
tion was called “Itpopayrn:, the revealer of sa-l "H ray x auračar hatra, the torch-day, because
cred things. He was a citizen of Athens, and on the following night the people ran about
held his office during life, though among the with torches in their hands. It was usual to
Celeans and Phliasians it was limited to the dedicate torches to Ceres, and contend which
period of four years. He was obliged to de should offer the biggest in commemoration of
vote himself totally to the service of the dei the travels of the goddess, and of her light
ties; his life was chaste and single, and he ing a torch in the flames of Mount AEtna.
usually anointed his body with the juice of The sixth day was called Iaxxar, from lac
hemlock, which is said, by its extreme cold. chus, the son of Jupiter and Ceres, who ac
ness, to extinguish, in a great degree, the na companied his mother in her search of Proser.
tural heat. The Hierophantes had three pine, with a torch in his hand. From that
attendants; the first was calleddºovzoº, torch circumstance his statute had a torch in its
bearer, and was permitted to marry. The hand, and was carried in solemn procession
second was called zngwº, a cryer. The third from the Ceramicus to Eleusis. The statue,
administered at the altar, and was called & tr. with those that accompanied it, called Izºza
£24°. The Hierophantes is said to have yo-yoi, were crowned with myrtle. In the
been a type of the powerful creator of all way nothing was heard but singing and the
things, Azºv:2: of the sun. Kngw: of Mercu noise of brazen kettles, as the votaries danc
ry, and 3 ºr £awº of the moon There were ed along. The way through which they is
besides these other inferior officers, who took sued from the city was called 'Ispa ºdox, the
particular care that every thing was per sacred way; the resting-place 'Ispa guan, from
formed according to custom. The first of a fig-tree which grew in the neighbourhood.
these, called 3x ruxtur, was one of the ar They also stopped on a bridge over the Ce
chons ; he offered prayers and sacrifices, phissus, where they derided those that pass
and took care that there was no indecency ed by. After they had passed this bridge,
or irregularity during the celebration, Be they entered Eleusis by a place called ºr .
27
 EL EL

7tz, stador, the mystical entrance. On the his speculations to an undue extent, and as
seventh day were sports, in which victors sumes a more dogmatical tone in his asser
were rewarded with a measure of barley, as tions than his authorities warrant, yet that
that grain had been first sown in Eleusis. his view of the subject appears to be essed
The eighth day was called Eriëzupiter hººpa, tially correct. Mr. Gibbon attacked the bi
because once Æsculapius, at his return from shop with some warmth, and seems to have
Epidaurus to Athens, was initiated by the succeeded in showing that Warburton's ac
repetition of the less mysteries. It became count of the sixth book of the AEueid is with
customary, therefore, to celebrate them a se. out foundation; but he has not invalidated
cond time upon this, that such as had not the conclusions which relate to the purport
hitherto been initiated might be lawfully ad of the mysteries. Amidst the obscurity
mitted. The ninth and last day of the festi which prevails on the subject of the myste
val was called IIxhuoxeau, arthen vessels, be ries, the following facts may be considered as
cause it was usual to fill two such vessels tolerably well ascertained. First. The mys
with wine, one of which being placed to teries were of two kinds. The more public
wards the west, which, after the repetition of exhibition was intended to produce an effect
some mystical words, were both thrown on the minds of the people favourable to ci
down, and the wine being spilt on the ground, vil order, and tending to inspire veneration
was offered as a libation. Such was the man for the laws. It seems that this was one of
mer of celebrating the Eleusian mysteries, the means adopted by the primitive legisla
which have been deemed the most sacred and tors of mankind for reclaiming barbarians,
solemn of all the festivals observed by the and forming the inhabitants of the different
Greeks. Some have supposed them to be countries, whither the mysteries were con
obscene and abominable, and that from veyed, to the practice of social duties. They
thence proceeded all the mysterious secrecy. are represented as celebrating the adoption
They were carried from Eleusis to Rome in of agriculture, and the invention of the arts
the reign of Adrian, where they were ob of life. Diodorus Siculus informs us that
served with the same ceremonies as before, the Sicilian feasts of Ceres, which lasted ten
though perhaps with more freedom and li days, represented the ancient manner of living
centiousness. They lasted about 1800 years, before men had learned the use and culture of
and were at last abolished by Theodosius the bread-corn. From Varro, Claudian, and Arno
Great. [After all that has been said on the bius, it appears that the Eleusinian rites repre
nature and design of the mysteries which sented the life of Ceres, and her wanderings
were celebrated over the greater part of the in quest of her daughter Proserpine, and her
ancient world, the learned are not even now legislation of Sicily and Africa, where she
wholly agreed in their opinions on this sub taught the inhabitants agriculture, and re
ject. The obscene rites which formed a part claimed them ſrom barbarism. In accord
of these ceremonies, and the excesses to ance with this is the authority of Cicero.
which they are said to have given occasion, The learned commentator Turnebus ob
are frequently spoken of with reprobation serves, that the mysteries were called “ini
by the Fathers of the church, who constant tia,” because they were celebrated in com
ly regard the mysteries with horror and de memoration of the “beginnings” of civiliz
testation. On the other hand, they are spo. ed life, when Ceres taught agriculture, and
ken of with high encomiums by the Pagan invented laws to restrain men hitherto bar
philosophers, especially by those of the later barians. Secondly. The injunctions to mora
Platonic school, as Porphyry, Iamblichus, lity were sanctioned by the doctrine of fu
Proclus, and Apuleius, who profess to ex ture rewards and punishments. A remark
plain the intention'of these sacred solemnities, able passage from Cicero is strongly in proof
and to interpret the strange and unpromising of this assertion, in which, speaking of the ad
symbols which were exhibited in them, in a vantages to be derived from the mysteries,
mystical sense, favourable to piety and vir he observes, “neque solun, cum latitia riven
tue. It is probable that the truth lies be di rationem accepimus, sed etiam cum spe me
tween these opposite representations. It Riore moriendi.” (De Leg. c. 14.) The ini
would appear that the intention with which tiated and those who should lead a virtuous
the mysteries were first instituted was the life were promised an abode in the islands of
promotion of social order and picty, such as the blessed, where they were to enjoy a hap
heathen piety was; but that they had, in the py immortality, while the profane wallowed
course of many ages, become greatly corrupt in a black pool of mud. How the fiction of
ed, and that the secret and nocturnal assem the Metempsychosis was connected with
blies which were held at their celebration these doctrines does not appear very clearly,
gave occasion to many excesses. Meursius but it seems to have formed a prominent fea
has very diligently coilected the passages of ture in the mystical solemnities, especially in
the ancient writers in which the mysteries the East. Thirdly. Concerning the nature
are treated of, or casually mentioned; but it of the aroegnº", or inviolable mysteries,
was Warburton who first attempted, with
which were only divulged to a few favoured
any degree of success, to systematisc these individuals, it is not easy to arrive at a sa
scattered facts, and to deduce from them any tisſactory conclusion. Thus far, however,
luminous conclusion; and it must be allow. we may consider as tolerably clear, that al
ed, that although this writer carries some of though there is no sufficient evidence for
cº-o
 EL EL

Warburton's opinion, that the object was to of Attica. It was afterwards transferred to
expose the falsehood of the vulgar polythe the Athenians.]
ism, and to declare the unity of God, yet ELEUTHERíA, a festival celebrated at Pla
some secret doctrines were taught concern taea in honour of Jupiter Eleutherius, or the
ing the nature of the gods, which it was held asserter of liberty, by delegates from almost
the most unpardonable offence to divulge. all the cities of Greece.
Its institution ori
Hence we may infer that they were of such ginated in this ; after the victory obtained by
a kind that the publication of them was con the Grecians under Pausanias over Mardo
sidered as dangerous to the popular belief in nius the Persian general, in the country of
the mythology. From the writings of Varro, Plataea, an altar and statue were erected to
of which fragments are preserved by St. Jupiter Eleutherius, who had freed the Greeks
Augustine, from numerous observations of from the tyranny of the barbarians. It was
Clemens, and of Proclus, from some mystical further agreed upon in a general assembly,
Passages of Euripides and of Virgil, and by the advice of Aristides the Athenian, that
from the first book of the Saturnalia of Ma. deputies should be sent every fifth year from
crobius, it would appear that the explana the different cities of Greece, to celebrate
tions of the mythology, which were deliver Eleuthoria festivals of liberty. The Plataeans
ed in the mysteries, were chiefly physical, celebrated also an anniversary festival in me
and that the most celebrated of the ancient mory of those who had lost their lives in that
theosophists were not very remote in their famous battle. The celebration was thus :
dogmas from the notions of Spinosa. Mül. at break of day a procession was made with
ler's Universal History. (Note of English a trumpeter at the head sounding a signal for
Translator.) Vol. 1, p. 25,)—AElian. W. H. battle. After him followed chariots loaded
12, c. 24.—Cic. de Leg. 2, c. 14.—Paus. 10, with myrtle, garlands, and a black bull, and
c. 31, &c.—Plut. certain free young men, as no signs of servility
ELE usis, or ELEU six, [a town of Attica, were to appear during the solemnity, because
equally distant from Megara and the Piræus, they in whose honour the festival was insti
celebrated for the festivals of Ceres. [Har tuted had died in the defence of their coun
pocration derives the name of the city from try. They carried libations of wine and milk
Eleusinus, a son of Mercury, and writes it in large eared vessels, with jars of oil and
Eleusinia ; others, who write it Eleusis, sup precious ointments. Last of all appeared the
pose it to have been thus called, because Ce chief magistrate, who, though not permitted
res, after running over the world in search at other times to touch iron, or wear gar
of her daughter, came here, (asvºa, venio,) ments of any other colour than white, yet ap
and put an end to her pursuit. Diodorus peared clad in purple ; and taking a water
Siculus makes the name Eleusis to have pot out of the city chamber, proceeded
been given this city, as a monument to poste through the middle of the town with a sword
rity that corn, and the art of cultivating it, in his hand, towards the sepulchres. There
were brought from abroad into Attica, or, to he drew water from a neighbouring spring,
use the words of the historian, “that the and washed and anointed the monuments ;
person who brought thither the seed of corn after which he sacrificed a bull upon a pile
came from foreign parts.” Pausanias makes of wood, invoking Jupiter and infernal Mer
Eleusin the founder, a son-in-law of Ogyges. cury, and inviting to the entertainment the
At all events the city appears to have been souls of those happy heroes who had perished
very ancient, and at one period very power in the defence of their country. After this
ful, since it contended, under Eumolpus, he filled a bowl with wine, saying, 1 drink to
with Athens for the sovereignty of Attica. those who lost their lives in the defence of the
The controversy was ended by a treaty, liberties of Greece. There was also a festival
wherein it was stipulated that Eleusis should of the same name observed by the Sainians in
honour of the god of Love. Slaves, also, when
yield to the controul of Athens, but that the
they obtained their liberty, kept a holiday,
sacred rites of Ceres should be celebrated at
the former city. Ceres and Triptolemus were which they called Eleutheria. -

both worshipped here with peculiar solem Eleutho, a surname ofJuno Lucina,[from
nity, and here also was shewn the field of her coming, when invoked, to the aid of wo
Rharium, where barley was said to have men in labour.] Pindar. Olymp. 6. ..
been first sown. Eleusis is now called Lep. [ELEUTheRopolis, a city of Palestine, at
rina. On account of its exposure to pirates the distance of 6 miles south of Diospolis, 20
the place is uninhabited. The statue of the miles south-west from Jerusalem, and 24
Eleusinian Ceres, the work of Phidias, af miles north-east from Ascalon, according to
ter having suffered many mutilations, was the itinerary of Antonine.] -

brought over to England by Dr. Clark and Elicius, a surname of Jupiter, worshipped
Mr. Cripps in 1801, and now stands in the on mount Aventine. [The Romans gave him
vestibule of the University Library at Cam this name, according to Ovid, because they
bridge. The temple itself was subsequently believed that they could, by a setſorm ofwords,
cleared by Mr. Gell.] (vid Eleusinia.) Ovid. draw him down (elicere) from the sky to in:
4, Fait. 5, v. 507.-Paus. 9, c. 24. form them how to expiate prodigies, &c.]
Eleuthère, [an ancient city of Boeotia, Orid. Fast. 3, v. 328.
south-east of Plataea, and near the confines Elis, [a country of Greece, on the western
d 273
 EL EMI
-- - -
º

shore of the Peloponnesus, north of Messenia. who dwelt in these regions of bliss were va.
The length from north to south was about 20 rious; the manes of Achilles are represente!
leagues, and the breadth from west to east as waging war with the wild beasts, whilethe
from 6 to 7. It was watered hy a great num Trojan chiefs are innocently exercising them.
ber of small rivers, which rendered it very selves in managing horses, or in handling
fertile. By ancient authors, however, it is arms. To these innocent amusements some
chiefly distinguished for its groves of olive poets have added continual feasting and re
trees. Here the Olympic games were cele velry, and they suppose that the Elysiar fleus
brated on the banks of the Alpheus. vid. were filled with all the incontinence and vo
Olympia. Besides its olives, it produced luptuousness which could gratify the low de
abundance of hemp, flax, and silk. Elis was sires of the debauchee. [According to Diodo
rus Siculus, the whole fable of the infernal re.
divided into three districts, Coelo, (Kouan.) or
the hollow, in the north, Pisatis, so called gions was borrowed fron the funeral rites of
from the ancient city of Pisa, in the middle, the Egyptians, and introduced into Greece
and Triphylia, to the south. This last, ac by Orpheus. From this source Homer is said
cording to Strabo, obtained its name from the to have borrowed his ideas and descripticus
union of three separate tribes, the Epei, or which occur in various parts of the Odyssey
original inhabitants, the Minyº, who migrated Succeeding poets and philosophers copied from
thither, and the Elei.] [The capital city of
Homer. Some placed the Elysian fields in the
middle region of the air, some in the moor,
the above district, situate in the northern part,
on the river Peneus. This city in fact gave others in the sun, and others again in the cen:
name to the country, and was founded soon tre of the earth adjoining to Tartarus. The
after the Trojan war. It was famed for a most common opinion was that they lay in
temple and statue of Venus. The latter was one of the isles of the ocean, called the For.
the work of Phidias, and was made of gold tunate Islands, the modern Canaries. [rid.
and ivory; the feet of the goddess rested on Tartarus.] Virg. JEn. 6, v. 638.-Homer.
a tortoise. It is thought that a place called Od. 4.—Pindar.—Tibull. 1, el. 3, v. 57–Lu.
Gastouni occupies the site of this city.] cian.—Plut. de Consol.
Strab. 8.—Plin. 4, c. 5.-Paus. 5.—Ovid. EMERITA [Augusta, a town of Lusitania,
Met. 5, v. 494.—Cic. Fam. 13, ep. 26. de Div. below Norba Caesarea, on the northern bank
2, c. 12.-Liv. 27, c. 32.-Virg. G. 1, v. 59, of the Anas. It is now Merida.J Plin. 9, c.
l. 3, v. 202. 41. -

Eliss A, a queen of Tyre, more commonly EMEssa, [an ancient city of Syria, situate
known by the name of Dido. rid. Dido. near the eastern bank of the Orontes, south
Eliopia, a town of Euboea.—An ancient east of Epiphania. It was the birth-place of
name of that island. [It derived its name from the emperor Heliogabalus, and was one of .
Ellops, the son of Ion, who settled in this isl the cities in which the Romans planted co.
and. lonies. It is now called Hems, and is merely
*iscº, a daughter of Miltiades. [tid. a large ruinous town containing about 3000 :
Callias, and Cimon. inhabitants, though formerly a strong and
[ELY MI6T1s, a district of Macedonia, to populous city.]
the south-west, bordering on Thessaly and Ex16p1 Montes, [part of a chain of mour.
Epirus.] tains in Asia. Pliny states that the Emodi
EI.YMA is, [a province of Persia, lying to montes, and those of Imaus, Paropamisus, a
the south of Media, and forming the northern and Caucasus were connected together. Thai
part of the larger district of Susiana. It de part of the chain which Alexander crossed |

rived its name from the Elymaei. These were in order to invade Bactriana was called Pa
originally seated in the north, but in process ropamisus, the more easterly continuation of
of time spread themselves over all the rest of the range was termed Emodi montes, and its
Susiana, to the shores of the Persian Gulf. still farther continuation, even to the eastern
Elymais, the metropolis of the province, was ocean, was styled Imaus.] . . "

famed for a rich temple which Antiochus Epi EMPEDöcLEs, a philosopher, poet, and his
phanes attempted to plunder; he was beaten torian of Agrigentum in Sicily, who flourished
off, however, by the inhabitants. The temple 444 B. C. [vid. end of this *} He
was afterwards plundered by one of the Par. was the disciple of Telanges the Pytha
thian kings, who found in it, according to gorean, and warmly adopted the doctrine
Strabo, 10,000 talents.] of transmigration. He wrote a poem upon
Elysium, and Elysii CAMP1, a region in the opinions of Pythagoras, very much com
the lower world, where, according to the mended, in which he spoke of the various
mythology of the ancients, the souls of the bodies which nature had given him. He was
virtuous were placed after death. Their hap first a girl, afterwards a boy, a shrub, a bird,
piness was complete, the pleasures were in a fish, and lastly Empedocles. His poetry
nocent and refined. Bowers, for ever green, was bold and animated, and his verses were *
delightful meadows, with pleasant streams, universally esteemed, that they were publicly
were the most striking objects. The air was recited at the Olympic games with those of
wholesome, serene, and temperate : the birds Homer and Hesiod. Empedocles was no le”
continually warbled in the groves, and the in remarkable for his humanity and social vir
habitants were blessed with another sun and tues than for his learning. He showed him:
other stars. The employment of the heroes self an inveterate enemy to tyranny, and re
 *

EM EN
-_- --- - --__--_---

fused to become the sovereign of his country. Fair promontory that lay before Carthage,
He taught rhetoric in Sicily, and often allevi and become acquainted with a region which
ated the anxieties of his mind as well as the they might be tempted to conquer.]
pains of his body with music. It is reported EncKi.Anus, a son of Titan and Terra,
that his curiosity to visit the flames of the cra the most powerful of all the giants who con
ter of Ætoa proved fatal to him. Some main spired against Jupiter. He was struck with
tain that he wished it to be believed that he Jupiter's thunders, and overwhelmed under
was a god, and that his death might be un mount Aºtna. Some suppose that he is the
known he threw himself into the crater and same as Typhon. According to the poets,
perished in the flames. His expectations, the flames of Ætna proceeded from the breath
however, were frustrated ; and the volcano, of Enceladus ; and as often as he turned his
by throwing up one of his sandals, discovered weary side, the whole island of Sicily felt the
to the world that Empedocles had perished motion, and shook from its very foundations.
by fire. Others report that he lived to an ex Pirg. .ºn. 3, v. 578, &c.—A son of Ægyp
treme old age, and that he was drowned in the tus.
sea. [The skill which Empedocles possess ENny Miox, a shepherd, son of AEthlius
ed in medicine and natur 1 philosophy ena and Calyce. It is said that he required of Ju
bled him to perform many wonders which piter to grant to him to be always young, and
he passed upon the superstitious and credu to sleep as much as he would ; whence came
ious minds of the multitude for miracles. He the proverb of Endymionis somnum dorm tre.
pretended to drive away noxious winds to express a long sleep. Diana saw him
from his country, and thereby put a stop to naked as he slept on mount Latmos, and was
epidemical diseases. He is said to have check so struck with his beauty that she came down
ed by the power of music the madness of a from heaven every night to enjoy his company.
young man who was threatening his enemy Endymion married Chromia, daughter of ite
with instant death; to have restored a wo nus, or, according to some, Hyperipna, daugh
man to life : and to have done many other ter of Arcas, by whom he had three sons,
things, equally astonishing, after the manner Paeon, Epeus, and AEolus, and a daughter
of Pythagoras, on account of which, he be. called Eurydice; and so little ambitious did
came an object of universal admiration, so he show himself of sovereignty, that he made
that at the Olympic games the eyes of all his crown the prize of the best racer among
the people were fixed upon him when his sons, an honourable distinction which was
he appeared. With regard to his poetical gained by Epeus. The ſable of Endymion’s
productions, it is the opinion of some that amours with Diana, or the moon, arises from
he was the real author of the ancient frag his knowledge of astronomy, and as he passed
ment which bears the name of the “Golden the night on some high mountain to observe
verses of Pythagoras.” He must not, howe. the heavenly bodies, it has been reported that
ver, be confounded with a tragedian of the he was courted by the noon. Some suppose
same uame. Gorgias of Leontium was his that there were two of that name, the son of
pupil, whence it may be inferred that he was a king of Elis, and the shepherd or astrono
an eminent master of the art of eloquence. mer of Caria. The people of Heraclea main
As to his death, Strabo and other judicious tained that Endymion died on mount Latmos,
writers reject as fictitious the story about and the Eleans pretended to show his tomb
Etna. Another account, equally fabulous, at Olympia in Peloponnesus. Propert. 2, el.
states that during the night, after a sacred 15.-Cic. Tusc. 1.-Juv. 10. – Theocril. 3.--
festival, he was conveyed away towards the Paus. 5, c. 1, 1.6, c. 20.
heavens amid the splendour of celestial ENET 1. [rid. Heneti.]
night. The truth appears to be, as Timaeus ENIPEus, a river of Thessaly flowing near
relates, that, towards the close of his life he Pharsalia. Lucan. 6, v. 373. -

went to Greece, and never returned, whence ENNA, [a city of Sicily, situate on an emi
the exact time and manner of his death re mence in the middle of the island, whence,
main unknown. According to Aristotle he according to Diodorus, it was called the navel
died at 60 years of age. A statue was erect of Sicily. It was one of the strongest places
* tº him at Agrigentum, which was after in the island, and remarkable for its beautiful
wards carried to Rome. Lucretius gives a plains, fruitful soil, and the numerous lakes
high character of him in his poem.] Horat. and springs which watered its territory. Pro
l, ºp. 12, v. 20.—Cic. de Orat. 1, c. 50, &c. serpine was carried away by Pluto in the vi
-Diog. in vitā. cinity of Enna, while she was gathering
Extronize, [a country of Africa propria, flowers in an adjacent meadow. The plains
alled also Byzacium, situate to the north of of Enna are now called Castro Janni. J.Mela,
the Syrtis minor. In it stood Leptis minor, 2, c. 7.—Cic. Verr. 3, c. 49, l. 4, c. 104.—
below Hadrumetum. This city is saidto have Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 522.- Liv. 24, c. 37.
Paid to the Carthaginians a talent each day. Q. ENNIUs, an ancient poet, born at Ru
Itwas in fact a very fruitful district, and Po diae in Calabria, [about A. U. C. 514, B. C.
ºtius says that almost all the hopes of the 237, and flourished towards the close of the
Carthaginians depended on the revenue they first Punic war. In his early youth he went
to Sardinia; and, if Silius Italicus may be
"rew from it. To this were owing the anxi. believed,
“y and state jealousy of the Carthaginians, he served in the Calabrian levies,
that the Romans should not sail beyond the which, in the year 538, followed Titus Man
 EN
- *-

lius to the war which he waged in that island |merable imitations of the Iliad and Odyssey
against the favourers of the Carthaginian lit is, however, the Greek tragic writers from
cause. After the termination of the cam whom he has most largely borrowed ; and.
paign he continued to live for twelve years indeed, it appears from the fragments which
in Sardinia. He was at length brought to remain, that all his plays were rather trans
Rome by Cato the Censor, who, in 550, vi lations from the dramas of Sophocles and Eu
sitcq Sardinia, on returning as quaestor from ripides than original tragedies. Nor, although
Africa. At Rome he fixed his residence on Ennius was the first writer who introduced
the Aventine hill, where he lived in a very satiric composition into Rome, are his pre
frugal manner. He instructed, however, tensions to originality, in this respect, very
the patrician youth in Greek, and soon ac distinguished. He adapted the ancient sn
quired the friendship of many of the most il. tures of the Tuscan and Oscan stage to the
lustrious men of the state. He followed M. closet, by refining their grossness, and intro
Fulvius Nobilior during his expedition to ducing railleries from the Grecian poets.
Aºtolia in 564; and in 569 he obtained the His satires were thus a species of cºnto, made
freedom of the city. He was also protected up of passages from various poems. The
by the elder Africanus, whom he is said to fragments which remain of them are too
have accompanied on most of his campaigns. short to allow us even to divine their subject.
In his old age he obtained the friendship of His great work was the Annals, of which we
Scipio Nasica.] II is style is rough and un have still considerable remains. It com
polished, but his defects, which are more menced with the earliest times and ended
particularly attributed to the age in which with the Istrian war. The Annals of Enni
he lived, have been fully compensated by the us were always highly relished by the Ro
energy of his expressions, and the fire of his mans. They were recited in the theatres as
poetry, Quintilian warmly commends him, low down as the time of Marcus Aurelius,
and Virgil has shown his merit, by introduc and the Romans were so formed on his style
ing many whole lines from his poetry into his that Seneca called them populus Ennianus,
own compositions, which he calls pearls ga an Ennian race.] Ovid. 2, Trist. v. 424.—
thered from the dunghill. Ennius wrotein he. Cic. de Finib. 1, c. 4. de Qffic. 2, c. 18.-
roic verse 18 books of the annals of the Roman
Quintil 10, c. 1.-Lucret. 1, v. 117, &c.—C.
republic, and displayed much knowledge of JNep. in Catone.
the world, in some dramatical and satirical ENTELLA, a town of Sicily, [near the river
compositions. He died of the gout, contracted Hypsa, and north-east of Selinus.] Ital. 14,
by frequent intoxication, about 169 years be: v. 205. —Cic. Verr. 3, c. 43.
fore the Christian era, in the 70th year of his ENTELLUs, a famous athlete among the
age. He was buried in the tomb of the Sci friends of AEneas. He was intimate with
pios; and there is still extant an epitaph re Eryx, and entered the lists against Dares,
ported to have been written by the poet for whom he conquered in the funeral games of
himself: as follows, Anchises in Sicily. Wirg../En. 5, v. 387, &c.
.4 spicite, o cires, senis Enni imaginisformam FNYo, a sister of Mars, called by the Latins
Hic restrum panzit marima facta patrum. Bellona, supposed by some to be daughter of
.Nemo me lacrymis decoret, neque funerafletu Phorcys and Ceto. Ital. 10, v. 203.
Farit; cºur 2 colito rivus, per ora virãm. Eos, the name of Aurora among the Greeks,
[The tomb was discovered in 1780, on a farm whence the epithet Eous is applied to all the
situate between the Via Appia, and Pia La eastern parts of the world. Ovid. Fast. 3, v.
tina. The slabs, which have since been re 406. A. .4.3, v. 537, l. 6, v.478.-Pirg, G. 1,
moved to the Vatican, contained several in v. 288, l. 2, v. 115.
scriptions commemorating different persons of Eric Ris, one of the Cyclades, called by
the Scipio family. A laurelled bust was also Aristotle, Hydrussa. Plin. 4, c. 12.
ſound in it, supposed to be that of Ennius.] EPAMINoNDAs, a famous Theban, descend
Of the tragedies, comedies, annals, and sa. ed from the ancient kings of Boeotia. His
tires which he wrote, nothing remains but father's name was Polymnus. He has been
fragments happily collected from the quota celebrated for his private virtues and military
tions of ancient authors. The best edition of accomplishments. His love of truth was so
these is by Hesselius, 4to. Amst. 1707. [To great that he never disgraced himself by false
judge by the fragments of his works which hood. He formed a most sacred and inviela
remain, Funius greatly surpassed all his pre ble friendship with Pelopidas, whose life he
decessors, not only in poetical genius, but in saved in a battle. By his advice Pelopida
the art of versification. By his time, indeed, delivered Thebes ſrom the power of Lacedæ
the best models of Greek composition had mon. This was the signal of war. Epami
begun to be studied at Rome. Ennius par nondas was set at the head of the Theban
ticularly professed to have imitated Homer, armies, and defeated the Spartans at the cele.
and tried to persuade his countrymen that the brated battle of Leuctra, about 371 years B.C.
soul and genius of that great poet had revived [Two years after this famous victory, Epami
in him through the medium of a peacock, nondas and Pelopidas, being appointed Boeo
according to the process of Pythagorean tarchs, or chiefs of the Boeotian league, entered
transmigration, a fantastic genealogy to which the Peloponnesus. Seventy thousand men of
Persius alludes in his sixth satire. Accord different nations marched under their orders,
ingly we find in the works of Fnnius, innu
 EP EP

Lacedæmon. The city was saved, however.]|the Greek word ºpto it, permission, because
by the skilful prudence of Agesilaus. The Hercules permitted the Amazons to live,
Theban commanders, on their return home.]|and build a city in this place. Others allege
were accused of violating one of the rules of that Ephesus was named after the Amazon
the Boeotian league, by having held their who founded it. A third account ascribes its
power over one year, which was the time||origin to Ephesus, a son of the Cayster. How
fixed by law for remaining in command. Pe-lever this may be, it is certain that the city.
lopidas yielded to the charge, but Epami || which in the Roman times was the metropo
nondas displayed so much firmness and patient||lis of Asia, was founded by Lysimachus.
resignation to his fate, that he enlisted the po- |The modern name of the place, which is now
pular feeling in his favour, and the judges did ||merely a village, is .4iosoluck, a corruption of
not dare to condemn him. An unsuccessful Agios Theologos, from the circumstance of a
campaign against Corinth, however, again famous church of St. John the Theologian
subjected him to the loss of popular favour, having stood near the spot. Ephesus, how
and he was degraded to the rank of a private ever, was chiefly famous for its temple of
citizen. He afterwards served as a common||Diana, which was so splendid an edifice as
soldier in an army sent to rescue Pelopidas to be styled one of the seven wonders of the
from Alexander, tyrant of Pherae, and having,||world. Its erection occupied, according to
even in that humble rank, saved the Theban Pliny, 220 years. The building was 425 feet
forces from being totally destroyed, was re-]long, and 220 broad; and, according to the
instated to his former office of commander.||writer justmentioned, containcd 127 columns,
After rescuing his friend, he marched into each the gift of a king. There is reason, how
the Peloponnesus, succeeded almost in making||ever, to doubt the correctness of the punctu
himself master of Sparta, and at last ended||ation in the passage of Pliny where this is
his glorious career at the battle of Mantineallstated. The architect was Ctesiphon. This
in Arcadia, where he fell in the arms of vic-temple enjoyed the privileges of an asylum
tory. The Spartan army and their allies||until the reign of Tiberius, who abolished
consisted of 20,000 ſoot and 2,000 horse; that them. The statue of Diana was a small ebo
of the Thebans, of 30,000 infantry and 3,000|ny one, according to the ancient writers, and
cavalry. The enemy had early betaken them-1 was believed to have fallen from heaven.
selves to flight, but rallying on a sudden, at- This splendid temple was destroyed by fire:
tacked Epaminondas, who was pursuing them, the incendiary was Erostratus, whose object
with great ardour. He received a fatall|in so doing was, as he himself confessed, mere
wound in the breast, and expired exclaiming.]|ly to perpetuate his name. vid. Erostratus.
that he died unconquered, when he heard that]|The conflagration took place the same night
the Boeotians obtained the victory, in the 48th that Alexander was born, and the monarch,
year of his age, 363 years before Christ.] The it is said, offered to rebuild the temple at his
Thebans severely lamented his death; in him own expense if the Ephesians would place
their power was extinguished, for only during||an inscription on it recording the fact: they,
his life they had enjoyed freedom and inde-ſhowever, declined the offer, adding in a style
pendence among the Grecian states. Epami- of artful adulation, that it was not right for
nondas was frugal as well as virtuous, and he]|one deity to erect a temple to another. The
refused with indignation the rich presents|temple was afterwards rebuilt, and is thought
which were offered to him by Artaxerxes the to have lasted till the general overthrow of
king of Persia. He is represented by his bi- the heathen temples in the age of Constan
ographer as an elegant dancer, and a skilfull|tine.} : Ptin 36, c. 14.1Strab. 12 and 14.—
musician; accomplishments highly esteemed|Mela, 1, c. 17.-Paus. 7, c. 2—Plut. 1m Alear.
among his countrymen. [Cicero says that hell–Justin. 2, c. 4.—Callum. in Dian.—Ptol.
was one
nation ever men that
the greatest Plut.
of produced.] any age or 5-Cic.
in Parall.–C FPHETE, de aNat. D.2.of magistrates at Athens
number
Nep. in vită-Xenopſ. Quast. Grace.—Diod. first instituted by Demophoon, the son of
15–Polyb. 1. Theseus. Solon lessened their power, and
Eréus, [vid. Epei, the maker of the intrusted them only with the trial of man
wooden horse, by means of which the Greeks slaughter and conspiracy against the life of a
captured Troy. Virg. JEn. 2, v.264—Jus-|citizen. It was required that their manners
tin. 20, c. 2.-Paus. 10, c. 26. should be pure and innocent, and their beha
Ephésus, a city of Ionia. (Pliny represents||viour austere and full of gravity. -

it as the ornament of Asia, and Strabo de-, Ephia LTEs or EPHIALTUS, a giant, son of
scribes it as the largest and most frequent- Neptune, who grew nine inches every month.
ed emporium of that continent. The an- (vid. Aloeus.) An Athenian, famous for
cient city, which was originally a small vil- his courage and strength. He ſought with
Jage, stood about 50 miles south of Smyrna.|the Persians against Alexander, and was kill
near the mouth of the river Cayster. It was led at Halicarnassus, Diod. 17-A Tra
built originally on a mountain, but in time||chinian who led a detachment of the army
the city was extended down along the plain of Xerxes by a secret path to attack the
which reached to the sea, nnd it became gra- Spartans at Thermopylae. Paus. 1. c. 4.—
dually a commercial place. Some ancient wri-|| Herodot. 7, c. 213.
ters ascribe its foundation to the Amazons, and Ephori, powerful magistrates at Sparta,
state that it was called Enhesus (Fe3+...) from'' who were first created by Lycurgus. They
 EP EP -

were five in number. Like censors in the main. He taught school at Syracuse, and
state, they could check and restrain the is said to have invented the four Greek let
authority of the kings, and even imprison ters, #, n. J., a. He also wrote, commenta
them, if guilty of irregularities. They fined ſaries on physical and medical subjects. Ac
Archidamus for marrying a wife of small sta cording to Lucian the life of Epicharmus
ture, and imprisoned Agis for his unconsti was prolonged to 97 years..] Horat: 2, ep.
tutional behaviour. They were much the 1, v. 58.—Diog. 3 and 8.-Cic. ad -1ttic. 1,
same as the tribunes of the people at Rome, ep. 19.
erected to watch with a jealous eye over the Epictetus, [an eminent stoic philosopher,
liberties and rights of the populace. They born in a servile condition at Hieropolis in
had the management of the public money, Phrygia, and flourished in the first century
and were the arbiters of peace and war. of the Christian era. At an early age he was
They had the privilege of convening, pr - sold as a slave to Epaphroditus, a freedman
roguing, and dissolving the greater and less of Nero. He acquired his freedom by some
assemblies of the people. The former was means which are not recorded, and retired
composed of 9000 Spartans, all inhabitants to a small hut within the city of Rome, where
of the city; the latter of 30,000 Lacedaemo he devoted himself to study. Notwithstand
nians, inhabitants of the inferior towns and ing his poverty, he became in time a popular
villages. [The term Ephorus (E+ogº) de preceptor of morals. He was banished by
notes an inspector or superintendant. These {}omitian with the other philosophers, and re
magistrates punished all offences which had tired to Nicopolis in Epirus. He is thought
escaped the other courts of judicature, and to have returned to Rome after the death of
each of them had to this end a class of civil
the tyrant, and this is rendered highly proba
causes under his particular inspection. But ble by the respect which Adrian entertained
they could not put any individual to death for him. He died about the close of Adrian's
without the concurrence of the senate. In reign. Themistius and Suidas, however, as
this particular, and in the mode of their elec sert that he lived till the time of the Anto
tion, this latter council bore much resem nines. The earthen lamp of which he made
blance to the Athenian Areopagus. It ap use, was sold some time after his death at
pears that the first men of the senate, in or 3000 drachmas, about £90 sterling. This
der that they might in case of need fill the little anecdote, which we have from Lucian,
office of vicegerents, were named “peers of shews how much his name and memory was
the king.” These, together with the ephori respected.] His Enchiridion is a ſaithful pic
and kings, composed the privy council, which ture of the stoic philosophy, and his disserta
decided on secret and important affairs, ei tions, which were delivered to his pupils, were
ther with or without the addition of a select
collected by Arrian, who wrote an account
number of citizens.] C. Nep. in Paus. 3– of his life and death, which is not now ex
.4ristot. Pol 2, c. 7. tant. His style is concise and devoid of all
EPH on Us, an orator and historian of Cu ornament, full of energy and useful max
ma: in AEolia, about 352 years before Christ. ims. The value of his compositions is well
[He was disciple to Isocrates, by whose ad. known from the saying of the emperor An
vice he wrote an history, which he commenc. tonius, who thanked the gods he could col
ed after the fabulous periods with the return lect from the writings of Epictetus where
of the Heraclidae into the Peloponnesus, and with to conduct life with honour to himself
brought down to the 20th year of Philip of and advantage to his country. There are se
Macedon. It was divided into 30 books, was veral good editions of the works of Epictetus,
held in high estimation by the ancients, and with those of Cebes and others. [The best
is frequently cited by Strabo and other wri is that of Schweighaeuser, Lips. 1798, 8vo.]
ters.] Quintil. 10, c. 1. FPicúRus, a celebrated philosopher, son
Eph YRA, the ancient name of Corinth, of Neocles and Cherestrata, born at Garget
which it received from a nymph of the same tus in Attica. [vid. end of this article.]
name, and thence Ephyreus is applied to Dyr Though his parents were poor, yet he was
rachium, founded by a Corinthian colony. early sent to school, where he distinguished
Pirg. G. 2, v. 264.—Ovid. Met. 2, v. 239,- himself by the brilliancy of his genius, and at
Lucan. 6, v. 17.—Stat. Theb. 4, v. 59.-Ital. the age of 12, when his preceptor repeated
14, v. 181. to him this verse from Hesiod,
EpichARMUs, [a native of the island of
Cos, who flourished in the 5th century, B C. Hrot asy ºrgaris a zag yºver', &c.
His father removed him at an early age to In the beginning of things the Chaos was
created,
Megara, and afterwards to Syracuse, where
he became a disciple in the Pythagorean Fpicurus earnestly asked him whe created
school. Being prevented by the tyranny of it 2 To this the teacher answered, that he
Hiero from assuming the public profession of knew not, but only philosophers. “Then,”
philosophy, he chiefly applied himself to the says the youth, “ philosophers henceforth
study of dramatic poetry, and offended the shall instruct me.” After having improved
Pythagoreans by introducing the doctrines himself, and enriched his mind by travelling,
and precepts of Pythagoras on the stage. he visited Athens, which was then crowded
His comedies were numerous; according to by the followers of Plato, the Cynics, the Pe
Suidas, fifty-two. Only a few fragments re ripatetics, and the Stoics, Here he establish
 EP EP

ed himself and soon attracted a uumber of to which island his parents had retired, on
followers by the sweetness and gravity of his account of their poverty, with an Athenian
manners, and by his social virtues. He taught colony. At the age of eighteen he came to
then that the happiness of mankind consisted Athens, but left it again on the death of
in pleasure, not such as arises from sensual Alexander, when commotions arose through
gratification, or from vice, but from the en the tyranny of Cassander. He retired to his
joyments of the mind, and the sweets of vir father at Colophon, and not long after to
tue. This doctrine was warmly attacked by Mitylene. Here he opened a school of phi
the philosophers of the different sects, and losophy, and resided one year, after which,
particularly by the Stoics. They observed removing to Lampsacus, he taught there for
that he disgraced the gods by representing four years, and then returned to Athens.
them as inactive, and unconcerned with the This latter city became thenceforward the
affairs of mankind. He refuted all the ac place of his permanent residence. Here he
cusations of his adversaries by the purity of purchased for his own use a pleasant garden,
his morals; and when Leontium, one of his fe where he dwelt, and taught the system of
male pupils, was accused of prostituting her philosophy. Hence the Epicureans were
self to her master and to all his disciples, the called the philosophers of the garden. The
philosopher proved the falsity of the accusa period in which Epicurus opened his school
tion by silence and an exemplary life. His was peculiarly favourable. In the room of
health was at last impaired by continual la the simplicity of the Socratic doctrine, no
bour, and he died of a retention of urine, thing now remained but the subtlety and af
which long subjected him to the most excru ſectation of Stoicism, the unnatural severity
ciating torments, and which he bore with un of the Cynics, or the debasing doctrine of in
paralleled fortitude. His death happened dulgence taught and practised by the follow
270 years before Christ, in the 72d year of ers of Aristippus. The luxurious refinement
his age. His disciples showed their respect which now prevailed in Athens, while it
for the memory of their learned preceptor, by rendered every rigid scheme of philosophy
the unanimity which prevailed among them. as well as all grossness of manners unpopular,
While philosophers in every sect were at war inclined the younger citizens to listen to a
with mankind and among themselves, the preceptor who smoothed the stern and
followers of Epicurus enjoyed perfect peace, wrinkled brow of philosophy; and under the
and lived in the most solid friendship. The notion of conducting his followers to enjoy
day of his birth was observed with universal ment in the bower of tranquillity, led them
festivity, and during a month all his admirers unawares into the path of moderation and
gave themselves up to mirth and innocent virtue. Hence the popularity of his school ;
amusement. Of all the philosophers of anti and disciples flocked to him not only from
quity, Epicurus is the only one whose writings different parts of Greece, but from Egypt and
deserve attention for their number. He Asia. It cannot be denied, however, that
wrote no less than 300 volumes, according to from the time when this philosopher appear
Diogenes Laertius and Chrysippus was so ed, to the present day, an uninterrupted
jealous of the fecundity of his genius, that no course of censure has fallen upon his memo
sooner had Epicurus published one of his ry; so that the name of his sect has almost
volumes, than he immediately composed one, become a proverbial expression for every
that he might not be overcome in the num thing corrupt in principle and infamous in
ber of his productions. He, however, advanc character. The charges brought against
ed truths and arguments unknownbefore; but Epicurus are, that he superseded all religious
Chrysippus said what others long ago had principles, by dismissing the gods from the
said, without showing any thing which might care of the world; that if he acknowledged
be called originality. The followers of Epi their existence it was only in conformity to
curus were numerous in every age and coun popular prejudice, since, according to his
try, his doctrines were rapidly disseminated system, nothing exists in nature but material
over the world, and when the gratification of atoms; that he discovered great insolence and
the senses was substituted to the practice of vanity in the disrespect with which he treat
virtue, the morals of mankind were under ed the memory of former philosophers, and
mined and destroyed. Even Rome, whose the characters and persons of his contempo
austere simplicity had happily nurtured vir raries; and that both he and his disciples
tue, felt the attack, and was corrupted. were addicted to the grossest sensuality.
When Cyneas spoke of the tenets of the Epi These accusations too have been not only
cureans in the Roman senate, Fabricus indeed the voice of common rumour, but more or
intreated the gods that all the enemies of the less confirmed by men distinguished for their
republic might become his followers. But wisdom and virtue—Zeno, Cicero, Plutarch,
those were the feeble efforts of expiring vir Galen, and a long train of Christian fathers.
tue; and when Lucretius introduced the po With respect to the first charge, its certain
pular doctrine in his poetical composition, ly admits of no refutation. The doctrine of
the smoothness and beauty of the numbers Épicurus concerning nature militated di
contributed, with the effeminacy of the Epi rectly against the agency of a Supreme Being
cureans, to enervate the conquerors of the in the formation and government of the
world. [Epicurus passed a part of his early world; and his misconceptions with respect to
life, until eighteen years of age, at Samos, mechanical motion, and
oro
the nature of Divine
 EI*
- ------

happiness, led him to divest the Deity of gaged on the banks of the Glissas. The
some of his primary attributes. It does not, fight was obstinate and bloody, but victory de
however, appear that he entirely denied the clared for the Epigoni, and some of the The
existence of superior powers. Cicero charges bans fled to Illyricum with Leodamas their
him with incºnsistency in having written general, while others retired into Thebes,
books concerning piety and the reverence where they were soon besieged, and forced to
due to the gods, and in maintaining that the surrender. In this war #gialeus alone was
gods ought to be worshipped, whilst he as killed, and his father Adrastus was the only
serted that they had no concern in human aſ person who escaped alive in the first war.
fairs. It is evident moreover that the gods of This whole war, as Pansanias observes, was
Epicurus were destitute of many of the es written in verse; and Callinus, who quotes
sential characters of divinity, and that his some of the verses, ascribes them to Homer,
piety was of a kind very different from that
which opinion has been adopted by many
which is inspired by just notions of Deity.writers. For my part, continues the geogra
Not to urge that what he taught concerning pher, I own that next to the Iliad and Odys
sey of Homer, I have never seen a finer
the gods, might have been artfully designed to
screen him from the odium and hazard which poem. Paus.9, c.9 and 25–..Apollod. 1 and 3.
would have attended an open avowal of athe —Diod. 4.—This name has been applied to
ism. The other charges against this phi the sons of those Macedonian veterans who
losopher seem scarcely compatible with his in the age of Alexander formed connexions
general character. Indeed, that he was dis with the women of Asia.
tinguished by the contrary virtues, appears EPIMENIDEs, an epic poet of Crete, con
even from the confessions of the more respectemporary with Solon. His father’s name
was Agiasarchus, and his mother's Blasta.
table opponents of his doctrine, particularly
Cicero, Plutarch and Seneca. Much, if not He is reckoned one of the seven wise men,
all, of the calumnies uttered against him by those who exclude Periander from the
must be ascribed to the malignity of rival number. While he was tending his flocks
sects.] Diog. in vilă.—JElian. P. H. 4, c. one day, he entered into a cave, where he ſell
13.-Cic. de JNat. D. 1, c. 24 and 25.—Tusc. asleep. His sleep continued for 40, or 47, or
3, 49, de finib. 2, c. 22. -
according to Pliny, 57 years, and when he
EpidAMNus, a town of Macedonia. [vid. awoke he found every object so considerably
Dyrrachium.] altered, that he scarce knew where he was.
EPIDAURIA, a festival at Athens in honour His brother apprised him of the length of his
of Æsculapius.-A country of Peloponne sleep to his great astonishment. [It is also
sus. recorded of Epimenides, that he could dis
Epidaurus, [a town of Argos in Pelopon miss his soul from the body and recall it at
nesus, on the coast of the Sinus Saronicus, pleasure, and that he had familiar intercourse
and opposite the island of Ægina. It lay with the gods, and possessed the gift of pro
south-east of Argos. This town was famed phecy. The more credible account of him is,
for a temple AEsculapius, whither great num that he was a man of superior talents, who
bers, both from Greece and other countries, pretended to intercourse with the gods; and,
resorted for the cure of distempers. It is in order to justify his pretensions, lived in re
said to have been the birth-place of AEscula tirement upon the spontaneous productious
pius. It is now a small place called Pidau of the earth and practised various arts of im
ria.] Strab. 8.—Virg. G. 3, v.44.—Paus. 3, posture. Such was his reputation for sanc
c. 21. – Mela, 2, c. 8.-A town of Dalma tity, and for the performance of religious
tia, now Regusi Vecchio.—of Laconia. rites, that during a plague in Attica, B. C.
Epipot. E, certain deities who presided over 596, the Athenians sent for him to perform a
the birth and growth of children, and were sacred lustration; in consequence of which,
known among the Romans by the name of as it is said, the gods were appeased and the
Dii averrunci. They were worshipped by pleague ceased. The Cretans paid him di
the Lacedæmonians, and chiefly invoked by vine honours after death. He wrote various
those who were persecuted by the ghosts of pieces, none of which remain. His treatise
the dead, &c. Paus. 3, c. 17, &c. on oracles and responses, mentioned by St.
EpigoN1, the sons and descendants of the Jerome, is said to have been the work from
Grecian heroes who were killed in the first which St Paul quotes in the epistle to Titus,
Theban war. The war of the Epigoni is fa 1, 12.] Cic, de Div. 1, c. 34.—Diog. in ruá.
mous in ancient history. It was undertaken —Paus. I, c. 14.—Plut. in Solon.—Wal. Mar.
ten years after the first. The sons of those 8, c. 13,-Strab. 10.—Plin. 7, c. 12.
who had perished in the first war, resolved Epim. ETHEus, a son of Japetus and Cly
to avenge the death of their fathers, and mene, one of the Oceanides, who inconsider
marched against Thebes, under the command ately married Pandora, by whom he had
of Thersander, or, according to others, of Pyrrha the wife of Deucalion. He had the
Alcmaeon, the son of Amphiaraus. The Ar curiosity to open the box which Pandora had
gives were assisted by the Corinthians, the brought with her, (vid. Pandora,) and from
people of Messenia, Arcadia, and Megara. thence issued a train of evils, which from
The Thebans had engaged all their neigh that moment had never ceased to afflict the
bours in their quarrel, as in one common human race. Hope was the only one which
cause, and the two hostile armies met and en remained at the bottom of the box, not hav
ºgſ)
 EQ. Ełł

ig sufficient time to escape, and it is she other accomplishments, aud their duty was to
alone which comforts men under misfortunes. serve on horseback and attend the king as a
Epimetheus was changed into a monkey by body-guard. Their original name was Cele
* the gºds, and sent into the island of Pithecusa. res. The number was increased by Tullus
ºpollod. I, c. 2 and 7.—Hygin.fab.—Hesiod. Hostilius, who chose 300 more from the Al
Theog, rid. Promotheus. bans. They were afterwards raised to 1200
Epiphasis, [a town of Cilioia Campestris, by Tarquinius Priscus, or perhaps to 1800.
south-east of Anazarbas, and situate on the Servius Tullius made 18 centuries of Equi
mall river Carsus, near the range of mount tes, choosing 12 new ones, and making 6 cen
Amanus. It is now Surfendkar.]—[A city turies of the original three, which had been
ºf Syria, on the Orontes below Apamea. It continued up to his time, under all the addi.
was reckoned by the Orientals one of the tions to their number. 10,000 pounds of brass
* nºt magnificent cities in the world, having were allowed each of them for the mainte
been ſºunded, as they imagined, by Hamath, nance of their horses, and a tax (the only one)
* ºne of the sons of Canaan, after whom it was laid on widows for this purpose. They
** called. Its name was changed by the received from the state a gold ring and a
Macedonians in honour of Antiochus Epi horse, and were required to possess a fortune
Phanes. It is now Hama of 400 sestertia (£32.29 sterling.) at least to
º Epiphines, º a surname given
to the Antiochuses, kings of Syria. A sur
wards the end of the republic, and under the
emperors. Their principal office was at first
**ame of one of the Ptolemies, the fifth of the to serve in the army, but afterwards to act as
hºuse of the Lagidae. Strab. 17. judges or jurymen, and to farm the public
Epiphaxius, a bishop of Salamis, who revenues. They were reviewed every fifth
was active in refuting the writings of Origen; year, and if an Eques had been corrupt in his
ºut his compositions are more valuable for morals or had diminished his fortune, or even
the fragments which they preserve than for had not taken proper care of his horse, he
their own intrinsic merit. The only edition is was ordered by the Censor to sell his horse,
ºDionys, Pºlavius, 2 vols. Paris, 1622. The which was tantamount to degradation. In
tº bishop died A. D. 403. cases less flagrant, the name of the offender
Bripºle, a district of Syracuse, on the was merely left out of the list of Equites, a
ºrth side, surrounded by a wall by Diony. mode of punishment which, though it depriv
*, who, to complete the work expeditious ed the party of his rank, was, however, less
employed 60,000 men upon it, so that in 3 disgraceful than the former.]
*he finished a wall 4 miles long, and of Eauot Uticum, now Castel Franco, a little
great height and thickness. town of Apulia, to which, as some suppose,
£ºints, a country of Greece, to the west Horace alludes in this verse, 1. Sat. 5, v. 87.
"Thessaly, lying along the Adriatic. It was “...Mansuri oppidulo, versu quod dicere non
"alled at first Hºugºu, Epirus Dodo est.”
* or the continent of the Dodonaeans, and
Afterwards simply "Hruger, Epirus, or con ERAsistritus, a celebrated physician,
*
the This latter
inhabitants of thename wasCorcyra,
island it by grandson to the philosopher Aristotle. . [He
given towhich
is generally supposed to have been a native of
*} ºn its vicinity. It is likewise called Pe Ceos, and not of Cos, as some have asserted.]
**by many ancient writers, as being that He discovercd by the motion of the pulse the
ºf Greece where the Pelasgi first made love which Antiochus had conceived for his
**Wearance, it was divided into Mo. mother-in-law Stratonice, and was rewarded
º Chaonia, and Orestis. with 100 talents for the cure by the father of
untry is said to have been first peo Antiochus. He was a great enemy to bleed
* Dºlanim, the son of lavan, or at least ing and violent physic. He died B. C. 257.
'* of his posterity: Epirus now forms Pal. Mac. 5, c. 7.—Plut. in Demetr.
* ºſmodern Albania. Sid. Pyrrhus and Enxto, one of the Muses, who presided
*] Strab. 7–Mela, 2, c. 3.-Ptol. 3,
*H-Plin. 4, c. 1,–Pirg, G. 3, v. 121.
over lyric, tender and amorous poetry. She
is represented as crowned with roses and
*Poºix, a powerful person among myrtle, holding in her right hand a lyre, and
t *** who commanded histountrymen in alute in her left, musical instruments of which
7, c. º against the Sequami. Caes. Bell. G. she is considered by some as the inventress
Love is sometimes placed by her side holding
*inia, festivals established at Rome by a lighted flambeau, while she herself appears
r * in honour of Mars, when horse with a thoughtful, but oftener with a gay and
.* were exhibited in the Cam animated look. She was invoked by lovers,
j. !. took place on the 27th of especially in the month of April, which,
fºil, sºlº de L. L. 5, c. 3.-Ovid. among the Romans, was more particularly
devoted to love. Apollod. 10.-Wirg. JEn.
|*iºcond order in the Roman 7, v. 37.-Ovid. de Art. Am. 2, v.425.-Apol
*fºrming
\ºtians andaplebeians-
connectins. link between the lod. 1, c. 2.
tº At first they were
ERAtosthéNEs, son of Agalaus, was a nº
º abody of 300 your ng men, chosen by tive of Cyrene, and the second intrusted with
"mulus, 100 from each tribe. They were the care of the Alexandrian library. He
º he mºst distinguished for rank, wealth, and dedicated his time to familia criticism
º 281
 ER ER

and philosophy, but more particularly to po in number only 400, among whom were tes
etry and mathematics. He has been called women. The rest of the Eretrians escaped
a second Plato, the cosmographer and the from the Persians among the rocks of the
geometer of the world. [He was also styled island. , Darius treated the prisoners kindly,
rtyraºxoc, i.e. victorious in five contests, al and settled them at Ardericca, in the district
luding to the five prizes of the Olympic games, of Cissia. According to Philostratus, they
and expressive of his pre-eminence in all occupied the same spot at the beginning of
kinds of literary pursuits.] He is supposed the Christian era. Eretria was afterwards
to be the inventor of the armillary sphere. rebuilt, and became a flourishing city. It is
With the instruments with which the muni supposed to answer to the modern Grarill
ficence of the Ptolemies supplied the library nais...]" Paus. 7, c. 8, &c.—Mela, 2, c. 7.-
of Alexandria he was enabled to measure the Plin. 4, c. 12.—C. Nep. in Milt. 4.
obliquity of the ecliptic, [which in the year ERichthonius, the fourth king of Athens,
230 B.C. he makes 23° 51' 20". He like sprung from the seed of Vulcan which ſel.
wise first introduced into his map a regular upon the ground when that god attempted to
parallel of latitude, which was a geographi offer violence to Minerva. He was very de
cal outline traced over certain places whose formed, and had the tails of serpents instead
longest day was observed to be of exactly the of legs. Minerva placed him in a basket,
same length.] He also measured a degree which she gave to the daughters of Cecrops,
of the meridian and determined the circum with strict injunctions not to examine its con
ference of the earth. He starved himself tents. Aglauros, one of the sisters, had the
after he had lived to his 82d year, B.C. 194, curiosity to open the basket, for which the
[being unable to bear the depression of spi: goddess punished her indiscretion by making
rits occasioned by the decay of his sight.] her jealous of her sister Herse. {rid. Herse.]
Some few fragments remain of his composi [The meaning of the fable evidently is, that
tions. He collected the annals of the Fgyp. Ericthonius having limbs that were greatly
tian kings by order of one of the Ptolemies. deformed, invented chariots for the purpose
Cic.ad.Attic. 2, ep.6.—Varro de R. R. 1, c.2. of concealing this deformity. This also with:
EREbus, a deity of hell, son of Chaos. He out doubt gave rise to the fiction that after
married Night, by whom he had AEther and death he was translated to the skies, and
the Day. [The poets often use the word formed the constellation of the chariot.]
Erebus for the gloomy region in the shades, Erichthon was young when he ascended the
distinguished both from Tartarus the place throne of Athens. He reigned 30 years, and
of torment, and from Elysium the region of died B. C. 1437. The invention of chariots
bliss.] Cic. de Nat. D. 3, c. 17.-Virg. JEn. is attributed to him, and the manner of rº
6, v. 426. harmessing horses to draw them. He was º
EREchtheus, son of Pandion 1st, was the made a constellation after death under the -
sixth king of Athens. . He was father of Ce name of Bootes. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 553–
crops 2d, Metion, Pandorus, and four daugh. Hygin. fab. 166.-Apollod. 3, c. 14.—Paus.
ters, Creusa, Crithya, Procris, aud Othoma, 4, c. 2.-Virg. G. 3, v. 113.
by Praxithea. [Some have referred to this ER1ciisa, one of the Lipari isles, now
reign, the arrival of Ceres in Attica after the [Pareusa.]
rape of her daughter Proserpine, who taught ERJDKNus, [a river of Italy, in Cisalpine
the cultivation of corn, and the institution Gaul, called also Padus, now the Po. D'An
by her of the Eleusinian mysteries.] . After ville states that the name Eridanus, though a
death he received divine honours at Athens. term for the entire river, was specially ap
He reigned 50 years, and died B. C. 1347, in plied to the Ostium Spineticum, or Spinetic
a battle with the Eleusinians. Ovid. 6, v. mouth, which last received its name from
877.-Paus. 2, c. 25.-Apollod. 3, c. 15.- a very ancient city in its vicinity, founded by
Cic. pro Sext. 21.-Tusc. 1, c. 48.—Nat. D. the Greeks, and called Spina. Some writers
3, c. 15. consider the name Eridanus, as coming in
ERechthIDEs, a name given to the Athe fact from a river in the north of Europe,
nians, from their king Erechtheus. Ovid. the modern Rhodaun, which flows into the
JMet. 7, v. 430. Pistula near Dantzic. Here the Phoenicians
EREsus, a town of Lesbos, the native and Carthaginians traded for amber, and their
place of Theophrastus. fear of rivalry in this lucrative trade induced
ERETRIA, [a town of the island of Euboea, them to keep the source of their traffic involv
situate on the coast of the Euripus, south-east ed in so much obscurity that it became in
of Chalcis. It remained a flourishing city until time the subject of poetic embellishment
the reign of Darius Hystaspes. This mo The Rhodanus, or Rhone, is thought by some
march had resolved to punish the Eretrians for to have received its ancient name from this
joining with the Athenians in the expedition circumstance, being confounded by the
of the Ionians against Sardis; and he accord Greeks, in the infancy of their geographical
ingly gave orders to his commanders Datis knowledge, with the true stream. This pro
and Artaphernes, to subdue both Eretria bably arose from amber being found among
and Athens, and bring the inhabitants cap the Gallic nations, to whom it may have
tive before him. Eretria was taken after a come by an over-land trade. In like man
six day's siege, and the captive inhabitants ner, amber being obtained afterwards in
brought to Asia. They are said to have been large quantities among the Veneti on the
282
 ER ER

Adriatic, induced the Greeks to remove the known than his last injunctions were obeyed,
Eridanus to this quarter and identify it with and Eriphyle was murdered by the hands of
the Po, off the mouth of which stream they her son. P'irg. JBn. 6, v. 445.-Homer. Od.
placed their imaginary amber islands, the 11.-Cic. in Verr. 4, c. 18.--Apollod. 1, c. 9,
Electrides. The Veneti obtained their am l. 3, c. 6 and 7.—Hygin. ſab. 73.-Paus. 5,
ber in a similar way with the Gallic nations. c. 17. .
Thus the true Eridanus, and the fable of ERIs, the goddess of discord among the
Phaethon also, beth refer to a northern ori. Greeks. She is the same as the Discordia of
gin ; and a curious subject of discussion aris the Latins. vid. Discordia.
es with regard to the earlier climate of the ERisicThon, a Thessalian, son of Triops,
regions bordering on the Baltic, for remarks on who derided Ceres and cut down her groves.
which vid. Phaethon.] Cic. in .4 rat. 145.- This impiety irritated the goddess, who af
Claudian de Cons. Hon. 6, v.175.-Ovid. flicted him with continual hunger. He squan
Met. 2, fab. 3.-Paus. 1, c. 3.-Strab. 5.— dered all his possessions to gratify the crav
Lucan. 2, v.499–Wirg. G. 1, v.482–JEn. ings of his appetite, and at last he devoured
6, v. 659. his own limbs for want of food. His daugh
EaigóNE, a daughter of Icarius, who hung ter Metra had the power of transforming her
herself when she heard that her father had self into whatever animal she pleased, and
been killed by some shepherds whom he had she made use of that artifice to maintain her
intoxicated. She was made a constellation, father, who sold her, after which she assum
now known under the name of Virgo. Orid. ed another shape, and became again his pro
.Met. 6, ſab. 4.—Stat. 11, Theb. v. 644.—Wirg. perty. Ovid. Met. ſab. 18.
G. 1, v. 33.-Apollod. 3, c. 44.—Hygin. fab. [ERos, ("gºr,) vid. Cupido].
1 and 24. ERostritus, [the incendiary who set fire
ERIGoseius, a name applied to the Dog to the famous temple of Diana at Ephesus.
star, because looking towards Frigone, &c. When put to the torture, he confessed that
Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 723. his only object was to gain himself a name
ERINNA, a poetess of Lesbos, intimate with among posterity. The states-general of Asia
Sappho. The chronicle of Eusebius, how endeavoured very foolishly to prevent this,
ever, places her 250 years later than Sappho. by ordering that his name should never be
She was celebrated for her poetical talents, mentioned; but the natural consequence was,
and several epigrams were written upon her, that it is mentioned by all contemporary his
one of which speaks of her as inferior to torians, and has reached even our own time,
Sappho in lyrics, but superior in hexameters. in full accordance with the wishes of the
Some fragments are extant in her name in the man who bore it...]
“Carmina movem Poétarum Faeminarum.” ERôtia, a festival in honour of Eros the
Antv. 1568.] Piin. 34, c. 8. god of love. It was celebrated by the Thes
ERINNYs, the Greek name of the Eume pians every fifth year, with sports and games,
nides. The word signifies the fury of the when musicians and others contended. If
mind, gºt year, (vid. Eumenides.) [“Habent any quarrels or seditions had arisen among
nomen,” says Damm, “ab sg. valde et avva. the people, it was then usual to offer sacri
efficio, quia sunt a yay arvºrixal ; vel ab aga: fices and prayers to the god, and he would
avsø erecrationes et imprecationes justas ea:- totally remove them.
requi.] Virg. JEn. 2, v. 337. A surname ERycin A, a surname of Venus, from mount
of Ceres, on account of her amour with Nep Eryx, where she had a temple. She was also
tune, under the form of a horse. The name worshipped at Rome under this appellation.
is meant to express the anger of the goddess [The Erycinian Venus appears to have been
towards Neptune. The term gºvvvaty was the same with the Phoenician Astarte, whose
used by the Arcadians, according to the Ety worship was brought over by the latter peo
mol. Mag. for egyºsa'9at. Why may not this ple, and a temple erected to her on mount
be a good derivation also for the name, Eryx. In confirmation of this we learn from
as applied to the furies : J Paus. 8, c. 25 Diodorus Siculus (4, 83,) that the Cartha
and 42. ginians revered the Erycinian Venus equally
ERip Hyle, a sister of Adrastus, king of as much as the natives themselves.) Ovid.
Argos, who married Amphiaraus. She was Fast. 4, v. 874.—Horal. 1, Od. 2, v. 33.
daughter of Talaus and Lysimache. When ERYMANThus, [a mountain or forest in
her husband concealed himself that he might the north-western angle of Arcadia, east of a
not accompany the Argives in their expedi river of the same name, which had its source
tion against Thebes, where he knew he was towards the north, on the confines of Elis and
to perish, Friphyle suffered herself to be brib Arcadia. Here Hercules slew the famous
ed by Polynices with a golden necklace which Erymanthian boar. vid. Hercules.) Paus.
had been formerly given to Hermione by the 8, c. 24.—Wirg. JEn. 6, v. 802.-Plin. 4, c. 6.
goddess Venus, and she discovered where —Cic. Tusc. 2, c. 8, 1.4, c. 22.-Ovid. Met.
Amphiaraus was. This treachery of Eriphyle 2, v. 499.
compelled him to go to war ; but before he ERYTHEA, [an island off the coast of Ibe
departed, he charged his son Alcmaeon to ria, in the Atlantic. It lay in the Sinus Ga
murder his mother as soon as he was inform ditanus, or Bay of Cadiz, and was remark
ed of his death. Amphiaraus perished in the able for its fertility. It was called by the in
expedition, and his death was no sooner habitants Junonis insula; and by later wri
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ters Aphrodisias. Here Geryon was said to done nothing more than repair and adorn the
have reigned; and the fertility of the island sacred edifice. The town was destroyed by
seems to have given rise to the fable of his the Carthaginians in the time of Pyrrhus,
oxen. vid. Hercules, and Geryon.] Plun. 4, who a short time previous had taken it by
c. 22.-Mela, 3, c. 6.—Propert. 4, el. 10, v. storm, and the inhabitants were removed to
1.—Syl. 16, v. 195.-Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 649. Drepanum. It soon, however, revived,
ERYThe AE, a town of Ionia, opposite Chios, owing to the celebrity of the adjacent tem
once the residence of a sibyl, [called from ple. In the first Punic war it fell into the
the place of her residence, the Erythraean hands of the Romans, but was surprised by
sibyl.] It was built by Neleus, the son of Barcas, the Carthaginian commander, and
Codrus. [It is now a small village called the inhabitants who escaped the slaughter ||
Erethir.] Paus. 10, c. 12.—Liv. 44, c. 28, were again removed to Drepanum. The
1. 38, c. 39.--—A town of Boeotia. Id.6, c. 21. place never recovered from this blow : the
ERYTHRAEUM MARE, [a name applied by sanctity of the temple drew indeed new in
the Greeks to the whole ocean, extending habitants around, but the city was never
from the coast of Ethiopia to the island of rebuilt. No traces of the temple remain at
Taprobana, when their geographical know the present day. On the summit of the moun
ledge of India was in its infancy. They de tain is now an ancient castle, supposed to
rived the name from an ancient monarch who have been erected by the Saracens.] Ovid.
reigned along these coasts, by the name of Fast. 4, v. 78.—Hygin. fab. 16 and 260–Ltt,
Erythras, and believed that his grave was to 22, c. 9.—Mela, 2, c. 7.-Paus. 3, c. 16.
be found in one of the adjacent islands. Af Esauill AE, and Esaurlixus Moss, one
terwards, when the Greeks learned the ex of the seven hills of Rome which was joined
istence of an Indian ocean, the term Erythrae to the city by king Tullus. [The Campus
an Sea was applied merely to the sea below Esquilinus was granted by the senate as a bu
Arabia, and to the Arabian and Persian rying-place for the poor, and stood without
Gulfs. In this latter sense Strabo uses the
the Esquiline gate. As the vast number ºf
name. Herodotus follows the old acceptation bodies here deposited rendered the places ad
of the word, according to the opinion preva joining very unhealtby, Augustus, with the
lent in his age. The appellation was proba consent of the senate and people gave part of
bly derived from Edom, (Esau), whose de it to his favourite Mecanas, who built there
scendants were called Idumeans, and inha a magnificent house with extensive gardens,
bited the northern parts of Arabia. They whence it became one of the most healthy
navigated upon the Red Sea and Persian Gulſ, situations of Rome.] Lir. 2, c. 11–Horat. 5,
and also upon the Indian Ocean, and the ori epod. v. 100.-Tacit. JEn. 2, c. 32.
ental name Idumaean, signifying red, the sea Estiãotis, a district of Thessaly on both
of the Idumaºans was called the Red Sea and sides of the Peneus, to the east and north-east
the Erythraean Sea. (Egw882 0axazºa.) vid. of Pelasgiotis.]
Arabicus Sinus. Curt. 8, c. 9.—Plin. 6, c. Esőla, a town of Italy near Tibur. Horat.
23.-Herodot. 1, c. 180 and 189, l. 3, c. 93, 1. 3, Od. 29, v. 6.
4, c. 37.-Mela, 3, c. 8.] Eteocles, a son of CEdipus and Jocasta.
ERYx, a son of Butes and Venus, who rely After his father's death, it was agreed between
ing upon his strength, challenged all strangers him and his brother Polynices, that they
to fight with him in the combat of the cestus. should both share the royalty, and reign al
Hercules accepted his challenge after many ternately each a year. Eteocles by right of
had yielded to his superior dexterity, and seniority first ascended the throne, but after
Eryx was killed in the combat, and buried on the first year of his reign was expired, he re
the mountain where he had built a temple to fused to give up the crown to his brother ac
Venus. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 402.—An Indian, cording to their mutual agreement. Polyni
killed by his subjects for opposing Alexander, ces resolving to punish such an open violation
&c. Curt. 8, c. 11.-A mountain of Sicily, of a solemn engagement, went to implore the
now San Giuliano, near Drepanum, which assistance of Adrastus, king of Argos. He
received its name from Eryx, who was buri received that king's daughter in marriage.
ed there. [On its summit stood a famous and was soon after assisted with a strong ar
temple of Venus Erycina, (vid. Erycina,) and my, headed by several famous generals
on the western declivity was situated the These hostile preparations were watched by
town of Eryx, the approach to which from the Eteocles, who on his part did not remain in
plain was rocky and difficult. At the distance active. He chose seven brave chiefs to op
of 30 stadia stood the harbour of the same pose the seven leaders of the Argives, and
name. The Phoenicians most probably were stationed them at the seven gates of the city.
the founders of the place, and also of the tem. He placed himself against his brother Polyni
ple: and the Erycinian Venus appears to be ces, and he opposed Menalippus to Tydeus,
identified with the Astarte of the latter peo Polyphontes to Capaneus, Megareus to Eteo
ple. The native inhabitants in this quarter clus, Hyperbius to Parthenopaeus, and Las
were called Elymi, and Eryx is said by some thenes to Amphiaraus. Much blood was
to have been their king. Virgil makes AEne shed in light and unavailing skirmishes, and
as to have founded the temple: in this, how it was at last agreed between the two bro
ever, he is contradicted by other authorities. thers that the war should be decided by single :
AFneiſs, if ever he was in Sicily, seems to have combat. They both fell in an engagement
 EV EU

conducted with the most inveterate fury on Artaxerxes Ochus, who gave him a govern
either side, and it is even said that the ashes of ment more extensive than that of Cyprus, but
these two brothers, who had been so inimi his oppression rendered him odious, and he
cal one to the other, separated themselves on was accused before his benefactor, and by his
the burning pile, as if eveu after death, sensi orders put to death. C. Wep. 12, c. 2.-Diod.
ble of resentment, and hostile to reconciliation. 14.—Paus. 1, c. 3.-Justin. 5, c. 6.
Stat. Theb.--Apollod. 3, c. 5, &c.—.Eschyl. Eva N DER, a son of the prophetess Car
Sept. ante Theb.-Eurip. in Pharns.—Paus. mente, king of Arcadia. An accidental mur
5, c. 9, i. 9, c. 6. der obliged him to leave his country, and he
ETEóclus, one of the seven chiefs of the came to Italy, where he drove the aborigines
army of Adrastus in his expedition against from their ancient possessions, and reigned in
Thebes, celebrated for his valour, for his dis that part of the country where Rome was af.
interestedness and magnanimity. He was terwards founded. He kindly received Her
killed by Megareus, the son of Creon, under cuies when he returned from the conquest of
the walls of Thebes. Eurºp.–Apollod. 3. c.6. Geryon; and he was the first who raised him
ETEs LE, or Etesian Winds, are such as altars. He gave AFneas assistance against
blow at stated times of the year, from what the Rutuli, and distinguished himself by his
part soever of the compass they come. They hospitality. It is said that he first brought
derive their name from stor, year, being the Greek alphabet into ltaly, and introduced
yearly or anniversary winds, such as the sea there the worship of the Greek deities. [rid.
men call monsoons and trade winds, which Pelasgi. He was honoured as a god after
in some parts of the world continue blowing death by his subjects, who raised him an altar
for certain stated seasons of the year. Thus, on mount Aventine. Paus. 8, c. 43.- Liv.
the north winds, which, during the dog-days, l, c. 7.-Ital. 7, v. 18.-Dionys. Hal. 1, c. 7.
eonstantly blow upon the coast of Egypt, and —Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 500, 1. v. 91.—Virg. JEn.
hinder all ships from sailing out of Alexan 8, v. 100, &c. A philosopher of the second
dria for that season, are called Etesia, in Cae. academy, who flourished B. C. 215.
sar's Commentaries. In other authors the Eva Rchus, [a river of Asia Minor, flow
west and east winds are called etesia, when ing into the Euxine, to the south-east of Si
they contiuue blowing for certain seasons of nope. The name appears to have been
the year. [According to Cellarius, however, changed in process of time to Euechus. It
those winds are properly etesian which blow formed the ancient boundary between Paph
from that part of the horizon which is be lagonia and Cappadocia, or the White Syri
tween the north and the west, about the time ans, who had spread themselves to the west
of the summer solstice.] of the Halys.] Flac. 6, v. 102.
:::::::: ; vid. Hetruria, Hetrusci. Euboea, [one of the most considerable of
the Greek islands, and the largest next to
Eva DNE, a daughter of Iphis or Iphicles of Crete, formerly joined to Boeotia, according
Argos, who slighted the addresses of Apollo, to Pliny, by an isthmus. The Euripus sepa
and married Capaneus one of the seven rates it at present, being from north-east to
chiefs who went against Thebes. When her south-west 150 miles, but where broadest be
husband had been struck with thunder by Ju. ing only 40 miles, and where narrowest 20.
piter for his blasphemies and impiety, and his The island is in chmpass 365 miles. Its appel
ashes had been separated from those of the lation Euboea is said to be derived from its ex
rest of the Argives, she threw herself on his cellent pastures and fine herds. It is sometimes
burning pile, and perished in the flames. called Macris (the long) by the ancient poets.
. Pºrg...En.6, v.447.-Propert. 1, el. 15, v. 21. The champaign country was very fertile, and
—Stat. Theb. 12, v. 800. yielded corn, wine, oil, fruits; but it was
EvāGöRAs, a king of Cyprus, who retook chiefly famous for its pastures. The earliest
Salamis, which had been taken from his fa inhabitants were the Abantes, who dwelt in
ther by the Persians. He made war against the southern part of the island: in the north
Artaxerxes, the king of Persia, with the were the Istiaei. In process of time, some of
assistance of the Egyptians, Arabians, and the lonians, who migrated from Athens, set
Tyrians, and obtained some advantage over tled here; and carrying on a commercial in
the fleet of his enemy. The Persians, howe. tercourse with their brethren in Ionia, soon
ver, soon repaired their losses, and Evagoras became distinguished for their wealth and
saw himself defeated by sea and land, and prosperity. The principal commercial cities
obliged to be tributary to the power of Arta were Chalcis and Eretria. The Euboean ta
xerxes, and to be stripped of all his dominions lent became known in almost every quarter
except the town of Salamis. He was assas of the ancient world, by reason of the exten
sinated soon after this fatal change of fortune, sive foreign relations of the inhabitants; it
by an eunch, 374. B. C. He left two sons, was equal to the Babylonian, and the double
Nicocles, who succeeded him, and Protago of the Attic talent.] Plin. 4, c. 12–Strab.
ras, who deprived his nephew Evagoras of hi 10.-Ovid. Met 14, v. 155.
possessions. His grandson bore the same Euboius, belonging to Euboea. . The
name, and succeeded his father Nicocles. He epithet is also applied to the country of Cu
showed himself oppressive, and his uncle Pro mae, because that city was built by a colony
tagoras took advantage of his unpopularity to from Chalcis, a town of Euboea. Orid. Fast.
fieprive him of his power. Evagoras fled to 4, v. 257.—Virg...En. 6, v. 2, 1.9, v. 710.
Q97
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EubüLiDEs, [a native of Miletus, and suc tius an Athenian philosopher; but on her mar
cessor of Euclid in the Megaric school. He iage she embraced Christianity, and received
was a strong opponent of Aristotle, and seiz the baptismal name of Eudocia. She was a
ed every opportunity of censuring his writings female of beauty and talent. She put into
and calumniating his character. He intro verse several books of the Old Testament,
duced new subtleties into the art of disputa and wrote several paraphrases on some of the
tion, several of which, though often mention Jewish prophets, but became suspected by
ed as proof of great ingenuity, deserve only her husband of conjugal infidelity, and, being
to be remembered as examples of egregious degraded, was allowed to seek a refuge in the
trifling.] Holy Land. Here she devoted herself to re
Eubülus, an Athenian orator, rival to De ligious studies, and died at the age of 67. In
most heaves. her last illness, she solemnly declared her in
Euclid Es, [a native of Megara, and nocence of the charge alleged against her.]
founder of the Megaric or Eristic sect. He Eudoxus, [a celebrated astronomer and
was distinguished by his subtle genius. He geometrician. He went to Egypt, and was
early became the auditor and disciple of So introduced to the notice of Nectanebis 2d,
crates; and, notwithstanding the terror of the and by him to the Egyptian priests. He is
decree which enacted that any inhabitant of highly celebrated for his skillin astronomy by
Megara who should be seen at Athens should the ancients, though none of his writings on
forfeit his life, he frequently came to Athens this or any other branch are extant. The
by night, from the distance of about 20 miles, honour of bringing the celestial sphere, and
concealed in a long female cloak and veil, to the regular astronomy from Egypt to Greece,
visit his master. He afterwards put himself belongs to him. After his return from Egypt,
at the head of a school in Megara, where his he taught astronomy and philosophy with
chief employment was to teach the art of dis great applause at Cyzicus, and afterwards
puta ion.] Diog. in Socrate.—A mathe. removed to Athens, where he opened a
matician of Alexandria, who flourished 300 school, and was in such high repute, as to be
B. C. He distinguished himself by his writ consulted on subjects of policy as well as sci
ings on music and geometry, but particularly ence, by deputies from all parts of Greece.
by 15 books on the elements of mathematics, He died, B. C. 352.] Lucan. 10, v. 187.-
which consist of problems and theorems with Diog.—Petron. 88.-A native of Cyzicus,
demonstrations. This work has been great who sailed all round the coast of Africa from
ly mutilated by commentators. . [The “Ele the Red Sea, and entered the Mediterranean
ments" are not to be wholly attributed to Eu by the columns of Hercules. [According to
clid, many of the valuable truths and demon the account of his voyage given by Posido
strations contained in them owe their existence nius, it would appear that he never pretend
to Thales. Pythagoras, Eudoxus, and others; ed to have sailed around Aſrica, but merely
but Euclid was the first who reduced them to made a voyage of discovery from Gades
order, and probably interwove many theo along the coast of Africa, and, after proceed
rems of his own to render the whole a com ing some distance, probably not much farther
plete and connected system of geometry. than one of the Canary islands, was ship
The two last books of the Elements were add wrecked and compelled to return. Mannert.
ed, it is thought, 200 years after Euclid's Anc. Geogr. vol. 1, p. 25.]
death, by Hypsicles of Alexandria.] Euclid Eveni ERUs, an ancient historian of Messe
was so esteemed in his life-time, that king Pto nia, intimate with Cassander. He travelled
lemy became one of his pupils. [Euclid's was over Greece and Arabia, and wrote an history
the first mathematical school ever instituted at of the gods, in which he proved that they all
Alexandria; and in this city, till its conquest had been upon earth as mere mortal men.
by the Saracens, most of the eminent mathe Ennius translated it into Latin. It is now
maticians were either born or studied. To lost.
Euclid, and those immediately educated by EvêNUs, an elegiac poet of Paros.-A
him, the world has been indebted for Era river running through Ætolia, and falling
tosthenes, Archimedes, Apollonius, Ptolemy, into the Ionian Sea.
It receives its name
&c.] He was so respected that Plato, him from Evenus, son of Mars and Sterope, who
self a mathematician, being asked concerning being unable to overcome Idas, who had pro
the building of an altar at Athens, referred mised him his daughter Marpessa in mar
his inquiries to the mathematician of Alexan. riage if he surpassed him in running, grew
dria. The best edition of Euclid's writings so desperate, that he threw himself into the
is that of Gregory, fol. Oxon. 1703. Wal river which afterwards bore his name. [It
-Mar. 8, c. 12.—Cic. de Orat. 3, c. 72. was on the banks of the Evenus that Her
EvdA Midas, a son of Archidamus 4th, cules slew the centaur Nessus. It is now the
brother to Agis 4th. He succeeded on the Fudari. In the immediate vicinity of its
Spartan throne after his brother's death, B mouth is situate Missolonghi.) Ovid. Met.
C. 330. Paus. 3. c. 10.—A son of Archi 9, v. 104.—Strab. 7.
damus, king of Sparta, who succeeded B. C. EvepHENUs, a Pythagorean philosopher,
268.
whom Dionysius condemned to death be
Eudocia, [a Roman empress, wife to Theo cause he had alienated the people of Meta
dosius the younger. Her original name was pontum from his power. The philosopher
Athenais, and she was the daughter of Leon begged leave of the tyrant to go and marry
286
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his sister, and promised to return in six Xerxes, however, drank it, and considered
months. Dionysius consented by receiving the person who supplied it as his friend and
Eucritus, who pledged himself to die if Eve. benefactor, since he must otherwise have
phenus did not return in time. Evephenus perished with thirst.]
returned at the appointed moment, to the EUMAEus, a herdsman and steward of Ulys.
astonishment of Dionysius, and delivered his ses, who knew his master at his return home
friend Eucritus from the death which threat from the Trojan war after 20 years' absence,
ened him. The tyrant was so pleased with and assisted him in removing Penelope's suit
these two friends, that he pardoned Evephe ors. He was originally the son of the king of
nus, and begged to share their friendship and Scyros, and upon being carried away by pi
confidence. Polyan. 5. rates, he was sold as a slave to Laertes, who
Euka GETA, [a people of Upper Asia, rewarded his fidelity and services. Homer.
whose proper name was Ariaspas. They lay od. 13, v. 403, l. 14, v. 3, 1. 15, v. 288, l. 16
south of the Zarangae or Drangae. The and 17.
Greeks called them Euergeta, or benefactors, EUMELUs, a son of Admetus, king of Phe
translating the Persian appellation which was ra: in Thessaly. He went to the Trojan war,
added to their name. This was given them and had the fleetest horses in the Grecian
from the succours which they afforded to army. He distinguished himself in the games
Cyrus. The modern name of their territory made in honour of Patroclus. Homer. 11.2
is Dergasp.] Curt. 7, c. 3. and 23. A man contemporary with Trip
Euerget Es, a surname signifying benefac tolemus, of whom he learned the art of agri
tor, given to Philip of Macedonia, and to An culture. Paus. 7, c. 18. One of the Bac
tigonus Doson, and Ptolemy of Egypt. It was chiadae, who wrote, among other things, a
also commonly given to the kings of Syria poetical history of Corinth, B.C. 750, of which
and Pontus, and we often see among the for a small fragment is still extant. Paus. 2, c.1.
mer an Alexander Euergetes, and among the EUMENEs, a Greek officer in the army of
latter a Mithridates Euergetes. Some of the Alexander, son of a charioteer. He was the
Roman emperors also claimed that epithet, most worthy of all the officers of Alexander
so expressive of benevolence and humanity. to succeed after the death of his master. He
Eug ANEI, a people of Italy, on the borders conquered Paphlagonia and Cappadocia, of
of the Adriatic, who, upon being expelled which he obtained the government, till the
by the Trojans, seized upon a part of the power and jealousy of Antigonus obliged him
Alps. [The Euganei were indebted for this to retire. He joined his forces to those of
name, implying well descended, to the Greeks; Perdiccas, and defeated Craterus and Neop
it being most probably an ingenious corrup tolemus. Neoptolemus perished by the hands
tion of the true appellation. It was the of Eumenes. When Craterus had been killed
Veneti, and not the Trojans, that drove them during the war, his remains received an ho
from the coast. They are thought to have nourable funeral from the hand of the con
founded Patavium, and, according to Pliny, queror; and Eumenes, after weeping over
Verona. After being compelled to retire to the ashes of a man who once was his dearest
the mountains, they assumed the general friend, sent his remains to his relations in
name of Rhaeti, or mountaineers, but fre Macedonia. Eumenes fought against Anti
quently changed it afterwards. They were pater and conquered him, and after the death
a branch of the Umbri. Sil. 8, v. 604.— of Perdiccas, his ally, his arms were directed
Liv. 1, c. 1. against Antigonus, by whom he was con
Eug ENIUS, an usurper of the imperial title quered, chiefly by the treacherous conduct of
after the death of Valentinian the 2d, A. D. his officers. This fatal battle obliged him to
392. disband the greatest part of his army to se
Evius, [a surname of Bacchus, given him, cure himself a retreat, and he fled with only
according to the poets, by Jupiter, whom he 700 faithful attendants to Nora, a fortified
was aiding in the contest with the giants. Ju place on the confines of Cappadocia, where
piter was so delighted with his valour, that he was soon besieged by the conqueror. He
he called out to him, tu vis, well done, Oson!] supported the siege for a year with courage
[Eur, AEus, or Cheaspes, a river of Persia, and resolution, but some disadvantageous skir
flowing near the city of Susa. The kings of mishes so reduced him, that his soldiers,
Persia, according to Herodotus, drank of no grown desperate, and bribed by the offers of
other; and, wherever they went, they were the enemy, had the infidelity to betray him
attended by a number of four-wheeled car into the hands of Antigonus. The conqueror,
riages, drawn by mules, in which the water from shame or remorse, had not the courage
of this river, being first boiled, was deposited to visit Eumenes; but when he was asked by
in vessels of silver. Ælian relates, that his officers in what manner he wished him to
Xerxes, during his march into Greece, came be kept, he answered, keep him as carefully
to a desert place, and was exceedingly thirsty; as you would keep a lion. This severe com
his attendants with his baggage were at some mand was obeyed; but the asperity of Anti
distance, and proclamation was made, that gonus vanished in a few days, and Eumenes,
whosoever had any of the water of the Cho delivered from the weight of chains, was per
aspes, should produce it for the use of the mitted to enjoy the company of his friends.
king. One person was found who possessed Even Antigonus hesitated whether he should
a small quantity, but it was quite putrid. not restore to his liberty a man with whom he
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had lived in the greatest intimacy while both city of Thrace.—of Caria. Plin 5, c. 29.
were subservient to the command of Alex of Hyrcania.
ander, and these secret emotions of pity and EUMENIDEs, a name given to the Furies
humanity were not a little increased by the by the ancients. [The name means “the be
petitions of his son Demetrius for the release nign goddesses,” an appellation applied to
of Eumenes. But the calls of ambition pre them by an euphemism, which is a mode of
vailed; and when Antigonus recollected what expression that avoids direct mention of in
an active enemy he had in his power, he or decent melancholy, or disagreeable things.]
dered Eumenes to be put to death in the pri They sprang from the drops of blood which
son; (though some imagine he was murdered flowed from the wound which Coelus receiv
without the knowledge of his conqueror.) Hi ed from his son Saturn. According to others,
bloody commands were executed B. C. 315. they were daughters of the Earth, and con
Such was the end of a man who raised himself ceived from the blood of Saturn. Soune
to power by merit alone. His sk ll in public make them daughters of Acheron and Night,
exercises first recommended him to the notice or Pluto and Proserpine, or Chaos and Ter
of Philip, and under Alexander his attachment ra, according to Sophocles, or as Epimenides
and fidelity to the royal person, and particu reports, of Saturn and Euonyme. Accord
larly his military accomplishments, promoted ing to the most received opinions, they were
him to the rank of a general. Even his ene three in number, Tisiphone, Megara, and
mies revered him; and Antigonus, by whose Alecto, to which some add Nemesis. Plu
orders he perished, honoured his remains with tarch mentions only one, called Adrasta,
a splendid funeral, and conveyed his ashes to daughter of Jupiter and Necessity. They
his wife and family in Cappadocia. It has be n were supposed to be the mmisters of the ven
observed, that Eumenes had such an universal geance of the gods, and therefore appeared
influence over the successors of Alexander, stern and inexorable; always employed in
that none during his life-time dared to as punishing the guilty upon earth, as well as
sume the title of king ; and it does not a lit in the infernal regions. They inflicted their
tle reflect to his honour, to consider that the vengeance upon earth by wars, pestilence,
wars he carried on were not from private or and dissentions, and by the secret stings of
interested motives, but for the good and wel conscience; and in hell they punished the
fare of his deceased benefactor's children. guilty by continual flagellation and torments,
Plut. & C. JYep. in ritá.-Diog. 19.-Justin. They were also called Furiº, Erinnyes, and
13.—Curt. 10.—Arian. A king of Perga Dirte; and the appellation of Eumenides, which
mus, who succeeded his uncle Pulletaerus on signifies benevolence and compassion, they
the throne, B. C. 263. He made war against received after they had ceased to prosecute
Antiochus the son of Seleucus, nd enlarged Orestes, who in gratitude offered them sacri
his possessions by seizing upon many of the fices, and erected a temple in honour of their
cities of the kings of Syria. He lived in al divinity. [But see above.] Their worship
iiance with the Romans, and made war against was almost universal, and people presumed
Prusias, king of Bithynia. He was a great not to mention their names or fix their eyes
patron of learning, and given much to wine. upon their temples. They were honoured
IIe died of an excess in drinking, after a reign with sacrifices and libations, and in Achaia
of 22 years. He was succeeded by Attalus. they had a temple, which, when entered by
Strab. 15. The second of that name suc any one guilty of crime, suddenly render
ceeded his father Attalus on the throne of ed him furious, and deprived him of the use
Asia and Pergamus. His kingdom was small of his reason. In their sacrifices the vota
and poor, but he rendered it powerful and ries used branches of cedar and of alder,
opulent, and his alliance with the Roman hawthorn, saffron, and juniper, and the vic
did not a little contribute to the increase of tims were generally turtle doves and sheep,
his dominions after the victories obtained with libations of wine and honey. They were
over Antiochus the Great. He carried his generally represented with a grim and fright
arms against Prusias and Anti onus, and died ful aspect, with a black and bloody garment,
B. C 159, after a reign of 38 years, leaving and serpents wreathing round their head in
the kingdom to his son Attalus 2d. He has stead of hair. They held a burning torch in
been admired for his benevolence and magna one hand, and a whip of scorpions in the
mimity; and his love of learning greatly enrich other, and were always attended by terror,
ed the famous library of Pergamus, which had rage, paleness, and death. In hell they were
been founded by his predecessors in imitation seated around Pluto's throne, as the ministers
of the Alexandrian collection of the Ptole of his vengeance. JEschyl. in Eumen.—So
mies. His brothers were so attached to him, phocl. in GEdip. Col.
and devoted to his interest, that they en EUMENíDiA, festivals in honour of the
listed among his body-guards to show their Eumenides, called by the Athenians rºars.
fraternal fidelity. Strab. 13.−Justin. 31 &sat, venerable goddesses. They were cele
and 34.—Polyb.—A celebrated orator o brated once every year with sacrifices of
Athens about the beginning of the fourth pregnant ewes, with offerings of cakes made
century. Some of his harangues and orations by the most eminent youths, and libations of
are extant. honey and wine. At Athens none but free
EUMENiA, a city of Phrygia, built by Atta born citizens were admitted, such as bad led
~ lus in honour of his brother Eumenes.—A a life the most virtuous and unsullied. Such
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- only were accepted by the goddesses who surname of Eupator was given to many of
punished all sorts of wickedness in a severe the Asiatic princes, such as Mithridates, &c.
unaillaer. Strab. 12.
Eumolpid E, the priests of Ceres at the EUPätoria, [a town of Pontus, at the con
celebration of her festivals of Eleusis. All
fluence of the Lycus and Iris. It was begun
causes relating to impiety or profanation were by Mithridates under the name Eupatoria,
referred to theirjudgment; and their decisions, and received from Pompey, who finished it,
though occasionally severe, were considered the title of Magnopolis. Its site appears to cor
as generally impartial. The Eumolpidae were respond with that of the modern Tchenikeh.]
descended from Eumolpus, a king of Thrace, —[A town in the north-western part of the
who was made priest of Ceres by Erechtheus Tauric Chersonese, on the Sinus Carcinites.
king of Athens. He became so powerful af. It was founded by one of the generals of Mith
ter his appointment to the priesthood, that he ridates, and is supposed to answer to the mo
maintained a war against Erechtheus. This dern Koslof or Gosleve..] Strab. 12,
war proved fatal to both : Erechtheus and EUPEith Es, a prince of Ithaca, father to
Eumolpus were both killed, and peace was Antinous. In the former part of his life he
re-established among their descendants, on had fled before the vengeance of the Thespro
coudition that the priesthood should ever re tians, whose territories he had laid waste in
main in the family of Eumolpus, and the re the pursuit of some pirates. During the ab
gal power in the house of Erechtheus. The sence of Ulysses, he was one of the most im
priesthood continued in the family of Eumol portuning lovers of Penelope. Homer. Od. 16.
pus for 1200 years; and this is still more Euph. Es, succeeded Androcles on the
remarkable, because he who was once ap. throne of Messenia, and in his reign the first
pointed to the holy office was obliged to re Messenian war began. He died B. C. 730.
main in perpetual celibacy. Paus, 2, c. 14. Paus. 4, c. 5 and 6.
Euxtolpus, a king of Thrace, son of Nep Euphorbus, a famous Trojan, son of Pan
tune and Chione. He was thrown into the thous, the first who wounded Patroclus, whom
sea by his mother, who wished to conceal her Hector killed. He perished by the hand of
shame from her father. Neptune saved his Menelaus, who hung his shield is the temple
life, and carried him into Ethiopia, where he of Juno at Argos. Pythagoras, the founder of
was brought up by Amphitrite, and after the doctrine of the metempsychosis, or trans
wards by a woman of the country, one of migration of souls, affirmed that he had been
whose daughters he married. An act of vio once Euphorbus, and that his soul recollected
lence to his sister-in-law obliged him to leave
many exploits which had been done while it
Ethiopia, and he fled to Thrace with his son animated that Trojan's body. As a further
Ismarus, where he married the daughter of proof of his assertion, he shewed at first sight
Tegyrius, the king of the country. This the shield of Euphorbus in the temple of Ju
connection with the royal family rendered him no. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 160,-Parus. 2, c. 17.-
ambitious; he conspired against his father-in Homer. Il. 16 and 17.
law, and fled, when the conspiracy was dis Euphorion, a Greek poet of Chalcis in
covered, to Attica, where he was initiated in Euboea, in the age of Antiochus the Great.
the mysteries of Ceres of Eleusis, and made Tiberius took him for his model, for correct
Hierophantes or high priest. He was after writing, and was so fond of him that he hung
wards reconciled to Tegyrius, and inherited his pictures in all the public libraries. His
his kingdom. He made war against Erech father's name was Polymnetus. He died in
theus, the king of Athens, who had appoint his 56th year, B.C. 220. Cicero de Nat. D.
ed him to the office of high priest, and perish 2, c. 64, calls him Obscurum.
ed in battle. His descendants were also in Euphrºtes, [a stoic philosopher who flou
vested with the priesthood, which remained rished in the 2d century. He was a friend of
for about 1200 years in that family. rid. Eu the philosopher Apollonius Tyaneus, who in
molpidae. Apollod, 2, c. 5, &c.—Hygin. fab. troduced him to Vespasian. Pliny gives a
73.-Diod. 5.—Paus. 2, c. 14. very high character of him. When he found
Eunapius, [a native of Sardis in Lydia. his strength worn out by disease and old age,
He flourished in the fourth century, and was he voluntarily put a period to his life, by
a kinsman of the sophist Chrysanthus, at drinking hemlock, having first, for some un
whose request he wrote the lives of the phi known reason, obtained permission from the
losophers of his time. The work has been Emperor Adrain.]—[One of the most con
characterised by Brucker as a mass of extra siderable and best known rivers of Asia. The
vagant tales, discovering a feeble understand Euphrates rises near Arze, the modern Arce
ing and an imagination prone to superstition. Roum. Its source is among mountains, which
Besides being a sophist, he was an historian, Strabo makes to be a part of the most north
and practised physic. He wrote a history of ern branch of Taurus. At first it is a very
the Caesars from Claudius 2d to Arcadius and inconsiderable stream, and flows to the west,
Honorius, of which only a fragment remains. until encountering the mountains of Cappa
The lives of the philosophers was published docia, it turns to the south, and after flowing
with a Latin version by Junius, Antv. 1568, a short distance receives its southern arm, a
and by Commelinus in 1596.] large river coming for the east, and rising in
Euony Mos, one of the Lipari isles. the southern declivity of the range of Mount
EupitoR, a son of Antiochus-The
o
Ararat. This southern arm of the Euphratºs
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is the Arsanias, according to Mannert, and is Arabians the river is called Forat. The epi
the river D'Anville mentions as the Eu thet fertilis is applied to it by Lucan, Sallast.
phrates which the ten thousand crossed in Solinus, and Cicero. The modern name of
their retreat, (.4nab. 4, 5) and of which men the Arsanias is Morad-Siai, or, the waters of
tion is made by Pliny in reference to the cam desire.]
paigns of Corbulo. The Euphrates, upon Euphrös YNA, one of the Graces, sister to
this accession of waters, becoming a very Aglaia and Thalia. Paus. 9, c. 35.
considerable stream, descends rapidly in a Euplºea, an island of the Tyrrhene Sea,
bending course, nearly W. S. W. to the vi near Neapolis. Stat. 3, Silv 1, 149.
cinity of Samosata. The range of Amanus C.Eupolis, [an Athenian, who flourished B.
440. He was one of the writers of the
here preventing its farther progress in this
direction, it turns off to the S. E. a course old comedy, and remarkable for his severity
which it next pursues with some little varia in lashing the vices of the age. His come
tion, until it reaches Circesium. To the dies were, however, principally of a political
south of this place, it enters the immense cast, in one of which Alcibiades was so severe
plains of Sennar, but being repelled on the ly attacked that he is said to have hired as
Arabian side by some sandy and calcareous sassins to throw him into the sea. The plot,
heights, it is forced to run again to the S. F. however, did not succeed, for Eupolis wrote
and approach the Tigris. In proportion as several comedies after the period assigned
these two rivers new approximate to one an to this fact.] Horat. 1, Stat. 4, 1.2, Sat.10.
other, the intermediate land loses its eleva —Cic. ad Attic. 6, ep. 1.-JElian.
tion, and is occupied by meadows and mo EURIANAssa, a town near Chios. Plin. 5.
rasses. Several artificial communications, c. 31.
perhaps two or three which are natural, Euripidiºs, a celebrated tragic poet, born
form a prelude to the approaching junction at Salamis the day on which the army of Xer
of the rivers, which finally takes place near xes was defeated by the Greeks. [In memo
Koma. The river formed by their junc ry of this victory, fought in the narrow chan
tion is called Shat-al-Arab, or the river of nel of Euripus, which divides Salamis from
Arabia. It has three principal mouths, the continent, he received the name of Eu
besides a small outlet; these occupy the ripides.] He studied eloquence under Pro
space of 36 miles. The southernmost is dicus, ethics under Socrates, and philosophy
the deepest, and freest in its current. Bars under Anaxagoras. He applied himself to
of sand, formed by the river, and which dramatical composition; and his writings be
change in their form and situation, render came so much the admiration of his coun
the approach dangerous to the mariner. The trymen, that the unfortunate Greeks, who
tide, which rises above Bassora, and even had accompanied Nicias in his expedition
beyond "Coma, meeting with violence the against Syracuse, were freed from slavery
downward course of the stream, raises its only by repeating some verses from the pieces
waters in the form of frothy billows. Some of Euripides. [This is incorrectly stated.
of the ancients describe the Euphrates as Many of the Athenian captives perished in
losing itself in the lakes and marshes to the the quarries, while others were sold as slaves
south of Babylon. (Arrian. 7, c. 7.—Mela, with the figure of a horse branded on their
3, c. 8.-Plin. 5, c. 26.) Others consider foreheads. A large number of the latter on
the river formed by the union of the two as their return from slavery went to Euripides,
entitled to a continuation of the name of Eu. and thanked him in the most grateful manner
phrates. (Strabo 2, p. 132, 15, p. 1060.) Ac. for their obligations to his pen, some having
cording to some the Euphrates originally en been enfranchised for teaching their masters
tered the stream as a separate river, the what they remembered of his poems, and
course of which the Arabs stopped up by a others having procured refreshments when
mound. (Plin. 6, c. 27.) This last opinion wandering about after the battle, for singing
has been in some measure revived by Nieh a few of his verses. Nor is this to be won
buhr, who supposes that the canal of Naar dered at, observes Plutarch, from whose life
Sares, proceeding from the Euphrates on the of Nicias the above particulars are taken;
north of Babylon, is continued without in since they relate that when a ship from Can
terruption to the sea. But uncertainty must nus, which happened to be pursued by pi
always prevail with regard to this and other rates, was about to take shelter in a Sicilian
points connected with the Euphrates, both port, the inhabitants at first refused to admit
from the inundations of the river, which ren her; but upon asking the crew, whether they
der this flat and moveable ground continually knew any of the verses of Euripides, and be
liable to change, as well as from the works of ing answered in the affirmative, they received
human labour. The whole length of the both them and their vessel.] The talents of
Euphrates, including the Shat-al-Arab, is Sophocles were looked upon by Euripides
1147 English miles. Its name is the Greek with jealousy, and the great enmity which
form of the original appellation Phrath, always reigned between the two poets, gave
which signifies fruitful, or fertilizing; the an opportunity to the comic muse of Aristo
Greek particle Eu, which is prefixed, denot. phanes to ridicule them both on the stage
ing excellence. The oriental name is some with success and humour. [This is incorrect.
times also written Perath, as in Genes. 2, c. Sophocles is decidedly a high favourite with
14, 15, c. 18, and Joshua 1, c. 4. By the Aristophanes. The ire of the comic poet
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seems to have been directed solely against have received a perfect polish from his pen.
Euripides, principally because the compasi In his person, as it is reported, he was noble
tions of the latter savoured so strongly of the and majestic, and his deportment was always
schools of philosophy. Diogenes Laertius grave and serious. He was slow in compos
even asserts that Euripides was aided in the ing, and laboured with difficulty; from which
composition of his tragedies by Socrates him circumstance a foolish and malevolent poet
self. Thus much, however, is certain, that once observed, that he had written 100 verses
the intercourse which was kept up by the poet in three days, while Euripides had written
with the philosophers of the day, and in par only three. True, says Euripides, but there
ticular with Socrates, must have had some is this difference between your poetry and mine;
influence upon the style and spirit of his tra Mours will erpire in three days, but mine shall
gic compositions. Indeed the familiar charac. live for ages to come. Euripides was such an
ter of the Socratic school is frequently ob enemy to the far sex, that some have called
servable in his writings. Walckenaer has him ºia ºwns, woman hater, and perhaps
enlarged upon this topic in his Diatribe. from this aversion arise the impure and dia
Many too of the pieces that have reached us bolical machinations which appear in his ſe
shew clearly the attachment of the poet to male characters; an observation, however,
philosophising even in verse. In one of his which he refuted by saying he had faith
tragedies, Melanippe, fragments of which still fully copied nature. In spite of all his anti
exist, Euripides discussed at large the dogmas pathy he was married twice, but his connec
of Anaxagoras. The grave and earnest spi tions were so injudicious, that he was com
rit which pervades his compositions has been pelled to divorce both his wives. [The best
ascribed by some to the circumstance men edition of Euripides is that recently publish
tioned by Philochorus, of his having composed ed at Glasgow, in 9 vols. 8vo. containing se
his tragedies in a gloomy cavern at Salamis. lect annotations from all preceding editors.]
Gellius quotes this story from Philochorus, Diod. 13.-Val. Mar. 3, c. 7.-Cic. In. 1, c.
and adds that he himself had seen the cavern; 50. Or. 3, c. 7.—Arcad. 1, 4. Qſſic. 3; Finib.
but the whole is very probably a mere legend.] 2. Tusc. 1 and 4, &c.
During the representation of one of the tra EURipus, [a narrow strait, dividing Euboea
gedies of Euripides, the audience, displeased from the main land of Greece. The currents
with some lines in the composition, desired were so strong in the place, that the sea was
the writer to strike them off. Euripides heard said by some of the ancient writers to ebb and
the reproof with indignation; he advanced flow seven times a day ; and Aristotle, as the
forward on the stage, and told the spectators story goes, drowned himself here out of cha
that he came there to instruct them and not grin for not being able to account for so un
to receive instruction. Another piece, in usual a motion. From this rapid movement
which he called riches the summum bonum, of its waters is derived its ancient name, (ºv,
and the admiration of gods and men, gave bene, et jurºra, jacio.) Livy's account of this
equal dissatisfaction; but the poet desired the strait appears the most rational. “A more
audience to listen with silent attention, for the dangerous station for a fleet, observes this
conclusion of the whole would show them the writer, can hardly be found; besides that, the
punishment which attended the lovers of opu winds rush down suddenly and with great
lence. The ridicule and envy to which he fury from the high mountains on each side.
was continually exposed, obliged him at last the strait itself of the Euripus does not ebb
to remove from Athens. He retired to the and flow seven times a day at started hours,
court of Archelaus, king of Macedonia, where as report says ; but the current changing ir
he received the most conspicuous marks of regularly, like the wind, from one point to
royal munificence and friendship. His end another, is hurried along like a torrent tum
was as deplorable as it was uncommon. It is bling from a steep mountain; so that, night or
said that the dogs of Archelaus met him in day, ships can never lie quiet.” (Liv. 28,
his solitary walks, and tore his body to pieces 6.) The strait is now called, by a corrup
407 years before the Christian era, in the tion of the ancient name, the gulf of Negro
78th year of his age. Euripides wrote 75 pont. [rid. Chalcis.] Liv. 28, c. 6.-Mela,2,
c. 7.-Plin. 2, c. 95.—Strab. 9.
tragedies, [more correctly, 120,) of which on
ly 19 are extant, [more correctly, 18 trage EURöPA, ſome of the three main divisions of
dies, and one Satyric Drama, entitled the the ancient world. With the northern parts of
Cyclops.] The most approved are his Phoe this the ancients were very slightly acquaint
missae, Orestes, Medea, Adromache, Electra, ed, viz. what are now Prussia, Sweden, Den
Hippolytus, Iphigenia in Aulis, Iphigenia mark, Norway, and Russia. They applied
in Tauris, Hercules, and the Troades. [He to this part the general name of Scandinavia,
does not appear, however, to have been very and thought it consisted of a number of isl- .
successful in his exhibitions on the stage, ands. From the Portuguese cape, denomi
for no more than five of his compositions nated by mariners the rock of Lisbon, to the
gained the prize. In private, however, they Uralian mountains, the length of modern Eu
were read with avidity and greatly applaud rope may be reckoned at about 3,300 British
ed.] He is pecularly happy in expressing miles, and from cape Nord, in Danish Lap
the passions of love, especially the more ten land, to cape Matapan, the southern extremi
der and animated. To pathos he has added ty of the Morea, it may be about 2.350.] It
sublimity, and the most common expressions is bounded on the east by the AEgean Sea, Hel
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en to the stream. Its banks were thickly set"

lespont, Euxine, Palus Maeotis, and the Ta with
nais in a northern direction. The Mediter tled, principally, however,
small towns
ranean divides it from Africa on the south, and villages. On it also stood Sparta, the
and on the west and north it is washed by the capital. it was famed for its swans, and along
Atlantic and Northern Oceans. It is supposed its banks the Spartans were fond of engaging
to receive its name from Europa, who was in gymnastic exercises. The modern name
carried there by Jupiter. [Bochart believes is Basilipotamo, pronounced Wasilipotamo.
that this part of the world was so called from and signifying, the royal river, in allusion to
the whiteness of its inhabitants. M. Gebelin, certain petty princes, dependant, upon the
however, derives the name from the word Eastern emperors, who possessed a small
Wrab, signifying Occidental, and expressing kingdom in this quarter during the middle
its situation with regard to Asia.] Mela, 2, ages. 1 Strab. 8.—Pavs. 3, c. 1.-Lir. 35. c.
29.-Purg. Eel. 6, v. 82.-Ptol. 4. A riv
c. 1,–Plin. 3, c. 1, &c.—Lucan. 3, v. 275
Pºrg. JEn. 7, v. 222. A daughter of Ageer in Thessaly, near mount Olympus, enlied
nor, king of Phoenicia and Telephassa. She also Titaresus. It joined the Peneus, but was
was sobeautiful that Jupiter became enamour not supposed to incorporate with it. Stral.
ed of her, and the better to seduce her he as 6.—Plin. 4, c. 8.
sumed the shape of a bull, and mingled with Eurts, a wind blowing from the [east
south-east] parts of the world. The Latins
the herds of Agenor, while Europa, with her called it Vulturnus. Orid. Trist. :, el. 2.
female attendants, were gathering flowers in
Jºſet. 11, &c.
the meadows. Europa caressed the beautiful
animal, and at last had the courage to sit upon EURY ALUs, a Trojan who came with Æne
his back. The god took advantage of her as into Italy, and rendered himself famousfor
with Nisus, rid. Ni
situation, and with precipitate steps retired his immortal friendship
towards the shore, and crossed the sea with sus. Virg. .ºn. 9, v. 179—A pleasant
Europa on his back, and arrived safe in Crete place of Sicily, near Syracuse. Liv. 25, c. 25.
EUR1by ÅDEs, a Spartan general of the
Here he assumed his original shape, and de Grecian fleet at the battles of Artemisium
clared his love. The nymph consented,
has been
though she had once made vows of perpetual and Salamis against Xerxes. He with am
celibacy, and she became the mother of Mi charged with want of courage and
bition. He offered to strike Themistocles
nos, Sarpedon, and Rhadamanthus. After the manner
this distinguished amour with Jupiter, she when he wished to speak about
upon which the
married Asterius king of Crete. This mo of attacking the Persians,
Athenian said, strike, but hear me, [IIara few
narch, seeing himself without children by Eu
ropa, adopted the fruit of her amours with a ty, azova or J.] Herodot. 8, c. 2,74, &c.—
Jupiter, and always esteemed Minos, Sarpe Plut. in Them.—C. Nep. in Them.
don, and Rhadamanthus as his own children. EURY clea, a beautiful daughter of Ops of
Some suppose that Europa lived about 1552 Ithaca. Laertes bought her for 20 oxen, and
years before the Christian era. [Some have gave her his son Ulysses to nurse, and treat
ed her with much tenderness and attention.
explained the story of Europa, by alleging
Homer. Od. 19.
that a captain of Crete, named Taurus, car
ried off that princess after he had taken the EURycles, an orator of Syracuse, who pro
city of Tyre from Agenor; but others, with posed to put Nicias and Demosthenes to
greater probability, assert that some mer death, and to confine to hard labour all the
chants of Crete having arrived upon the coast Athenian soldiers in the quarries. Plut.
of Phoenicia, and seen the young Europa, were EURYDAMAs, a wrestler of Cyrene, who,
so much struck with her beauty, that they in a combat, had his teeth dashed to pieces
carried her off for their king ; and as their by his antagonist, which he swallowed with
ship bore as an image a white bull, and this out showing any signs of pain, or discontinu
king of Crete had assumed the name of Jupi ing the fight. JEluan. P. H. 10, c. 19.
ter, it was hence fabled that the god had EURYDice, the wife of Amyntas, king of
transformed himself into a bull in order to Macedonia. She had by her husband, Alex
carry off the princess. The Cretans are said ander, Perdiccas, and Philip, and one daugh
to have worshipped her after death as a di ter called Euryone. A criminal partiality for
vinity.] Ovid. Met. 2, fab. 13.-Mosch. Idyl her daughter's husband, to whom she offered
—Apollod. 2, c. 5, 1.3, c. 1.-A part of her hand and the kingdom, made her conspire
Thrace, near mount Haemus. Justin. 7, c. 1. against Amyntas, who must have fallen a vic
EURöTAs, [a river of Laconia, and the lar. tim to her infidelity had not Euryone disco
gest in the Peloponnesus. It rises in Arcadia, vered it. Amyntas forgave her. Alexander
a little to the S. W. of Tegea, and after run. ascended the throne after his father's death,
ning a short distance disappears underground. and perished by the ambition of his mother.
On the opposite side of the mountains which Perdiccas,who succeeded him,shared his fate:
separate Arcadia from Laconia, it re-appears but Philip, who was the next in succession,
in the latter country, and becomes a very secured himself against all attempts from his
considerable stream. Eurotas, the third king mother, and ascended the throne with peace
after Lelex, enlarged and regulated its bed, and universal satisfaction. Eurydice fled to
drew a canal from it, drained the neighbour Iphicrates the Athenian general for protec
ing country, and, from feelings of gratitude tion. The manner of her death is unknown.
on the part of his subjects, had his name giv C. Nep. in Iphir. 3.-A daughter of
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Amyntas, who married her uncle Aridaeus, da. It was inconsistent with the laws of
the illegitimate son of Philip. After the Sparta for two kings of the same family to
death of Alexander the Great, Aridaeus as: ascend the throne together, yet that law was
cended the throne of Macedonia, but he sometimes violated by oppression and tyran
was totally governed by the intrigues of ny. Eurysthenes had a son, called Agis, who
his wife, who called back Cassander, and succeeded him. His descendants were called
joined her forces with his to march against Agidae. There sat on the throne of Sparta
Polysperchon and Olympias. Eurydice was 31 kings of the family of Eurysthenes, and
fºrsaken by her troops, Aridaeus was pierc only 24 of the Proclidae. The former were
ed through with arrows by order of Olym the more illustrious. Herodot. 4, c. 147, 1.6,
pias, who commanded Eurydice to destroy c. 52–Paus. 3. c. 1–C. Nep. in Ages.
herself either by poison, the sword, or the EURYsth ENIDAE. vid. Erysthenes.
halter. She chose the latter. —The wife EURYsth Eus, a king of Argos and Myce
of the poet Orpheus. As she fled before na, son of Sthenelus and Nicippe the daugh
Arista us, who wished to offer her violence, ter of Pelops. Juno hastened his birth by
she was bit by a serpent in the grass, and two months, that he tright come into the
died of the wound. Orpheus was so discon world before Hercules the son of Alcmena,
solate that he ventured to go to hell, where, as the younger of the two was doomed by or
by the melody of his lyre, he obtained from der of Jupiter to be subservient to the will of
Pluto the restoration of his wife to life, pro the other. [vid. Alcmena.] This natural
vided he did not look behind before he came right was cruelly exercised by Eurystheus,
upon earth. He violated the conditions, as w'io was jealous of the fame of Hercules, and
his eagerness to see his wife rendered him for who, to destroy so powerful a relation, im
getful. He looked behind, and Eurydice was posed upon him the most dangerous and un
forever taken from him. [The best ac common enterprises, well known by the name
counts make Orpheus to have gone to a of the twelve labours of Hercules. The suc
place in Thesprotia, called Aornos, where cess of Hercules in atchieving those perilous
an ancient oracle delivered responses by labours alarmed Eurystheus in a greater de
calling up the dead, and where he was again gree, and he furnished himself with a brazen
blessed with a sight of his beloved Eury vessel, where he might secure himself a safe
dice. For further particulars, and an expla retreat in case of danger. [Apollodorus says
nation of the fable, rid. Orpheus.] Virg. that it was an urn of brass, which he con
G. 4, v. 457, &c.—Paus. 9, c. 30 —Ovid. structed secretly under ground. It appears
.Met. 10, v. 30, &c. in fact to have been a subterraneous cham
Eufºy Médox, [a river of Pamphylia in ber, covered within with plates of brass.
Asia Minor, rising in the chain of Mount Tau The remains of the treasury of Atreus at My
rus, and, after passing the city of Aspendus, cenae indicate a building of a similar des
falling into the Mediterranean below that cription, the nails which probably served to
place. It is now the Zacuth | Near it the fasten plates of this metal to the walls still
ſ’ersians were defeated by the Athenians un appearing. These nails consist of 88 parts
der Cimon, B. C. 470. [vid. Mycale.] Liv. of copper and 12 of tin. A similar ex-la
33, c. 41, I. 37, c. 23. nation may be given to the brazen temple
EURY NoMus, one of the deities of hell. of Minerva at Sparta. rid. Chalcioecus.
Paus. 10, c. 28. Gell's Itinerary, p. 33. After the death of
[FURYphon, a Cnidian physician, a con Hercules, Eurystheus renewed his cruelties
temporary of Hippocrates, but probably old against his children, and made war against
er in years, since he is deemed the author of Ceyx king of Trachinia because he had given
the Cnidian aphorisms which are quoted by them support, and treated them with hospi
Hippocrates. These two physicians are said tality. He was killed in the prosecution of
by Soranus to have met in consultation in the this war by Hyllus the son of Hercules. His
presence of king Perdiccas.] head was sent to Alcmena, the mother of Her
Eurypox, a king of Sparta, son of Sous. cules, who, mindful of the cruelties which her
His reign was so glorious that his descend son had suffered, insulted it and tore out the
ants were called Eurypontidae. Paus. 3. c. 7. eyes with the most inveterate fury. Eurys
EURYst HENEs, a son of Aristodemus, who theus was succeeded on the throne of Argos
lived in perpetual dissention with his twin by Atreus his nephew. Hygin. fab. 30 and
brother Procles, while they both sat on the 32–.Apollod. 2, c. 4, &c.—Pass. 1, c. 33, 1.
Spartan throne. It was unknown which of 3. c. 6.-Ovid. Met. 9, fab. 6.-Pirg, .42n. 8,
the two was born first, the mother, who wish v. 292.
ed to see both her sons raised on the throne. EURYTH fox and EURYtion, a centaur
refused to declare it, and they were both ap whose ins, lence to Hippodamia was the cause
pointed kings of Sparta by order of the ora of a quarrel between the Lapithae and Cen
cle of Delphi, B.C. 1102. After the death of taurs, at the nuptials of Pirithous. Orid. Met.
the two brothers, the Lacedaemonians, who 12-Paus. 5, c. 10.—Hesiod. Theog.
knew not to what family the right of seniori Eurytis, (idos,) a patronymic of Iole,
ty and succession belonged, permitted two daughter of Eurytus. Ovid. Met. 9, fab; 11.
kings to sit on the throne, one of each ſainily. Eurytus, a king of OEchalia, fathertolole.
The descendants of Eurysthenes were called He offered his daughter to him who shot a
Eurºsthenido: ; and those of Procles, Procli bow better than himself. Hercules conquer
203
 EU EU

nd put him to death because he re Esthy châtes, a sculptor of Sicyon, song.

fused him his daughter as the prize of his Lysippus. He was peculiarly happy in the
victory. ...lpollod. 2, c. 4 and 7. proportions of his statues. Those of Hercu
Eusebi A, an empress, wife to Constantius, les and Alexander were in general esteem, and
&c. She died A. D. 360, highly and deserv particularly that of Medea, which was carried 'º
edly lamented. on a chariot by four horses. Plin. 34, c. 3.
Eusebius,[surnamed Pamphylus, was born Eutropius, [a Latin historian of the 4th
at Caesarea in Palestine, of which he was af century. He bore arms under Julian in his
terwards bishop. After having been ordained expedition against the Parthians, and is
presbyter, he set up a school in his native thought to have risen to senatorian rank. It
city, and formed an intimate acquaintance He wrote several works, of which the only
with Pamphylus, a learned presbyter, who is one remaining is an abridgment of the Ro:
supposed to have aſſorded him much aid in man History in ten books, from the foundir:
his studies. After the martyrdom of his friend, of the city to the reign of the emperor Wale
he removed to Tyre and thence to Egypt, us. The best edition is that of Tzscuchke
where he himself was imprisoned. On his Lips.1797,8vo.] [An eunuch and minister ||
return from Egypt he succeeded Agapius in of the emperor Arcadius, who rose by base
the see of Caesarea. At the famous council and infamous practices from the vilest cond I
of Nice in 325, he was placed by command of tion to the highest pitch of opulence and pow.
Constantine on the right hand of the throne, er. He was probably a native of Asia, was
and opened the meeting with a penegyrical ad made chamberlain to the emperor in the year .
dress.] He was concerned in the theological 395, and after the fall of Rufinus, succeeded
disputes of Arius and Athanasius, and distin that minister in the confidence of his master,
guished himself by his writings, which con and rose to unlimited authority. He even
was created consul, a disgrace to Rome never [..
sisted of an ecclesiastical history, the life of
Constantine, Chronicon, [of which only a Labefore equalled. An insult offered to the em. A
tin version by Jerome has been preserved.] press was the cause of his overthrow ; and be
Evangelical preparations, and other numerous was sent into perpetual exile to Cyprus. He
treatises, most of which are now lost. The was soon afterwards, however, brought back ||
best edition of his Praeparatio and Demonstra on another charge; and after being condemn:
tio Evangelica, is by Vigerus, 2 vols. folio; ed, was beheaded A. D. 399.] -

Rothomagi, 1628; and of his ecclesiastical Euxinus Pontus, [or Black Sea, an in º

history by Reading, folio, Cantab. 1720. land sea, situate partly in Europe and part; i.
Eustathius, [archbishop of Thessalonica, in Asia, and lying to the north of Asia Minor.
flour shed in the 12th century under the em It was originally denominated Ağaç, ºr inhº
perors \lanuel, Alexius, and Andronicus pitable, on account of the barbarity of the in:
Comnenus. He is celebrated for his great habitants of its coasts; but when they became
learning as a grammarian and critic, and is civilized by their intercourse with the Greek.
especially known as a commentator on Ho who traded thither, and Grecian coloniº
mer, and Dionysius the geographer. His an were planted among them, it changed tº
notations on the former are copious, and name to Evžurer, or hospitable. The..." .
abound with historical and philological des maining part of the name, viz. Pontuº, (".
sea, wasingiven
i.e. the when,
toº.)Greeks,
criptions. He is largely indebted, however, lier to it by of hº
the infancy theº
to the Deipnosophists of Athenaeus.] The best geographical knowledge, it was deeme" by
edition of this very valuable author, is that
published at Basil, 3 vols. folio, 1560. It is to them the largest sea with which they "
be lamented the design of Alexander Politus, acquainted, and was supposed to com"
bezun at Florence in 1735, and published in cate with the Eastern ocean. Thisappº". º
the first five books of the Iliad, is not execut
tionage,
ed retained,
wasby even in a more
their descendants, º:
although t º
ed, as a Latin translation of these excellent
commentaries is among the desiderata of the had become well aware of its incorrect”
Present day. [The commentaries on Diony some the modern name of this sea is derive"" |º
from its black rocks, by others from its
sius were first printed by Robert Stephens in dangerous navigation, while a third clas de:
1547. They are usually appended to the
work of the geographer.] A man who duce it from the dark thick fogs with "."ich
its surface is frequently covered. The Eux
wrote a foolish romance in Greek, entitled de
Iºmenºr and Ismen's amoribus, edited by ine is 932 miles from cast to west, and ...
Gaulminus, 8vo. Paris, 1617. average, 320 broad, containing about 3000"
Eut Ekpe, one of the Muses, daughter to square miles. The chief rivers tº º
Jupiter and Mnemosyne. [The name is de into it, are the Ister, the Tyras, and the n

rived from v, bene, and rºa, delecto.] She rysthenes. Some geographers make the tº -

Presided over music, and was looked upon as lus Maeotis a part of the Euxine; moſ. .
the inventress of the flute and of all wind-in monly, however, it is considered as: º:
struments. She is represented as crowned sea. vid. Mediterraneum Mare, whº .
with flowers, and holding a flute in her hands. overflow of the Euxine, and its tº º
Some mythologists attributed to her the in. munication with the Caspian, will” º:
yention of tragedy, more commonly supposed sidered.] Ovid. Trist. 3, Sl. 13, 1.4°
tº be the production of Melpomene. rid. 54.—Strab. 2, &c.—Mela, 1, c. 1. Phn ”
.Musir. Herodot. 4, c. 85.
204
 FA FA
Exagonus, the ambassador of a nation in this river is four days’ journey from the sº
Cyprus who came to Rome, and talked so | and renders its waters bitter, which before
much of the power of herbs, serpents, &c were sweet. Herodotus places this fountai
that the consuls ordered him to be thrown in the country of the ploughing Scythians,
into a vessel full of serpents. These veno- || and of the Alazones. It takes, he adds, the
mous greatures,so far from hurting him, ca- name of the place where it springs, which, in
ressed him, and harmlessly licked him with the Scythian tongue, is Exampieus, corres
their tongues. Plin. 28, c. 3. ponding in Greek, to tigat odou, or, the sacred
[Examprus, a fountain, which, according || rays. Herod. 4, c. 52.
to Herodotus, flows into the Hypanis, where
--- - ---

FA FA
FABARIA, festivals at Rome [on the Ca .Marimus, for lessening the power of the po
lends of June,) in honour of Carna, wife of pulace at elections. He was master of
Janui, when beans (faba), [being then first horse, and his victories over the Samnites in
ripe, were presented as an oblation. that capacity nearly cost him his life, because
Fabius, now Farfa, a river of Italy, in he engaged the enemy without the command
the territories of the Sabines, called also of the dictator. He was five times consul,
º:
1, W. T. Is
Orid. Met. 14, v.334.—Pirg, JEn. twice dictator, and once censor. He triumph
ed over seven different nations in the neigh
***IA lex, de ambitu, was to circum bourhood of Rome, and rendered himself il
“ribe the number of Sectatores, or attendants lustrious by his patriotism. Rusticus, an
which were allowed to candidates in can historian in the age of Claudius and Nero.
**ing for some high office. It was propos. He was intimate with Seneca, and the enco
º, but did not pass. [The Sectatores, who miums which Tacitus passes upon his style,
always attended candidates, were distinguish makes us regret the loss of his composi
ed from the Salutatores, who only waited on tions. Marcellinus, an historian in the se
them at their houses in the morning, and then cond century. Q. Maximus, a celebrat
went away; and from the Deductores, who ed Roman, first surnamed Vºrrucosus, from
went down with them to the Forum, and a wart on his lip, and Agnicula, from his in
Cºmpºs Martius.]—[There was another offensive manners. From a dull and un
law of the same name, enacted against kid
promising childhood he burst into deeds
*PPing, or stealing away and retaining free of valour and heroism, and was grad ally
men or slaves. The punishment of this of. raised by merit to the highest offices of the
** at first, was a fine, but afterwards, to state. In his first consulship, he obtained a
be sent to the mines; and for buying or sell victory over Liguria, and the fatal battle of
ing a free-born citizen, death.] - Thrasymenus, occasioned his election to the
Fabii, a noble and powerful family at dictatorship. In this important office he be
Rome, who derived their name from faba, a ||gan to oppose Annibal, not by fighting him in
* because some of their ancestors culti the open field like his predecessors, but he
*I this pulse. [Others make the name | continually harassed his army by counter
**been originally Fodii, on account of marches and ambuscades, for which he re
their catching wild beasts by means of “pits,” ceived the surname of Cunctator or delayer.
*Pit in Latin being forea, from fodere, to dig. such operations for the commander of the
. writes the name Fovil, and explains Roman armies gave offence to some, and Fa
the allusion to forea differently..] They were bius was even accused of cowardice. He,
º to be descended from Fabi us, a supposed however, still pursued the same measures
º of Hercules by an Italian nymph; and which prudence and reflection seemed to dic
*y were once so numerous that they took tate as most salutary to Rome, and he par
ºn themselves to wage war with the Veien |tiently bore to see his master of horse raised
* They came to a general engagement to share the dictatorial dignity with himself,
* the Cremera, in which all the family, by means of his enemies at home. When
º: aſ 306 men, were totally slain, B. he had laid down his office of dictator, his
**". There only remained one, whose successors for a while followed his plan; but
* age detained him at Rome, and from º: rashness of Varro, and his contempt for
**rºe the noble Fabii in the following the operations of Fabius, occasioned the fatal
: The family was divided into six dif. battle of Cannae. Tarentum was obliged to
º the Ambusti, the Marini, the surrender to his arms after the battle of Can
Buteones,
tº; the Dorsones, the and , nas, and on that occasion the Carthaginian
*clares; the three first of which are fre enemy observed that Fabius was the Annibal
- ºnly mentioned in Roman history, but of Rome. When he had made an agreement
the others seldom. Dionys. 9, c. 5-Éir. 2 with Annibal for the ransom of the captives.
º, $º-Flor. 1, c. 2–orid. Trist. 2, w which was totally disapproved by the Roman
º-ºrg. JEn. 6, v. 845. senate, he sold all his estates to pay the money,
*s, Maximus Rullianus, was the ſirst rather than forfeit his word to the euemy:
* the Fabii who obtained the surname of The bold proposal of young Scipio to go and
295
 FA FA
*-**_

carry the war from Italy to Africa, was re amples of his improbable narratives, his in:
jected by Fabius as chimerical and danger consistencies, his negligence in investigating
ous. [The opposition of Fabius seems to have the truth of what he relates as facts, and his
arisen from another cause, and to have been inaccuracy in chronology. In particular, as
the result of envious feelings. Plutarch con we are told by Plutarch in his life of Romu
ſesses this.] He did not, however, live to see lus, Fabius followed an obscure Greek au
the success of the Roman arms under Scipio, thor, Diocles the Peparethian, in his account
and the conquest of Carthage by measure of the foundation of Rome, and from this
which he treate 1 with contempt and heard tainted source have flowed all the stories
with indignation. He died in the 100th year concerning Mars, the Vestal, the Wolf, Ro
of his age, after he had been five times consul, mulus, and Remus. He is even guilty of
and twice honoured with a triumph. The Ro inaccurate and prejudiced statements in rela.
mans were so sensible of his great merit an tion to the affairs of his own time; and Poly
services, that the expenses of his funeral were bius, who flourished shortly after those times.
defrayed from the public treasury. Plut. in and was at pains to inform himself accurate
vità –Flor. 2, c. G.-Liv.–Polyb.—His son ly concerning all the events of the second
bore the same name, and showed himself Punic war, apologises for quoting Fabius on
worthy of his noble father's virtues. During one occasion, as an authority, and atthe same
his consulship he received a visit from his time strongly expresses his opinion of his vio
father on horseback in the camp : the son or lations of truth and gross inconsistencies.
dered the father to dismount, and the old man The account here given of this writer is
cheerfully obeyed, embracing his son and say rather confirmed by the few fragments that
ing, I wished to know whether you knew remain of his work, which are trifling and
what it was to be consul. He died before his childish in the extreme. Dion. Hal. 7.-
father, and the Cunctator, with the modera Plutarch. in ruta Romuli.-Polyb. 3, c. 9.—
tion of a philosopher, delivered a funeral ora Dunlºps Hist. Rom. Lit. Vol. 1, p. 117. et
tion over the dead body of his son. Plut. in seqq.]—A Roman consul, .surnamed Am
Fabio. Pictor, the first Roman who wrote bustus, because he was struck with lightning
an historical account of his country. [This A Roman, surnamed Allobrogicus, from
historian, called by Livy Scriptorum anti his victory over the Allobroges, &c. Flor.
quissimus, appears to have been wretchedly 2. c. 17.
qualified for the labour he had under. FABR1cius, a Latin writer in the reign ci
taken either in point of judgment, fidelity, or Nero, who employed his pen in satirizing and
research ; and to his carelessness and inac defaming the senators. His works were burnt
curacy, more than even to the loss of monu by order of Nero. Caius Luscinus, a rele
ments, may be attributed the painful uncer. brated Roman, who, in his first consulship ob. |
tainty which to this day hangs over the early tained several victories over the Samnites and
ages of Roman history. Fabius lived in the Lucanians, and was honoured with a triumph
time of the second Punic war. The family re The riches which were acquired in those bat
ceived its cognomen from Caius Fabius, who, tles were immense; the soldiers were liberal
having resided in Etruria, and there acquir ly rewarded by the consul, and the treasury
ed some knowledge of the fine arts, painted was enriched with 400 talents. Two years
with figures the temple of Salus, in the year aſter, Fabricius went as ambassador to Pyr
of the city 450. The historian was grand rhus, and refused with contempt the presents
son of the painter. He served in the second and heard with indignation the offers which
Punic war, and was present at the battle of might have corrupted the fidelity of a less
Thrasymene. After the defeat at Cannae he virtuous, citizen. Pyrrhus had occasion to
was sent by the senate to enquire from the admire the magnanimity of Fabricius; but his
oracle of Delphi, what would be the issue ºf astonishment was nore powerfully awakened
the war, and to leat n by what supplications when he opposed him in the field of battle,
the wrath of the gods might be appeased. and when he saw him make a discovery ci
His annals commenced with the foundation the perfidious offer of his physician, who
of the city and the antiquities of Italy, and ledged himself to the Roman general for a
brought down the series of Roman affairs t sum of money to poison his royal master. To
the author's own time, that is, to the end of this greatness of soul were added the most
the second Punic war. We are informed by consummate knowledge of military affairs,
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, that for the and the greatest simplicity of manners. Fa
great proportion of the events which pre bricius never used rich plate at his table : a
ceded his own age, Fabius Pictor had no bet small salt-cellar, whose feet were of horn, was
ter authority than vulgar tradition. He pro the only silver vessel which appeared in his
bably found that if he had confined himself house. This contempt of luxury and useless
to what was certain in these early times, his ornaments Fabricius wished to inspire amons
history would have become dry, insipid, and the people; and during his censorship he ba
incomplete. This may have induced him to nished from the senate Cornelius Rufinus,
adopt the fables which the Greek historians who had been twice consul and dictator, be
had invented concerning the origin of Rome, cause he kept in his house more than ten
and to insert whatever he found in family pounds weight of silver plate. Such were the
traditions, however contradictory or uncer. manners of the conqueror of Pyrrhus, who
tain. Dionysius has also given us many ex observed, that he wished rather to comman.
206 - *
 FA FA
--- - - - ----- ------

those that had money than possess it himself. time several inferior growths were confound
He lived and died in the greatest poverty. His ed under the common denomination of Fa
body was buried at the public charge, and the lernian, correct writers would choose that
Roman people were obliged to give a dowry epithet which most accurately denoted the
to his two daughters when they had arrived finest vintage. If we are to judge, however,
to marriageable years. Val. Mar. 2, c. 9, 1. by the analogy of modern names, the ques
4, c. 4.—A lor. 1, c. 18.-Cic. 3, de Qſſic.— tion of locality will be quickly decided, as
Plut. in Pyrrh.—Virg. Jºn. 6, v. 844.—A the mountain which is generally allowed to
bridge at Rome, built by the consul Fabricius point to the site of ancient Sinuessa is still
over the Tiber. Horat. 2, Ser. 3, v. 36. known by the name of Monte Massico. Pli
Fæsø1.42, [now Fiesoli, a town of Italy, in my's account of the wines of Campania is the
Etruria, north-east of Etruria, whenco it is most circumstantial, (Plin. N. H. 14, 6,.)
said the Augurs passed to Rome. Catiline “Augustus and most of the leading men of
made it a place of arms. The Goths, when his time,” observes this writer, “gave the
they entered Italy under the consulate of preference to the Setine wine that was grown
Stilico and Aurelian, A. D. 400, were defeat in the vineyards above Forum Appii, as be.
ed in its vicinity.] Cir. Mur. 24.—Ital. 3, ing of all kinds the least calculated to injure
v.478. –Sallust. Cat. 27. the stomach. Formerly the Caecuban wine,
FAlcidia LEx, enacted by the tribune which came from the poplar marshes of Amy
Falcidius, A. U. C. 713, [that the testator clap, were most esteemed, but it has lost its
should leave at least the fourth part of his repute through the negligence of the growers,
fortune to the person whom he named his and partly from the limited extent of the
heir.] vineyards which have been nearly destroyed
FALER1A, a town of Picenum, now Falle by the navigable canal begun by Nero from
roma, of which the inhabitants were called Avernus to Ostia. The second rank used to
Falerienses. Plin. 3, c. 13. be assigned to the growths of the Falernian
FALERII, (or ium,) now Falari, a town of territory, and among them chiefly to the
Etruria, of which the inhabitants are called Faustianum. The territory of Falernus be
Falisci. The Romans borrowed some of their gins from the Campanian bridge, on the left
laws from Falerii. The place was famous hand, as you go to Urbana. The Faustian
for its pastures, and for a peculiar sort of vineyards are situate about 4 miles from the
sausage. rid. Falisci. Martial. 4, ep. 46.— village, in the vicinity of Cediae, which vil
Lir. 10, c. 12 and 16.—Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 84. lage is six miles from Sinuessa. The wines
Pont. 4, el. 8, v.41.-Cato R. R. 4 and 14. produced on this soil owe their celebrity to
–Serpius in Virg...En. 7, v. 695.-Plin. 3, the great care and attention bestowed on
c. 5 their manufacture; but latterly they have
FALERNus, [a part of Italy famed for its somewhat degenerated, owing to the rapacity
wine. Few portions of the Italian peninsu of the farmers, who are usually more intent
la were unfriendly to the vine, but it flourish upon the quantity than the quality of their
ed most in that tract of the S. W. coast to vintage. They continue, however, in the
which, from its extraordinary fertility and greatest esteem, and are perhaps the strong
delightful climate, the name of Campania est of all wines, as they burn when approach
Felix was given. Some doubt concerning ed by a flame. There are three kinds, the
the extent of the appellation seems to exist, dry, the light, and sweet Falernian. The
but Pliny and Strabo confine it to the level grapes of which the wine is made are un
country reaching from Sinuessa to the pro pleasant to the taste.” From this and other
montory of Sorrento, and including the Cam accounts it appears that the Falernian wine
pi Laborini, from whence the present name was strong and durable: so rough in its re
of Terra di Lavoro has arisen. In ancient cent state as not to be drunk with pleasure,
times, indeed, the hills by which the surface and requiring to be kept many years before
is diversified seem to have been one conti it grew mellow. Horace calls it a fiery wine;
nued vineyard. Falernus is spoken of by Persius, indomitum, i. e. possessing very heady
Florus as a mountain, and Martial describes qualities. According to Galen, the best was
it under the same title; but Pliny, Polybius, that from 10 to 20 years; after this period it
and others denominate it a field or territory, became bitter. Among the wines of the pre
(ager;) and, as the best growths were styled sent day, Xeres and Madeira most closely ap
indiscriminately Massicum, and Falernum, proximate to the Falernian of old, though
(pinum,) it is thought that Massicus was the the difference is still very considerable, since
proper appellation of the hills which arose the ancient wines of Italy and Greece were
from the Falernian plain. The truth seems usually mixed with certain quantities of
to be that the choicest wines were produced pitch, aromatic herbs, sea-water, &c. which
on the southern declivities of the range of must have communicated to them a taste
hills which commence in the neighbourhood that we at least would consider very unpala
of ancient Sinuessa, and extend to a consider table. Among the ancient, and especially
able distance inland, and which may have the Greek wines, it was no uncommon thing
taken their general name from the town or for an age of more than 20 years to leave no
district of Falernus: but the most conspicu thing in the vessel, but a thick and bitter
ous or the best exposed annong them may mixture, arising no doubt from the substances
bave been the Massic, and, as in process of with which the wintºna begn medicateſ.
 FA FE

We have an exception, however, to this in 47, &c.—Varro.—Justin. 43, c. 1. [tid.

the wine made in Italy during the consulship Banier's Mythology, vol. 1,540–2, 599.]
of Opimius, A.U. 633, which was to be met FAUNALIA, festivals at Rome in honour of
with in the time of Pliny, nearly 200 years Faunus.
after. This may have been owing to the FAUN1, certain deities of the country, re
peculiar qualities of that vintage, since we presented as having the legs, feet, and ears of
are informed that in consequence of the great goats, and the rest of the body human. They
warmth of the summer in that year, all the were called satyrs by the Greeks. The pea
productions of the earth attained an extra sants offered them a lamb or a kid with great
ordinary degree of perfection. vid. Caecubus solemnity. [The Fauni presided over the
ager.—Henderson's History of ancient and fields, the Satyrs inhabited woody plains,
modern wines.] Liv. 22, c. 14–Martial. the Sylvani woods on the mountains.] Jºrg.
1, v. 10.-Orid...Met. 6, v. 392.
12, ep.57.-Virg. G. 2, v.96–Horat. 1, od. G.FAUN Us, a son of Picus, who is said to have
20, v. 10.2 Sat. 4, v. 15.-Strab. 5-Flor.
1, c. 15. reigned in Italy about 1300 years B. C. His
FALisci, a people of Etruria. When they bravery as well as wisdom have given rise to
were besieged by Camillus, a schoolmaster the tradition that he was son of Mars. He
went out of the gates of the city with his pu raised a temple in honour of the god Pan,
pils, and betrayed them into the hands of the called by the Latins Lupercus, at the foot of
Roman enemy, that by such a possession he the Palatine hill, and he exercised hospitality
might easily oblige the place to surrender. towards strangers with a liberal hand. His
Camillus heard the proposal with indigmation, great popularity, and his fondness for agricul
and ordered the man to be stripped naked ture, made his subjects revere him as one of
and whipped back to the town by those whom their country deities after death. He wasre
his perfidy wished to betray. This instance presented with all the equipage of the satyrs,
of generosity operated upon the people so and was consulted to give oracles. Dionys.
powerfully that they surrendered to the Ro 1, c. 7.-Kirg. JEn;7, v. 47.1. 8, v. 314, 1.10,
mans. Plut. in Camil. v. 55.-Horat. 1, od. 17.
FALuscus GRAtlus. rid. Gratius. FAvoninus, [a celebrated Platonic philo
FAMA, (fame) was worshipped by the an sopher who flourished under the reigns of
cients as a powerful goddess, and generally re Trajan and Adrian. He was born at Arelate
presented blowing a trumpet, &c. Stat. 5, in Gaul, and studied under Dio Chrysostom.
Theb. 427. He was himself profoundly skilled in philo
FANNIA LEx, de Sumptibus, [enacted A. sophy, and wrote numerous works on the sub
U. 588. It limited the expenses of one day, ject. He taught with much reputation at
at festivals, to 100 asses, whence the law is Rome and at Athens.]
called by Lucilius, Centussis; on ten other FAustA, a daughter of Sylla, &c. Horat.
days every month, to 30, and on all other 1. Sat. 2, v. 64. The wife of the emperor
days to 10 asses: also that no other fowl Constantine, disgraced for her cruelties and
should be served up, except one hen, and that vices.
not fattened for the purpose.] FAUstinA, the wife of the emperor Anto
FANN11, two orators of whom Cicero mius, famous for her debaucheries. Her
speaks in Brut. daughter, of the same name, blessed with
FANNIus, an inferior poet ridiculed by Ho beauty, liveliness, and wit, became the most
race because his poems and picture were con abandoned of her sex. She married M. Au
secrated in the library of Apollo, on Mount relius.
Palatine at Rome, as it was then usual for FAustülus, a shepherd ordered to ex
such as possessed merit. Horat. 1, Sat. 4, v. pose Romulus and Remus. He privately
21.—Caius, an author in Trajan’s reign, brought them up at Rome. Liv. 1, c. 4.—
the loss of whose history of the cruelties of Justin. 43, c. 2.-Plat. in Rom.
Nero is greatly regretted. [FEBRUALIA, a feast at Rome of purification
FARfARus, [now the Farfa, a river in the and atonement, in the month of February: it
country of the Sabines, falling into the Tiber continued for 12 days. The month of Febru
above Capena. It is called also the Farba ary, which, together withJanuary, was added
ris.] Ovid. Met. 14, v. 330. by Numa to the 10 months constituting the
FAUNA, a deity among the Romans, daugh year of Romulus, derived its name from this
ter of Picus, and originally called Marica. general expiatory festival, the people being
Her marriage with Faunus procured her the then purified (februati) from the sins of the
name of Fauna, and her knowledge of futu whole year.]
rity that of Fatua and Fatidica. It is said FEcIALEs, a number of priests at Rome,
that she never saw a man after her marriage employed in declaring war and making peace
with Faunus, and that her uncommon chas When the Romans thought themselves in
tity occasioned her being ranked among the jured, one of the sacerdotal body was em.
gods after death. She is the same, according powered to demand redress, and after the al
to some, as Bona Mater. Some mythologists lowance of 33 days to consider the matter
accuse her of drunkenness, and say that she war was declared if submissions were not
expired under the blows of her husband, for made, and the Fecialis hurled a bloody spear
an immoderate use of wine. Wirg. JEn. 7, v. into the territories of the enemy in proof a
298
 FE FE

intended hostilities. [Afterwards, when the mulus had himself carried the spoils to the
empire was enlarged, and wars were carried temple of Jupiter, or still more probably,
on with distant nations, this ceremony was from the Greek pegºrgov, which Livy calls in
performed in a certain field near the city, Latin ferculum, the same as feretrum. vid.
which was called .4ger hostilis. Thus, Au Spolia Opima. Liv. 1, c. 10.—Plut. in Rom.
gustus declared war, professedly against Cleo —C. Wep. in Att. 20.]
patra, but in reality against Antony. So also FERIAE LATINAE, or Latin holidays, institut
Marcus Antoninus, before he set out to war ed by Tarquin the Proud. The principal
against the Scythians, shot a bloody spear from magistrates of 47 towns in Latium usually as
the temple of Bellona into the ager hostilis.] sembled on the Alban mount, near Rome.
FEL1x, M. ANTonius, a freed man of where they altogether with the Roman ma
Claudius Caesar, made governor of Judaea, gistrates offered a bull to Jupiter Latialis, of
Samaria, and Palestine. He is called by Sue which they carried home some part after the
tonius the husband of three queens, as he immolation, after they had sworn mutual
married the two Drusillae, one grand daugh friendship and alliance. It continued but
ter of Antony and Cleopatra, and the other one day originally, but in process of time four
a Jewish princess, sister of Agrippa. The days were dedicated to its celebration. Dio
name of his third wife is unknown. Suet. in mys. Hal.4, c. 49.-Cic. Ep. 6.-Liv. 21, &c.
Cl. 18.--Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 14. The ſeriae among the Romans were certain
FELTRIA, a town of Italy at the north of days set apart to celebrate festivals, and
Venice, [now Feltri. It was the capital of during that time it was unlawful for any per
the small Rhaetian community called Fel son to work. They were either public or
trini.] - private. The public were of four different
FERALIA, [a festival at Rome to the Dii kinds. The feria stativiſt were certain im
Manes, on the 21st of February, but, accord moveable days always marked in the calen
ing to Ovid, on the 17th. Festus derives the dar, and observed by the whole city with
word from fero, on account of a repast car much festivity and public rejoicing. The
ried to the sepulchres of relations and friends feriºr conceptirae were moveable feasts, and
on that occasion, or from ferro, on account of the day appointed for the celebration was
the victims sacrificed. Vossius observes that always previously fixed by the magistrates
the Romans termed death fera, cruel, and or priests. Among these were the ſeria La
that the word feralia might arise thence.] It tinae, which were first established by Tar
continued for 11 days, during which time quin, and observed by the consuls regularly
presents were carried to the graves of the de before they set out for the provinces; the
ceased, marriages were forbidden, and the Compitalia, &c. Theyeria: imperatirae were
temples of the gods were shut. [Friends appointed only by the command of the con
and relations also kept after the celebration sul, dictator, or praetor, as a public rejoicing
a feast of peace and love, for settling diffe for some important victory gained over the
rences and quarrels among one another, if enemy of Rome. The feriſe Nºundinae were
any such existed.] It was universally be regular days, in which the people of the
lieved that the manes of their departed country and neighbouring towns assembled
friends came and hovered over their graves, together and exposed their respective com
and feasted upon the provisions that the hand modities to sale. They were called Nundi
of piety and affection had procured for them. Lae because kept every ninth day. The fe
Their punishment in the infernal regions was ria privata, were observed only in families,
also suspended, and during that time they in commemoration of birth-days, marriages,
enjoyed rest and liberty. funerals, and the like. The days on which
FERENTINUM, a town of the Hernici, the ferior were observed were called by the
south-east of Anagina.] Sil. 8, v. 394.— Romans festi dies, because dedicated to mirth,
Lir. 1, c. 50, 1.9, c. 43 and 44. relaxation, and festivity. [The term feria is
Fr. RENTUM, or For entum, a town of derived, according to some, from the Greek,
Apulia, [south-east of Venusia,] now Foren legal (ºutgas), dies sacri, holy days.]
za Horat. 3, od. 4, v. 15.-Liv. 9, c. 16 FERöNIA, [according to Servius, the pa
and 20. troness of the enfranchised slaves, to whom
FERETRius, [an appellation of Jupiter were presented many offerings; this goddess
among the Romans, who was so called from being held in high veneration through all
the feretrun, a frame supporting the spolia Italy. The name was derived either from
opima, dedicated to Jupiter by Romulus after fero, to bring relief, or from the town Feronia,
the defeat of the Caeminenses and death of near Mount Soracte. Servius supposes her
their king. This derivation, however, is op to be the same with the virgin Juno, and his
posed by some, who think it better to de supposition is countenanced by an ancient in
rive the term from the Latin ferire, to smite. scription, quoted by Fabretti, and expressed
This is the opinion of Plutarch, and he adds in these terms, “Junoni Feron.” The Ro
that Romulus had prayed to Jupiter that he mans appropriated to this goddess the care of
might have power to smite his adversary and woods and orchards.] She had a temple
kill him. Dacier, however, thinks that the near Mount Soracte. It was usual to make a
verb ſerire was not used at so early a period yearly sacrifice to her, and to wash the face
by the Romans. If this be so, the name might and hands in the waters of the sacred foun
 FI FL

said that those who were filled with the spirit divi fidem or per diurni temporis, i. e. dies fil
of this goddess could walk barefooted over dem. It is simplest, however, to make the
burning coals without receiving any injury phrase equivalent to Deus fidei.] Orid. Fast.
from the flames. The goddess had a temple 6, v. 213.−Parro de L. L. 5, c. 10.—Dzony.
and a grove about three miles from Anxur, Hal. 2 and 9.
and also another in the district of Capena. FIRMUM, [now Fermo, a town of Picenum,
Liv. 33, c. 26.- Virg. JEn. 7, v. 697 and 800.
below Ancona, situate near the coast. In
—Varro de L. L. 4, c. 10.-Ital. 13.-Strab. the course of the second Punic war, it sent
5.—Horat. 1, Sat. 5, v. 24. succours to the Romans against Hannibal.
FEscENNIA, (iorum or ium,) a town of It is now Fermo. Its port was Castrum
Etruria, [near Falerii, now Galese, where Fermanum, now Porto Fermano..] Cºr. 8,
the Fescennine verses were first invented. ...Att. 12.—Plun. 7, c. 8.— Palleius, I, c. 14.
These verses, the name of which conveys an M. FiftMius, a powerful native of Seleu
idea of vulgar obscenity, were a sort of rustic cia, who proclaimed himself emperor, and
dialogue spoken extempore, in which the ac was at last conquered by Aurelian.
tors exposed before their audience the failings [Fiscellus, now Monte Fiscalo, a moun
and vices of their adversaries, and by a sati. tain of Italy, on the borders of Picenum and
rical humour and merriment endeavoured to the country of the Sabines, above Nursia.)
raise the laughter of the company. They FLAccus, VALERius, a Roman poet who
were often repeated at nuptials, and many flourished in the reign of Vespasian, and died
lascivious expressions were used for the gene at an early age in the time of Domitian. From
ral diversion, as also at harvest-home, when an epigram in Martial it would seem that he
gestures were made adapted to the sense of was in no affluent condition ; for he advises
the unpolished verses that were used. They him as a friend to quit the service of the Mu
were proscribed by Augustus as of immoral ses for the more lucrative pursuits of the
tendency. Plin. 3, c. 5.- Pirg. JEn. 7, v. forum. The work on which his fame as a
695.-Horat. 2, ep. 1, v. 145. poet rests is entitled Argonauticon, in eight
FEsu LA., [vid. Faesulae.] books. It is an imitation of the Greek poem
FEstus, [Pompeius, a well known gram of Apollonius Rhodius on the same-subject,
marian, but of what particular age has never and may rank among the most respectable of
been ascertained. He wrote an abridgment the Latin epics after the Æneid, the manner
of Verrius Flaccus, De Verborum significa: and style of which it aims at copying. . It
tione. Scaliger pronounces this one of the contains sublime and splendid passages, and
most useful books connected with the Latin is free from the bombast and extravagance of
language. It has passed through many edi the second race of Latin poets: but it is in
tions. One of the best is that by Dacier in general deficient in poetical spirit, and is
Usum Delphini. Paris, 1681, 4to.] likewise wanting in plan and contrivance.
FIBRENus, a river of Italy, falling into the The best editions are those of Burmaun, Leid.
Liris through Cicero's farm at Arpinum. Sil. 1724, 4to. and of Harles, altenb. 1781, 8vo.]
8, v.400.-Cic. Leg. 2, c. 1. —Werrius, a grammarian, tutor to the two
Ficule A or FiculneA, a town of Latium grandsons of Augustus, and supposed author
beyond Mount Sacer at the north of Rome. of the Capitoline marbles...[vid. Festus.]—
Cicero had a villa there, and the road Îhat A name of Horace. vid. Horatius.
led to the town was called Ficulnensis, after FLAMINIALEx, agraria, by C. Flaminius,
wards JNomentana Via. Cic. 12. Att. 34.— the tribune, A. U. C. 525. It required that
Liv. 1, c. 38, 1.3, c. 52. the lands of Picenum, from which the Galli
FuděNA, [a town of Italy, on the Tiber, in Senones had been expelled, should be divided
the territory of the Sabines, lying north of among the Roman people.
Rome, and south-east of Veii. It was found FLAMINIA via, a celebrated road which
ed by an Alban colony, and was finally reduc led from Rome to Ariminum. It received its
ed under the Roman power, A.U. C. 327, by name from Flaminius, who built it, and was
the dictator, Mamercus AEmilius.] Virg...En. killed at the battle of Thrasymenus against
6, v. 773.−Juv. 1, v. 44.—Liv. 1, c. 14, 15, Annibal. A gate of Rome opening to the
and 27, l. 2, c. 9, 1.4, c. 17 and 21. same road, now del popolo. -

FIDEs, the goddess of faith, oaths, and C. FLAMINſus, a Roman consul of a tur
honesty, worshipped by the Romans. Numa bulent disposition, who was drawn into a bat
was the first who paid her divine honours. tle near the lake of Thrasymenus, by the ar
v. Fidius Dius, a divinity by whom the Ro tifice of Annibal. He was killed in the en
mans generally swore. He was also called gagement with an immense number of Ro
mans, B.C. 217. The conqueror wished to
Sancus or Sanctus and Semipater, and he was
solemnly addressed in prayers the 5th of June.
give a burial to his body, but it was not found
which was yearly consecrated to his service.
in the heaps of slain. While tribune of the
Some suppose him to be Hercules. [The ex people, he proposed an Agrarian law against
pression Me divisfidius, which so frequently the advice of his friends, of the senate, and ci
occurs in the Roman classics, has been vari. his own father. Ctc. de. Inv. 2, c. 17.-Lºt.
ously explained. Festus makes dius fidius to 22, c. 3, &c.—Polyb.—Flor. 2, c. 6.—Pal.
be put for Auor, filius, the son of Jupiter, i. e. JMar. 1, c. 6.
Hercules; he cites at the same time other T. Q. Fläminius or FLAMINixus, a ce
ºpinions, as that is the same with swearing per lebrated Roman, raised to the consulship, .
 FL FL

A. U. C. 556. He was trained in the art of left to the Romans the immense riches which
war against Annibal, and he showed himself she had acquired by prostitution and lascivil
capable in every respect to discharge with ho ousness [on condition that they should cele
mour the great office with which he was in brate the anniversary of her birth-day by
trusted. He was sent at the head of the Ro games and feasts.] She was worshipped even
man troops against Philip, king of Macedonia, among the Sabines long before the foundation
and in his expedition he met with uncommon of Rome, and likewise among the Phoceans
success. The Greeks gradually declared who built Marseilles long before the existence
themselves his firmest supporters, and he to. of the capital of Italy. Tatius was thefirst who
tally defeated Philip on the confines of Epirus, raised her a temple in the city of Rome. It is
and made all Locris, Phocis, and Thessaly, said that she married Zephyrus, and that she
tributary to the Roman power. He granted received from him the privileges of presiding
peace to the conquered monarch, and pro over flowers, and of enjoying prepetual youth:
claimed all Greece free and independent at [rid. Floralia.]. She was represented as
the lsthmian games. This celebrated action crowned with flowers, and holding in her hand
procured the name of patrons of Greece to the horn of plenty. [This goddess is held by
the Romans, and insensibly paved their way some to be the same with the Chloris of the
to universal dominion. Fleminius behaved Greeks. Lactantius, Arnobius, and St. Au
among them with the greatest policy, and by gustin, together with Plutarch and Macro
his ready compliance with their national cus bius, advocate the opinion of Flora's being a
toms and prejudices, he gained uncommon courtezan. Yossius, however,opposes this, and
popularity, and received the name of father makes her a Sabine goddess. His reasons
and deliverer of Greece. He was afterwards are, that Varro ranks Flora among the deities
sent ambassador to king Prusias, who had to whom Tatius, king of the Sabines, offered
given reluge to Annibal. [He persuaded Pru up vows before he joined battle with the Ro
sias to violate the laws of hospitality in deli. mans, and that from another passage of the
vering up Hannibal; but the veteran soldier same writer it appears there were priests
preventeu the treachery of the monarch by of Flora, with sacrifices, &c. as early as the
taking poison.] Flaminius was found dead in time of Numa. To which may be added that
his bed, after a life spent in the greatest glo Pliny speaks of a statue of this goddess by
ry, in which he had imitated with success the Praxiteles, which proves her worship to have
virtues of his model Scipio. Plut. un vita.- been known also in Greece, whence it ex
Flor. Lucius, the brother of the preceding, tended to Italy before the time of Romulus,
signalized himself in the wars of Greece. He who adopted it when he entered into an union
was expelled from the senate for killing a with Tatius and the Sabines.] Orid. Fast. 5,
Gaul, by Cato his brother's colleague in the v. 195, &c.—Varro de R. R. 1.-Lactant. 1, c.
censorship, an action which was highly re 20. A celebrated courtezan, passionately
sented by Titus. Plut. in Flam. Calp. loved by Pompey the Great. She was so
Flamma, a tribune, who at the head of 300 beautiful, that when the temple of Castor and
men saved the Roman army in Sicily, B. C. Pollux at Rome was adorned with paintings,
258, by engaging the Carthaginians and cut her picture was drawn and placed among the
ting them to pieces. rest.
FLANAT1cus sinus, a bay in Liburnia, on FloſtALIA, games in honour of Flora at
the Adriatic, now the gulf of Carnero. Plin. Rome. They were instituted about the age
3, c. 19 and 31. [vid. Flavona.] of Romulus, but they were not celebrated with
Flavia LEx, agraria, by L. Flavius, A. U. regularity and proper attention till the year
C.693, for the distribution of a certain quan U.C. 580. They were observed yearly, and
tity of lands among Pompey's soldiers. exhibited a scene of the most unbounded li
[FLAvöNA, a considerable commercial city centiousness. It is reported that Cato wished
of Liburnia, on the Sinus Flanatious. D'An once to be present at the celebration, and that
ville thinks that the name of this gulf is bor when he saw that the deference for his pre
rowed from that of the city. The modern sence interrupted the feast, he retired, not
name of the place is Fianona.] choosing to be the spectator of the prostitu
FLEvo, [a canal intersecting the country of tion of naked women in a public theatre. This
the Frisii, made by Drusus. This in time ex behaviour so captivated the degenerate Ro
panded to such a degree as to form a con mans, that the venerable senator was treated
siderable lake or lagune, whose issue to the with the most uncommon applause as he re
sea was fortified by a castle bearing the same tired. Val. Max. 2, c. 10.-Varro de L. L.
name. This lagune, having been in progress 1.—Paterc. c. 1.-Plan. 18, c. 29.
of time much increased by the sea, assumed Flor ENTIA, [a town of Etruria, on the
the name of Zuyder Zee, or the Southern Sea; river Arnus, now Florence, or, as the Italians
and of several channels which afford entrance call the name, Fiorenze. It was a Roman co
to the ocean, that named Vlie, indicates the lony, settled during the Ligurian war, and
genuine egress of the Flevo..] Tacit. Anº. 2, c. intended principally as a post of observation,
and to serve as a check upon the adjacent
6, 1.4, v. 72.-Plin. 4, c. 15.--Mela, 3, c. 2.
Floa A, the goddess of flowers and gar mountaineers. It was subsequently enlarged
dens among the Romans, the same as the by the settlement of a part of Caesar's veterans.
Chloris of the Greeks. Some suppose that It was destroyed by Totila, and rebuilt by
she was originally a common courtezan, who Charlemagne. It first became powerful as a
 FO FO

commercial city in the middle ages.] Tacit. made a statue of Fortune for the people of
.1nn. 1, c. 79.—Flor. 3, c. 21.—Plin. 3, c. 5. Smyrna, and he represented her with the po
Flori ANUs, a man who wore the imperial lar star upon her head, and the horn of plenty
purple at Rome only for two months, A. D. in her hand. The Romans paid particular
276. attention to the goddess of Fortune, and had
FLORus, L. Annæus Julius, a Latin histo no less than eight different temples erected
rian of the same family which produced Se to her honour in their city. Tullus Hostilius
neca and Lucan. [According to his own ac was the first who built her a temple, and from
count he lived under Trajan. Whether he that circumstance it is easily known when her
was actually of Spanish origin, or whether a worship was first introduced among the Ro
native of Gaul, is not sufficiently ascertained.] mans. Her most famous temple in Italy was
He wrote an abridgment of Roman annals in at Antium in Latium, where presents and
four books, composed in a florid and poetical offerings were regularly sent from every part
style, and rather a panegyric on many of the of the country. Fortune has been called Phe
great actions of the Romans, than a faithful repolis, the protectress of cities, Acrea from
and correct recital of their history. He also the temple of Corinth on an eminence, anger.
wrote poetry, and entered the lists against the She was called Prenestine in Italy, where she
emperor Adrian, who satirically represent had also a temple. Besides she was wor
ed him frequenting taverns and places of shipped among the Romans under different
dissipation. The best editions of Florus are, names, such as Female fortune, Virile for
Duker's, 2 vols. 8vo. L. Bat. 1722 and 1744, tune, Equestrian, Evil, Peaceful, Virgin, &c.
and that of J. Frid. Fischer, 8vo. Lips. 1760. On the 1st of April, which was consecrated
Julius, a friend of Horace, who accom to Venus among the Romans, the Italian wi
panied Claudius Nero in his military expedi. dows and marriageable virgins assembled in
tions. The poet has addressed two epistles the temple of Virile fortune, and after burn
to him. ing incense and stripping themselves of their
Fons Solis, [vid. Ammon.] garments, they entreated the goddess to hide
Fonteius CAPito, an intimate friend of from the eyes of their husbands whatever de
Horace. 1 Sat. 5, v. 32. A Roman who ſects there might be on their bodies. The
raised commotions in Germany after the death goddess of Fortune is represented on ancient
of Nero Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 7. monuments with a horn of plenty, and some
For M14, a maritime town of Campania, times two in her hands. She is blindfolded,
at the south-east of Caieta. It was ancient and generally holds a wheel in her hand as an
ly the abode of the Laestrygones, and it be. emblem of her inconstancy. Sometimes she
came known for its excellent wines, and was appears with wings, and treads upon the
called famurrarum urbs, from a family of prow of a ship, and holds a rudder in her
consequence and opulence who lived there. hands. Dionys. Hal. 4.—Ovid. Fast. 6, v.
|Its having been founded by the Laestrygones 569.—Plut. de fort. Rom. and in Cor.-Cie.
is all a fable. The place, no doubt, owed its de Div. 2.-Liv. 10.-Augustin. de Civ. D.
origin to the Pelasgi or Tyrrheni. Near its 4.--Flor. 1.-Val. Mar. 1, c. 5.-Lucan. 2,
ruins is the modern town of Mola.] Law. 8. &c.
c. 14, 1.38, c. 36.-Horat. 1, od. 20, v. 11, l. FortúNATAE insulae, islands at the west
3, od. 17. Sat.1, 5, v. 37,-Plin. 36, c. 6. of Mauritania in the Atlantic Sea. They are
ForMIANUM, a villa of Cicero near For supposed to be the Canary isles of the mo
mise, near which the orator was assassinated. derns, thought to be only two in number, ata
Cic. Fam. 11, ep. 27, i. 16, ep. 10.-Tacit. little distance one from the other, and 10,000
...Ann. 16, c. 10. stadia from the shores of Lybia. They were
Fort Mio, now Risano, a river of Istria, the represented as the seats of the blessed, where
ancient boundary of Italy eastward, after. the souls of the virtuous were placed after
wards extended to the Arsia. Plin. 3, c. 18 death. The air was wholesome and tempe
and 19. rate, the earth produced an immense number
For NAx, a goddess of Rome who presided of various fruits without the labours of men.
over the baking of bread. Her festivals, call When they had been described to Sertorius
ed Fornacalia, were first instituted by Numa. in the most enchanting colours, that celebrat
Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 525. ed general expressed a wish to retire thither,
FortúNA, a powerful deity among the an and to remove himself from the noise of the
cients, daughter of Oceanus according to Ho world, and the dangers of war. [The opin
mer, or one of the Parcae according to Pin ion which makes the Canary islands the husu
dar. She was the goddess of Fortune, and la Fortunate of the ancients, is grounded
from her hand were derived riches and po upon the situation and temperature of those
verty, pleasures and misfortunes, blessings islands, and from the abundance of delicious
and pains. She was worshipped in different fruits which they produce. Those of them
Parts of Greece, and in Achaia; herstatue held that lie nearest the continent were called
the horn of plenty in one hand, and had a Purpuraria, as Juba, king of Mauritania, in
winged cupid at its feet. In Boeotia she had tended to establish there a manufactory ſor
a statue which represented her as holding purple dye. The more remote, being spe
Plutus the god of riches in her arms, to inti cially denominated the Fortunate isles, an
mate that fortune is the source whence wealth swer to Laucarota and Forteventura. Cana
aud honours flow. Bupalus was the first who ria has given the modern name of Canaries
 FO FR

to these islands in general.] Strab. 1.-Plut. Cimbrian war, and now called Galejon.
in Sertor.—Horat. 4, od. 8, v.27.—Epod. 16. Sometimes the words is used in the plural,
–Plin.6, c. 31 and 32. Fossae, as if more than one canal had been
[Fortunt RomâNUM, Vetus, vel magnum, formed by Marius. Plin. 3, c. 4.—Strab. 4.—
a large oblong open space between the Capi JMela, 2, c. 5.
toline and Palatine hills, called until lately Foss AE PHIL1stINAE, canals near the mouths
Campo Paccino, or the Cow-field, or, market. of the Po. Tacit. Hist. 3, c. 9.
The Italians, however, have grown ashamed FRANCI,[tribes of Germans, who inhabited
of so vulgar a name, and have restored to the the districts on the Lower Rhine and Weser.
place its ancient appellation of Forum Ro They assumed the title of Franks, i. e. Free
manum. It is now a mere open space, strew men, from a temporary union among them
ed for the most part with ruins. Here the selves against the Roman power. This confe
assemblies of the people used generally to be deracy is thought to have been formed in the
held, and here also justice was administered reign of Gordian 3d; and the Chauci, Cat
and public business transacted. It was formed ti, with other tribes of inferior strength are
by Romulus, and surrounded with porticoes, supposed to have belonged to it. They soon
shops, and buildings, by Tarquinius Priscus. acted on the offensive, crossed the Rhine,
Around the forum were built spacious halls, and spread their desolating bands over
called Basilicae, where courts of justice might France, Spain, and even beyond this latter
sit and other public business be transacted. country into Mauretania. They were after
There was only one forum under the Repub wards driven out of Gaul by the Roman
lic; J. Caesar added another: Augustus a arms, and from the reign of Probus A. D.
third. A fourth was begun by Domitian and 277, to that of Honorius, seem to have con
finished by Nerva, after whom it was named. tented themselves with occasional irruptions.
But the most splendid was that of Trajan, They obtained a permanent footing in Gaul
adorned with the spoils he had taken in war. during the last years of the reign of Hono
Besides these, there were various fora or rius.
places where commodities were sold.] H. a divinity worshipped among the
ForUM-APP11, a town of Latium on the Romans, daughter of Orcus and Night. She
Appia via. Cic. 1, Att. 10.-Horat. 1, Sat. presided over treachery, &c.
3, v.3. Allieni, a town of Italy, now Fer FREGELLA, a towu of the Volsci in Italy on
rara. Tacit. H. 3, c. 6. Aurelii, a town of the Liris, destroyed for revolting from the
Etruria, now Montalto. Cic. Cat. 1, c. 9. Romans. Ital. 5, v. 452–Liv. 8, c. 22, l.27,
Claudii, another in Etruria, now Oriuolo.— c. 10, &c.—Cic. Fam. 13, ep. 76.
Cornelii, another, now Imola, in the Pope's FRENTAN1, a people of Italy, [on the
dominions. Plin. 3, c. 16.—Cic. Fam. 12, Adriatic coast, east of Samnium and north
ep. 5. Domitii, a town of Gaul, now west of Apulia,] who receive their name
Frontignan, in Languedoc.—Voconii, a from the river Frento, now Fortore, which
town of Gaul, now Gonsaron, between An runs through the eastern part of their coun
tibes and Marseilles. Cic. Fam. 10, ep. 17. try, and falls into the Adriatic opposite the
Flaminii, a town of Umbria, now San islands of Diomede. [Their country, toge
Giovane. Plin. 3, c. 14. Gallorum, a ther with a small part Samnium, answers to
town of Gaul Togata, now Castel Franco, in the modern Abruzzo Citra.] Plin. 3, c. 11.
the Bolognese. Cic. Fam. 10, ep. 30. —Liv. 9, c. 45.-Sil. 8, v. 520.
Many other places bore the name of Forum Frisii, [a native of Germany, the ancient
wherever there was a public market, or ra inhabitants of the modern Friesland. They
ther where the praetor held his court of jus were situate on the coast of the Oceanus Ger
tice, (forum vel conventus;) and thence they manicus, between the Amisia or Ems, and the
were called sometimes conventus as well as Rhenus or Rhine.] Tacit..A. 1, c. 60.-Hist.
fora, into which provinces were generally di 4, c. 15 and 72.-G. 34.
vided under the administration of a separate SEx. Jul. Frontinus, [an eminent Roman
governor. Cic. Verr. 2, c. 20, 1.4, c. 48, l. 5, and city Praetor, A. D. 70. He was after
c. 11.-Patin. 5, Fam. 3, ep. 6 and 8.—Attic. wards a supplementary consul,and distinguish
5, ep. 21. ed himself by his military talents as a com
Fósi. [a people of Germany, lying north of mander in Britain. Under Nerva, he was
the Cherusci along the Visurgis or Weser. appointed superintendant of the waters, and
They shared the fate of the Cherusci when in this capacity brought the waters of the
the Langobardi conquered the latter people. Anio to Rome by means of a splendid aque
They are supposed to have been a branch of duct. He wrote two books, on the construc
the Cherusci. Mannert. Anc. Geogr. vol. 3 tion of these works, by the emperor's express
p. 175, 208.] order, and a work also on military strata
Fossa, the straits of Bonifacio between gems.] He ordered at his death that no mo
Corsica and Sardinia, called also Taphros. nument should be raised to his memory, say
Plin. 3, c. 6.-Drusi or Drusiana, a canal, ing, memoria nostri durabit, si vitam merui
eight miles in length, opened by Drusus from mus. The best edition of Frontinus is that of
the Rhine to the Issel, below the separation Oudendorp, 8vo. L. Bat. 1779. -

of the Waal. Suet. Claud. 1.--Tacit. Hist. Fronto, a preceptor of M. Antoninus, by

5, c. 23. Mariana, a canal cut by Marius whom he was greatly esteemed.—Julius, a
from the Rhone to Marseilles during the learned Roman, who was so partial to the
 FU FU

company of poets, that he lent them his house He was afterwards rewarded with the con
and gardens, which continually re-echoed the -ulship.
compositions of his numerous visitors. Juv. 1. FUNDANUs, a lake near Fundi in Italy
Sat. v. 12. which discharges itself into the Mediterra
Fucinus, a lake of Italy, in the country of mean. Tacut. Hist. 3, c. 69.
the Marsi, attempted to be drained by J. Cae Fundi, [now Fondi,) a town of Italy near
sar, [but discontinued at his death,) and after Caieta, on the Appian road, at the bottom of
wards by Claudius, by whom 30,000 men a small deep bay called Lacus Fundants.
were employed for eleven years to perforate Horat. 1, Sat. 5, v. 34.—Liv. 8, c. 14 and 19.
a mountain. [Many are led to suppose from l. 38, c. 36.-Plin. 3, c. 5–Cic. Rult. 2, c.
a passage in Dio Cassius, that the labour of 25.—Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 59–Strab. 5.
Claudius was fruitless. According to Pliny, FuRIAE, the three daughters of Nox and
however, he actually succeeded in the under Acheron, or of Pluto and Proserpine, accord
taking, and that writer speaks of the perfora ing to some. rud. Eumenides.
tion of the mountain as a most stupendous FURII, a family which migrated from Me
monument of art. The object was to lead off dullia in Latium. and came to settle at Rome
the waters of the lake into the Tiber. Nero under Romulus, and was admitted among the
is said to have neglected this work of his pre patricians. Camillus was of this family, and
decessor, and Adrian to have renewed it, but it was he who first raised it to distinction.
to little effect.] The lake, surrounded by a Plut. in Camill.
ridge of high mountains, is now called Celano, FüRiA Lex, de Testamentis, by C. Furius
and is supposed to be 47 miles in circumfe the tribune. It forbade any person to leave
1 ence, and not more than 12 feet deep on an as a legacy more than a thousand asses, [and
average. Plun. 36, c. 15.—Tacit. Ann. 12, c that he who took more, should pay fourfold.
56.—Virg. JEn. 7, v. 759. By the laws of the twelve tables, one might
Fugalia, festivals at Rome to celebrate leave what legacies he pleased.] Cic. 1–
the flight of the Tarquins. Werr. 42.-Liv. 35.
Fulgoa A, a goddess at Rome who presid FuriNA, the goddess of robbers, worship
ed over lightning. She was addressed to save ped at Rome. Some say that she is the same
her votaries from the effects of violent storms as the Furies. Her festivals were called Fu
of thunder. Aug. de Civ. D. 6, c. 10. rinalia. Cic. de JNat. 3, c. 8.-Varro de L. L.
Fulvia LEx, was proposed but rejected, A. 5, c. 3,
U.C. 628, by Flaccus Fulvius. It tended to FuRius, M. Bibaculus, a Latin poet of
make all the people of Italy citizens of Rome. Cremona, who wrote annals in iambic verse,
Fulvia, a bold and ambitious woman who and was universally celebrated for the wit
married the tribune Clodius, and afterwards and humour of his expressions. It is sail
Curio, and at last M. Antony. She took a that Virgil imitated his poetry, and even bor
partin all the intrigues of her husband's trium rowed some of his lines. Horace, however,
virate, and showed herself cruel as well as re has not failed to ridicule his verses. Quin
vengeful. When Cicero's head had been cut lil. 8, c. 6, &c.—Horat. 2, Sat. 5, v. 40.
off by order of Antony, Fulvia ordered it to FURNius, a friend of Horace, who was
be brought to her, and with all the insolence consul, and distinguished himself by his ele
of barbarity, she bored the orator's tongue gant historical writings. 1 Sat.10, v. 36.
with her golden bodkin. Antony divorced AR1st. Fuscus, a friend of Horace, as
her to marry Cleopatra, upon which she at conspicuous for the integrity and propriety of
tempted to avenge her wrongs, by persuading his manners, as for his learning and abilities.
Augustus to take up arms against her hus The poet addressed his 22d Od. Lib. 1, and
band. When this scheme did not succeed, 1 Ep. 10, to him.
she raised a faction against Augustus, in which FUsia LEx, de Comitiis, A. U. C. 527, for
she engaged L. Antonius her brother-in-law; bade any business to be transacted at the pub
and when all her attempts proved fruitless, lic assemblies on certain days, though among
she retired into the east, where her husband the fast. [Another, A.U. C, 690, which
received her with great coldness and indiffe ordained, that in the Comitia Tributa, the
rence. This unkindness totally broke her different kinds of people in each tribe should
heart, and she soon after died, about 40 years vote separately, that thus the sentiments of
before the Christian era. Plut. in Cic. & An each rank might be known. Caninia,
ton.—A woman who discovered to Cicero another by Camillus and C. Caminius Gal
the designs of Catilineupon his life. Plut. in bus, A. U. C. 751, to check the manumission
Cic. of slaves; [limiting the manumission of slaves
Fulvius FLAccus, a friend of C. Gracchus to a certain number, proportioned to the
who was killed in a sedition of his son. His
whole amount of slaves which one possess
body was thrown into the river, and his ed: from two to ten, the half; from ten to
widow was forbidden to put on mourning for thirty, the third ; from thirty to a hundred,
his death. Plut. in Gracch. Scr. Nobilior, the fourth part ; but not above a hundred
a Roman consul who went to Africa after the whatever was the number.]
defeat of Regulus. After he had acquired Fusius, a Roman actor, whom Horace ri
much glory against the Carthaginians, he was dicules. 2 Sat v. 60. When on the stage, he
shipwrecked at his return with 200 Roman fell asleep whilst he personated Ilione, where
ships. His grandson Marcus was sent to he ought to have been roused and moved by
 GA GA

GABAE, [a city of Persia, in the province of any money borrowed upon small interest, to
Persis, located by Ptolemy south-east of Pa. be lent upon larger. This was an usual
sargada, on the confines of Carmania. Man practice at Rome, which obtained the name
nert makes it to coincide with the modern of versuram facere.
Darabgherd.] {A city of Sogdiana, south GábíNIUs Aulius, a Roman consul, who
west of Cyreschata. D'Anville supposes it made war in Judaea, and re-established tran
to be the modern Kauos: Mannert, on the quillity there. He suffered himself to be
contrary, is in favour of the modern Rabas, tribed, and replaced Ptolemy Auletes on the
on the river Kressel, north of Samarchand. throne of Egypt. He was accused, at his
Gabae was one of the first places to which the return, of receiving bribes. Cicero, at the
exploits of Alexander gave celebrity in this request of Pompey, ably defended him. He
country. It is the same with the Gabazae of was banished, and died about 40 years be
Curtius.] fore Christ, at Salona.
GAB elius, now La Secchia, a river falling [GABINUs cinctus, vid. Gabii.]
in a northern direction into the Po, opposite GADEs, (ium,) GADIs (us,) and GADina, [a
the Mincius. Plin. 3, c. 16. flourishing commercial city of Spain, at the
GAB11, a city of Volsci, built by the kings mouth of one of the arms of the Baetis, now
of Alba, but now no longer in existence. It Cadiz. It was founded by a Phoenician co
was taken by the artifice of Sextus, the son lony about 1500 B.C. according to some ;
of Tarquin, who gained the confidence of the others, however, make its foundation coeval
inhabitants by deserting to them, and pre with that of Utica, and this last to have been
tending that his father had ill treated him. 287 years before Carthage. Its name in Phoe
Romulus and Remus were educated there, as nician was Gaddir, and signified a hedge, or
it was the custom at that time to send there limit, as it was thought that here were the
the young mobility, and Juno was the chief western limits of the world. It was situate
deity of the place. The inhabitants had a on a small island of the same name, which
peculiar mode of tucking up their dress, was separated from the main land by a strait
whence Gabinus cinctus. [In this mode of only one stadium wide. This island is said to
wearing the toga, the lappet of it was thrown have abounded at an early period with wild
back over the left shoulder and brought olive trees, and to have been hence named
round under the right arm to the breast; so Cotinusa, (Koruyavaz), not by the early inha
that it girded the individual and made the bitants of the land, however, as some of the
toga shorter and closer. According to Ser ancient writers thought, but by the Greeks;
vius, the inhabitants of Gabii, while engaged for the appellation is a Grecian one. Near
in sacrificing, were suddenly attacked by the it lay the small island Erythia, called by
enemy, whereupon, not having time to ar the inhabitants Juno's island. vid. Erythia.
ray themselves in arms, they tucked up their Gades came into the power of the Carthagi
togas in this manner, and advanced to meet uians in the first Punic war, and in the se
the foe. Virgil represents the Roman con cond surrendered itself voluntarily to the Ro
sul thus arrayed when he opens the gates of mans. From Julius Caesar it received the
the temple of Janus, and in this garb the name and privileges of a Roman colony; and
Decii devoted themselves to death..] Virg. in a later age it was styled Augusta Julia Ga
JEn. 6, v. 773, l. 7, v. 612 and 682–Liv. 5, ditana. The Greek name for Gades was
c. 46, l. 6, c. 29, l. 8, c. 9, 1.10, c. 7.—Ovid. Tzduga. vid. Tartessus.] Hercules, surnam
Fast. 2, v. 709.-Plut. in Romul. ed Gadilanus, had here a celebrated temple,
Gábix1A LEx de Comitiis, by A. Gabini in which all his labours were engraved with
us, the tribune, A. U. C. 614. It required excellent workmanship. Horat. 2, od. 2, v.
that in the public assemblies for electing ma 11.-Stat. 3, Sylv. 1, v. 183.-Liv. 21, c. 21.
gistrates, the votes should be given by tablets, 1. 24, c. 49, l.26, c. 43.-Plin. 4, c. 23.-Strab.
and not vivá roce.—Another for convening 3.—Cic. pro Gah-Justin. 44, c. 4.—Paus.
daily the senate from the calends of Februa 1, c. 35.-Ptol. 2, c. 4.—Paterc. 1, c. 2.;
ry to those of March.-Another de Comi [GADITANUs sinus, is now the Bay of Ca
tiis, which made it a capital punishment to diz I. -

convene any clandestine assembly, agreeable *** fretum, now the Straits of
to the old law of the twelve tables. . [This Gibraltar. vid. Abyla, and Calpe.]
law is mentioned by Porcius Latro in his de Getúlia, [a country of Africa, south of
clamation against Catiline. This author, Numidia, and now answering in some degree
however, is thought to be supposititious.] to Biledulgerid, or the region of locusts. Its
Another de Militiã, by A. Gabinius the situation and limits are not properly ascer
tribune, A. U. C. 685. It granted Pompey tained, and indeed do not seem to have been
the power of carrying on the war against the always the same, Sallust. in Jug.—Sil. 3,
pirates, during three years, and of obliging v. 287.—Plin. 5, c. 4.
all kings, governors, and states, to supply him GALANThis, a servant maid of Alcmena,
with all the necessaries he wanted, over all whose sagacity eased the labouts of her mis
the Mediterranean Sea, and in the maritime tress. When Juno resolved to retard the
provinces as far as 400 stadia from the sea. birth of Hercules, and hasten the labours of
Another de Usură, by Aul. Gabinius the the wife of Sthenelus, she solicited the aid of
tribune, A, U.C. 685. It ordained that no Lucina, who immediately repaired to the
action should be granted for the recovery of house of Alcmena, and, in the form of an old
305 -
 GA GA

woman, sat near the door with her legs cross their emigration.] Strab. 12.-Justin-37, c.
ed, and her fingers joined. In this posture 4.—Lir. 38, c. 12, 40.-Lucan. 7, v. 540–
she uttered some magical words, which serv Cic.6, Att. 5.—Plin. 5, c. 32.—Ptol. 5, c. 4. .
ed to prolong the labours of Alcmena, and —A name of ancient Gaul among the
render her state the more miserable. Alc Greeks. *

mena had already passed some days in the GALAXIA, a ſestival, in which they boiled
most excruciating torments, when Galanthis a mixture of barley, pulse, and milk, calle.
began to suspect the jealousy of Juno ; and Taxa:tz by the Greeks.
concluded that the old woman, who continued GALBA, a surname of the first of the Sul
at the door always in the same unchanged pitii, from the smallness of his stature. The
posture, was the instrument ef the anger of word signifies a small worm, or, according tº
the goddess. With such suspicions Galan some, it implies, in the language of Gaul, ſat
this ran out of the house, and with a counte ness, for which the founder of the Sulpitia: ;
nance expressive of joy, she informed the old family was remarkable.—Servius Sulpicius,
woman that her mistress had just brought a Roman, who rose gradually to the greates:
forth. Lucina, at the words, rose from her offices of the state, and exercised his power!
posture, and that instant Alcmena was safely in the provinces with equity and unremitted;
delivered. The uncommon laugh which Ga diligence. He dedicated the greatest part
lanthis raised upon this, made Lucina suspect of his time to solitary pursuits, chiefly to avail
that she had been deceived. She seized Ga the suspicions of Nero. His disapprobation
lanthis by the hair, and threw her on the of the emperor's oppressive command in the
ground; and while she attempted to resist, provinces, was the cause of new disturbances
she was changed into a weazel, and condemn Nero ordered him to be put to death, but he
ed to bring forth her young in the most ago escaped from the hands of the executioner,
nizing pains, by the mouth, by which she had and was publicly saluted emperor. When he
uttered falsehood. This transformation al was seated on the throne, he suffered himself
ludes to a vulgar notion among the ancients, to be governed by favourites, who exposed tº
who believed this of the weazel, because she sale the goods of the citizens to gratify their
carries her young in her mouth, and continu avarice. Exemptions were sold at a high .
ally shifts from place to place. The Boeotians price, and the crime of murder was blotted
paid great veneration to the weazel; which, as out, and impunity purchased with a large sum
they supposed, facilitated the labours of Alc of money. Such irregularities in the empe
mena. AElian. H. Anim. 2.-Ovid. Met. 9, ror's ministers greatly displeased the people;
fab. 6. and when Galba refused to pay the soldiers
GALĀTAE, the inhabitants of Galatia. vid. the money which he had promised them when
Galatia. he was raised to the throne, they assassinated
GALĀTAEA and GALAthA.A, a sea-nymph, him in the 73d year of his age, and in the 8th cf
daughter of Nereus and Doris. She was pas his reign, and proclaimed Otho emperor in his
sionately loved by the Cyclops Polyphemus, room January 16th, A. D. 69. The virtues
whom she treated with coldness and disdain; which had shone so bright in Galba, when a
while Acis, a shepherd of Sicily, enjoyed her private men, totally disappeared when he as
unbounded affection. The happiness of these cended the throne; and he who showed him
two lovers was disturbed by the jealousy of self the most impartial Judge, forgot the duties
the Cyclops, who crushed his rival to pieces of an emperor, and of a father of his people.
with a piece of broken rock, while he lay on Sueton. &. Plut. in vitā.--Tacit. A learn
the bosom of Galataea. Galataea was incon ed man, grandfather to the emperor of the
solable for the loss of Acis, and as she could same name. Suet. in Galb. 4.
not restore him to life, she changed him into GALFNUs CLAUDIUs, a celebrated physi
a fountain. Ovid. Met. 13, v.789.-Virg. JEn. cian in the age of M. Antoninus and his suc
9, v. 103. cessors, born at Pergamus. [He has himself
GALATIA, or GAILogrieg 1A, [a country informed us, that his father, whose name was
of Asia Minor, lying south of Paphlagonia, Nicon, was an honourable and wealthy man,
west of Pontus, and north-east of Phrygia. It and possessed of considerable knowledge in
derived its name of Galatia from the Gauls belles lettres, philosophy, astronomy, geome:
or Celtae, who, having invaded Asia Minor in try, and architecture.] He applied himself
several bodies, conquered and settled in this with unremitted labour to the study of philo
country. This seems to have occurred sub sophy, mathematics, and chiefly of physic.
sequent to the invasion of Greece by the same He visited the most learned seminaries of
people. (vid. Delphi.) These Gauls or Cel Greece and Egypt, and at last came to Rome.
tae are said to have been composed of those [The physicians of Rome adhered to the prin
Celtic tribes who dwelt originally between ciples of the methodic sect, and hence they
the Danube and the Alps. The Greeks gave stigmatised him as a theorist, and even as a
the new settlements of this people in Asia a dealer in magic. He wanted temper and ex
double name; Galatia, from the nation itself, perience necessary to contend against a nu
and Gallo-Graecia, from the Greek colonies merous and popular party, and after a resi
which became subsequently intermingled dence of five years returned to Pergamus.
with them. It is very singular that the Cel He was soon after, however, summoned to
tic language was spoken here, even in the attend the emperors Marcus Aurelius and
days of St. Jerome, ** 600 years after Lucius Verus, who were then at Aquileia
3
 GA GA

The appearance of the plague at this place ent from that of the Jews in general, for Peter
compelled them to return to Rome, whither was hence denominated a Galilean.]
Galen followed. Here a successful treatment GALLI, a nation of Europe, naturally fierce,
of Commodus and Sextus, sons of Aurelius, and inclined to war. [The word Galli is sup
who had been seized with fever, established posed to be the native term Gaei latimised.
his reputation on a basis which was not to be ſhe Celtae were the most extensive and
shaken by the power of his enemies. It is indigenous of the Gallic tribes, and their name
not known how long he resided at Rome this (Ktarau) is that under which the whole nation
second time, or whether he ever returned to was commonly known to the Greeks. Dr.
Asia. He is said to have died at the age of Murray maintains that the names of Gael
70.] He wrote no less than 500 volumes, the and Celtae are clearly derived from Celyddon
greatest part of which were burnt in the tem and Gwiddel in Welsh. This may perhaps
ple of Peace at Rome, where they had been have been the case. What he adds, howev
deposited. Galen confessed himself greatly er, seems very questionable, namely, that the
indebted to the writings of Hippocrates, for Romans pronounced Gwiddeli, Galli. The
his medical knowledge, and bestowed great same author derives the name of the Belgae
encomiums upon him. To the diligence, ap from Bolg, fierce or warlike.] They were
plication, and experiments of those two cele very superstitious ; and in their sacrifices
brated physicians, the moderns are indebted they often immolated human victims. In some
for many useful discoveries; yet, often their places, they had large statues made with
opinions are ill-grounded, their conclusions twigs, which they filled with men, and reduced
hasty, and their reasoning false. What re to ashes. They believed themselves descended
mains of the works of Galen has been pub from Pluto ; and from that circumstance they
lished without a Latin translation, in 5 vols. always reckoned their time not by the days,
ſol. Basil. 1538. Galen was likewise edited, as other nations, but by the nights. Their
together with Hippocrates, by Charterius, 13 obsequies were splendid, and not only the most
vols. fol. Paris, 1679. [The learned Coray precious things, but even slaves and oxen,
published a French version of the medical were burnt on the funeral pile. Children,
works of Hippocrates, in 4 vols. 8vo. at Tou among them, never appeared in the presence
louse, in the year 1801; and in the same year of their fathers before they were able to bear
from the Paris press, a version of the treatise arms in the defence of their country. Cºs.
on “airs, waters, and places,” with a valua Bell. G.-Strab. 4.—Tacit. vid. Gallia.--
ble critical, historical, and medical commen [A name given in Phrygia to the eunuch
tary, in 2 vols. 8vo.] priests of the goddess Cybele. Some derive
GáléRIUs, a native of Dacia, made em the name from the river Gallus, because
peror of Rome by Diocletian. vid. Maximi these priests drank of its waters, which in
arius. spired them with a kind of religious fury to
Gălăsus, now Galeso, a river of Calabria such a degree that they mutilated them
flowing into the bay of Tarentum. The po. selves. Others maintain that the first priest of
ets have celebrated it for the shady groves in Cybele, having been named Gallus, this name
its neighbourhood, and the fine sheep which became appropriated to all his successors.
feed on its fertile banks, and whose fleeces Ovid, in his Fasti, and Herodian, favour the
were said to be rendered soft when they bath former derivation.] They mutilated them
ed in the stream. Martial. 2, ep. 43, l. 4, selves before they were admitted to the priest
ep. 28.-Virg. G.4, v. 126.—Horal. 2, od. 6, hood, in imitation of Atys, the favourite of
v. 10. Cybele. (vid. Atys.) The chief among them
Galil.EA, [a celebrated country of Pales. was called Archigallus, who in his dress re
time, forming the northern division. Josephus sembled a won,an, and carried, suspended to
divides it into Upper and Lower, and he states his neck, a large collar with two representa
that the limits of Galilee were on the south tions of the head of Atys. vid. Corybantes,
Samaris and Scythopolis to the flood of Jor Dactyli, &c. Diod. 4.—Ovid. Fast, 4, v. 36.
dan. It contained four tribes, Issachar, Zebu —Lucan. 1, v. 466.-Lucan. de Dea Syria.
lon, Naphthali, and Asher; apart also of Dan, GALLIA, [an extensive and populous coun
and part of Peraea, or the country beyond try of Europe, bounded on the west by the
Jordan. Upper Galilee was mountainous, Atlantic, on the North by the Insula Batavor
and was called Galilee of the Gentiles, um and part of the Rhenus or Rhine, on the
from the heathen nations established there, east by the Rhenus and the Alps, and on the
and who were enabled by the mountainous south by the Pyrenees. The greatest breadth
nature of the country to maintain themselves was 600 English miles, but much diminished
against all invaders. Lower Galilee, which towards each extremity, and its length was
contained the tribes of Zebulon and Asher, from 480 to 620 miles. It was therefore more
was adjacent to the Sea of Tiberias or Lake extensive than modern France before the re
of Gennesareth. Galilee, according to Jo volution, though inferior to the kingdom at
*Phus, was very populous, contained 204 the present day, which is 650 miles long from
*ties and towns, and paid 200 talents in tri E. to W. and 560 broad from N. to S. Gaul
bute. As Nazareth was situate in Galilee, was originally divided among the three great
ºr Saviour was termed a Galilean. The nations ofthe Belgae,the Celtae, and the Aquita;
Galileans seem to have had a dialect differ ni. The Romans called the inhabitants of
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this country by one general name, Galli, while 1, c. 29.-Sinus, a part of the Mediterra
the Greeks styled them Celtae. The origin nean on the coast of Gaul, now called the guli
of these two appellations is stated in the pre of Lyons.
ceding article. The Greeks called the coun GALLIENus, Publ. Lucinius, a son of the
try itself Galatia, Celtice (Kaxtºwn), and Cel emperor Valerian. He reigned conjoint!
to-Galatia; the last for distinction sake ſrom with his father for seven years, and ascende.
Galatia in Asia Minor. Of the three great the throne as sole emperor, A. D. 260. In his
nations of Gaul, the Celtae were the most ex youth he showed his activity and military
tensive and indigenous, and the Belgae the character, in an expedition against the Ger
bravest. The Celtae extended from the Se mans and Sarmatte; but when he came to
quana or Seine in the north to the Garumna the purple, he delivered himself up to plea
or Garonne in the south. Above the Celtae sure and indole.ice. His time was spent in
lay the Belgae, between the Seine and Lower the greatest debauchery ; and he indulged
Rhine. They were intermixed with Ger himself in the grossest and most lascivicts
manic tribes. The Aquitani lay between manner, and his palace displayed a scene at
the Garonne and Pyrenees, and were inter once of effeminacy and shame, voluptuousness
mingled with Spanish tribes. These three and immorality. He often appeared with his ;
great divisions, however, were subsequently hair powdered with golden dust; and enjoyed
altered by Augustus, B.C. 27, who extended tranquillity at home, while his provinces
Aquitania into Celtica, as far as the Liger or abroad were torn by civil quarrels and sedi
Loire; the remainder of Celtica above the Li tions. He heard of the loss of a rich province
ger was called Gallia Lugdunensis, from the and of the execution of a malefactor, with the
colony of Lugdunum, Lyons; and the remain same indifference; and when he was appriz
der of Celtica towards the Rhine was added ed that Egypt had revolted, he only observed
to the Belgae under the title of Belgica: lastly, that he could live without the produce of
the south of Gaul, which from having been Egypt. He was of a disposition maturally in
the first provinces possessed by the Roman clined to raillery and the ridicule of others.
had been styled Gallia Provincia, was distin When his wife had been deceived by a jewel
guished by the name of Narbonensis from the ler, Gallienus ordered the malefactor to be
city of Narbo, or Narbonne. This province placed in the circus, in expectation of being
was anciently called also Gallia Braccata, exposed to the ferocity of a lion. While the
from the bracca er breeches worn by the in wretch tren bled at the expectation of instant
habitants; while Gallia Celtica was styled death, the executioner, by order of the em
Comata from the long hair worn by the natives. peror, let loose a capon upon him. An un
These four great provinces, in later ages were common laugh was raised upon this, and the
called the four Gauls, and subdivided into 17 emperor observed, that he who had deceived
others.) Besides these divisions, there is often others should expect to be deceived himself
mention made of Gallia Cisalpina, or Citerior; In the midst of these ridiculous diversions,
Transalpina or Ulterior, which refers to that Gallienus was alarmed by the revolt of two of
part of Italy which was conquered by some of his officers, who had assumed the imperial
the Gauls who crossed the Alps. By Gallia Ci purple. This intelligence roused him from
salpina the Romans understood that part of his lethargy; he marched against his antage
Gaul which lies in Italy; and by Transalpina, nists, and put all the rebels to the sword with.
that which lies beyond the Alps, in regard only out showing the least favour either to rank,
to the inhabitants of Rome. Gallia Cispadana sex, or age. These cruelties irritated the
and Transpadana is applied to a part of Italy people and the army; emperors were elect
conquered by some of the Gauls, and then it ed, and no less than thirty tyrants aspired to
means the country on this side of the Po, or the imperial purple. Gallienus resolved
beyond the Po, with respect to Rome. By boldly to oppose his adversaries; but in the
Gallia Togata the Romans understood Cis midst of his preparations he was assassinated
alpine Gaul, where the Roman gowns, togae, at Milan by some of his officers, in the 50th
were usually worn, after the inhabitants had year of his age, A. D. 268.
been admitted to the rank of citizenship at GALLIP6Lis, a ſortified town of the Salen
Rome. The Gauls were great warriors, and times, on the Ionian sea, [now Gallipoli.]-
their valour overcame the Roman armies, took [A city on the Thracian Chersonese on the
the city of Rome, and invaded Greece in dif. Hellespont, at the opening of the Propontis,
ferent ages. They were very superstitious in or Sea of Marmora.]
their religious ceremonies, and revered the GALLoGRAEcua, vid. Galatia. Strab. 2.
sacerdotal order, as if they had been gods. GALLus, rid. Alectryon, Caius, a friend
(vid. Druidae.) They long maintained a of the great Africanus, faunous for his know
bloody war against the Romans, and Caesar ledge of astronomy, and his exact calculations
spent nearly 10 years in their country before of eclipses. [Livy states, that when a tri
he could totally subdue them. Cats. Bell. bune in the army of Paulus HEmilius in Ma
Gall.–Paus. 7, c. 6.—Strab. 5, &c. cedon, he foretold an eclipse of the moon,
GALLicus AGER, was applied to the coun first to the consul, and then with his leave to
try between Picenum and Ariminum, whence the Roman army. The eclipse took place
the Galli Senones were banished, and which on the evening before the great battle of Pyd
was divided among the Roman citizens. Lip. na, and the Romans, being prepared for it,
23, c. 14, 1.39, c. 44.—Cic. Cat. 2.-Cºps. Cir. were under no alarm, while their opponents
308
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were terrified and deemed it an omen of the of the Ganges, which D'Anville places in lat.
fall of their king Perses.] Cie. de Senec. 24° 50', and whose site he makes to coincide
Cornelius, a Roman knight, who rendered with that of Raji-mohol. The Gangaridae
himself famous by his poetical, as well as were allies of the Prasii, who lay nearer the
military talents. He was passionately fond Indus towards the north-west. The united
of the slave Lycoris or Cytheris, and cele forces of these two nations, awaited the army
brated her beauty in his poetry. She proved of Alexander on the other side the Hyphasis;
ungrateful, and forsook him to follow M. An but report made them so formidable for num
tony, which gave occasion to Virgil to write ters and valour, that the wearied and alarmed
his tenth cclogue. Gallus, as well as the Macedonians refused to cross the stream in
other poets of his age, was in the favour of spite of all the efforts and remonstrances of
Augustus, by whom he was appointed over their king.) Justus. 12, c. 8.—Curt. 9, c. 2.
Egypt. He became forgetful of the favour. —Virg. JEn. 3, v. 27.—Flace. 6, v. 67.
he received; he pillaged the province, and GANGEs, [a famous river of India, which,
even conspired against his benefactor, ac in the ianguage of Hindoostam is called Pad
cording to some accounts, for which he was da; and is also named Burra Gonga, or the
banished by the emperor. This disgrace Great River, and Gonga, or the river, by way
operated so powerfully upon him, that he of eminence; and hence the European name
killed himself in despair, A. D. 26. Some ºf the river is derived. The Sanscrit name
few fragments remain of his poetry, and it of the Ganges (Padda) signifies foot, because
seems that he particularly excelled in elegiac the Brahmins, in their fabulous legends, make
composition. It is said that Virgil wrote an the river to flow from the foot of Beschan,
eulogium on his poetical friend, and inserted who is the same with Vischnou or the pre
it at the end of his Georgics; but that he to serving deity. This great stream, together
tally suppressed it, for fear of offending his with the Burrampooter, whose twin-sister it
imperial patron, of whose favours Gallus had has not unaptly been denominated, has its
shown himself so undeserving; and instead source in the vast mountains of Thibet. It
of that he substituted the beautiful episode seeks the plains of Hindoostan by the west,
about Aristaeus and Eurydice. This eulo and pursues the early part of its course
gium, according to some, was suppressed at through rugged vallies and defiles. After
the particular desire of Augustus. Quintil. wandering about 800 miles through these
10, c. 1.-Virg. Ecl. 6 and 10.—Ovid. A mat. mountainous regions, it issues forth a deity to
3, el. 15, v. 29.-Vibius Gallus, a cele the superstitious, yet gladdened, Hindoo. This
brated orator of Gaul, in the age of Augus river was unknown to Herodotus, as he does
tus, of whose orations Seneca has preserved not mention it, though it became famous in a
some fragments. A Roman who assassi century afterwards. It source was for a long
nated Decius the emperor, and rased himself period involved in obscurity. A survey, how
to the throne. He showed himself indolent ever, has been recently made by the British
and cruel, and beheld with the greatest in Indian government, and it has been fonnd to
difference the revolt of his provinces, and the issue in a small stream, under the name of
invasion of his empire by the barbarians. Bhagirath, from under a mass of perpetual
He was at last assassinated by his soldiers, A. snow accumulated on the southern side of the
D. 253. Flavius Claudius Constantinus, a Himmaleh mountains, between 31° and 329
brother of the emperor Julian, raised to the N. lat. and 78° and 79° E. long. It is com
imperial throne under the title of Caesar, by puted to be 1500 miles in length, and at 500
Constantius his relation. He conspired miles from its mouth is, during the rainy sea
against his benefactor, and was publicly con son, 4 miles broad and 60 feet deep. Its prin
demned to be beheaded, A. D. 354. Acipal tributaries are the Jumna, the Gogra,
small river of Phrygia, whose waters were and the Burrampooter. The whole number
said to be very efficacious, if drank in mode of streams which flow into it are 11. About
ration, in curing madness. Plin. 32, c. 2.- 200 miles from the sea the Delta of the Gan
Orid. Fast. 4, v. 361. ges commences by the dividing of the river.
GAMELIA, a surname of Juno, as Game Two branches, the Cossimbazzar, and the
tius was of Jupiter, on account of their pre Iellinghy, are given off to the west. These
siding over marriages. [The name is Greek, unite to form the Hoogley, or Bhagirathy, on
(***anatºr.) and comes from yazoº, nuptiſe.} which the port of Calcutta is situated. It is
A festival privately observed at three the only branch commonly navigated by ships,
different times. The first was the celebra and in some years it is not navigable for two
tion of a marriage, the second was in com or three months. The only secondary branch
memoration of a birth-day, and the third was which is at all navigable for boats, is the Chan
an anniversary of the death of a person. As dah river. That part of the Delta which bor
it was observed generally on the 1st day of ders on the sea is composed of a labyrinth of
January, marriages on that day were consi creeks and rivers, called the Sunderbunds,
dered as of a good omen, and the month was with numerous islands, covered with the pro
called Gamelion among the Athenians. Cic fuse and rank vegetation called jungle, afford
de Fin. 2, c. 31. ing haunts to numerous tigers. These branch
GANGRRío Aº, a people near the mouth of es occupy an extent of 200 miles along shore.
the Ganges. [Ptolemy assigns them a capi The Ganges rises fifteen feet by the end of
tal, called Ganga Regia, on the western side June, owing to the heavy rains. The remain
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der of its rise, which is in all thirty-two feet, in whose time some claim was made to a
is occasioned by the rains which fail in Ben triumph over them, on which account they
gal. By the end of July, all the lower parts are mentioned by Virgil.] ºn. 6, v. 791.
of the country, adjoining the Ganges, as well GARGANUs, now St. Angelo, a lofty moun
as the Brahmapootra, are overflowed for a tain of Apulia, which advances in the form of
width of 100 miles, nothing appearing but a promontory into the Adriatic Sea. [The
villages, trees, and the sites of some villages promontory was called Garganum promonto
which have been-deserted. The line of the rium. Garganus was celebrated by the po
Ganges which lies between Gangotree, or the ets for its groves of oak..] Virg. JEn. 11, v.
source of the leading stream, and Sagor isl |257.—Lucan. 5, v. 880.
and, below Calcutta, is held particularly sa GARGAPHIA, a valley near Plataea, with a
cred. The main body, which goes east to |ſountain of the same name, where Actaeon was
join the Brahmapootra, is not regarded with torn to pieces by his dogs. Ovid...Met. 3, v. 156.
equal veneration. Wherever the river hap GARGârus, (plur. a, orum.) [a town of
pens to run from south to north, contrary to Troas, south-west of Antandros, on the shores
its usual direction, it is considered peculiarly of the Gulf of Adramyttium. It was situate
holy. The places most superstitiously rever on the mountain of the same name, which
ed are the junctions of rivers, called Prayags, appears to have been the highest of the chain
the principal of which is that of the Jumna of Mount lia. In Ptolemy, the name is er
with the Ganges at Allohabad. In the Bri. roneously given as Jargamon. By a similar
tish courts of justice. the water of the Gan error, we have it written Gadara in Hiero
cles. The country adjacent to Gargara was
ges is used for swearing Hindoos, as the Ko
ran is for Mahometans, and the Gospel for extremely productive..] Virg. G. 1, v. 103.—
Christians.] Lucan. 3, v. 230.—Strab. 5 — .Macrob. 5, c. 20.—Strab. 13.-Plin. 5, c. 30.
Plin. 6, c. 87.-Curt. 8, c. 9 – Mela, 3, c. 7. GARUMNA, [now the Garonne, a river of
—Virg...En. 9, v. 31. Gaul which rises in the valley of..Arran, to the
[GANGEticus sinus, now the Bay of Ben south of Bertrand among the Pyrenees, and
gal. into which the Ganges falls.] falls into the Oceanus Cantabricus, or Bay
GáNYMEDEs, a beautiful youth of Phrygia, of Biscay. The general course of this river,
son of Tros, and brother to Illus and Assara which extends to about 250 miles, is north
cus. According to Lucian, he was son of west. After its junction with the Duranius,
Dardanus. He was taken up to heaven by or Dordogne, below Burdegala or Bour
Jupiter as he was hunting, or rather tending deaux, it assumes the name of Gironde. A c
his father's flock on Mount lia, and he became cording to Julius Caesar's division of Gallia,
the cup-bearer of the gods in the place of the Garumna was the boundary of Aquitania,
Hebe. Some say that he was carried away and separated that district from Gallia Celti
by an eagle. He is generally represented sit ca. This river is navigable to Tolosa, or
ting on the back of a flying eagle in the air Toulous", and communicates with the Medi
[The story of Ganymede, as here represent terranean by means of the canal of Louis 14th,
ed, is a mere fable. The true narrative is as about 180 miles long, made through Langue
follows. Tros, king of Troy, having made doe.] Mela. 3, c. 2.
several conquests over the neighbouring na GAUGAMELA, a village near Arbela beyond
tions, sent his son Ganymede, accompanied the Tigris, where Alexander obtained his 3d
by some of his friends, into Lydia, to offer victory over Darius. [But as Gaugamela
sacrifices in a temple consecrated to Jupiter. was only a village, and as Arbela, a conside
Tantalus, not knowing the king of Troy's in rable town, stood near it, (Strabo and Arrian,
tentiou, took these persons for spies, and hav however, say, at a considerable distance,)
ing seized the young Ganymede, imprisoned the Macedonians chose to distinguish the bat
him. He is said to have died in prison of tle by the name of the latter place. Gau
grief at the insult offered him. Another ac gamela is said to have signified in Persian,
count makes Tantalus to have kept him at the house of the dromedary,so called because
his court to officiate as cup-bearer, and as Darius the son of Hystaspes, escaped upon
Tantalus was reputed the son of Jupiter, he his dromedary across the deserts of Scythia,
may have taken the surname of Jupiter him when retreating from the latter country;
self. The eagle may denote the untimely and having placed the animal here, appointed
death of the young prince, and the swiftness the revenue of certain villages for its main
with which the short course of his life had tenance. Plut. Aler.]—Curt. 4, c. 9.—
passed away. Herodian, however, says that Strab. 2 and 16.
Ganymede was slain by his brother in some GAULUs, [a small island, adjacent to Me
remote place, who afterwards decreed divine lite, or Malta, now called Gozo.] [An
honours to him, giving out that Jupiter had other below the south shore of Crete, now
carried him away. Banier's Mythology, vol. called Gozo of Candia, for distinction sake
3, p. 213.] Paus. 5, c. 24.—Homer. Il. 20, v. from Gozo of Malta.]
231.-Virg. AEn. 5, v. 252.-Ovid. Met. 10, GAURUs, a mountain of Campania, famous
v. 155.—Horat. 4, od. 4. for its wines. Lucan. 2, v. 667.-Sil. 12, v,
GARAMANTEs, [a people of Africa, south 160–Stat. 3, Sylv. 5, v. 99.
of Fazania, deriving their name from the GAzA, [one of the five Philistine satrapies
city of Garama, now Garmes. They were or principalities, situate towards the southern
faintly known to the Romans under Augustus, extremity of Canaan, about 15 miles south
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of Ascalon, and a small distance from the editious of A. Gellius are, that of Gronovi.
Mediterranean. Its port was called Gazae. us, 4to. L. Bat. 1706, and that of Conrad, 2
orum Portus. As the name of the city of vols. 8vo. Lips. 1762.
Gaza appears in the first book of Moses, (10. GElo and GELoN, a son of Dinomencs,
c. 18.) Mela must of course be mistaken, who whº made himself absolute at Syracuse, 491
makes the name of Persian origin, and states years before the Christian era. He conquer
that Cambyses made this place his chief ma ed the Carthaginians at Himera, and made
gazine in the expedition against Egypt. It his oppression popular by his great equity
was, however, an important and strongly for and moderation He reigned seven years,
tified place, as being situate so near the bor and his death was universally lamented at
ders of that country. Alexander took and Syracuse. He was called the father of his
destroyed it, after it had made a powerful re people, and the patron of liberty, and honour
sistance for the space of two months. Antio ed as a demi-god. His brother Hiero suc
chus the Great sacked it, and it was several ceeded him. Paus. 8, c. 42.-Herodot. 7, c.
times taken from the Syrians by the Maca 153, &c. —Diod. 11.
bees. It was afterwards subjected to new GELöNEs and GElóN1, a people of Scythia,
losses, so that St. Luke states (Acts 8, 26.) inured frcm their youth to labour and fa
that it was, in his time, a desert place. [Eras. tigue. They painted themselves to appear
Schmid. Beza, and Le Moyne, however, fol more terrible in battle They were descend
lowing the Syriac version. refer the word ed from Gelonus, son of Hercules. Purg. G.
*gauz: in the original, not to Gaza, but to the 2, v. 15. Aºn. 8, v. 725.-Mela, 1, c. 1.--
way leading towards it. They are refuted Claudian in Ruf I, v. 315.
by Reland. Strabo notices “Gaza, the de GEMINI, a sign of the zodiac which repre
sert,” which agrees with the Acts. The sents Castor and Pollux, the twin sons of
place was called Constantia afterwards. It Leda.
is now termed by the Arabs Rassa, with a GEM on 1AE, a place at Rome where the
strong guttural expression. The ancient carcasses of criminals were thrown. Suet.
name in Hebrew signifies strong.) Tib. 53 and 61.—Tacit. Hist. 3, c. 74.
GEDRösLA, a barren province of Persia, GENABUM, [a town of the Aureliani, on
[south and south-east of Carmania, and lying the Ligeris or Loire, which ran through it.
along the Mare Erythraeum. It is now call d It was afterwards called Aureliani, from the
-Mekran. In passing through this country, name of the people, and is now Orleans.]
the army of Alexander underwent very great Cors. B. C. 7, c. 3.-Lucan. 1, v. 440
hardships, from want of water and provisions, GENAuni, a people of Vindelicia. [vid.
and from columns of moving sand, which had Brenni. Horat. 4, od. 14, v. 10.
previously destroyed the forces of Semiramis GENEva, a city of the Allobroges, at the
and Cyrus. Its principal city was Pura, now western extremity of the Lacus Lemanus, or
Fohrea.] Strab. 2. Lake of Geneva, on the south bank of the
GELA, a town on the southern parts of Si Rhodanus or Rhone. The modern name of
cily, about 10 miles from the sea, according to Geneva is the same as the ancient J
Ptolemy, which received its name from a GENJus, a spirit or daemon, which, accord
small river in the neighbourhood, called G, las ing to the ancients, presided over the birth
It was built by a Rhodian and Cretan colony, and life of every man. vid. Daemon.
713 years before the Christian era. After it GENséRic, a famous Vandal prince, who
had continued in existence 404 years, Phinti passed from Spain to Africa, where he took
as, tyrant of Agrigentum, carried the inha. Carthage. He laid the foundation of the
bitants to Phintias, a town in the neighbour Vandal kingdom in Africa, and in the course
hood, which he had founded, and he employed of his military expeditions, invaded Italy,
the stones of Gela to beautify his own city. and sacked Rome in July 455.
Phintias was also called Gela. The inhabitants GENTIus, a king of Illyricum, who impri
were called Galenses, Geloi. and Gelani. soned the Roman ambassors at the request
Virg. JBn. 3, v. 702–Paus. 8, c. 46. of Perseus king of Macedonia. This offence
GELLIA CoRNELIA LEx, de Civitate, by L. was highly resented by the Romans, and
Gellius and Cn. Cornel. Lentulus, A. U. C. Gentius was conquered by Anicius and led
631. It enacted that all those who had been in triumph with his family, B. C. 169. Liv.
presented with the privilege of citizens of 43, c. 19, &c.
Rome by Pompey, should remain in the pos GENUA, now Genoa, a celebrated town of
session of that liberty. Liguria. [In the second pumic war, Genua,
Aulus GELLIUs, a Roman grammarian then a celebrated emporium, took part with
in the age of M. Antonius, about 130 A. D. the Romans, and was, in consequence, plun
He published a work which he called Nectes dered and burnt by Mago the Carthaginian.
4ttica, because he composed it at Athens It was afterwards rebuilt by the Romans, and
during the long nights of winter. it is a continued, with the rest of Italy, under their
collection of incongruous matter, which con dominion, until the fall of their empire.]
tains many fragments from the ancient wri. Liv. 21, c. 32, l. 23, c. 46, l. 30, c. 1.
ters, and often serves to explain antique mo GENúsus, now Semno, a river of Macedo
numents. It was originally composed for the nia, falling into the Adriatic above Apollonia.
improvement of his children, and abounds Lucan. 5, v. 462.
with many grammatical remarks. The best | GENUTIA LEx, de magistralibus, by I
3.11
 GE GE

Gentius the tribune, A. U, C. 411. It ordain and Antonia, the niece of Augustus. He was
ed that no person should exercise the same adopted by his uncle Tiberius, and raised to
magistracy within ten years, or be invester the most important offices of the state. When
with two offices in one year. his grandfather Augustus died, he was em
GeoRG1cA, a poem of Virgil in four books. ployed in a war in Germany, and the affection
The first treats of ploughing the ground o, the soldiers unanimously saluted him em
the second of sowing it; the third speaks of , eror. He refused the unseasonable honour,
the management of cattle, &c. and in the and appeased the tumult which his indiffer
fourth, the poet gives an account of bees, and ence occasioned. He continued his wars in
of the manner of keeping them among the Germany, and defeated the celebrated Ar
Romans. The word is derived from yºx têr ininius, and was rewarded with a triumph at
ra, and gyo, opus, because it particularly his return to Rome. Tiberius declared him
treats of husbandry. The work is dedicated emperor of the east, and sent him to appease
to Maecenas, the great patron of poetry in the seditions of the Armenians. But the suc
the age of Virgil. The author was seven cess of Germanicus in the east was soon look
years in writing and polishing it, and in that ed upon with an envious eye by Tiberius, and
composition he showed how much he excell his death was meditated. He was secretly
ed all other writers. He imitated Hesiod, poisoned at Daphne near Antioch, by Piso,
who wrote a poem nearly on the same sub A. D. 19, in the 34th year of his age. The
ject, called Opera & Dies. news of his death was received with the great
... GERGovia, [a strong town and fortress of est grief and the most bitter lamentations:
Gaul, belonging to the Arverni. It was situ and Tiberius seemed to be the only one who
ate on a very high mountain, and of difficult rejoiced in the fall of Germanicus. He had
access on all sides. It is now Gergoie.] married Agrippina, by whom he had nine
GERMANIA, an extensive country of Eu children, one of whom, Caligula, disgraced
rope, at the east of Gaul. [The name of the the name of his illustrious father. Germani
inhabitants is derived from wer, war, and man, cus has been commended, not only for his mi
a man, denoting warlike or brave men. The litary accomplishments, but also for his learn
Roman alphabet, like the French, affording ing, humanity, and extensive benevolence. In
no w, this letter was converted into a soft g : the midst of war he devoted some moments
and hence, with a Latin termination, we have to study, and he ſavoured the world with two
the name Germani, and that of their country Greek comedies, some epigrams, and a trans
Germania. The Tungri first assumed this lation of Aratus in Latin verse. Sueton.
name on crossing the Rhine. It was after. l'his name was common in the age of the
wards applied by the Gauls to the other emperors, not only to those who had obtained
Germanic tribes, as they successively ap victories over the Germans, but even to those
peared, until at last it became an appellation who had entered the borders of their country
for the whole of the natives of Germany. at the head of an army. Domitian applied
Their true name was Teutones.] Its in the name of Germanicus, which he himself
habitants were warlike, fierce, and unci had vainly assumed, to the month of Septem
vilized, and always proved a watchful ene ber, in honour of himself. Suet. in Don. 13.
my against the Romans. - Cassar first en —Martial. 9, ep. 2, v. 4.
tered their country, but he rather checked GERMANII, a people of Persia. [These
their fury than conquered them. His ex Germann are, according to Larcher, the same
ample was followed by his imperial suc as the Germanii. “Some authors affirm,” adds
cessors, or their generals, who sometimes ed the French critic, “that the ancient Germans
tered the country to chastise the insolence of were descended from these people. Cluvier
the inhabitants. The ancient Germans were has with much politeness explained their
very superstitious, and in many instances, mistake. But, observes Wesseling, there
their religion was the same as that of their are some individuals of such wayward tem
neighbours the Gauls, whence some have pers, who since the discovery of corn still pre
concluded that these two nations were of the fer ſeeding on acorns.”] Herodot. 1, c. 125.
same origin. They paid uncommon respect [GERRA, a city of Arabia Deserta, on the
to their women, who, as they believed, were Sunus Persicus. It was enriched by com
endowed with something more than human. merce, and the principal articles of trade
They built no temples to their gods, and paid were the perfumes brought from the Sabaei,
great attention to the heroes and warriors sent up the Euphrates to Thapsacus, and
which their country had produced. Their across the desert to Petra. This city, for the
rude institutions gradually gave rise to the construction of whose houses and ramparts,
laws and manners which still prevail in the stones of salt were used, appears to be re
countries of Europe, which their arms in presented by that now named El-Karif.]
vaded or conquered. Tacitus, in whose age GERRHAE, a people of Scythia, in whose
even letters were unknown among them, ob country the Borysthenes rises. The kings of
served their customs with nicety, and has de. Scythia were generally buried in their terri
lineated them with the genius of an historian tories. Id. 4, c. 71.
and the reflection of a philosopher. Tacit. de GERRHus, a river of Scythia. [D'Anville
.Morib. Germ.–Mela, 1, c. 3, 1.3, c. 3.-Cats. makes it the same with the Molossnijawodi.]
Bell. G.-Strab. 4. ld. 1, c. 56.
GERMANicus Cæsar, a son of Drusus Grron thrº, a town of Laconia, where *
312
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yearly festival, called Geronthraea, was ob ever, more properly belongs to those of them
served in honour of Mars. The god had who dwelt in the interior, for their territory
there a temple with a grove, into which no extended inwards to a considerable distance.
wounan was permitted to enter during the The Getae we undoubtedly the same people
time of the solemnity. Paus. Lacon. with those who were called Goths, and whose
GERYox and GER von Es, a celebrated migrations were so extensive..] Ovid. de
tnonster, born from the union of Chrysaor Pont. Trist. 5, el. 7, v. 111.-Strab. 7, Stat.
with Callirhoe, and represented by the poets 2.—Sylv.2, v. 61, l. 3, f. 1, v.17.—Lucan, 2,
as having three bodies and three heads. He v. 54, l. 3, v. 95.
lived in the island of Erythia, near Gades, GIGANTEs, the sons of Coelus and Terra,
where he kept numerous flocks, which were * according to Hesiod, sprang from the
guarded by a two-healed dog, called Orthos, |blood of the wound which Coelus received
and by Eurythion. [The meaning of the ſa from his son Saturn; whilst Hyginus calls
ble appears to be this: Geryon was a prince them sons of Tartarus and Terra. [vid. the
who reigned over three places, Tartessus, end of this article.] They are represented
Gales, and Erythia. Or else there were as men of uncommon stature, with strength
three princes in close alliance, who were con Prºpºrtiº to their gigantic size. Some of
sidered as one person, so closely were they them, as Cottus, Briareus, and Gyges, had 50
united. According to Bochart, Geryon did |heads and 100 arms, and serpents instead of
not reign in Spain, but in Epirus, and there legs. They were of a terrible aspect, their
it was that Hercules defeated him. For, ob hair hung loose about their shoulders, and
serves this learned writer, besides that Her their beard was suffered
to grow untouched.
cules never was in Spain, it was not so much Pallene and its neighbourhood was the place
as known in his time.] Hercules, by order of their residence. The defeat of the Titans,
of Eurystheus, went to Erythia, and destroy with whom they are often ignorantly con- *
ed Geryon, Orthos, and Eurythion, and car |ſounded, and to whom they were nearly re
ried away all his flocks and herds to Tiryn lated, incensed them against Jupiter, and they
thus. Hesiod. Theog. 187.-Virg. JEn. 7,
|all conspired to dethrone him. The god was
v. 661, l. 8, v. 202–Ital. 1, v. 277.—Apol |alarmed, and called all the deities to assist
lod. 2–Lucret. 5, v. 28. him against a powerful enemy, who made
GEssoR1acum, [a town of the Morini, in use of rocks, oaks, and burning woods for
Gaul; it was afterwards named Bononia, and their weapons, and who had already heaped
is now Boulogne.} mount Ossa upon Pelion to scalo with more
GETA, Septimus, a son of the emperor |facility the walls of heaven. At the sight of
Severus, brother to Caracalla. In the eighth such dreadful adversaries, the gods fled with
year of his age he was moved with compas the greatest consternation into Egypt, where
sion at the fate of some of the partisans of they assumed the shape of different ani
Niger and Albinus, who had been ordered to |mals, to screen themselves from their pursu
be executed; and his father, struck with his |ers. Jupiter, however, remembered that they
humanity, retracted his sentence. After his were not invincible, provided he called a
father's death he reigned at Rome conjointly mortal to his assistance; and by the advice
with his brother; but Caracalla, who envied of Pallas, he armed his son Hercules in his
his virtues, and was jealous of his popularity, cause. With the aid of this celebrated hero,
ordered him to be poisoned; and when this the giants were soon put to flight and defeat
could not be effected, he murdered him in the ed. Some were crushed to pieces under
arms of his mother Julia, who, in the attempt mountains, or buried in the sea; and others
of defending the fatal blows from his body, were flayed alive, or beaten to death with
received a wound in her arm from the hand clubs. (vid. Enceladus, Aloides, Porphyrion,
of her son, the 28th of March, A. D. 212. Typhon, Otus, Titanes, &c.) The existence
Geta had not reached the 23d year of his of giants has been supported by all the wri
age, and the Romans had reason to lament ters of antiquity, and received as an undeni
the death of so virtuous a prince, while they able truth. Homer tells us that Tityus,
groaned under the cruelties and oppression of when extended on the ground, covered nine
Caracalla. acres; and that Polyphemus ate two of the
GETAE, (Geta, sing.) [a tribe of Scythians, companians of Ulysses at once, and walked
who, according to Strabo, inhabited the-arid along the shores of Sicily leaning on a staff
and uncultivated plains lying between the which might have served for the mast of a
mouths of the Ister and that of the Tyras, ship. The Grecian heroes, during the Tro
in which the army of Darius had nearly pe jan war, and Turnus in Italy, attacked their
rished. They were first reduced under enemies by throwing stones, which four men
the Roman dominion in the reign of Trajan. of the succeeding ages would be unable to
To the strength and fierceness of barbarians, move. Plutarch also mentions, in support of
they added a contempt for life, which was the gigantic stature, that Sertorius opened
derived from a persuasion of the immortality the grave of Antaeus in Africa; and found a
of the soul. This doctrine was taught them skeleton which measured six cubits in length.
by Zamolxis, their early legislator. They [The Giants appear to have been nothing
are represented as the most daring and fero more than the energies of nature personified,
cious of mankind by all the classic writers. and the conflict between them and the gods,
Arrian talls them Dacians; this pame, how must allude to some tºnealous convulsiºp
o in
 GI GL

of nature in very early times. vid. Lectonia. prehend the Gir of Ptolemy to be the Bahr
As regards the general question respecting Kulla of Browne, in his history of Africa. }
the possible existence in former days of a Gisco, son of Himilco the Carthaginian
gigantic race, it need only be observed, that general, was banished from his country by the
if their structure be supposed to have been influence of his enemies. He was afterwards
similar to that of the rest of our species, they recalled, and empowered by the Carthagi
must have been mere creatures of poetic im nians to punish, in what manner he pleased,
agination: they could not have existed. It those who had occasioned his banishment.
is found that the bones of the human body He was satisfied to see them prostrate on the
are invariably hollow, and consequently well ground, and to place his foot on their neck,
calculated to resist external violence. Had showing that independence and forgiveness
they been solid, they would have proved too are two of the most brilliant virtues of a
heavy a burthen for man to bear. But this great mind. He was made a general soon
hollowness, while it is admirably well fitted after in Sicily, against the Corinthians, about
for the purpose which has just been mention 309 years before the Christian era; and by
ed, and likewise subserves many other im his success and intrepidity, he oblige the
portant ends in the animal economy, is not by enemies of his country to sue for peace.
any means well adapted for supporting a hea G1.AD1AtóRil LUDI, combats originally
vy superincumbent weight; on the contrary, exhibited on the grave of deceased persons at
it renders the bone weaker in this respect, Rome. They were first introduced at Rome
than if the latter had been solid. The in by the Bruti, upon the death of their father,
ference from all this is very plain. Man ne A. U. C. 488. It was supposed that the
ver was intended by his maker for a gigantic ghosts of the dead were rendered propitious
being, since his limbs could not in that event by human blood; therefore at funerals, it
have supported him, and if giants ever did was usual to murder slaves in cool blood. In
exist, they must necessarily have been crush succeeding ages, it was reckoned less cruel to
ed by their own weight. Or, had their bones oblige them to kill one another like men,
been made solid, the weight of their limbs than to slaughter them like brutes, therefore
would have been so enormous, that these the barbarity was covered by the specious
lofty beings must have remained as immo show of pleasure and voluntary combat.
veable as statues. That many of our species Originally captives, criminals, or disobedient
have attained a very large size is indisputa slaves, were trained up for combat; but when
ble, but the world has never seen giants. A the diversion becaume more frequent, and was s
simple mode of life, abundance of nutritious exhibited on the smallest occasion, to procure
food, and a salubrious atmosphere, give to all esteem and popularity, many of the Roman
organic beings large and graceful forms. citizens enlisted themselves among the gladi
The term Giant, as used in Scripture, origi ators, and Nero at one show exhibited no less
nates in an error of translation. In our ver than 400 senators and 600 knights. The peo
sion of holy writ six different Hebrew words ple were treated with these combats not only
are rendered by the same term giants, where by the great and opulent, but the very priests
as they merely mean in general, persons of had their Ludi pontificales and Ludi sacer
great courage, wickedness, &c., and not men dotales. It is supposed that there were no
of enormous stature, as is commonly supposed. more than three pair of gladiators exhibited
Thus, toe, when Nimrod is styled in the by the Bruti. Their numbers, however, in
Greek version a giant before the Lord, no creased with the luxury and power of the
thing more is meant than that he was a man city; and the gladiators became so formida
of extensive power.] Apollod. 1, c. 6.— ble, that Spartacus, one of their body, had
Paus. 8, c. 2, &c.—Ovid. Met. 1, v. 151.- courage to take up arms, and the success to
Plut. in Sertor.—Hygin. ſab. 28, &c.—Ho defeat the Roman armies, only with a train
mer. 0d. 7 and 10.-Wirg. G. 1, v. 280. ACn. of his fellow-sufferers. The more prudent of
6, v. 580. the Romans were sensible of the dangers
GINDEs, [vid. Gyndes.] which threatened the state, by keeping such
[GIR, a river of Africa, which Ptolemy a number of desperate men in arms, and
delineates as equal in length to the Niger, therefore, many salutary laws were propos
the course of each being probably about 1000 ed to limit their number as well as to settle
British miles. It ran from east to west, un the time in which the show could be exhi
til lost in the same lake, marsh, or desert as bited with safety and convenience. Under
the Niger. The Arabian geographer Edrisi the emperors, not only senators and knights,
seems to indicate the Ghir, when he speaks but even women engaged among the gladia
of the Nile of the negroes as running to the tors, and seemed to forget the inferiority of
west, and being lost in an inland sea, in which their sex. When there were to be any shows,
was the island Ulil. Some have supposed hand-bills were circulated to give notice to
the Gir of Ptolemy to be the river of Bor the people, and to mention the place, num
now, or Wadal-Gazel, which, joining another ber, time, and every circumstance requisite
considerable river flowing from Kuku, dis to be known. When they were first brought
charges itself into the Nubia Palus, or Kan upon the arena, they walked round the place
gra, and it is so delineated in Rennel's map; with great pomp and solemnity, and after that
but others, seemingly with better reason, ap they were matched in equal pairs with great
314
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licety. They first had a skirmish with these cruel exhibitions had been continued for
wooden files, called rudes or arma lusoria. the amusement of the Roman populace, they
\fter this the effective weapons, such as were abolished by Constantine the Great,
words, daggers, &c. called arma decretoria, near 600 years after their first institution.
were given them, and the signal for the en. They were, however, revived under the reign
Bagement was given by the sound of a trum of Constantius and his two successors, but
Pºt. As they had all previously sworn to fight Honorius for ever put an end to these cruel
till death, or suffer death in the most excru barbarities.
*ating torments, the fight was bloody and GLAphy RE and GLAPHYRA, a daughter of
*tinate, and when one signified his submis Archelaus the high-priest of Bellona in Cap
sion by surrendering his arms, the victor was padocia, celebrated for her beauty and in
not permitted to grant him his life without the trigues. She obtained the kingdom of Cap
leave and approbation of the multitude. This padocia for her two sons from M. Antony,
was done by clenching the fingers of both whom she corrupted by defiling the bed of her
hauls between each other, and holding the husband. This amour of Antony with Gla
thumbs upright close together, or by bending phyra highly displeased his wife Fulvia, who
back their thumbs. The first of these was wished Augustus to avenge his infidelity, by
called pollicem premere, and signified the wish receiving from her the same favours which
of the people to spare the life of the conquer. Glaphyra received from Antony.—Her
ed. The other sign, called pollicem vertere, grand-daughter bore the same name. She
*gnified their disapprobation, and ordered the was a daughter of Archelaus, king of Cappa
Victor to put his antagonist to death. The docia, and married Alexander, a son of Herod,
victor was generally rewarded with a palm, by whom she had two sons. After the death
ºud other expressive marks of the people's of Alexander, she married her brother-in-law
favºur. He was most commonly presented Archelaus.
with a pileus and rudis. When one of the G1. Aucöpis, a surname of Minerva, from
combatants received a remarkable wound, the blueness of her eyes. [The term conveys
the people exclaimed habet, and expressed at the same time the idea of brightness, and is
their concern by shouts. The combats of said to reſer more properly to a light-blue
gºliators were sometimes different, either eye, with a bright and piercing expression,
in weapons or dress, whence they were gene. like what the Germans style a bluish-grey.
ºnly distinguished into the following orders : Damm supposes this title applied to Minerva,
The secutores were armed with a sword and from her seeing, like the owl, (to which bird
bººkler, to keep off the net of their antago a similar-coloured eye is given,) ra ºr vkorai
mists, the reliarii. These last endeavoured ovta, the things that are hid in darkness; that
to throw their net over the head of their is, discovering by her wisdom what is conceal
*gonist, and in that manner entangle him, ed from the duller optics of man. Besides the
and prevent him from striking. if this did owl, and Minerva, this epithet is applied also
**ucceed, they betook themselves to flight. to serpents and lions.] Homer.—Hesiod.
Their dress was a short coat, with a hat tied GLAU cus, a son of Hippolochus, the son of
*der the chin with a broad ribbon. They Bellerophon. He assisted Priam in the Tro
** a trident in their left hand. The threces, jan war, and had the simplicity to exchange
*ally Thracians, were armed with a faul. his golden suit of armour with Diomedes for
* and small round shield. The myr an iron one, whence came the proverb of
º called also galli, from their Gallic Glauci et Diomedis permutatio, to express a
º were much the same as the secutores. foolish exchange. He behaved with much
º were, like them, armed with a sword, courage, and was killed by Ajax. Virg...En.
...” the top of their head-peace, they 6, v. 483.−JMartial. 9, ep. 96.—Hom. Il. 6.
* 'he figure of a fish embossed, called A fisherman of Anthedon in Boeotia, son
º whence their name. The hoploma of Neptune and Nais, or, according to others, of
º: completely armed from head to foot, Polybius the son of Mercury. As he was fish
e .." name implies. The samnites, arm. ing he observed that all the fishes which he
*...the manner of Samnites, wore a laid on the grass received fresh vigour as they
. broad at the top, and growing touched the ground, and immediately escaped
tº . at the bottom, more conveniently from him by leaping into the sea. He attri
º the upper parts of the body. The buted the cause of it to the grass, and by tast
or ... ly fought from the essedum, ing it, he ſound himselfsuddenly moved with
tºus, º "sed by the ancient Gauls and Bri. a desire of living in the sea. Upon this he
horseb * "nºnbute, arº Catal, fought on leaped into the water, and was made a sea
*** with a helmet that covered anº deity by Oceanus and Tethys, at the request
*lended thei ſac
ºr laces and eyes. Hence anda of the gods. After this transformation he be
The ...re, is to fight blindfolded. came enamoured of the Nereid Scylla, whose
Tºrºn...". in the afternoon. ingratitude was severely punished by Circe.
*\ence, and re men of great skill and [vid. Scylla. He is represented like the
uced b ū. *eh as were generally pro other sea-deities with a long beard, dishevel
*...ºrors. The fiscales were led hair, and shaggy eyebrows, and with the
"... The dimach the emperor's treasury, fis tail of a fish. He received the gift of prophe
in thei
- ºri fought
eir hands, "hence with
their two swords
name. After cy from heApollo,
counts, was theand, accordingof tº
interpreter * ºr
Nerº” He
 GL GO

assisted the Argonauts in their expedition, .Macri, whence in ancient times the guit was
and foretold them, that Hercules and the two sometimes also called Sinus Telmissius, and
sons of Leda, would one day receive immor whence comes likewise its modern uame.
tal honours. The fable of his metamorphosis Gulf of Macri.]
has been explained by some authors, who ob [Giota or ClotA, a river of Britain, now
serve that he was an excellent diver, who was the Clyde, falling into the GlotA .42stuarium,
devoured by fishes as he was swimming in the or Firth of Clyde.]
sea. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 905, &c.—Hygin. GNATIA, a town of Apulia, about thirty
fab. 199.--Athen, 7.—Apollod. 1.-Diod. 4.— miles from Brundusium, badly supplied with
Aristot. de Rep. Del.—Paus. 9, c. 22. A water. [This is the same place with Egua
son of Sisyphus, king of Corinth, by Merope tia, and the name is merely shortened by
the daughter of Atlas, born at Potnia, a village Aphaeresis.] Horat. 1, Sat. 5.
of Boeotia. He prevented his mares from GNidus, vid. Cnidus.
having any commerce with the stallions, in GNoss is and GNossia, an epithet given to
the expectation that they would become swift Ariadne, because she lived, or was born at
er in running; upon which Venus inspired the Gnossus. The crown which she received
mares with such fury, that they tore his body from Bacchus, and which was made a con
to pieces as he returned from the games stellation, is called Gnossia Stella. Jºurg. G.
which Adrastus had celebrated in honour of 1, v. 222.
his father. He was buried at Potnia. Hygin. GNossus, a famous city of Crete, the re
fab. 250.-Wirg. G. 3, v. 367-Apollod. l and sidence of king Minos. The name of Gnossia
2.—A son of Minos the 2d, and Pasiphae. tellus is often applied to the whole island.
who was smothered in a cask of honey. His Pirg. .ºn. 6, v. 23.—Strab. 10–Homer.
father, ignorant of his fate, consulted the ora
Od. vid. Cnossus.
cle to know where he was, and received for Gobry As, a Persian, one of the seven no
answer, that the soothsayer who best describ blemen who conspired against the usurper
ed him an ox, which was of three different Smerdis. rid. Darius. Herodot. 3, c. 70.
colours among his flocks, would best give him GoMPHI, [a city of Thessaly in the district
intelligence of his son's situation. Polyidus Estia-otis, near the confines of Epirus. It
was found superior to all the other soothsay was situate on the Peneus, a short distance
ers, and was commanded by the king to find below its junction with the Ion. It was taken
the young prince. When he had found him, by Caesar during the civil wars.]
Minos confined him with the dead body, and Gonatas, one of the Antigoni.
told him that he never would restore his liber Gonni and Gonocon DYLos, a town of
ty, if he did not restore him to life. Polyidus Thessaly at the entrance into Tempe. Lir.
was struck with the king's severity; but while 36, c. 16, 1.42, c. 54.—Strab. 4.
he stood in astonishment, a serpent suddenly GoRDLEI, a mountain in Armenia, where
come towards the body and touched it. Po the Tigris rises, supposed to be the Ararat of
lyidus killed the serpent, and immediately a Scripture.
second came, who seeing the other without GoRDIANUs, M. Antonius Aſricanus, a
motion or signs of life, disappeared, and soon son of Metius Marcellus, descended from
after returned with a certain herb in his Trajan by his mother's side. In the greatest
mouth. This herb he laid on the body of the affluence he cultivated learning, and was an
dead serpent, who was immediately restored example of piety and virtue. He applied
to life. Polyidus, who had attentively con himself to the study of poetry, and composed
sidered what passed, seized the herb, and a poem in 30 books upon the virtues of Titus
with it he rubbed the body of the dead prince, Antoninus, and M. Aurelius. He was such
who was instantly raised to life. Minos re an advocate for good breeding and politeness,
ceived Glaucus with gratitude, but he refused that he never sat down in the presence of his
to restore Polyidus to liberty before he taught father-in-law, Annius Severus, who paid him
his son the art of divination and prophecy. daily visits before he was promoted to the
He consented with great reluctance, and when praetorship. He was some time after elected
he was at last permitted to return to Argolis, consul, and went to take the government of
his native country, he desired his pupil to spit Africa in the capacity of proconsul. After he
in his mouth. Glaucus willingly consented, had attained his 80th year in the greatest
and from that moment he forgot all the know splendour and domestic tranquillity, he was
ledge of divination and healing which he had roused from his peaceful occupations by the
received from the instructions of Polyidus. tyrannical reign of the Maximini, and he was
Hyginus ascribes the recovery of Glaucus to proclaimed emperor by the rebellious troops
A.sculapius. .ipollod. 2, c. 3.-Hygin. 136 of his province. He long declined to accept
and 251, &c. A son of Epytus, who suc the imperial purple, but the threats of imme
ceeded his father on the throne of Messenia. diate death gained his compliance. Maximi
about 10 centuries before the Augustan age. nus marched against him with the greatest
He introduced the worship of Jupiter among indignation; and Gordian sent his son, with
the Dorians, and was the first who offered whom he shared the imperial dignity, to op
sacrifices to Machaon the son of Æsculapius. pose the enemy. Young Gordian was killed:
Paus. 4, c. 3. and the father, worn out by age, and grown
[GLAucus Sinus, a gulf of Lycia, at the desperate on account of his misfortunes,
head of which stood the city of Telmissus or strangled himself at Carthage, before he had
316
 GU)

been six weeks at the head ofthe empire, A.D.) famous Gordian knot which Alexander cu t.
236. He was universally lamented by the army rid. Gordius. It changed its name in the
and people.—M. Antonius Africanus, son of reign of Augustus to Juliopolis, which was
Gordianus, was instructed by Serenus Samno given it by Cleo, a leader of some praedatory
ticus, who left him his library, which con bands in this quarter. After the battle of Ac
sisted of 62,000 volumes. His enlightened tium he declared for Augustus, and being thus
understanding and his peaceful disposition re left in safe possession of this city, which was
commended him to the favour of the emperor his birth-place, changed its name out of com
Heliogabalus. He was made prefect of Rome, pliment to the memory of Caesar..] Justin.
and afterwards consul, by the emperor Alex 11, c. 7.—Lir. 38, c. 18.-Curt. 3, c. 1.
ander Severus. He passed into Africa, in the GoRD1Us, a Phrygian, who, though origi
character of lieutenant to his father, who mally a peasant, was raised to the throne. Dur
had obtained that province, and seven years ing a sedition, the Phrygians consulted the
after he was elected emperor, in conjunction oracle, and were told that all their troubles
with him. He marched against the partisans would cease as soon as they chose ſor their
of Maximinus, his antagonist in Mauritania, king the first man they met going to the tem
and was killed in a bloody battle on the 25th ple of Jupiter mounted on a chariot. Gor
of June, A. D. 236, after a reign of about six dius was the object of their choice, and he im
weeks. He was of an amiable disposition, but mediately consecrated his chariot in the tem
he has been justly blamed by his biographers, ple of Jupiter. The knot which tied the yoke
on account of his lascivious propensities, which to the draught tree, was made in such an art
reduced him to the weakness and Infirmities of ful manuer that the ends of the cord could
old age, though he was but in his 46th year at not be perceived. From this circumstance a
the time of his death. M. Antonius Pius, report was soon spread that the empire of
grandson of the first Gordian, was but 12 years Asia was promised by the oracle to him that
old when he was honoured with the title of could untie the Gordian knot. Alexander, in
Caesar. He was proclaimed emperor in the his conquest of A-ia, passed by Gordium :
16th year of his age, and his election was at and as he wished to leave nothing undone
tended with universal marks of approbation. which might inspire his soldiers with courage,
In the 18th year of his age he married Furia and make his enemies believe that he was
Sabina Tranquillina, daughter of Mistheus, born to conquer Asia, he cut the knot with
a man celebrated for his eloquence and pub. his sword ; and from that circumstance as
lic virtues. Misitheus was intrusted with the serted that the oracle was really fulfilled, and
most important offices of the state by his son that his claims to universal empire were fully
in-law; and his administration proved how de justified. Justin. 11, c. 7.—Curt. 3, c. 1–
serving he was of the confidence and affec ...Arrian. 1.-A tyrant of Corinth. Aristot.
tion of his imperial master. He corrected [GoRGo, now Urgheng, the capital of the
the various abuses which prevailed in the Chorasmii. vid. Chorasmin.]
state, and restored the ancient discipline GoRGIAs, [a celebrated orator and so
among the soldiers. By his prudence and po phist, born at Leontium in Sicily, whence he
litical sagacity, all the chief towns in the em was surnamed Leontinus. He flourished in
pire were stored with provisions, which could the 5th century before the Christian era, and
maintain the emperor and a large army dur was a disciple of Empedocles. He is reck
ing 15 days upon any emergency. Gordian oned one of the earliest writers on the art of
was not less active than his father-in-law ; rhetoric, and is thought to have introduced
and when Sapor, the king of Persia, had in numbers into prose, treated of commºn places,
vaded the Roman provinces in the east, he and showed the use of them for the invention
boldly marched to meet him, and in his way of arguments. Hence Plato gave the name
defeated a large body of Goths in Moesia. of Gorgias to his elegant dialogue on this sub
He conquered Sapor, and took many flourish ject, which is still extant. He was so great
ing cities in the east from his adversary. In an orator that in public assemblies he would
this success the senate decreed him a triumph, undertake to declaim extempore on any sub
and saluted Misitheus as the guardian of the ject proposed to him. In the war between
republic. Gordian was assassinated in the Syracuse and Leontium, the citizens of the
east, A. D. 244, by the means of Philip, who latter applied to the Athenians for succour,
had succeeded to the virtuous Misitheus, and and sent as embassadors Gorgias and Tisias,
who usurped the sovereign power by mur The eloquence of Gorgias so captivated the
dering a warlike and amiable prince. The se Athenians, that they ruined blindly into what
nate, sensible of his merit, honoured him with proved for them so ruinous a contest. Gor
a most splendid funeral on the confines of Per gias afterwards made a display of his elo
sia, and ordered that the descendants of the quence at the Olympic and Pythian games,
Gordians should ever be free, at Rome, from on account of which a golden statue was
all the heavy taxes and burdens of the state. erected to him at Delphi. Diodorus Siculus
Ljuring the reign of Gordianus there was an informs us that he received no less than 100
uucommon eclipse of the sun, in which the mina from each of his scholars, that is, £32?
stars appeared in the middle of the day. 18s. 4d. sterling. The same historian informs
GoRDIUM, [a city of Galatia in Asia Mi us that he was the inventor of the art of
nor, on the river Sangarias, a little to the Rhetoric, and the first who made use of
east of Pessinus. Here was preserved the studied figures and laboured antitheses ºf
 GO GO

equal length and the same termination. This |zons, whom Perseus, with the hel p f a large
manner of speaking, Diodorus observes, pleas army, totally destroyed. [The Abbe Bannier
ed at first from its novelty, but was afterwards is of opinion that the Gorgons dwelt in that
looked upon as affected, and, if frequently part of Lybia which was aſterwards called
practised ridiculous. He lived to his 108th Cyrenaica. He makes their father Phorcys
year, and died B. C. 400. Only two frag to have been a rich and powerful prince, and
ºnents of his compositions are extant..] Paus. engaged in a lucrative commerce. Perseus.
6, c. 17. —Cic. ºn Orat. 22, &c.—Senect. 5, in he supposes, made himself master of some of
Brut. 15.-Quintil. 3 and 12. his ships and riches. These ships were nam
GoR go, the wife of Leonidas king of Spa ed Medusa, Stheno, and Euryale ; and being
ta, &c. The name of the ship which car laden with the teeth of elephants, the horns
ried Perseus after he had conquered Medusa. of fishes, and the eyes of hyenas, which Phor
GoRGON Es, three celebrated sisters, daugh cys bartered for other goods, gave occasion
ters of Phorcys and Ceto, whose names were to the particulars of the fable. This, it is
Stheno, Euryale, and Medusa, all immortal said, is the mystery of the tooth, horn, and
except Medusa. According to the mytholo eye, which the Gorgons borrowed by turns;
gists, their hairs were entwined with ser that is, the ships, in the course of the traffic
pents, their hands were of brass, their wings above mentioned, when arrived in port, took
of the colour of gold, their body was covered each of them goods proper for the place to
with impenetrable scales, and their teeth were which they were bound.] Hesiod. Theog. &
as long as the tusks of a wild boar, and they Scut.—Apollon. 4.—Apollod. 2, c. 1 and 4,
turned to stones all those or whom they fix &c.—Homer. Il. 5 and 11.— Virg. JEn. 6, &c.
ed their eyes. Medusa alone had serpents in –Diod. I and 4.—Paus. 2, c. 20, &c.—Er
her hair, according to Ovid, and this proceed chyl. Prom. Act. 4.—Pundar. Pyth. 7 and 12.
ed from the resentment of Minerva, in whose —Olymp. 3.-Opid. Met. 4, v.618,8.c.—-Pa
temple Medusa had gratified the passion of laphat. de Phorcyn.
Neptune, who was enamoured of the beauti. GoRGonia, a surname of Pallas, because
ful colour of her locks which the goddess Perseus, armed with her shield, had conquer
changed into serpents. AEschylus says, that ed the Gorgon who had polluted her temple
they had only one tooth and one eye between with Neptune.
them, of which they had the use each in her GoRTYNA, [an inland city of Crete, being,
turn; and accordingly it was at the time that according to Strabo, near 90 furlongs distant
they were exchanging the eye that Perseus from the Lybicum Pelagus or African Sea.
attacked them, and cut off Medusa's head. Its origin is obscure: some ascribe it to Gor
According to some authors, Perseus, when tym, the son of Rhadamanthus, and others to
he went to the conquest of the Gorgons, was Taurus, who carried off Europa. In process
armed with an instrument like a scythe by of time, however, it eclipsed all the cities of
Mercury, and provided with a looking-glass Crete, especially after the island was reduc
by Minerva, besides winged shoes, and a hel ed under the Romans. Its ancient splendour
met of Pluto, which rendered all objects clear is still attested at the present day by its nu
ly visible and open to the view, while the per merous and extensive ruins. It was famed
son who wore it remained totally invisible for the temples of Apollo, Diana, and Jupi
With weapons like these, Perseus obtained ter Hecatombaeus, so called because Mene
an easy victory; and after his conquest re laus there sacrificed to Jupiter 100 oxen, when
turned his arms to the different deities whose he received information of Helen's elope
favours and assistance he had so recently ex ment. Its walls were washed by the river
perienced. The head of Medusa remained Lethe. Theophrastus, Varro, and Pliny,
in his hands; and after he had finished all his speak of a plane-tree near Gortyna, which
laborious expeditions, he gave it to Minerva, never shed its leaves till new ones sprout
who placed it on her a gis, with which she ed forth..] C. JYep. in Ann. 9.-Plin. 4,
turned into stones all such as fixed their eyes c. 12.-Lucan. 6, v. 214, l. 7, v. 214.—
upon it. It is said, that after the conquest of Pirg. AEn. 11, v. 773.
the Gorgons, Perseus took his flight in the Gotthi, [the Goths, Vandals, Burgun
air towards £thiopia; and that the drops dians, Gepidae, and Longobardi, were divisions
of blood which fell to the ground from Mediu of one people. From Scandinavia, where
sa's head were changed into serpents, which they left two considerable districts, which
have ever since infested the sandy deserts inherit their name at this day, the Goths
of Libya. The hor-e Pegasus also arose from crossed the Baltic, pursued for some time an
the blºod of Medusa, as well as Chrysaor eastward course along the shore, until they
with his golden sword. The residence of the multiplied or confederated with other tribes,
Gorgons was beyond the ocean towards the into a force which was adequate to the oppo.
west, according to Hesiod. Aeschylus makes sition they encountered. They afterwards
them inhabit the eastern parts of Scythia; and ascended the Vistula, to that point where its
Ovid, as the most received opinion, supports most eastern stream runs at no great distance
that they lived in the inland parts of Libya. from the western branch of the Dnieper.
near the lake of Triton, or the gardens of the They had nearly perished in the marshes
Hesperides. Diodorus and others explain the of that dreary district. A part of the na
fable of the Gorgons, by supposing that they tion, and of the large droves of cattle, which
were a warlike race of women near the Ama constituted their only wealth, was left on the
 GR Glt

banks of the Przypiec. The most adventur treated the patricians with contempt. This
ous penetrated through the wilderness, and behaviour hastened the ruin of Caius, and in
dispersed the Spali, a Sarmatic tribe, which the tumult he fled to the temple of Diana,
opposed their passage. Filimer, the Gothic where his friends prevented him from com
king, conducted his nation to the coast of the mitting suicide. This increased the sedation,
Euxine, where it afterwards encreased into and he was murdered by order of the consul
a numerous and formidable people, under Opimius, B.C. 121, about 13 years after the
the names of Visigoths and Ostrogoths. This unfortunate end of Tiberius. His body was
distinction, which had been produced by lo thrown into the Tiber, and his wife was for
cal situations, was continued in their new set bidden to put on mourning for his death.
tlements, though the ancient union of the Caius has been accused of having stained his
Gothic tribes was remembered and acknow hands in the blood of Scipio Africanus the
ledged by themselves at the latest periods. younger, who was found murdered in his bed.
The empire of Hermanuo, their greatest Plut, in vità.-Cie. in Cat. 1.-Lucan. 6, v.
prince, extended to the Baltic, over all the 796.-Flor. 2, c. 17, 1.3, c. 14, &c. Sem
Sarmatian, Finnish, and Vandalic stems; but pronius, a Roman, banished to the coast of
was at length dissolved by the Huns. The Africa for his adulteries with Julia the daugh
Visigoths crossed the Danube, obtained a set ter of Augustus. He was assassinated by or
tlement within the Roman empire, and at der of Tiberius, after he had been banished
length plundered Rome and Italy. They fix 14 years. Julia also shared his fate. Tacit.
ed their lasting residence in Spain, while their .Ann. 1, c. 53.
kindred, the Ostrogoths, took possession of GRADivus, a surname of Mars among the
Italy, at that time abandoned by the courage, Romans, perhaps from agadaivity, brandishing
freedom, and wisdom, which had formerly a spear. Though he had a temple without
given it the sovereignty of Europe.] the walls of Rome, and though Numa had es
GRAcchus, T. Sempromius, father of Ti tablished the Saliſ, yet his favourite residence
berius and Caius Gracchus, twice consul, and was supposed to be among the fierce and
once censor, was distinguished by his integri savage Thracians and Getae, over whom he
ty as well as his prudence and superior abi particularly presided. Pirg, .42n. 3, v. 35.-
lity, either in the senate or at the head of Homer. Il.—Liv. 1, c. 20, l. 2, c. 45.
the armies. He made war in Gaul, and GRAEc1A, [ vid. remarks at the end of this
met with much success in Spain. He married artile, a celebrated country of Europe,
Sempronia, of the family of the Scipios, a wo bounded on the west by the Ionian Sea, south
man of great virtue, piety, and learning. by the Mediterranean Sea, east by the Ægean,
Cic. de Orat. 1, c. 48. Their children, Ti and north by Thrace and Dalmatia. It is
berius and Caius, who had been educat generally divided into four large provinces :
ed under the watchful eye of their mother, Macedonia, Epirus, Achaia or Hellas, and
rendered themselves famous for their elo Peloponnesus. This country has been reck
quence, seditions, and an obstinate attach oned superior to every other part of the earth,
meat to the interests of the populace, which on account of the salubrity of the air, the
at last proved fatal to them. With a win temperature of the climate, the fertility of the
ning eloquence, affected moderation, and soil, and above all, the fame, learning, and
uncommon popularity, Tiberius began to arts of its inhabitants. The Greeks have
renew the Agrarian law, which had alrea severally been called Achaeans, Argians, Da
dy caused such dissentions at Rome. (vid. mai, Dolopes, Hellenians, Ionians, Myrmi
Agraria.) By the means of violence, his Jons, and Pelasgians. The most celebrated
proposition passed into a law, and he was of their cities were Athens, Sparta, Argos,
appointed commissioner, with his father Corinth, Thebes, Sicyon, Mycenae, Delphi,
in-law Appius Claudius, and his brother Troezene, Salamis, Megara, Pylos, &c. The
Caius, to make an equal division of the lands inhabitants, whose history is darkened in its
among the people. The riches of Attalus, primitive ages with fabulous accounts and
which were left to the Roman people by will, traditions, supported that they were the ori
were distributed without opposition; and Ti ginal inhabitants of the country, and born
berius enjoyed the triumph of his successful from the earth where they dwelt ; and they
enterprise, when he was assassinated in the heard with contempt the probable conjec
midst of his adherents by P. Nasica, while the tures which traced their origin among the
populace were all unanimous to re-elect him first inhabitants of Asia, and the colonies of
to serve the office of tribune the following Egypt. In the first periods of their history,
year. The death of Tiberius checked for a the Greeks were governed by monarchs, and
while the friends of the people; but Caius, there were as many kings as there were
spurred by ambition and furiouszeal, attempt. cities. The monarchical power gradually
ed to remove every obstacle which stood in decreased; the love of liberty established the
his way by force and violence. He supported republican government ; and no part of
the cause of the people with more vehemence, Greece, except Macedonia, remained in the
but less moderation, than Tiberius; and his hands of an absolute sovereign. The expedi
success served only to awaken his ambition, tion of the Argonauts first rendere" the
and animate his resentment against the no Greeks respectable among their neig ...bours;
bles. With the privileges of a tribune, he and in the succeeding age the wars of hetes
soon became the arbiter of the republic, and and Troy gave opportunity to their heroes
 GR Glü
--

and demi-gods to display their valour in the of Alexander and his successors; and at last.
field of battle. The simplicity of the ancient after a spirited, though ineffectual struggle in
Greeks rendered them virtuous; and the es the Achaean league, it fell under the power
tablishment of the Olympic games in particu of Rome, and became one of its independeut
lar, where the noble reward of the conqueror provinces governed by a proconsul. [The Ro
was an olive crown, contributed to their ag mans made two provinces of Greece. Upou
grandizement, and made them ambitious of the overthrow of the Achaean confederacy they
fame, and not the slaves of riches. The aus reduced the Peloponnesus, together with all
terity of their laws, and the education o Greece Proper, except Macedonia, Thessaly,
their youth, particularly at Lacedæmon, ren and Epirus, into a province called .dehaia.
dered them brave and active, insensible to Subsequently, upon the defeat and capture
bodily pain, fearless and intrepid in the time of Perses, they ſormed Macedonia, Thes
of danger. The celebrated battles of Mara saly, and Epirus into the proconsular pro
thon, Thermopylae, Salamis, Plataea, and \ly vince of Macedonia. The most general name
cale, sufficiently show what superiority the for Greece among the natives was-Hellas,
courage of a little army can obtain over mil (“Exac.) This was at first a specific name
lions of undisciplined barbarians. After many for a district in the south-eastern part of
signal victories over the Persians, they be. Thessaly, where Hellen was said to have
came elated with their success; and when reigned, and from whom it derived its name.
they found no one able to dispute their power The term was subsequently applied to the
abroad, they turned their arms one against the whole of Thessaly, and at last to all Greece.
other, and leagued with foreign states to destroy Thessaly excluded. The word Graecia was
the nost flourishing of their cities. The Mes not legally recognised by the Romans,
senian and Peloponnesian wars are examples though sufficiently familiar to them in writ
of the drea'ful calamities which arise from ci ing and converation. The early inhabitants
vil discord and long prosperity; and the success of Greece may be divided into three classes.
with which the gold and the sword of Philip 1. The Graici, (Tgainou), afterwards named
and of his son corrupted and enslaved Greece. Hellenes, (“Exnver). 2. The Leleges, inclu
fatally proved that whom a nation becomes in ding the Curetes. 3. The Pelasgi. According
dolent and dissipated at home, it ceases to be to the best authorities the first inhabitants of
respectable in the eyes of the neighbouring Greece were a rude and barbarous race,
states. The annals of Greece, however, abound living in forests and caves, ignorant of
with singular proofs ofheroism and resolution. agriculture, without cities or social regula
The bold retreat of the 10,000, who had as tions of any kind, and unacquainted even
sisted Cyrus against his brother Artaxerxes re with the use of fire. Their general name
minded their countrymen of their superiority was Graici. In confirmation of this last re
over all other nations; and taught Alexander mark we have nothing but a few scattered
that the conquest of the east might be effected passages in the ancient writers; but which,
with a handful of Grecian soldiers. While however, are fully to the point. Alcman, and
the Greeks rendered themselves so illustrious after him, Sophocles, speak of the Graici as
by their military exploits, the arts and sciences the progenitors of the Hellenes. To the
were assisted by conquest, and received fresh same purport are, Aristotle; (Meteor. 1,
lustre from the application and industry of 14,), the Parian Marble, (lin. 11.) ; and
their professors. The abours of the learned Eusebius, (Chron. l. 1, p. 14,); as also Apollo
were received with admiration, and the merit lorus, (1, 7, $3,). These authorities, at first
of a composition was determined by the ap view, may seem to relate only to the Helle
plause or disapprobation ofa multitude. Their nes, as a portion of the main race, but it
generals were orators; and eloquence seem tnust be recollected that the authors cited use
ed to be so nearly connected with the milita the term Hellenes in the meaning it bore in
ry profession, that he was despised by his sol a later age, when it designated the whole
diers who could not address them upon any Grecian community; to say nothing of the
emergency with a spirited and well delivered manifest traces of a common origin in the
oration. The bearing, as well as the virtues different dialects throughout the land. Grai
of Socrates, procured him a name; and the ci, therefore, was a general appellation for
writings of Aristotle have, perhaps, gained the original inhabitants. In Greece, howe
him a more lasting ſame than all the conquests ver, it gradually disappeared, and was suc
and trophies of his royal pupil. Such were ceeded by the name of Hellenes; but in
the occupations and accomplishments of the Italy, remained during every subsequent
Greeks, their language became almost uni period in the mouths of the Latins, as
versal, and their country was the receptacle the appellation by which they characterised
of youths of the neighbouring states, where their eastern neighbours. This admits of a
they imbibed the principles of liberty and very easy solution if we suppose, as the
moral virtue. The Greeks planted several facts themselves fully warrant, that the in
colonies, and totally peopled the western habitants of Italy were indebted to the Pe
coasts of Asia Minor. In the eastern parts lasgi for the first knowledge they received of
of Italy there were also many settlements the inhabitants of Greece. At the period of
made; and the country received from its the Pelasgic emigration to the west, the Hel
Greek inhabitants the name of Magna Graecia. lenic branch had but just begun to spread
For some time Greece submitted to the yoke their name and sway over Greece, and hence
320
 GR GR

the Pelasgi brought with them into Italy the lonians, proceeded to make conquests in the
original name Graici, as the most general Peloponnesus. Hence he was fabled to have
appellation of the people whom they had been the father of Achaeus and Ion. As re
just left; which, being shortened after the gards his £olic origin, it must be remarked
-Eolic manner, became also Graii. This that the Hellenes were subdivided into Do
name of Graeci and Graii remained for ever rians and Æolians, and that the Achaei were
after in current use among the Latins, even a branch of the latter. A portion of these
though they subsequently received more Achaei so led into the Peloponnesus by Xu
correct information on the subject, and thus, regretting their original seats in Thes
knew that the appellation had become ob saly, separated from him, and moved back to
solete in the parent country, and was super the north. In Boeotia they formed an union
seled by another. The original stem of the with several other tribes, and entering south
Graici divided itself into the two branches ern Thessaly, not only regained their an
of Hellenes and lones. The former occu. cient possessions, but having driven before
pied the northern, the latter the southern them the Pelasgi, and having taken the Pe
portion of Greece, and in Boeotia they bor. lasgic city of Larissa on the river Peneus,
hered upon each other. The Hellenes re they became in the end the most powerful
ceived the first rudiments of civilization branch of the AEolic race. From them the
from the Pelasgi, and subsequently became whole southern part of Thessaly received
more and more improved by wanderers the name of Achaia. They forgot not, how
from the east, who settled among them, such ever, their brethren whom they had left be
as Cadmus and others. The Hellenes were hind in the Peloponnesus, and whenever any
led from their original settlements in the vi overflow of population required to be dimi
cinity of Parnassus, under the conduct of nished by a colony, or any quarrel between
Deucalion, into the south-eastern part of contending leaders drove any portion of
Thessaly. By some they have been derived their number to seek new settlements else.
from the regions of Caucasus, principally on where, they invariably moved southward to
the strength of a later mythology which the Peloponnesus. In this way Pelops with
makes Deucalion a son of the Titan Prome with his Achaean followers seems to have
theus. The earlier mythology, however, is passed even from Phrygia to the Peloponne
silent on this head, and indeed, how could sus, and to have given it his name. The
Deucalion be thus descended, when Prome Achaei in this latter country soon became as:
theus had lain already 13 generations before powerful as their brethren of Thessaly, the
the time of Hercules on the rocks of Cauca kingdoms of Argos, Elis, Messeni, and Laco
sus? By the ancient writers Hellen is spo nia successively arose, among which Argos
ken of as a son of Deucalion, and king of was the most powerful, and exercised a di
the Hellenes, but it would rather seem that rect controul over the rest. The Achaei thus
he was merely an imaginary personage, as became the most important of the Grecian
we read of no enterprise achieved by him, tribes, and none other dared to withstand the
and that the origin of the name Hellenes is mandates of the house of Pelops, which, as
in fact lost in obscurity. Of the sons of it reigned in Argos, stood consequently at the
this Hellen, or more properly perhaps of head of the Achaean race. Hence the pow
Deucalion, £olus maintained possession of er of Agamemnon in the war of Troy, and
the conquests made in the south-eastern part the claim which he asserted, and which no
of Thessaly, while Dorus retired into north one dared to oppose, of being the leader of
ern Thessaly and established himself there the combined forces of the Greeks in that
after driving out the Pelasgi. Here his des. well known expedition. And hence too the
cendants remained until after the Trojan reason why Homer so often sings of the
war, when necessity compelled them, as is mighty Achaei, the Danai, and their subdivi
ºnentioned below, to move towards the south sions, and makes so little mention of the Hel
ern parts of Greece. The third son Xuthus, lenes, who were merely the main stem in
however, acted a more important part. fact to which they all belonged. The Tro
Wishing to appropriate to himself his fa jan war ended the power and supremacy of
ther’s treasures, he was driven out by AEo the Achaei. In every part of Greece, owing
lus, and appears to have moved southward to the absence of the leaders and the war
with a band of Achaei. His history is in like part of the population, weakness and
volved in obscurity and fable. According to disorder ensued. The Pelasgi, who had been
the common account, he proceeded to Attica, driven into Epirus, re-entered and establish
where he married the daughter of Erec ed themselves in Thessaly. The old inhabi
theus king of Athens, and became the father tants were compelled in a great measure to
of two sons, Achaeus and Ion, the latter of ſly. The AEolians, and Achaei in southern
whom gave name to the Ionic race. The old Thessaly retired in part to the range of
Athenian traditions, however, contradict all Mount Oeta; the Magnesians kept posses
this. According to them lon was a son of sion of their old abodes; but the main body
Apollo, and Xuthus an Achaean, and son of wandered into Boeotia, Locris, Euboea, and
-Eolus. The meaning of this evidently is, finally to the coast of Asia, where, 60 years
that Xuthus, of Æolian origin, came with a before, their forefathers had fought against
band of Achaei to Attica, and having Troy. The Dorians at first retired to the vi.
“rengthened his forces by the addition of cinity of Oeta and Peºus, where a part
32!
 GR GR

of them remained for ever after, but the from Loch Lomond to Stonehaven. The
greater number migrated in like manner to range is now called the Grampian hills, and
the east. A third part, however, led on by the name is derived from the Mons Gram
the descendants of Hercules, after many pius, which is mentioned by Tacitus, and was
ineffectual attempts to enter the Peloponne the spot where Galgacus waited the approach
sus, at last succeeded in the 80th year after of Agricola, and where was fought the bat
the Trojan war. The Achaei were defeated, tle so fatal to the brave Caledonians. To the
and the Dorians thenceforward became mas Grampian chain belong Ben Lomond, 3262
ters of the Peloponnesus. In Elis only, feet high; Ben Ledy, 3009; Ben Alore, 3903;
through the apparent consent of the conquer. Ben Laures, the chief summit, 4015, &c.)
ors, an Achaean race seems to have retained Tacit...lgric. 29.
its authority. The main body of the Achaei GRANicus, a river of Bithynia [a little to
were compelled to find new settlements by the west of Cyzicus,) famous for the battle
driving out the Ionians who had settled fought between the armies of Alexander and
along the coast of the Corinthian gulf, Darius, 22d of May, B C. 334, when 600,000
which tract of country received thereafter Persians were defeated by 30,000 Macedo
the appellation of Achaia. The Ionians thus nians. [It is now a torrent called Ousrold.]
driven out sought refuge among their breth Diod, 17.-Plut. in Aler.—Justin.—Curt.4,
ren in Attica, but were compelled eventually, c. 1.
in consequence of their overflowing num GRATLE, three goddesses. rud. Charites.
bers, to form emigration, like the AEolians and GRATIANUs, [a Roman emperor, son of
Dorians, to the shores of Asia. Greece, aſter Valentinian Ist, born at Sirmium in Panno
these commotions, began to enjoy compara nia, A. D. 359. He was appointed by his
tive tranquillity, and the name Hellenes to be father to a share of the empire, when he was
gradually used as a common term for the dif. but eight years old; and was in his seven
ferent members of the Grecian family, espe teenth year when his father died. At this
cially as they were all the descendants of time Gratian was keeping his court at Treves,
one common race, the Graici ; and hence too and was ignorant of what had happened, till
appears the reason why Thessaly, which at he was informed that the officers of the army
first meant Hellas alone, was excluded from had appointed as his partner on the throne,
the meaning of the term when it now be Valentinian 20, the younger son of the late
gan to be applied to the whole of Greece, emperor by his wife Justinia. Gratian, though
for the Pelasgi had re-conquered Thessaly, hurt at the assumption of authority on the
it was become a Pelasgic land, and the Pelas part of the army, yet readily ratified the elec
gi, as Herodotus informs us, were a people tion, and ever treated his brother with affec
of different origin from the Greeks. It must tion and kindness. The western empire was
be confessed, however, that Homer, who in nominally divided between them, but the su.
general uses the terms Hellenes and Hellas perior age of Gratian gave him all the power.
with reference to a small part of Thessaly, He is praised for recalling his mother to
on one occasion speaks of the Panhellenes, court, who had been divorced and banished
indicating the whole Greek nation ; but the by his father, and for the punishment of many
line in which it occurs has been pronounced officers of state who had abused their pow
to be corrupt, and the term Panhellenes ap er by cruelty and injustice; but he is blamed
pears to have been first used by the poet He for putting to death the renewned general
siod. The length of the present article pre Theodosius, who fell a victim to the jealousy
cludes any remarks in this place upon the of some rival courtiers.] His courage in the
ſones, Leleges, and Pelasgi, they will be field was as remarkable as his love of learning
treated of under their respective heads.] and fondness of philosophy. He slaughtered
GRAEcIA MAGNA, [a name given to the 30,000 Germans in a battle, and supported
southern part of Italy, comprising Apulia, the tottering state by his prudence and intre
Messapia or Japygia, called also Calabria, Lu pidity. [He gave himself up afterwards to
cania, and the country of the Bruttii. It de unmanly pleasures, and gradually lost the ai
rived the name of Graecia from the number fections of his subjects. Maximinus was de
of Greek colonies which migrated thither at clared emperor by the legions in Britain;
different periods, and the epithet magna or and Gratian, deserted by nearly all his troops,
great, from mere osteutation, according to fled into Gaul. Here he took refuge at Ly
Pliny. The Greeks who settled here were ons, but was betrayed into the hands of a
principally Dorians, and the emigration is commander of Maximinus by the governor
said to have taken place at a very early pe of the town, and put to death in the 8th year
riod, about 1055 B.C. Magna Græcia was of his reign.]
famed for the Pythagorean philosophy, which GRAtius FALiscus, a Latin poet contem
flourished throughout a great part of it, es porary with Ovid, and mentioned only by
pecially in the cities along the Sinus Taren him among the more ancient authors. He
tinus.] Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 64.—Strab. &c. wrote a poem on coursing, called Cynegeticon,
GRAMFIU's Mons, [a mountain of Caledo much commended for its elegance and per
nia, ferming one of a large range of moun spicuity. It may be compared to the Geor
tains extending from east to west through al gics of Virgil, to which it is nearly equal in
most the whole breadth of modern Scotland, the number of verses. [The best edition :
3.22.
|
 GY

that given by Wernsdorff in the Poeta, La. to the Cyclades. It lay south-west of Andros,
tini Minores. Altenb. 1780-8, 10 vols. 12mo.] off the coast of Attica. The Romans, in the
Ovid. Pont. 4, el. 16, v. 34. time of the emperors, made it a place of ex
GREcoRIts, [surnamed Thaumaturgus, ile.] Juv. 1, 73.−Ovid. 7, Met. 407.
or Wonder-worker, from the miracles which GYG Es or GY Fs, a son of Coelus and Ter
he pretended to perform. Before his conver ra, represented as having 50 heads and a
sion to Christianity he was known by the hundred hands. He win his brothers, made
name of Theodorus. He was born at Neo war against the gods, and was afterwards
Caesarea, and was a disciple of Origen, from punished in Tartarus. Orid, Trist. 4, el. 7,
whom he imbibed the principles of the Chris v. 18.—The minister and favourite of Can
tian faith. He was afterwards made bishop daules, king of Lydia, to whom, according to
of his native city, and is said to have left some accounts, the latter, ardently attached
only seventeen idolaters in his diocese, where to his queen, and believing her beauty beyond
he had found only seventeen Christians.] Of all competition, showed her naked. This he
his works, are extant his gratulatory oration did in order that Gyges, to whom he frequent
to Origen, a canonical epistle, and other trea ly extolled her charins, might be able to
tises in Greek, the best edition of which is that judge for himself. The queen discovered the
of Paris, fol. 1622. Nanzianzen, [born affair, and was so incensed at this instance of
near Nazianzus in Cappadocia,] surnamed imprudence and infirmity in her husband, that
the Divine, was bishop of Constantinople, she ordered Gyges either to prepare for
which he resigned on its being disputed. His death himself, or murder Candaules. He
writings rival those of the most celebrated chose the latter, and married the queen, and
orators of Greece in eloquence, sublimity, ascended the vacant throne about 718 years
and variety. His sermons are more for phi. before the Christian era. He was the first of
losophers than common hearers, but replete the Mermnada, who reigned in Lydia. He
with seriousness and devotion. Erasmus said reigned thirty-eight years, and distinguished
that he was afraid to translate his works, himself by the immense presents which he
from the apprehension of not translating into made to the oracle of Delphi... [The wife of
another language the smartness and acumen Candaules above mentioned was called Nyssia
of his style, and the stateliness and happy according to Hephæstion. The story of Rosa
diction of the whole. He died A. D. 389. mund, queen of the Lombards, as relatel
The best edition is that of the Benedictines, by Gibbon, bears an exact resemblance to
the first volume of which, in fol. was publish this of Candaules.] According to Plato, Gy
ed at Paris, 1778.-A bishop of Nyssa, au ges was a shepherd in the service of the Ly
thor of the Nicene creed. His style is re dian king, and descended into a chasm of the
presented as allegorical and affected; and he earth, where he ſound a brazen horse, whose
has been accused of mixing philosophy too sides he opened, and saw within the body,
much with theology. His writings consist of the carcase of a man of uncommon size,
commentaries on Scripture, moral discourses, from whose finger he took a ſamous brazen
sermons on mysteries, dogmatical treatises, ring. This ring, when put on his finger,
panegyricson saints; the best edition of which rendered him invisible; and by means of
is that of Morell, 2 vols. fol. Paris, 1615. its virtue, he introduced himself to the queen,
The bishop died A. D. 396.-Another murdered her husband and married her,
Christian writer, whose works were edited by and usurped the crown of . Lydia. [Xen
the Benedictines, in four vols. fol. Paris, 1705. ophon says that he was a slave. Plutarch
GRUD11, a people tributary to the Nervii, states that Gyges took up arms against Can
supposed to have inhabited the country near daules, assisted by the Milesians. The opi
Tournay or Bruges in Flanders. Cars. G. 5, nion of Herodotus, which is that first giv
c. 38. en by Lempriere, seems preferable to the
GRY LLus, a son of Xenophon, who killed rest. Born in a city contiguous to Lydia, no
Epaminondas, and was himself slain at the person could be better qualified to represent
battle of Mantinea, B. C. 363. His father was the affairs of that kingdom than he was.]
offering a sacrifice when he received the Herodot. 1, c. 3.—Plat. dial. 10, de rep.
news of his death, and he threw down the GY LIPPUs, a Lacedaemonian, sent B. C.
garland which was on his heal; but he re. 414, by his countrymen to assist Syracuse
placed it, when he heard that the enemy's against the Athenians. He obtained a cele
general had fallen by his hands; and he ob. brated victory over Nicias and Demosthenes,
served that his death ought to be celebrated the enemy's generals, and obliged them to
with every demonstration of joy rather than surrender. He accompanied Lysander in
of lamentation. Aristot.—Paus. 8, c. 11, &c. his expedition against Athens, and was pre
GRYNEUM and GRYNiuM, [a town of Æo sent at the taking of that celebrated town.
lia, on the coast of Lydia, and near the north After the fall of Athens, he was intrusted by
era confines. It lay north-west of Cumae. 1 the conqueror with the money which had been
Apollo had here a temple with an oracle, on taken in the plunder, which amounted to
account of which he is called Grynaeus. Strab. 1500 talents. As he conveyed it to Sparta,
13.−Pirg. Ecl. 6, v. 72. JEn. 4, v. 345. he had the meanness to unsew the bottom of
Gyi Rus and Gråkos,[a small island of the the bags which contained it, and secreted
Archipelago, classed by Stephanus Byzanti about three hundred talents. His theft was
nus among the Sporades, but belonging rather discovered; and to ºld the punishment
 GY GY

which he deserved, he fled from his country, ten confounded with the Brachmani : but
and by this act of meanness tarnished the this latter is properly the name of only one
glory of his victorious actions. Tibull. 4, el. class of these philosophers, who were divided
1, v. 199.—Plut. in Miriá. An Arcadian into several sects. The Brachmans were all
in the Rutulian war. P ºrg. JEn. 12, v. 272. of one tribe, and as they grew up, had a suc
GYMNAsium, a place among the Greeks, cession of instructors. They were in a state
where all the public exercises were perform of pupillage until thirty-six years of age:
ed, and where not only wrestlers and dancers after which they were allowed to live more
exhibited, but also philosophers, poets, and at large, to wear fine linen and gold rings,
rhetoricians repeated their compositions. The to live upon the flesh of animals not employ
room was high and spacious, and could con ed in labour, and to marry as many wives as
tain many thousands of spectators. The la they pleased. Others submitted, through
borious exercises of the Gymnasium were their whole lives, to a stricter discipline, and
running, leaping, throwing the quoit, wrest passed their days upon the banks of the
ling, and boxing, which was called by the Ganges with no other food than fruit, herbs,
Greeks revºračavy, and by the Romans quin and milk. The Samanaeans were a society
quertium. In riding, the athlete led a horse, formed of those who voluntarily devoted
on which he was sometimes mounted, con themselves to the study of divine wisdom.
ducting another by the bridle, and jumping They gave up all private property, and com
from the one upon the other. Whoever came mitted their children to the care of the state,
first to the goal, and jumped with the greatest and their wives to the protection of their re
agility, obtained the prize. In running a-foot, lations. They were supported at the public
the athletes were sometimes armed, and he expense. It is of this sect in particular that
who came first was declared victorious. the wonderful circumstance is related, of
Leaping was an useful exercise : its primºry their throwing themselves into a fire which
object was to teach the soldiers to jump over they had prepared for the occasion, when from
ditches, and pass over eminences during a ill health or misfortunes they had grown tired
siege, or in the field of battle. In throwing of the world. There was another sect, called
the quoit, the prize was adjudged to him Hylobians, who lived entirely in forests, upon
who threw it farthest. The quoits were leaves and wild fruits, wore no other clothing
made either of wood, stone, or metal. The than the bark of trees, and practised the se
wrestlers employed all their dexterity to bring verest abstinence of every kind. From this
their adversary to the ground, and the boxers account, it is easy to perceive that the Indian
had their hands armed with gauntlets, called Gymnosophists were more distinguished for
also cestus. Their blows were dangerous, and severity of manners than for the cultivation
often ended in the death of one of the com of science, and that they more resembled
batants. In wrestling and boxing, the athletes modern monks than ancient philosophers.
were often naked, whence the word Gymna Strab. 15, &c.—Plin. 7, c. 2.- Cic. ust. 5.
sium, 7 wavor, nudus. They anointed them —Lucan. 3, v.240.—Curt. 8, c. 9-Dion.
selves with oil to brace their limbs, and ren GYNAEcotho:NAs, a name of Mars at Te
der their bodies slippery and more difficult to gea, on account of a sacrifice offered by the
be grasped. Plin. 2, ep. 17.-C. Nep. 20, c. 5. women without the assistance of the men,
GYMNEsIAE, [rid. Baleares.] who were not permitted to appear at this re
GYMNosophist E, a class of Indian philoso ligious ceremony. Paus. 8, c. 48.
phers, who were called gymnosophists, (ywº Gyn DEs, now Zeindeh, a river of Assyria,
yocoquatai,) or naked philosophers, by the falling into the Tigris. When Cyrus march
Greeks, from their going naked. [vid. the end ed against Babylon, his army was stopped by
of this article.] For 37 years they exposed this river, in which one of his favourite horses
themselves in the open air to the heat of the was drowned. This so irritated the monarch
sun, the inclemency of the seasons, and the that he ordered the river to be conveyed into
coldness of the night. They were often seen 360 different channels by his army, so that af.
in the fields fixing their eyes full upon the disk ter this division it hardly reached the knee.
of the sun from the time of its rising till the [This portrait of Cyrus seems a little over
hour of its setting. Sometimes they stood charged. The hatred which the Greeks bore
whole days upon one foot in burning sand, the Persians is sufficiently known. The mo:
without moving or showing any concern for tive of Cyrus for thus treating the Gyndes
what surrounded them. Alexander was as could not be such as is described by Herodo
tonished at the sight of a sect of men who tus. That which happened to the sacred
seemed to despise bodily pain, and who in horse might make him apprehend a similar
ured themselves to suffer the greatest tor fate ſor the rest of his army, and compel him
tures without uttering a groan, or expressing to divert the river into a great number of ca
any marks of fear. The conqueror condes nals in order to render it fordable. The Gyn
cended to visit them, and his astonishment des, at the present day, has re-assumed its
was increased when he saw one of them as course to the Tigris, and its entrance into that
cened a burning pile with firmness and uncon river is called Foum-el-Saleh, or the river of
cern, to avoid the infirmities of old age, and peace, in Arabic. The name given it by the
stand upright on one leg and unmoved, while Turks in the place whence it issues, is Kara
the flames surrounded him on every side. Sou, or the black river.] Herodot. 1, c. 189
rid. Calamus. [The Gymnosophists are of. and 202.
3.24
 IIA HA

Gythe.U.M, a sea-port town of Laconia, at
the mouth of the Eurotas, in Peloponnesus,
built by Hercules and Apollo, who had there
desisted from their quarrels. The inhabit
ants were called Gytheutae. [Livy (34, 29.)
speaking of the wars in Greece, in the time
of T. Quinctius Flamininus, describes it as
very strong and well peopled. Gythium was
at the same time the arsenal and harbour of
Sparta, though the town itself did not lie ex Eurotas.] Cic. Offic. 3, c. 11.
actly upon the sea. The distance, however,
was very short. The harbour of Gythium
was about 30 stadia to the east of the town,
a d was more a work of art than of nature.
It was strongly fortified, as has already been
observed. The earlier name was Trinasus,
(three islands,) from some small islands lying
in front. The modern city Colochina is situ
. more to the east, near the mouth of the

HA HA
HADRIANUs, a Roman emperor. vid. cedonian war, having sided with Perses, it
Arianus. -

was destroyed by the Romans, and the terri

HADRIAticuM MARE. vid. Adriaticum. |tory given to the Athenians. Pausanias makes
HæMoxia. rid. AEmonia mention of its first overthrow, (9, 32,) but
H+Mus, [a chain of mountains forming the Herodotus is silent on the subject.] Liv. 42,
northern boundary of Thrace, and separating c. 44 and 63.
it from Moesia. This chain has been much HALIcARNAssus, [now Bodron, a famous
celebrated by the ancients, on account of its city of Doris, situate on the northern shore of
great elevation and extent, as they inferred the Sinus Ceramicus, and the residence of the
from the numerous and large rivers which kings of Caria. It had a fine port, excellent
issued from its sides. Dr. Brown, however, fortifications, and great riches. Here the
who visited parts of this chain, states that mausoleum, one of the seven wonders of the
the elevation cannot be considerable, because world, was erected. It was celebrated for
no summit of it is covered with perpetual having given birth to Herodotus, Dionysius,
snow. The middle parts of this chain were Heraclitus, &c. and is also memorable for the
called by the ancients Scomius and Orbalus, long siege it maintained against Alexander,
while the Scardus may be considered as its under the skilful command of Memnon, the
farthest branch to the west. The farthest general of Darius. rid. Memnon, and Mau
eastern point is Haemi Extrema, jutting out soleum.] Maxim. Tyr. 35.-Pitruv. de Arch.
into the Euxine, now called Emineh-bo —Diod. 17. – Herodot. 2, c. 178.—Strab. 14.
rum. The chain to the west of this is called HAli RRhôtius, a son of Neptune and Eu
Emneh Dag; in the middle, it is styled Bul ryto, who ravished Alcippe, daughter of
kan and Samoco, farther on, Joan, while the Mars, because she slighted his addresses.
Deºpolo Dag branches off to the south-east, This violence offended Mars, and he killed
and may be the Rhodope of the ancients. the ravisher. Neptune cited Mars to appear
The whole length of the chain is about 400 before the tribunal of justice to answer for
miles.) It receives its name from Haemus, the murder of his son. The cause was tried
son of Boreas and Orithyia, who married at Athens, in a place which has been called
Rhodope, and was changed into this moun from thence Areopagus, (apht, Mars, and
tain for aspiring to divine honours. Strab. ra; or, a hill,) and the murderer was acquit
7, p.313.—Plin. 4, c. 11.-Ovid...M. t. 6, v. 87. ted. Apollod. 3, c. 14.—Paus. , c. 21.
[HALEs, or HALEsus, a river of Lydia, HALMy DEssus, [or SALMYDEssus, a city
rising in Mount Kerkaphu, and flowing into of Thrace, on the coast of the Euxine Sea.
the £gean, near the city of Colophon. Ac It was famed for its shipwrecks. The mo
cording to Pliny and Pausanias, its waters dern name is Midje.] Mela, 2, c. 2.
were the coldest of any in the whole of Asia. HALONN Esus, [now Dromo, a small island
Plin. 5, 29–Paus. 5.] at the opening of the Sinus Therulaicus. It
HALcyöNE. vid. Alcyone. became the occasion of a war between Philip
HALIACMon, [a river of Macedonia, on of Macedon and the Athenians.]
the confines of Thessaly, flowing into the Si HALyziA, a town of Epirus near the Ache
nus Thermaicus, or Gulf of Saloniki. It is lous, where the Athenians obtained a naval
now called the Jenicora. At its mouth was victory over the Lacedaemonians.
a place called also Hallacmon, and now Pla HALys, [a celebrated river of Asia Mi
tamona.] or, rising on the confines of Pontus and
HALLARtus, a town of Boeotia, [on the Armenia Minor, and which, after flowing
southern shore of the Lacus Copais, and westwardly through Cappadocia to the bor:
north-west of Thebes.] It was founded by ders of Phrygia, turns to the north-west, and
Haliartus, the son of Thersander. The mo: enters the Euxine some distance to the north
numents of Pandion king of Athens, and of Ly west of Amisus. Herodotus and Strabo both
sander the Lacedaemonian general, were seen speak of its rising in the region we have nºn
in that town. [It was destroyed by the army tioned, and pursuing the route describ d. Ar
rian and Pliny, however, make it iise in * far
of Xerxes because it favoured the Atheni
ans. Reviving soon from this blow, it be
different quarter, viz. in the southern pº
came a flourishing place, until, in the first Ma of Cataojia, near Tyana, at…xor
the foot * *
..º. )
 HIA HA

chain of Mount Taurus. Rennell and others king of Thrace. Her mother died when she
seek to reconcile these opposite statements, was but a child, and her father fed her with
by giving the Halys two branches, an eastern the milk of cows and mares, and inured her
and a southern one, and by supposing that early to sustain the fatigues of hunting. When
Herodotus knew only the eastern, and Arrau her father's kingdom was invaded by Neop
only the southern one. This, however, unere: tolemus, the son of Achilles, she repelled and
ly increases the difficulty ; for why woul defeated the enemy with manly courage. The
Strabo, a native of Amisus, be ignorant o death of her father, which happened soon af.
the course of a river so near his native city : ter in a sedition, rendered her disconsolate;
and why does he make no mention of the she fled the society of mankind, and lived in
southern Halys, when he describes the very the forests upon plunder and rapine. Every
ground over which it is supposed to have attempt to secure her proved fruitless, till
flowed Mannert thinks that this southern her great swiftness was overcome by inter
arm is the river which Tavernier calls the cepting her with a net. After her death, the
Jekel Ermak, or green river, which D’An people of the country disputed their respective
ville, on the contrary, makes the modern right to the possessions she had acquired by
name of the ancient Iris. The modern name rapine, and they soon after appeased her manes
of the Halys is the Kizil Ermak, or red ri by prope oblations on her tomb. Virg...En.
ver. According to Strabo, the ancient name 1, v. 921.-Hygin, fab. 193 and 252.
of the river is owing to the circumstance of HARPocrat Es, a divinity supposed to be
its passins in its course by some salt works. the same as Orus the son of Isis, among the
It is, however, a mere arbitrary derivation. Egyptians. He is represented as holding one
This Eustathius evinces, who states that the
of his fingers on his mouth, and from thence
river is called Halys by those who derive its
he is called the god of silence, and intimates,
name from salt; by others, however, Alys. that the mysteries of religion and philosophy
This river formed the western boundary of ought never to be revealed to the people.
the dominions of Croesus, with which was The Romans placed his statues at the en
connected a famous oracle... rid Croesus] trance of their temples. [In like manner the
HAM Adryides. [vid. Nymphae.] Sphinxes at the entrances of the Egyptian
HAMILCAR. vid. Amilcar. temples were put there as emblems of si
HANNIBAL. vid. Annibal. ience. The Egyptians were accusto...,ed to
HANNo. vid. Anno. hang from the neck, or wear in a ring upon
HAR Monius, a friend of Aristogiton, who the finger, as an amulet, a small image of
delivered his country from the tyranny of the Harpocrates. He was represented under the
Pisistratidae, B. C. 510. [rid.-Aristogiton.] form of a young infant, and appears to have
The Athenians, to reward the patriotism of been an astronomical divinity, and to have
these illustrious citizens, made a law that personified the return of the sun at the
no one should ever bear the name of Aris winter solstice.] Catull. 75.—Parro de L. L.
togiton and Harinodius. Herodot. 5, c. 53– 4, c. 10.
Plan. 34, c. 8.-Sevec. Ir. 2. -
HARPocaation, a Platonic philosopher of
HARMoni A, or HERM ion EA, (vid. Her. Argos, from whom Stobaeus compiled his ec
mione,) a daughter of Mars and Venus, who logues. Valerius, a rhetorician of Alex
married Cadmus It is said that Vulcan, andria, author of a Lexicon on ten orators.
to avenge the infidelity of her mother, made HARPY1AE, winged monsters, who had the
her a present of a vestment dyed in all sorts face of a woman, the body of a vulture, and
of crimes, which in some measure, inspired had their feet and fingers armed with sharp
all the children of Cadmus with wickedness claws. They were three in number, Aello,
and impiety. Paus. 9, c. 16, &c. Ocypete, and Celaeno, daughters of Neptune
HARPAGus, a general of Cyrus. He con and Terra. They were sent by Juno to
quered Asia Minor after he had revolted from plunder the tables of Phineus, whence they
Astyages, who had cruelly made him eat the were driven to the islands called 'Strophades
flesh of his son, because he had disobeyed his by Zethes and Calais. They emitted an in
orders in not putting to death the infant Cy. ſectious smell, and spoiled whatever they
rus, Herodot. 1, c. 108. Justin. 1, c. 5 and 6. touched by their filth and excrements. They
HARPAlice. vid. Harpalyce. plundered Eneas during his voyage towards
Harpalus. a man intrusted with the trea Italy, and predicted many of the calamities
sures of Babylon by Alexander. His hopes which attended him. [According to Damm,
that Alexander would perish in his expedi the term Harpya (agºrua) signifies properly
tion rendered him dissipated, negligent, and a violent wind, carrying off what is exposed
vicious. When he heard that the conqueror to its fury; in other words, a furious whirl
was returning with great resentment, he fled wind. Hence the fable of the Harpies. To
to Ath ns, where with his m ney, he corrupt. the vivid imagination of the Greek, the terrors
ed the orators, among was Demosthenes. of the storm were intimately associated with
When trought to justice, he escaped with the idea of powerful and active demons di
impunity to Crete, where he was at last as recting its fury. The names given to the
sassinated by Thimbro, B. C. 325 Plut, in Harpies indicate this, viz. Ocipeta, rapid, Cº.
Phoe.-Diod. 17-A celebrated astrono. leno, obscurity, and Mello, a storm. In the
mer of Greece, 480 years B. C. earlier mythology of Greece they were re
HARPALYce, the daughter of Harpalycus, presented merely as female demons; the mix
3.26
 HA

ed form commonly assigned them was the

addition of a later age. M. Le Clerc has a with difficulty, and was extinguished befºre
curious though unfounded theory respecting the sacrifice was totally consumed, or warn
the Harpies. He supposes them to have it rolled in circles round the victim with in
been a swarm of locusts, which, after they termediate spaces between the flames. In
had laid waste Bithynia and Paphlagonia, regard to the frankincense, meal, water, and
produced a famine there. According to him wine, iſ there was any deficiency in the quan
the word .1rbé, of which he maintains that tity, if the colour was different, or the quality
of Harpy is formed, signifies a locust; and as was changed, or if any thing was done with
the northwind rid the country of them, hav irregularity, it was deemed inauspicious. This
ing driven them as far as the Ionian Sea, custom of consulting the entrails of victims
where they perished, hence it was fabled that did not originate in Tuscany, but it was in use
the sons of Boreas had put them to flight. among the Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians,
Among many other objections to this explai &c. and the more enlightened part of man
nation, it may suffice to urge but one here, kind well knew how to render it subservient
namely, that the scene of the adventure of to their wishes or tyranny. Agesilaus, when
king Phineus is placed by the poets in Thrace, in Egypt, raised the drooping spirits of his
never in Asia.] Virg. AEm. 3, v. 212, 1.6. soldiers by a superstitious artifice. He se
v. 289.-Hesiod. Theog. 265. cretly wrote in his hand the word wizn, ric
HARUDEs, a people of Germany. Caes. G. tory, in large characters, and holding the en
1, c. 31. trails of a victim in his hand till the impres
HARuspex, a soothsayer at Rome, who sion was communicated to the flesh, he showed
drew omens by consulting the entrails of it to the soldiers, and animated them by ob
beasts that were sacrificed. He received the serving, that the gods signified their approach
name of .4ruspez, ab aris aspiciendis, and ing victories even by marking it in the body
that of Ertisper, ab extis inspiciendis. [Do of the sacrificed animals. Cic. de Dir.
natus, in his commentary on Terence's Phor HAs oftu BAL. vid. Asdrubal.
mio, (4, 28.) assigns another derivation for HEBE, a daughter of Jupiter and Juno.
Harusper, namely, from haruga (the same as According to some, she was the daughter of
hostta, a victim.) and the old verb specio.] Juno only, who conceived her after eating jet
The order of Aruspices was first established tuces As she was fair, and always in the
at Rome by Romulus, and the first Aruspices bloom of youth, she was called the goddess of
were Tuscans by origin, as they were par youth, and made by her mother cup-bearer
ticularly famous in that branch of divination. to all the gods. She was dismissed from her
They had received all their knowledge from office by Jupiter, because she fell down in an
a boy named Tages, who, as was commonly indecent posture as she was pouring nectar to
reported, sprung from a clod of earth. (rid. the gods at a grand festival, and Ganymedes,
Tages.) They were originally three, but the the favourite of Jupiter, succeeded her as
Roman senate yearly sent six noble youths, cup-bearer. She was employed by her mo
or, according to others, twelve, to Etruria, to ther to prepare her chariot, and to harness
be instructed in all the mysteries of the art. her peacocks whenever requisite. When
The office of the Haruspices consisted in oh Hercules was aised to the rank of a god, he
serving these four particulars: the beast be was reconciled to Juno by marrying her daugh
fore it was sacrificed; its entrails; the flames ter Hebe, by whom he had two sons. Alex
which consumed the sacrifice; and the flour. iºres and Anicetus. As Hebe had the power
frankincense, &c. which was used. If the of restoring gods and men to the vigour of
beast was led up to the altar with difficulty. youth, she, at the instance of her husband,
if it escaped from the conductor's hands, performed that kind of office to Iolas his
roared when it received the blow, or died in friend. Hebe was worshipped at Sicyon,
agonies, the omen was unfortunate. But, on under the name of Dia, and at Rome under
the contrary, if it followed without compul the name of Jurentas. She is represented
sion, received the blow without resistance, as a young virgin crowned with flowers, and
and died without groaning, and after much arrayed in a variegated garment. Paus. 1,
effusion of blood, the haruspex foretold pros c. 19, 1.2, c. 12.—Orid...Met. 9, v. 400. Fast.
perity. When the body of the victim was 6. v. 76.—Apollod. 1, c. 3, 1.2, c. 7. -

opened, each part was scrupulously examined. HEBRus, now Maritsa, [the largest river
If any thing was wanting, if it had a double of Thrace, rising from Mons Scomius, and
liver, or a lean heart, the omen was unfortu running in two channels till it comes to Phi
nute. If the entrails fell from the hands of iippopolis, where they unite. It empties by
the haruspex, or seemed besmeared with too two mouths into the AEgean.] It was sup
much blood, or if no heart appeared, as for posed to roll its waters upon golden sands.
instance it happened in the two victims which The head of Orpheus was thrown into it
J. Caesar offered a little before his death, the after it had been cut off by the Ciconian
omen was equally unlucky. When the flame women, [and, being carried down to the sea,
was quickly kindled, and when it violently was borne on the waves, together with his
consumed the sacrifice, and arose pure and lyre, to the island of Lesbos.] It received
bright, and like a pyramid, without any pale its name
king from Hebrus,
of Thrace, son ofsaid
who was to havea
Cassander,
ness, was
nmen smoke,favourable. orthe
sparkling,But cracking, the
contrary au- drowned himself there. [At the junction of
ºn
 HE HE

the Hebrus with the rivers Tonsus and Ar There were also public games first institute i
discus, Orestes purified himself from his mo: by Archinus, a king of Argos, in which the
ther's blood. rid. Orestias.] Mela, 2. c. 2. ºrize was a shield of brass with a crown ef
—Strab. 7.—Purg. JEn. 4, v. 463–Ovid. myrtle. [There was also an anniversary sa
Met. 11, v. 50. cifice called by this name in Laconia. and
HEcALEsia, a festival in honour of Jupite offered for the preservation of the 100 citie
which once flourished in that country.]
of Hecale, instituted by Theseus, or in com
memoration of the kindness of Hecale, which
HEwAtom phonia, [from ixa roy, centurº.
Theseus had experienced when he went ind worsva, occido, a solemu sacrifice offered
against the bull of Marathon, &c. by the Messenians to Jupiter, when any of
HEcATAE FANUM, a celebrated temple sa them had killed an hundred enemies. [Aris
cred to Hecate at Stratonice in Caria. tomenes is said to have offered up this sac
Strab. 14. -
fice three times in the course of the Messe
HEcAt 4:Us, an historian of Miletus, born nian wars against Sparta.) Paus. 4, c. 19.
549 years before Christ, in the reign of Da HF.cAtom Polis, an epithet given to Crete,
rius Hystaspes. [Antiquity mentions seve from the hundred cities which it once con
ral authors by the name of Hecataeus. The tained. [The same epithet was also applied
one here spoken of is distinguished from He to Laconia.)
cataeus of Abdera, &c. by the name of Mile HEcAtompylos, an epithet applied to
sian.] Herodot. 2, c. 143. Thebes in Egypt on account of its hundred
HEcºte, a daughter of Perses and Aste gates. Amman. 22, c. 16. [The metro
ria, the same as Proserpine, or Diana. [Some polis of Parthia, and royal residence of the
make the name (ix arn] a feminine derivative Arsacidae, situate in the district of Comisene,
from in aroc, which last was an epithet ap and south-west part of the province of Par
plied to Apollo, the brother of Diana, from thiene. The name is of Grecian origin, pro
inis darting afar, ſixas).] She was called bably a translation of the native term, and
Luna in heaven, Diana on earth, and Hecate has a figurative allusion to the numerous
or Proserpine in hell, whence her name of routes which diverge from this place to the
Diva triformis, tergemina, triceps. She was adjacent country. D'Anville makes it cor
supposed to preside over magic and enchant respond with the modern Demegan.) Ptol.
ments, and was generally represented like a 6, c. 5.-Strab. 11 –Plin. 6, c. 15 and 25.
woman with three heads, that of a horse, a HEcAron N Esi, small islands between Les
dog, or a boar, and sometimes she appeared bos and Asia. [They derived their name
with three different bodies, and three diffe trom ix, toº, an epithet of Apollo, according
rent faces only with one neck. Dogs, lambs, to Strabo, that deity being particularly wor
and honey, were generally offered to her, es shipped along the continent of Asia, off which
pecially in high ways and cross roads. they lay. It seems more probable, however,
whence she obtained the name of Trirua. that they had their name from ixate, eentum,
Her power was extended over heaven, the and were called so from their great number.
earth, sea, and hell; and to her, kings and The modern name is Muco-nist, or the isles of
nations supposed themselves indebted for mice.] Strab. 13.
their prosperity. Ovid. 7. Met. v. 94.—He Hector, son of king Priam and Hecuba,
siod. Theog —Horat. 3, od. 22.—Paus. 2, c. was the most valiant of all the Trojan chiefs
22.-Virg. JEn. 4, v. 511. that fought against the Greeks. He married
HEcatesia, a yearly festival observed byAndromache, the daughter of Eetion, by
the Stratonicensians in honour of Hecate. whom he had Astyanax. He was appointed
The Athenians paid also particular worship captain of all the Trojan forces, when Troy
to this goddess, who was deemed the patro was besieg d by the Greeks; and the valour
ness of families and of children. From this with which he behaved showed how well
circumstance the statues of the goddess were lualified he was to discharge that important
erected before the doors of the houses, an office. He engaged with the bravest of the
upon every new moon a public supper was Greeks, and, according to Hyginus, no less
always provided at the expense of the riche than 31 of the most valiant of the enemy pe
people, and set in the streets where the rished by his hand. When Achilles had driven
poorest of the citizens were permitted to re *ack the Trojans towards the city, Hector,
tire and feast upon it, while they reporte. toº great to fly, waited the approach of his
that Hecate had devoured it. [This public enemy near the Scean gates, though his father
supper was always held in a place wher. and mother, with tears in their eyes, blamed
three ways met, in allusion to the triple na ints rashness and entreated him to retire. The
ture of the goddess. There were also exº sight of Achilles terrified him, and he fled be
atory offerings to supplicate the goddess to fore him in the plain. The Greek pursued
remove whatever evils might impend on the and Hector was killed, and his body was drag
hea of the public, &c. ged in cruel triumph by the conqueror round
HEcAtomi bor A, a festival celebrated in the tomb of Patroclus whom Hector had kill
honour of Juno by the Argians and people of ed. The body, after it had received the gross
AEgina. It receives its name from in a rºw. est insults, was ransomed by old Priam, and
and Bovº, a sacrifice of n hundred wren, which the Trojans obtained from the Greeks a truce
were always offered to the goddess, and the of some days to pay the last offices to the
flesh distributed among the poorest citizens. |greatest of their leaders. The Thebans boast.
328
 HE HE
el in the age of the geographer Pausanias tor, Paris, Deiphobus, Pammon, Helenus, Po
that they had the ashes of Hector preserved lytes, Antiphon, Hipponous, Polydorus, Tro
in an urn, by order of an oracle; which pro ilus ; and among the daughters, Creusa, Ili
mised them undisturbed felicity if they were one, Laodice, Polyxena, and Cassandra. Ovid.
in possession of that hero's remains. The epi -Met. 11, v. 761, l. 13, v. 515.-Hygin. fab.
thet ºf Hectoreus is applied by the poets to 111.-Pirg JEn. 3, v. 44.—Juv. 10, v. 271.
the Trojans, as best expressive of valour and -Strab. 13.-Dictys. Cret. 4 and 5.—Apollod.
intrepidity. Hum r. Il. 1, &c.—Virg. JEn. 1, 3, c. 12.
&c.—Ovid. Met. 12 and 13.—Dictys. Cret.— HEcuBAE, SEPulchrum, a promontory of
Dares. Phryg.—Hygin. fab. 90 and 112.— Thrace. [vid. Cynosema.]
Paus. I. 3 and 9, c. 18.-Quiniil. Smyrn. 1 HEG EMox, a Thasian poet in the age of
and 3. Alcibiades. He wrote a poem called Gigan
HEcijba, a daughter of Dymas, a Phrygian tomachia, besides other works. JElian. V. H.
prince, or, according to others, of Cisseis, a 4, c. 11.
Thracian king, was the second wife of Priam HEG Esius, a philosopher who so eloquent
king of Troy, and proved the chastest of wo ly convinced his auditors of their ſailings and
inen, and the most tender and unfortunate of follies, and persuaded them that there were
mothers. When she was pregnant of Paris, no dangers after death, that many were guil
she dreamed that she had brought into the ty of suicide. Ptolemy forbade him to con
world a burning torch which had reduced her tinue his doctrines. Cie. Tusc. 1, c. 34.
husband's palace and all Troy to ashes. So A famous orator of Magnesia, who corrupt
alarming a dream was explained by the sooth ed the elegant diction of Attica, by the intro
sayers, who declared that the son she should duction of Asiatic idioms. Cic. Orat. 67, 69.
bring into the world would prove the ruin of —Brut. 83.—Strab. 9.-Plut. in Aler.
his country. When Paris was born she ex HEG Esippus, [was by birth a Jes, and edu
posed him on Mount Ida to avert the ca cated in the religion of his fathers. He af
lamities which threatened her family; but terwards was converted to Christianity, and
her attempts to destroy him were ſruitless, became bishop of Rome about the year 177,
and the prediction of the soothsayers was where he died in the reign of the emperor
fulfilled. [vid. Paris.] During the Trojan Commodus, about the year 180. He was the
war she saw the greatest part of her children author of an ecclesiastical history from the
perish by the hands of the enemy, and like a period of our Saviour's death down to his own
mother, she confessed her grief by her tears time, which, according to Eusebius, contained
and lamentations, particularly at the death of a faithful relation of the apostolic preaching
Hector her eldest son. When Troy was written in a very simple style. The princi
taken, Hecuba, as one of the captives, fell to pal value of the existing fragments arises from
the lot of Ulysses, a man whom she hated for the testimony which may be deduced from
his perfidy and avarice, and she embarked Scriptural passages quoted in them in favour
with the conquerors for Greece. The Greeks of the genuineness of the books of the New
anded in the Thracian Chersonesus to load Testament.]
with fresh honours the grave of Achilles. Hrg Esistañtus, an Ephesian who con
During their stay the hero's ghost appeared sulted the oracle to know in what particular
to them and demanded, to ensure the safety place he should fix his residence. He was di
of their return, the sacrifice of Polyxena, rected to settle where he found peasants danc
Hecuba's daughter. They complied, and ing with crowns of olives. This was in Asia,
Polyxena was torn from her mother to be sa where he founded Elea, &c.
crificed. Hecuba was inconsolable, and HELENA, the most beautiful woman of her
her grief was still more increased at the sight age, sprung from one of the eggs which Leda,
of the body of her son Polydorus washed on the wife of king Tyndarus, brought forth after
the shore, who had been recommended by his her amour with Jupiter metamorphosed inuo
father to the care and humanity of Polymnes a swan. [uid. Leda, and also Clytemnestra,
tor king of the country. [vid. Polydorus.] where an explanation is given of this ſable of
She determined to revenge the death of her the egg: see also the remarks appended re
son, and with the greatest indignation went spectively to the articles Graecia, Paris, and
to the house of his murderer, and tore his Troja.] According to some authors, Helen
*Yes, and attempted to deprive him of his life was daughter of Nemesis by Jupiter, and Le
She was hindered from executing her bloody da was only her nurse; and to reconcile this
Purpose by the arrival of some Thracians, variety of opinions, some imagine that Neme
and she fled with the female companions of sis and Leda are the same persons. Her beau
her captivity. She was pursued, and when ty was so universally admired, even in her in
*he ran after the stones that were thrown at fancy,that Theseus, with his friend Pirithous,
her, she found herself suddenly changed into a carried her away before she had attained her
ºtch, and when she attempted to speak, tenth year, and concealed her at Aphidnae,
found that she could only bark. After this under the care of his mother Æthra. Her
*tamorphosis she threw herself into the sea, brothers, Castor and Pollux, recovered her
*cording to Hyginus, and that place was, by force of arms, and she returned safe and
on that circumstance, called Cyneum. [vid. unpolluted to Sparta, her native country;
"Yºsema.] Hecuba had a great number of by There existed, however, a tradition recorded
hildren by Priam, among whom were Hec Pausanias, that Helen was of mubile year?
 HE HE

when carried away by Theseus, and that she sailed for the coast of Asia. The vºwer
had a daughter by her ravisher, who was in of Helen during the Trojan war is not clearly
trusted to the care of Clytemnestra. This known. Some assert that she had willingly
violence offered to her virtue did not in the followed Paris, and that she warmly support.
least diminish, but it rather augmented, her ed the cause of the Trojans ; while other: |
fame, and her hand was eagerly solicited by believe that she always sighed after her hus:
the young princes of Greece. The most cele band and cursed the day in which she had
brated of her suitors were Ulysses son of proved faithless to his bed. Homer repre- -

Laertes, Antilochus son of Nestor, Sthenelus sents her as in the last instance, and some
son of Capaneus, Diomedes son of Tydeus, have added that she often betrayed the
Amphilochus son of Cteatus, Meges son of schemes and resolutions of the Trºjans, and
Phileus, Agapenor son of Ancaeus, Thalpius secretly ſavoured the cause of Greece. Wher
son of Eurytus, Mnestheus son of Peteus, Paris was killed, in the ninth year of the war.
Schedius son of Epistrophus, Polyxenus son of she voluntarily married Deiphobus, one of
Agasthenes, Amphilochus son of Amphiaraus, Priam's sons, and when Troy was taken she
Ascalaphus and ſalmus sons of the god Mars, made no scruple to betray him and to intro
Ajax son of Oileus, Eumelus son of Admetus, duce the Greeks into his chamber, to ingri
tiate herself with Menelaus. She returned
Polypoetes son of Pirithous, Elphenor son of
Chalcodon, Podalirius and Machaon sons of to Sparta, and the love of Menelaus forgave
AEsculapius, Leonteus son of Coronus, Philoc. the errors which she had committed. Some,
tetes son of Poean, Protesilaus son of Iphiclus, however, say that she obtained her life even
Eurypilus son of Evemon, Ajax and Teucer with difficulty from her husband, whose re
sons of Telamon, Patroclus son of Menoetius, sentment she had kindled by her infidelity
Menelaus son of Atreus, Thoas, Idomeneus, After she had lived for some years at Spart.
and Merion. Tyndarus was rather alarmed Menelaus died, and she was driven from Pe
than pleased at the sight of such a number loponnesus by Magapenthes and Nicostratus,
of illustrious princes, who eagerly solicited the illegitimate sons of her husband, and she
each to become his son-in-law. He knew retired to Rhodes, where at that time Polyxc,
that he could not prefer one without dis a native of Argos, reigned over the country.
pleasing all the rest, and from this perplexity Polyxo remembered that her widowhood ori
he was at last drawn by the artifice of Ulysses, ginated in Helen, and that her husband Tie
who began to be already known in Greece by polemus had been killed in the Trojan war ||
his prudence and sagacity. This prince, who which had been caused by the infidelity
clearly saw that his pretensions to Helen of Helen, therefore she meditated revenge.
would not probably meet with success in op While Helen one day retired to bathe in the
position to so many rivals, proposed to extri river, Polyxo disguised her attendants in the
cate Tyndarus from all his difficulties, if he habits of furies, and sent them with orders to
would promise him his neice Penelope in murder her enemy. Helen was tied to a tree
marriage. Tyndarus consented, and Ulys and strangled, and her misfortunes were after.
ses advised the king to bind, by a solemn wards remembered, and the crimes of Polyxe
oath, all the suitors, that they would approve expiated, by the temple which the Rhodian
of the uninfluenced choice which Helen should raised to Helen Dendritis. There is a tra
make of one among them ; and engage to dition mentioned by Herodotus, which says
unite togother to defend her person and cha that Paris was driven, as he returned
racter if ever any attempts were made to from Sparta, upon the coast of Egypt,
ravish her from the arms of her husband. where Proteus, king of the country, expel
The advice of Ulysses was followed, the led him from his dominions for his ingrati.
princes consented, and Helen fixed her choice tude to Menelaus, and confined Helen. From
upon Menelaus and married him. Hermione that circumstance, therefore, Priam informed
was the early fruit of this union, which con the Grecian ambassadors, that neither Helen
tinued for three years with mutual happiness. nor her possessions were in Troy, but in the
After this,'Paris, son of Priam king of Troy, hands of the king of Egypt. In spite of this
came to Lacedæmon on pretence of sacrific. assertion the Greeks besieged the town, and
ing to Apollo. . He was kindly received by took it after ten years' siege, and Menelaus,
Menelaus, but shamefully abused his favours, by visiting Egypt, as he returned home, re.
and in his absence in Crete he corrupted the covered Helen at the court of Proteus, and
fidelity of his wife Helen, and persuaded her was convinced that the Trojan war had been
to follow him to Troy, B.C. 1198. At his re undertaken on very unjust and unpardonable
turn Menelaus,highly sensible ofthe injury he grounds. Helen was honoured after death as
had received, assembled the Grecian princes, a goddess, and the Spartans built her a temple
and reminded them of their solemn pro at Therapne, which had the power of giving
mises. They resolved to make war against beauty to all the deformed women that en
the Trojans; but they previously sent ambas. tered it. Helen, according to some, was car
sadors to Priam to demand the restitution of ried into the island of Leuce afer death,
Helen. The influence of Paris at his father's where she married Achilles, who had been
court prevented the restoration, and the one of her warmest admirers. The age of
Greeks returned home without receiving the Helen has been a matter of deep inquiry
satisfaction they required. Soon after their among the chronologists. If she was born of
return their combined forces assembled and the same eggs as Castor and Pollux, who ac- |
 HE HE

companied the Argonauts in their expedition the voyaged towards º and foretold him
against Colchis about 35 years before the some of the calamitiés which attended his
Trojan war, according to some, she was no fleet. The manner in which he received the
less than 60 years old when Troy was reduc gift of prophecy is doubtful. vid. Cassandra.
ed to ashes, supposing that her brothers were Homer. Il. 6, v. 76, l. 7, v. 47.-Wirg. JEn. 3,
only 15 when they embarked with the Argo v. 295, &c.—Paus. 1, c. 11, l. 2, c. 33.-Ovid.
nauts. But she is represented by Homer so JMet. 13, v. 99 and 723, 1.15, v. 437.
incomparably beautiful during the siege of HELLADEs, the daughters of the Sun and
Troy, that though seen at a distance she in Clymene. They were three in number, Lam
fluenced the counsellors of Priam by the petie, Phaetusa, and Lampethusa, or seven
brightness of her charms; therefore we must according to Hyginus, Merope, Helie, AEgle,
suppose with others that her beauty remain Lampetie, Phoebe, Ætheria, and Dioxippe.
ed long undiminished, and was extinguished They were so afflicted at the death of their
only at her death. Paus. 3, c. 19, &c.—Apol brother Phaeton, [vud. Phaeton.] that they
lod, 3, c. 10, &c.—Hygin, fab. 77.—Herodot. were changed by the gods into poplars, and
3, c. 112.—Plut. in Thes, &c.—Cic. de. Offic. their tears into precious amber, on the banks
3-Horat. 3, od. 3.-Dictys. Cret. 1, &c.— of the river Po. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 340.—Hy
Quint. Smyrn. 10, 13, &c.—Homer. Il. 2 and gin. ſab. 154.—The first inhabitants of
Od. 4 and 15.-A young woman of Sparta, Rhodes. This island, being covered with
oſten confounded with the daughter of Leda. mud when the world was first created, was
As she was going to be sacrificed, because warmed by the cherishing beams of the sun,
the lot had fallen upon her, an eagle came and from thence sprang seven men, which
and carried away the knife of the priest, upon were called Heliades, aro row halov, from the
which she was released, and the barbarous sun. The eldest of these, called Ochimus,
custom of offering human victims was abolish married Hegetoria, one of the nymphs of the
ed.—An island on the coast of Attica where island, and his brothers fled from the country,
Helen came after the siege of Troy. Plin. for having put to death, through jealousy,
4, c. 12–A daughter of the emperor one of their number. Diod. 5.
Constantine who married Julian.—The HELIASTA, a name given to the judges of
mother of Constantine. She died in her 80th the most numerous tribunal at Athens. [Of
year A. D. 323. all the courts which took cognizance of civil
HELENIA, a festival in Laconia in honour affairs the ‘Hataux was the most celebrated
of Helen, who received there divine honours. and frequented. It derived its name zºro row
It was celebrated by virgins riding upon mules, a'x16' w824, from the thronging of the people,
and in chariots made of reeds and bull-rush or, according to others, amo rºw satov, from the
es. sun, beeause it was in an open place an ex
HELENUs, a celebrated soothsayer, son of posed to the sun's rays. The judges that sat
Priam and Hecuba, greatly respected by all in this court were at least 50, and sometimes
the Trojans. When Deiphobus was given in 2 or 500. Sometimes 1000 were called in, and
marriage to Helen in preference to himself, then two courts were joined; sometimes 1500
he resolved to leave his country, and he re or 2000, and then three or four courts met.
tired to Mount Ida, where Ulysses took him They took cognizance of affairs of the highest
prisoner by the advice of Calchas. As he importance. They were summoned by the
was well acquainted with futurity, the Greeks Thesmothetae, before whom they took a so
made use of prayers, threats, and promises, lemn oath which is preserved in the oration of
to induce him to reveal the secrets of the Tro Demosthenes against Timocrates. They sat
jani, and either the fear of death or gratifica from sun-rise to sun-set.] Demosth. contr.
tion of resentment, seduced him to disclose to Tim.—Diog. in Sat.
the enemies of his country, that Troy could Helic E, a star near the north pole, gene
not be taken whilst it was in possession of the rally called Ursa Major. It is supposed to
Palladium, nor before Philoctetes came from receive its name from the town of Helice, of
his retreat to Lemnos, and assisted to support which Calisto, who was changed into the
the siege. After the ruin of his country, he Great Bear, was an inhabitant. Lucan. 2,
ſell to the share of Pyrrhus the son of Achil v. 237.
les, and saved his life by warning him to Hélicon, [a famous mountain in Boeotia,
avoid a dangerous tempest, which in reality near the gulf of Corinth. It was sacred to
proved fatal to all those who set sail. This Apollo and the Muses, who were thence call
endeared him to Pyrrhus, and he received ed Heliconiades. This mountain was famed
from his hand Andromache, the widow of his for the pureness of its air, the abundance of
brother Héctor, by whom he had a soa called its waters, its fertile valleys, the goodness of
beauty of the venerable
Cestrinus. This marriage, according to some, its shades, and the its sides. The nine muses
was consummated after the death of Pyrrhus, trees which clothedstatues of wood ; and here
who lived with Andromache as his wife. He had here their
lenus was the only one of Priam's sons who also were statues of Apollo and Mercury, of
Bacchus by Lysippus, of Orpheus, and of fa
survived the ruin of his country. After the
mous poets and musicians. The ſountain Hip
Weath of Pyrrhus, he reigned over part of pocrene,
Epirus, which he called Chaonia in memory that of Narcissus, and a small river,
of lus brother Chaon, whom he had inadver named Permessus, flowed at the foot of this
mountain; and here also was shown the se
tently killed. Helenus received AEneas as 331
 HE HE

pulchre of Orpheus. It is now called Zagu those of the new divinity. In the midst of
ra, or Zagaro Vouni.] Strab. 8.—Orid. Met. his extravagances, Heliogabalus married four
2, v. 219.-Paus. 9, c. 28, &c.—Virg. JEn. wives, and not satisfied with following the
7, v. 641. [A river of Macedonia near plain laws of nature, he professed himself to
Dium; after having pursued a course of 65 be a woman, and gave himself up to one of
stadia, it sank under ground and assumed the his officers, called Hierocles. In this ridicu
name of Baphyrus.] Paus. 9, c. 30. lous farce he suffered the greatest indignities
HELIconi KDEs, a name given to the Mu from his pretended husband without dissatis
scs, because they lived upon Mount Helicon, faction; and Hierocles, by stooping to infamy.
which was sacred to them. became the most powerful of the favourites,
HEliodóRUs [was born at Emesa in Phoe and enriched himself by selling favours and
nicia, and flourished under the emperors offices to the people. Such licentiousness
Theodosius aud Arcadius at the close of the soon displeased the populace, and Heliogaba
fourth century. He was raised to the dignity lus, unable to appease the seditions of the
of a bishop of Tricca in Thessaly. He com soldiers, whom his rapacity and debaucheries
posed in early life an ingenious romance re had irritated, hid himself in the filth and ex
lating the loves of Theagenes and Chariclea. crements of the camp, where he was found
the best editions of which are that of Bour in the arms of his mother. His head was
delot, Paris, 1619, 8vo. ; that of Mitscher severed from his body the 10th of March,
lich, Argent. 1798, in 2 vols. 8vo.; and that of A. D. 222, in the 18th year of his age, after a
Coray, Paris, 1804. It was first printed at reign of three years nine months and four
Basil in 1534; the copy from which it was days. He was succeeded by Alexander Se
taken having been saved by a common sol verus. His cruelties were as conspicuous as
dier at the sack of Buda.]—[A mathema his licentiousness. He burthened his subjects
tician of Larissa, in the reign of Tiberius, with the most oppressive taxes, his halls were
author of a treatise on optics, the best edi covered with carpets of gold and silver tissue,
tion of which is that of Bertholin. He is and his mats were made with the down of
supposed to have been the author of a trea hares, and with the soft feathers which were
tise on weights and measures, ſound among found under the wings of partridges. He was
the MSS. of Isaac Vossius.] fond of covering his shoes with precious stones
HELIoGABALUs, a deity among the Phoe to draw the admiration of the people as he
micians. . [This deity, according to Capito walked along the streets, and he was the first
linus and Aurelius Victor, was the same with Roman who ever wore a dress of silk. He of.
the Sun. Lampridius, however, fluctuates ten invited the most common of the people to
between the Sun and Jupiter, while Sparti share his banquets, and made them sit down
anus, in the life of Caracalla, leaves it un on large bellows full of wind, which, by sud
certain. The orthography of the name is denly emptying themselves, threw the guests
also disputed, some writing it Elagabalus, on the ground, and left them a prey to wild
others Eleagabalus and Alagabalus. The beasts. He often tied some of his favourites
principal seat of his worship was at Emesa on a large wheel, and was particularly de
in Syria, although Capitolinus terms the lighted to see them whirled round like Ixions,
name of the god a Phoenician one. His and sometimes suspended in the air, or sunk
image was a large black stone of a conical beneath the water.
shape.] M. Aurelius Antoninus, a Roman HEliopolis, [a famous city of Egypt,
emperor, son of Varius Marcellus, called He situate a little to the east of the apex of the
liogabalus, because he had been priest of that Delta, not far from modern Cairo. In He
divinity in Phoenicia. After the death of Ma brew it is styled On or Aun, which term sig
crinus he was invested with the imperial pur nifies strength, riches In the Septuagint it is
ple, and the senate, however unwilling to sub called Heliopolis ("Haloroxtc.) or the eity efthe
mit to a youth only 14 years of age, approved sun. Herodotus also mentions it by this
of his election, and bestowed upon him the name, and speaks of its inhabitants as being
title of Augustus. Heliogabalus made his the wisest and most ingenious of all the Egyp
grandmother Moesa, and his mother Soemias, tians. According to Berosus, this was the
his colleagues on the throne; and to bestow
city of Moses. It was in fact a place of re
more dignity upon the sex, he chose a senate sort for all the Greeks who visited Egypt for
of women, over which his mother presided,and instruction. Hither came Herodotus, Plato,
prescribed all the modes and fashions which Eudoxus, and others, and imbibed much cf
prevailed in the empire. Rome, however, the learning which they afterwards dissemi
soon displayed a scene of cruelty and debauch nated among their own countrygen. Plato,
ery; the imperial palace was full of prosti. in particular, resided here three years. The
titution, and the most infamous of the popu city was built, according to Strabo, on a long
lace became the favourites of the prince. He artificial mound of earth, so as to be out of
raised his horse to the honours of the consul the reach of the inundations of the Nile. It
ship, and obliged his subjects to pay adora had an oracle of Apollo, and a famous tem
tion to the god Heliogabalus, which was no ple of the sun, in which was a mirror soldis.
other than a large black stone, whose figure posed that it reflected the ray of that lumina
resembled that of a cone. To this ridiculous ry all day long, and enlightened the whole
deity temples were raised at Rome, and temple with great splendour. Hence the
the altars of the gods plundered to deck name of the city, Heliopolis. In this temple
332
t
 HE HE

was fed and adored the sacred ox Mnevis, as These last derive their name from lon, son of
Apis was at Memphis. This city was laid Xuthus, and from the difference either of
waste with fire and sword by Cambyses, and expression or pronunciation, in their respec
its college of priests all slaughtered. A soli tive languages, arose the different dialects
tary obelisk alone remains at the present day well known in the Greek language. [Hel
to point out the spot where it once stood. len appears to have been an imaginary per
Heliopolis was famed also for its fountain of sonage ; (vid. remarks under the article Deu
excellent water, which still remains, and calion.) An account of the moven ents of
gave rise to the subsequent Arabic name of the early Greek tribes may be found in the
the place, Ain Shems, or the fountain of the remarks appended to the article Graecia.]
sun. The modern name is Matarea, or cool Paus. 3, c. 20, 1.7, c. 1.-Diod. 5.
water.]—[Another city of Egypt, according HELLENEs, [a name first given to the sub
to some geographers, who locate it in the jects of Hellen, but afterwards a general ap
Thebaid, and make it to be the On of Scrip pellation for the people of Greece. The
ture. It is all, however, a matter of uncer word occurs only once in Homer, (11, 2,684.)
fainty.] [A city of Syria, south-west of and is used not as a generic, but as a speci
Emesa, on the opposite side of the Orontes. fic name for the inhabitants of that part of
It is now Balbeck. Here are to be seen the Thessaly called Hellas. Greece, according
ruins of a most magnificent temple of the to Thucydides, had no one general appella
sun.
tion before the Trojan war, but the several
film. a name given to the mouth of the nations took their distinguishing names from
Meuse. Plin. 4, c. 15. themselves, and Pelasgicum was the name
Helius, ['Hates) the Greek name of the of the largest tract. “But when Hellen and
sun or Apollo. his sons,” adds the historian, “ had acquired
HELLAnicus, a celebrated Greek histori power in Phthiotis, and led out their depend
an, born at Mitylene. He wrote an history of ants by way of aid to other cities, conversa
the ancientkings of the earth, with an account tion made the use of this name become much
of the founders of the most famous towns in more frequent among the several people,
every kingdom, and died B. C. 411, in the though it was long before it so prevail
85th year of his age. Paus. 2, c. 3.-Cic. de ed as to become the general appellation
Orat. 2, c. 53.-Aul. Gel. 15, c. 23. An of them all.” See more respecting the Hel
historian of Miletus, who wrote a description lenes in the remarks under the article Grae
of the earth. cla.

HELLAs, [a term first applied to a city and #wra, a wind blowing from the
region of Thessaly, in the district of Phthiotis, north-east. Plin. 2, c. 47.
where Hellen the son of Deucalion reigned, HELLEspontus, now the Dardanelles, a
but afterwards extended to all Thessaly, and narrow strait between Asia and Europe, near
finally made a general appellation for the the Propontis, which received its name from
whole of Greece. Thessaly itself ercluded. Helle who was drowned there in her voyage
rid. an explanation of this in the remarks to Colchis. (vid. Helle.) [Its modern name
appended to the article Graecia.] Plin. 4. of Dardanelles is supposed to come from the
º 7.-Strab. 8.-Mela, 2, c. 3–Paus. 2, c. ancient city of Dardanus. (vid. Dardanus.)
Its breadth and length are variously stated.
HELLE, a daughter of Athamus and Ne (rid. Bosporus, and the extract from Hob
phele, sister of Phryxus. She fled from her house given below.) Homer's epithet of
father's house with her brother, to avoid the artigay, boundless, applied to so narrow a
cruel oppression of her mother-in-law Ino. strait, has given rise to much discussion,
According to some accounts she was carried and is one of the points which have a bear
through the air on a golden ram which her ing on the long-agitated question respecting
mother had received from Neptune, and in the site of Troy. Mr. Hobhouse under
her passage she became giddy, and fell from take to explain the seeming inconsistency of
her seat into that part of the sea which from of Homer's term, by showing that the Helles
her received the name of Hellespont. Others pont should be considered as extending down
say that she was carried on a cloud, or ra. to the promontory of Lectum, the northern
ther in a ship, from which she ſell into the boundary of Æolia, and that the whole line of
sea and was drowned. Phryxus, after he had coast to this point from Abydos, was consider
given his sister a burial on the neighbouring ed by Strabo as being the shores of the Hel
toasts, pursued his journey and arrived safe, lespont, not of the Ægean. The same writer
in Colchis. (vid. Phryxus.) Ovid. Heroua. observes, with regard to the breadth of the
\}, &c. Met. 4, fab. 14.—Pindar. 4.—Pyth. Hellespont, that it no where seems to be less
–Paus, 9, c. 24. than a mile across ; and yet the ancient mea
HELLEN, son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, surements give only sevenstadia or 875 paces.]
reigned in Phthiotis about 1495 years before It is celebrated for the love and death of Le
the Christian era, and gave the name of Hel ander. [rid. Hero and Leander.] Itis also fam.
lenes (Eºnver; to his subjects. He had, by ed for the bridge of boats which Xerxes built
his wife Orseus, three sons; Æoluus, Dorus. over it when he invaded Greece. The folly of
and Xuthus, who save their names to the this prince is well known in beating and ſetter
three different nations known under the ing the waves of the sea, whºse impetuosity
name of Æolians: Dorians, and lonians. destroyed his ships, * rendered all his la
 HE

Jiliar garments, which exposed them to great

—Herodot. 7, c. 34.—Polyb.— Mela, 1, c. 1. er contempt and ridicule. They never
—Ptol. 5, c. 2–Orid. Met. 13, v. 407-Liv. were instructed in the liberal arts, and their
31, c. 15, 1.33, c. 33. The country along cruel masters often obliged them to drink
the Hellespont on the Asiatic coast bears the to excess, to show the free-born citizens of
same name. Cic. Verr. 1, c. 24.—Strab. 12. Sparta the beastliness and disgrace of in
–Plan. 5, c. 30. toxication. They once every year received
HELLop1A, a small country of Euboea. a number of stripes, that by this wanton fla
The people were called Hellopes. The whole gellation they might recollect that they were
island bore the same name according to Stra born and died slaves. The Spartans even de
bo. Plin. 4, c. 12. clared war against them ; but Plutarch, who,
HEllóría, two festivals, one of which was from interested motives,endeavours to palliate
observed in Crete, in honour of Europa, the guilt and cruelty of the people of Lacedæ
whose bones were then carried in solemn mon, declares that it was because they had as
procession, with a myrtle garland no less than sisted the Messenians in their war against
twenty cubits in circumference, called ºxxarrus. Sparta, aſter it had been overthrown by a vio
The other festival was celebrated at Corinth lent earthquake. This earthquake was sup
with games and races, where young men en posed by all the Greeks to be a punishment
tered the lists and generally ran with burning from heaven for the cruelties which the Lace
torches in their hands. It was instituted in daemonians had exercised against the Helots.
honour of Minerva, surnamed Hellotis, arro In the Peloponnesian war, these miserable
tow ºxov, from a certain pond of Marathon, slaves behaved with uncommon bravery, and
where one of her statues was erected, or were rewarded with their liberty by the Lace
*** raviatiº to triro, toy IIeya roy, because by daemonians, and appeared in the temples and
her assistance Bellerophon took and managed at public shows crowned with garlands, and
the horse Pegasus, which was the original with every mark of festivity and triumph.
cause of the institution of the festival. Others This exultation did not continue long, and the
derive the name from Hellotis, a Corinthian sudden disappearance of the two thousand
woman, from the following circumstance: manumitted slaves was attributed to the inhu
when the Dorians and the Heraclidae invad manity of the Lacedaemonians. Thucyd. 4.—
ed Peloponnesus, they took and burnt Co Pollur. 3, c. 8.-Strab. 8.-Plut. in Lyc. &c.
rinth ; the inhabitants, and particularly the —Aristot. Polit. 2.-Paus. Lacon. &c.
women, escaped by flight, except Hellotis HELöTAE and HELötres, the public slaves
and her sister Eurytione, who took shelter in of Sparta, &c. vid. Helos.
Minerva's temple relying for safety upon the HELvetii, an ancient nation of Gaul, con
sanctity of the place. When this was known quered by J. Caesar. Their country is the
the Dorians set fire to the temple, and the modern Switzerland. [Ancient Helvetia was
two sisters perished in the flames. This wan of less extent than modern Switzerland, being
ton cruelty was followed by a dreadful plague, bounded on the north by the Rhenus and
and the Dorians, to alleviate the misfortunes Lacus Brigantinus or Lake of Constance, on
which they suffered, were directed by the ora the south by the Rhodanus and the Lacus
cle to appease the manes of the two sisters, Lemanus or Lake of Genera, and on the west
and therefore they raised a new temple to the by Mons Jura.] Cars. Bell. G. 1, &c.— Tacit.
goddess Minerva, and established the festi Hist. 1, c. 67 and 69.
vals which bore the name of one of the un HElviſ, [a people of Gaul, north of the
fortunate women. Arecomici, on the western bank of the Rhoda
HELöRuM, [a town of Sicily below Syra nus. The mountain Cevenna, Cerennes, se
cuse, the vestiges of which are called Muri parates them from the Arverni. Their
Ucci. The adjacent country was so beauti. country is now Pivarez, and their capital Al
ful as to be called the Helorian Tempe. It ba Augusta is Viviers.] Plin. 3, c. 4.
was situate at the mouth of a small stream HENETI, [a people of Paphlagonia, along
called the Helorus.] the coast of the Euxine. There was a tradi
HELos, a town of Laconia taken and de tion that they migrated to the north of Italy,
stroyed by the Lacedæmonians under Agis near the mouths of the Padus or Po, and were
the third, of the race of the Heraclidae, be the forefathers of the Veneti. But see re
cause
was
they refused
imposed to pay the tribute which marks under the article Veneti, wherein it
upon them. The Lacedaemonians is attempted to be proved that the Veneti
carried their resentment so far, that, not sa were of Slavonic descent.]
tisfied with the ruin of the city, they reduced HEN10ch1, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia,
the inhabitants to the lowest and most mi near Colchis, descended from Amphytus and
serable slavery, and made a law which for Telechius, the charioteers (ºr taxos) of Castor
and Pollux, and thence called Lacedæmonii.
bade their masters either to give them their
liberty, or to sell them in any other counJMela, 1, c. 21.-Palerc. 2, c. 40.-Flacc. 3,
try. To complete their infamy, all the slaves
v. 270, l. 6, v. 42.
of the state and the prisoners of war were HEPHAEstiA, the capital town of Lemnos.
called by the mean appellation of Helota. —A festival in honour of Vulcan, ("Hºrs
Not only the servile offices in which theyres) at Athens. There was then a race with
were employed denoted their misery and torches between three young men. Each in
slavery, but they were his turn ran a race with a lighted torch in his
334obliged to wear pecu
 HE HE

hand, and whoever could carry it to the end name of Macara, was called from him Minoa.
of the course before it was extinguished ob It was called Heraclea after Hercules, when
tained the prize. They delivered it one to he obtained a victory over Eryx. A no
the other after they finished their course, ther, called for distinction sake Heraclea Pon
and from that circumstance we see many al tica. It was situate on the coast of Bithynia,
lusions in ancient authors, who compare the south-east of the Chersonesus Acherusia. It
vicissitudes of human affairs to this deliver is now Erekli. It was celebrated for its
ing of the torch, particularly in these lines of naval power, and its consequence among the
Lucretius 2: Asiatic states.—Another in Phthiotis, near
Inque brevi spatio mutantur sarcla animantum, Thermopylae, called also Trachinea, to distin
Et quasi cursores vitai lampada tradunt. guish it from others.--Another in Lucania,
HEPHAEstiãDEs, a name applied to the Another in lonia,
on the Sinus Tarentinus.
Lipari isles as sacred to Vulcan. vid. Latmos.—Another in Crete, on the
HRPHAEsti UM, [a name given to a region northern coast. Pliny says it was opposite to
in the extremity of Lycia near Phaselis, from the island of Dia; and it is thought to have
which fire issued when a burning torch was stood on the spot where the town of Candia
applied to the surface. This was owing to was built in after ages.] Cic. Arch. 4.
the naphtha with which the soil was impreg HERAcLEIA, a festival at Athens, celebrat
nated.] ed every fifth year, in honour of Hercules.
HEPHAEstio, a Greek grammarian of Alex The Thisbians and Thebans in Boeotia observ
andria in the age of the emperor Verus. ed a festival of the same name, in which they
There remains of his compositions a treatise offered apples to the god. This custom of oſ
entitled Enchiridion de metris & poemate, [the fering apples arose from this: it was always
best edition of which is that of Gaisford, usual to offer sheep, but the overflowing of the
Oxon. 1810.] river Asopus prevented the votaries of the
HEPHEstlow, a Macedonian famous for god from observing it with the ancient cere
his intimacy with Alexander. He accompa mony; and as the word waxcy signifies both an
nied the conqueror in his Asiatic conquests, apple and a sheep, some youths acquainted
and was sofaithful and attached to him, that with the ambiguity of the word, offered apples
Alexander often observed that Craterus was to the god with much sport and festivity. To
the friend of the king, but Hephæstion the represent the sheep, they raised an apple up
friend of Alexander. He died at Ecbatana on four sticks as the legs, and two more were ,
325 years before the Christian era, according placed at the top to represent the horns of the
to some, from excess of drinking or eating. victim. Hereules was delighted with the in
Alexander was so inconsolable at the death genuity of the youths, and the festivals were
of this faithful subject, that he shed tears at ever continued with the offering of apples.
the intelligence, and ordered the sacred fire Pollur. 8, c. 9. There was also a festival at
to be extinguished, which was never done but Sicyon in honour of Hercules. It continued
at the death of a Persian monarch. The phy two days, the first was called crowatar, the
sician who attended Hephæstion in his illnesssecond nga xxsia. At a festival of the same
was accused of negligence, and by the king's name at Cos, the priest officiated with a mi
order inhumanly put to death, and the games tre on his head, and in woman's apparel.
were interrupted. His body was intrusted At Lindus, a solemnity of the same name
to the care of Perdiccas, and honoured with was also observed, and at the celebration
the most magnificent funeral at Babylon. He nothing was heard but execrations and pro
was so like the king in features and statue,fane words, and whosoever accidentally drop
that he was often saluted by the name of Alex
ed any other words, was accused of having
ander. Curt-Arrian. 7, &c.—Plut. in Aler. profaned the sacred rites.
—Elian. W. H. 7, c. 8. Heft AcLEUM, a town of Egypt near Cano
HEPTAPYLos, a surname of Thebes in Boeo ºpus, on the western mouth of the Nile, to
tia, from its seven gates. which it gave its name.—[A town of the
HERA, [Hez] the name of Juno among the Tauric Chersonese on the western side of the
Greeks. [The name is commonly derived Palus Maeotis, now the fort of Ribat accord
from 2ng air, by metathesis aga, making Juno ing to M. de Peysonnel.] Diod. 1.-Tacit.
the same as the air. Damm, however, makes .Ann. 2, c. 60.—Strab. 2 and 17.
it come from the same root as the Greek figer, HERAcLEóTEs, a surname of Dionysius
hero, namely from aga, votum, res admiran the philosopher.—A philosopher of Hera
da.] clea, who, like his master Zeno, and all the
HERăcLEA, [a name given to more than stoics, firmly believed that pain was not an
40 towns in Europe, Asia, Africa, and the is evil. A severe illness, attended with the
lands of the Mediterranean. They are sup most acute pains, obliged him to renounce his
posed to have derived this appellation from principles, and at the same time the philoso
the Greek name of Hercules “Hearanc, and phy of the stoics, about 264 years before the
to have been either built in honour of him or Christian era. He became afterwards one
placed under his protection. The most fa of the Cyrenaic sect, which placed the sum
mous of these places were, An ancient mum bonum in pleasure. He wrote some
town of Sicily, near Agrigentum. Minos poetry, and chiefly treatises of philosophy.
planted a colony there when he pursued Dae Diod. in vit.
dalus; and the town anciently known by the Heraclips, the descendants of Hercules.
 HE

greatly celebrated in ancient history. Hercu pher, born at Heraclea Pontica, and educated
les at his death left to his son Hyllus all the partly under Aristotle and partly under Speu
rights and claims which he had upon the Pelo sippus a disciple of Plato. He wrote a trea
ponnesus, and permitted him to marry ſole. tise on the “Causes of Diseases,” and another
as soon as he came of age. The posterity of on the “i)isease in which the respiration is
Hercules were not more kindly treated by suspended,” (regº towarvov), a disease which
Eurystheus than their father had been, and |Empedocles boasted of having cured when ot
they were obliged to retire for protection to joday, duration.] A Sicilian put to death
the court of Ceyx, king of Trachinia. Eurys by Dion. He lived about 335 years before
theus pursued them thither; and Ceyx, afraid the Christian era. [vid. Dion.] Cic. Ture.
of his resentment, begged the Heraclidae to 5, ad Quint. 3.-Diog. in Pyth.
depart from his dominions. From Trachinia HERAcLitus, [a native of Ephesus who
they came to Athens, where Theseus, the flourished about the 69th Olympiad. This
king of the country, who had accompanied philosopher was the founder of a sect derived
their father in some of his expeditions, re from Pythagoras, the parent of the Italic
ceived them with great humanity, and assist school. He was naturally of a melancholy
ed them against their common enemy, Eurys and splenetic temper, and despising the igno
theus. Eurystheus was killed by the hand of rance and follies of maukind, shunned public
Hyllus himself, and his children perished with intercourse with the world, and devoted him
him, and all the cities of the Peloponnesus self to retirement and meditation. His place of
became the undisputed property of the He. residence was a mountainous retreat, and his
raclidae. Their triumph, however, was short, food the natural produce of the earth. When
their numbers were lessened by a pestilence, Darius, having heard of his fame, invited him
and the oracle informed them that they had to his court, he treated the invitation with
taken possession of the Peloponnesus before contempt. His diet and mode of life at length
the gods permitted their return. Upon this occasioned a dropsy for which he could ob
they abandoned Peloponnesus, and came to tain no relief from medical advice. It seeins
settle in the territories of the Athenians, that the philosopher who was always fond of
where Hyllus, obedient to his father's com enigmatical language, proposed the following
mands, married Iole, the daughter of Eury. questions to the physicians, “is it possible to
tus. Soon after he consulted the oracle, anx bring dryness out of moisture ?” and upon
ious to recover the Peloponnesus, and the their answering in the negative, in place of
ambiguity of the answer determined him to stating his case more plainly to them, he
make a second attempt. He challenged to turned away his own physician and attempted
single combat Atreus, the successor to Eurys to cure himself by shutting himself up in a
theus on the throne of Mycenae, and it was close stable with oxen. The event is doubt
mutually agreed that the undisturbed posses ful, and the manner of his death, which hap
sion of the Peleponnesus should be ceded to pened at the age of 60 years, is not ascertain
whosoever defeated his adversary. Echemus ed. Of Heraclitus it has been said that he
accepted the challenge for Atreus, and Hyllus was perpetually shedding tears on account of
was killed, and the Heraclidae a second time the vices of mankind, but the story is perhaps
departed from Peloponnesus. Cleodaeus, the as little founded as that of the perpetual
son of Hyllus, made a third attempt, and was laughing of Democritus. It is usual, how
equally unsuccessful; and his son Aristomachus ever, to call the former the crying, the latter
sometime after met with the same unfavoura the laughing philosopher.] He employed his
ble reception, and perished in the field of bat time in writing different treatises, and one
tle. Aristodemus, Temenus, and Chresphon particularly, in which he supported that
tes, the three sons of Aristomachus, encourag there was a fatal necessity, and that the
ed by the more expressive and less ambi world was created from fire, which he deem
guous word of an oracle, and desirous to ed a god omnipotent and omniscient. His
revenge the death of their progenitors, assem opinions about the origin of things were
bled a numerous force, and with a fleet invad adopted by the stoics, who entertained the
ed all Peloponnesus. Their expedition was same motions of a supreme power. A wri
attended with success, and after some decisive ter of Halicarnassus, intimate with Callima
battles, they became masters of all the penin chus. He was remarkable for the elegance
sula which they divided among themselves of his style.
two years after. The recovery of the Pelo. HERAEA, a town of Arcadia. Festivals
ponnesus by the descendants of Hercules forms at Argos in honour of Juno, who was the pa
an interesting epoch in ancient history, which troness of that city. They were also observ
is universally believed to have happened 80 ed by the colonies of the Argives which had
years after the Trojan war, or 1104 years be been planted at Samos and Ægina. There
fore the Christian era. This conquest was were always two processions to the temple of
totally achieved about 120 years after the first the goddess without the city walls. The first
attempt of Hyllus. Apollod. 2, c. 7, &c.— was of the men in armour, the second of the
Herodot. 9, c. 26–Paus. 1, c. 17.—Palerc. 1, women, among whom the priestess, a woman
c. 2.-Clemens. Aler. Strom. 1.—Thucyd. 1, of the first quality, was drawn by white oxen,
c. 12, &c.—Diod. 1, &c.—Arislot. de Rep. 7, The Argives always reckoned their years
c. 26. from her priesthood, as the Athenians from
Hritici.ides, [a ºrts
physician and philoso their archons, or the Romans from their con
 HE HE

suls.
- When they came to the temple of the world. These are all preserved at Portuci,
goddess, they offered a hecatomb of oxen. and the engravings taken from them have
{Ience the sacrifice is often called in arouéoua, been munificently presented to the different
aud sometimes aszºgra, from aszo: a bed, be learned bodies of Europe. The plan, also, of
cause Juno presided over marriages, births, many of the public buildings has been laid
&c. There was a festival of the same name open, and especially that of the theatre. Sir
in Elis, celebrated every fifth year, in which W. Hamilton thinks that the matter which
sixteen matrons wove a garment for the god first issued from Vesuvius and covered Her
dess. –—There were also others instituted culaneum was in the state of liquid mud, and
by Hippodamia, who had received assistance that this has been the means of preserving
from Juno when she married Pelops. Sixteen the pictures, busts, and other relics, which
matrous, each attended by a maid, presided otherwise must have been either entirely des
at the celebration. The contenders were troyed by the red hot liquid lava, or else have
young virgins, who being divided in classes become one solid body along with it when it
according to their age, ran races each in or cooled.] Seneca. Nat. Q.6, c. 1 and 26.-Cir.
der, beginning with the youngest. The ha Att. 7, ep. 3.-Mela, 2, c. 4.—Paterc. 2, c. 16.
bit of all was exactly the same, their hair was HERCULes, a celebrated hero, who, after
dishevelled, and their right shoulder bare to death, was ranked among the gods, and re
the breast, with coats reaching no lower than ceived divine honours. [vid remarks at the
the knee. She who obtained the victory was end of this article.] According to the an
rewarded with crowns of olives, and obtain cients there were many persons of the same
ed a part of the ox that was offered in sacri name. Diodorus mentions three, Cicero six,
fice, and was permitted to dedicate her pic and some authors extend the number to no
ture to the goddess.—There was also a so less than forty-three. Of all these the son of
lemn day of mourning at Corinth, which bore Jupiter and Alcmena, generally called the
the same name, in commemoration of Me Thebau, is the most celebrated, and to him,
dea's children, who were buried in Juno's as may easily be imagined, the actions of the
temple. They had been slain by the Corin others have been attributed. The birth of
thians, who, as it is reported, to avert the Hercules was attended with many miraculous
scandal which accompanied so barbarous a and supernatural cwents: and it is reported
murder, presented Euripides with a large that Jupiter, who introduced himself to the
sum of money to write a play, in which Me bed of Alcmena, was employed for three
dea is represented as the murderer of her nights in forming a child whom he intended to
children. Another festival of the same be the greatest hero the world ever beheld.
name at Pallene, with games in which the [vid. Alcmena.] Hercules was brought up
victor was rewarded with a garment. at Tirynthus; or, according to Diodorus, at
HERAEum, a temple and grove of Juno, si Thebes, and before he had completed his
tuate about [10 stadia from Argos, and 10 eighth month, the jealousy of Juno, intent up
from Mycenae. It was embellished with a on his destruction, sent two snakes to devour
lofty statue of Juno, made of ivory and gold, him. The child, not terrified at the sight of
a golden peacock, enriched with precious the serpents, boldly seized them in both his
stones, and other equally splendid ornaments.] hands, and squeezed them to death, while his
[Another in the island of Samos, con brother Iphiclus alarmed the house with his
structed by Rhoecus, the son of Philaus, who, frightful shrieks. vid. Iphiclus. He was
with Theodorus of Samos, invented the art early instructed in the liberal arts, and Cas
of making moulds of clay.] tor, the son of Tyndarus, taught him how to
HEB culāNEuxi, [a city of Campania, near fight, Eurytus how to shoot with a bow and
the present site of a small place called Porti arrows, Autolicus to drive a chariot. Linus to
ri, destroyed by an eruption of Vesuvius, in play on the lyre, and Eumolpus to sing. He,
the first year of the reign of Titus, A. D. 79. like the rest of his illustrious contemporaries,
Pompeii, which stood near, shared the same soon after became the pupil of the centaur
fate. After being buried under the lava for Chiron, and under him he perfected and ren
more than 1600 years, those cities were acci dered himself the most valiant and accom
dentally discovered: Herculaneum, in 1713, plished of the age. In the 18th year of his
by labourers digging for a well, and Pompeii, age, he resolved to deliver the neighbourhood
40 years after. It appears that Herculane of Mount Cithaeron from a huge lion which
um is in no partless than 70 feet, and in some preyed on the flocks of Amphitryon, his sup
parts, 112 feet below the surface of the posed father, and which laid waste the adja
ground, while Pompeii is buried 10 or 12 feet cent country. He went to the court of Thes.
deep, more or less. Sir W. Hamilton thinks pius, king of Thespis, who shared in the ge.
that the matter which covers the city of Her neral calamity, and he received there a tender
culaneum is not the produce of a single erup treatment, and was entertained during fifty
tion, but that the matter of six eruptions has days. The fifty daughters of the king be.
taken its course over that with which the came all mothers by Hercules during his
town is covered, and which was the cause of stay at Thespis, and some say that it was
its destruction. Many valuable remains of an effected in one night. After he had destroyed
tiquity, such as busts, manuscripts, &c. have the lion of Mount Cithaeron, he delivered
been recovered from the ruins of this ancient his country from the annual tribute of an
tity, and form the most curious museum in the hundred oxen which it paid to Erginus. vid.
2U 337
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Srginus. Such public services became uni club he destroyed the heads of his enemy
versally known, and Creon, who then sat on But this was productive of no advantage, for as
the throne of Thebes, rewarded the patriotic soon as one head was beaten to pieces by the
deeds of Hercules by giving him his daugh club, immediately two sprang up, and the la
ter in marriage, and intrusting him with the bour of Hercules would have remained unfir
government of his kingdom. As Hercules by ished had he not commanded his friend Iolas
the will of Jupiter was subjected to the power to burn with a hot iron, the root of the head
of Eurystheus, vid. Eurystheus, and obliged which he had crushed to pieces. This succeed
to obey him in every respect, Eurystheus, ac ed, (vid. Hydra.) and Hercules became victo
quainted with his successes and rising power. rious, opened the belly of the monster, and
ordered him to appear at Mycenae and perform dipped his arrows in the gall to render the
the labours which by priority of birth he was wounds which he gave fatal and incurable.
empowered to impose upon him. Hercules He was ordered in his third labour to
refused, and Juno, to punish his disobedience, bring alive and unhurt into the presence cf
rendered him so delirious that he killed his |Eurystheus a stag, famous for its incredible
own children by Megara, supposing them to swiftness, its golden horns, and brazen feet.
be the offspring of Eurystheus, rid. Megara. This celebrated animal frequented the neigh
When he recovered the use of his senses, he bourhood of (Enoe, and Hercules was em
was so struck with the misfortunes which had ployed for a whole year continually pursuing
proceeded from his insanity, that he coucealed it, and at last he caught it in a trap, or when
himself and retired from the society of men tired, according to others, by slightly wound
for some time. He afterwards consulted the ing it and lessening its swiftness. As he re
oracle of Apollo, and was told that he must turned victorious, Diana snatched the goat
be subservient for twelve years to the will of from him, and severely reprimanded him for
Eurystheus, in compliance with the commands molesting an animal which was sacred to her.
of Jupiter; and that after he had achieved Hercules pleaded necessity, and by represent
the most celebrated labours, he should be reck. ing the commands of Eurystheus, he appeas
oned in the number of the gods. So plain and ed the goddess and obtained the beast
expressive an answer determined him to go to The fourth labour was to bring alive to Eu
Mycenae, and to bear with fortitude whatever rystheus a wild boar which ravaged the
gods or men imposed upon him. Eurystheus, neighbourhood of Erymanthus. In this expe
seeing so great a man totally subjected to him, dition he destroyed the centaurs, (rid. Cen
and apprehensive of so powerful an enemy, tauri,)and caught the boar by closely pursuing
commanded him to achieve a number of en him through the deep snow. Eurystheus was
terprises the most difficult and arduous ever so frightened at the sight of the boar, that, ac
known, generally called the 12 labours of Her cording to Diodorus, he hid himself in his bra
cules. The favours of the gods had completely |zen vessel for some days. In his fifth labour
armed him when he undertook his labours. He Hercules was ordered to clean the stables of
had received a coat of arms and helmet from Augias, where 3000 oxen had been confined
Minerva, a sword from Mercury, a horse from for many years. (vid. Augias.) For his
Neptune, a shield from Jupiter, a bow and ar sixth labour he was ordered to kill the carni
rows from Apollo, and from Vulcan a golden vorous birds which ravaged the country near
cuirass and brazen buskin, with a celebrated the lake Stymphalus in Arcadia. (rid. Stym
club of brass according to the opinion of some phalus.) In his seventh labour he brought
writers, but more generally supposed to be of alive into Peloponnesus a prodigious wild bull
wood, and cut by the hero himself in the for which laid waste the island of Crete. In his
est of Nemaea.—The first labour imposed upon eighth labour he was employed in obtaining
Hercules by Eurystheus, was to kill the lion of the mares of Diomedes, which fed upon human
Nemaea, which ravaged the country near My flesh. He killed Diomedes, and gave him to
cenae. The hero, unable to destroy him with be eaten by his mares, which he brought to
his arrows, boldly attacked him with his club, Eurystheus. They were sent to Mount Olym
pursued him to his den, and after a close and pus by the king of Mycenae, where they were
sharp engagement he choked him to to death. devoured by the wild beasts; or, according to
He carried the dead beast on his shoulders to others, they were consecrated to Jupiter, and
Mycenae, and ever aſter clothed himself with their breed still existed in the age of Alexander
the skin. Eurystheus was so astonished at the the Great.—For his ninth labour he was
sight of the beast, and at the courage of Her commanded to obtained the girdle of the queen
cules, that he ordered him never to enter the of the Amazons. (vid. Hippolite.) In his
gates of the city when he returned from his tenth labour he killed the monster Geryon,
expeditions, but to wait for his orders without king of Erythia, and brought to Argos his nº
the walls. He even made himself a brazenves merous flocks which fed upon human flesh.
sel into which he retired whenever Hercules (vid. Geryon.)—The eleventh labour was
returned. The second labour of Hercules
to obtain apples from the garden of the Hes
was to destroy the Lernaean hydra, which had perides. (vid. Hesperides.) The twelfth
seven heads according to Apollodorus, 50ac and lost, and most dangerous of his labours.
cording to Simonides, and 100 according to Di. was to bring upon earth the three-headed dog
odorus. This celebrated monster he attacked Cerberus. This was cheerfully undertaken by
with his arrows, and soon after he came to a Hercules, and he descended into hell by a cave
close engagement, and by means of his heavy on Mount Tenarus. He was permitted by
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Pluto to carry away his friends Theseus and killed the centaur, who as he expired gave
Pirithous, who where condemned to punish her a tunic, which, as he observed, had the
ment in hell; and Cerberus also was granted power of recalling a husband from unlawful
to his prayers, provided he made use of no love. [rid. Dejanira.] Ceyx, king of Tra
arms but only ſorce to drag him away. Her chinia, received him and his wife with great
ºules, as some report, carried him back to marks of friendship, and purified him of the
hell aſter he had brought him before Eurys murder which he had committed at Calydon.
theus-Besides these arduous labours, which Hercules was still mindful that he had once
the jealousy of Eurystheus imposed upon him,
been reſused the hand of ſole, he therefore
he also achieved others of his own accord, made war against her father Eurytus, and
equally great and celebrated. (vid. Cacus. killed him with three of his sons. Iole fell
Antæus, Busiris, Eryx, &c.) He accompa into the hands of her father's murderer, and
nied the Argonauts to Colchis before he de found that she was loved by Hercules as much
livered himself up to the king of Mycenae. He as before. She accompanied him to Mount
assisted the gods in their wars against the (Eta, where he was going to raise an altar
giants, and it was through him alone that Ju and offer a solemn sacrifice to Jupiter. As he
piter obtained a victory. (rid. Gigantes.) had not then the tunic in which he arrayed
He conquered Laomedon, and pillaged Troy. himself to offer a sacrifice, he sent Lichias to
(rid. Laomedon.) When Iole, the daughter Dejanira in order to provide himself a pro
of Eurytus, king of GEchalia, of whom he was per dress. Dejanira, informed of her hus
deeply enamoured, was refused to his en band's tender attachment to iole, sent him a
treaties, he became the prey of a second fit philter, or more probably the tunic, which she
of insanity, and he murdered Iphitus, the on had received from Nessus, and Hercules, as
ly one of the sons of Eurytus who favoured soon as he had put it on, fell into a desperate
his addresses to Iole. [rid. Iphitus.] He was distemper, and ſound the poison of the Ler
some time after purified of the murder, and naean hydra penetrate through his bones. He
his insanity ceased ; but the gods persecuted attempted to pull off the fatal dress, but it was
him more, and he was visited by a disorder too late, and in the midst of his pains and tor
which obliged him to apply to the oracle of tures he inveighed in the most bitter impreca
Delphi for relief. The coldness with which the tions against the credulous Dejanira, the
Pythia received him, irritated him, and cruelty of Eurystheus, and the jealousy and
he resolved to plunder Apollo's temple, and hatred of Juno. As the distemper was incur
ºrry away the sacred tripod. Apollo opposed able, he implored the protection of Jupiter,
him, and asevere conflict wasbegun, which no and gave his bow and arrows to Philoctetes,
thing but the interference of Jupiter with his and erected a large burning pile on the top of
thunderbolts could have prevented. He was Mount (Eta. He spread on the pile the skin
upon this told by the oracle that he must be of the Nemaean lion, and laid himself down
sold as a slave, and remain three years in the upon it as on a bed, leaning his head on his
most abject servitude to recover from his dis. club. Philoctetes, or according to othere,
order. He complied; and Mercury, by or Pan or Hyllus, was ordered to set fire to the
der of Jupiter, conducted him to Omphale, pile, and the hero saw himself on a sudden
queen of Lydia, to whom he was sold as a surrounded with the flames without betray
slave. Here he cleared all the country from ing any marks of fear or astonishment. Ju
robbers; and Omphale, who was astonished piter saw him from heaven, and told to the
at the greatness of his exploits, restored him surrounding gods that he would raise to the
tº liberty, and married him. Hercules had skies the immortal parts of a hero who had
Agelºus and Lamon according to others, by cleared the earth from so many monsters and
Omphale, from whom Cresus king of Lydia tyrants. The gods applauded Jupiter's reso.
was descended. He became also enamoured lution, the burning pile was suddenly surround
of one of Omphale's female servants, by whom ed with a dark smoke, and after the mortal
*had Alceus. After he had completed the parts of Hercules were consumed, he was
Years of his slavery, he retired to Peloponne carried up to heaven in a chariot drawn by
**, where he re-established on the throne of four horses. Some loud claps of thunder ac
Šparta, Tyndarus, who had been expelled by companied his elevation, aud his friends, un
Hippocoon. He became one of Dejanira's able to find either his bones or ashes, showed
*itors, and married her after he had over. their gratitude to his memory by raising an al
ºne all his rivals. [vid. Achelous.] He was tar where the burning pile had stood. Me
ºliged to leave Calydon, his father-in-law's noetius the son of Actor, offered him a sacri
glom, because he had inadvertently killed fice of a bull, a wild boar, and a goat, and en
* man with a blow of his fist, and it was on joined the people of Opus yearly to observe
*count of this expulsion that he was not pre the same religious ceremonies. His worship
ºnt at the hunting of the Calydonian boar. soon became as universal as his ſame, and Ju
From Calydon he retired to the court of Ceyx, no, who had once persecuted him with such
king of Trachinia. In his way he was stop inveterate fury, forgot her resentment, and
Pºl by the swollen streams of the Evenus, gave him her daughter Hebe in marriage.
"here the centaur Nessus attempted to offer Hercules has received many surnames and
Violence to Dejanira, under the perfidious pre epithets, either from the place where his wor
tence of conveying her over the river. Her ship was established, or from the labours
""les perceived the distress of Dejanira, and which he achieved. His temples were nu
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merous and magnificent, and his divinity re worship of a Hercules. Many ages before
vered. No dogs or flies ever entered his tem the period when Alcmena is said to have
ple at Rome, and that of Gades, according to lived, and the pretended Tirynthian hero to
Strabo, was always forbidden to women and have performed his wonderful exploits, Egypt
pigs. The Phoenicians offered quails on his and Phoenicia, which certainly did not borrow
their divinities from Greece, had raised tem
altars, and as it was supposed that he presided
over dreams, the sick and infirm were sent to ples to the Sun, under the name of Hercules,
sleep in his temples, that they might receive and had carried his worship to the isle of
in their dreams the agreeable presages of their Thasos and to Cadiz. Here was consecrated
approaching recovery. The white poplar was a temple to the year, and to the months which
particularly dedicated to his service. Hercules divided it into twelve parts, that is, to the
is generally represented naked, with strong twelve labours or victories which conducted
and well proportioned limbs; he is sometimes Hercules to immortality. it is under the
covered with the skin of the Nemacan lion, and name of Hercules Astrochyton (Aargazeter.)
holds a knotted club in his hand, on which he or, the god clothed with a mantle of stars,
often leans. Sometimes he appears crowned that the poet Nonnus designates the Sun,
with the leaves of the poplar, and holding the adored by the Tyrians. “He is the same
horn of plenty under his arm. At other times god,” observes the poet, “ whom different
he is represented standing with Cupid, who nations adore under a multitude of different
insolently breaks to pieces his arrows and his names: Belus on the banks of the Euphrates,
club, to intimate the passion of love in the hero. | Ammon in Libya, Apis at Memphis, Saturn
who suffered himself to be beaten and ridiculed in Arabia, Jupiter in Assyria, Serapis in
by Omphale, who dressed herselfin his armour Egypt, Helios among the Babylonians, Apollo
while he was sitting to spin with her female at Delphi, Esculapius throughout Greece.”
servants. The children of Hercules are as &c. Martianus Capella, in his hymn to
numerous as the labours and difficulties which the sun, as also Ausonius and Macrobius,
he underwent, and indeed they became so confirm the fact of this multiplicity of names
powerful soon after his death, that they alone given to a single star. The Egyptians, ac
had the courage to invade all Peloponnesus cording to Plutarch, thought that Hercu
(rid, Heraclidae.) He was father of Deicoon les had his seat in the sun, and that he tra
and Theritmachus, by Megara; of Ctesippus. velled with it around the moon. The au
by Astydamia; of Palemon, by Autonoe; of thor of the hymns ascribed to Orpheus, fixes
Everes, by Parthenope; of Glycisometes, Gy still more strongly the identity of Hercules
neus, and Odites, by Dejanira; of Thessalus. with the sun. He calls Hercules, “the god
by Chalciope; of Thestalus, by Epicaste; of who produced time, whose forms vary, the
Tlepolemus, by Astyoche ; of Agathyrsus. father of all things, and destroyer of all. He
Gelon, and Scythia, by Echidna, &c. Such is the god who brings back by turns Aurora
are the most striking characteristics of the and the Night, and who moving onwards
life of Hercules, who is said to have support from east to west, runs through the career of
ed for a while the weight of the heavens upon his twelve labours, the valiant Titan, who
his shoulders, (vid. Atlas) and to have sepa chases away maladies and delivers man
rated by the force of his arm the celebrated from the evils which afflict him.” The Phae
mountains which were afterwards called the nicians, it is said, preserved a tradition among
boundaries of his labours. (vid. Abyla.) He them that Hercules was the Sun, and that his
is held out by the ancients as a true pattern of twelve labours indicated the sun's passage
virtue and piety, and as his whole life had been through the twelve signs. Porphyry, who
employed for the common benefit of mankind, was born in Phoenicia, assures us that they
he was deservedly rewarded with immortality. there gave the name of Hercules to the Sun,
Hisjudicious choice of virtue in preference to and that the fable of the twelve labours re
pleasure, as described by Xenophon, is well resents the sun's annual pathin the heavens,
known. [Hercules, according to the learn. In like manuer the scholiast on Hesiod re
ed though singular theory of Dupuis, is no marks, “ the zodiac, in which the Sun per
other than the Sun, and his twelve labours forms his annual course, is the true career
are only a figurative representation of the which Hercules traverses in the fable of the
aunual course of that luminary through the twelve labours; and his marriage with Hebe,
signs of the zodiac. He is the powerful the goddess of youth, whom he espoused after
planet which animates and imparts fecundity he had ended his labours, denotes the renewal
to the universe, whose divinity has been ho of the year at the end of each solar revolu
noured in every quarter by temples and al tion.” Among the different epochs at which
tars, and consecrated in the religious strains the year in ancient times commenced among
of all nations. ... From Meroe in Ethiopia, different nations, that of the summer solstice
and Thebes in Upper Egypt, even to Britain was one of the most remarkable. It was st
and the icy regions of Scythia ; from the au this period that the Greeks fixed the celebra
cient Taprobana and Palibothra in India, to tion of their Olympic games, the establish
Cadiz and the shores of the Atlantic; from ment of which is attributed to Hercules. It
the forests of Germany to the burning sands was the origin of the most ancient era of the
of Africa; every where, in short, where the Greeks. If we fix from this point the de
benefits of the luminary of day are experi parture of the Sun on his annual career, ard
enced, there we find established the name and compare the progress of that luminary through
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the signs of the zodiac with the twelve la HERct LEUM FRETUM, a name given to
bours of Hercules in the order in which they the strait which forms a communication be
are sounetimes handed down to us, a very tween the Atlantic and Mediterranean.
striking coincidence is instantly observed. A HERcijL1s ColºrMNAE, two lofty moun
few examples will be adduced. In the first tains, situate one on the most southern extre
month the Sun passes into the sign Leo; and mity of Spain, and the other on the opposite
in his first labour Hercules slew the Nemaean part of Africa. They were called by the an
lion. In the second month the Sun enters cients .1byla and Calpa. They are reckoned
the sign Virgo, when the constellation of the the boundaries of the la ours of Hercules, and
Hydra sets; and in his second labour Her according to ancient tradition,they werejoined
cules destroyed the Lernean hydra. In the together till they were severed by the arm of
third mouth the Sun enters the sign Libra, at the hero, and a communication opened be
the beginning of Autumn, when the constella tween the Mediterranean and Atlantic Seas.
tion of the centaur rises, represented as bear [vid. Mediterraneum Mare.] Dionys. Perieg.
ing a wine-skin full of liquor, and a thyrsis —Sil. 1, v. 142. – Mela, 1, c. 5, l. 2, c. 6.-
adorned with vine leaves and grapes. At this Plin. 3, c. 1. Monaeci Portus, now Mona
same period what is terme by some astrono co, a sea-port town of Genoa. Tacut. H. 3, c.
mers the constellation of the boar rises in the 42—Lucan. 1, v.405—Purg. .42n. 6, v. 830.
evening ; and in his third labour Hercules, Labronis vel Liburni Portus, a sea-port
after being hospitably entertained by a cen town [of Etruria,] now Leghorn. Pro
taur, encountered and slew the other centaurs montorium, a cape at the bottom of Italy, on
who fought for a cask of wine : he slew also the lonian Sea, now Spartivento. A small
in this labour the Erymanthian boar. In the island on the coast of Spain, called also Scom
fourth month the Sun enters the sign of braria, from the tunny fish (Scombros) caught
Scorpio, when Cassiopeia rises, a constellation there. Strab. 3.
in which anciently a stag was represented ; Hercy NIA, [a very extensive forest of
and in his fourth labour Hercules caught the Germany, the breadth of which, according to
famous stag with golden horns and brazen Caesar, was nine days'journey, while its length
feet. In the fifth month the Sun enters the exceeded sixty. It extended from the terri
sign Sagittarius, consecrated to Diana, who tories of the Helvetii, Nemetes, and Rauraci,
had a temple at Stymphalus, in which were |along the Danube to the country of the Daci
seen the birds called Stymphalides. At this and Anartes; then turning to the north it
same time rise the three birds, namely, the spread over many large tracts of land, and is
constellations of the vulture, swan, and eagle said to have contained many animals un
pier ed with the arrows of Hercules; and in known in other countries, of which Caesar
his fifth labour Hercules destroyed the harpies describes two or three kinds. Since the other
near lake Stymphalus, which are represented forests of Germany were only branches of the
as three in number on the medals of Perin Hercynian, some writers have considered it
thus. In the sixth month the Sun passes into as covering nearly the whole of that extensive
the sign Capricornus, who was, according to territory. On the country becoming more
some, a grandson of the luminary. At this inhabited,the grounds were gradually cleared,
period the stream which flows from Aquarius and but few vestiges of the ancient forest re
sets; its source is between the hands of Aris main in modern times. These now go by
taeus, son of the river Peneus. In his sixth particular names, as the Black Forest which
labour Hercules cleansed, by means of the separates Alsace from Swabia; the Steyger
Peneus, the stables of Augeas, son of Phoebus. in Franconia ; the Spissard on the Mayn;
A similar explanation may be given of the the Thuringer in Thuringia ; Hessewald in
other labours of this demigod; but enough, the dutchy of Cleves ; the Bohemerwald
it is conceived, has been advanced to show which encompasses Bohemia, and was in the
that the theory upon which these remarks middle ages called Hercynia Silva; and the
have been based, although very questionable Hartz forest in Lunenburgh. Some of the
in some of its astronomical details is not German writers at the present day derive the
withstanding extremely plausible ] Diod. ancient name from the term hart, high ; others
1 and 4.—Cic. de JNat. D. 1, &c.—Apollod. suppose it to come from hartz resin, and con
1 and 2.-Paus. l. 3, 5, 9 and 10.—Hesiod. sider the old name as remaining in the present
in Scut. Herc. &c.—Hygin. fab. 29, 32, &c. Hartz forest. Pliny and Tacitus call the tract
—Ovid Met. 9, v. 2 6, &c.—Her. 9. Amor. | over which the ancient forest extended, Her
Trust. &c.—Homer. Il. 8, &c.—-Theocrit. 24. cynius Saltus. In the writings of Eratos
—Eurip. in Herc.—Wiig. .42n. 8, v. 294.— themes, Ptolemy, and others of the Greek
Lucan. 3 and 6.—Apollon. 2.-Dionys. Hal. geographers, it is called the Orcynian forest.
1.—Sophocl. in Trachin.-Plut. in Amphit. Cars. Bell. G. 6, c. 24.— Mela.--Liv. 5, c. 54.
—Senec. in Herc. ſuerunt. & CEt.— Plºn. 4, —Tacit. G. 30.
* c. 6, i. 11, &c.—Philost. Icon. 2, c. 5. —Hero HERENNIUS SENEcio CAIUs, a man to
º dot. 1, c. 7, l. 2, c. 42, &c.—Quint. Smyrn. whom Cicero dedicates his book de Rhetori
6,v. 207,&c.—Callim. Hymn. in Dian.-Pin cá, a work attributed by some to Cornificius.
day. Olymp. od. 3.-Ital. 1, v. 438.-Stat. Philo, a Phoenician who wrote a book on
2. Theb. v. 564.—Mela, 2, c. 1.-Lucuan. Adrian's reign. He also composed a treatise
Dial.-Lactanl. de fals. Rel.—Strab. 3, &c. divided into 12 parts, concerning the choice
—Horat. Od. Sat. &c. of books, &c.
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HERMAE, [statues of Mercury, which the phon, son of Agoneus. He was publicly ho
Athenians had at the doors of their houses.|| honoured with a statue. Paus. 6, c. 17.
They were made like terminal figures of HERMIAs, [a writer towards the close of
stones, of a cubical form, and surmounted the second century, and native of Galatia,
with a head of Mercury. From the Atheni who has left us a short but elegant discourse.
ans Pausanias says that the form was borrow entitled “ Irristo philosophorum gentilium.”
ed by the rest of the Greeks. Paus. 4, 33.]— The work shows that in the time of the wri
Cic, ad.Att. 1, ep. 4 and 8.-C. Nep. in .4icib. ter Gentilism prevailed, and that it must
HERMA.A, a festival in Crete, where the have been written before the fall of pagan
masters waited upon the servants. It was ism.] It was printed with Justin Martyr's
also observed at Athens and Babylon. Paus. works, fol. Paris, 1615 and 1636, and with
9, c. 14. -
the Oxford edition of Tatian, 8vo. 1700.
HERMA. UM, a town of Arcadia. A pro HERM ion E, a daughter of Mars and Ve
montory at the east of Carthage, the most nus, who married Cadmus. The gods, except
northern point of all Africa, now cape Bon. |Juno, honoured her nuptials with their pre
Liv. 29. c. 27.-Strab. 17. sence, and she received, as a present, a rich
[HERMION Es, one of the three great divi veil and a splendid necklace which had been
sions of the Germanic tribes. They lay ad made by Vulcan. She was changed into a
jacent to the Danube.] serpent with her husband Cadmus, and plac
HERMAPHRöditus, a son of Venus and . in the Elysian fields. [rud. Harmonia.]
Mercury, educated on Mount Ida by the |.4pollod. 3.-Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 13. A

Naiades. At the age of 15 he began to travel daughter of Menelaus and Helen. She was
to gratiſy his curiosity. When he came to privately promised in marriage to Orestes the
Caria, he bathed himself in a fountain, and |son of Agamemnon ; but her father, ignorant
Salunae s.the nymph who presided over it, be of this pre-engagement, gave her hand to
came enamoured of him and attempted to se. Pyrrhus the son of Achilles, whose services he
duc him. Hermaphroditus continued deaf to had experienced in the Trojan war. Pyrrhus,
all entreaties and offers; and Salmacis, endea at his return from Troy, carried home Her
vouring to obtain by force what was denied to mione and married her. Hermione, tenderly
prayers, closely embraced him, and entreat |attached to her cousin Orestes, looked upon
ed the gods to make them two but one body. |Pyrrhus with horror and indignation. Ac
Her prayers were heard, and Salmacis and |cording to others, however, Hermione receiv
Hermaphroditus, now two in one body, still led the addresses of Pyrrhus with pleasure, and
preserved the characteristics of both their |even reproached Andromache, his concubine,
sexes. Hermaphroditus begged the gods that with stealing his affections from her. Her
all who bathed in that fountain might become jealousy of Andromache, according to some,
effeminate. [The Abbé Banier explains this induced her to unite herself to Orestes, and
fable as follows, on the authority of Vitru. to destroy Pyrrhus. She gave herself to Ores
vius. There was, it seems, a ſountain in Ca tes after this murder, and received the king
ria, near Halicarnassus, the waters of which |dom of Sparta as a dowry. Homer. Od. 4.—
became the means of civilizing some of the Eurip. in Andr. & Orest.—Ovid. Heroid. 3.-
adjacent barbarians. For, the latter having Propert. 1. A town of Argolis, now Castri.
been expelled by the colony which the Ar [It was particularly sacred to Ceres and Pro
gives had planted in that city, were obliged serpine, and the temples of these deities serv
to come to this fountain to draw water; and ed as an asylum. It was situate in the south
this intercourse with the Greeks not only re ern extremity of Argolis, off the Sinus Her
fined their manners, but by degrees infected mionicus.] The inhabitants lived by fishing.
them with the luxury of that voluptuous na The descent to hell from their country was
tion ; and this, he observes, is what gave that considered so short that no money, accord
ſountain the character of having virtue to ing to the usual rite of burial, was put into
change the sex.] Ord. Met. 4, v. 347–Hy the mouth of the dead to be paid to Charon
gin. fab. 271. for their passage. Plin. 4, c. 5.-Pirg
º in
HERMAthena, [from Egºn; and Agar,ja Ciri. 472—Strab. 8.—.Mela, 2, c. 3.-Piel.
sta ue which represented Mercury and Mi 8, c. 16. – Paus. 2, c. 34.
nerva in the same body. This statue was HERM16Nicus sinus, a bay on the coast
generally placed in schools where eloquence of Argolis near Hermione. Strab. 1 and 8.
and philosophy were taught, because these Her Mippus, a freed man, disciple of Phi
two deities presided over the arts and sciences. |lo, in the reign of Adrian, by whom he was
| M. Spon gives various figures of Hermathena greatly esteemed. He wrote five books upon
in his “Rºcherches Curieuses de l'Antiquité.” dreams-A man who accused Aspasia,
p. 98. They are a sort of statue raised on the mistress of Pericles, of impiety and pros
square pedestals after the manner of Hermae, titution. He was son of Lysis, and distin
only that the attributes of Minerva are added guished himself as a poet by 40 theatrical
to them.] pieces and other compositions, some of which
HERMEs, the name of Mercury among the are quoted by Athenaeus. Plut. A peri
Greeks. , Leid. Mercurius.]—An Egyptian patetic philosopher of Smyrna who flourish
philosopher. vid. Mercurius Trismegistus. ed B. C. 210.
Her MEslāNAx, an elegiac poet of Colo HERMöcrites, a general of Syracuse
342
 HE IIE

against Nicias the Athenian. His lenity to the frequent absence of his soul, took advan
wards the Athenian prisoners was looked upon tage of it, and burnt his body, as if totally
as treacherous. He was banished from Sici dead, and deprived the soul of its natur...
ly without even a trial, and he was murdered receptacle. Her motimus received divine
as he attempted to return back to his coun honours in a temple at Clazomenae, into
try, B.C 408. Plut. in Nic. &c. which it was unlawful for women to enter.
HERMonóRus, a philosopher of Ephesus, Plan. 7, c. 52, &c.—Lucian.
who is said to have assisted as interpreter HERMUNDURI, [the first of the Hermionic
the Roman decemvirs in the composition tribes in Germany. They were a great and
of the 10 tables of laws which had been col powerful nation, and lay to the east and
lected in Greece. Cic. Tusc. 5, c. 36.-Plin. north-east of the Allemanni. Tacitus says,
34, c. 5. that in process of time they became allies to
HERMöGéNEs, an architect of Alabanda, the Romans who distinguished them above the
in Caria, employed in building the temple of other Germans by peculiar privileges. J Ta
Diana at Magnesia. He wrote a book upon cut. Ann. 13, extr.
his profession. A rhetorician in the se HERMus, [a considerable river of Asia Mi
cond century, the best editions of whose rheto mor, rising in Phrygia, and flowing through the
rica are that of Sturmius, 3 vols. 12mo. Ar northern part of Lydia until it falls into the
gent. 1571, and Laurentius, Genev. 1614. He sea near Phocaea. It receives in its course
died A. D. 161, and it is said that his body the rivers Pactolus and Hyllus or Phrygius.
was opened, and his heart found hairy and The plains which this river watered were
of an extraordinary size. At the age of 25, termed the plains of Hermus ; and the gulf
as is reported, he totally lost his memory. into which it discharged itself was anciently
A sophist of Tarsus, of such brilliant called the Hermaean gulf; but when Theseus,
talents, that at the age of 15 he excited the according to some accounts a person of distinc
attention and gained the patronage of the tion in Thessaly, migrated hither and found
emperor M. Antoninus. ed a town on this gulf called Smyrna after
HERMoLius, a young Macedonian among his wife, the gulf was termed Smyrnaeus Si
the attendants of Alexander. As he was one nus, or Gulf of Smyrna; a name which it still
day hunting with the king he killed a wild retains. The sands of the Hermus were fa
boar which was coming towards him. Alex bled by the poets to have been covered with
ander, who followed close behind him, was so gold; they were probably auriferous. The
disappointed because the beast had been modern name of the river is the Sarabat.]
killed before he could dart at him, that he Vurg. G. 2, v. 37-Lucan. 3, v. 210.-Mar
ordered Hermolaus to be severely whipped. tial. 8, ep. 78.—Sºl. 1, v. 159.-Plin. 5, c. 29.
This treatment irritated Hermolaus, and he HERNici, a people of Campania, celebrat
conspired to take away the king's life with ed for their inveterate enmity to the rising
others who were displeased with the cruel power of Rome. [About the origin of this
treatment he had received. The plot was people little of a definite nature is known.
discovered by one of the conspirators, and It is uncertain whether they were descended
Alexander seized them, and asked what had from the Aborigines who had wandered into
impelled them to conspire to take his life. Latium, or whether they were a branch of
Hermolaus answered for the rest, and observ the Samnite- and Marsi, or of Pelasgic origin
ed that it was unworthy of Alexander to as Hyginus asserts. One thing, however, is
treat his most faithful and attached friends certain, that they did not belong to the Latin
like slaves, and to shed their blood without race, although reckoned commonly as a part
the least mercy. Alexander ordered him to of Latium. Macrob. Sat. 5, 18.-Dionys.
be put to death. Curt. 8, c. 6. Hal. 8, p. 537.] Liv. 9, c. 43 and 44.—Sil.
HERMopólis, [or the city of Hermes, the 4, v. 226.-Juv. 14, v. 183.-Dionys. Hal.
name of two towns of Egypt. The first was 8, c. 10.-Pirg, Aºn. 7, v. 684.
in the Delta, east of the Canopic branch of HERo, a beautiful priestess of Venus at
the Nile, and north-east of Andropolis. For Sestos, greatly enamoured of Leander, a
distinction sake the epithet parva was added youth of Abydos. These two lovers were
to its name. Its position corresponds with so faithful to one another that Leander in the
that of the modern Demenhur.—The second night escaped from the vigilance of his fami
was termed Magna or the great, and was si ly, and swam across the Hellespont, while
tute in the Heptanomis, on the western bank Hero in Sestos, directed his course by hold
of the Nile, opposite Antinoë. If a tradi ing a burning torch on the top of a high tower.
tion of the country is to be credited, this city After many interviews of mutual affection
owed its origin to Ishmun, son of Misraim and tenderness, Leander was drowned in a
the ancestor of the Egyptian nation. The tempestuous night as he attempted his usual
name of the place is now Ashmuneim.] Plin. course, and Hero in despair threw herself
5, c. 9. down from her tower and perished in the sea.
HERMorimus, a famous prophet of Cla [vid. Leander.] Musæus de Leand. & He
zomenae. It is said that his soul separated it ro.—Orid. Heroid. 17 and 18.—Virg. G. 3,
self from his body, and wandered in every v. 258.
part of the earth to explain futurity, after HERödes, surnamed the Great and Asca
which it returned again and animated his lonata, [second son of Antipater the Idumean
frame. His wife, who was acquainted with was born B. C. 71. At the age of 25 he was
543
 HE HE

made by his father governor of Galilee, and —[Agrippa, son of Aristobulus, and grand
distinguished himself by the suppression of a son of Herod the Great, born three years be
band of robbers, and the execution of thei fore the birth of our Saviour, and seven be
leader with several of his comrades. He was fore the vulgar era. He was educated by his
summoned before the Sanhedrim for havin: zrandfather, and sent to Rome in order to in
done this by his own authority and put thºse gºatiate himself with Tiberius. The emper.
men to death without a trial, but through the or conceived a great affection ſor him, and
strength of his party and zeal of his friend , laced him near Drusus his son. After many
he escaped censure.] in the civil wars he ol vicissitudes of fortune occasioned principally
lowed the interest of Brutus and Cassius, ano by his own imprudence, he was made tetrarch
afterwards that of Antony. He was made of Batanaea and Trachonitis by Caligula, aud
king of Judaea by means of Antony, and atter king of Judaea by Claudius, whom he had
the battle of Actium he was continued in his aided by his advice in securing the imperial
power by his flattery and submission to Au throne. He became upon this one of the
gustus. He rendered himself odious by his greatest princes of the east. His death was
cruelty and died in the 70th year of his age, sudden. Being seized in the theatre with
after a reign of 40 years. [It was this Herod tormenting pains in his bowels, and devoured
to whom the Magi came with the well by worms, he died at the end of five days.
known enquiry respecting the new-born king rid. Agrippa.] Atticus. vid. Atticus.
of the Jews. Herod was then at Jericho, suf HERodiñNus, a Greek historian [who flour.
fering from a languishing illness, of which he ished from the reign of Commodus to that of
soon after died. His death was attended with the third Gordian.] He was born at Alexan
circumstances of intense and richly merited dria, and he was employed among the offi
suffering. His bowels ulcerated: he had con cers of the Roman emperors. He wrote a l
tinual pains in his abdomen: his legs swelled Roman history in eight books, from the death
like those of dropsical persons, and an intol of Marcus Aurelius to Maximinus. His style
erable itching spread over his whole body. is peculiarly elegant, but it wants precision,
A little before his death he sent for all who and the work too plainly betrays that the au
were persons of any distinction in Judaea to thor was not a perfect master of geography.
come to him at Jericho. They were con He is accused of being too partial to Maximi
fined in a circus, and Herod, with tears, nus, and too severe upon Alexander Severus.
constrained his sister Salome and Alexas his His book comprehends the history of 68 or 70
brother-in-law to promise him that as soon vears, and he asserts that he has been an eye
as he was dead, they should all be massa witness of whatever he has written. The best
cred, that so the Jews throughout the land editions of his history are that of Politian, 4to.
might, at least in appearance, shed tears at Dovan, 1525, who afterwards published a
his death. This order, however, was not ex very valuable Latin translation, and that of
ecuted.]—[Antipas, a son of Herod the Oxford, 8vo. 1708. [The most erudite and
Great, whom his father, in his first will, de elaborate edition, however, is that projected
clared his successor in the kingdom, but to by Leisner, and after his death in 1767, com
whom he afterwards gave merely the office º
of tetrarch over Galilee and Peraea, while he 8vo.
by Irmisch, Lips. 1789-1805, 5 vols.

appointed his other son Archelaus king of HERöDötus, a celebrated historian of Ha

Judaea. Antipas, after being confirmed in licarnassus, whose father's name was Lyxes,
these territories by Augustus, married the and that of his mother Dryo. He fled to Sa
daughter of Aretas, king of Arabia. He di mos when his country laboured under the op
vorced her, however, A. D. 33, that he might pressive tyranny of Lygdamis, and travelled
marry his sister-in-law Herodias, the wiſe of over Egypt, Italy, and all Greece. He after
his brother Philip, who was still living. John wards returned to Halicarnassus, and expelled
the Baptist exclaiming against this ince t the tyrant; he soon, however, left his native
was seized, and subsequently beheaded. Af. city again, being pursued by the hatred of
terwards, A. D. 39, Herodias being jealous some factious citizens. To procure a lasting
of the prosperity of her brother Agrippa, fame, he publicly repeated at the Olympic
who from a private person had become king games, the history which he had composed
of Judaea, persuaded her husband Herod-Ar in his 39th year. B. C. 445. It was received
tipas to visit Rome, and desire the same dig with such universal applause that the names
mity from Tiberius. Agrippa being apprised of the nine Muses were unanimously given to
of his design, wrote to the emperor, accusing the nine books into which it is divided. [It
Antipas of being implicated in the affair of was on this occasion that the young Thucy
Sejanus, upon which he was banished to Lug dides, who was one of the spectators, was af
dunum in Gaul. This is that Antipas who, fected to tears. Herodotus read his history
being at Jerusalem at the time of our Sa a second time at Athens during the festival of
viour's suffering, ridiculed Jesus whom Pilate the Panathenaea. After this he departed
had sent to him, dressed him in mock attire, with an Athenian colony to Magna Graecia
and sent him back to the Roman governor as a vid. Thurium. Here he revised and made
king, whose ambition gave him no umbrage. additions to his work. Whether he died at
The year of his death is unknown, though it Thurium or not is uncertain.] This celc
is certain that he and Herodias ended their brated composition, which has procured its
days in exile, according to Josephus, in Spain.] author the title of father of history, is writ
344
 HE HE

ten in the Ionic dialect. Herodotus is among was called Pilhom by the Egyptians, and was
the historians what Homer is among the poets the residence of the ancient shepherd kings
and Demosthenes among the orators. His of Egypt.]
style abounds with elegance, ease, and sweet HERóPHILA, a sybil, who, as some sup
ness; and if there is any of the fabulous or in pose, came to Rome in the reign of Tarquin.
credible, the author candidly informs the rea (vid. Sibyllae.) Paus. 10, c. 12.
der that it is introduced upon the narration of HERoPHILus, [a celebrated physician, a
others. The work is an history of the wars of native of Chalcedon. Galen indeed has call
the Persians against the Greeks, from the age ed him a Carthaginian; but in the book enti
of Cyrus to the battle of Mycale in the reign tled “Introduction,” which is ascribed to Ga
of Xerxes, and besides this it gives an account len, he is said to be ef Chalcedon. Herophi
of the most celebrated nations in the world. lus lived under Ptolemy Soter, and was con
Herodotus had written another history of As temporary with the philosopher Diodorus, and
syria and Arabia, which is not extant. The with the celebrated physician Erasistratus,
Life of Homer, generally attributed to him, with whose name his own is commonly asso
is supposed by some not to be the production ciated in the history of anatomical science.
of his pen. Plutarch has accused him of ma As a physician, Herophilus is mentioned with
levolence towards the Greeks; an imputation praise, both by the ancient and the early mo
which can easily be refuted. [The chief in dern writers. Cicero, Plutarch, and Pliny
convenience attending the perusal of his his in particular, praise him. One writer, Fal
tory is his discursive manner, some entire his lopius, has even affirmed that his authority
tories being introduced, as it were, by way of in anatomy was equal to the Gospel.]
parenthesis, in the bodies of others. Not HERSE, a daughter of Cecrops, king of
withstanding all his faults, however, he is a Athens, beloved by Mercury. The god dis
most pleasing writer.] The two best editions closed his love to Aglauros, Herse's sister, in
of this great historian are that of Wesseling, hopes of procuring an easy admission to
fol. Amsterdam, 1763; and that of [Schweig Herse; but Aglauros, through jealousy, dis
haeuser, Argent. et Paris, 1816, 6 vols. 8vo.] covered the amour. Mercury was so offend
Cic. de leg. 1, de orat. 2.-Dionys. Hal. 1.- ed at her behaviour, that he struck her with
Quintil. i0, c. 1.-Plut. de mal. Herod. his caduceus and changed her into a stone.
HERóEs, a name which was given by the Herse became mother of Cephalus by Mer
ancients to such as were born from a god, or cury, and after death she received divine hon
to such as had signalized themselves by their ours at Athens. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 539, &c.
actions, and seemed to deserve immortality HERsilia, one of the Sabines carried away
by the service they had rendered their coun by the Romans at the celebration of the Con
try. The heroes which Homer describes, sualia. She was given and married to Ro
such as Ajax, Achilles, &c. were of such a mulus, though, according to some, she mar
prodigious strength, that they could lift up ried Hostus, a youth of Latium, by whom
and throw stones which the united force of she had Hostus Hostilius. After death she
four or five men of his age could not have was presented with immortality by Juno,
moved. The heroes were supposed to be in and received divine honours under the name
terested in the affairs of mankind after death, of Ora. Liv. 1, c. 11.-Ovid. JMet. 14, v. 832.
and they were invoked with much solemni: HERTHA and HERTA, a goddess among
ty. As the altars of the gods were crowded the Germans supposed to be the same as the
with sacrifices and libations, so the heroes earth. [Vossius conjectures that this goddess
were often honoured with a funeral solelani was Cybele, but incorrectly..] She had a
ty, in which their great exploits were enume: temple and a chariot dedicated to her service
rated. The origin of heroism might proceed in a remote island, and was supposed to visit
from the opinions of some philosophers, who the earth at stated times, when her coming
taught that the souls of great men were often was celebrated with the greatest rejoicings
raised to the stars, and introduced among the and festivity. [Some have supposed that
immortal gods. According to the notions of Stonehenge was a temple consecrated to the
the stoics, the ancient heroes inhabited a pure goddess Hertha.] Tacit. de Germ.
and serene climate, situate above the moon. HERū11, a savage nation in the northern
HERon, two mathematicians, one of whom parts of Europe, who attacked the Roman
is called the ancient and the other the young power in its decline. [According to Jornan
er. The former, who lived about 100 years des and Procopius, the Heruli were origi
before Christ, was disciple of Ctesibius, and nally a Gothic nation. The former writer
wrote a curious book translated into Latin, affirms that they first dwelt in Scandinavia,
under the title of Spiritualium Liber, the on and being driven thence by the Danes, wan
ly edition of which is that of Baldus, Aug. dered eastward as far as the Palus Maeotis,
Wind. 1616, and settled in that neighbourhood. Proco
HERoopólis, [a city of Egypt, about equi pius represents them as in ancient times inha
distant from Pelusium, the apex of the Del biting the countries which lie beyond the
ta, and the city of Arsinoe, on the extremity Danube. Here they continued making fre
of the western branch of the Sinus Arabicus. quent incursions into the empire, until the
It gave to that branch the name of Sinus He reign of Anastasius, when great number of
roopolites, now Bahr-4ssuez. Heroopolis them were cut off by the Lombards, and the
2X 345
 HE HE

rest migrated to the west. They began to rich the

of which the "Houai the fourth.) Hesiod
Hsia formed +

invade the empire about A. D. 526. They without being master of the fire and sublimi
were a remarkably ferocious people.] ty of Homer, is admired for the elegance of
Hesiodus, a celebrated poet, [born at Cu his diction, and the sweetness of his poetry.
mae in AFolis, but carried in his infancy to Besides these poems he wrote others, now
Ascra in Boeotia, whence he is commonly lost. Pausanias says, that in his age, He
styled the Ascraean bard.] His father's name siod's verses were still written on tablets in
was Dius, and his mother's Pyrimene. He the temple of the Muses, of which the poet
lived in the age of Homer, and even obtain was a priest. If we believe Clem. Alerand.
ed a poetical prize in competition with him, 6, Strom. the poet borrowed much from Mu
according to Varro and Plutarch. [This situs. One of Lucian's dialogues bears the
contest of Homer and Hesiod is an invention name of Hesiod, and in it the poet is intro
of a later age. The poem published under duced as speaking of himself. Virgil, in his
this title is a mere canto, formed from the Georgics, has imitated the compositions of
works of the two poets, and was composed Hesiod, and taken his opera and dies for a
probably in the second or third century of model, as he acknowledges. Cicero strongly
the Christian era, if not later.] Quintilian, commends him, and the Greeks were so par
Philostratus, and others, maintain that He tial to his poetry and moral instructions, that
siod lived before the age of Homer; but Val. they ordered their children to learn all by
Paterculus, &c. support that he flourished heart. Hesiod was murdered by the sons of
about 100 years after him. Hesiod is the first Ganyctor of Naupactum, and his body was
who wrote a poem on agriculture. This com thrown into the sea. Some dolphins brought
position is called The Works and Days; and, back the body to the shore, which was im
besides the instructions which are given to mediately known, and the murderers were
the cultivator of the field, the reader is pleas liscovered by the poet's dogs, and thrown
ed to find many moral reflections worthy of a into the sea. If Hesiod flourished in the age
refined Socrates or a Plato. [The Works of Homer, he lived 907 B. C. The best edi
and Days should very probably be consider tions of this poet are that of Robinson, 4to.
ed merely as a fragment of a larger work Oxon, 1737, that of Loesner, 8vo. Lips. 1778,
which is lost, or, according to some critics, as and that of Parma, 4to. 1785. Cie. Fan. 6,
composed of various detached pieces put to. ep. 18.-Paus. 9, c. 3, &c.—Quintai. 10, c.
gether by some Diasceuastes. Twesten has 1.—Paterc.—Warro.—Plut. de 7 Sep. & de
even endeavoured to point out and distin ..Anim. Sag.
guish these component parts.] His Theo. HEsióNE, a daughter of Laomedon, king
gony is a miscellaneous narration executed of Troy, by Strymo, the daughter of the Sca
without art, precision, choice, judgment, or mander. It ſell to her lot to be exposed to a
connection, yet it is the more valuable for the
sea-monster, to whom the Trojans yearly
faithful account it gives of the gods of anti presented a marriageable virgin, to appease
quity. [Even as early as the time of Pau the resentment of Apollo and Neptune, whom
sanias, it was considered doubtful whether Laomedon had offended ; but jº pro
Hesiod wrote the Theogony. According mised to deliver her, provided he received as
to the theory of Hermann, it is a poem a reward six beautiful horses. Laomedon con
formed by the union of several minor com sented, and Hercules attacked the monster
positions on the same subject, collected toge just as he was going to devour Hesione, and
ther by the ancient grammarians. What he killed him with his club. Laomedon, how
renders the Theogony very interesting is the ever, refused to reward the hero's services ;
circumstance of its being the oldest monu and Hercules, incensed at his treachery, be
ment we have of the Greek mythology.] sieged Troy, and put the king and all his fa
His Shield of Hercules is but a fragment of a mily to the sword, except Podarces, or Priam,
larger poem, in which it is supposed he gave who had advised his father to give the pro
an account of the heroes descended from the mised horses to his sister's deliverer. The
Gods by mortal mothers. [The poem here conqueror gave Hesione in marriage to his
alluded to was called the Heroogony. A friend Telamon, who had assisted him during
minor composition respecting the battle be the war, and he established Priam upon his
tween Hercules and Cycnus, containing a father's throne. The removal of Hesione to
description of the shield of that hero, is sup Greece proved at last fatal to the Trojans :
posed to have been appended to it by some and Priam, who remembered with indigna
rhapsodist. It is from this small piece that tion that his sister had been forcibly given to
the poem in question bears the name of the a foreigner, sent his son Paris to Greece to re
Shield of Hercules. Modern critics think that claim the possession of Hesione, or more pro
the Heroogony is made up of two poems cit bably to revenge his injuries upon the Greeks
ed by the ancients. One under the title of by carrying away Helen, which gave rise soon
the Catalogue of Women, that is, of the fe. after to the Trojan war. Lycophron men
males who have been the mothers of demi tions, that Hercules threw himself, armed
gods; and the other under the title of 'Houal from head to foot, into the mouth of the non
asyaxai, so named because the history of ster to which Hesione was exposed, and that
each heroine in it commences, as the Shield he tore his belly to pieces, and came out safe
of Hercules, with the words ; cºn, “ or such only with the loss of his hair, after a confine
as.” The Catalogue consisted of five cantos, ment of three days. Homer. Il. 5, v. 638.
 HE HE

Diod. 4.—Apollod. 2, c. 5, &c.—Ovid. Met. ster, as it is supposed, was the offspring of

11, v. 212.-The wife of Nauplius. Typhon, and it had a hundred heads and as
HESPERIA, a large island of Africa, once many voices. This number, however, is re
the residence of the Amazons. Diod. 3.− duced by some to only one head. Those that
A name common both to Italy and Spain. It attempt to explain mythology, observe that
is derived from Hesper or Vesper, the set the Hesperides were certain persons who had
ting sun, or the evening, whence the Greeks an immense number of flocks, and that the
called Italy Hesperia, because it was situate ambiguous word unacy, which signifies an ap
at the setting sun, or in the west. The same ple and a sheep, gave rise to the fable of the
name, for similar reasons, was applied to golden apples of the Hesperides. Diod. 4.
Spain by the Latins. [The Greeks styled [Pliny and Solinus will have the dragon to
Italy Hesperia; the Romans on the contrary have been no other than an arm of the sea,
applied this name to Spain, sometimes, ſor where with the garden was encompassed and
distinction sake, this latter country was call protected. Some place the gardens of the
ed Hesperia Ultima.] Pirg. JEn. 1, v. 634, Hesperides at Larach, a city of Fez; others at
&c.—Horat. 1, 0d. 34, v.4, l. 1, od. 27, v. 28. Berenice, the modern Bernic; others are for
—Sil. 7, v. 15.-Orid. Met. 11, v. 258.-A the province of Sina in Morocco. Dupuis,
daughterof the Cebrenus. Ovid. Met. 11, v.769. who makes Hercules to have been the Sun,
HESPERIDEs, three celebrated nymphs, and refers his twelve labours to the passage
daughters of Hesperus. Apollodorus men of that luminary through the signs of the zo
tions four, Ægle, Erythia, Vesta, and Arethu diac, explains the fable of the Hesperides as
sa: and Diodorus confounds them with the At follows. In the twelfth month, making the
lantides, and supposes that they were the same first coincide with Leo, the sun enters the
number. They were appointed to guard the sign Cancer. At this period the constellation
golden apples which Juno gave to Jupiter on of Hercules ingeniculus descends towards the
the day of their nuptials ; and the place of western regions, called Hesperia, followed by
their residence, placed beyond the ocean by the polar dragon, the guardian of the apples
Hesiod, is more universally believed to be of the Hesperides. On the celestial sphere
near Mount Atlas in Africa, according to Hercuſes tramples the dragon under foot,
Apollodorus. This celebrated place or gar which falls towards him as it sets. Hence the
den abounded with fruits of the most delicious ſable.] Orid. Met. 4, v. 637, &c. l. 9, v. 90.
kind, and was carefully guarded by a dread —Hygin. fab. 30.-lpollod. 3, c. 5.—Hesiod.
ful dragon which never slept. It was one of Theog. v. 215, &c.
the labours of Hercules to procure some of [H Esperipu M Insulae, are generally thought
the golden apples of the Hesperides. The to correspond with the Cape de Verd islands;
hero, ignorant of the situation of this celebrat
but as these are too far from the coast, they
edgarden, applied to the nymphs in the neigh possibly may have been rather the small isl
bourhood of the Po for information, and was ands called Bisagos, lying a little above Sier
told that Nereus, the god of the sea, if pro ra Leone. In these some place the gardens
perly managed, vid. Nereus, would direct him of the Hesperides, which others will have to
in his pursuits. Hercules seized Nereus as he be on the continent.]
was asleep, and the sea-god, unable to escape H Espíris, rid. Hesperus.--A town of
from his grasp, answered all the questions Cyrenaica, now Bernic or Bengazi, where
which he proposed. Some say that Nereus most authors have placed the garden of the
sent Hercules to Prometheus, and that from Hesperides. [According to Pliny, Ptolemy,
him he received all his information. When and Ammianus Marcellinus, the name of this
Hercules came into Africa, he repaired to city originally was Berenice, and afterwards
Atlas, and demanded of him three of the chºnged to Hesperis.}
golden apples. Atlas unloaded himself, and HEspºrus, a son of Japetus, brother to
placed the burden of the Heavens on the Atlas. He came to Italy, and the country re
shoulders of Hercules, while he went in ceived the name Hesperia from him, ac
quest of the apples. At his return Her cording to some accounts. He had a daughter
cules expressed his wish to ease his burden called Hesperis, who married Atlas, and be
by putting something on his head, and when came mother of seven daughters, called At
Atlas assisted him to remove his inconveni. lantides or Hesperides. Duod. 4. The
ence, Hercules artfully left the burden, and name of Hesperus was also applied to the
seized the apples which Atlas had thrown planet Venus, when it appeared after the set
on the ground. According to other accounts, ting of the sun. It was called Phosphorus or
Hercules gathered the apples himself, with Lucifer when it preceded the sun. Cuc. de
out the assistance of Atlas, and he previously Nºat. D. 2, c. 2.—Senec. de Hippol. 749. Id.
killed the watchful dragon which kept the in med. 71.
tree. These apples were brought to Eurys H Esus, a deity among the Gauls, the same
thens, and afterwards carried back by Wi as the Mars of the Romans. Lucan. 1, v. 445.
nerva into the garden of the Hesperides, as Hesychius, [a native of Alexandria. He is
they could be preserved in no other place. placed by different writers in the 4th and at
Hercules is sometimes represented gathering the end of the 6th century. He is celebrat:
the apples, and the dragon which guarded ed as a lexicographer, and has been supposed
by some to be the same person as the patri
the tree appears bowing down his head,
having received a mortal wound. This mon arch of Jerusalem of that name. From the
a 47
 HE HI

insertion of scriptural words in his lexicon, it lasgi to look elsewhere for new places of
is inferred that he was a Christian, though abode. It was these Pelasgi then who mi
critics have thought that these might have grated to Italy from the coast of Asia. A mi
been added by another hand. His work is a gration by the Lydians at that early perica
Greek lexicon or vocabulary, which has been was utterly impossible, for they were as yet
esteemed one of the most valuable treasures an inland people, at a distance from the shores
of the Greek language. The best edition is of the AEgean, and only became acquainted
that of Alberti, Lugd Bat. 2 vols. folio. 1746.] at a subsequent period with maritime affairs.
HETRURIA and ETRURIA, [a celebrated When these Pelasgi from Asia had reached
country of Italy, lying to the west of the Ti the shores of Italy, they united with their bre
ber. Herodotus represents the inhabitants thren who were already in that country, and
as of Lydian descent, an opinion which is fol the foundation was thus laid for the Etrurian
lowed by Cicero, Strabo, Velleius Paterculus. nation. It appears from good authorities that
Seneca, Pliny, Plutarch, and Servius. Dio the true name of the Pelasgi was Tyrsenior
nysius of Halicarnassus, on the contrary, con Raseni, and it will be found upon examina
siders this account of the origin of the Etru tion that the appellations of Pelasgi and Tyr
rians as entirely fabulous, principally on the seni were perfectly synonymous in the ancient
ground that Xanthus, the chief historian of writers. Sophocles, for example, names the
Lydia, says mothing of any colony having emi Argives Pelasgic Tyrseni. Myrsilus asserts
grated to Italy. He conceives the Etrurians that the Pelasgi erected the ancient wall
to have been the Aborigines or natives of the around the Acropolis of Athens, which is
country. He admits, however, that a tribe therefore styled by Callimachus, as quoted in
of Pelasgi passed from Thessaly to the mouth the scholia to the “Birds” of Aristophanes,
of the Po, many ages previous to the Trojan the Pelasgic wall of the Tyrseni. Those Pe
war, and, thence directing their course to the lasgi, moreover, who retired from Attica to
south, aided the Etrurians in their wars with Lemnos are called by Apollonius of Rhodes
the Siculi; that subsequent to this they were Tyrseni, and Thucydides informs us that the
again dispersed in consequence of disease and Pelasgion the coast of Thrace were the same
famine, but a few still remained behind, and, nation with the Tyrseni who once inhabited
being incorporated with the ancient inhabit Attica. Thus much for the origin of the Etru
ants, bestowed on them whatever in language rian nation. In the career of prosperity and
or customs appeared to be common to the renown this singular people advanced with
Etrurians with the other nations of Pelasgic almost gigantic strides. They spread from
descent. The theory of Mannert admirably the mouth of the Po far to the south into
reconciles these conflicting opinions, and fur Campania, while on the other side they
mishes what may be regarded as the true his. pushed their conquests north even to the
tory of the origin of the Etrurians. Accord Alps. They soon became a civilized, po
ing to this writer, the Pelasgi being driven lished, and highly prosperous nation, and
out of Thessaly by the Hellenes under Deu their glory was at its height before Rome was
calion, about four or five ages previous to the yet founded. Their form of government was
Trojan war, retired in a great measure to a sort of federative one, resembling in some
Epirus, whence numbers of them crossed over degree that of the Swiss Cantons. They
into Italy. Here they formed an union with were divided into 12 states, each of which
the Aborigines, and invaded with them the was governed by a Lucumo. Their names
territories of the Umbri, which extended at were Veientes, Clusini, Perusini, Cortonenses,
that early period from sea to sea. From the Arretini, Vetulonii, Volaterrani, Russellani,
Umbri they wrested the city of Cortona with Volscinii, Tarquinii, Falisci, and Caeratini.
its adjacent territory, which a part of them They fell at last beneath the superior power
selected as the place of their abode. The re of Rome, and never recovered their defeat at
mainder moved onward to the south, aided the Lake Vadimonis.] Plin. 3, c. 4.—Strab.
their allies the Aborigines in their wars with 5.—Plut. in Rom.–Mela, 2, c. 4.
the Siculi, the primitive possessors of what HibertN1A and HyberNIA, a large island
was afterwards called Latium, drove these Si at the west of Britain, now called Ireland.
culi to the southern extremities of Italy, and {vid. Ierne.] Juv.2, v. 160,—Strab. 4.—Or
spread themselves over the fertile plains of pheus.--Aristot.
Latium and Campania. In the mean time HIERA, one of the Lipari islands, called al
that portion of the Pelasgi expelled from so Theresia, now Vuleano. Paus. 10, c. 11.
Thessaly which had not retired to Epirus, had HIERApólis, [a city of Syria, near the
emigrated to the coast of Asia Minor. It is Euphrates, south of Zeugma. It derived its
here that Homer makes mention of them Greek name, (Holy City) from the circum
among the allies of the Trojans, and of their stance of the Syrian goddess Atergatis being
capital city Larissa, called so evidently from worshipped there. By the Syrians it was
the city of the same name in Thessaly, their called Bambyce or Mabog. It is now Men
ancient capital. From the AEolic writer Me bigg.]—[A city in the south-western angle
necrates of Flea, we learn that they had pos of Phrygia, near the confines of Lydia, and
sessed themselves of the entire coast of what north-west of Laodicea. It is now called by
was subsequently termed Ionia, and Strabo the Turks Bambuk-Calasi, or the castle of
assures us that the Greek colonies which came Cotton, because the neighbouring rocks re
afterwards to these shores, induced the Pe sembled that substance in their whiteness."
 HI HI
----→ ---

H1 ERichus, (unlis) the name of Jericho in ry. He abjured the alliance of Rome, which
the Holy Land, called the city of Palm-trees. Hiero had observed with so much honour and
[vid. Jericho.] Plin.5, c. 14.—Tacit. H.5, c.6. advantage. He was assassinated, and all his
HIERo 1st, a king of Syracuse, after his family was overwhelmed in his fall, and to
brother Gelon, who rendered himself odious tally extirpated, B.C. 214. An historian
in the beginning of his reign by his cruelty and of Rhodes, who wrote an account of the ac
nvarice. He made war against Theron, the tions of Demetrius Pollorcetes, by whom he
tyrant of Agrigentum, and took Himera. He was appointed over Boeotia, B. C.254. Plut.
obtained three different crowns at the Olym in Dem. An Athenian set over the fleet
pic games, two in horse-race , and one at a while Conon went to the king of Persia.-
chariot-race. Pindar has celebrated him as A Christian writer, commonly called St. Je
being victorious at Olympia. In the latter rome, born in Pannonia, and distinguished for
part of his reign the conversation of Simonides. his zeal against heretics. He wrote com
Epicharmus, Pindar, &c. softened in some mentaries on the prophets, St. Matthew's
measure the roughness of his morals and the Gospel, &c. a Latin version, known by the
severity of his government, and rendered him name of Vulgate, polemical treatises, and an
the patron of learning, genius, and merit. account of ecclesiastical writers, before him.
He died, after a reign of 18 years, B. C. 467, Of his works, which are replete with lively
leaving the crown to his brother Thrasybulus, animation, sublimity, and erudition, the best
who disgraced himself by his vices and tyran edition is that of Wallarsius, fol. Veronae, 1734
ny. Diod. 11. The second of that name to 1740, ten vols. Jerome died A. D. 420, in
king of Syracuse, was descended from Gelon. his 91st year.
He was unanimously elected king by all the HIE Rosoly MA, [a celebrated city of Pales
states of the island of Sicily, and appointed time, and capital of Judea. It was auciently
to carry on the war against the Carthaginians. denominated Jebus or Salem. The Jebusites
He joined his enemies in besieging Messana, held it until the time of David, when it was
which had surrendered to the Romans, but taken possession of by the tribe of Benjamin,
he was beaten by Appius Claudius, the Ro who allowed the ancient inhabitants to re
man consul, and obliged to retire to Syracuse, main. It was then called by the Hebrews
where he was soon blocked up. Seeing all Jeruschalaim or Jeruschalem, the vision of
hopes of victory lost, he made peace with the peace, or the possession of the inheritance ºf
Romans, and proved so faithful to his engage peace. The name Hierosolyma was applied
ments during the fifty-nine years of his reign. to it by the Greeks and Romans. It was built
that the Romans never had a more firm, or on several hill-, the largest of which was
more attached ally. He died in the 94th year Mount Sion, which formed the southern part
of his age, about 225 years before the Chris of the city. A valley toward the north se
tian era. He was universally regretted, and parated this from Acra the second or lower
all the Silicians showed by their lamentations, city, on the east of which was Mount Moriah,
that they had lost a common father and a the site of the temple of Solomon. North-east
friend. He liberally patronized the learned, of Mount Moriah was the Mount of Olives, on
and employed the talents of Archimedes for the south was the valley of Hinnom, and at the
the good of his country. He wrote a book north Mount Calvary, the scene of our Lord's
on agriculture, now lost. He was succeeded crucifixion.] It was taken by Pompey, who,
by Hieronymus. JElian. P. H. 4,8.—Justin. on that account, is surnamed Hierosolymarius.
23, c. 4.—Flor. 2, c. 2.--Liv. 16. Titus also took it and destroyed it the 8th of
Hierºcles, a persecutor of the Christians September A D. 70, according to Josephus,
under Dioclesian, who pretended to find in 2177 years after its ſoundation. In the siege
consistencies in Scripture, and preferred the by Titus, 110,000 persons are said to have
miracles of Thyaneus to those of Christ. His perished, and 97,000 to have been made pri
writings were refuted by Lactantius and Eu soners, and afterwards either sold for slaves,
sebius. A Platonic philosopher,who taught or wantonly exposed ſor the sport of their in
at Alexandria, and wrote a book on provi. solent victors to the fury of wild beasts. [The
dence and fate, fragments of which are pre ardent zeal of the Jewish nation for their
served by Photius; a commentary on the gold holy city and temple soon caused both to be
en verses of Pythagoras; and facetious mo again rebuilt, but fresh commotions compell
ral verses. He flourished A. D. 485. The ed the emperor Adrian to interfere, and or
best edition is that of Ashton and Warren. dain that no Jew should remain in, or even
8vo, London, 1742. approach near Jerusalem on pain of death.
Hieſtowica LEx, by Hiero, tyrant of Si On the ruins of their temple the same empe
cily, to settle the quantity of corn, the price ror caused a temple in honour of Jupiter Ca
and time of receiving it between the farmers pitolinus to be erected, and the image of a
of Sicily and the collector of the corn tax at hog to be cut in stone over the doorway, as
Rome. This law, on account of its justice a standing insult to the religious feelings of
and candour, was continued by the Romans this unfortunate people. The name of the
when they became masters of Sicily. city also was changed to AElia Capitolina,
HieroNYMus, a tyrant of Sicily who suc the first part of the name alluding to the fa.
ceeded his father or grandfather Hiero, when mily of the Roman emperor. This latter
only 15 years old. He rendered himself odi ofname city, andafterwards
the became Jerusalemthebecame name
ordinarynearly
ous by his cruelty, oppression, and debauche
 HI HI

obsolete. Upon the ascension to the throne, chus came after these, and greatly improved
however, of the Christian emperors, the name that science, making Ephemerides and other
revived. Jerusalem thus restored, was much learned and useful helps to astronomy. He
less in its compass than the ancient city, discovered a new star, and is memorable for
Mount Sion and Bezetha being excluded.] having been the first who discovered the pre
Joseph. Bell. J. 7, c. 16, &c.—Cic. ad Attic. cession of the equinoxes.] He makes no men
2, ep. 9.—Flacc. 28. tion of comets. From viewing a tree on a
HILARius, a bishop of Poictiers in France, plain from different situations, which changed
who wrote several treatises, the most famous its apparent position, he was led to the dis
of which is on the Trinity, in 12 books. The covery of the parallax of the planets, or the
only edition is that of the Benedictine monks, distance between their real or apparent po
fol. Paris, 1693. Hilary died A. D. 372, in sition, viewed from the centre, and from the
his 80th year. surface of the earth. He determined long
HILLEv10NEs, a people of Scandavia; ſac tude and latitude, and fixed the first degree
cording to Pliny, they occupied the only of longitude at the Canaries. He likewise
known part of this country. Among the va laid the first foundations of trigonometry, so
rious maines of countries and people reported essential to facilitate astronomical studies.
by Jornandes, we still find, observes D'Anville, After a life of labour in the service of science
Hallin ; and that which is contiguous to the and astronomy, and after publishing several
province of Skane is still called Halland.] treatises and valuable observations on the
Plin. 4, c. 13. appearance of the heavens, he died 125 years
HIMERA, a city of Sicily built by the people before the Christian era. Plin. 2, c. 26, &c
of Zancle, and destroyed by the Carthaginians Hippāsus, [a native of Metapontum and
240 years aſter. Strab. 6. There were two follower of the Pythagorean doctrine. He is
rivers of Sicily of the same name, the one, said to have excelled in the application of
now Fiumi de Termini, falling at the east of mathematical principles to music, statics, and
Panormus into the Tuscan Sea, with a town mensuration. In common with others of the
of the same name at its mouth, and also cele same sect he held that fire was the originat
brated baths. [The place is now called Ter ing cause of all things. He taught also that the
mini from the therma or warm baths.] Cic. universe is finite, is always changing, and un
Perr. 4, c. 33. The other, now Fiume Salso, dergoes a periodical conflagration.] Diog.
running in a southern direction, and dividing HippſAs, a philosopher of Elis, who main
the island almost into two parts. [This river tained that virtue consisted in not being in
separated the Syracusan from the Carthagi want of the assistance of men. At the Olym
nian dependencies in Sicily.] Liv. 24, c. 6, pic games he boasted that he was master of all
1. 25, c. 49.-The ancient name of the Eu the liberal and mechanical arts; and he said
rotas. Strab. 6.—Mela, 2, c. 7.—Polyb. that the ring upon his finger, the tunic, cloak,
HiMii.co, a Carthaginian, sent to explore and shoes, which he then wore, were all the
the western parts of Europe. Fest. Avien. work of his own hands. Cic. de Orat. 3, c. 32.
A son of Amilcar, who succeeded his fa A son of Pisistratus, who became tyrant
ther in the command of the Carthaginian ar of Athens after the death of his father, with
mies in Sicily. He died, with his army, by a his brother Hipparchus. He was willing to
plague, B. C. 398. Justin. 19, c. 2. revenge the death of his brother who had been
Hippa Rchus, a son of Pisistratus, who suc assassinated, and for this violent measure
ceeded his father as tyrant of Athens, with he was driven from his country. He fled to
his brother Hippias. He patronized some of king Darius in Persia, and was killed at the
the learned men of his age, and distinguished battle of Marathon, fighting against the Athe
himself by his fondness for literature. The nians, B.C. 490. He had five children by
seduction of a sister of Harmodius raised him Myrrhine, the daughter of Callias. Herodot.
many enemies, and he was at last assassinat 6.—Thucyd. 7.
ed by a desperate band of conspirators, with Hippius, a surname of Neptune, from his
Harmodius and Aristogiton at their head having raised a horse (irrºr) from the earth
513 years before Christ. .HClian. V. H. 8, c. in his contest with Minerva concerning the
2-[An ancient astronomer, born at Nicaea giving a name to Athens.
in Bithynia, and flourished between the 154th Hippo [REGIUs, a city of Africa, in that
and 163d Olympiads. He was the first person part of Numidia called the western province.
who attempted to count the number of the It was situate near the sea, on a bay in the
fixed stars, and his catalogue is still preserv vicinity of the promontory of Hippi. It was
ed in Ptolemy's Almagest, where they are set callel Hippo Regius, not only in opposition
down with their longitudes and apparent mag to Hippo Zarytus mentioned below, but also
nitudes. According to Pliny he foretold the from its having been one of the royal cities of
course of the sun and moon for 600 years; he the Numidian kings; for, according to Silius
predicted the times of eclipses, and taught Italicus, it was one of their favourite seats.
mankind that they ought not to be alarmed Of this city St. Augustine was bishop. The
at the recurrence of such phenomena. Thales ruins are spread at the present day over the
was the first among the Greeks who could neck of land that lies between the rivers Boo
foretell the approach of an eclipse. Sulpicius jemah and Seibouse. Near the ancient site is
Gallus among the Romans began to be suc a town named Bona.] [Zarytus, a town
cessful in that kind of prediction. Hippar. of Aſrica, on the coast, to the west of Utica.
ear-ra
 HI HI
*-- -

It was thus termed to distinguish it from the kius, 2 vols. fol. Viennae, 1743. His treatises,
one above mentioned, and the name has re especially the .4phorisms, have been pub
ſerence to its situation among artificial ca lished separately. [The learned Coray pub
nals which afforded the sea an entrance to a lished a translation in French of the medical
navigable lagune adjacent. It is now Ben works of Hippocrates, at Toulouse in 1801.
Zert, corrupted by mariners into Biserte.] in 4 vols. 8vo. and also a translation of his
Hippocrxtauhi, a race of monsters who treatise on airs, waters, and places, at Paris,
dwelt in Thessaly. rid. Centauri. 1801, in 2 vols. 8vo. enriched with a critical,
Hippocrites, a celebrated physician of historical, and medical commentary..] Plin.
Cos, one of the Cyclades. [He was of the 7, c. 37.-Cic. de Orat. 3.
family of the Asclepiades, the descendants of Hippoch ENE, a fountain of Boeotia, near
£sculapius; his father Heraclides being the Mount Heiicen, sacred to the muses.
It first
seventeenth lineal descendant from that per rose from the ground, when struck by the feet
sonage, and the sixteenth from Podalirius, of the horse Pegasus, whence the name £7 m ov
who, with his brother Machaon, followed the xgava, the horse's fountain. [vid. Agannipe
army of the Greeks to the Trojan war.) He and Helicon.] Orid, 5, Met. v. 256.
studied physic, in which his grandfather Ne HippoDAME and Hippona Mia, a daughter
brus was so eminently distinguished; and he of OEnomaus, king of Pisa, in Elis, who mar
improved himself by reading the tablets in ried Pelops son of Tantalus. Her father, who
the temples of the gods, where each indivi was either enamoured of her himself, or airaid
dial had written down the diseases under !est he should perish by one of his daughter's
which he had laboured, and the means by children, according to an oracle, refused to
which he had recovered. He delivered marry her, except to him who could over
Athens from a dreadful pestilence in the be come him in a chariot-race. As the beauty
ginning of the Peloponnesian war, and he of Hippodamia was greatly celebrated, many
was publicly rewarded with a golden crown, courted her, and accepted her father's condi
the privileges of a citizen of Athens, and tions, though death attended a defeat. Thir
the initiation at the grand festivals. Skilful teen had already been conquered, and forfeited
and diligent in his profession, he openly de their lives, when Pelops came from Lydia and
clared the measures which he had taken to entered the lists. Pelops purposely bribed
cure a disease, and candidly confesses that of
Myrtilus, the charioteer of OEnomaus, and en
4?patients which were intrusted to his care, sured himself the victory. In the race, CEno
ºnly 17 had recovered, and the rest had maus mounted on a broken chariot, which the
Allen a prey to the distemper in spite of corrupted Myrtilus had previously provided
his medical applications. He devoted all for him, was easily overcome, and was killed
his time for the service of his country; and in the course; and Pelops married Hippo
when Artaxerxes invited him, even by force damia, and avenged the death of OEnomaus,
ºf arms, to come to his court, Hippocrates by throwing into the sea the perfidious Myr
'irmly and modestly answered, that he was tlius, who claimed for the reward of his treach
born to serve his countrymen, and not a fo–ery, the favour which Hippodamia could grant
ºner. He enjoyed the rewards which his only to her husband. Hippodamia became
well-directed labours claimed, and while he mother of Atreus and Thyestes, and it is said
ºd in the greatest popularity, he was care that she died of grief for the death of her fa
fully employed in observing the symptoms ther, which her guilty correspondence with
*the growth of every disorder, and from Pelops and Myrtilus had occasioned. Virg.
isjudicious remarks, succeeding physicians G. 3, v. 7.—Hygin. fab. 84 and 253.—Paus.
have received the most valuable advantages.
5, c. 14, &c. – Diod. 4.—Ovid. Heroid. 8 and
º“human
experiments which he had tried upou 17. A daughter of Adrastus, king of Argos,
frame increased his knowledge, who married Pirithous, king of the Lapithae.
* from his consummate observations, he The festivity which prevailed on the day of
*w how to moderate his own life as well her marriage was interrupted by the attempts
*"Prºcribe toB.others.
Year of his age, C. 361,He diedfrom
free in the
all 99th
dis of Eurytus to offer her violence. (rud. Piri
thous.) She is called lschomache by some, and
º ofthe mind and body; and after death Deidamia by others. Orid. Met. 12.- Plut. in
º *ived, with the name of Great, the Thes.
**uts which were paid to Hercules. HipponróMus, [a place wherein chariot
º few of which remain, have pro
\\\\\\ im the epithet of divine, and show
and horse-races were performed and horses
exercised. The term comes from irro;
Cordi ** the Homer of his profession.Ac. equus, and detacº cursus.]
ble º Galen, his opinion is as respecta Hippolyte, a queen of the Amazons, given
º the Yoice of an oracle. He wrote in in marriage to Theseus by Hercules who had
lus º *t the advice of Democri conquered her, and taken away herg rale by
i ough h: ". a Dorian. His memory order of Eurystheus. (rid. Hercules.) She
ºf". *t Cos, and the present in had a son by Theseus, called Hippolytus.
which Hi ...and show a small house Plut. in Thes—Propert.4, el. 3. The wife
of Acastus, who fell in love with Peleus, who
... "...
hiteffering a...theyofmention,
st editions his worksonce
are was in exile at her husband's court. She ac
n **nev. fol. 1657; of Linden, cused him of incontinence, and of attempts
'Wols. 8vo. Amst. I 565; and that of Mac upon her virtue, before Acastus, only because
 HI III
--- - *

he refused to gratify her desires. She is also Hipponium, [called also Wiba Valentia.
called Astyochia. (vid. Acastus.)-A and now Bivona, a town of Italy, on the west
daughter of Cretheus. Apollod. ern coast of the territory of the Bruttii, south
Hippolytus, a son of Theseus and Hip west from Scylacium.] Here Agathocles
polyte, famous for his virtues and his misfor built a dock. Strab.
tunes. His step-mother Phaedra fell in love Hippopod Es, a people of Scythia, who
with him, and when he refused to pollute his have horses’ feet. [The Hippopodes are mer.
father's bed, she accused him of offering vio tioned by Dionysius, Mela, Pliny, and St. An
lence to her person before Theseus. Her ac gustine. The truth appears to be, that they
cusation was readily believed, and Theseusen had this appellation given them on account
treated Neptune severely to punish the incon. of their swiftness of foot.] Dionys. Per. 3:0
tinence of his son. Hippolytus fled from the —JM, la, 3, 6.-- Plin. 4.
resentment of his father, and, as he pursued HippotAs or Hippotes, a Trojan prince
his way along the sea-shore, his horses were changed into a river. (cid. Crimisus.)—
so frightened at the noise of sea-calves, which The father of Æolus, who from thence is
Neptune had purposely sent there, that they called Hippotades. Hom. Od. 10, v. 2.--
ran among the rocks till his chariot was brok Ovid. Her. 18, v. 46. Met. 14, v. 224.
en and his body torn to pieces. Temples Hippothoon. a son of Neptune and Alope,
were raised to his memory, particularly at daughter of Cercyon, exposed in the woods
Troezene, where he received divine honours. by his mother, that her amours with the god
According to some accounts, Diana restored might be concealed from her father. Her
him to life. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 268. Met. 15, shaine was discovered, and her father order
v. 469. – Virg. JEn. 7, v. 761 &c. A ed her to be put to death. Neptune changed
Christian writer in the third century, [the her into a fountain, and the child was pre
disciple of Irenaeus and instructor of Orig n. served by mares, whence his name, and when
The seat of his principal labours in propagat grown up, placed on his grandfather's throue
ing the gospel, in which cause his zeal ren by the friendship of Theseus. Hygin. fab.
dered him very celebrated, was at Rome, 187.-Paus. 1, c. 38.
were it is probable he suffered martyrdom. #wran. one of the Cyclades. JMela, 2.
This took place in the year 230, under Alex C. ſ.

ander Severus. Some ascribe it, however, to HiRA, [or Alexandria, now Mesſid-aii, or
the persecution under Maximinus, five years -Meham-ali, a town of Asia in Babylonia, situ.
later, and others to the Decian persecution ate on a lake, a short distance from the west
about the year 250.] His works have been ern bank of the Euphrates. It was the resi
edited by Fabricius, Hamb. fol. 1716. dence of a dynasty of princes who served the
Hippomédon, a son of Nisumachus and Persians and Parthians against the Romans.
Mythidice, who was one of the seven chiefs They are called in history by the general
who went against Thebes. He was killed by name of Alamundari, after the term Al-Mon
Ismarus, son of Acastus. Apollod. 3, c. 6.— lar, common to many of these princes at the
Paus. 2, c 36. fall of their dynasty under the Mahometan
Hippomi ENES, a son of Macareus and Me power. The body of Ali was here interred;
rope, who married Atalanta (vid. Atalanta) and hence from the sepulchre of the caliph
with the assistance of Venus. These two fond came the modern name.]
lovers were changed into lions by Cybele, | HiRPINI, [a peo, le of Italy, who formed a
whose temple they had profaned in their im part of the Samnites, and were situate to the
patience to consummate their nuptials. Ovid. south of Samnium proper. As the term Hir
Met. 10, v. 585, &c. pus signified in the Samnite dialect a wolf,
HippomoLG1, a people of Scythia, who, as they are said to have been thus called from
the name implies, lived upon the milk of their having followed the tracks of these ani
horses. Hippocrates has given an account mals in migrating to this quarter. Towards
of their manner of living. De aqua & aer. the end of the second Punic war they began
44.—Dionys. Perieg. to be distinguished from the rest of the Sam
Hippo NA, a goddess who presided over nites. Their territory comprehended the
horses. Her statues were placed in houses towns of Beneventum, Caudium, Abellinum,
stables. Juv. 8, v. 157. and Compsa.] Sil. 8, v. 560.
Hipponax, a Greek poet, born at Ephe HiRT1A LEx de magistratibus, by A. Hir
sus 540 years before the Christian era. He tius. It required that none of Pompey's ad
cultivated the same satirical poetry as Archi herents should be raised to any office or dig.
lochus, and was not inferior to him in the nity in the state.
beauty or vigour of his lines. His satirica. HiRtius Aulus, a consul with Pansa,
raillery obliged him to fly from Ephesus. As who assisted Brutus when besieged at Mutida
he was naturally deformed, two brothers, Bu. by Antony. They defeated Antony, but
phalus and Anthermus, made a statue of him were both killed in battle B.C. 43. (Hirtius
which, by the deformity of its features, ex ºud Pansa were the last of the free Roman
posed the poet to universal ridicule. H. . consuls elect. Hirtius is the author of a sup
ponax resolved to avenge the injury, and he plementary part of Caesar's commentaries.
wrote such bitter invectives and satirical lam He wrote the 8th book of the Gallic war, and
poons against them that they hanged them hose of the Alexandrine and African wars.
*elves in despair. Cic. ad famil. 7, ep. 24. Of the two latter he received his informa
352
 HI HI

tion in part from Caesar's own mouth. His or Carthagena, and continued in an oblique
style is good, but his narrative is considered direction to Salamantica or Salamanca on
less clear than that of Caesar himself.] the Durius. Hispania Ulterior was divided
Hispalis, [a famous city of Spain, situate into two provinces, Baetica, on the south of
on the Baetis, and corresponding to the mo |Spain between the Anas or Gaudiana and
dern Seville. Mannert thinks that it was the Citerior, and above it Lusitania, correspond
same as the ancient Tartessus. The name
ing in a great degree, though not entirely, to
is supposed to be of Phoenician origin, and, modern Portugal. This change took place
according to Isidorus, has reference to the under Augustus. In the age of Dioclesian
city's being founded on piles or stakes of and Constantine, Tarraconensis was subdivid
wood, on account of the insecurity of the ed into a province toward the limits of
ground where it stood. Some ascribe the ori Baetica, and adjacent to the Mediterranean,
gin of the place to Hercules; probably, how called Carthaginiensis, from its chief city
ever, it was a Phoenician colony. It was a Carthago Nova, and another, north of Lusi
place of great commerce, the Baetis being tania, called Gallicia from the Calliaci.]
navigable in ancient times for the largest The inhabitants were naturally warlike, and
ships up to the city. Now, however, vessels they often destroyed a life which was become
drawing more than ten feet of water are useless, and even burdensome, by its infirmi
compelled to unload 8 miles below the town, ties. Spain was famous for its rich mines of
and the largest vessels stop at the mouth of silver, which employed 40,000 workmen, and
the river. When Hispalis became a Roman daily yielded to the Romans no less than
colony the name was changed to Julia Ro 20,000 drachms. These have long since fail
mulensis.] Plin. 3, c. 3.-Cats. Fam. 10, ed, though in the flourishing times of Rome,
ep. 32. Spain was said to contain more gold, silver,
Hispania, [an extensive country, forming brass, and iron, than the rest of the world.
a kind of peninsula, in the S. W. of Europe. It gave birth to Quintilian, Lucan, Martial,
It was boundel on the north by the Pyre Mela, Silius, Seneca, &c. Justin. 44.—
nees and Sinus Cantabricus or Bay of Biscay, Strab. 3.-Mela, 2, c. 6.—Plin. 3, c. 1
on the west by the Atlantic, on the south by and 20. -

Atlantic, Fretum Herculeum, or Straits of HispäNUs, a native of Spain; the word

Gibraltar, and Mediterranean, which last |Hispaniensis was also used, but generally ap
bounds it also on the east. The name Hispa |plied to a person living in Spain but not
nia is evidently of Phoenician origin, and is born there. JMartial. 12, praiſ.
said by Bochart to come from the oriental Hist1AEötis, a country of Thessaly, situ
term Span or Spahn, signifying a rabbit, ate below Mount Olympus and Mount Ossa,
from the vast numbers of these animals which anciently called Doris, from Dorus the son of
it was found to contain. The Romans bor |Deucalion, and inhabited by the Pelasgi. The
rowed this name from the Carthaginians, |Pelasgi were driven from the country by the
through whom they first became acquainted Cadmeans, and these last were also dis ossess
with the country. The Greeks called it Ibe |ed by the Perrhaebears, who gave to their
ria, but attached at different periods diffe newly acquired possessions the name of Histi
rent ideas to the name. Up to the time of the aeotis, or Estiaotis, from Estiaea, or Histiaea, a
Achaean league and their more intimate ac town of Euboea, which they had then lately
Tuaintance with the Romans, they under destroyed, and whose inhabitants they had
stood by this name all the sea-coast from the carried to Thessaly with them. Strab.-He
pillars of Hercules to the mouth even of the rodot. 4.—A small country of Euboea, of
Rhodanus or Rhone in Gaul; the coast of which Histiaa, or Estiaea, was the capital.
Spain on the Atlantic, they called Tartessis. [Hist1AEA, vid. Oreus.]
The interior of the country they termed Cel. Histleus, [a tyrant of Miletus, who, when
ice (Ktatiºn,) a name which they applied in the Scythians had almost persuaded the Io
tact to the whole north-western part of Eu nian princes to destroy the bridge over the
ºpe. The Greeks in after ages understood Ister, in order that the Persian army might
ºyſberia the whole of Spain. The name perish, opposed the plan, and induced them
ºna is derived from the Iberi, of whom the to abandon the design. His argument was,
Greeks had heard as one of the most power that if the Persian army was destroyed and
illnatious of the country.] Spain was first the power of Darius brought to an end, a po
knºwn to the merchants of Phoenicia, and pular government would be established in
ºn then passed to the Carthaginians, to every Ionian city and the tyrants expelled.
whose power it long continued in subjec He was held in high estimation on this ac
* The Romans became sole masters count by Darius, and rewarded with a grant
***t the end of the second Punic war, of land in Thrace. But Megabyzus having
**iled it at first into Citerior and Uue. convinced the king that it was bad policy to
". . [Hispania Citerior was afterwards permit a Grecian settlement in Thrace, Da
*Tarraconerºsis, from tarracoits capi rius induced Histiaeus, who was already
**nd extended From the foot of the Pyre founding a city there, to come to Susa, hav
*\o the moutha of the Durius or Douro, ing allured him by magnificent promises
... the Atlantic shore; comprehending all Here he was detained under various Pº"
*north of Spairs. together with the south ſtences, the king being afraid of his
*ht as a line dra wn below Carthago Noval and turbulent spirit athome.
i.
Histiaeu5,
2Y 353
 HO HO

of this restraint, urged by means of secret mes its fatal consequences in the Grecian army
sengers, his nephew Aristagoras to effect a re before the walls of Troy. In the Odyssey,
volt of the Ionians. This was done, and Histiae the poet has for his subject the return o
us was sent by Darius to stop the revolt. He Ulysses into his country, with the many
put himself at the head of an army of lonians misfortunes which attended his voyage after
and AEolians, and attacked the Persians, but the fall of Troy. These two poems are each
being made prisoner was crucified by Arta divided into 24 books, the same number as
phernes at Sardis. Herod. 4, 137, 5, 11, &c.] the letters of the Greek alphabet, and though
Hom snoMAstix, a surname given to Zo the Iliad claims an uncontested superiority
ilus the critic. [vid. Zoilus. over the Odyssey, yet the same force, the
HoméRus, a celebrated Greek poet, the same sublimity and elegance, prevail, though
most ancient of all the profane writers. [vid. divested of its more powerful fire; and Lon.
end of this article.] The age in which he ginus, the most refined of critics, beautifully
lived is not known, though some suppose it compares the Iliad to the mid-day, and the
to be about 168 years after the Trojan war, Odyssey to the setting sun; and observes, that
or, according to others, 160 years before the latter still preserves its original splendour
the foundation of Rome. According to Pa and majesty, though deprived of its meridian
terculus, he flourished 968 years before the heat. The poetry of Homer was so universal.
Christian era, or 884, according to Herodo ly admired, that, in ancient times, every man
tus, who supposed him to be contemporary of learning could repeat with facility any pas
with Hesiod. The Arundelian Marbles fix sage in the lliad or Odyssey; and, indeed, it
his era 907 years before Christ, and make was a sufficient authority to settle disputed
him also contemporary with Hesiod. This boundaries, or to support any argument. The
diversity of opinions proves the antiquity of poems of Homer are the compositions of a
Homer; and uncertainty prevails also con man who travelled and examined with the
cerning the place of his nativity. No less most critical accuracy whatever deserved
than seven illustrious cities disputed the right notice and claimed attention. Modern travel
of having given birth to the greatest of poets, lers are astonished to see the different scenes
as it is well expressed in these lines: which the pen of Homer described about 3000
years ago still existing in the same unvaried
Smyrna, Chios, Colophon, Salamis, Rhodos, form, and the sailor, who steers his course
.Argos, Athenæ,
Orbis de patriá certat, Homere, tuá. along the Ægean,sees all the promontories and
rocks which appeared to Nestor and Menelaus .
[A Greek, epigram of Antipater Sidonius, when they returned victorious from the Tro
gives the places somewhat differently. jan war. The ancients had such veneration
"Erra roast; azevarro roºm, Jia for Homer, that they not only raised temples
3.9%;
Xavgva, Xues, Koxopay, 18akh, vaos, Agyeº, and altars to him, but offered sacrifices, and
Aðaval.] worshipped him as a god. The inhabitants of
Chios celebrated festivals every fifth year in
He was called Melesigenes, because supposed his honour, and medals were struck, which re
to be born on the borders of the river Meles. presented him sitting on a throne, holding his
There prevailed a report that he had esta Iliad and Odyssey. In Egypt his memory was
blished a school at Chios in the latter part of consecrated by Ptolemy Philopator, who
his life, and indeed, this opinion is favoured erected a magnificent temple, within which
by the present inhabitants of the island, who was placed a statue of the poet beautifully sur
still glory in showing to travellers the seats rounded with a representation of the seven
where the venerable, master and his pupils cities which contended for the honour of his
sat in the hollow of a rock, at the distance birth. The inhabitants of Cos, one of the
of abºut four miles from the modern capi Sporades, boasted that Homer was buried in
tal of the island. These difficulties and their island; and the Cyprians claimed the
doubts have not been removed, though Aris same honour, and said that he was born of
totle, Herodotus, Plutarch, and others, have Themisto, a female native of Cyprus. Alex
employed their pen in writing his life. In ander was so fond of Homer, that hegeneral
his two celebrated poems called the Iliad ly placed, his compositions under his pillow,
and Odyssey, Homer has displayed the most with his sword; and he carefully deposited
consummate knowledge of human nature, the Iliad in one of the richest and most valua
and rendered himself immortal by the sub. ble caskets of Darius, observing that the
limity, the fire, sweetness, and elegance of most perfect work of human genius ought to
his poetry. He deserves a greater share be preserved in a box the most valuable and
of admiration when we consider that he precious in the world. It is said, that Pisis
wrote without a model, and that none of his tratus, tyrant of Athens, was the first who
Poetical imitators have been able to surpass,
collected and arranged the Iliad and Odyssey
or, Perhaps, to equal their great master. If in the manner in which they now appear to
there are any faults found in his poetry, they us; and that it is to the well-directed pursuits
are to be attributed to the age in which he of Lycurgus that we are indebted for their
lived, and not to him ; and we must observe, preservation. Many of the ancients have
that the world is indebted to Homer for his written the life of Homer, yet their inquiries
happy successor Virgil. In his Iliad, Homer and labours have not much contributed to
has described theresentment of Achilles, and prove the native place, the parentage, and
 HO HO

connections of a man whom some have re

“Essay on the original genius and writings of
presented as deprived of sight. Besides the Homer.” In this work an attempt is made to
Iliad and Odyssey, Homer wrote, according to prove that writing was not known in the time
the opinion of some authors, a poem upon of Homer. Wood regards as a decisive proof
Amphiaraus's expedition against Thebes, be of the fact which he supports, the circum
sides the Phoceis, the Cercopes, the small stance of no mention being made of the art
Iliad, the Epiciclides, and the Batrachomy. of writing either in the Iliad or Odyssey, al
onachia, and many hymns to some of the though frequent opportunities occur where
gods. The merit of originality is taken very the poet might have easily and naturally al
improperly, perhaps, from Homer, by those luded to it. To this it may be replied that
who suppose, with Clemens Alex. 6 Strom. two passages occur in the Iliad in which al
that he borrowed from Orpheus, or that, ac lusion is actually made to marks or charac
cording to Suidas, (coee Corinnus) he took ters, and in the last of the two evidently to al
his plan of the lliad from Corinnus, an epic phabetic writing. In the 7th Book of the
poet, who wrote on the Trojan war at the ve. Iliad, v. 175, the Grecian chiefs draw lots to
ry time the Greeks besieged that famed city. ascertain who shall engage in combat with
Agathon, an ancient painter, according to Hector. Each chief marked his lot for the
AElian, represented the merit of the poet in a purpose of recognising it when drawn. The
manner as bold as it is indelicate. Homer was lot of Ajax came out first, and being showed
represented as vomiting, and all other poets by the herald to all the chiefs, was at last
as swallowing what he ejected. Of the nu claimed by the hero above mentioned. We
merous commentaries published on Homer, have here an approximation to writing. The
that of Eustathius, bishop of Thessalonica, is second passage is, however, decisive. It oc
by far the most extensive and erudite. [Ho curs in the 6th Book of the Iliad, v. 168, and
iner most probably flourished about 1000 or relates to the story of Bellerophon. Proetus,
1100, A. C. Hesychius, among other deriva it is there said, not wishing to kill Bellero
tions for the name of this poet, ("Oangor,) de phon, and yet desiring his destruction, sent
duees it by metathesis from Mnºgºr, one who him to Lycia unto the father-in-law of the
cannot see, and considers it as a mere appella. former, and gave hin a ſolded tablet in which
tive for a person that is blind. Ilgen, a Ger he had written many things calculated to in
man scholar, derives it from ºwev, together, duce Jobates to effect the destruction of the
and diga, to fit, whence comes angevity, syno bearer. Were the contents of this tablet mere
nymous with wratiduy, and hence ‘Oungo: arbitrary symbols, or were they hieroglyphics,
means a poet who accompanies the lyre with or in fact alphabetic characters, that is, actual
his voice, “cantor qui citharam pulsans wro writing 2 Abandoning even the argument
zaxov asidst.” M. Girardet is inclined to de which might be drawn from the use of the
duce it from the Hebrew plural form omerim, word year] ze in the original, enough remains
i. e. words, considering that appellation as be to prove that alphabetic writing is here meant.
ing commonly given to poetical narrations of If the tablet contained merely symbols, why
important events; these narrations in fact be were they many in number? One or two cer
ing called ºrn, words, even by the Greeks, tainly would have sufficed. The multiplica
whence the name Epopee. This last etymo tion of written symbols is only another name
logy appears to harmonise with the singular for writing. Again, if symbols or hierogly
theory of Bentley, who wrºte a dissertation phics were employed by Proetus on this oc
for the purpose of proving that Solomon, king casion, they must have been very plain and
of Israel, was the author of the Iliad and direct, speaking at once to the eye, or also
Odyssey, and that he composed these poems they could not have answered the end for
after his apostacy from God. The disserta which they were made. If they were thus
tion was never printed, but exists, in manu plain and significant, why entrust them to
script, in the British Museum. The two the hands of Bellerophon himself? Would
principal questions which have been started he not have immediately perceived the snare
in relation to this poet are the following : 1. that was laid for him 2 But, it may be replied,
Did Homer commit the Iliad and Odyssey to the tablet was folded. To this we rejoin that
tnriting & 2. Did he compose these two poems the very ſolding of it must have excited the
entirely himself, or are they not rather to be suspicion of Bellerophon, who would soon
regarded as made up of various minor poems have been induced to examine its contents,
by different authors, united and formed into and finding the symbols there, would not have
one connected whole by some skilful gram been the bearer of the fatal package. If it
marian: A few remarks will be here offered contained letters, however, no examination on
upon each of these long agitated topics. And his part would lead to any discovery, for these
first, as to the question whether writing was letters were most probably Pelasgie, Proetus
known in the time of Homer. The historian and Jobates being of Pelasgic origin, while
Josephus states positively that Homer did Bellerophon was descended from Sisyphus,
not write his poems, but that they were pre and of a different race. But the strongest
argument
served during many ages by oral tradition. term is to be indrawn
Svuoq9962 the from the useThis
original. ºf the
33is
This passage of the Jewish historian had ne
wer been regarded with much attention, being commonly rendered “deadly things. Proetus
considered as the testimony of an author of did indeed write “deadly things,” and yet
too modern a date, until cited by Wood in his this is not all which 355
the term in question im
 HO HO

plies. According to its very composition, maintains that the Iliad and Odyssey were
(3 vac; and 20tte‘e) it has a manifest allusion not reduced to writing, though he admits
to the effect produced upon the feelings of an that writing was used in Greece beſore the
individual in rendering him evil disposed and time of Homer; not, however, in the com
hostile towards another. For the truth of mon affairs of life until the time of the Olym
this assertion we refer to the writings of Ho piads, but only in inscriptions. Of the same
mer himself. Wherever the term &va 2.36°22: opinion was the illustrious Heyne. The
is used by him, it carries along with it more second question which we propose to consi
or less of this peculiar force, and even when der is a much more important one. Did Ho
joined by the poet to the word zaguaza, it mer write all of the Iliad and Odyssey? Pe
means poisons which bereave one of the ex rault and Hedelin (better known under the
ercise of his understanding, and which conse name of the Abbé d'Aubignac), seem to
quently are deadly. Now it certainly would have been the first that started the question
have been impossible for Proetus so to express and maintained the negative. The latter
or arrange his pretended symbols as to excite writer, however, pushed the matter to an
hostile feelings against Bellerophon in the absurd extreme in maintaining that such a
breast of Jobates. The conclusion from all poet as Homer never existed, and that his
this is inevitable, namely, that alphabetic name is merely synonymous with singer. A
writing and no other is alluded to in the pas similar hypothesis, though less exaggerated,
sage we have been considering. If alphabe was maintained by an Italian critic, Gian
tic writing was unknown in the time of Ho Battista Vico, who borrowed the idea from
mer, what manner of person must he have the learned Bentley. The most powerful ad
been * Certainly something more than hu vocate, however, for this side of the ques
man, for alone and unaided he composes two tion is to be found in Wolf, who endeavours
poems of about 80,000 verses, he fixes in with rare and singular erudition in his pro
them the foundations of the language, he ob legomena to Homer, to prove that the Iliad
serves with admirable accuracy the unity of and Odyssey should be regarded as two col
design, and all this by the aid of his niemory lections of poems by various authors, and
alone. Does not the vast number of histori that only a part of each belong to Homer
cal and religious traditions of which his poems himself. He lays great stress upon the im
are the depository, the variety of knowledge probability of a single poet's ever having con
of almost every kind which they more or less ceived the plan of two poems of such great
contain, the rich abundance of thought and length, when the common mode of reciting
imagery which they unfold, and on which poetical productions in those days, namely, by
every succeeding age has drawn for more detached portions, must have caused him to
than 2000 years, does not all this prove that foresee that these two poems could never be
Homer lived in an enlightened age 2 And chanted each from beginning to end at one
yet how could that age have been an enlight and the same time. He endeavours likewise
ened one unless acquainted with the use of to show the impossibility of executing so
alphabetic writing. Where is the difficulty vast a plan without the aid of writing; but
or improbability of this supposition, when this argument, after what has been advanced
500 years before Homer Cadmus brought let above, must be regarded as untenable. The
ters into Greece: It may be stated still hypothesis of Wolf, however, relies chiefly
farther that the catalogue of the ships which for support and confirmation upon the discre
forms the half of the second book of the Iliad, pancies which the German critic thinks
and in which are named the commanders of he discovers between various parts of the
mere than 1300 vessels, with their genealo Iliad and Odyssey. He calls in bistorical
gies, their wives, their children, together with facts to the aid of this last position. The
many cities and countries, must from the very poems of Homer, brought into Greece by
nature of the case have been reduced to Lycurgus, were chanted in the latter country
writing, and thus handed down to posterity; by rhapsodists, who wandered over the face
and, in order to compose it, access must have of the land reciting, wherever they stopped,
been had to the written memoirs of families. detached portions of these poems, and this
This same catalogue moreover was regarded species of division had no analogy with that
as an historical document of such exactness which we at present know. The rhapsodists
and accuracy, that, according to Aristotle and were accustomed to select certain parts
Eustathius, it was often quoted in contro. which formed a complete action, and recite
versies that arose respecting the limits and these by themselves; as, for example, “The
boundaries of states. Surely such deference pestilence of the Grecian Camp,” “The
mever would have been paid to it had it been dream of Agamemnon,” &c. Under the Pi
handed down by oral communication. To *istratidae, all these scattered fragments were
have been regarded as authentic and worthy collected together and united into two great
of reliance it must have been in writing poems. Such at least is the assertion of Ci
Thus much for the first question we proposed cero, although R. P. Knight remarks that
to consider. Besides Wood, many others Herodotus and Thucydides, Plato and Aris
have contended against the side which we totle, who have so often spoken both of Ho
have espoused. Wolf, a celebrated German tner as well as of Pisistratus and his sons,
critic, published in 1794 an edition of Homer are entirely silent on this head. It is main
with learned prolegomena, in which he tained, moreover, that from time to time
356
 HO

these poems we retouched, arranged, added war of Troy and the expedition of the Gre
to, and continued, by the Diasceuastac, who “ians, described by Homer,” in which he
obtained their name from their employment; maintained the singular theory that Troy ne
and that it was finally owing to the care oi er eristed, and that the expedition of the
the Alexandrian graunmarians in the third reeks against that city is a mere fable. This
and fourth centuries A. C. that the poems to tlypothesis has fallen into well merited obli
question owed the form they at present pos vion. The system of Wolf, already shaken
sess Such is a brief outlıue of the theory by the arguments of Sainte-Croix, has found
of Wolf. He is opposed, however, by nume still more formidable antagonists in two of
rous authorities, boun ancient and moderu, the countrymen of Bryant. One of these,
and in particular by the well known re ark tº chard Payne Knight, in his learned prole
of Aristotle that the Iliad and Odyss y are gomena to Holmer, appears to us to have set
complete models of unity of design, as far as the question entirely at rest. The other,
this could have been effected. The chief Granville Peun, undertakes to establish the
opponeut of Wolf has been the Baron de unity of design in the Iliad, a ground which
Sante-Croix. According to this writer, if even Knight himself had abandoned as un
there were the least foundation for the hypo tenable. The reader is referred to his “Ex
thesis of Wolf, we should certainly not filu ammuation of the primary argument of the
Lycurgus, Pisustratus, and his son Hippar Iliad,” in which he will find it ably main
chus, ascribing entire poems to Homer tained that the poem is to be taken as a
when others had been the authors of them. whole, and that its primary and governing
They were undoubtedly better qualified to argument is “the sure and irresistible power
judge of these matters than even the most of the divine will exemplified in the death
sagacious critic of modern times, and suppos and burial of Hector, by the instrumenta
ing, after all, that they were deceived, is it lity of Achilles, as the immediate prelimi
likely that Aristotle, Crates, Aristophanes, nary to the destruction of Troy.”] The
Aristarchus, Longinus, in a word the most ce best editious ol Homer's Iliad and Odys
lebrated critics of antiquity, would fall into sey may, perhaps, be found to be Barnes, 2
the same error. How could the Iliad have vols. 4to. Cantab. 1711 ; that of Glasgow, 2
been written by many hands and yet the vols. fol. 1758; that of Berglerus, 2 vols.
unity of the whole poem so admirably pre 12mo. Amst. 1707; that of Dr. Clarke of the
served? And what must have been the fer Iliad, 2 vols. 4to. 1729, and of the Odyssey,
tility of talent in that early age, when many 1740; and that of Oxford,5 vols. 8vo. 1780 con
poets could be found to bear each his part in taining the scholia, hymns, and an index.
the composition of a work which has baffle i |Decidedly the best edition of the Iliad,
the imitation as much as it has excited the powever, is that of Heyne, in 8 vols. 8vo.
admiration and surprise of every succeeding Lips. et Lond. 1802, and the next to it are
age : If we reject, however, the hypothesis that of Wolf, Lips. 1804-7, 4 vols. 8vo. and
of Wolf, another remaius which carries with that of Willoison, Venet. 1788, fol. An edi
it a more plausible appearance. Eustathius tion of the Odyssey, which promises to be a
informs us that as early as the time of Aris valuable one, is now publishing in Germany,
tophanes of Byzantium, doubts existed as to edited by Iºr. Crusius.] Herodot. 2, c. 53.
the authenticity of the last book of the Odys — a hedcrat. 16.—Armstot. Poet.—Strab
sey and a part of the preceding one. Tuls 1210. Chrys. 33. Orat.—Paus. 2, 9, 10.-He
grammarian believed that the Odyssey ended luodor. 3.-JElian. W. H. 13.-P. al...Maa. 8,
with the 296th verse of the 23d Book, and c. 3.-Quintul. 1, 8, 10, 12.-Paterc. 1, c. 5.
that all which followed was by a strange —Dionys. Hal –Prut, in .4ler. &c. One
hand. His reason undoubtedly was because of the Greek poets alled Pleiades, born at
this last appeared unworthy of the poet. Herapolis, B. C.263. He wrote 45 tragedies,
Thus, some good manuscripts have a mark all lost. ! here were seven other poets of
at this part of the poem, indicating that what inferior note, who bore the name of Homer.
follows does not belong to the Odyssey. It [HomoNADA, a strong ſortress of Cilicia
must be confessed that there are very strong Trachea on the confines of Isauria. This
grounds for admitting this hypothesis. The place Mannert makes to belong to Pisidia.
fable of the Odyssey ends, in fact, at the mo The Homonadenses were a wild and plun
ment when Ulysses regains possession of his dering people, and greatly infested the neigh
palace and wife, and enjoys repose from his bouring country. They were subdued, how
labours. The verses which precede the 296th ever, by he Roman commander Quirius,
terminate the poem, moreover, by one of who blocked up the passages of the mountains
those melancholy reflections, which, in the and reduced them by fainine. It is now Er
opinion of critics, ought to be found at the menak, and presents the appearance of a cas
end of Epopecs, in order to leave in the tle hewn out of a rock.]
breast of the reader a feeling of sadness. HoNort. a virtue worshipped at Rome.
But of all hypotheses the boldest is that of Her first temple was erected by Scipio Afri
Bryant. M. Lecheval er having published cºnus, and another was afterwards built by
his “ Researches on the situation of ancient Claud. Marcellus. [The temples of Honour
Troy, and on the scene of the Iliad in gene are said to have had no entrance but through
ral,” the learned English scholar ſavoured the temple of Virtue, in order to teach ºn
the world with his “Essay concerning the that true honour was only to be acquired by
357
 HO HO

the practice of virtue..] Cir. de Nat. D. 2, celebrated patrons of literature. Under the
c. 23. fostering patronage of the emperor and of his
HoNORius, [a Roman emperor of the west, minister, Horace gave himself up to indolence
second son of Theodosius the Great, who suc and refined pleasure. He was a follower of
ceeded to the throne of the west as Arcadius Epicurus, and, while he liberally indulged his
his brother to that of the east. The govern appetites, he neglected the calls of ambition,
ment, during his minority, was placed in the and never suffered himself to be carried away
hands of the illustrious general Stilicho, by the tide of popularity or public employ
whose daughter he married in 398. As his ments. He even refused to become secre
character opened he appeared ill adapted to tary of Augustus, and the emperor was not
at table
his high station, addicted to puerile amuse offended at his refusal. He lived the
inents. and void of talents. The revolt of of his illustrious patrons as if he were in his
the Goths and the invasion of Italy by Ala own house; and Augustus, while sitting at his
ric so alarmed him that he fled to Liguria, meals with Virgil at his right hand and
and was for a time besieged in a town there Horace at his left, often ridiculed the short
by the Goths. Stilicho came to his relief, breath of the former, and the watery eyes of
and by the defeat of Alaric, also freed Italy the latter, by observing that he sat between
from present danger. After this he fixed his tears and sighs, Ego sum inter suspiria & la
residence at Ravenna, and was completely crymas. Horace was warm in his friendship,
governed by his ministers. He died of a and, if ever any ill-judged reflection had caus
dropsy in the 39th year of his age.] Under ed offence, the poet immediately made every
him and his brother the Romau power was concession which could effect a reconcilation,
divided into two different empires. The and not destroy the good purposes of friendly
successors of Honorius, who fixed their re society. Horace died in the 57th year of his
sidence at Rome, were called the emperors age, B. C. 8. His gaiety was suitable to the
of the west, and the successors of Arcadius, liveliness and dissipation of a court: and his
who sat on the throne of Constantinople familiar intimacy with Maecenas has induced
were distinguished by the name of empe some to believe that the death of Horace was
rors of the eastern Roman empire. This violent, and that he hastened himself out of the
division of power proved fatal to both em world to accompany his friend. The 17th ode
pires, and they soon looked upon one another of his second book, which was written during
with indifference, contempt, and jealousy. the first illness of Maecenas, is too serious to
HoRApollo, or Horus Apollo, [a gramma be considered as a poetical rhapsody or un
rian of Egypt, who taught first at Alexan. meaning effusion; and, indeed the poet sur
dria and afterwards at Constantinople, in the vived the patron only three weeks, and order
reign of Theodosius. There remain of his ed his bones to be buried near those of his
writings two books on the Egyptian Hiero friend. He left all his possessions to Augustus.
glyphics, printed by Aldus in Greek in The poetry of Horace, so much commended
1505. They were afterwards translated into for its elegance and sweetness, is deservedly
Latin, and several times re-printed. The censured for the licentious expressions and
best edition is that of De Pauw, Traj. ad indelicate thoughts which he too frequently
Rhen. 1727.] introduces. In his odes he has imitated
HöRAE, three sisters, daughters of Jupiter Pindar and Anacreon ; and if he has confessed
and Themis, according to Hesiod, called Eu. himself to be inferior to the former, he has
nomia, Dice, and Irene. They were the shown that he bears the palm over the latter,
same as the seasons who presided over the by his more ingenious and refined sentiments,
spring, summer, and winter, and were re by the ease and melody of his expressions,
presented by the poets as opening the gates and by the pleasing variety of his numbers.
of heaven and of Olympus. Homer. Il. 5, In his satires and epistles, Horace displays
v. 749–Paus. 5, c. 11–Hesiod. Theog. v. much wit, and much satirical humour,
902. without much poetry; and his style, sim
HoRāti A, the sister of the Horatii, killed ple and unadorned, differs little from pro
by her brother for mourning the death of the saical composition. In his art of poetry
Curiatii. Cic. de Jnr. 2, c. 20. he has shown much taste and judgment,
HöRAtius Cocles. rid. Cocles. Q. and has rendered in Latin hexameters,
Flaccus, a celebrated poet, born at Venusia. what Aristotle had, some ages before, de
His father was a freedman, and though poor livered to his pupils in Greek prose; the poet
in his circumstances, he liberally educated his givesjudicious rules and useful precepts to the
son,and sent him to learn philosophy at Athens, most powerful and opulent citizens of Rome,
after he had received the lessons of the best who, in the midst of peace and enjoyment,
masters at Rome. Horace followed Brutus wished to cultivate poetry and court the
from Athens, and the timidity which he be In uses. [vid. the end of this article.] The
best editions of Horace will be found to
trayed at the battle of Philippi so effectually
discouraged him, that he forever abandoned be that of Basil, fol. 1580, illustrated by
the profession of arms; and at his return to eighty commentators, and that of Baxter,
Rome, applied himself to cultivate poetry. improved by Gesner, and after him by Zeu
His rising talents claimed the attention of nius, Lipt. 1815, in 8vo. A new edition of
Virgil and Varius, who recommended him to this last appeared in 1822, from the Leipsic
the care of Maecenas and Augustus, the most press, edited by Böthe, which is in many res
358
 HO HO

pects superior to the old, one. [The edition |addressed. According to him, it is a simple
of Doering, Gotha, 1824, is, however, decided epistle, in which the poet, urged on perhaps
ly the best. It was reprinted at Glasgow in in private by the request of a father who
1826, in one vol. 8vo. Much discussion has was dissatisfied with the direction which the
been elicited by the composition of Horace studies of his son, destined for a brilliant ca
which is commonly styled his “Art of Poetry.” reer, had assumed, by his passing rapidly in
Quintilian cites it by this title, and he is fol succession from one object to another, dis
lowed by many of the ancient grammarians plays to the young man's view the difficultics
and scholiasts; but this circumstance does of poetry and the dangers resulting from
not by any means prove that Horace himself giving ourselves up to its cultivation, unless
gave it the name. It is well known how lit we are directly qualified for the task. Col
tle the ancients cared for exactness in cita man, who published in 1783, iu London, an
tions of this nature, which they regarded as edition of this poem, accompanied with notes,
of not the least importance. The opinions of adopts the hypothesis of Wieland. He ad
commentators on the object which Horace mits at the same time that the bent of the
had proposed to himself in publishing this young Piso's mind carried him towards dra
work, may be arranged into three classes. matic poetry. Ast, a German scholar, has
The ancient grammarians and the first editors advanced a third hypothesis. He believes
of the poet, believed it to have been the in that Horace in composing this piece had in
tention of Horace not to give a complete the view the Phaedrus of Plato, and that, as in
ory of the poetic art, but merely some detach this dialogue the philosopher ridicules the
ed precepts in relation to it. The scholiasts rhetoricians, so Horace wished to indulge in
Acron and Porphyrion divided the poem into raillery at the worthless poets of his time.
rules or sections, confessing at the same time Finally, de Bosch, in his notes to the Antho
that these divisions were defective as regard. logy, supposes that the poem was not actually
ed connection with each other. Lambinus, addressed to a Piso, but that the poet made
Julius Caesar, Scaliger, and Gerard Vossius use of this name by way of prosopopeia.]
were of the same opinion. Daniel Heinsius Suet. in Aug.—Ovid. Trist. 4, el. 10, v. 49.
and the President Bouhier were persuaded Three brave Romans, born at the same
that it was the wish of Horace to give an birth, who fought against the three Curiatii,
abridgment of the Art of Poetry, and that about 667 years before Christ. This cele
the confusion which exists in his poem has brated fight took place between the hostile
been caused by the copyists. They have re camps of the people of Alba and Rome, and
sorted consequently to various transpositions on their success depended the victory. In the
in order to bring back the poem to its original first attack two of the Horatii were killed,
state. Dacier believed that the work was and the only surviving brother, by joining
left unfinished; while Hardouin, faithful to artifice to valour, obtained an honourable
his general system, will not have Horace to trophy: by pretending to fly from the field
be the author of it. A second class of com of battle, he easily separated his antagonists,
mentators, on the other hand, perceive in this and, in attacking them one by one, he was
poem a complete theory of the poetic art, as enabled to conquer them all. As he return
well as the most perfect union between its ed victorious to Rome, his sister reproached
several component parts. Among the de him with the murder of one of the Curiatii,
fenders of this opinion, the ablest and most to whom she was promised in marriage.
judicious is Regelsberger, who published, in He was incensed at the rebuke, and killed
1797, a German translation of the work. his sister. This violence raised the indigna
A third class of commentators is composed of tion of the people; he was tried and capi
those who, acknowledging in the work nei. tally condemned. His eminent services,
ther plan nor unity, still suppose that there however, pleaded in his favour; the sen
lies hid under it a particular intention, and tence of death was exchanged for a more
that the object of it is restrained to some spe moderate but more ignominious punishment,
cial idea. Baxter was the first who suspect and he was only compelled to pass under
ed that the poem in question was a satire di the yoke. A trophy was raised in the Ro
rected against the Roman stage. His idea man forum, on which he suspended the spoils
was developed and enlarged upon by Hurd, of the conquered Curiatii. Cic. de Inrent.
in his learned commentary, and also by San 2, c. 26.--Liv. 1, c. 24, &c.—Dionys. Hul.
adon, who states that Horace expresses in this 3, c. 3.-A Roman consul, who defeated
production the indignation with which cer the Sabines. A consul, who dedicated
tain bad poets of the day had inspired him. the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. Dur
It has likewise been adopted by Engel, a Ger. ing the ceremony he was informed of the
man critic, who believes the particular end death of his son, but he did not forget the sa
of the poem to have been a criticism of the cred character he then bore for the feelings of
poets and pretended connoisseurs of the day a parent, and continued the dedication after
in general, and of the dramatic writers in par ordering the body to be buried. Lir. 2.
ticular. This hypothesis has been developed HoRMisdas, [or Hormouz, a king of Per
and modified with rare erudition, by Wieland. sia who succeeded to the throne in the year
He is perhaps the first who divined the true 579 of the Christian era, after the death of his
relation which existed between the object of father, Chosroes the Great. While directed
the poem and the young Piso, to whom it is by prudent counselºhe governed wisely.
35ſ
 |IO IIY

but when left to himself became a cruel ty authorities which had been cited against him.
rant. He was desposed and put to death by elſ. His industry was indefatigable He
his subjects.] ever let a day pass without speaking in the
HoR esti, [a people of Scotland, mentios, orum, or preparing himself to appear on the
ed by Tacitus. In Agricola's time, they see . morrow ; oftentimes he did both. He ex
to have been the inhabitants of what is now celled particularly in the art of dividing his
..ſingus. They were probably incorpora e - bject, and in then reuniting it in a luminous
with, or subdued by, the Waco "agi, before manner, calling in at the same time even
Ptolemy wrote his geography. Manner lo some of the arguments which had been urged
cates them near the Furth of Tay.] Tacit gainst him. His diction was noble, elegant,
.4g. 38 and rich, his voice strong and pleasing, his
HoRTENSIA, a celebrated Roman lady, gestures carefully studied. Thus far Cicero's
daughter of the orator Hortensius, whose elo account of him. It is very probable that
quence she had inherited in the most eminent nuch of his reputation was owing to the im
degree. When the triumvirs had obliged posing nature of his forensic displays, since
14,000 women to give upon oath an account Cicero himself confesses that his orations
of their possessions, to defray the expense when read were inferior to what they ap
of the state, Hortensia undertook to plead peared when spoken, and Quintilian const
their cause, and was so successful in her at Jers the praise which Cicero has bestowed
tempt, that 1000 of her female fellow-suffer upon them as greatly exceeding the true li
ers escaped from the avarice of the triumvir mit. It is very creditable to both Cicero
ate. [The harangue she delivered on this and Hortensius that they became eventual
occasion was extant in the time of Quintilian. ly and continued very warm friends.] Hor
who speaks of it with applause.) Val. Mar tensius was very rich, and not less than
8, c. 3. 10,000 casks of Arvisian wine were found
HoRTENsiA LEx, by Q. Hortensius, the dic in his cellar aſter his death. He had writ
tator, A. U. C. 867. It ordered the whole ten pieces of amorous poetry, and annals, all
body of the Roman people to pay implicit jost. Cic. in Brut. ad Attuc. de Orat. &c.—
obedience to [the plebiscita,or laws enacted by Parro de R. R. 3, c. ...—[A friend of Ca
the commons at the Comitia Tributa.] The to Uticensis. vid. Cato.] A Romanl who
nobility, before this law was enacted, had first introduced the eating of peacocks at
claimed an absolute exemption. [An ome. This was at the feast he gave when
other, that the nundinae, or market-days, he was created augur.
which used to be held as feriae, or holy days. HoRus, a son of Isis, one of the deities of
should be fasti or court days; in order that the the Egyptians.
country people, who came to town for mar Hospitälls, a surname of Jupiter among
ket, might then get their law-suits determin the Romans. as the god of hospitality.
ed. Hostilla, [a village on the Padus or Po,
il, RTA, a divinity among the Romans, who now Ostiglia, in the vicinity of Cremona.
presided over youth, and patronised all ex Tacit. Anu. 2, c. 40 –Plan. 21, c. 12.
hortatious to virtue and honourable deeds. Hostius Hostilius, a warlike Roman,
She is the same as Hersilia [Her temple was presented with a crown of boughs by Romu
never shut, to admonish the young that they Hus for his intrepid behaviour in battle. Di
should always be disposed, with particular vi onys Hal. A Latin poet, in the age of J.
gilance, to watch over themselves as regards Caesar, who composed a poem on the wars
the practice of virtue.] |stria. Macrob. Sat. 6, c. 3 and 5.
Q. HoRTENsius, a celebrated orator, who HUNNI, [one of the uorthern nations,which,
began to distinguish himself by his eloquence ander their king Attila, committed dreadful
in the Roman forum, at the age of nineteen. avages in the Roman empire. They seem
[He was born of a plebeian family A. U.640. to have been of Tartar origin, and their an
eight years before Cicero. He served at firs cient, perhaps their original seat, was im
as a common soldier, and alterwards as mili mediately on the north side of the great wall
tary tribune in the social war. In the con. of China. After this empire had long been
test between Marius and Sylla he remained exposed to their inroads, they were driven
neuter, and was one of the twenty questors from their country by other Tartar nations,
established by Sylla A. U. 674. He after. and moving on to the west, first made the
wards obtained in succession the offices of Goths and then the Romans feel their savage
aedile, praetor, and consul, the last of these A. ſury. Their empire ended with Attila. In
U. 685. As an orator he for a long time ba the year 888, they had obtained a settlement
lanced the reputation of Cicero, but, as his n Pannonia, to which country they gave the
orations are lost, we can only judge of him name of Hungary. Some authors state that
by the account which his rival gives of his the race of the ancient Huns were all cut of
abilities. “Nature had given him,” says Ci. in the long war waged against them by Char
cero in his Brutus, (c. 88,) “so happy a me lemagne, and that the country was after
mory that he never had need of committing wards peopled by the neighbouring nations,
to writing any discourse which he had me to whom the present Hungarians owe their
ditated, while after his opponent had finish origin.]
ed speaking, he could recall word by word, HYAcinthia, an annual solemnity at
not only what the º:
360
had said, but also the Amyclac in Laconia, in honour of Hyacinthus
 HY HY

and Apollo. It continued for three days, dur rainy Hyades. The Latins called them also
ing which time the grief of the people was so Suculae, swine, “because,” it is said, “ the
great for the death of Hyacinthus, that they continual rain which they cause, makes the
did not adorn their hair with garlands during roads so miry that they seem to delight in dirt
their festivals, nor eat bread, but fed only uponlike swine.” It is better to say at once that the
sweetmeats. They did not even sing paeans in Roman name was founded upon an ignorance
honour of Apollo, or observe any of the so of the true derivation of the term Hyades, as
lemnities which were usual at other sacrifices. if it came aro twy ºwn from swine, and not
On the second day of the festival, there were from Way, to rain..] Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 165.-
a number of different exhibitions. Youths, Hygin. fab. 182.-Eurip. in lon.
with their garments girt about them, enter HYAMPólis, a city of Phocis, on the Ce
tained the spectators, by playing sometimes phisus, founded by the Hyanthes. Herodot.8.
upon the flute or upon the harp, and by sing HYANTHEs, [the name of an ancient people
ing anapaestic songs, in loud-echoing voices, of Boeotia, who succeeded the Ectenes in the
in honour of Apollo. Others passed across possession of that country when the latter
the theatre mounted upon horses richly adorn were exterminated by a plague.] Cadmus
ed, and at the same time, choirs of young men is sometimes called Hyanthius, because he is
came upon the stage singing their uncouth king of Boeotia. Ovid. Met. 3, v. 147.
rustic songs, and accompanied by persons who HYANTIs, an ancient name of Boeotia.
danced at the sound of vocal and instrument HYAs, a son of Atlas, of Mauritania, by
al music, according to the ancient custom. AEthra. His extreme fondness for shooting
Some virgins were also introduced in chariots proved fatal to him, and in his attempts to
of wood, covered at the top, and magnificent rob a lioness of her whelps he was killed by
ly adorned. Others appear in race chariots. the enraged animal. Some say that he died
The city began then to be filled with joy, an by the bite of a serpent, and others that he
immense number of victims were offered on was killed by a wild boar. His sisters mourn
the altars of Apollo, and the votaries libe. ed his death with such constant lamentations,
rally entertained their friends and slaves, that Jupiter, in compassiou of their sorrow,
During this latter part of the festivity, all changed them into stars. [rid. Hyades.]
were eager to be present at the games, and Hygin. ſab. 192.—Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 170. -

the city was almost desolate, and without in HY BI.A.[the name of three towns in Sicily ;
habitants. .4then. 4.—Ovid. Met. 10, v. 219. Hybla major, minor, aud parva. The first was
—Paus. 3, c. 1 and 19. situate near the south of Mount AEtna, on a
HYAcINThus, a son of Amyclas and Dio hill of the same name with the city ; near it
mede, greatly beloved by Apollo and Zephy ran the river Simoethus. This was the Hy
rus. He returned the former’s love; and bla so famous in antiquity for its honey and
Zephyrus, incensed at his coldness and indif 'ees.—The second place was called also He
ference, resolved to punish his rival. As raca; it was situate in the southern part of
Apollo, who was intrusted with the educa Sicily, and is placed in the itinerary of An
tion of Hyacinthus, once played at quoit with tonine, on the route from Agrigentum to Sy
his pupil, Zephyrus blew the quoit, as soon racuse. On D'Anville’s map it is north of
as it was thrown by Apollo upon the head of Camerina. This is now Calala Girone.
Hyacinthus, and he was killed with the blow. The last place was a maritime one on the
Apollo was so disconsolate at the death of eastern coast of Sicily, below Syracuse. It
Hyacinthus, that he changed his blood into a was also denominated Galaotis, but more fre
flower, which bore his name, and placed his quently Megara, whence the gulf to the
body among the constellations. The Spar south of it was called Megarensis sinus.
tans also established yearly festivals in hon Paus. 5, c. 23.-Strab. 6.-Mela, 2, c. 7.-
our of the nephew of their king. [vid. Hy Cic. Verr. 3, c. 43, l. 5, c. 25.-‘il. 14, V. 8t.
acinthia.] Paus. 3, c. 19.—Ovid. Met. 10, v. —Stat. 14, v. 201.
185, &c.—Apollod. 3, &c. HYDARNEs, one of the seven noble Per
HYKDEs, five daughters of Atlas, king of sians who conspired to destroy the usurper
Mauritania, who were so disconsolate at the Smerdis, &c. Herodot. 3 and 6.-Strab. 11.
death of their brother Hyas, who had been HYDAspes, [a river of India, and, one of
killed by a lioness, that they pined away and the tributaries of the Indus. D'Anville
died. They became stars after death, and makes it to be the modern Shautrou, Mam
were placed [on the head of] Taurus, one of mert, however, decides in favour of the Be
the 12 signs of the Zodiac. They received hut. Alexander crossed this river to give
the name of Hyades from their brother Hyas. battle to Porus.)
Their names are Phaola, Ambrosia, Eudora, Hypha, a celebrated monster, which in
Coronis, and Polyxo. To these some have fested the neighbourhood of the lake Lerna
added Thione and Prodice, and they maintain. in Peloponnesus. [vid, the end of this arti
ed, that they were daughters of Hyras and cle.] It was the fruit of Echidna's union
AEthra, one of the Oceanides. Euripides calls with Typhon. It had an hundred heads,
them daughters of Erectheus. The ancients according to Oiodorus; fifty, according to
supposed that the rising and setting of the Simonides; and nine, according to the more
Hyades was always attended with much rain, received opinion of Apollodorus. Hyginus;
whence the name (ºs pluo.) [Hence Horace &c. As soon as one of these heads was *}
(Od. 1, 3, 14,) calls them tristes Hyadas, the off, two immediately grew up if the wound
 HY

was not stopped by fire. It was one of the ance he wanted to build a temple. Plut. in
labours of Hercules to destroy this dreadful Pericl. —Paus. 1, c. 23.
monster, and this he easily effected with the C. Jul. Hyginus, [one of the ancient
assistance of Iolaus, who applied a burning grammarians. He is mentioned by Sueto
iron to the wounds as soon as one head was nius as a native of Spain, though some have
cut off. While Hercules was destroying the supposed him an Alexandrian, and to have
hydra, Juno, jealous of his glory, sent a sea been brought to Rome after the capture of that
crab to bite his foot. This new enemy was city by Caesar. He was appointed keeper of
soon despatched; and Juno, unable to suc. the Palatine library, and received pupils for
ceed in her attempts to lessen the fame of instruction. He was intimately acquainted
Hercules, placed the crab among the constel with Ovid and other literary characters of
lations, where it is now called Cancer. The the day, and was said to be the imitator of
conqueror dipped his arrows in the gall of Cornelius Alexander a Greek grammarian.
the hydra, and from that circumstance, all He wrote the lives of illustricus men which
the wounds which he gave proved incurable are referred to by Aulus Gelius; a volume of
and mortal. [This Hydra with many heads examples; and a copious treatise on the ci
is said to have been only a multitude of ser ties of Italy. Other works have been attri
pents which infested the marshes of Lerna buted to him; but the only pieces that have
near Mycenae, and which seemed to multiply come down to us are entitled, “Poeticon As
as they were destroyed. Hercules, with the tronomicon,” “De mundi et spherae ac
assistance of his companions, cleared the utriusque partium Declaratione,” and a book
country of them, by burning the reeds in of fables. The best edition of this writer is
which they lodged. See also Dupuis's expla that of Munker, in the Mythographi Latini,
nation in the remarks appended to the article Amstel. 1681, 8vo.] His compositions have
Hercules.] Hesiod. Theog.—Apollod. 2, c. been greatly mutilated, and their incorrect
5.—Paus. 5, c. 17.—Ovid. Met. 9, v. 69.— ness and their bad Latinity have induced
Horat. 4, od. 4, v. 61.—Pirg. JEn. 6, v.276, some to suppose that they are spurious. Sue
1. 7, v. 658. lon. de Gram.
HYDRA0tes, [a tributary to the Indus. HY L.Actor, one of Actaeon's dogs, from his
D'Anville takes it to be the modern Biah. barking (ºxazºra, latro.) Ovid. Met. 3.
Rennell, however, makes the Hyphasis the HYLAs, a son of Thiodamas, king of My
Biah; the Hydraotes appears to be the mo |sia and Menodice, stolen way by Hercu
dern Rauree.} les, and carried on board the ship Argos to
HYD RoPHoRIA, a festival observed at Colchis. On the Asiatic coast the Argo
Athens, called aro tow pogei, Já'ag, from car nauts landed to take a supply of fresh water,
7 ying water. It was celebrated in comme and Hylas, following the example of his com
moration of those who perished in the deluge panions, went to the fountain with a pitcher,
of Deucalion and Ogyges. and fell into the water and was drowned.
HYDRUNtum and HYDRUs, a city of Cala The poets have embellished this tragical sto
bria, 50 miles south of Brundusium. As the ry, by saying, that the nymphs of the river,
distance from thence to Greece was only 60 enamoured of the beautiful Hylas, carried
miles, Pyrrhus, and afterwards Varro, Pom him away; and that Hercules, disconsolate
pey's lieutenant, meditated the building here at the loss of his favourite youth, filled the
a bridge across the Adriatic. Though so fa woods and mountains with his complaints,
vourably situated, Hydrus, now called Otran and at last abandoned the Argonautie expe
to, is but an insignificant town, scarce con jdition to go and seek him. Apollod. I, c. 9.
taining 3000 inhabitants. Plin. 3, c. 16. – —Hygin. fab. 14, 271.-Pirg. Eel. 6.—Pro
Cic. 15. Alt. 21, l. 16, ep. 5.--Lucan.5, v.375. pert. 1, el. 20.-A river of Bithynia. [it
Hy FMPsA1, a son of Micipsa, brother to flows into the Sinus Cianus, near the town of
Adherbal, murdered by Jugurtha, after the Cius, and to the south-west of the lake As
death of his father. [The more corrector. canius and the city of Nicaea. The inhabit
thography is Hiempsal.] Sallust. de Jug. ants of Cius celebrated yearly a festival in
Bell. honour of Hylas, who was carried off by the
HY GE1A or HY GiFA, the goddess of health, nymphs, as is above mentioned, in the neigh
daughter of Æsculapius, held in great vene. bourhood of this river. The river was
ration among the ancients. Her statues re named after him. At this celebration it was
presented her with a veil, and the matrons usual to call with loud cries upon Hylas.]
usually consecrated their locks to her. She Plin. 5, c. 32.
was also represented on monuments as a Hyllus, a son of Hercules and Dejanira.
young woman holding a serpent in one hand, who, soon after his father's death, married
and in the other a cup, out of which the ser. Iole. He, as well as his father, was perse
pent sometimes drank, [and sometimes twin cuted by the envy of Eurystheus, and oblig
ed around the whole body of the goddess ) ed to fly from the Peloponnesus. The Athe
According to some authors, Hygeia is the nians gave a kind reception to Hyllus and the
same as Minerva, who received that name rest of the Heraclidae, and marched against
from Pericles, who erected to her a statue, Eurystheus. Hyllus obtained a victory over
because in a dream she had told him the his enemies, and killed with his own band
merms of curring an architect, whose assist Eurystheus, and sent his head to Alcmena.
362
 HY

his grandmother. Some time after he at Vouni. The same writer states, that Hymet
tempted to recover the Peloponnesus with |tus is neither a high nor a picturesque moun
the Heraclidae, and was killed in single com |tain, but a flat ridge of bare rocks...The sides
bat by Echemus, king of Arcadia. [vid. He. about half way up are covered with brown
shrubs and heath, whose flowers scent the
raclidae. Hercules.] Herodot. 7, c. 204, &c.
—Strab. 9.-Diod. 4.—Ovid Met. 9, v. 279. air with delicious perfume. The honey of
{A river of Lydia which falls into the Hymettus is still held in high repute at
Hermus. It is mentioned by Homer, (Il 20, Athens, being distinguished by a superior fla
v. 392.) Strabo states that it was named in vour and a peculiar aromatic odour, which
his time Phrygius. Pliny calls it the Phryx, plants in this vicinity also possess. Hob
makes it distinct from the Hyllus, and adds house's Journey, vol. 1, p. 320.}—Strab. 6.-
that it gave name to the Phrygian nation, Ital. 2, v. 228, 1.14, v. 200.-Plin. 36, c. 3.−
and separated Phrygia from Caria, all which Horat. 2. od. 18, v. 3, l. 2. Sat. 2, v. 15.-
is a manifest error on the part of the Roman Cic. 2, fin. 34.
writer.] Liv. 37, c. 38.—Herodot. 1, c. 180. Hypºpa or IPEP+, now [Berghi, a town
HX MENAEus and HYMEN, the god of mar of Lydia, sacred to Venus, between Mount
riage among the Greeks, was son of Bacchus Tmolus and the Cay strus. Strab. 13.-Ovid.
and Venus, or, according to others, of Apollo Met. 1 1. v. 152.
and one of the muses. Hymenaeus, accord HYPAN is, a river of European Scythia,
ing to the more received opinions, was a now called Bog, which falls into the Borys
young Athenian of extraordinary beauty, thenes, [aſter a south-east course of about
but ignoble origin. He became enamoured :00 miles, and with it into the Euxine. He
of the daughter of one of the richest and rodot. 4, c. 52, &c.—Ovid. Met. 15, v. 285.
noblest of his countrymen, and, as the rank A river of India, [the same as the Hy
and elevation of his mistress removed him phasis. Another rising in the Mount Cau
from her presence and conversation, he con casus and falling into the Palus Mayotis. rid.
tented himself to follow her wherever she
Vardanus. Cic. Tusc. 2, c. 39. -

went. In a certain procession, in which all HY PAtes, a river of Sicily, near Camari
the luatrons of Athens went to Eleusis, Hy |na. Ital. 14, v. 231.
menaeus, to accompany his mistress, disguised| HY PATA, a town of Thessaly, [on the
himself in woman's clothes, and joined the Sperchius, west of Anticyra. It is now Neo
religious troop. His youth, and the fairness | Patra.] Liv. 41, c. 25.
of his features, favoured his disguise. A | HY PATIA, a native of Alexandria, celebrat
great part of the procession was seized by ed for her beauty, her virtues, and her great
the sudden arrival of some pirates, and Hy erudition. She was assassinated 414 A. D.
menaeus, who shared the captivity of his mis Hyperborét, [rid. the end of this article,
tress, encouraged his female companions, and a nation in the northern parts of Europe and
assassinated their ravishers while they were Asia, who were said to live to an incredible
asleep. , Immediately after this, Hymenaeus age, even to a thousand years, and in the en
repaired to Athens, and promised to restore joyment of all possible felicity. The sun was
to liberty the matrons who had been enslav said to rise and set to them but once a year,
ed, provided he was allowed to marry one therefore perhaps they are placed by
among them who was the object of his pas and Virgil under the north pole. The word signi
sion. The Athenians consented, and Hyme. fies people who inhabit beyond the wind Boreas.
naeus experienced so much felicity in his mar Thrace was the residence of Boreas, according
riage state, that the people of Athens insti. to the ancients. Whenever the Hyperboreans
tuted ſestivals in his honour, and solemnly made offerings they always sent them towards
invoked him at their nuptials, as the Latins the south, and the people of Dodona were
did their Thalassius. Hymen was generally the first of the Greeks who received them.
represented as crowned with flowers, chiefly The word Hyperboreans is applied, in gene
with marjoram or roses, and holding a burn ral, to all those who inhabit any cold climate.
ing torch in one hand, and in the other a vest
[The term Hyperborean has given rise to
of purple colour. It was supposed that he various opinions. Pelloutier makes the peo
always attended at nuptials; for, if not, ma. ple in question to have been the Celtic tribes
trimonial connections were fatal, and ended
near the Alps and Danube. Pliny places
in the most dreadful calamities; and people them beyond the Rhipean Mountains and
ran about, calling aloud, Hymen: Hymen : the N. E. wind, “ ultra aqualonis initia.”
&c. Ovid. Medea. Met. 12, v. 215.--Pirg, Mention is made of them in several passages
-En-1, &c.—Catull. ep. 62.
HYM Ettus, [a mountain of Attica, south of Pindar, and the scholiast on the 8th Olym
east of Athens, and celebrated for its excel pic, v. 63, observes, tº ‘rrºgéogºus, sº I a -
lent honey. According to Mr. Hobhouse, rez, ta: ºrnya; 24, “to the Hyperboreans,
where the Ister has its rise.” Protarchus,
Hytnettus approaches to within three miles
of Athens, and is divided into two ranges; the who is quoted by Stephanus under the word
first running from east-north-east to south ‘rregg-gºal, states that the Alps and Rhipean
west, and the second forming an obtuse an Mountains were the same, and that all, the
gle with the first, and having a direction from nations dwelling at t e foot of this chain
west-north-west to east-south-east. The first were called Hyperboreans. It would appear
from these andwas
is called Trelo Vouni, the second Lambra Hyperborean other by thethat
authorities
applied the term
ancient wri:
- 363 -
 HY HY
-

* ,
ers to every nation situated much to the are found of their origin being derived from
north. But whence arise the highly coloured some country to the north. Adelung has
descriptions which the ancients have left us of adopted the opinion which assigns central
these same Hyperboreans? It surely could Asia as the original seat of the human species.
not be that rude and barbarous tribes gave and has mentioned a variety of considerations
occasion to those beautiful pictures of human in support of it. He observes that the cen
felicity on which the poet of former days de tral plain of Asia being the highest regionin
lighted to dwell. “On sweet and fragrant the globe, must have been the first to emerge
herbs they ſeed, amid verdant andgrassy pas ſrom the universal ocean, and therefore first
tures, and drink ambrosial dew, divine po became capable of affording a habitable
tation : all resplendent alike in cóeval youth, dwelling to terrestrial animals and to the hu
a placid serenity for ever smiles on their man species; hence, as the subsiding waters
brows, and lightens in their eyes; the conse gradually gave up the lower regions to be the
quence of a just temperament of mind and abode of life, they may have descended, and
disposition, both in the parents and in the spread themselves successively over their
sons, disposing them to do what is just, and new acquisitions. The desert of Kobi, which
to speak what is wise. Neither diseases nor is the summit of the central steppe, is the
wasting old age infest this holy people ; but unost elevated ridge in the globe. From its
without labour, without war, they continue vicinity the great rivers of Asia take their
to live happily, and to escape the vengeance rise and flow towards the four cardinal points.
of the cruel Nemesis.” Thus sang Orpheus The Selinga, the Ob, the Irtish, the Lena,
and Pindar. If an opinion might be ventured and the Jensei, send their water to the Fro
it would be this, that all the tradition respect zen Ocean; the Iaik flows towards the set
ing the Hyperborean race, which are found ting sun; the Amu and Hoang-ho, and the
scattered among the works of the ancient Indus, Ganges, and Burrampooter, towards
writers, point to an early and central seat of the east and south. On the declivities of
civilization, whence learning and the arts of these high lands are the plains of Thibet,
social life diverged over the world. Shall we lower than the frozen region of Kobi, where
place this seat of primitive refinement in the many fertile tracts are well fitted to become
North: But, it may be replied, the earliest the early seat of animated nature. Here
historical accounts which we have of those are formed not only the vine, the olive, rice,
regions, represent them as plunged in the the legumina, and other plants, on which man
deepest barbarism. The answer is an easy has in all ages depended, in a great measure,
one. Ages of refinement may have rolled for his sustenance, but all those animals run
away, and been succeeded by ages of igno wild upon these mountains, which he has
rance. Who will venture to deny that the tamed and led with him over the whole earth,
northern regions of Europe must not at an as the ox, the horse, the ass, the sheep, the
early period have enjoyed a milder climate, goat, the camel, the hog, the dog, the cat, and
when the vast quantities of amber found in the even the gentle rein-deer, who accompanies
environs of the Baltic clearly show that the him to the icy polar tracts. In Cashmire
forests, now imbedded in the earth, in which plants, animals, and men exist in the greatest
amber is produced, could not have exist. physical perfection. A number of arguments
ed in that quarter, if a very elevated tem are suggested in favour of this opinion.
perature had uot prevailed. We will aban Bailly has referred the origin of the arts and
don, however, this argument, strong as it sciences, of astronomy and of the old lunar
is, and pursue the inquiry on other and zodiac, as well as of the discovery of the
clearer grounds. The term Hyperborean planets to the most northerly tract of Asia.
means a nation or people who dwell beyond His attachment to Buffon's hypothesis of the
the wind Boreas. The name Boreas is pro central fire and the gradual refrigeration of
perly applied by the Greeks to the wind the earth, has driven him indeed to the banks
which blows from the north-north-east, (rid. of the Frozen Ocean, but his arguments ap
Schneider Lex. ad voc.) and is the same ply more naturally to the centre of Asia. In
with the Aquilo of the Latins. Of this lat our Scriptures moreever the second origin of
ter wind Pliny remarks, “flat inter Septen mankind is referred to a mountainous region
trionem et Ortum solstilialem,” and Forcellini eastward of Shinar, and the ancient beoks of
(I.ex. Tot. Lat.) observes that it is often con. the Hindoos fix the cradle of our race in the
founded with, and mistaken for, the North. same quarter. The Hindoo paradise is on
The term Hyperborei then, if we consider Mount Meru, which is on the coufines of
its true meaning, refers to a people dwelling Casmire and Thibet. vid. Müller's Univer
far to the north-east of the Greeks, and will sal History, vol. 1, p. 19, in notis.] Piºn. 4.
lead us at once to the plains of central Asia. c. 12, 1.6, c. 17.—Mela, 3, c. 5.—P ºrg. G. 1.
the cradle of our race. Here it was that v. 240, l. 3, v. 169 and 381 —Herodot. 4, c.
man existed in primeval virtue and happines, 13, &c.—Cic. JW. D. 3. c. 23, 1.4, c. 12.
and here were enjoyed those blessings of ex HyPEREA and HYPERIA, a fountain of
istence, the remembrance of which was Thessaly, with a town of the same name.
carried by the various tribes that successively Strab. 9.—Another in Messenia, in Pelo
migrated from this common home, into everyponnesus. Flacc. 1, v. 375.
quarter of the earth. Hence it is that even
HYPERIDEs, an Athenian orator, disciple
among the Oriental nations so many traces to Plato and Socrates, and long the rival
*
 HY HY

Demosthenes. His father's n ame was Glau |Hypsipyle alone excepted, who spared the
cippus. He distinguished himself by his elo life of her father Thoas.
Soon after this
quence, and the active part he took in the cruel murder, the Argonauts landed at Lem
management of the Athenan republic. A nos, in their expedition to Colchis, and re
ter the unfortunate battle of Cranon, he was mained for some time in the island. During
taken alive, and, that he might not be com heir stay the Arzonauts rendered the Lem
pelled to betray the secrets of his country, h nian women mothers, and Jason, the chief of
cut off his tongue. He was put to death by the Argonautic expedition, left Hypsipyle
order of Antipater, B. C. 322. Only one pregnant at his departure, and promised her
of his numerous orations remains, admired ternal fidelity. Hypsipyle brought forth
for the sweetness and elegance of its style. twins, Euneus and Nebrophonus, whom some
It is said, that Hyperides once defended the have called Deiphilus or Thoas. Jason for
courtezan Phryne, who was accused of im got his vows and promises to Hypsipyle, and
piety, and that, when he saw his eloquence he unfortunate queen was soon after forced
ineffectual, he unveiled the bosom of his to leave her kingdom by the Lemnian wo
client, upon which her judges, influenced by men, who conspired against her life, still
the sight of her beauty, acquitted her. Pl..t. mindful that Thoas had been preserved by
in Demost.—Cic. in Orat. 1, &c.—Quintil neans of his daughter. Hypsipyle, in her
10. &c. flight, was sized by pirates, and sold to Ly
HYPERIow, a son of Coelus and Terra. curgus, king of Nemaea. She was intrusted
who married Thea, by whom he had Aurora, with the care of Archemorus, the son of Ly
the sun and moon. Hyperion is often taken curgus; and when the Argives marched
by the poets for the sun itself. [The mean against Thebes, they net Hypsipyle, and
ing of the name is, “He who moves on high.” obliged her to show them a fountain where
It is very remarkable that a term of precise they might quench their thirst. To do this
ly similar import, Ikare, is applied to thesame
more expeditiously, she laid down the child
luminary by the Iroquois of our own coun on the grass, and in her absence he was kill
try.] Hesiod. Theog.—Apollod. 1, c. 1 and 2. ed by a serpent. Lycurgus attempted to re
—Homer. hymn. ad .4p. venge the death of his son, but Hypsipyle
HYPERMNEstha, one of the fifty daugh was screened from his resentment by Adras
ters of Danaus, who married Lynceus, son of tus the leader of the Argives. Ovid. Hero
AEgyptus. She disobeyed her father's bloody id. 6.-Apollon. 1.-Stal. 5.-Theb.-Flac. 2.
commands, who had ordered her to murder —Apollod. 1, c. 9, 1.3, c. 6.-Hygin. tab. 15,
her husband the first night of her nuptials, 74, &c. rif. Archemorus.
and suffered Lynceus to escape unhurt from Hyrcinia, [a large country of Asia, situ
the bridal bed. Her father summoned her ate to the south of the eastern part of the
to appear before a tribunal for her disobe Caspian Sea. This country was mountain
dience, but the people acquitted her, and Da ous, covered with forests and inaccessible to
naus was reconciled to her and her husband. cavalry. It had a capital called Hyrcania,
to whom he left his kingdom at his death now Jorjan or Corean. The eastern part of
Some say that Lynceus returned to Argos Hyrcania was called Parthiene, the original
with an army, and that he couquered and put at of the Parthians.] Virg...ºn. 4, v. 367.
to death his father-in-law, and usurped his – Cic. Tusc. I. c. 45. Strab. . and 11.
crown. vid. Danaides. Paus. 2, c. 19.- Hy Rd ANU M M A R.E. vid. Caspium mare.
-Apollod. 2, c. 1–Orid. Heroid. 14. Hyria, [a tºwn tu by the Cretans, who
[Hyph Asis, a tributary of the Indus, now a sumed the name of Japyges Messapii. It
the Caul. It was the limit of Alexander’s was situate in the interior of the country, be
conquests, and he erected altars on its banks tween Tarentum and Brundusium. Strabo
in memory of his expedition. , alls it Ouria, and the Latins Uria. It is
- Hypsa, now Belici, a river of Sicily, fall nºw Dria.]
ing into the Crinisus, and then into the Medi Hy Rilers and Hy REus, a peasant, or, as
terranean near Selinus Ital 14, v. 228. some say, a prince of Tanagra, son of Nep:
HypsicRATEs, a Phoenician, who wrote tune and Alcyone, who kindly entertained
an history of his country in the Phoenician Jupiter, Neptune, and Mercury, when tra
language. This history was saved from the veiling over Boeotia. Being childless, he ask
flames of Carthage, when that city was taken | of the gods to give him a son w thout his
by Scipio, and translated into Greek. marrying, as he promised his wife, who was
HY psipyle, a queen of Lemnos, daughter lately dead, and whom he tenderly loved,
of Thoas and Myrine. During her reigº, ºhe ever would marry again. The gods,
Venus, whose altars had been universally to reward the hospitality of Hyreus, made
slighted, puuished the Lemnian women, and water in the hide of a bull, which had been
rendered their mouths and breath so ex |sacrificed the day before to their divinity,
tremels offensive to the smell, that their hus and they ordered him to wrap it up and bu
bands abandoned them and gave themselves
ry it in the ground for nine montis. At the
up to some female slaves whom they ha ta expiration of the nine months, Hyreus open
ken in a war against Thrace. This contempt led the earth, and found a beautiful child in the
bull's hide, whom he called Orion. “id. Orion.
was highly resented by all the women of Lem | Hy RTActs, a Trojan of Mount Ida, father
nos, and they resolved on revenge, and ali to Nisus, one of the companions of AF, neas.
unanimously put to death their nale relations,
 JA

is said by Ctesias that he wished to be car

tronymic of Hyrtacides is applied to Nisus. Itried to see the royal monument which his son
is also applied to Hippocoon. Id. 5, v. 492. had built between two mountains. The priests
Hysia, a town of Boeotia, built by Nycteus,who carried him, as reported, slipped the
Antiope's father.—A village of Argos.-- cord with which he was suspended in ascend
ing the mountain, and he died of the fall. Da
A city of Arcadia.
HystAsp Es, a noble Persian, of the family rius is called Hystaspis, or, the son of Hystas
of the Achaemenides. His father's name was pes, to distinguish him from his royal succes
-ors of the same name. Herodot. 1, c. 209,
Arsames. His son Darius reigned in Persia
after the murder of the usurper smerdis. lt ||l. 5, c. 83.-Ctesias Fragm.
-

IA JA
selections from the MSS. of Greek rhetori
IACCHUS, a surname ofBacchus, ab taxº, [A
from the nºise and shouts which the Baccha cians and sophists, Rome, 1641, in 8vo.
mals raised at the festivals of this deity. Virg. native of Chalcis in Syria, who flourished
Ecl. 6, G. 1, v. 166.--Orid. '..et. 4, 15.— about the beginning of the fourth century. He
Some suppose him to be a son of Ceres be was a disciple of Porphyry, and was eminent
cause in the celebration of the Eleusinian ly versed in the mysteries of the Piotinian
mysteries, the word lacchus was frequently system. These he taught with great success.
repeated [They who make the Grecian my and attracte d to himself a large number of
He commanded the reverence of
thology of Or ental origin, discover in the at hearers.
tributes of the Hindoo Deity Iswara a mini his followers by high pretensions to theologi
fest resemblance to those of Bacchus. The cal powers, which he professed to receive by
attendants of Iswara were termed Iacchi, intercourse with invisible beings. He wrote
from whom he derived the name cf Iaccheo, various works, and among the rest, a life of
lord of the lacchi, corrupted by the nations Pythagoras interspersed with trifliug and fa
of the west into Iacchus. rid, remarks un bulous accounts of the actions of that philo
der the article Bacchus...] Herodot. 8, c. 65. sopher, which some think was intende.d to be
—Paus. 1, c. 2. opposed to the miracles of our Saviour The
I Lysus, [a town of the island of Rhodes rest of his writings now extant are, “An ex
80 stadia from the city of Rhodes. Its vicini hortation to the study of philosophy,” “Three
ty to the capital proved so injurious to its Books on Mathematical learning,” “A com
growth that it becºme reduced in Strabo's mentary upon Nicomachus,” “A treatise
time to a mere village J. It was built by Ialy upon the mysteries of the Egyptians,” &c.
last named work is
sus, of whom Protogenes was making a beau The best edition of the
tiful painting when Demetrius Poliorcetes that of Gale, Oxon. 1678, fol. and of the life
took Rhodes. Opid. Met. 7, fab. 9.-Plan. of Pythagoras, that of Kuster, Amstel. 1707,
35, c. 6.3-Cic. 2, ad.Attuc. ep. 21.—Plut. in 4to. lamblichus was a great favourite with
Dem.—Blian. 12, c. 5. the emperor Julian, who ranked him equal
IAM BE, a servant maid of Metanila, wife of with Plato. The style of Iamblicus is inac
Celeus, king of Eleusis, who tried to exhila curate and inelegant, and he borrows largely
rate Ceres, when she travelled over Artical from others, especially Porphyry. He is sup
in quest of her daughter Proserpine. From | posed to have died A D. 333.]
the jokes and stories which she made use of IAMiDAE.certain prophets among the Greeks,
free and satirical verses have been called Iam descended from Iamus, a son of Apollo, who
bics. [Some derive the name of Iambic verse received the gift of prophecy from his father,
from taaººw.maledic, re; this however is ra which remained among his posterity Pau.
ther a derivation itself from 1zac. Accord. 6, c. 2.
JAN1ct Lu M and JAN1cularius Moxs,
ing to others, it comes from Iambe, a young to the
female, who, having been severely attacked one of the seven hills at Rome, joinedkind ot
in somesatirical verses, put an end to her ex city by Ancus \lartius, and made a
istence. Archilochus is generally regarded citadel, to protect the place against anwas inva
as the inventor of Iambic measure.] ..ipoliod. sion. This hill, (vid. Janus,) which on
1, c. 5.
of the Tiber, was joined to
the opposite shore
IAM blicus, [an ancient philosopher, a the city by the bridge Sublicius, the first ever
native of Syria, and educated at Baby built across that river, and perhaps in Italy.
ion. Upon Trajan's conquest of Assyria he It was less inhabited than the other parts of
was reduced to slavery, but, recovering his the city, on account of the grossness have
of the
a
liberty, he afterwards flourished under the em. air, though from its top, the eye could
peror Antoninus. His treatise in the Greek commanding view of the whole city. It is ſa
language, on the loves of Simonides and Rho mous for the burial of king Numa and the poet
dane, in 16 books, is said to have been lodged Italicus. Porsenna. king of Etruria, pitched
in MS. in the library of the Escurial, and to his camp on Mount Janiculum, and the sena
have been destroyed by fire in 1671. A frag tors took refuge there in the civil wars, to
ment of it was preserved by Leo Allatius, ac avoid the resentment of Octavius. [From its
companied with his own Latin version, in his sparkling sauds it got the name of Mons Au
366 -
 JA - IA

teus, corrupted into Montorius.] Liv. 1, c.|ty, and the civilization which he had intro
33, &c.—Dio. 47.-Orid. 1, Fast. v. 246.-||duced among the wild inhabitants of Italy.
Wirg. 8, v. 358.-Mart. 4, ep. 64, l. 7, ep. 16. His temple, which was always open in times
JAN us, the most ancient king who reigned of war, was shut only three times during
in Italy. He was a native of Thessaly, and ||above 700 years, under Numa, 234 B. C. and
son of Apollo, according to some. He came|under Augustus; and during that long period
to Italy, where he planted a colony and built ||of time, the Romans were continually em
a small town on the river Tiber, which he ployed in war. Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 65, &c.—
called Janiculum. Some authors make him || Pirg . En. 7, v. 607.-Varro de L. L. 1.-
son of Coelus and Hecate; and others ...ake ||..Macrob. Sat. 1. A street at Roune, near
him a native of Athens. During his reign, the temple of Janus. It was generally fre
Saturn, driven from heaven by his son Jupiter, quented by usurers and money-brokers, and
came to Italy, where Janus received him with booksellers also kept their shops there. Ho
much hospitality, and made him his colleague | rat. 1, ep. 1.
on the throne. Janus is represented with two || JAPEtus, a son of Coelus or Titan, by Ter
faces, because he was acquainted with the ra, who married Asia, or, according to others,
past and the future; or, according to others, Clyinene, by whom he had Atlas, Menoetius,
because he was taken for the sun who opens Prometheus, and Epimetheus. The Greeks
the day at his rising, and shuts it at his set-looked upon him as the father of all mankind,
ting. [Some say that he was thus exhibited||and therefore from his antiquity old men were
because, upon his sharing the kingdom with ||frequently called Japeti. His sons received
Saturn, he caused medals to be struck, hav- the patronymic of Iapetionides. | He is the
ing on one side a head with two faces, to de- -ame with Japheth, the son of Noah ] Orld.
note that his power was divided between Sa-i-Met. 4, v. 631.-Hesiod. Theog. 136 and 508.
turn and himself, and that his dominions were ||—Apollod. I, c. 1.
to be governed by the counsels of both. Plu-; IApy des, [a people of Dalmatia, who dwelt
tarch states as a reason for his being thus re- contiguous to 1-tria, under the range of Mount
presented, that it was thereby intimated that Albius, and whose country answers to a pro
this prince and his people had passed from a vince of Croatia called Murtakia.] Liv. 43,
wild and rustic to a civilized life. The truth | c. 5.-Tibull. 4, v. 109.-Cic. Balb. 14.
is, Janus was nothing more than a represen- IApy GIA, [a division of Italy, forming what
tation of the year, and the name appears, is called the heel. It was called also Messa
to be a very good derivation for the La-pia, and contained two nations, the Calabri
tin term annus.] Some statues represent on the north east, and the Salentini on the
Janus with four heads. He sometimes ap-south-west side. The country was so called
peared with a beard, and sometimes with-i from the Iapyges. These appear to have
out. In relig ous ceremonies, his name was been a race of Illyrian origin, who in a very
always invoked the first, because he pre- remote age settled along the entire coast of
sides over all gates and avenues, and it is the Tarentine gulf, but who in after days were
through him only that prayers can reach ||compelled to restrict themselves to narrower
the immortal gods. From that circumstance limits. J Plin. 3. c. 11–Strab. 6.
he often appears with a key in his right hand, [Iapygium, rel Salentinum Promontorium,
and a rod in his left. Sometimes he holds the now Cape d. Leuca, at the southern extremi
number 300 in one hand, and in the other 65, ty of Iapygia.]
to show that he presides over the year, of Aryx, a son of Dædalus, who conquered
which the first month bears his name. Somella war: of Italy, which he called Iapygia. Ovid.
suppose that he is the same as the world, or ||.Met. 14, v.458. A wind which blows from
Coelus; and from that circumstance, they |Apulia, and is favourable to such as sailed
call him Eanus, ab eundo, because of the re- from Italy towards Greece. It was nearly
volution of the heavens. He was called by the same as the Caurus of the Greeks. Ho
different names, such as Construs a consoren-ilrat. 1, od. 3, v. 4, 1 3, od. 7, v. 20. -

48, because he presided over generation ; IAR BAs, a son of Jupiter and Garamantis
Quirinus or Martialis, because he presided king of Getulia, from whom Dido bought
ºver war. He is also called Pafulcius & land to build Carthage. He courted Dido,
Claulus, because the gates of his temples; but the arrival of Eneas prevented his suc
were opened during the time of war, and shut ||cess, and the queen, rather than marry lar
intime of peace. He was chiefly worshipped bas, destroyed herself. rid. Dido. Kºg. JEn.
among the Romans, where he had many tºm-l.1, v. 36, &c.—Justin. 18, c. 6-Ovid. Fust.
Ples, some erected to Janus Bifrons, others to l8, v 552.
Janus Quadrifrons. The temples of Quadri- IARchAs and JARchAs, a celebrated In
irons were built with four equal sides, with a dian philosopher. His seven rings, were fa
oor and three windows on each side. The mous for their power of restoring old men to
ºur doors were the emblems of the four sea-lthe bloom and vigour of youth, according to
* of the year, an the three windows in the traditions of Philostr. in Apoll, ,
*h of the sides the three months in each || IAsides, a patronymic given to Palin".
ºn, and all together, the twelve months of as descended from a persºn of the "...,'
year. Janus was generally represented in Jasius. Virg. AEu. 5, v. 843–A” “”
*es as a young
"* tanked among man. After
the gods, death
for his Janus sus.I Asion
populari-" Id. 12,
andv.lasius.”
392. iter and
son of Jupite
 JA JA

Electra, one of the Atlantides, who reigned such a treatment called aloud for punishment,
over part of Arcadia, where he diligently ap and that the undertaking would be accou
plied himself to agriculture. He marrie unied with much glory and fame. He far
the goddess Cybele, or Ceres, and all the gois ºr added, that his old age had prevented
were present at the celebration of his nup in from avenging the death of Phryxus, and
tials. He had by Ceres two sons, Philome that if Jason would undertake the expedition,
lus and Plutus, to whom some have adde nº would resign to him the crown of Iolchos
a third, Corybas, who introduced the wor when he returned victorious from Colchis.
ship and mysteries of his mother in Phry Jason readily accepted a proposal which seem
gia. He had also a daughter, whom he ex ed to promise such military ſame. His in
posed as soon as born, saying that he would tended expedition was made known in every
raise only male children. The child, who , art of Greece, and the youngest and bravest
was suckled by a she-bear and preserved. of the Greeks assembled to accompany him,
rendered herself famous afterwards under the and share his toils and glory. They embarked
name of Atalanta. Jasion was killed with a on board a ship called Argo, and after a
thunderbolt of Jupiter, and ranked among series of adventures, they arrived at Colchis.
the gods after death, by the inhabitants of (vid. Argonautae.) AEetes promised to re
Arcadia. H sidd. Theog. 970 — Virg. AEn store the golden fleece, which was the cause
3, v. 168,-Hygun. Poet. 2, c. 4. of the death of Phryxus, and of the voyage
Iāsis, a name given to Atalanta, daughter of the Argonauts, provided they submitted to
of Iasius. his conditions. Jason was to tame bulls who
JAson, a celebrated hero, son of Alcimede, breathed flames, and who had feet and horns
daughter of Phylacus, by Æson the son of of brass, and to plough with them a field
Cretheus, and Tyro the daughter of Salmo sacred to Mars. After this he was to sow
aeus. Tyro, before her connection with Cre in the ground the teeth of a serpent from
theus the son of AEolus, had two sons, Pe. which armed men would rise, whose fury
lias and Neleus by Neptune. Æson was would be converted against him who ploughed
king of Iolchos, and at his death the throne the field. He was also to kill a monstrous
was usurped by Pelias, and AEson, the lawful dragon who watched might and day at the
successor, was driven to retirement and obscu foot of the tree on which the golden fleece
rity. The education of young Jason was in was suspended. All were concerned for the
trusted to the care of the centaur Chiron, and fate of the Argonauts; but Juno, who watched
he was removed from the presence of the with an anxious eye over the safety of Jason,
usurper, who had been informed hy an oracle extricated them from all these difficulties.
that one of the descendants of AEolus would Medea, the king's daughter, fell in love with
dethrone him. After he had made the most Jason, and as her knowledge of herbs, en
rapid progress in every branch of science, chantments, and incantation was uncommon.
Jason left the centaur, and by his advice went she pledged herself to deliver her lover from
to consult the oracle. He was ordered to go all his dangers if he promised her eternal fide
to Iolchos his native country, covered with lity. Jason, not insensible to her charms and
the spoils of a leopard, and dressed in the to her promise, vowed eternal fidelity in
garments of a Magnesian. In his journey he the temple of Hecate, and received from Me
was stopped by the inundation of the river dea whatever instruments and herbs could
Evenus or Enipeus, over which he was car protect him against the approaching dangers.
ried by Juno, who had changed herself into He appeared in the field of Mars, he tamed
an old woman. In crossing the streams he the fury of the oxen, ploughed the plain, and
lost one of his sandals, and at his arrival at -owed the dragon's teeth Immediately an
lolchos, the singularity of his dress and the army of men sprang from the field, and ran
fairness of his complexion, attracted the notice towards Jason. He threw a stone among
of the people, and drew a crowd around him them, and they fell one upon the other till all
in the market-place. Pelias came to see hio, were totally destroyed. The vigilance of the
with the rest, and as he had been warned by dragon was lulled to sleep by the power of
the oracle to beware of a man who should herbs, and Jason took from the tree the cele
appear at Iolchos with one foot bare and the brated golden fleece, which was the sole ob
9ther shod, the appearance of Jason, who ject of his voyage. These actions were all
had lost one of his sandals, alarmed him. His performed in the presence of Æetes and his
terrors were soon after augmented. Jason, people, who were all equally astonished at the
accompanied by his friends, repaired to the boldness and success of Jason. After this cele
Palace of Pelias, and boldly demanded the brated conquest. Jason immediately set sail for
kingdom which he had unjustly usurped. The Europe with Media, who had been so instru
boldness and popularity of Jason intimidated
mental in his preservation. Upon this AEetes
Pelias; he was unwilling to abdicate the desirous to revenge the perfidy of his daughter
Grown, and yet he feared the resentment of Medea, sent his son Absyrtus to pursue the fu
hiº adversary. As Jason was young and am. gitives. Medea killed her brother, and strewed
bitious of glory, Pelias, at once to remove his limbs in her father's way, that she might
his immediate claims to the crown, reminded more easily escape, while he was employed
him that Æetes king of Colchis had severely in collecting the mangled body of his son
**tel and inhumanly murdered their com (vid. Absyrtus.) The return of the Argo
"on relation Phryxus. He observed that nauts in Thessaly was celebrated with uni
 IA IB

versal festivity; but Æson, Jason's father, was allude to this sea when he speaks of the
unable to attend on account of the infirmities Araxes, with the exception of a single branch,
of old age. This obstruction was removed, losing itself amid bogs and marshes.) Curt.
and Medea, at the request of her husband, 6 and 7.-Plin.6, c. 16.-Arrian. 4, c. 15.
restored Eson to the vigour and sprightliness IAzigrs, [a people of Scythia. Of these
of youth. (vid. AEson.) Pelias, the usurper there were the Iazyges Maeotae, who occupi
of the crown of lolchos, wished also to see ed the northern coast of the Palus Maeotis ;
himself restored to the flower of youth, and the Iazyges Metanastac, who inhabited the an
his daughters, persuaded by Medea, who gular territory formed by the Tibiscus, the
wished to avenge her husband's wrongs, cut Danube, and Dacia: they lived in the vi
his body to pieces, and placed his limbs in a cinity of Dacia, and are called by Pliny, Sar
caldron of boiling water. Their credulity was mates. The Iazyges Basilii, or Royal, were
severely punished. Medea suffered the flesh a people of Sarmatia, joined by Strabo, to the
to be consumed to the bones, and Pelias was Iazyges on the coast of the Euxine, between
never restored to liſe. This inhuman action the Tyras and the Borysthenes. Ptolemy
drew the resentment of the populace upon speaks only of the Metanastae, who were pro
Medea, and she fled to Corinth with her hus bably the most considerable of the three. The
band Jason, where they lived in perfect union territory of this latter people, was, towards
and love during ten successive years. Jason's the decline of the empire, occupied by the
partiality for Glauce, the daughter of the king Vandals, and afterwards became a part of the
of the country, afterwards disturbed their empire of the Goths. About the year 350
matrimonial happiness, and Medea was di they were expelled by the Huns. It has
vorced that Jason might more freely indulge since formed a part of Hungary, and of the
his amorous propensities. This infidelity was Bannat of Temeswar.] Tacit..A. 12, c. 29.
severely revenged by Medea, (nd. Glauce.) —Ovid. Trist. 2, v. 191.-Pont. 4, el. 7, v. 9.
who destroyed her children in the presence IBERIA, [a country of Asia, bounded on the
of their father. (rid. Medea.) After his se west by Colchis, on the north by Mount
paration from Medea, Jason lived an unset Caucasus, on the east by Albania. and on the
tled and melancholy life. As he was one south by Armenia. It answers now to Interili
day reposing himself by the side of the ship and Georgia. The name of Imeriti is an evi
which had carried him to Colchis, a beam fell dent derivation from the ancient one ; Geor
upon his head, and he was crushed to death. gia is called by the Russians Grusia, and by
This tragical event had been predicted to him the Persians Gurgistan. According to some
before by Medea, according to the relation of unodern authors, who derive the name from
some authors. Some say that he afterwards the river Kur, the country ought rather to be
returned to Colchis, where he seized the called Korgia, or Kurgia.] Pompey invaded
kingdom, and reigned in great security. Eurip. it, and made great slaughter of the inhabit
in .Med.—Ovid...Met. 7, fab. 2, 3, &c.—Diod. ants, and obliged them to surrender by set
4.—Faus. 2 and 3.—Apollod. 1, c. 9.—Cie. de ting fire to the woods where they had fled
.N'at. 3–Ovid. Trist. 3, el. 9.—Strab. 7.- for safety. Plut. in Luc. Anton. &c.—
Apoll.—Flacc.—Hygin. 5, &c.—Pindar. 3, Duo. 36.—Flor. 3.-Flacc. 5, v. 166.-Ap
.Nºem.—Justin. 42, c. 2, &c.—Senec. in JMed. pian. Parth. An ancient name of Spain.
–Tsets. ad Lycophr. 175, &c.—Athen. 13. vid. Hispania. [See an explanation of the
A native of Argos, who wrote an history name in the remarks under Hispania.] Lucan.
of Greece in four books, which ended at the 6, v. 258. —Horat. 4, od. 14, v. 50.
death of Alexander. He lived in the age of [IBERI, a powerful nation of Spain, situate
Adrian. along the Iberus, and who, mingling with
Jasºn in AE, a patronymic of Thoas and Celtic tribes, took the name of Celtiberi.
Euneus, sons of Jason and Hypsipyle. They are thought to have come originally
Lisus, [a city of Asia Minor, situate on a from Iberia in Asia.] -

small island very near the coast of Caria, and Ibérus, [one of the largest rivers in Spain.
giving to the adjacent bay the name of Sinus
lassius. It was a rich and flourishing city,
and the inhabitants were chiefly occupied
with fisheries along the adjacent coasts. It is
now in ruins, though many vestiges remain
of it. The name of the place is Asken-Ca
lesi. Plin.5, c. 28.-Liv. 32, c. 33, 1.37, c. 17.)
IAxARTEs, [a large river of Asia, rising in
the chain of Mons Imaus, and flowing into
the Sea of Aral, after a course of 1682 Eng
lish miles. It is now the Syr-Daria. The
Greeks confounded this river with the Tana
is in the time of Alexander, partly out of
flattery to that monarch, and partly from an
ignorance of its true course. Even Ptolemy,
in a later age, makes it flow into the Caspian.
It rises among the Cantabri, near the town
of Juliobriga, and flows with a south-eastern
course into the Mediterranean Sea. The
chain of Mons Idubeda, along which it runs
for a great part of its course, prevents it
from taking a western course along with the
other rivers of Spain. It is now the Ebro,
and is in general very rapid and unfit for navi
gation, being full of roeks and shoals. This
river was made the boundary between the
Carthaginian and Roman possessions in this
country after the close of the first Punic war.
Lucan. 4, v. 335.-Plin. 3, c. 3.-Horat. 4,
od. 14, v. 50.]—[A river of Iberia in Asia,
flowing from Mount Caucasus into the Cyrus,
probably the modern Iora.] Strab. 3. -

He was unacquainted with the existence of Ibis, a poem of the poet Callimachus; in
the Sea of Aral. Herodotus is thought to which he bitterly satirizes the ingratitude of
3A 369
 IC IC

his pupil the poet Apollonius. Ovid has also modesty, on the spot where Penelope had
written a poem which bears the same name, covered her blushes with her veil. Homer.
and which, in the same satirical language, Od. 16, v. 435.
seems, according to the opinion of some, to in IcARus, a son of Daedalus, who, with his
weigh bitterly against Hyginus, the supposed father, fled with wings from Crete to escape
hero of the composition. Suidas. the resentment of Minos. His flight being
Ibycus, a lyric poet of Rhegium about 540 too high proved fatal to him, the sun melted
years before Christ. He was murdered by the wax which cemented his wings. and be
robbers, and at the moment of death he im ſell into that part of the AEgean Sea which
plored the assistance of some cranes which was called after his name. [Icarus and Da
at that moment flew over his head. Some dalus, in escaping from the pursuit of Minos,
time after as the murderers were in the mar are thought to have elevated their cloaks on
ket-place, one of them observed some cranes oars and thus used them as sails, whence the
in the air, and said to his companions, at levzov fable of wings. The son is imagined to have
axfixon ragurºv, there are the birds that are aven exercised less skill than the father in the
gers of the death of Ibycus. These words, and management of his bark, and in consequence
the recent murder of Ibycus, raised suspi to have been wrecked on the coast of Icaria
cions in the people: the assassins were seized But, rid. Icaria.] (vid. Daedalus.) Ord.
.Met 8, v. 178, &c.—A mountain of Attice.
and tortured, and they confessed their guilt.
Cic. Tusc. 4, c. 43.-JElian. P. H. The Icºlos, one of the sons of Somnus, who
husband of Chloris, whom Horace ridicules, changed himself into all sorts of animals,
3 od. 15. whence the name (uktaos, similis.) Orld.
IcARIA, a small island in the Ægean Sea. Me!. 11, v. 640.
between Chios, Samos, and Myconus, whére Iceni, [a people of Britain, north of the
the body of Icarus was thrown by the waves, Trinobantes. They inhabited what answers
and buried by Hercules. [This island was now to the counties of Suffolk, Norfolk, Can
deserted in Strabo's time, as it is said to be bridge, and Huntingdon. This nation is call
at the present day. Its modern name is Ni ed by several different names, as Simeni by
caria.] Ptol. 5, c. 2.-Mela, 2, c. 7.—Strab. Ptolemy, Cenimagni by Caesar, &c. They st
10 and 14. first submitted to the Roman power, but aſ
Ici Ris and IcAR101 is, a name given to terwards revolting in the reign of Claudius,
Penelope as daughter of Icarius. were defeated in a great battle by Ostorius
IcARIUM MARE, [a part of the AEgean Sea Scapula, the second Roman governor of
near the islands of Mycone and Gyaros. Britain, A. D. 50, and reduced to a state
The ancient mythologists deduce the name of subjection. They again revolted under
from Icarus who fell into it and was drowned. the command of the ſamous Boadicea, but
Bochart, however, says that this part of the were entirely defeated with great slaughter
AFgean was so called from the isle Icaria or by Suetonius Paulinus, A. D. 61, and totally
Icaure, which in the Phoenician tongue signi subjugated. Their capital was Venta Iceno.
fies fishy.] rum, now Caister, about three miles from
lcănius, an Athenian, father of Erigone. .Norwich.] Tacit...Ann. 12, e. 31.--Cats. G.
He gave wine to some peasants who drank it 5, c. 21. -

with the greatest avidity, ignorant of its in IcHNAE, a town of Macedonia, [placed by
toxicating nature. They were soon deprived Pliny on the coast near the Axius,) whence
of their reason, and the fury and resentment Themis and Nemisis are called Ichnaea. Ho
of their friends and neighbours were imme mer. in Apoll.
diately turned upon Icarius, who perished by Ichnus A, an ancient name of Sardinia,
their hands. After death he was honoured which it received from its likeness to a hu
with public festivals, and his daughter was man foot, [axvor, vestigium.] Paus. 10, r.
led to discover the place of his burial by 17.-Ital. 12, v. 358.-Plin. 3, c. 7.
means of his faithful dog Moera. Erigone Ichthyophigi, a people of Æthiopia,
hung herself in despair, and was changed into [along the coast of the Sinus Arabicus,) who
a constellation called Virgo. Icarius was received this name from their eating fishes.
changed into the star Bootes, and the dog Moe [There was also a nation of the same name
ra into the star Canis. Hygin. fab. 130.- along the coast of Gedrosia. The skins of
Apollod. 3, c. 14.—A son of CEbalus of La the largest fishes served them for clothing,
cedaemon. He gave his daughter Penelope in while the ribs contributed to the construction
marriage to Ulysses king of Ithaca, but he of their cabins.] Diod. 3.-Strab. 2 and 15.
was so tenderly attached to her, that he –Plin 6, c. 23, 1.15, c. 7.
wished her husband to settle at Lacedaemon. L. Icilius, a tribune of the people who
Ulysses refused, and when he saw the ear made a law A. U. C. 397, by which Mount
nest petitions of Icarius, he told Penelope, as Aventine was given to the Roman people to
they were going to embark, that she might build houses upon. Lit. 3, c. 54.—A tri
choose freely either to follow him to Ithaca, bune who made a law A. U. C.261, that for
or to remain with her father. Penelope blush. bad any man to oppose or interrupt a tribune
ed in the deepest silence, and covered her while he was speaking in an assembly. Lir
head with her veil. , Icarius upon this per2. c. 58-A tribune who signalized him
mitted his daughter to go to Ithaca, and 'im self by his inveterate enmity against the Ro
mediately erected *Ple
70
to the goddess of
man senate. He took an active part in the
 II) ID

management of affairs after the murder of |Amºng the Argonauts, and married Marpessa,
Virginia, &c. the daughter of Evenus king of Ætolia. Mar
lcius, (vid. Itius Portus.] pessa was carried away by Apollo, and Idas
Icon 1UM, [the capital city of Lycaonia, pursued his wife's ravisher with bows and
now Komieh. It is mentioned in the Acts of arrºws, and obliged him to restore her. (vid.
the Apostles, 13, 51. The city derived its name, Marpessa.) According to Apollodorus, Idas
according to the ancients, from a small image with his brother Lynceus associated with Pol
(six ortor) of Medusa, erected here by Perseus. lux and Castor to carry away some flocks ;
In accordance with this idea, Stephanus By. but when they had obtained a sufficient quan
zantinus asserts, that the name should be writ tity of plunder, they refused to divide it into
ten in Greek with a diphthong ºt, and we do equal shares. This provoked the sens of Le
in fact find it so written in Eustathius and in da: Lynceus was killed by Castor, and Idas,
the Byzantine historians, as well as on me to revenge his brother's death, immediately
dals.] Plin. 5, c. 27. killed Castor, and in his turn perished by the
lculis MA, a town of Gaul, now ...Angou hand of Pollux. According to Ovid and Pau
lesme, on the Charante. sanias, the quarrel between the sons of Leda
IDA, a nymph of Crete who went into and those of Aphareus arose from a more
Phrygia, where she gave her name to a moun tender cause: Idas and Lynceus, as they say,
tain of that country. Virg. AEn. 8, v. 177. were going to celebrate their nuptials with
A celebrated mountain, or more proper Phoebe and Hilaira the two daughters of Leu
ly a ridge of mountains in Troas, chiefly in the cippus; but Castor and Pollux, who had been
neighbourhood of Troy. [Damm derives the invited to partake the common festivity, of.
name from uduy, to see, a derivation which has fered violence to the brides, and carried them
reference to the view which this mountain aſ away. Idas and Lynceus fell in the attempt
fords of the circumjacent country. “That to recover their wives. Homer. Il. 9.—Hy
which the ancient geographers called Ida,” gin. fab. 14, 100, &c.—Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 700.
observes Mr. Hobhouse, “is a chain of hills ex —Apollod, 1 and 3.-Paus. 4, c. 2, and l. 5,
tending north-north-east from Baba, or Lec. c. 18.
tum, and divided into several ridges, two sum IdEx, a small river of Italy, now Idice, near
mits of which overlook the whole sloping Bononia.
country towards Tenedos.” Gargarus, which IDIstavisus, a plain where Germanicus
is mentioned by Homer, seems to have been a defeated Arminius. [The name appears to
height of Ida, the roots of which formed the have some affinity to the German word wiese,
promontory of Lectum.] The abundance of signifying a meadow. Mannert supposes the
its waters became the source of many rivers, field of battle to have been on the east of the
and particularly of the Simois, Scamander, Weser, south of the city of JMinden. Man
Esepus, Granicus, &c. It was on Mount Ida nºrt. Anc. Geogr. vol. 3, p. 85.]—Tacit. 4.2,
that the shepherd Paris adjudged the prize c. 16.
of beauty to the goddess Venus. It was co IDMon, son of Apollo and Asteria, or, as
wered with green woods, and the elevation of some say, of Cyrene, was the prophet of the
its top opened a fine extensive view of the Argonauts. He was killed in hunting a wild
Hellespont and the adjacent countries, from boar in Bithynia, where his body received a
which reason the poets say that it was fre magnificent funeral. He had predicted the
quented by the gods during the Trojan war. time and manner of his death. Apollod. 1, c.
Strab. 13.-Mela, 1, c. 18.—Homer. Il. 14, v. 9.—Orpheus.
233.-Virg. Jºn. 3, 5, &c.—Ovid. Fast. 4, v. ldom ENEUs, succeeded his father Deuca
79.-Horat. 3, od. 11.- A mountain of lion on the throne of Crete, and accompanied
Crete, the highest in the island, where it is the Greeks to the Trojan war with a fleet of
reported that Jupiter was educated by the 90 ships. During this celebrated war, he
Corybantes, who, on that account, were call rendered himself famous by his valour, and
ed Idaei. Strab. 10. slaughtered many of the enemy. At his re
In EA, the surname of Cybele, because she turn he made a vow to Neptune, in a danger
was worshipped on Mount Ida. Lucret. 2, ous tempest, that if he escaped from the fury
v. 611. of the seas and storms he would offer to the
IDālis, the country round Mount Ida. Lu god whatever living creature first presented
tan. 3., v. 204. itself to his eye on the Cretan shore. This
InA Liumſ, a mountain of Cyprus, at the foot was no other than his son, who came to con
of which is laalium, a town with a grove sa gratulate his father upon his safe return., Ido:
cred to Venus, who was called Idalaea. [In meneus performed his promise to the god, and
this grove, according to some, Adonis was the inhumanity and rashness of his sacrifice
killed. Idalium appears to have been situate rendered him so odious in the eyes of his sub
to the north-west of the promontory Peda jects, that he left Crete, and migrated in
hum. “We think,” says D'Anville, “that quest of a settlement. He came to Italy, and
we discover Idalium, as well by the pleasant founded a city on the coast of Calabria, which
mess of its situation, as by the analogous name he called Salentum. He died in an extreme
of Dalin.”] Virg. JEn. 1, v. 685.-Catull. old age,
seeing hisafter
new he had had
kingdom the satisfaction
flourish, of
and his sub
37 and 62.-Propert. 2, el. 13.
Inas, a son of Aphareus and Arane, famous jects happy. According to the Greek scho
for his valour and military glory. He was liast of Lycophron, vºº, Idomeneus, during
371
 JE IE

his absence in the Trojan war, intrusted the in the adjacent plain. Jericho was the first
management of his kingdom to Leucos, to city of Canaan taken by Joshua, who destroy
whom he promised his daughter Clisithere in ed it. A new city was afterwards built by
marriage at his return. Leucos at first go Hiel of Bethel, but it would seem that befºre
verned with moderation; but he was per the time of Hiel there was another Jericho
suaded by Naupilus, king of Euboea, to put to built near the site of the old.] Plin. 5, c. 14.
death Meda, the wife of his master, with her —Strab.
daughter Clisithere, and to seize the king IERNE, [one of the ancient names of Irt.
dom. After these violent measures, he land... Pytheas, who, to his own personal ar.
strengthened himself on the throne of Crete; quaintance with this quarter of the globe, adº
and Idomeneus, at his return, found it impos ed much information respecting it which tº
sible to expel the usurper. Ovid. Met. 13, thad obtained from the early inhabitat is c
v. 358-Hygin. 92. -- Homer. Il. 11, &c. Od. Gadez, in Spain, is the first who calls Ireland
19.-Paus. 5, c. 25.—Wirg. JEn. 3, v. 122. by the name of Ierne, (* I gºn.) From Aris
A Greek historian of Lampsacus, in the totle, a contemporary of his, we learn that
age of Epicurus. He wrote an history of Sa what are now England and Ireland were
mothrace, the life of Socrates, &c. then denominated Béar, vizau vºzzº. In Caesar's
In oth EA, a daughter of Proetus, king of Commentaries a change of appellation ap
Argos. She was restored to her senses with pears. England is there styled Britannia, and
her sisters, by Melampus. (vid. Protides.) Ireland, Hibernia. The idea very naturally
Homer. Od. 11. suggests itself, that Caesar may have gives
Inubéda, [a range of mountains in Spain, this name to the latter island of his own ce
commencing among the Cantabri, and extend. cord, for the purpose of denoting the severi
ing nearly in a south-eastern direction through ty of its climate, and that the meaning of the
Spain, until it terminates on the Mediterra term is nothing more than Winter-land. Such
mean coast, near Saguntum, which lay at its a supposition, however, although it may wear
foot. Such, at least, is its extent according a plausible appearance, seems to have no
to Strabo. Ptolemy, however, gives merely foundation whatever in fact. It is º.ore than
a part of it, from Caesar Augusta, or Saragos probable that Caesar gives the name as he
sa, to Saguntum.] Strab. 3. heard it from others, without associating with
InöME and Idi MEA, [a country of Asia it any idea of cold. He merely places the is
on the confines of Palestine and Arabia, or land to the west of Britain. It was Strabo
rather comprehending parts of each, having who made it lie far to the north, and, in con
Egypt on the west and Arabia Petrea on the sequence of this error, first gave rise to the
south and east. Its extent varied at different opinion, if any such were ever in reality en
periods of time. Esau or Edom, from whom tertained, that the climate of Ireland was
it derived its name, and his descendants, set cold and rigorous. But a question here pre
tled along the mountains of Sein on the east sents itself, whether Jerne or Hibernia be the
and south of the Dead Sea, from whence they true ancient appellation of this island. The
spread themselves by degrees through the latter we believe will, on examination, ap
western part of Arabia Petrea, and quite to pear entitled to the preference. It is more :
the Mediterranean. In the time of Moses, than probable that Pytheas received the name -

Joshua, and even of the Jewish kings, they Ierne from the mouths of the neighbouring
were hemmed in by the Dead Sea on one nations, contracted from Hibernia. This sup
side, and the Sinus AElamitis on the other; but position would approach to certainty, if we
during the Jewish captivity they advanced possessed any means of substantiating as a
farther north into Judea, and spread them. fact, that the appellation Hiberni, which is
selves as far as Hebron in the tribe of Judah, given to the inhabitants of the island, was
till at length, going over to the religion of the used in the old accounts respecting it, and
Jews, they became incorporated with them not first introduced by so late a writer as
as one nation. Strabo divides it into Eastern Avienus. A strong argument may be deduc
and Southern Idumaea, with reference to its ed, however, from what appears to have been
situation from Palestine. The capital of the the ancient pronunciation of the word Hi
former was Bozra, or Bossra, and of the lat bernia. The consonant b may have been sof
ter, Petra, or Jactael. Idumaea was famed tened down so as to resemble ou in sound, a
for its palm-trees. In general, however, the change far from uncommon ; and hence Hi
country was hot, dry, mountainous, and in bernia would be pronounced as if written
some parts barren. It is now inhabited by Izvºria, whence Ierne may very easily have
some tribes of wild Arabs. [vid. Arabicus
been formed. In a similar way, the true pro
Sinus, and Erythraeum Mare.] Lucan. 3, v. nunciation of Albion may have been Axsºta,
216–Sil. 5, v. 600—Parg. G. 3, v. 12. The modern name Erin, which is sometimes
JENIsus, [a town of Arabia, near the Palus applied to Ireland, is an evident derivative
Sirbonis. It is recognized in the Khan Iones from Ierne, if not itself the ancient Erse root
of Theyenot and others.) Herodot. 3, c. 5. of that term. Ireland was known at a very
JERicho, [a city of Judea, in the tribe of early period to the ancient mariners of south
Benjamin, about seven leagues to the north ern Europe, by the appellation of the Holy
east of Jerusalem, and two from the river Island. This remarkable title leads to the
Jordan. Moses calls it the city of palm-trees, suspicion that the primitive seat of the Dru
(Deut. xxiv. 3.) from the palms which grew idical system of worship may have been in
872
 1C: IL

Ireland. Caesar, it is true, found Druids i IGILIUM, [now Giglio, an island of Italy,
Gaul, but he states at the same time that near the coast of Etruria, off the promontory
they were always sent to complete their re. of Argentarius. The thick woods of this
ligious education in Britain, and we will per island served as a place of refuge for a great
ceive, if we compare later authorities, tha number of Romans, who fled from the sack
the sanctuary of the Druids was not in Bri of Rome by Attila..] Mela, 2, c. 7.-Cats.
tain itself, but in the island of Angles: a, be B. C. 1, c. 34. ''
tween which and the adjacent coast of Ire Ig Natius. [one of the apostolical fathers,
land the distance across is only 85 miles. Had and bishop of Antioch in Syria, towards the
the Romans extended their enquiries on this lºtter part of the first and the beginning of
subject to Ireland itself, we would evidently the second century of the Christian era. Ac
have received such accounts from them as cording to Eusebius and St. Jerome, he suc
would have substantiated what has just been ceeded Euodius in the see of Autloch, having
advanced. As regards the early population been ordained, says the former, in the year
of this island, it may, we believe, be safely t;0, after the death of Peter and Paul at Rome,
assumed as a fact, that the northern half of or, as others say, by Peter himself ; and hence
the country was peopled by the Scott ; not we may conclude that he was acquainted with
only because in later years we find Scoti in several of the apostles. Indeed St. Chrysos
this quarter as well as on the isle of Man, tom says that he conversed familiarly with
but because even at the present day the Erse them, and was perfect'y acquainted with
language is not completely obliterated in some their doctrine.] He was torn to pieces in the
of the northern provinces. The southern amphitheatre at Rome by lions, during a per
half of the island seems to have had a Celtic secution, A. D. 107. in the reign of Trajan I
population. It is a very curious fact, how His writings wer, letters to the Ephesians,
ever, that the names of many places in an Romans, &c. and he supported the divinity of
cient Ireland, as given by Ptolemy, bear no Christ, and the propriety of the episcopal or
resemblance whatever either to Scottish or der. The best edition of his works is that
Celtic appellations. This has given rise to of Oxon, in 8vo. 1708.
various theories, and in particular to one Iguvium, a town of Umbria, on the via
which favours the idea of migrations from the Fla sinia, aow Gario. Cic, ad .41. 7, ep. 13.
Spanish peninsula. Tacitus considers the Si --Sil. 8, v. 460.
lures in Britain as of Spanish origin, but this ILBA, more properly Ilva, an island of the
supposition is merely grounded on an acci Tyrrhene Sea, two miles from the coutinent,
dental resemblance in some national customs. between the extreme northern point of Cor
Enquiries have been made in modern days sica, and the coast of Etruria : now F.lba. It
into the Basque language, which is supposed was famed for its ores of iron. The Greeks
"to contain traces of the ancient Iberian, but called it AEthalia, a name derived rom a 16a,
no analogy has been discovered between it uro, and alluding to the number of forges in
and the modern Irish. The Roman arms the island.] Virg...En 10. v. 73.
never reached Ireland, although merchants of ILERcAoNEs, a , eople of Spain, [east of the
that nation often visited its coasts. From the Edetani, on both sides of the Iberus, near its
accounts of the latter Piolemy obtained ma mouth.] Lir. 22, c. 21.
terials for his map of this island. It is wor ILERLA, [the ca ital city of the Ilergetes
thy of remark that this geographer does not in Spain, situate on the Sicoris, or Segre, a
name a single place in northern Scotland, tributary of the Iberus. The situation of
whereas in the same quarter of the sister is. this place near the foot of the Pyrenees, ex
land he mentions as many as 10 cities, one of osed it incessantly to the horrors of war,
them of considerable size, and three others ir m the time that the Romans began to pe
of the number, situate on the coast. Is not netrate into Spain. It was celebrated for
this a proof that Ireland at this early perio | the resistance it made against Caesar, under
had attained a considerable degree of civili the lieutenants of Pompey, Aſranius, and
zation ? A barbarous people never found ci Petreius, who were, however, finally defeat
ties on the coast. In addition to what has eſ. In the reign of Gallienus it was almost
thus far been remarked, it may be stated, that entirely destroyed by the barbarians, who,
Hero-dotus was equally ignorant of Ireland migrating from Germany, ravaged the wes
and Britain. Eratosthenes gives a general ern parts of the empire. It is now Lerida
and rude outline of the latter, but knew no tº Catalona.] Lur. 21, c. 23, 1. 22, c. 21.--
thing of the former. Strabo had some know Lucan. 4, v. 13.
ledge, though very imperfect, of both. Pll 11, ERGET Es vid. Ilerda.
ny's information with regard to both Britain (L1A. or R HEA, a daughter of Numitor,
and Ireland greatly surpasses that of his pre king of Alba, consecrated by her uncle Amu
decessors. Diodorus Siculus calls the latter irus to the service of Vesta, which required
Iris or Irin, and copies a foolish story of the perpetual cha-tity that she might not become
natives being cannibals.] Strab. 1. mother to dispossess him of his crown. He
JERusALEM, the capital of Judea. vid. was, however, disappointed ; violence was
erosolyma. offered to Ilia, and she brought forth Romu
. . [IGilgilis, a town of Mauritania Caesar |lus and Remus, who drove the usurper from
lensis, west of the mouth of the river Ampsa his throne, and restored the crown to their
gas, and north of Cirta. It is now Jijel.] grandfather Numitor, its lawful possessor.
373
 IM

Ilia was buried in the temple of Libitina.] Horat. carm. *w-

ing the laws of Vesta; and because her tomb cul. —Ovid. Met. 9, v. 283.
was near the Tiber, some suppose that she II.iuM or Ilion, a citadel of Troy, built by
married the god of that river. [But vid. Ro flus, one of the Trojan kings, from whom it
ma.] Horat. I. od. 2–Pirg. En: 1. v. 277. received its name. It is generally taken for
--Orid Fast. 2, v. 598. A wife of Sylla. Troy itself. (vid. Troja.) Liv. 35, c. 43. 1.
Ili Act Lupi, games instituted by Angus 37, c. 9 and 37.—Wirg. JEn. 1, &c.—Straú.
tus, in commemoration of the victory he had 13.−Orid. Met, 13, v. 505.-Horat. 3, od. 3.
obtained over Antony and Cleopatra. They —Justin. 11, c. 5, 1.31, c. 8.
are supposed to be the same as the Tojani Illic E, now Elche, a town of Spain, [south
Jud, and the .4ctio ; and Virgil says they were of Leucentum, or Alicant, on the Mediter
celebrated by Æneas, not only because they ranean coast.] Plin. 3, c. 3. -

were instituted at the time when he wrote his ILLItu Rois, lliturgis, or ILIRG1A, a city
poem, but because he wished to compliment of Spain, near the modern Anjudar on the
Augustus, by making the founder of Lavini river Baetis, destroyed by Scipio for having
um solemnize games on the very spot which revolted to the Carthaginians. Lir. 23, c.
was many centuries after to be immortalized 49, l. 24, c. 41, l. 26, c. 17.
by the trophies of his patron. During these II.LYRicum, ILLYRIs, and ILLYRiA, a coun
games were exhibited horse-races and gym try bordering on the Adriatic Sea, opposite
mastic exercise. Virg .42n. 3, v. 280. Italy, whose boundaries have been different at
IL1ADEs, a surname given to Romulus, as different times. [It was wholly contained be
son of Ilia. Ovid. A name given to the tween the rivers Naro or Narentes and Drilo.
Trojan women. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 484. - Some authors, among whom are Pliny and
I LIAs, a celebrated poem composed by Ptolemy, extend the limits of this country
Homer, upon the Trojan war. It delineates so as to include Liburnia and Dalmatia.
the wrath of Achilles, and all the calamities D'Anville has assigned to Illyricum the
which befel the Greeks, from the refusal of whole country between Istria and the small
that hero to appear in the field of battle. It river Arsia, as far as the mouth of the IDrilo,
finishes with the burial of Hector, whom but he observes that the Illyric nations ex
Achilles had slain to avenge his friend tended much farther. They spread them
Patroclus. It is divided into 24 books. [Mo selves at a very early period along the east
dern critics differ very much in opinion with ern coast of Italy, to the south of the Padus
regard to the proper termination of the Iliad or Po, in which quarter traces of them were
Wolf and Heyne, with others, think that there found even in the time of the Romans. They
is an excess of two books, and that the death were very famous for their early acquaint
of Hector is the true end of the poem. The ance with, and subsequent skill in, naviga
23d and 24th books, therefore, they consider tion; and the light Liburnian gallies aided
as the work of another author. Granville not a little in securing to Augustus the vic
Penn, however, has shown very conclusively, tory at Actium. Illyricum answers now in
that the poem is to be taken as a whole, and part to modern Albania.] It became a Ro
that its primary and governing argument is man province after Gentius its king had been
the sure and irresistible power of the divine conquered by the praetor Anicius. Strab. 2
will over the most resolute and determined and 7.-Paus. 4, c. 35.-Mela, 2, c. 2, &c.—
will of man, exemplified in the death and Flor. 1, 2, &c.
burial of Hector, by the instrumentality of ILUA.. [vid. Ilba.]
Achiſles, as the immediate preliminary to ILÜRo, now Oloran, a town of Gascouy in
the destruction of Try. rud. remarks under France.
the article Homerus.]—A surname of Mi Ilus, the 4th king of Troy, was son of
nerva, from a temple which she had at Dau. Tros by Callirhoe. He married Eurydice
lis in Phocis. the daughter of Adrastus, by whom he had
ILIow, a town of Macedonia. Lir. 31, c. Themis, who married Capys, and Laomedon
27. vid. Ilium. the father of Priam. He built, or rather
Ilion E, the eldest daughter of Priam, who embellished, the city of Ilium, called also
married Polymnestor king of Thrace. Purg. Troy, from his father Tros. Jupiter gave
.En. 1, v. 657. him the Palladium, a celebrated statue of
ILissus, a small river of Attica, falling Minerva, and promised that as long as it re
into the sea near the Piraeus. There was a mained in Troy, so long would the town re
temple on its banks sacred to the Muses. main impregnable. When the temple of
Stat. The b. 4, v. 52. Minerva was in flames, Ilus rushed into the
IL1th Yi A, a goddess, called also Juno Lu. middle of the fire to save the Palladium, for
cina. Some suppose her to be the same as which action he was deprived of his sight by
Diana. She presided over the travails of the goddess, though he recovered it some
women ; and in her temple, at Rome, it was time after. Homer. Il.—Strab. 13.−.?pollod
usual to carry a small piece of money as an 3, c. 12.-Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 33, l. 6, v. 419.
offering. This custom was first established ILYRG1s, a town of Hispania Baetica, now
by Servius Tullius, who, by enforcing it, was Ilora. Polyb.
enabled to know the exact mumber of th IMAUs, [the name of a large chain of moun
Roman people. [Tº not correct. It was tains, which in a part of its course divided.
374
 IM |N

according to the ancients, the vast region of of the whole territory on the northern side,
Scythia into Scythia intra Imº um and Scy in consequence of which, the heat which the
thia extra Imaum. It is, in fact, merely a earth receives from the solar rays, and which
continuation of the great Tauric range. warms the air immediately superincumbent,
That part of the Tauric chain over whichis not so much expanded by the time the as
Alexander crossed, and whence the Indus cending air reaches these greater elevations,
springs, was called Paropamisus. Farthe. - in that which has ascended from a much
on were the Emodi Montes, giving rise to the lower country. Mr. Frazer, in a later jour
Ganges; and still farther to the east the ey, inferred that the loftiest peaks of the
range of Imaus, extending to the eastern Himalah range varied from 18,000 to 23 000
ocean. Imaus is generally thought to answer ieet. But he had no instruments for measur
to the Himalah mountains of Thibet; strict. ing altitudes, and no barometer, and he pro
ly speaking, however, this name belongs to bably did not make the due allowance for
the Emodi Montes, and Imaus, in the early the extraordinary height of the snow line.
part of its course, is the modern Mustag, or Thus the Himalah mountains far exceed the
the chain which branches off to the north Andes in elevation; Chimborazo, the highest
west from the centre of the Himalah range. of the latter, being only 21,470 feet above
All the names by which this chain is distin the level of the sea, while Dwalagheri is
guished are derived from the Sanscrit term 26,862 feet high, and Iamootri, 25,500.] Plin.
Hen, signifying snow. Hence have arisen 6. c. 17. –Strab. 1.
the names Imaus and Emodus among the an IMBARus, a part of Mount Taurus in Ar
cients, and Himalah, Himadri, Himachal, media.

and Himalaya, among the moderns. This IMBRAsides, a patronymic given to Glau
old Indian root also brings to mind the Hemus cus and Lades, as sons of Imbrasus. Virg.
of Thrace, the Hymettus of Attica, the Mons JEn. 12, v. 343.
Imagus of Italy, and the different mountains |MBRAs Us, or Parthenius, a river of Samos.
called Himmel, in Saxony, Jutland, and other Juno, who was worshipped on the banks,
countries. It is the radix, also, of the received the surname of Imbrasia. Paus.
German word himmel, denoting heaven. As 7, c. 4.
the chain of Imaus proceeds on to the east, IMB Ros, now Embro, an island of the AE
it ceases to be characterised as snowy, and, gean Sea, near Thrace, 32 miles from Samo
in separating the region of Scythia into its thrace, with a small river and town of the
two divisions, answers to the modern range same name. Imbros was governed for some
of Altai. The highest summit in the Hima time by its own laws, but afterwards subject
lah chain, is Du'alagheri, or, the white moun ed to the power of Persia, Athens, Macedo
tain. It is only of late that the height of the nia, and the kings of Pergamus. It after
Himalah mountains on the north of India wards became a Roman province. The di
has been appreciated. In 1802 Col. Craw vinitics particularly worshipped there were
ford made some measurements, which gave C, res and Mercury. Thucyd. 8.-Plin. 4,
a much greater altitude to those mountains c. 12.-Homer. Il. 13 —Strab. 2.-Mela. 2, c.
than had ever before been suspected; and 7.—Orid. Trist. 10, v. 18.
Col. Colebrook, from the plains of Rhohil In ichi, a name given to the Greeks, par
cund, made a series of observations, which ticularly the Argives, from king Inachus,
gave a height of 22,000 feet. Lieut. Webb, INAchiA, a name given to Peloponnesus,
in his journey to the source of the Ganges, from the river Inachus. A festival in
executed measurements on the peak of lamu Crete in honour of Inachus, or, according
navatari, which gave upwards of 25,000 feet. to others, of Ino's misfortunes.
The same officer, in a subsequent journey, INKcHIDA, the name of the eight first suc
confirmed his former observations. This cessors of Inachus, on the throne of Argos.
conclusion was objected to on account of a INKchides, a patronymic of Epaphus, as
difference of opinion on the allowance which grandson of Umachus. Ovid. JMet 1. v. 704.
ought to be made for the deviation of the —And of Perseus descended from Inachus.
light from a straight direction, on which all Id. 4, ſab. 14.
conclusions drawn from the measurement of INächis, a patronymic of Io, as daughter of
angles must depend. In a subsequent jour Inachus. Opid. Fast. 1. v. 454.
ney, however, this same officer confirmed his INAchus, a son of Oceanus and Tethys,
conclusions by additional measurements, and father of Io, and also of Phoroneus and Ægi
by observing the fall of the mercury in the aleus. He founded the kingdom of Argos,
barometer, at those heights which he himself and was succeeded by Phoroneus, B.C. 1807,
visited. It was found by these last observa and gave his name to a river of Argos, of
tions that the line of perpetual snow does which he became the tutelar deity. He
not begin till at least 17,000 feet above the reigned 60 years. [Inachus, very probably,
level of the sea, and that the banks of the Set is a Greek form for the Oriental term Enak,
ledge at an elevation of nearly 15,000 feet, denoting great, powerful, and this last is per
afforded pasturage for cattle and yielded ex haps the root of the Greek avaš, a king.
cellent crops of mountain wheat. This mild Some, however, deny the Egyptian origin of
temperature, however, at so great a height, Inachus, and make him to have been a na
is confined to the northern side of the chain.
tive of Greece..] Virg. G. 3, v. 151–
This probably depends on the greater height Apollod. 2, c. 3.-Paus. 2, c. 15.
--
vº i ºn
 |N IN

INARIME, an island near Campania, with tan era have admitted a distinction between
a mountain, under which Jupiter confined the the name Sindh, taken in the acceptation uow
giant Typhoeus. It is now called Ischia, and ºnentioned, and Hindh, which they apply to
is remarkable for its fertility and population. the countries situated on the Ganges. This
There was formerly a volcano in the middle application of terms is equally foreign to the
of the island. Virg. Jºn. 9, v. 716. national geography ef the Indians, with the
INARus, a town of Egypt, in whose neigh appellation of Gentoos, which the English
bourhood the town of Naucratis was built ised to apply to the Hindoos, and which
by the Milesians. comes from the Portuguese term Gentios, sig
IN citàtus, a horse of the emperor Caligu nºfying Gentiles or Pagans.] Diod. 1.-S. al.
la. vid. Caligula. l, &c.—Mela, 3, c. 7.-Plin. 5, c. 28.-Curt.
INdiA, [an extensive country of Asia, di 8, c. 10–Justin. 1, c. 2, l. 12, c. 7.
vided by Ptolemy and the ancient geogra INDigEt Es, a name given to those deities
phers into India intra Gangem, and India ex who were worshipped only in some particu
tra Gangem, or India on this side, and India lar places, or who were become gods from
beyond the Ganges. The first division an ºnen, as Hercules, Bacchus, &c. Some derive
swers to the modern Hindoostan ; the latter the word from inde et genita, born at the
to the Birman Empirº, and the dominions of same place where they received their wor
Pegu, Swim. Laos, Cambodia, Cochun Chuna, ship. Virg. G. 1, v. 498.-Ovid. Met. 14,
Tonquin, and Malacca. India took its name v. 608
among the ancients from the Indus, which INDUs, [a celebrated river of India, fall
formed its western boundary. Herodotus is ing after a course of 1300 miles, into the In
the first Greek writer who makes mention of 'lian Ocean. The sources of this river have
this country, but he derived his informatiou not yet been fully explored. Its commence
from the Persians, who at that time knew lit ment is fixed, by the most probable conjec
tle of it themselves. and his account is conse ture, in the northern declivity of the Callas
quently full of fables and incorrect statements. branch of the Himalah mountains, about
In a subsequent age Darius invaded India, lat. 31° 30' N. and long. 80° 30' E. within a
and seems to have penetrated beyond the In few miles of the source of the Srtledge, and
dus, as far as what is now Little Thubel Alex in a territory under the dominion of China.
ander ventured no farther than the Hypha Its ma e in Sanscrit is Sindh or Hindh, an
sis. Seleucus Nicator penetrated even to Pa appellation which it receives from its blue
limbothra, and in his reign and that of his colour. Under the name Sindus it was known
successor, a friendly intercourse seems to even to the Romans, besides its more conn
have subsisted between the Greek and Indian mon appellation of Indus. In Lat. 28° 28′,
princes. The rise of the Parthian power the Indus is joined by five rivers, the Hydas
destroyed this, and cut off all communication. pes or Behat, the Acesines or Jenaub, the
The Romans knew little of the country, yet Hydraotes or Raven, the Hyphasis or Biah,
their power was so universally dreaded, tha' and the Xaradrus or Setledge These five
the Indians paid homage by their anbassador rivers have given to the province which they
to the emperors Antoninus, Trajan, &c. In water the name of Pendjab, signifying in
dia has been known to every period ol geo Persian the five rivers, and they come united
graphy since the age of Herodotus. The tº one stream, called the Punjnud. The
writings of the father of history, those of longest of the five is the Setlºdge. The Hy
Strabo. of Pliny, and of Ptolemy, exhibit the daspes is the Behat of Abul Fazel, but many
knowledge which the Greeks and Roulai's modern geºgraphers term it the ſylum. The
possessed of India, or, to speak more accu Setledge is the Hesudrus of Pliny, the Zara
rately, their acquaintance with its sea-coast-, drus of Ptolemy, and the Saranges of Arri
and with the banks of the Indus and the Gan ºn ; it is the largest river within the Himalah
ges. The Sanscrit names for India are Djam. ange between the Indus and the Burram
boo-Durup, or the “peninsula of the tree of pooter. The union of all the five rivers into
life; Mºdhiani, or “the middle dwelling; one, before they reach the Indus, was a point
and Bharatkand, or “the kingdom of the in geography maintained by Ptolemy; but,
Bharat dynasty.” The country is too ext, u owing to the obscurity of modern accounts,
sive to have received one general name i. promoted by the splittings of the Indus, and
the indigenous languages. But from the river the frequent approximation of streams run
w!,ich waters its western boundary, having uing in parallel courses, we had been taught
the name of Sind or Hind, which, like the to correct this as a specimen of that author's
name JWyl-.4b, is derived from its blue colour, leficiency of information, till very recent and
the adjoining country received among the more minute enquiries have re-established
Persians the name of Hinloostan, and the in that questioned point, and, along with it,
habitants were called Hindoos. From the the merited credit of the ancientseographer.
Persian language these names passed into the The Punjnud, previous to uniting with the
Syrian, Chaldee, and Hebrew: they were Indus, flows parallel to it for 70 miles. The
imitated in the appellations given by the mouths of the Indus, Ptolemy makes seven in
Greeks and Romans, but in the writings of number, Mannert gives them as follows, com
the Indians, the name Sindhoostan denotes ex. mencing on the west: Sagapa now the river
clusively the countries on the river Sind. Th. Pitty, Sinthos now the Darraway, Aureum Os
oriental writers subsequent to the Mahome tium now the Ritchel, Chariphus now the F
*T6
 IN IO

is, Sapara, Sabala, and Lonibare, of which ||origin. They were conquered by the Romans,
three last he professes to know nothing with ||and their country became a province, where
certainty. According, however, to other and the inodern towns of Milan and Pavia were
more recent authorities, the Indus enters the built. Strub. 5.-Tacit..A. 11, c. 23.-Plin.
sea in one volume, the lateral streams being 3, c. 17-Lºv. 5, c. 34.—Ptol. 3, c. 1.
absorbed by the sand without reaching the INTAPHERNEs, one of the seven Persian
ocean. It gives off an easterly branch called noblemen who conspired against Smerdis who
the Fullalee, but this returns its waters to the usurped the crown of Persia. He was so dis
Indus at a lower point, forming in its circuit appointed for not obtaining the crown, that
the island on which Hyderabad stands. Alex he fomented seditions against Darius who had
ander stopped on the banks of the Hyphasis, been raised to the throne after the death of
his wearied and discouraged troops refusing the usurper. When the king had ordered
to proceed. Here he erected altars in me him and all his family to be put to death, his
mory of his progress, and descending the In wife, by frequently visiting the palace, excit
dus, returned to Babylon.] Cic. N. D. 2, c ed the compassion of Darius, who pardoned
52.-Strab. 15.-Curt. 8, c. 9.—Diod. 2.-- her, and permitted her to redeem from death
Opid. Fast. 3, v. 720–Plin. 6, c. 20.-A any one of her relations whom she pleased.
river of Caria. Lip. 38, c. 14. She obtained her brother; and when the
INFERUM! MARE, [vid. Tyrrhenum Mare.] king expressed his astonishment, because she
Iwo, a daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia, preferred him to her husband and children,
who'nursed Bacchus. She married Athamas, she replied that she could procure another
king of Thebes, aſter he had divorced Ne: husband, and children likewise; but that she
phele, by whom he had two children, Phryxus could never have another brother, as her
and Helle. Imo became mother of Melicerta father and mother were dead. Intaphernes
aud Learchus, and soon conceived an implaca was put to death. Herodot, 3.
ble hatred against the children of Nephele INTEMELIUM, a town at the west of Ligu
because they were to ascend the throne in ria, on the sea-shore. Cic. Dav, 8, c. 14.
preference to her own. Phryxus and Helle INTERAMINA, an ancient city of Umbria,
were informed of Ino's machinations, and they the birth-place of the historian Tacitus, and
escaped to Colchis on a golden ram. [vud. of the emperor of the same name. It is situ
Phryxus.] Juno, jealous of Ino's prosperity, ate between two branches of the Nar, (inter
resolved to disturb her peace; and more par amnes) whence its name. Parro L. L. 4, c.
ticularly, because she was one of the descend 5.—Tacit. Hist. 2, c. 64.—A colony on the
ants of her greatest enemy, Venus. Tisi confines of Samnium, on the Liris.
phone was sent, by order of the goddess, to INTERREx, a supreme magistrate at Rome,
the house of Athamas, and she filled the whole who was entrusted with the care of the go
palace with such fury, that Athamas, taking vernmeat after the death of a king, till the
Ino to be a lioness, and her children whelps, election of another. This office was exer
pursued her, and dashed her son Learchus cised by the senators alone, and none con
against a wall. Ino escaped from the fury of tinued in power longer than five days, or, ac
her husband, and from a high rock she threw cording to Plutarch, only 12 hours. The
Eerself iato- the sea, with - Melicerta in her first interrex mentioned in Roman history,
arms. The gods pitied her fate, and Neptune was after the death of Romulus, when the Ro
made her a sea-deity, which was afterwards mans quarrelled with the Sabines concerning
called Leucothoe. Melicerta became also a the choice of a king. [An interrex was oſ
sea-god, known by the name of Palaemon. ten chosen under the Republic, when ſrom
Homer. Od. 5.-Cic. Tusc. de Nat. D. 3, c. contention between the patricians and ple
48–Plut. Symp. 5.—Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 13, beians, or any other cause, the comitia for
&e.–Paus. 1, 2, &c.—Apollod. 2, c. 4.—Hy electing magistrates could not be held in due
gin. fab. 12, 14, and 15. time or before the end of the year. He was
Ixia, festivals in memory of Ino, celebrated chosen by the patricians out of their own
yearly with sports and sacrifices at Corinth. number, and his authority continued for 5
An anniversary sacrifice was also offered to days, after which another was created to suc
Ino at Megara, where she was first worship ceed him, and so on in succession new inter
ped under the name of Leucothoe.—Ano reges were created every 5 days, till consuls
ther in Laconia, in honour of the same. It were elected. The comitia were hardly ever
was usual at the celebration to throw cakes held by the first interrex, sometimes by the
of flour into a pond, which, if they sunk, were second, sometimes by the third, and some
presages of prosperity; but if they swam on times not even till the eleventh.] Liv. 1, c.
the surface of the waters, they were inauspi. 17–Dionys. 2, c.5.
cious and very unlucky. INúl cast Rumi. (vid. Castrum Inui.) It
Isopus, a river of Delos, which the inhabit received its name from Inuus, a divinity sup.
ants supposed to be the Nile coming from posed to be the same as the Faunus of the
Egypt under the sea. It was near its banks Latins, and worshipped in this city.
that Apollo and Diana were born. Plin. 2, Io, daughter of Inachus, or, according to
c. 103.-Flacc. 5, v. 105.-Strab. 6.—Paus. others, of Jasus or Pirenes, was priestess to
2, c. 4. Juno at Argos. Jupiter became enamººre
InstibREs, the inhabitants of Insubria, a of her; but Juno, jealous of his intrigues, dis
country near the Po, supposed to be of Gallic covered the object of hi. affection, and sur
 IO IO

prised him in the company of Io, though he monument of Amphitryon, and the cenatoph
had shrouded himself in all the obscurity of of Iolas, who was buried in Sardinia. These
clouds and thick mists. Jupiter changed his monuments were strewed with garlands and
mistress into a beautiful heifer; and the god flowers on the day of the festival.
dess, who well knew the fraud, obtained from Iolas or Iolāus, a son of lphiclus, king
her husband the animal, whose beauty she had of Thessaly, who assisted Hercules in con
condescended to recommend. Juno command quering the Hydra, and burnt with a hot iron
ed the hundred-eyed Argus to watch the the place where the heads had becn cut off,
heifer; but Jupiter, anxious for the situation to prevent the growth of others. [vid Hy
of Io, sent Mercury to destroy Argus, and dra.] He was restored to his youth and vi
to restore her to liberty. [rid. Argus.] Io,
sour by Hebe, at the request of his friend
freed from the vigilance of Argus, was now Hercules. Some time afterwards, Iolas as
persecuted by Juno ; who sent one of the sisted the Heraclidae against Eurysthenes,
furies, or rather a malicious insect, to torment and killed the tyrant with his own hand.
her. She wandered over the greatest part of According to Plutarch, Iolas had a monument
the earth, and crossed over the sea, till at last in Boeotia and Phocis, where lovers used to
she stopped on the banks of the Nile, still ex go and bind themselves by the most solemn
posed to the unceasing torments of Juno's in oaths of fidelity, considering the place assa
sect. Here she entreated Jupiter to restore cred to love and friendship. According to
her to her ancient form ; and when the god Diodorus and Pausanias, Iolas died and was
had changed her from an heifer into a woman buried in Sardinia, where he had gone to
she brought forth Epaphus. Aſterwards she make a settlement at the head of the sons of
married Telegonus king of Egypt, or Osiris, Hercules by the fifty daughters of Thespius.
according to others, and she treated her sub Ovid. Met. 9, v. 399.-Apollod. 2, c. 4.—
jects with such mildness and humanity, that, Paus. 10, c. 17.-A son of Antipater, cup
after death, she received divine honours, and bearer to Alexander. Plut.
was worshipped under the name of Isis. Ac Iolchos, [a town of Thessaly in the dis
cording to Herodotus, lo was carried away by trict of Magnesia, at the head of the Pe
Phoenician merchants, who wished to make lasgicus Sinus, and north-east of Demetrias.
reprisals for Europa, who had been stolen It was situate about seven stadia from the
from them by the Greeks. She is sometimes sea, on an eminence, and was the birth-place
called Phoronis, from her brother Phoroneus. of Jason. The poets make the ship Argo to
Orid, Mel. 1, v. 748.-Paus. 1, c. 25, l. 3, c. have set sail from Iolchos; this, however, must
18.-Moschus.--Apollod. 2, c. 1.-Pirg...En. either be understood as referring in fact to
7, v. 789.-Hygin. fab. 145. Aphetae, or else by Iolchos they mean the adja
lobATEs and Jobites, a king of Lycia, cent coast which,according toStrabo, was like
father of Stenobaea, the wife of Proetus, king wise called by that name. Strabo reckons this
of Argos. He was succeeded on the throne city in the number of those which were des
by Bellerophon, to whom she had given one troyed in order to people the town of Deme
of his daughters, called Philonoe, in marriage. trias.] It was ſounded by Cretheus, son of
[vid. Bellerophon, Pelasgi, and remarks un AEolus and Enaretta. Paus. 4, c. 2–.Apolled.
der the article Homerus.) Apollod. 2, c. 2. 1, c. 9.-Strab.8.—Mela, 2, c. 3.-Lucan. 3,
—Hygin. fab. 57. v. 192.
JocastA, a daughter of Menoeceus, who Iole, a daughter of Eurytus, king of QEcha
married Laius, king of Thebes, by whom she lia. Her father promised her in marriage to
had (Edipus. She afterwards married her Hercules, but he refused to perform his en
son GEdipus, without knowing who he was, gagements, and Iole was carried away by
and had by him Eteocles, Polynices, &c. force. [rid. Eurytus.] It was to extinguish
[vid. Laius, GEdipus.] When she discovered the love of Hercules for Iole that Dejanira
that she had married her own son, and had sent him the poisoned tunic which caused his
been guilty of incest, she hanged herself in death. [vid. Hercules and Dejanira.] After
despair. She is called Epicasta by some my the death of Hercules, Iole married his son
thologists. Stat. Theb. 8, v.42.—Senec. and Hyllus, by Dejanira. Apollod. 2, c. 7.-Ovid.
Sophocl. in OEdip, Apollod. 3, c. 5.—Hygin. JMet. 9, v. 279.
fab. 66, &c.—Homer. Od. 11. -
Ion, [vid. Iones, a tragic poet of Chios,
Iolala, a festival at Thebes, the same as whose tragedies, when represented at Athens,
that called Heracleia. It was instituted in met with universal applause. He is men
honour of Hercules, and his friend Iolas who tioned and greatly commended by Aris
assisted him in conquering the hydra. It con tophanes and Athenaeus, &c. Athen. 10, &c.
tinued during several days, on the first of —A native of Ephesus, introduced in Pla
which were offered solemn sacrifices. The to's dialogues as reasoning with Socrates.
next day horse-races and athletic exercises lon Es, [one of the main original races of
were exhibited. The following day was set Greece. According to the relation of Coron,
apart ſor wrestling; the victors were crown. Hellen, the son of Deucalion, had three sons,
ed with garlands of myrtle, generally used Eolus, Dorus, and Xuthus. He made the
at funeral solemnities. They were sometimes first his successor in the kingdom which he had
rewarded with tripods of brass. The place
where the exercises were exhibited was call established between the Asopus and Enipeus.
The inhabitants of the country were from him
ed Iolaion, where there were to be seen the denominated Eolians. Dorus, the secend brº
37
 IO IO
-- - - - - - ---

ther, by order of his father, put himself at counts we have just been considering. Ac
the head of a colony, and built at the foot of cording to them, Ion was a son of Apollo, and
Parnassus the cities of Boéon, Cyteneon, and Xuthus an Achaean and son of AEolus. The
Erinea, to which Strabo adds the city of Pin meaning of this evidently is that Xuthus, an
dus, these four cities forming the Doric Te AEolian, came to Athens with a band of Achae
trapolis. Xuthus, the remaining brother, ans, and that he took with him a body of Ionians
turned his eyes elsewhere. He was the found. from Attica, together with his own forces,in or
er of the Attic Tetrapolis, composed of the der to obtain settlements in Peloponnesus. He
cities of Oenoe, Vlarathon, Probalinthus, and established himself in AFgialia, the northern
Tricory thus. He married Creusa, daughter coast of the peninsula, but did not extend his
of Erectheus, and became the father of Achae authority over a large part of the country,
us and Ion. The elder of these, obliged to |ſounding merely the city of Helice: and yet
quit hºme on account of a murder he had all the other cities along this coast, to which
committed, passed into the Peloponnesus, the power of Ion never reached, and whither,
then called Apia, established himself in La in fact, neither he nor his ſollowers ever
conia, and gave name to the Achaeans. lon, came, are acknowledged by all the Grecian
after the death of his maternal grandfather, writers to have been Ionian, and of the same
was declared king of Attica, which country race with the Athenians. But the strongest
thereupon took the name of lonia. Thus far argument against the theory that we are com
Conon. But, according to another and more bating, and the clearest proof in favour of
commonly received account, ſon did not suc the position that the Ionians existed as a ma
ceed Erectheus, whose crown devolved on tion long before the time when the Hellenes
Cecrops. On the contrary, he led an Attic began to send out colonies into southern
colony into the Peloponnesus, where they Greece, and consequently long before the
settled between Elis and Sicyonia. He was |time when Xuthus’s son Ion existed, if indeed
afterwards recalled to Athens, routed the º were not in truth a mere fabled person
Thracians under Eumolpus, was invested age, is to be found in the Cynurii, a branch of
with a share of the government and gave his the original inhabitants of Argolis in the Pe
name to the Athenians. The Ionians from loponnesus. Herodotus styles them Autoc
the Peloponnesus returned to Attica in the thones and likewise lonians. Among their
reign of Melanthus, being expelled, accord brethren, the other Argives who dwelt in the
ing to some, by the Heraclidae, and, after the level country, the intermingling with Pelas
death of Codrus, they passed into Asia Mi gi, Danaides, and finally Achaei, had nearly
nor. Nileus and Androclus, the younger effaced the original peculiarity of character
sons of Codrus, were the leaders of this emi and dialect : it remained, on the other hand,
gration, being dissatisfied probably with the pure and uncorrupted among the Cynurii,
change of government at home. They took who had been driven by successive invaders
with them, besides the Ionians from Pelopon to the mountains in the western and southern
nesus, many refugees, and inhabitants of At parts of Argolis, so that in historical ages they
tica, who complained that Attica was too were still known as Ionians. Of the other
limited and barren to support its increasing communities which occupied the Peloponne
population. Both these accounts are unsatis sus, the Arcadians, Elians, Laconians, we are
factory, and open to objection. We have al told indeed by no one that they were of lo
ready given what appears a more probable nian origin. And yet we know with certain
account of the early movements of the Gre ty that the Arcadians, according to their own
cian tribes, under the article Graecia. It re acknowledgment, were a native race, not a
mains only to make a few observations rela people who had emigrated into southern
tive to the Ionians. The Grecian race was Greece. In Elis we find none other than
divided into two branches, the Hellenes in Grecian inhabitants; in Laconia it is true
the north, and the lonians in the south. In the Leleges settled, but then by the side of
Boeotia their respective confines met. The them we find a Grecian race. All these ex
Ionians were the first who made any progress isted before the Hellenes were heard of; they
in civilization, and seem to have been indebt must therefore belong to a stock of whose ex
ed for it to the Pelasgi who had settled among istence no one knews anything, or they must
them. The Hellenes attained to civilization be Ionians. As regards the origin of the
much later than their brethren of the south, name Ionians, it must be confessed that little
and were wandering about in their native certainty exists. It is generally thought to
forests long after the latter had begun to di come from the Hebrew Iaran, or(if pronounc
rect their attention to the arts of social life. ed with the quiescent Vau). Ion; and in like
It is not true that Ion gave his name to the manner the Hellenes are thought to be the
Ionians. They were called Iones long before same with Eiisa, in the sacred writings, more
his time: it was their original appellation. especially their country Hellas. , Hence Bo
In the first place, we may be sure that no chart makes lavan, the son of Iaphet, the an
people, even in the earliest ages, ever chang cestor of the Iones. They who favour such
ed a previous name for the purpose of assum etymologies should first determine whether
ing one derived from that of some prince or the Hebrew is to be regarded as the primi
leader. The probability is that the exact tive language
the case, or not;
the names thatsince, if the
are given in later
Hebrew
be
reverse was the case. In the next place, the Scripture to the arºle"
and leaders in
old Athenian traditions contradict the ac
•º i !
 IO JO

the family of Noah, are mere translations the same with the Adriatic ; and he may be
from the primitive tongue, and certainly can correct in so doing, since, according to He
form no sure basis for the erection even of rodotus,' the true and ancient name of the
the slightest superstructure of etymology.] Adriatic was the Ionian Gulph. This last
Ionia, a country of Asia Minor, bounded appellation was probably owing to the cir
on the north by £olia, on the west by the cumstance of its having been made known
AEgean and Icarian seas, on the south by Ca to the rest of the Greeks through the com
ria, and on the east by Lydia and part of Ca merce carried on here by the Asiatic Ionians.
ria. [It extended from Phºcaea in the north Both the Adriatic and Ionian Gulph end,
to Miletus in the south, while its greates: according to Scylax, at the straits ueur Hy
breadth scarcely exceeded 40 miles.] It was druntum. Of the Ionian Sea he says no
founded by colonies from Greece, and parti. thing ; Herodotus, however, makes it ex
cularly Attica, by the Ionians, or subjects of tend as far south as the Peloponnesus. Thu
Ion loaia was divided into 12 small states. cydides keeps up the distinction just alluded
which formed a celebrated confederacy, oftei, to, calling the Adriatic by the name of the
mentioned by the ancients. These twelve Ionian Gulph, (being probably as ignorant
states were, Priene, Miletus, Colophon, Cla as Herodotus of any other appellation for
zounonae, Ephesus, Lebodos, Teos, Phocaea. this arm of the sea.) and styling the rest as
Erythrae, Smyrna, and the capitals of Samos, lar as the western coast of Greece, the loui
and Chios. The inhabitants of Ionia built a am Sea. In later time a change of appella
temple, which they called Pan-Ionium, from tion took place. The limits of the Adriatic
the concourse of people that flocked there were extended as ſar as the southern coast
from every part of Ionia. [This was a place of Italy and the western shores of Greece,
of general meeting, and was situate on Mount and the Ionian Gulph was considered to be
Mycale, near Prieme.] After they had en now only a part of it. (Strabo 2, p. 185.)
joyed for some time their freedom and inde Eustathius asserts that the more accurate
pendence, they were made tributary to the writers of his day maintained this distinc
power of Lydia by Croesus. The Athenians tion. (ad Duonys. Perieg. v. 92.) Hence
assisted them to shake off the slavery of the the remark of Ptolemy is rendered intelligi
Asiatic monarchs; but they soon forgot their ble, who makes the Adriatic Sea extend
duty and relation to their mother country, along the whole western coast of Greece
and joined Xerxes when he invaded Greece, down to the southernmost extremity of the
They were delivered from the Persian yoke Peloponnesus.] Strab. 7, &c.—Dionys. Pe
by Alexander, and restored to their original rzeg.
independence. They were reduced by the Iópe and Joppa, [now Jaffa, a city of Pa
Romans under the dictator Sylla. [Sylla lestine, situate on the coast, north-west of Je
treated them, together with the other Asiatic rusalem, and south of Caesarea. According
cities, with great severity, on account of the to tradition and fable, it was one of the most
murder of so many thousand Romans, whom ancient cities in the world. Report says that
they had inhumanly put to death in compli it was built before the deluge : that here
ance with the orders of Mithridates. Ephe reigned Cepheus, the father of Andromeda ;
sus was treated with the greatest rigour, and the rock to which his daughter was chain
Sylla having suffered his soldiers to live there ed, and from which she was delivered by Per
at discretion, and obliged the inhabitants to seus, was shown here, together with the ribs
pay every officer 50 drachuſae, and every of the sea-monster which would have devour
soldier 16 denarii a day. The whole sum ed her. The history probably refers to a
which the revolted cities of Asia paid Sylla, vessel of considerable bulk which ravaged the
was 20,000 talents, near 4 millions sterling. coast, and being driven on shore by a supe
This was a most fatal blow, from which they rior force, was here wrecked, and the coun
never recovered.] Ionia has been always ce try delivered from the exactions of the cor
lebrated for the salubrity of the climate, the sair or pirate who commanded it.]
fruitfulness of the ground, and the genius of JordãNEs, [a famous river of Palestine,
its inhabitants. Herodot. 1, c. 6 and 28.— which, according to some, had its source in
Strab. 14.—Mela, 1, c. 2, &c.—Paus. 7, c. 1. the lake of Phiala, about 10 miles north of
An ancient name given to Hellas, or Caesarea of Samachon. This origin of the
Achaia, because it was for some time the re river was assertained by Philip the tetrarch,
sidence of the Ionians. who made the experiment of throwing some
Ionium MARE, a part of the Mediterra chaff or straw into the lake, which came out
hean, at the bottorn of the Adriatic, lying be. where the river emerges from the ground,
tween Sicily and Greece. That part of the after having run about 120 furlongs beneath
Argean Sea which lies on the coasts of lonia. the surface of the earth. Mannert deems
in Asia, is called the sea of Ionia, and not the this story fabulous, and makes the river rise
lonian Sea. According to some authors, the in Mount Paneas. The Talmudists say that
lonian Sea receives its name from io, who the Jordan rises out of the cave of Paneas.
swam across there, after she had been me They assert moreover that Leshem is Paneas.
tºmorphosed into a heifer. [The statements Leshem was subdued by the Danites, and
of the ancient writers respecting the situa Jeroboam placed one of his golden calves in
tion and extent of the Ionian Sea are very Dan, which is at the springs of Jordan. Jo
*uctuating and uncertain. Scylax makes it sephus says that the springs of Jordan rise
3:30 -
 JO JO

from under the temple of the golden calf some consid: rable time. On his return home
Possibly this temple might stand on a hill, sº he ſound the Jews on the point of revolting
convenient and proper for such an edific against the power of Rome. After vainly
that the temple of Augustus was afterwards e deavouring to oppose this rash determina
built upon it. The course of the Jordan on, he at last joined their cause, and held
mostly southward, inclining a few degrees ºrious commands in the Jewish army ) At
to the east. It issues from the ground with Jotapata, in Galilee, he signalized his military
loud noise, resembling somewhat the roaring ºf bilities in supporting a siege of forty-seven
a sea. Caesarea Philippi stands near its sour, e. ays against Vespasian and Titus, in a small
from thence it flows on to the -mall lak, own of Judaea. When the city surrendered
Samochou or Vieroin, where it receives the there were not found less than 40,000 Jews
Jord ºne- Manor, after which it proceeds on tain, and the number of captives amounted to
wards till it falls into the sea of Tiberias, or 1.200. Josephus saved his life by flying into a
lake of Genesareth ; emerging from this, ºve, where 40 of his countrymen had also
it flows through the valley of Aulon, and a taken refuge. He dissuaded them from com
last discharges itself into the Dead Sea. It mitting suicide, and, when they had all drawn
constantly overflowed its banks in ancien lots to kill one another, Josephus fortunately
times, about the period of early harvest, and remained the last, and surrendered himself to
in this respect differed from most other riv Vespasian. He gained the conqueror's esteem
ers, which commonly swell during the winter. by foretelling that he would become one day
Heace it was thought to have a subterraneous the master of the Roman eupire. [I. G. Vos
communication with the Nile. Its rise was sius (Hist. Gr. 2, c. 8,) thinks that Josephus,
probably owing to the melting of the snows who, like all the rest of his nation, expected
at that time, and the early rains. It now no at this period the coming of the Alessiah, ap
longer rises, either because its rapid current ºlied to Vespasian the prophecies which an
has deepened its channel, or its waters have nounced the advent of our Saviour. He re
been partly diverted another way. The ety marks that Josephus might have been the
mology of its name has been vaiously as inore sincere in so doing, as Jerusalem was
signed. It is thought by some to come from not be-eged. His prophecy having been
the Hebrew jarden, a descent, from its rapid accomplished two years afterwards, he obtain
descent through that country. Another class ed his freedom, and took the praenomen of
of etymologists deduce its name from the Flavius, to indicate that he regarded him
Hebrew and Syriac, importing the cauldron self as the freedman of the emperor.] Josephus
of judgment. Others make it come from Jur. was present at the sie e of Jerusalem by Ti
a spring, and Dan, a small town near it tus, and received all the sacred books which
source; and a third class deduce it from Jo, it contained from the conqueror's hands. He
and Dan, two rivulets. The Arahs call it wrote the history of the wars of the Jews,
.4rden or Harden, the Persians Aerdun, and first in Syriac, [or rather in Syro-Chaldaic, ]
the Arabian geographer Edrisi, Zacchar, or and afterwards translated it into Greek. This
swelling.] composition so pleased Titus, that he au
Joan ANDEs, [called by some Jordanus, a thenticated it by placing his signature upon
Goth by birth, secretary to one of the kings it, and by preserving it in one of the public
of the Alans, and, as some believe, afterwards libraries. He finished another work, which
bishop of Ravenna. In the year 552 of our he divided into twenty books, containing the
era, he wrote a history of the Goths. Thi history of the Jewish antiquities, in some
is merely an abridgment of the history of places subversive of the authority and mira
Cassiodorus, and is written without judg “les mentioned in the Scriptures. [The Jew
ment, and with great partiality. He com ish Antiquities of Josephus form a history of
posel also a work entitled De regnorum et the chosen people from the creation to the
temporum successione, or a Roman history reign of the emperor Nero. Josephus did
from Romulus to Augustus. It is merely a not write this book for the use of his country
copy of the history of Florus, but with such ºuen, nor even for the Hellenistic Jews: his
alterations and additions, however, as to ena object was to make his nation better known
ble us sometimes to correct by means of it to the Greeks and Romans, and to remove
the text of the Roman historian.] the contempt in which it was accustomed to
los, now Nio, an island in the Myrtoat, he held. The books of the Old Testament, and
Sea, at the south of Naxos, celebrated, as where these failed, traditions and other histo
some say, for the tomb of Homer, and the rical monuments were the sources whence he
birth of his mother. Plin. 4, c. 12 drew the materials for his work: but in ma
Josfºr Hus FLAvius, a celebrated Jew, king use of these he allowed himself an unpar
born in Jerusalem. [The date of his birth is donable license, in removing from his narra
A. D. 37. He was the son of Mathias, a tive all that the religion of the Jews regarded
priest, and was descended on the mother's as most wºrthy of veneration, in order not to
side from the family of the Maccabees. Af. shock the prejudices of the nations to whom
ter receiving a liberal education and enter he wrote. He not only treats the Books of the
ing the sect of the Pharisees, which then en New Testament as if they were mere human
joyed the highest reputation, he proceeded to compositions, in explaining, enlarging, and
Rome in his 26th year, where he remained |commenting upon them, and thus destroying
381
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the native and noble simplicity and pathos in equivocal terms. However paradoxical
which renders the perusal of the sacred volume this last opinion may seem, it has assumed an
so full of attraction, but he allows himself the air of considerable probability, in conse
liberty of oſten adding to the recital of an quence of a slight correction in the text and
event circumstances which change its entire punctuation which has been proposed by
nature. In every part of the work in question Knittel, a German scholar. A celebrated pre
he represents his countrymen in a point of testant divine, Godfrey Less, after having
view calculated to conciliate the esteem of the carefully and critically examined both sides
masters of the world. Notwithstanding al. of the question, has pronounced the passage
this, however, the Antiquities of Josephus ar. to be supposititious, and adds that the silence
extremely interesting, as affording us a faith of the historian respecting our Saviour and
ful picture of Jewish manners in the time the miracles which he wrought, affords a lar
of the historian, and as filling up a void in more eloquent testimony in favour of the
ancient history of four centuries between the truth of our Redeemer's nuission, than the
last books of the Old Testament and those most laboured statement could have yielded,
of the New.] He also wrote two books to especially when we consider that the father
defend the Jews against Apion, their greatest of Josephus, one of the priests of Jerusalem,
enemy; besides an account of his own life, &c. could not but have known our Saviour, and
Josephus has been admired for his lively and since Josephus himself lived in the midst of
animated style, the bold propriety of his ex. the aposties. Had the latter been able he
pressions, the exactness of his descriptions. would have refuted the whole history of our
and the persuasive eloquence of his orations. Saviour's mission and works. His silence is
He has been called the Livy of the Greeks. conclusive in their favour. The efforts of
Though, in some cases, inimical to the Chris Deistical writers, therefore, to invalidate the
tians, yet he has commended our Saviour so authenticity of this remarkable passage, have
warmly, that St.Jerome calls him a Christian literally recoiled upon themselves, and Chris
writer. [The commendation of our Saviour tianity has achieved a triumph by the very
which is here alluded to occurs in a remark arms of infidelity.] Josephus died A. D. 93,
able passage of the Jewish Antiquities, Book in the 56th year of his age. The best edi
18, chapter 3, and is as follows: “ at this tions of his works are Hudson's, 2 vols. fol.
time lived Jesus, a wise man, if it be allow Oxon. 1720, Havercamp's, 2 vols. fol. Amst.
ed us to call him a man : for he performed 1726. Sutton, tr. Vesp. &c.
wonderful works, and instructed those who JoviñNUs Flavius Claudius, a native of
receive the truth with joy. He thus drew Pannonia, elected emperor of Rome by the
to him many Jews, and many of the Greeks. soldiers after the death of Julian. He at first
He was the Christ. Pilate having punished refused to be invested with the imperial pur
him with crucifixion, on the accusation of ple, because his subjects followed the religious
our leading men, those who had loved him principles of the late emperor; but they re
before still remained faithful to him. For on
moved his groundless apprehensions, and,
the third day he appeared unto them, living when they assured him that they were warn
anew, just as the prophets of God had n for Christianity, he accepted the crown. He
nounced, who had predicted of him a thou. made a disadvantageous treaty with the Per
sand other miraculous things. The nation of sians, against whom Julian was marching with
Christians, named after him, continues even a victorious army. Jovian died seven months
to the present day.” This passage, placed in and twenty days after his ascension, and was
the middle of a work written by a zealous found in his bed suffocated by the vapours of
Jew, has all the appearance of a marginal charcoal which had been lighted in his room,
gloss which has ſound its way into the text: A. D. 364. Some attribute his death to in
it is too long and too short to have formed a temperance, and say that he was the son of a
part of the original text. It is too long to baker. He burned a celebrated library at
have come from the pen of an infidel, and it Antioch. Marcellin.
is too short to have been written by a Chris IPHiclus, or Iphicles, a son of Amphi
tian. St. Justin, Tertullian, and St. Chrysos tryon and Alcmena, born at the same birth
tom have made no use of it in their disputes with Hercules. As these two children were
with the Jews; and neither Origen nor Pho together in the cradle, Juno, jealous of Her
tius make any mention of it. Eusebius, who cules, sent two large serpents to destroy him.
lived before some of the writers just named, At the sight of the serpents Iphicles alarmed
is the first who adduces it. These circum the house; but Hercules, though not a year
stances have sufficed to attach suspicion to it old, boldly seized them, one in each hand, and
in the eyes of some critics, and especially of squeezed them to death. Apollod. 2, c. 4.—
Richard Simon and the historian Gibbon. On Theocrit.—A king of Phylace, in Phthio
the other hand, Henri de Valois, Huet Bishop tis, son of Phylacus and Clymene. He had
of Avranches, Isaac Vossius and others have bulls famous for their bigness, and the mon
defended its authen i ty. Lambecius, who ster which kept them. Melampus, at the re
advocates the same side, has pretended that quest of his brother, [vid. Melampus) at
the words of Josephus ought to be consider tempted to steal them away, but he was
ed as expressing contempt for our Saviour, caught in the fact, and imprisoned. Iphiclus
although, in order not to offend either party, soon received some advantages from the pro
the historian has concealed his real meaning phetical knowledge of his prisoner, and not
382
 IP IP

only restored him to liberty, but also present of the assembled Greeks, and like a true hero
ed him with the oxen. Iphiclus, who was is about to make battle with them all when
childless, learned from the soothsayer how to Diana interferes.] This supernatural change
become a father. He had married Autome animated the Greeks, the wind suddenly be
dusa, and afterwards a daughter of Creon, came favourable, and the combined fleet set
king of Thebes. He was father to Podarce sail from Aulis. Iphigenia's innocence had
and Protesilaus. Homer. Od. 11, Il. 13.− raised the compassion of the goddess ºn whose
.Apollod. 1, c. 9.-Paus. 4, c. 36. altar she was going to be sacrificed, and she
IphicRATEs, a celebrated general of Athens, carried her to Taurica, where she intrusted
who, though son of a shoemaker, rose from her with the care of her temple. In this sa
the lowest station to the highest offices in the cred office Iphigenia was obliged, by the com
state. He made war againt the Thracians, mand of Diana, to sacrifice all the strangers
obtained some victories over the Spartans, which came into that country. Many had
and assisted the Persian king against Egypt already been offered as victims on the bloody
He changed the dress and arms of his sol altar, when Orestes and Pylades came to
diers, and rendered them more alert and ex Taurica. Their mutual and unparalleled
peditious in using their weapons. He mar friendship, [vid. Pylades and Orestes] dis
ried a daughter of Cotys, king of Thrace, by closed to Iphigenia that one of the strangers
whom he had a son called Mnestheus, and whom she was going to sacrifice was her bro
died 380 B.C. When he was once reproach. ther ; and, upon this, she conspired with the
ed of the meanness of his origin, he observ two friends to fly from the barbarous country,
ed, that he would be the first of his family, and carry away the statue of the goddess.
but that his detractor would be the last of They successfully effected their enterprise,
his own. C. Mep. in Iphic. and murdered Thoas, who enforced the hu
IphigéNiA, a daughter of Agamemnon man sacrifices. According to some authors,
and Clytemnestra. When the Greeks, going the Iphigenia who was sacrificed at Aulis
to the Trojan war, were detained by contra was not a daughter of Agamemnon, but a
ry winds at Aulis, they were informed by daughter of Helen by Theseus. Homer does
one of the soothsayers, that to appease the not speak of the sacrifice of Iphigenia, though
gods, they must sacrifice Iphigenia, Agamem very minute in the description of the Grecian
non's daughter, to Diana. [tid. Agamem forces, adventures, &c. The statue of Diana,
non.] The father, who had provoked the god which Iphigenia brought away, was after
dess by killing her favourite stag, heard this wards placed in the grove of Aricia in Italy.
with the greatest horror and indignation, Paus. 2, c. 22, 1.3, c. 16.—Orid Met. 12, v.
and rather than to shed the blood of his 31–Virg. ACn. 2, v. 116.-JEschyl.–Euri
daughter, he commanded one of his heralds, pid.
as chief of the Grecian forces, to order all the Iph INöE, one of the principal women of
assembly to depart each to his respective Lemnos, who conspired to destroy all the
home. Ulysses and the other generals inter inales of the island after their return from a
ſered, and Agamemnon consented to immo Thracian expedition. Flace. 2, v. 163.
late his daughter for the common cause of Iphis, son of Alector, succeeded his father
Greece. As Iphigenia wastenderly loved by on the throne of Argos. He advised Polyni
her mother, the Greeks sent for her on pre ces, who wished to engage Amphiaraus in
tence of giving her in marriage to Achilles. the Theban war, to bribe his wife Eriphyle,
Iphigenia came to Aulis: here she saw the by giving her the golden collar of Harmonia.
bloody preparations for the sacrifice; she im This succeeded, and Eriphyle betrayed her
plored the forgiveness and protection of her fa husband. Apollod. 3.-Flacc.1.3 and 7.-
ther, but tears and entreaties were unavail A beautiful youth of Salamis, of ignoble birth.
ing. [According to Euripides, who has drama He became enamoured of Anaxarete, and the
tised the story, Agamemnon frequently wa coldness and contempt he met with rendered
vered in his cruel resolution, and even after him so desperate that he hung himself. Anax
notice had been sent to Clytemnestra direct arete saw him carried to his grave without
ing her to bring her daughter to the camp, emotion, and was instantly changed into a
he sent other letters to her privately by a stone. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 703.
slave, ordering her not to come. But the Iphitus, a son of Eurytus, king of GEcha
slave was intercepted by Menelaus, who lia. When his father had promised his
suspected what had been done..] Calchas daughter Iole to him who could overcome him
took the knife in his hand, and, as he was or his sons in drawing the bow, Hercules ac
going to strike the fatal blow, Iphigenia sud cepted the challenge and came off victorious.
denly disappeared, and a goat of uncommon Eurytus refused his daughter to the conquer
size and beauty was found in her place for or, observing that Hercules had killed one of
the sacrifice. [According to the play of his wives in a fury, and that Iole might per
Euripides, the scheme of pretending to give haps share the same fate. Some time after,
away Iphigenia in marriage to Achilles, was Autolycus stole away the oxen of Eury, us,
known only to Agamemnon, Menelaus, Cal and Hercules was suspected of the theſt.
chas, and Ulysses. When, therefore, Achil Iphitus was sent in quest of the oxen, and,
les, learns the use which had been made of in his search, he met with Hercules, whºse
his name, fired with anger, he defends the good favours he had gained by advising.P"-
cause of the virgin against the united voices rytus to give up Hole to the conqueror. Her
 IR IS

cules assisted Iphitus in seeking the lost ani Lardner coincides.] The best edition of his
mals; but when he recollected the ingrati. works is that of Grabe, Oxon. fol. 1702.
tude of Eurytus, he killed HPhitus by throw IRENE, one of the seasons among the
ing him down from the walls of Tirynthus. Greeks, called by the moderns Horae. Her
Homer. Od. 21.-Apollod. 2, c. 6.—A king two sisters were Dia and Eunomia, all daugh
of Elis, son of Praxonides, in the age of Ly ters of Jupiter and Themis. Apollod. 1, c.3.
curgus. He re-established the Olympic IRFsus, [a beautiful country in Lybia, not
games 338 years after their institution by far from Cyrene. When Battus, in obedience
Hercules, or about 884 years before the Chris to the oracle, was seeking a place for a set
tian era. This epoch is famous in chronolo tlement, the Lybians, who were bis guides,
gical history, as every thing previous to it managed so as to lead him through it by
seems involved in fabulous obscurity. Pa night. Milton calls the name Irassa, for
terc. 1, c. 8.-Paus. 5, c. 4. which he has the authority of Pindar. Here
Ipsus, a town of Phrygia. [situate in a |Hercules contended with Antaeus. The
plain to the south-east of Synnada,) celebrat Egyptians were once defeated here by the
ed for a battle which was fought there about inhabitants of Cyrene. Herodot.4, c. 158, &c.
301 years before the Christian era, between IRIs, a daughter of Thaumas and Electra,
Antigonus and his son, and Seleucus, Ptole one of the Oceanides, messenger of the gods,
my, Lysimachus, and Cassander [Hence and more particularly of Juno. Her office
Pluta, ch says that “all the kings of the was to cut the lock which seemed to detain
earth" were here engaged.] The former led the soul in the body of those that were ex
into the field an army ºf above 70,000 foot !piring. She is the same as the rainbow, and,
and 10,000 horse, with 75 elephants. The ifrom that circumstance, she is represented
latter's forces consisted of 64,000 infantry, with wings with all the variegated and beau
besides 10,500 horse, 400 elephants, and 120 tiful colours of the rainbow, and appears sit
armed chariots. Antigonus and his son were |ting behind Juno, ready to execute her com
defeated. [Antigonus lost his life in the ac mands. She is likewise described as sup
tion, Demetrius fled into Greece. The con plying the clouds with water to delage the
querors divided their possessions between world. [The Greek term for the rainbow,
them.] Plut. in Demetr. ‘gºr, is supposed by some to be derived from
IRA, a fortress of Messenia [in the north, to stew, I speak, I tºll, as being an appearance
wards the confines of Elis, and near the river in the heavens that is supposed to foretell. or
Cyparissus, which Agamemnon promised to rather to declare, rain. The fable of Iris be
Achilles if he would resume his arms to fight ing the particular messenger of June may
against the Trojans. [This is unquestionably : have relation to the circumstance of the lat
a mistake, as Homer names the place to iter goddess bei g the same as the air, accord
which Agamemnon alludes Ign and not Elga. 'ing to some.] Hesiod. Theog. v.266–Orld.
Agamemnon promised Achilles seven cities .Met. 1. v. 271 and seq. l. 4, v. 481. l. 10, v.
of Messenia, of which lne (nºt Ira) was one, 1585–Pirg, JEn. 4, v. 694. [A river of
and the poet describes all seven as lying near
| Pontus, rising on the confines of Armenia
the sea, whereas Ira was inland ) This place | Minor, and flowing into the sea south-east
is famous in history as having supported a of Amisus. It receives many tributaries,
siege of eleven years against the Lacedaemo. and near the end of its course, passes through
nians. Its capture, B. C. 671, ºut an end to the district of Phanarcea. The Turks call
the second Messenian war. Hom. Il. 9, v. it the Knsalmoek, and near its mouth, it is
150 and 292.—Strab. 7. more usually styled Jekil-Ermak, or the
IRENAEus, a native of Greece, disciple of Green River.]
Polycarp, and bishop of Lyons in France. IRus, a beggar of Ithaca, who executed
[The time of his birth, and the precise place the commissions of Penelope's suitors. When
of his nativity, cannot be satisfactorily ascer Ulysses returned home, disguised in a beg
tained. Dodwell refers his birth to the reign gar's dress Irus hindered him from entering
of Nerva, A. D. 97, and thinks that he did the gates, and even challenged him. Ulys
not outlive the year 190, Grabe dates his ses brought him to the ground with a blow,
birth about the year 108. Dupin says that he and dragged him out of the house. From
was born a little before the year 130, and died his poverty originates the proverb iro paupe
a martyr in 202.] He wrote on different rior. Homer. Od. 8, v. 1 and 35.—Orid.
subjects : but as what remains is in Latin, Trist. 3, el 7. v. 42.-A mountain of lodia.
some suppose he composed in that language, Is, [a cºty about eight days’ journey from
and not in Greek, Fragments of his works in |Babylon, according to Herodotus, near which
Greek are, however, preserved, which prove flows a river of the same name, which emp
that his style was simple, though clear and ties into the Euphrates. With the current
often animated. His opinions concerning the of this river, adds the historian, particles of
soul are curious. He suffered martyrdom. bitumen descended towards Babylon, by
[From the silence of Tertullian, Eusebius, means of which its walls were constructed.
and others, concerning the manner of his There are some curious fountains, says Ren
death. Cave, Basnage, and Dodwell, have in nell, near Hit, a town on the Euphrates, about
ferred that he did not die by martyrdom, but 128 miles above Hillah, reckoning the dis
in the ordinary course of nature. With these,
º
tance along the banks of the Euphrates
---
 IS IS
---ºr

This distance answers to 8 ordinary journies great degree by plundering the neighbour
of a caravau of 16 miles direct. There can ing regions. . The city was attacked by
be no doubt that this Hit is the Is of Herodo the Macedonians under Perdiccas, the inha.
tus, which should have been written It..] bitants having put to death the governor set
Isidas, a Spartan, who, upon seeing the over the province by Alexander. After a
Thebans entering the city, stripped himself brave resistance, the Isaurians destroyed
naked, and with a spear and sword engaged themselves and their city by fire. The cor
the enemy. [The Ephori honoured him with querors are said to have obtained much gold
a chaplet for his gallant achievement, but at and silver from the ruins of the place. Dur
the same time fined him 1000 drachmas for ing the contentions between Alexander's
having dared to appear without his armour.] successors, the neighbouring mountaineers
Plºt. rebuilt the capital and commenced plum
IsAEU's, an orator of Chalcis, in Euboea, who dering anew until they were reduced by Ser
came to Athens, and became there the pupil vilius, hence styled lsauricus, and the city
of Lysias, and soon after the master of Demos again destroyed. A new Isaura was after
thenes. Some suppose that he reformed the wards built by Amyntas, king of Galatia, in
dissipation and imprudence of his early years the vicinity of the old city. D'Anville locates
by frugality and temperance. Demosthenes the old capital near a lake, about whose ex
imitated him in preference to Isocrates, be istence, however, the ancients are silent; the
cause he studied force and energy of expres modern name he makes Bei-Shehri. New
sion rather than floridness of style. . [His Isaura he places on another lake south-east
style bears a great resemblance to that of of the former, and terms it Sidi-Shehri. Man
Lysias. He is elegant and vigorous, but Dio mert opposes this position of the last, and is
nysius of Halicarnassus does not find in him in favour of Serki-Serail, a small village
the simplicity of the other. He understands east-north-east of Iconium. Mannert. Anc.
better than Lysias the art of arranging the Geogr. vol. 6, part 2, p. 188.]—Plin. 5, c. 27.
several parts of a discourse, but he is less lsAURIA, [a country of Asia Minor, north
natural. When we read the exposition of a of, and adjacent to, Pisidia. The inhabitants
speech of Lysias, nothing appears artificial were a wild race, remarkable for the violence
therein : on the contrary every thing is stu and rapine which they exercised against their
died in the orations of Isaeus. In his demon neighbours. P. Servilius derived from his re
strations of facts he is not so condensed as Ly duction of this people the surname of Isauri
sias, but then he is more successful in exciting cus. A conformity in the aspect of the coun
the passions. He opened the road which De try, which was rough and mountainous, caus
mosthenes afterwards pursued with so much |ed Cilicia Trachea, in a subsequent age, to
success. Eleven of his orations remain ; be have the name of Isauria extended to it, and
fore 1785 we were in possession of only ten. it is thus denominated in the notices of the
They are all of a legal nature, and relate to eastern empire.] Flor. 3, c. 6.—Strab.-Cie.
questions of inheritance and succession. Hence 15, Fam. 2.
they are commonly eited by the title of x870, Isau Ricus, a surname of P. Servilius, from
rangtzot, discourses concerning inheritances. |his conquests over the Isaurians. Ovid. 1,
The best edition is contained in the Corpus Fast. 594.—Cic. 5, .4tt. 21.
Oratorum Græcorum of Reiske, Lips. 1770, Isch ENIA, an annual festival at Olympia,
12 vols. 8vo. Sir W. Jones has written a va in honour of Ischenus, the grandson of Mer
luable translation of Isaeus. It appeared in cury and Hierea, who, in a time of famine,
1779.] Juv. 3, v.74—Plut.de 10. Orat. Dem. devoted himself for his country, and was ho.
—Another Greekorator, who came to Rome noured with a monument near Olympia.
A. D. 17. He is greatly recommended by lschoMāchus, a noble athlete of Crotona,
Pliny the younger, who observes, that he al about the consulship of M. Valerius and P.
ways spoke extempore, and wrote with Posthumius.
elegance, unlaboured ease, and great cor [Is ELasticA, a name applied to the athle
rectness. tic games among the Greeks, because the vic
IsāPrs, a river of Umbria. Lucan. 2, v. tors at them were conducted with great pomp
into their respective cities, through a breach
IskaA, the Isere, a river of Gaul, where made in the walls for that purpose; intimat
Fabius routed the Allobroges. It rises at the ing, says Plutarch, that a city which produc
east of Savoy, and falls into the Rhone near ed such brave citizens, had little occasion for
Valence. Plin. 3, c. 4.—Lucan. 1, v. 399. the defence of walls. The name comes from
Another called the Oise, which falls into the ursaavvity, to enter.]
Seine below Paris. [The Celtic name of Isia, certain festivals observed in honour
Briva Isarae, a place on this river, has been of Isis, which continued nine days. It was
translated into Pont-Oise. usual to carry vessels full of wheat and bar
IsauaA, (ºr, or orum,) [the capital of Isau ley, as the goddess was supposed to be the
ria, near the confines of Phrygia. Strabo first who taught mankind the use of corn,
and Stephanus Byzantinus used the term as These festivals were adopted by the Romans,
a plural one; Ammianus Marcellinus, how among whom they soon degenerated into li
ever, makes it of the first declension. It was centiousness. They were abolished by a de
a strong and rich place, and its inhabitants cree of the senate, A. U. C. 696. They were,
appear to have acquired their wealth in a introduced again
3C
wºman
 IS IS

Isidorus, a native of Charax, in the age eat the flesh of sheep and of hogs. During
of Ptolemy Lagus, who wrote some histori the night they were employed in continual
cal treatises, besides a description of Parthia. devotion near the statue of the goddess. Cleo
A disciple of Chrysostom, called Pelusi patra, the beautiful queen of Egypt, was
ota, from his living in Egypt. Of his epistles wont to dress herself like this goddess, and
2012 remain, written in Greek with con affected to be called a second Isis. Cic. de
ciseness and elegance. The best edition is Div. 1.-Plut. de Isld. & Osirud.—Diod. 1.-
that of Paris, fol. 1638.-A Christian Greek Dionys. Hal. 1.-Herodot. 2, c. 59.-Lucan.
writer who flourishedin the 7th century. He 1, v. 831.
is surnamed Hispalensis. His works have IsMāRus, (Ismāra, plur.) [a mountain of
been edited, fol. de Breul, Paris, 1601. Thrace near the mouth of the Hebrus, cover
Isis, a celèbrated deity of the Egyptians, ed with vineyards. This part of Thrace was
daughter of Saturn and Rhea, according to famous for good wines. Ulysses, in the Odys
Diodorus of Sicily. [The name, according to sey, is made to speak incommendation of some
some, is synonymous with raaatz, ancient, an wine given him by Maron, the priest of Apol
expression, which, in the Egyptian theology, lo at Ismarus.] The word Ismarius is in
was applied to the moon on account of her discriminately used for Thracian. Homer.
eternal birth. According to others, and par Od. 9.—Virg. G. 2, v. 37...En. 10, v. 351.
ticularly Jablonski, Isis, in the Egyptian lan lsMENE, a daughter of GEdipus and Jocasta,
guage, signified the cause of abundance; and who, when her sister Antigone had been con
it was applied by the Egyptian priests to the demned to be buried alive by Creon, for giv
moon, because they supposed the moon to have ing burial to her brother Polynices against the
a direct influence on the atmosphere, the tyrant's positive orders, declared herself as
winds, and the rains, and therefore they re guilty as her sister, and insisted upon being
garded it like the sun, which they called Osi equally punished with her. This instance of
ris, as one of the sources of the inundation of generosity was strongly opposed by Antigone,
the Nile.] Some suppose her to be the same who wished not to see her sister involved in
as Io, who was changed into a cow, and re. her calamities. Sophocl. in Antig.—Apollod.
stored to her human form in Egypt, where 3, c. 5.
she taught agriculture, and governed the peo IsMENiAs, a celebrated musician of The
ple with mildness and equity, for which rea bes. When he was taken prisoner by the
sons she received divine honours after death. Scythians, Atheas, the king of the country,
According to some traditions mentioned by observed, that he liked the music of Ismenias
Plutarch, Isis married her brother Osiris, and less than the neighing of his horse. Plut.
was pregnant by him even before she had lef in Apoph.-A Theban general sent to Per
her mother's womb. These two ancient dei sia with an embassy by his countrymen. As
ties, as some authors observe, comprehended none were admitted into the king's presence
all nature and all the gods of the heathens. without prostrating themselves at his feet,
Isis was the Venus of Cyprus, the Minerva Ismenias had recourse to artifice to avoid do
of Athens, the Cybele of the Phrygians, the ing an action which would prove disgraceful
Ceres of Eleusis, the Proserpine of Sicily, the to his country. When he was introduced he
IDiana of Crete, the Bellona of the Romans, dropped his ring, and the motion he made to
&c. Osiris and Isis reigned conjointly in recover it from the ground was mistaken for
Egypt; but the rebellion of Typhon, the the most submissive homage, and Ismenias
brother of Osiris, proved fatal to this sove had a satisfactory audience of the monarch.
reign. [vid. Osiris and Typhon.] The ox —A river of Boeotia, falling into the Euri
and cow were symbols of Osiris and Isis, be pus, where Apollo had a temple, from which
cause these deities, while on earth, had dili. he was called Ismenius. A youth was yearly
gently applied themselves in cultivating the chosen by the Boeotians to be the priest of the
earth. ... [vid. Apis.]. As Isis was supposed god, an office to which Hercules was nuce
to be the moon and Osiris the sun, she was appointed. Paus. 9, c. 10.-Ovid. Met. 2.-
represented as holding a globe in her hand, Strab. 9.
with a vessel full of ears of corn. The Egyp lsMENIDEs, an epithet applied to the The
tians believed that the yearly and regular in ban women, as being near the Ismenus, a river
undations of the Nile proceeded from the of Boeotia. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 31.
abundant tears which Isis shed for the loss of IsMENius, a surname of Apollo at Thebes,
Osiris, whom Typhon had basely murdered where he had a temple on the borders of the
Ismenus.
The word Isis, according to some, signifies
ancient, and, on that account, the inscriptions IsMEN 58, a son of Apollo and Melia, one of
on the statues of the goddess were often in the Nereides, who gave his name to the La
these words: I am all that has been, that shall don, a river of Boeotia, near Thebes, falling
be, and none among mortals has hitherto taken into the Asopus, and thence into the Euripus.
off my veil. The worship of Isis was univer. Paus. 9, c. 10.
sal in Egypt; the priests were obliged to ob. Isochâtes, a celebrated orator, son ci
serve perpetual chastity, their head was close Theodorus, a rich musical instrument maker
ly shaved, and they always walkedbarefooted, at Athens. He was taught in the schools of
and clothed themselves in linen garments. Gorgias and Prodicus, but his oratorical abi
They never eat onions, they abstained from lities were never displayed in public, and
salt with their meat,§." were forbidden to
Isocrates was prevented by an unconquerable
6
 IS IS

timidity [as well as by weakness of voice, tius the Persian slain amounted to 100,000
from speaking in the popular assemblies. foot and 10,000 horse ; and those of Alexan
He opened a school of eloquence at Athens, der to 32 foot, and 150 horse killed, and 504
where he distinguished himself by the number, wounded. This spot is likewise famous for
character, and fame of his pupils, and by the the defeat of Niger by Severus, A. D. 194.
immense riches which he amassed. [The most Plut. in Aler.—Justin. 11, c. 9.-Curt. 3, c.
famous orators of Greece, Isaeus, Lycurgus, Hy 7.—Arrian.—Diod. 17.-Cic, 5, Att. 20. Fam.
perides and Demosthenes formed themselves 2, ep. 10.
in his school. Hence Cicero compares it to the IstER and Isthus, an historian, disciple to
wooden horse containing the princes of the Callimachus. Diog. A large river of Eu
Greeks.] He was intimate with Philip of Ma rope, falling into the Euxine Sea, called also
cedon, and regularly corresponded with him: Danubius. [vid. Danubius.] A son of
and to his familiarity with that monarch the AEgyptus. Apollod.
Athenians were indebted for some of the few Isthmia, sacred games among the Greeks,
Peaceful years which they passed. The as which received their name from the isthmus
piring ambition of Philip, however, displeas of Corinth, where they were observed. They
ed Isocrates, and the defeat of the Athenians were celebrated in commemoration of Me
at Cheronaea had such an effect upon his spirits, licerta, who was changed into a sea-deity,
that he did not survive the disgrace of his when his mother ſno had thrown herself into
country, but died, after he had been four days the sea with him in her arms. The body of
without taking any aliment, in the 99th year Melicerta, according to some uraditions, when
of his age, about 338 years before Christ. cast upon the sea-shore, received an honoura
The remains of his orations extant inspire ble burial, in memory of which the Isthmian
the world with the highest veneration for games were instituted, B. C. 1326. They
his abilities as a moralist, an orator, and. were interrupted after they had been cele
above all, as a man. His merit, however, brated with great regularity during some
is lessened by those who accuse him of years, and Theseus at last re-instituted them
plagiarism from the works of Thucydides, in honour of Neptune, whom he publicly
Lysias, and others, seen particularly in his called his father. These games were observ
panegyric. He was so studious of correctness ed every third, or rather fifth, year, and held
that his lines are sometimes poetry. The so sacred and inviolable, that even a public
severe conduct of the Athenians against So calamity could not prevent the celebration.
crates highly displeased him, and, in spite of When Corinth was destroyed by Mummius,
all the undeserved unpopularity of that great the Roman general, they were observed with
philosopher, he put on mourning the day of the usual solemnity, and the Sicyonians were
his death. About 31 of his orations are ex intrusted with the superintendance, which had
tant. Isocrates was honoured after death with been before one of the privileges of the ruin
a brazen statue by Timotheus, one of his pu ed Corinthians. Combats of every kind were
pils, and Aphareus, his adopted son. The exhibited, and the victors were rewarded
best editions of Isocrates are that of Battie, 2 with garlands of pine leaves. Some time af
vols. 8vo. Cantab. 1729, that of Augur, 3 vols. ter the custom was changed, and the victor
8vo. Paris, 1782, [and that of Lange, Hal. received a crown of dry and withered parsley.
1803.] Plut. de 10 Orat. &c.—Cic. Orat. The years were reckoned by the celebration
20, de Inn. 2, c. 126, in Brut. c. 15. de Orat. of the Isthmian games, as among the Ro
2, c. 6.—Quintil. 2, &c.—Paterc. 1, c. 16. mans from the consular government. Paus.
[Issenones, the principal nation in Serica, 1, c. 44, l.2, c. 1 and 2.-Plin. 4, c. 5.-Plut.
whose metropolis was Sera, now Kant-cheon, in Thes.
in the Chinese province of Shef-Si, without Isthmus, a small neck of land which joins
the great wall. This city has been erroneous one country to another, and prevents the sea
ly confounded with Pekin the capital of China, from making them separate, such as that of
which is 300 leagues distant. They had also Corinth, called often the Isthmus by way of
two towns, both called Issedon, but distinguish eminence, which joins Peloponnesus to Greece.
ed by the epithets of Serica and Scythica.] [The Isthmus of Corinth is now called Hear
Issus, now Aisse, a town of Cilicia, on the amili, from its being 6 modern Greek (nearly
confines of Syria, famous for a battle fought 5 British) miles in breadth., vid. Corinth.]
there between Alexander the Great and the Strab. 1.-Mela, 2, c. 2.-Plín. 4, c. 4.
Persians under Darius their king, in October, Isri Aeotis, a country of Greece, near Ossa.
B.C. 333, in consequence of which it was call vid. Histiaeotis.
ed Nicopolis. In this battle the Persians Istria, [a peninsula lying to the west of
lost in the field 100,000 foot and 10,00" Liburnia, and bounded on the south and west
horse, and the Macedonians only 300 foot and by the Adriatic. It was anciently a part of
150 horse, according to Diodorus Siculus. Illyricum, but, being conquered by the Ro
The Persian army, according to Justin, con mans between the first and second Punic
wars, was annexed to Italy. It still retains its
sisted of 400,000 foot and 100,000 horse, and
ancient name.] Strab. 1.-Mela, 2, c. 3
61,000 of the former and 10,000 of the latter,
were left dead on the spot, and 40,000 were Liv. 10, &c.—Plin. 3, c. 19.-Justin. 9, c. 2.
taken prisoners. The loss of the Macedo Israopolis, la city of Thrace, situaº on
nians, as he further adds, was no more than the coast of the Euxine below the mouth of
130 foot and 150 horse. According to Cur theister, where a lagune, or salt lake, called
387
 IT - IT

Halmyris, formed by an arm of the Danube, application until it reached the southern
has its issue into the sea. It appears to be limits of Cisalpine Gaul. To this latter
succeeded at the present day by a place call country the name was originally given, be
ed Kara-Kerman, or, the black fortress. Is cause it was peopled principally by Gauls
tropolis is said to have been founded by a Mi who had settled in these parts and dislodged
lesian colony.] Plin. 4, c. 11. the ancient inhabitants. In confirmation of
ITALIA, [a celebrated country of Europe, what has just been advanced, we find that in
the time of Antiochus, a son of Xenophanes,
bounded on the north by the Alps, on the south
by the Ionian Sea, on the north-east by the who lived about the 320th year of Rome, and
Adriatic or Mare Superum, and on the south a little anterior to Thucydides, the appella
west by the Mare Tyrrhenum, or Inferum. It tion Italia was given to a part of Italy which
was called Hesperia by the Greeks, from its lay south of a line drawn from the small ri
western situation in relation to Greece. The ver Laus to Metapontum. Towards the end
name Italia some derive from Italus, who of the 5th century of Rome, it designated all
reigned in that country; others deduce it the countries south of the Tiber and Æsis.
from uraxor, an ox, from the great abundance At length, in the pages of Polybius, who
of those animals in this land ; and others wrote about the 600th year of Rome, we
again, make the name to have belonged origi find the name in question given to all Italy
mally to a small canton in Calabria, and to up to the foot of the Alps. The including of
have become gradually common to the whole Cisalpine Gaul under this appellation was an
country. The ancients differed from us in their act of policy on the part of the second trium
application of names to countries. They re virate, who were afraid lest, if it remained a
garded the name as belonging to the people province, some future proconsul ºnight imi
not to the land itself, and in this they were more tate Caesar, and overthrow with his legions
correct than we are, who call nations after the authority of the republic. At a still la
the countries they inhabit. Asia Minor, for ter period, Augustus divided Italy into eleven
example, was an appellation unknown to the regions, and extended its limits on the north
earlier classic writers, and only began to come east as far as Pola, thus comprehending Istria.
into use after the country had fallen into the It is somewhat remarkable that the name Ita
hands of the Romans. Previous to this the lia, after having gradually extended to the
different nations which peopled that peninsu Alps, should at a subsequent epoch be limit
la had their respective names, and were ed in its application to the northern parts
known by these. In the same way, a gene alone. When the emperor Maximian, to
ral name for what we now term Italy was not wards the close of the third century of the
originally thought of. When the Greeks be Christian era, transferred his residence to
came first acquainted with this country, they Milan, the usage prevailed in the west of giv
observed it to be peopled by several distinct ing the name of Italy exclusively to the five
mations as they thought; and hence we find it provinces of Emilia, Liguria, Flamina, Ve
divided by them about the time of Aristotle netia, and Istria. It is in this sense that the
into six countries or regions, Ausonia or Opi kings of the Lombards were styled monarchs
ca, Tyrrhenia, Iapygia, Ombria, Liguria, and of Italy. As regards the other names some
Henetia. Thucydides, for instance, in speak times applied to Italy, it may be observed
ing of Cumae, says that it is situate in Opica, that they are in strictness names only of par
and Aristotle, cited by Dionysius of Halicar ticular parts, extended by poetic usage to the
nassus, terms Latium a part of this same Opi whole country. Thus Oenotria properly ap
ca. As regards the origin of the name Ita plies to a part of the south-eastern coast, and
lia, the truth appears to be this. The appel was given by the Greeks to this portion of
lation was first given by the early Greeks to the country from the numerous vines which
what is now denominated Calabria ulterior. grew there, the name importing “wine land."
This was not done because the name was in Thus too Saturnia in fact belongs to one of
strictness confined to that section of the coun the hills of Rome, &c. Italy may be divid
try, but because the Greeks knew at that ed into three parts, the northern, or Gallia
early period very little, comparatively speak Cisalpina; the middle, or Italia Propria; and
ing, of the interior, and were as yet ignorant the southern, or Magna Graecia. Its princi
of the fact, that most of the numerous nations pal states were Gallia Cisalpina, Etruria.
which peopled the Italian peninsula were the Umbria, Picenum, Latium, Campania, Sam
descendants of one common race, the Itali, mium and Hirpini, Apulia, Calabria, Luca
who originally were spread over the whole nia, and Bruttiorum Ager. Originally the
land even to the foot of the Alps. The na whole of Italy appears to have been peopled
tions in the south of Italy, with whom the by one common race, the Itali, who were
Greeks first became acquainted, were found spread from the Alps to the southernmost ex
by them to be descended from the Itali, or ra. tremity of the land. This position receives
ther they found this name in general use very strong support from the fact that the
among them; hence they called their section name Italus was in general use among the
of the country by the name of Italia. As various nations of the Italian peninsula. In
their knowledge of the interior became more the language of fable it was the appellation
enlarged, other branches of the same great of an ancient monarch. We find mention
race were successively discovered, and the made of a king ltalus among the Ausones and
name Italia thus gradually progressed in its Opici, and likewise among the Morgetes. Si
388
 IT IT

culi, and Sabini. We find moreover all these termination of that contest, accident threw
early tribes using one common dialect, the many of the returning bands upon the Italian
Oscam. Now that such a being as Italus ever coast. We find them in Apulia ; on the Si
existed appears extremely improbable; and nus Tarentinus in Oenotria, at Pisae, and in
still more so the assertion that Italy was nam Latium, as the chief part of the population
ed after this ancient king. Daily experience of Alba Longa. Their language, the AEolic
proves that countries are called after the na Greek, for they were principally Achaei,
tions who inhabit them; and few, if any, ex operating upon the old Italic, or Oscan
amples can be adduced of nations taking an tongue then prevalent in Latium, and be
appellation from their rulers. In the present coming blended at the same time with many
case it appears scarcely credible. We know peculiarities and forms of Pelasgic origin,
of no period when the different Italian tribes gave rise to the Latin tongue. Trojan fe
were under the controul of a single ruler, and male captives were brought along with them
yet each have their Italus. Was there a mo |by the Greeks, but no Trojan men or auy
narch of this name in every district of Italy: |Prince named Æneas ever set foot in the
aud, still more, did each separate communi. |Italian peninsula. The last ancient people
ty form the resolution of deriving from their º formed settlements at an early period in
respective monarch a name for themselves |Italy were the Gauls. They entered during
and the region they inhabited, so that finally the reign of Tarquinius Priscus, and succes
the common name for the whole land became sive hordes made their appearance under the
Italia: Either supposition is absurd.—The following kings. They seized upon what
name Italus then was the generic name of the was called from them Cisalpine Gaul, and
whole race, and the land was called after it, one division of them, the Senones, even pene
each community being known at the same trated far into the centre of Italy. They were
time by a specific and peculiar appellation, as finally subdued by the Romans more through
Latini, Umbri, &c. The fact of the univer want of union than of valour.] The bounda
sal prevalence of the Oscan tongue is strong ries of Italy appeared to have been formed by
ly corroborative of what has just been ad nature itself, which seems to have been parti
vanced. But, it may be contended, no proof cularly careful in supplying this country with
exists that any king named Italus was ac whatever may contribute not only to the sup
knowledged by the traditions of the Tusci or port, but also to the pleasures an luxuries of
Umbri. The answer is an easy one. Anti life. It has been called the garden of Europe;
quity makes mention of these as the progeni and the panegyrics which Pliny bestows
tors of the Latini, among whom a king Italus upon it seem not in any manner exaggerated.
appears, and Scymnus records an old authori Italy has been the mother of arts as well as
ty which makes the Umbri to have been de of arms, and the immortal monuments which
scended from Latinus, the son of Ulysses and remain of the eloquence and poetical abilities
Circe. That these two nations, moreover, of its inhabitants are universally known.
spoke a language based on the old Italic or Os Ptol. 3, c. 1.-Dionys. Hal—Diod. 4.—Jus
can form of speech, was discovered by the Ro tin. 4, &c.—C. Nep. in Dion. Alcib. &c.—
mans in the case of the Rhaeti, a branch of the Liv. 1, c. 2, &c.—Varro de R. R. 2, c. 1 and
former, who had retired to the Alps upon the 5.—Wirg. JEn. 1, &c.—Polyb. 2.-Flo, 2–
invasion of the Gauls. The original popu JElian. P. H. 1, c. 16.-Lucan. 2, v. 397,
lation of Italy then was composed of the Itali. &c.—Plin. 3, c. 5 and 8.
To these came various nations, which we ItAlicA, a town of Italy, called also Cor
shall now enumerate in the order of history. finium. [A city of Spain, north of Hispa
The earliest of these new-comers appear to lis, and situate on the western side of the ri
have been the Illyrian tribes, and in particu ver Baetis. It was founded by Publius Scipio
lar the Liburni, who may with truth be re in the second Punic war, who placed here the
garded as the earliest of European naviga old soldiers whom age incapacitated from the
tors. They extended themselves along the performance of military service. It was the
coast of the Adriatic as far as lapygia. Next birth-place of the emperor Trajan, and is sup
in the order of time were the Veneti, a branch posed to correspond with Serilla la Piºja;
of the great Sclavonic race, (vid. Veneti.) about a league distant from the city of Seville.
who settled between the mouths of the Po Gell. 16, c. 13.−.Appian. Hisp.
and the Illyrian Alps. Were they the ear ITA Licus, a poet. rid. Silius.
liest possessors of this part of Italy, or did they Itälus, an Arcadian prince, who came to
expel the Tuscan Euganei ? All is uncer |Italy, where he established a kingdom, called
tainty. Of the origin of the great Etrurian after him. It is supposed that he received
nation we have already spoken under the divine honours after death, as AEneas calls
article Hetruria. The Siculi, who appear upon him among the deities to whom he paid
to have been the original inhabitants of La his adoration when he entered Italy. Virg.
tium, and who were subsequently driven out .AEm. 7, v. 178. A prince whose daughter
and retired to Sicily, (rid. Siculi,) are falsely Roma, by his wife Leucaria, is said to have
considered by some to have been of Iberian married Æneas or Ascanius. Plut. in Rom.
origin. A fourth people, however, who ac ITHäca, [a celebrated island in the lonian
tually came into Italy were the Greeks. Be sea, north-east of Cephallenia. “The Vene
fore the time of the Trojan war there are no tian geographers,”
in a great observes Mr.
degree contributed to Gell,
raise “...have
doubts
traces of any such emigration, but after the 3.96
 IT JU

concerning the identity of the modern with He was killed by his mother when he was
the ancient Ithaca, by giving in their charts about six years old, and served up as meat
the name of Pal di Compare to this island. before his father. He was changed into a
That name, however, is totally unknown in pheasant, his mother into a swallow, and his
the country, where the isle is invariably call father into an owl. vid. Philomela. Orid.
ed Ithaca by the upper ranks, and Theaki by .Met. 6, v. 620.-Amor. 2, el. 14, v. 29.-Ho
the vulgar. It has been asserted in the north rat. 4, od. 12.
of Europe that Ithaca is too unconsiderable Juba, a king of Numidia, and Maurita
a rock to have produced any contingent of nia, who succeeded his father Hiempsal, and
ships which could entitle its king to so much favoured the cause of Pompey against J.
consideration among the neighbouring isles; Caesar. He defeated Curio, whom Caesar
yet the unrivalled excellence of its port has had sent to Africa, and after the battle of
in modern times created a fleet of 50 vessels Pharsalia he joined his forces to those of
of all denominations which trade to every Scipio. He was conquered in a battle at
part of the Mediterranean, and from which Thapsus, and totally abandoned by his sub
four might be selected capable of transporting jects. He killed himself with Petreius, who
the whole army of Ulysses to the shores of had shared his good fortune and his adver
Asia.” The same writer makes the popula sity. His kingdom became a Roman pro
tion of the island 8000. It is said to contain vince, of which Sallust was the first governor.
sixty-six square miles. Gell's Geography Plut. in Pomp. & Cas-Flor. 4, c. 12–
and Antiquities of Ithaca, p. 30.] It had a Suet. in Caes. c. 35.-Dion. 41.-JMela, 1, c.
city of the same name. It is very rocky and 6.—Lucan. 3, &c.—Caesar. de Bell. Civ. 2.-
mountainous, and measures about 25 miles Paterc. 2, c. 54. The second of that name
in circumference. Homer. Il. 2, v. 139.- was the son of Juba the First. He was led
O'. 1, v. 186, l. 4, v. 601, l. 9, v. 20– among the captives to Rome, to adorn the
Strab. 1 and 8.--Mela, 2, c. 7. triumph of Caesar. His captivity was the
|THAcEsi E, three islands opposite Vibo, on source of the greatest honours, and his appli
the coast of the Brutii. Baiae was called cation to study procured him more glory than
also Ithacesia, because built by Bajus the he could have obtained from the inheritance
pilot of Ulysses. Sil. 8, v. 540, 1, 12, v. of a kingdom. He gained the heart of the
113. Romans by the courteousness of his man
Ithom E, a town of Messenia, which surren ners, and Augustus rewarded his fidelity by
dered, after ten years' siege, to Lacedæmon, giving him in marriage Cleopatra, the daugh
724 years before the Christian era. Jupiter ter of Antony, and conferring upon him the
was called Ithomates, from a temple which title of king, and making him master of all
he had there, where games were also cele the territories which his father once pessessed.
brated, and the conqueror rewarded with an His popularity was so great, that the Mauri
oaken crown, Paus 4, c. 32.—Stat. Theb. 4, tanians rewarded his benevolence by making
v. 179.—Strab. 8. him one of their gods. The Athenians rais
Ithom A1A, a festival in which musicians ed him a statue, and the Ethiopians worship
contended, observed at Ithome, in honour of ped him as a deity. Juba wrote an history of
Jupites, who had been nursed by the nymphs Rome in Greek, which is often quoted and
Ithome and Neda, the former of whom gave commended by the ancients, but of which only
her name to a city, and the latter to a river.a few fragments remain. . [It was one of the
Itius Portus, [a harbour of Gaul, whence principal sources of Plutarch, who praises
Caesar set sail for Britain. Caesar describes its accuracy. It commenced with the origin
it no farther than by saying, that from it there of Rome, and was carried down to the time
is the most convenient passage to Britain, the of Sylla.] He also wrote on the history of
distance being about 30 miles. Calais, Bou Arabia, and the antiquities of Assyria, chief
logne, and Etaples, have each their respective ly collected from Berosus. [His geography
advocates for the honour of being the Itius of Africa and Arabia is cited by Pliny..] Be
Portus of antiquity. The weight of autho sides these, he composed some treatises on
rity, however, is in favour of Wilsand or the drama, Roman antiquities, the nature of
Wissan Caesar landed at Portus Lemanis, animals, painting, grammar, &c. now lost.
or Lymne, a little below Dover. For a long Strab. 17.-Suet. in Cal. 26.-Plin. 5, c. 25
time this was the principal crossing place. In and 32.-Dion. 51, &c.
a later age, however, the preference was giv JudæA, [a province of Palestine, forming
ento Gessoriacum, or Boulogne, in Gaul, and the southern division. It did not assume the
Rutupiae, or Richborough, in Britain.] Crs. name of Judaea until after the return of the
G.4, c. 21, l. 1, c. 2 and 5. Jews from the Babylonian captivity ; though
Itu NA, [AEstuarium, now Solway Firth, in it had been denominated, long before, the
Scotland kingdom of Judaea, in opposition to that of
ItüRAEA.. [a province of Syria, or Arabia, Israel. After the return, the tribe of Judah
beyond Jordan, east of Batanaea, and south ofsettled first at Jerusalem, but afterwards gra
Trachomitis.] The inhabitants were very dually spreading over the whole country,
skilful in drawing the bow. Lucan. 7, v. they gave it the name of Judaea. Judaea
230 and 514.—Virg. G. 2, v.448.—Strab. 17. being the seat of religion and of govern
Itys, a son of Tereus king of Thrace, by ment claimed many privileges. It was not
Procne, daughter of Pandion, king of Athens. lawful to intercalate the year out of Judaea,
300
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while they might do it in Judaea. Nor was the senate ; that no supreme commander
the sheaf of first-fruits of the barley to be should go out of his province, enter any domi
brought from any other district than Judaea, mions, lead an army, or engage in a war, with
and as near as possible to Jerusalem.] Plut out the previous approbation and command of
de Osir.—Strab. 16.-Dion. 36.--Tacit. Hist. the Roman senate and people. Another,
5, c. 6.-Lucan. 2, v. 593. de sumptibus, in the age of Augustus. It li
JugurthA, the illegitimate son of Masta mited the expense of provisions on the dies
nabal, the brother of Micipsa. Micipsa and profesti, or days appointed for the transaction
Mastanabal were the sons of Masinissa, king of of business, to 200 sesterces; on common ca
Numidia. Micipsa, who had inherited his fa lendar festivals to 300; and on all extraordi
ther's kingdom, educated his nephew with his nary occasions, such as marriages, births, &c.
two sons Adherbal and Hiempsal; but, as he to 1000. . [By a subsequent edict of Augustus
was of an aspiring disposition, he sent him or Tiberius, the allowance for an entertain
with a body of troops to the assistance of ment was raised from 300 to 2000 sesterces.
Scipio, who was besieging Numantia, hoping Another, de provincils, by J. Caesar, Dic
to lose a youth whose ambition seemed to tator. It ordained that no praetorian province
threaten the tranquillity of his children. His should be held more than one year, and a con
hopes were frustrated ; Jugurtha showed sular province more than two years. [Cice
himself brave and active, and endeared him ro praises this law. It was abrogated, how
self to the Roman general. Micipsa appoin ever, by Antony.]—Another, called also
ed him successor to his kingdom with his Campana agra, ta, by the same, A. U.C. 691,
two sons, but the kindness of the father prov [for distributing the lands of Campania and
ed fatal to the children. Jugurtha destroyed Stella to 20,000 poor citizens, who had each
Hiempsal, and stripped Adherbal of his pos three children or more.]—Another, de curi
sessions, and obliged him to fly to Rome for tale, by L. J. Caesar, A. U. C. 664. It re
safety. The Romans listened to the well warded with the name and privilegs of citi
grounded complaints of Adherbal, but Jugur zens of Rome all such as, during the civil
tha's gold prevailed among the senators, and wars, had remained the constant friends of
the suppliant monarch, forsaken in his dis republican liberty. When that civil war
tress, perished by the snares of his enemy. was at an end, all the Italians were admitted
[After Cirta was taken by Jugurtha, Asdru as free denizens, and composed eight new
bal, who had fled thither for refuge, was tor tribes. Another, de judicibus, by J. Caesar.
tured and put to death by the former, not It confirmed the Pompeian law in a certain
withstanding an express pledge had been manner, requiring the judges to be chosen
given that he should not be injured.] Caeci from the richest people in every century, al
lius Metellus was at last sent against Jugur lowing the senators and knights in the num
tha after other commanders had failed, and ber, and excluding the tribuniaerarii. An
his firmness and success soon reduced the other, de ambitu, by Augustus. It restrained
crafty . Numidian, and obliged him to fly the illicit measures used at elections, and re
among his savage neighbours for support. stored to the comilia their ancient privileges
Marius and Sylla succeeded Metellus, and which had been destroyed by the ambition and
fought with equal success. Jugurtha was at bribery of J. Caesar. Another, by Augus
last betrayed by his father-in-law Bocchus, tus, de adulterio et pudiciliá. It punished
from whom he claimed assistance, and he was adultery with death. It was aſterwards con
delivered into the hands of Sylla, after carry firmed and enforced by Domitian. Juvenal.
ing on a war of five years. He was exposed Sat. 2, v. 30, alludes to it. Another, called
to the view of the Roman people, and also Papia, or Papia Poppea, which was the
dragged in chains to adorn the triumph of same as the following, ouly enlarged by the
Marius. He was afterwards put in a prison, consuls Papius and Poppaeus, A. U. C. 762.
where he died six days after of hunger, B. C. —Another, de maritandiso, dunthus, by Au
106. [From Lucan it appears to have been gustus. It proposed rewards to such as en
strangulation, (Phar. 9, v. 600,) and this is gaged in matrimony of a particular descrip
affirmed by Eutropius, (4, 27.)) The name tion. [rud. Papia Poppea Lex.] It inflicted
and the wars of Jugurtha have been immor punishment on celibacy, and permitted the
talized by the pen of Sallust. Sallust. in Jug. patricians, the senators, and sons of senators
—Plut. in Mar. & Syll. excepted, to intermarry with the children
Julia LEx, prima de provinciis, by J. Cae of those that had been liberti, or servants
sar, A.U. C. 691. It confirmed the freedom manumitted. Horace alludes to it when he
of all Greeee ; it ordained that the Roman speaks of lex marita.-Another, de ma
magistrates should act there as judges, and jestate, by J. Caesar. It punished with amua.
that the towns and villagesthrough which the et gnis interdictwo all such as were foundguilty
Roman magistrates and ambassadors passed of the crimen majestatis, or treason against
should maintain them during their stay: that the state.
the governors, at the expiration of their office, JULIA, a daughter of Julius Caesar, by Cor
should leave a scheme of their accounts in two nelia, famous for her personal charms and
cities of their province, and deliver a copy of for her virtues. She married Corn. Caepio,
it at the public treasury; that the provincial whom her father obliged her to divorce to
governors should not accept of agolden crown marry Pompey the Great. Her amiable dis
unless they were honoured with a triumph by position more strongly cemented the friend
391
 JU JU

ship of the father and of the son-in-law ; but wounded in the arm while she attempted to
her sudden death in child-bed, B.C. 53, brok creen her favourite son from his brother's
all ties of intimacy and relationship, and soon dagger. According to some, Julia commit
produced a civil war. Plut. The moth ed incest with her son Caracalla, and pub
of M. Antony, whose humanity is greatly cº cly married him. She starved herself when
lebrated in saving her brother-in-law fron: wer ambitious views were defeated by Ma.
the cruel prosecutions of her son.—A. crinus, who aspired to the empire in preſſ.
aunt of J. Caesar, who married C. Marius. rence to her, after the death of Caracalla.
Her funeral oration was publicly pronounced JuliãNus, a son of Julius Constantius, the
by her nephew. The only daughter of th brother of Constantine the Great, born at
emperor Augustus, remarkable for her beauty Constantinople. The massacre which attend.
genius, and debaucheries. She was tenderly …] the elevation of the sons of Constantine the
loved by her father, who gave her in mar Great to the throne, nearly proved fatal to
riage to Marcellus; after whose death she Julian and to his brother Gallus. The two
was given to Agrippa, by whom she had five brothers were privately educated together
children. She became a second time a wi and taught the doctrines of the Christian reli
dow, and was married to Tiberius. Her las: gion, and exhorted to be modest, temperate
civiousness and debaucheries so disgusted her and to despise the gratification of all sensual
husband, that he retired from the court of the pleasures. Gallus received the instructions of
emperor; and Augustus, informed of her lust his pious teachers with deference and submis
ful propensities and infamy, banished her sion, but Julian showed his dislike for Chris
from his sight, and confined her in a small tianity by secretly cherishing a desire to be
island on the coast of Campania. She was come one of the votaries of Paganism. He
starved to death, A. D. 14, by order of Tibe gave sufficient proofs of this propensity when
rius, who had succeeded to Augustus as em he went to Athens in the 24th year of his age,
peror of Rome. Plut.—A daughter of where he applied himself to the study of magic
Julia, the wife of Agrippa, who married Le and astrology. He was some time after ap
pidus, and was banished for her licentious pointed over Gaul, with the title of Caesar, by
ness. A daughter of Germanicus and Constans, and there he showed himself worthy
Agrippina, born in the island of Lesbos. A of the imperial dignity by his prudence, va
D. 17. She married a senator, called M. Wi lour, and the numerous victories he obtained
mucius, at the age of 16, and enjoyed the over the enemies of Rome in Gaul and Ger
most unbounded favours in the court of her many. His mildness, as well as his conde.
brother Caligula, who is accused of being scension, gained him the hearts of his sol
her first seducer. She was banished by Ca (iiers ; and when Constans, to whom Julian
ligula, on suspicion of conspiracy. Claudi was become suspected, ordered him to send
us recalled her ; but she was soon after ba. hiin part of his forces to go into the east,
nished by the powerful intrigues of Messali the army immediately mutinied, and pro
na, and put to death about the 24th year of mised immortal fidelity to their leader, by
her age. She was no stranger to the de refusing to obey the orders of Constans.
baucheries of the age, and she prostituted They even compelled Julian, by threats and
herself as freely to the meanest of the people intreatles, to accept the title of independent
as to the nobler companions of her brother's emperor and of Augustus; and the death
extravagance. Seneca, as some suppose, was of Constans, which soon after happened,
banished to Corsica for having seduced her left him sole master of the Roman empire,
A celebrated woman, born in Phoenicia. A. D. 361. Julian then disclosed his reli
She is also called Domna. She applied her gious sentiments, and publicly disavowed
self to the study of geometry and philosophy, the doctrines of Christianity, and offered so
&c. and rendered herself conspicuous, as much lenn sacrifices to all the gods of ancient
by her mental, as by her personal charms. Rome. This change of religious opinion
She came to Rome, where her learning re was attributed to the austerity with which
commended her to all the literati of the age. he received the precepts of Christianity, or,
She married Septimius severus, who, twenty according to others, to the literary conver
years after this matrimonial connection, was sation and persuasive eloquence of some of
invested with the imperial purple. Severus the Athenian philosophers. From this cir
was guided by the prudence and advice of cumstance, therefore, Julian has been called
Julia, but he was blind to her foibles, and .Apostate. After he had made his public en
often punished with the greatest severity try at Constantinople, he determined to con
those vices which were enormous in the em. tinue the Persian war, and check those bar
press. She is even said to have conspired barians who had for .60 years derided the
against the emperor, but she resolved to blot, insolence of the Roman emperors. When he
by patronizing literature, the spots which her had crossed the Tigris, he burned his fleet,
debauchery and extravagance had rendered and advanced with boldness into the enemy's
indelible in the eyes of virtue. Her influ country. His march was that of a conqueror.
ence, after the death of Severus, was for He met with no opposition from a weak and
some time productive of tranquillity and cor indigent enemy; but the country of Assyria
dial union between his two sons and succes had been leſt desolate by the Persians, and
sors. Geta, at last, however, fell a sacrifice Julian, without corn or provisions, was oblig
to his brother Caracalla, and Julia was even ed to retire. As he could not convey his ar.
392
 JU

my again over the streams of the Tigris, he his relation Constantine. It has been observed
took the resolution of marching up the sources of Julian, that, like Caesar, he would employ
of the river, and imitate the bold return of at the same time his hand to write, his ear to
the ten thousand Greeks. As he advanced listen, his eyes to read, and his mind to dic
through the country he defeated the officers tate. [The emperor Julian adopted every
of Sapor, the king of Persia; but an engage means by which, without openly persecuting
ment proved fatal to him, and he received a Christianity, he might degrade it, and cause
deadly wound as he animated his soldiers to its followers to fall into contempt. A philo
battle. He expired the following night, the sopher himself, he believed that there exist
27th of June, A. D. 363, in the 32d year of |ed no surer mode of restoring paganism at
his age. His last moments were spent in a the expense of the new religion, than by
conversation with a philosopher about the im confounding the latter through the means of
mortality of the soul, and he breathed his last a work full of strong arguments, and in
without expressing the least sorrow for his which satire should not be spared. A man
"fate, or the suddenness of his death. Julian's of letters, he wanted not a large portion of
character has been admired by some, and self-complacency and conceit ; and it ap
censured by others; but the malevolence of peared to him that no one was more proper
his enemies arises from his apostacy. As a to be the author of such a work than he who
man and as a monarch he demands our warm
had studied the spirit of the two contending
est commendation, but we must blame his systems of religion, and who had publicly
idolatry and despise his bigoted principles. declared himself the patron of a form of
He was moderate in his successes, merciful worship fast sinking into oblivion, and the
to his enemies, and amiable in his character. enemy of a religion, to the triumph of which
He abolished the luxuries which reigned in the safety and the dignity of his own family
the court of Constantinople, and dismissed appeared so intimately attached. Such, no
with contempt the numerous officers which doubt, were the reasons which induced Ju
waited upon Constantius, to anoint his head lian to enter, the lists against Christianity.
or perfume his body. He was frugal in his He wrote his work during the winter even
meals, and slept little, reposing himself on ings which he spent at Antioch, in the last
a skin spread on the ground. He awoke at year of his life. Surrounded by pagan phi
midnight, and spent the rest of the night in losophers, who expected from this prince
reading or writing, and issued early from his the complete re-establishment of the reli
tent to pay his daily visits to the guard around gion of their fathers, with which in their
the camp. He was not fond of public amuse blindness they connected the renovation of
ments, but rather dedicated his time to study the splendour and power of the Roman em
and solitude. When he passed through An pire, the imperial author was encouraged by
tioch in his Persian expedition, the inhabitants their suffrages, and no doubt aided by their
of the place, offended at his religious senti abilities. Apollinarius of Laodicea repulsed
ments, ridiculed his person, and lampooned the attack of Julian by the arms of reason
him in satirical verses. The emperor made alone ; exposing, in a treatise which he
use of the same arms for his defence, and ra wrote “on Truth,” the dogmas of the hea
ther than destroy his enemies by the sword, then philosophers respecting God, and that,
he condescended to expose them to derision, too, without calling in the aid of the Holy
and unveil their follies and debaucheries in an Scriptures at all. This work of Apollinarius
humorous work, which he called Misopogon, must have been composed in a very short
or beard-hater. He imitated the virtuous ex time aſter the appearance of the emperor's
ample of Scipio and Alexander, and laid no treatise, since Julian appears to have read it
temptation for his virtue by visiting some fe before he quitted Antioch, March 5th, A. D.
male captives that had ſallen into his hands. 363. Julian pretended to contemn his op
In his matrimonial counexions, Julian rather ponent, and wrote to certain bishops of the
consulted policy than inclination, and his mar Church this paltry jeu de nots ; Avryway, sy
riage with the sister of Constantius arose yaw, kattyvoy. “I have read, comprehended,
from his unwillingness to offend his benefac and condemned it.” To this, one of them,
tor rather than to obey the laws of nature. probably 8t. Basil, replied; Aveyrar, axa”
He was buried at Tarsus, and afterwards his oux sywar” tº yze tyvar, cux av xstaywar.
body was conveyed to Contantinople. He dis “Thou hast read, but not comprehended it;
tinguished himself by his writings as well as for if thou hadst comprehended it thou
by his military character. Besides his miso would not have condemned it.” Fifty
pogon he wrote the history of Gaul. He also years, however, elapsed before the work of
wrote two letters to the Athenians; and be Julian was completely refuted by produc.
sides, there are now extant sixty-four letters tions carefully composed, and entering into a
on various subjects. His Caesars is the most detail of the sophisms which had been ad.
famous of all his compositions, being a satire vanced against Christianity and the person
upon all the Roman emperors from J. Caesar of its founder. Either the subject was con
sidered in the interval as completely exhaust
to Constantine. It is written in the form of a
ed, or else the dreadful catastrophe which
dialogue,in which the author severely attacks
the venerable character of M. Aurelius whom terminated the reign of Julian, and which
he had proposed to himself as a pattern, and was viewed as a punishment inflicted by di
speaks in a scurrilous * abusive language of vine vengeance, hadºn:-
caused his writing to
 JU JU

fall into neglect. After the period of time JNantz. It was afterwards called Andecavi.
above alluded to, Philip of Side, St. Cyrill ** name of the people, and is now.in
of Alexandria, and Theodoret, undertook gers. -

the task of completely prostrating the argu Juliopolis, [a city of Galatia. vid. Gor
ments of the Apostate emperor, and it is to dium.]
the work of St. Cyrill that we owe our Jülis, a town of the island of Cos, which
knowledge of a part of that of Julian. gave birth to Simonides, &c. The walls of
From this source we learn that it was divid this city were all marble, and there are now
ed into seven books, each of small extent; some pieces remaining entire above 12 feet
and that the first three bore this title, Ava w in height, as the monuments of its ancient
tgown ray Evºy, salar, “the overthrow of the splendour. Plin. 4, c. 12.
Gospels.” These are the only ones which Julius Cæsar. [vid. Caesar. Agri
St. Cyrill has taken the trouble to refute. cola, a governor of Britain, A. C. 80, who
It is easy to perceive that an adroit Sophist, first discovered that Britain was an island
such as Julian was, could easily give to his by sailing round it. His son-in-law, the histo
work a specious appearance, calculated to rian Tacitus, has written an account of his
impose on weak and shallow minds, especial life. vid. Agricola. Obsequens, a Latin
ly when the author himself was surrounded writer who flourished A. D. 214. The best
with all the adventitious circumstances of edition of his book de prodigiis is that of Ou.
rank and power. The mode adopted by Ju dendorp, 8vo. L. Bat, 1720. [It contains an
lian of appearing to draw his arguments account of all the prodigies observed at
against Christianity from the Scriptures Rome from A.U. 563 to Augustus, or A. U.
themselves, gives an air of candour and cre 743; for that part of the work which em
dibility to a work; but it requires no braced probably the first 5 or 6 centuries is
great acumen to show that Julian either did lost. It is taken in part from Livy, but
not understand, or else affected to misunder there are in it occasionally some histori
stand the doctrines which he combated ; and cal details which are not to be found else
that he has perverted facts, and denied indu where. It is written in a pure style, and one
bitable truths. It was by the aid of the re worthy of the Augustan age. The edition
futation of St. Cyrill, mentioned above, that of Oudendorp was reprinted, with additions,
the Marquis D'Argens undertook in the 18th by Kappius, Cur. Reg. 1772, 8vo.] Ti
century to restore the lost work of Julian. tianus, a writer in the age of Diocletian.
It was published in Greek and French. Had His son became famous for his oratorical
the object of this individual been to manifest
powers, and was made preceptor in the fa
to the world the errors of the Roman apos. mily of Maximinus. Julius wrote a history
tate, and to teach the pretended philosophers
of all the provinces of the Roman empire,
of the day, how little philosophy has to ad.
greatly commended by the ancients. He al
vance that is worthy of reliance, when re so wrote some letters, in which he happily
ligion is the theme, his undertaking would imitated the style and elegance of Cicero,
have been a laudable one. But such was for which he was called the ape of his age.
not the end which the Marquis D'Argens —Africanus, a chronologer, who flourish
had in view. If he did not dare to declare ed A. D. 220.-Constantius, the father of
openly for Julian, he yet could find a thou the emperor Julian, was killed at the acces
sand reasons for excusing his conduct. The sion of the sons of Constantine to the throne,
consequence has been that the French philo and his son nearly shared his fate.—Pollux,
sopher has been completely refuted by two a grammarian of Naupactus in Egypt. [rid.
German scholars, Meier and Crichton, es Pollux.]—Proculus, a Roman, who solemn
pecially the latter. Meier's work was pub ly declared to his countrymen, after Romu
lished at Halle in 1764, and Crichton's at the lus had disappeared, that he had seen him
same place, in 1765.] The best edition of his in an human shape, and that he had or
works is that of Spanheim, fol. Lips. 1696; and dered him to tell the Romans to honour him
ofthe Caesars, that of Heusinger, 8vo. Gothae. as a god. Julius was believed. Plut. in Rom.
1741. Julian.—Socrat.—Eutrop.–.4mm.— —Ovid. Florus. [vid. Florus.] L.
Liban. &c.—A son of Constantine.—A Caesar, a Roman consul, uncle to Antony
maternal uncle of the emperor Julian. A the triumvir, the father of Caesar the dicta
Roman emperor. [vid. Didius.]—A Ro tor. He died as he was putting on his shoes.
man, who proclaimed himself emperor in IULUs, the name of Ascanius, the son of
Italy during the reign of Diocletian, &c. AEneas. [vid. Ascanius.]—A son of Asca.
JULII, a family of Alba, brought to Rome nius, born in Lavinium. In the succession to
by Romulus, where they soon rose to the the kingdom of Alba, AEneas Sylvius, the
greatest honours of the state. J. Caesar and
son of Æneas and Lavinia, was preferred to
Augustus were of this family; and it was him. He was, however, made chief priest.
Dionys. 1–Virg. JEn. 1, v. 271.
said, perhaps through flattery, that they were A son
lineally descended from AEneas, the founderof Antony the triumvir and Fulvia. Írid.
of Lavinium. Antonius Julius.]
Júlio Măgus, [a city of Gaul, the capital JüNIA LEx Sacrala, by L. Junius Brutus,
of the Andecavi, situate on a tributary of the the first tribune of the people, A.U. C. 260.
Liger or Loire, near its junction with that It ordained that the person of the tribune
river, and to the north-east of Namnetes or should be held sacred and inviolable; that
 JU

an appeal might be made from the consuls to ed to the unfortunate house of Priam. Her
the tribune; and that no senator should be severities to Alcmena, luo, Athamas, Semele,
able to exercise the office of a tribune. An &c. are also well known. Juno had some child
other, passed A. U. C. 627, which ordered ren by Jupiter. According to Hesiod, she was
all foreigners to leave the city without delay. mother of Mars, Hebe, and Ilithya, or Luci
Another, [passed A. U. C. 771, that na; and besides these, she brought forth
all persons freed by the less formal mode Vulcan, without having any commerce with
of manumission should not obtain the full the other sex, but only by smelling a certain
rights of Roman citizens, but remain in the plant. This was in imitation of Jupiter, who
condition of the Latins who were transplant had produced Minerva from his brain. Ac
ed to colonies.] cording to others, it was not Vulcan, but
JUN1Us D. Silanus, a Roman who commit Mars, or Hebe, whom she brought forth in
ted adultery with Julia, the grand-daughter this manner, and this was after eating some
of Augustus, &c. Tacit. Ann. 3, c. 24. lettuces at the table of Apollo. The daily
Brutus. [vid. Brutus.] and repeated debaucheries of Jupiter at last
Jºno, a celebrated deity among the an provoked Juno to such a degree, that she re
cients, daughter of Saturn and Ops. She was tired to Euboea and resolved for ever to for
sister to Jupiter, Pluto, Neptune, Vesta, Ce sake his bed. Jupiter procured a reconcilia
res, &c. She was born at Argos, or, accord tion, after he had applied to Cithaeron for ad
ing to others, in Samos, and was intrusted to vice, and after he had obtained forgiveness by
the care of the Seasons, or, as Homer and fraud and artifice. [vid. Daedala.] This recon
Ovid mention, to Oceanus and Tethys. Some ciliation, however cordial it might appear,
of the inhabitants of Argolis supposed that was soon dissolved by new offences; and to
she had been brought up by the three daugh. stop the complaints of the jealous Juno, Jupi
ters of the river Asterion; and the people of ter had often recourse to violence and blows.
Stymphalus, in Arcadia, maintained that she He even punished the cruelties which she
had been educated under the care of Temenus, had exercised upon his son Hercules, by sus
the son of Pelasgus. Juno was devoured by pending her from the heavens by a golden
Saturn, according to some mythologists; and, chain, and tying a heavy anvil to her feet.
according to Apollodorus, she was again re Vulcan was punished for assisting his mother
stored to the world by means of a potion in this degrading situation, and he was kicked
which Metis gave to Saturn, to make him down from heaven by his father, and broke
give up the stone which his wife had given his leg by the fall. This punishment rather
him to swallow instead of Jupiter. [vid. Sa irritated than pacified Juno. She resolved to
turnus.] Jupiter was not insensible to the revenge it, and she engaged some of the gods
charms of hissister : and the more powerfully to conspire against Jupiter and to imprison
to gain her confidence, he changed himself into him, but Thetis delivered him from this con
a cuckoo, and raised a great storm, and made spiracy, by bringing to his assistance the fa
the air unusually chill and cold. Under this mous Briareus. Apollo and Neptune were
form he went to the goddess, all shivering. banished from heaven for joining in the con
Juno pitied the cuckoo and took him into her spiracy, though some attribute their exile to
bosom. When Jupiter had gained these ad different causes. The worship of Juno was
vantages, he resumed his original form, and universal, and even more than that of Jupiter,
obtained the gratification of his desires, after according to some authors. Her sacrifices
he had made a solemn promise of marriage to were offered with the greatest solemnity.
his sister. The nuptials of Jupiter and Juno She was particularly worshipped at Argos,
were celebrated with the greatest solemnity : Samos, Carthage, and afterwards at Rome.
the gods, all mankind, and all the brute crea The ancients generally offered on her altars
tion, attended. Chelone, a young woman, an ewe lamb and a sow the first day of
was the only one who refused to come, and every month. No cow was ever immolated
who derided the ceremony. For this impie to her, because she assumed the nature
ty, Mercury changed her into a tortoise, and of that animal when they went into Egypt
condemned her to perpetual silence ; from in their war with the giants. Among the
which circumstance the tortoise has always birds, the hawk, the goose, and particularly
been used as a symbol of silence among the the peacock, often called Junonia aris, rid.
ancients. By her marriage with Jupiter, Juno Argus, were sacred to her. The dittany,
became the queen of all the gods, and mistress the poppy, and the lily, were her favourite
of heaven and earth. Her conjugal happiness, flowers. The latter flower was originally of
however, was frequently disturbed by the the colour of the crocus ; but, when Jupiter
numerous amours of her husband, and she placed Hercules to the breasts of Juno while
showed herself jealous and inexorable in the asleep, some of the milk fell down upon earth,
highest degree. Her severity to the mistress and changed the colour of the lilies from pur
es and illegitimate children of her husband ple to a beautiful white. . Some of the milk
was unparalleled. She persecuted Hercules also dropped in that part of the heavens which
and his descendants with the most inveterate from its whiteness, still retains the name of
fury; and her resentment against Paris, who the milky way, lactea via. As Jung's power
had given the golden apple to Venus in pre was extended over all the gods, she often made
use ofThe
ference to herself, was the cause of the Tro ger. the goddess
goddess Minerva as herwhº
Iris, however, messen
the
jan war, and of all the miseries which happen ---
 JU JU

one most commonly employed. Her temples According to Varro, there were no less than
were numerous, the most famous of which 300 persons of that mame; Diodorus mentiºns
were at Argos, Olympia, &c. At Rome no two ; and Cicero three, two of Arcadia. and
woman ofdebauched character was permitted one of Crete. To that of Crete, who passed
to enter her temple, or even to touch it. The for the son of Saturn and Ops, the actions ºf
surnames of Juno are various; they are de the rest have been attributed. According to
rived either from the function, or things over the opinion of the mythologists, Jupiter was
which she presided, or from the place where saved from destruction by his mother, and in
her worship was established. She was the trusted to the care of the Corybantes. Sa
queen of the heavens; she protected cleanli. turn, who had received the kingdom of the
ness, and presided over marriage and child world from his brother Titan on condition of
birth, and particularly patronized the most not raising male children, devoured all his
faithful and virtuous of her sex, and severely sons as soon as born ; but Ops, offended at her
punished incontinence and lewdness in ma husband's cruelty, secreted Jupiter, and gave
trons. She was the goddess of all power and a stone to Saturn, which he devoured on the
empire, and she was also the patroness of supposition that it was a male child. Jupiter
riches. She is represented sitting on a throne was educated in a cave on Mount Ida in Crete,
with a diadem on her head, and a golden scep and fed upon the milk of the goat Amalthaea,
tre in her right hand. Some peacocks gene or upon honey according to others. He re
rally sat by her, and a cuckoo often perched ceived the name of Jupiter, quasijucanspa
on her sceptre, while Iris behind her displayed ter. [vid, the end of this article.] His cries
the thousand colours of her beautiful rainbow. were drowned by the noise of cymbals and
She is sometimes carried through the air in a drums, which the Corybantes beat at the ex
rich chariot drawn by peacocks. The Roman press command of Ops. [rud. Corybantes.]
consuls, when they entered upon office were As soon as he was a year old, Jupiter found
always obliged to offer her a solemn sacrifice. himself sufficiently strong to make war
The Juno of the Romans was called Matrona against the Titans, who had imprisoned his
or Romana. She was generally represented father because he had brought up male child
as veiled from head to foot, and the Roman ren. The Titans were conquered, and Sa
matrons always imitated this manner of dress turn set at liberty by the hands of his son.
ing themselves, and deemed it indecent in Saturn, however, soon after, apprehensive
any married woman to leave any part of her of the power of Jupiter, conspired against his
body but her face uncovered. She has receiv life, and was for this treachery driven from
ed the surname of Olympia, Samia, Lacedae his kingdom, and obliged to fly for safety into
monia, Argiva, Telchinia, Candrena, Rescin Latium. Jupiter, now become the sole mas
thes, Prosymna, Imbrasia, Acrea, Cithaero ter of the empire of the world, divided it
nia, Bunea, Ammonia, Fluonia, Anthea, with his brothers. He reserved for himself
Migale, Gemelia, Tropeia, Boopis, Teleia, the kingdom of heaven, and gave the empire of
Zera, Egophage, Hyperchinia, Juga, Ilith the sea to Neptune, and that of the infernal re
yia, Lucina, Pronuba, Caprotina, Mena, gions to Pluto. The peaceful beginning of
Pupulonia, Lacinia, Sospita, Moneta, Curis, his reign was soon interrupted by the rebel
Domiduca, Februa, Opigenia, &c. Cic. de lion of the giants, who were sons of the earth,
JNat. D. 2.- Paus. 2, &c.—Apollod. 1, 2, 3.-- and who wished to revenge the death of their
.4pollon. 1. Argon.—Hom. Il. 1, &c.—Pirg. relations the Titans. They were so powerful
JEn. 1, &c.—Herodot. 1, 2, 4, &c.—Sil. 1.- that they hurled rocks, and heaped up moun
Dionys. Hal. 1.—Liv. 23, 24, 27, &c.—Ovid. tains upon mountains, to scale heaven, so that
JMet. 1, &c. Fast. 5.—Plut. quaest. Rom.—Ti all the gods to avoid their fury fled to Egypt,
bull. 4, el. 13.−Athen. 15.—Plin. 34. where they escaped from the danger by as
JUNONALIA and JUNONIA, festivals at suming the form of different animals. Jupiter,
Rome in honour of Juno, the same as the He however, animated them, and by the assistance
º
C, ºf .
the Greeks. [vid. Hera’a.] Liv. 27, of Hercules, he totally overpowered the gi
gantic race, which had proved such tremen
JUNONEs, a name of the protecting genii dous enemies. [vid. Gigantes.] Jupiter, now
of the women among the Romans. They gene freed from every apprehension, gave himself
rally swore by them, as the men by their ge up to the pursuit of pleasures. He married
nii. There were altars often erected to their Metis, Themis, Euronyme, Ceres, Mnemo
honour. Plin. 2, c. 7.—Seneca, ep. 110. syne, Latona, and Juno. [vid, Juno-] He
Junonia, [one of the Canary islands or became a Proteus to gratify his passions.
Insula Fortunatae. It is now Palma.] A He introduced himself to Danae in a show
name , which Gracchus gave to Cárthage er of gold, he corrupted Antiope in the form
when he went with 6000 Romans to rebuildit. of a satyr, and Leda in the form of a swan.
JunonigºNA, a surname of Vulcan as son He became a bull to seduce Europa, and he
of Juno. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 173. enjoyed the company of Ægina in the form
Junºnis PhomontoRiuM, [a promontory of a flame of fire. He assumed the habit of
of Spain, on the Atlantic side of the Straits of Diana to corrupt Callisto, and became Am
Gibraltar. It is now Cape Trafalgar.] phitryon to gain the affections of Alcmena.
[Junonis insulae. rid. Erythia.] His children were also numerous as well as
Jürtteh, the most powerful of all the gods his mistresses. According to Apollodorus, 1.
ºf the ancients. [vid, the end of this article.] c. 3, he was father of the Seasons, Irene, En
 JU JU

nomia, the Fates, Clotho, Lachesis, and Atro turn, and having overthrown the Titans
pos, by Themis; of Venus, by Dione; of the and Giants, determined to make his subjects
Graces, Aglaia, Euphrosyne, and Thalia, by appy. He became possessed in the course
Euronyme, the daughter of Oceanus; of Pro of time of a vast empire, which he divided
serpine, by Styx; of the nine Muses, by Mne into different viceroyalties. Atlas governed
mosyne, &c. (rid. Niobe, Laodamia, Pyrrha, the frontiers of Africa; Pluto was appointed
Protogenia, Electra, Maia, Seinele, &c.) The governor of the west, of Gaul and of Spain;
worship of Jupiter was universal ; he was the which command was trusterred, on his death,
Ammon of the Africans, the Belus of Baby. to Mercury. Mercury having greatly sig
lon, the Osiris of Egypt, &c. His surnames malized himself became the great deity of the
were numerous, many of which he received Celtae Neptune was ruler of the maritime
from the place or function over which he pre forces of this mighty empire, while Jupiter
sided. He was severally called Jupiter Fere. reserved for his own controuſ, Greece, the
trius, Inventor, Elicius, Capitolinus, Latial s,stes of the Archipelago, together with that
Pistor, Sponsor, Herceus, Anxurus, Victor, art of Asia whence his progenitors came.
Maximus, Optimus, Olympius, Fluvialis, &c. According to Hesiod, he was seven times
The worship of Jupiter surpassed that of the married, and the last of his wives was nam
other gods in solemnity. His altars were not, ed Juno. He is said to have lived to the
like those of Saturn and Diana, stained with age of 120 years, during 62 of which he reign
the blood of human victims, but he was de ed. and to have been buried in Crete, where
lighted with the sacrifice of goats, sheep, and his tomb was for a long time shown near
white bulls. The oak was sacred to him be Gnossus, with this epitaph, “Here lies Zan,
cause he first taught mankind to live upon who was called Jupiter.” Banier reckons
acorus. He is generally represented as sitting his reign to have begun B. C. 1842, and to
upon a golten or ivory throne, holding in one have terminated B. C. 1780. Thus far the
haud, thunderbolts, just ready to be hurled, explanation of modern mythologists. Un
and, in the other, a sceptre of cypress. His fortunately for this solution, the foundation
looks express majesty, his beard flows long on which it rests appears to be entirely vi
and oeglected, and the eagle stands with ex sionary. The Cretans were notorious in
panded wings at his feet. He is sometimes the ancient world for their propensity to
represented with the upper parts of his body falsehood. They were openly stigmatized
naked, and those below the waist carefully by the advoc ites and supporters of the pa
covered, as if to show that he is visible to the an system of belief, for their utter disregard
gods above, but that he is concealed from the of truth, in affirming that Jupiter reigned
sight of the inhabitants of the earth. Jupi over them prior to his Apotheosis, and in
ter had several oracles, the most celebrated showing strangers the tomb where the re
of which were at Dodona, and Ammon in nains of this deified mortal reposed, to the
Lybia. As Jupiter was the king and father great scandal of all true believers. To this
of gods and men, his power was extended trait in the character of his countrymen,
over the deities, and every thing was subser Epimenides, as quoted by St. Paul, (1 Titus,
vient to his will, except the Fates. From him 12.) directly alludes when he says Kºntec
mankind received their blessings and their as Jºurtzt, “ The Cretans are always lars.”
miseries, and they looked upon him as ac As he passed for a prophet among them, they
quainted with every thing past, present, and dared not contradict his assertion. Let us
future. He was represented at Olympia with uow consider the subject in its etymological
a crown like olive branches, his mantle was relations. The name Jupiter, as Salmasius
variegated with different flowers, particu observes, is not directly derived from the
larly by the lily, and the eagle perched on the Greek Zev rateg, but is formed in imitation
top of the sceptre which he held in his hand. of it, the oblique cases coming from Zevº,
The Cretans represented Jupiter without with a change of & into j, as jugum from
ears, to signify that the sovereign master of <vyor. The primitive Greeks appear to have
the world ought not to give a partial ear to called the Deity by a name of oriental origin,
any particular person, but be equally candid Zsus; or rather, according to the Doric form
and propilious to all. At Lacedaemon he ap ºf speech, X4ave ; and, according to the AFolic,
peared with four heads, that he might seem Atwº, whence the Latin Deus. As regards
to hear with greater readiness the different his variation in dialect it may be observed,
prayers and solicitations which were daily that the letter Z was, as is well known, no
poured to him from every part of the earth. other than XA, or AX. expressed by one cha
It is said that Minerva came all armed racter; and, in the refinement of the lan
from his brains when he ordered Vulcan to guage and variation of dialects, the X was
open his head. [According to most mythºl - frequently dropped, as appears from the ve
gists, the fable of Jupiter is to be explaine. ry ancient medals of Zanclé in Sicily, inscrib
by the history of an ancient monarch, or ra ed AAN KAE. In the genuine parts, moreo
ther by that of several princes who bore th , er, of the Iliad and Odyssey, there is no in
appellation, the best known of whom was a tance of a vowel continuing short before
king of Crete, whose history is filled with AEox, AEINox, AE1An, &c.; so that the
the adventures of the rest. Jupiter of Crete, tial was originally a double conson*:
say the expounders of ancient fable, hav robably XA; which at first became *. and
 JU JU

bards has preserved the double time in the frthe second great period in the religion oi
utterance. We have said above that the Greece, was the empire of Kronos. Human
name Zevº, i. e. Atvº, is of Oriental origin. worship consisted no longer in the mere con
It appears in fact to be only a varied form templative adoration of the heavens and the
of the term Auc, which in the old Persian de. splendid luminaries which moved on high;
noted “the Heavens,” as Herodotus (1,131.) but the universe was divided into distinct
informs us. In the mythology of India, the and separate existences, and the gods of the
lord of the air is styled Diwespiter, as in that earlier mythology, with altered appellations,
of the Latins, Diespiter. (Horat. Carm. 1. became blended with this new creation of ce
34, 5.-Varro L. L. 4, 10–Gellius. 5, 12.) lestial intelligences. This was a change from
This name comes in the latter language the eternal heavens to what was compa
from dies and pater ; and dies, “day,” i.e ratively temporal, and hence it was styled
the light of heaven, will come from the Ori the empire of Kronos, (a name importing
ental dus, “the heavens,” whence the expres. “ time,” xgover). In other words, mythology
sion in Latin, Sub duo, “beneath the sky.” now assumed a physical character. The off
Again, from the Oriental Dis, or perhaps a spring of Kronos were, Zeus (the upper
form of it more nearly analogous to Avº, ap regions of the atmosphere, Aether.) Here
pears to have been derived the Egyptian (Juno, the lower regions of the atmosphere,
Theuth or Thoth. Of the same origin ap .4er;) Poseidon (Neptune, the waters of the
pears to be the Gothic Thiut, “good,” sea;) Hestia (Vesta, the earth ;) Demeter
whence the term good itself is no doubt to (Ceres, the surface of the earth, the nourish
be deduced, and from this last, God. In like ing mother;) Proserpina (the corn shooting
manner eiz: may be regarded as a derivative forth from the surface, seges proserpens;)
from Theuth. The Greeks, however, ignor Hades (the invisible place, the under-world).
ant of its Oriental origin, sought to discover The third period is the reign of Zeus, or
a source for it in their own tongue. Hence Jupiter. The dethronement of Saturn by
they either derived it from Osa, “I run," in Jupiter is merely a figurative mode of ex
reference to the perpetual motion of the sun pressing that the system of religion just de
and stars, with which the deity was con tailed was superseded by a later one. In the
founded ; or from esq., “I place,” from his progressive refinement of the human mind,
placing in order the universe. The first of an attempt was made to reconcile and blend
these derivations, fanciful as they both are, together the two earlier systems of Uranus
and Kronos. To the worship of the mere
bears a curious resemblance to the probable natural
origin of the Greek term asgowal, “I wor. divisions of the universe were now
ship,” which points te Sabaism, or the wor attempted to be joined feelings of a contem
ship of the heavenly bodies, as the early re plative and more elevated character. Zeus,
ligious system of Greece. The primitive re the Aether, became the supreme deity, who
ligion of the Greeks may be divided into not only manifested his power, in a physical
four distinct periods. 1. The empire of Uran sense, by Thunder and Lightning, but like
us: 2. that of Kronos: 3. that of Jupiter : wise, in a moral sense, by Wisdom (Metis)
and 4. that of Dionysus or Bacchus. Dur and Justice (Themis). The twin-children
ing the first of these periods, the heavens which Jupiter begat by Leto (Latona, i. e.
were the object of human worship and con concealment, night.) were Apollo or Phoe
templation, Uranus being nothing more than bus, and Artemis or Diana, originally the
the Greek Ovezvot, “heaven.” Hence the Sun and Moon, (in the kingdom of Uranus,
early Greek religion appears to have been Koios and Phoebe). The first of these now
nothing else but Sabaism. This is confirm denoted the male or generating, the second,
ed by the fact of the Titans being nearly all the female or producing, principle. In the
personifications of the heavenly bodies. Thus gradual developement of this idea, Apol
Hyperion implies “ the one who moves on lo, or the Sun, the creative, animating, sup
high,” i.e. the Son; and the Latin poets fre porting and nourishing principle of our system,
quently put Titan for the sun, as also Orpheus was represented in poetic imagery as the god
in his Argonautics, v.510. Koios imports “the of poetry, of music, of medicine, of prophecy,
one who burns ;” he is the father of Asteria, and as feeding in the character of a shepherd
(a wºrng, “a star,”) and the husband of Pharbe, the flocks of Admetus. Artemis, or Diana,
i.e. “the bright-shining.” Krios means “ the on the other hand, as the Moon, (whose
ram," i. e. Aries, one of the constellations of course through the heavens regulated, the
the zodiac; his sons are, Pallas, “he that months of the early lunar year, and whose
influence was regarded by the ancients, in
moves to and fro;” Perses, “he whodestroys,” common with that of the Sun, as one of the
alluding perhaps to the inauspicious influ
eace of the dog-star; and Astraeos, of the same fertilizing principles of nature, and as exert
derivative origin with the term Astrala. ed chiefly amid woods and wilds, at a dis
The prevalence of Sabaism among the early tance from the habitations of men,) became
Greeks is also distinctly pointed out by the with the poets the aiding and help-bringing
etymology of the word arrng, “a star,” which goddess, she who presided over child-birth,
appears to be only an abbreviation, in fact, (the period of gestation in the womb be
of the term Astarte, the famed Syrian god ing computed by a certain number of revo
lutions of the moon) and the goddess also of
dess, “ the queen of heaven,” as she is styled the chase. Heré, (Juno) the majestic, pow
 JU
erful, but quick tempered and unattractive
wife of Jove, as symbolical of the powerful,
stormy, and mutable nature of the atmos
phere, serves as a connecting link between
what is etherial and what is earthly. In a mo
ral sense she was emblematic of the extermal
might of Jupiter, while Pallas or Minerva
represented his internal might, that is, his
wisdom and creative energies. Hence the
nature of Pallas, a lofty, high-minded, pure
virgin, sprung into being from the brain of
the father of the Gods. The external might
of Jupiter was next considered as subdivid
ing itelf into two separate classes, with re
ference to the distinctive qualities of manhood
and womanhood, becoming in the former case,
wild and lawless might, in the latter female
grace and loveliness: hence, in accordance
with the best mythological authorities, Jupi
ter and Juno became the parents of Mars and
of Venus. Jupiter having produced Pallas
of himself, the jealous Juno, desirous of ma
mifesting her own individual power, became
the mother of Hephaestus, (Vulcan, the sym
bol of fire) by merely smelling of a certain
plant. But external might, acting by itself,
without any controuling law (i. e. without
Jupiter) and in direct opposition to the dic
tates of wisdom (i.e. Juno being jealous of
the origin and existence of Pallas) can only
produce what is deformed and worthy of be
ing ridiculed. Hence the personal defects
of Vulcan, and hence too, partaking of the
changeable nature of his mother, although
not possessing himself a perfect form, he can
represent all forms by the powers of his art.
In other words, the air produced from itself
the elementary fire. Being an artist, Vulcan
naturally seeks for beauty (Venus) whom he
espouses, but who, loathing his person, prefers
the embraces of the god Mars; in other words,
female beauty and loveliness find their most
natural and congenial union with the highest
graces of manhood. The agent, attendant,
and messenger of the gods in the kingdom
of Jupiter is Mercury, a son of Jupiter and
Maia, for speech is the offspring of the divi
nity, and when applied to earthly things
changes into eloquence. Maia, in Sanscrit,
denotes “delusion, deceiving:” hence Mercu
ry became the god of eloquence, of traffic,
and even of thieves. The fourth and last
period of which we have to treat is the em
pire of Dionysus or Bacchus. Men regard
ed no longer with the same exclusive rever
ence the mere external representations and
symbols of deity; religion began to assume
more of an ideal character, and mythology
became, in a great degree, converted into
mysticism. This state of things took its rise
when the poetical systems of the pagan faith
had yielded to the more philosophical dog
mas of the later Pythagoreans and Platonists.
It was not, however, in fact the production of
these times themselves, but the revival of a
dormant principle of the earlier religion of vated parts of the chain are the Dole, 5082
Greece, and its component elements appear feet above the level of the sea; the Mont
to have been the mythology or popular system Tendre, 5170, and the Reculet, (the summit
JU
prevalent, and the philosophical religion, or
mystic system, of an earlier age. It is more
than probable that the Greeks received both
of these constituent elements of their religion
from the countries of the east. The latter
seems to have come from India by the way of
the Caspian Sea, and thence through Thrace.
Their mythology, or symbolical and popular
religion, must have been derived immediately
from Egypt, in which country Sabaism had
been carried to such an extent as to have be
come material in its nature, and to have
changed into an animal-worship, taking its
rise from the constellations of the zodiac, and
into what may be termed a calender-religion.
The imaginative and poetic spirit of the
Greeks converted these animal into grace
ful human forms; but the animals which ac
company the statues of the Gre ian deities,
as the owl of Minerva, the eagle of Jupiter,
the peacock of Juno, &c. clearly point to the
existence of an animal worship in earlier
times. Hence may be explained the remark
of Herodotus where he makes the names of
the Grecian divinities partly Egyptian and
partly Pelasgic. As regards the northern or
Thracian origin of a part of the religion of
the Greeks, it may be observed that it was in
Thrace the Muses first showed themselves;
and it was from this same country that a tra
dition which loses itself in the .most remote
antiquity, makes to have come the mysteries,
a part of their religion entirely national, as
well as their sacred poetry. All appears
plain if we assume as a fact that the Pelasgi
were a sacerdotal race, and a people who
came from the north. The mountains of
Thessaly, Olympus, Helicon, Parnassus and
Pindus, were the sanctuaries of this sacred
poetry. There the lyre and harp were invent
ed. In Thessaly and in Boeotia, two provin
ces which, in after days, were so barren of
men of genius, there is not a brook, not a
river, not a hill, not even a forest, to which
poetry has not attached some enchanting or
moving recollection. There flowed the glas
sy waters of the Peneus, there was the vale
of Tempe, there Apollo, banished from the
skies, shrouded the glories of his godhead,
and lived as a shepherd in the midst of a hap
py race, and there too the Titans warred with
the divinities of Olympus.] Paus. 1, 2, &c.
—Liv. 1, 4, 5, &c.—Diod. 1 and 3.- Homer.
Il. 1, 5, &c. Od. 1, 4, &c.—Hymn, ad. Jov.—
Orpheus.-Callimac. Jov.–Pindar. Olymp.
1, 3, 5.—Apollon. 1, &c.—Hesiod. Theog. in
Scut.—Herc. Oper. et Dies –Lycophron. in
Cass.- Virg. JEn. 1, 2, &c. G. 3.-Ovid.
.Met. 1, fab. &c.—Horat. 3, od. 1, &c.
Jura, [a chain of mountains, which, ex
tending from the Rhodanus or Rhone, to the
Rhenus or Rhine, separating Helvetia from
the territory of the Sequani. The name is
said to be in Celtic, Jou-rag, and to signify
the domain of God or Jupiter. The most ele
of the Thoiry) 5196.] . Caes. G. 1, c. 2.
 JU JU

Justinus M. JUNIANUs, a Latin historian it is thought by some that he had him in view
in the age of Antoninus, who epitomized the when he says, “we possess at the present day
history of Trogus Pompeius. This epitome, some distinguished ones, who will be named
according to some traditions, was the cause hereafter.” It was under Trajan that he
that the comprehensive work of Trogus was wrote most of bis satires. The 13th and 15th
lost. [rid. remarks under the article Trogºs were composed under Adrian. At this period
Pompeius.] It comprehends the history of he recited his works in public and gained
the Assyrian, Persian, Grecian, Macedonian. universal applause. In the 7th, however,
and Roman empires, &c in a neat and ele where mention is made of Paris, Adrian
gant style. It is replete with many judicious thought that a favourite comedian of his was
reflections, and animated harangues ; but the aimed at, and under the pretence of confer
author is often too credulous, and sometimes ring an honour upon the aged satirist, named
examines events too minutely, while others him prefect of a legion stationed at Syene in
are related only in a few words too of en ob Upper Egypt. According to others he was
scure. The indecency of many of his ex sent to Pentapolis in Africa; according to a
pressions is deservedly censured. The best third account, to one of the Oases, an ordina
editions of Justin are that of Ab. Gronovius, ry abode of exiles. He died there a few
8vo. L. Bat 1719, that of Hearne, 8vo. Oxon. years after. We have 16 of his satires re
1703, and that of Barbou, 12mo. Paris, 1770. maining. In some editions they are divided
Martyr, a Greek father, formerly a Pla into five books, of which the first contains
tonic philosopher, born in Palestine. He five satires; the second, one; the third, three;
died in Egypt, and wrote two apologies for the fourth, as many; and the fifth, the last
the Christians, besides his dialogue with a four.] Juvenal was then in the 80th year of
Jew, two treatises, &c. in a plain and una his age. His writings are fiery and ani
dormed style. The best editions of Justin. inated, and they abound with humour. He
Martyr are that of Paris, fol. 1742. [Of his is particularly severe upon the vice and dissi
first apology that of Grabe, Oxon. 1700, in pation of the age he lived in; but the gross
8vo. and of his second that of Hutchin, Oxon. and indecent manner in which he exposes to
1703; of his dialogue with Tryphon, that of ridicule the follies of mankind, rather encou
Jebb, Lond. 1719.]—An emperor of the east rages than disarms the debauched and licen
who reigned nine years, and died A. D. 526. tious. He wrote with acrimony against all his
Another, who died A. D. 564, after a adversaries, and whatever displeased or offend
reign of 38 years. ed him was exposed to his severest censure.
JutunNA, a sister of Turnus, king of the It is to be acknowledged that Juvenal is far
Rutuli. She heard with contempt the ad Inore correct than his contemporaries, a cir
dresses of Jupiter, or, according to others, cumstance which some have attributed to his
she was not unfavourable to his passion, so judgment and experience, which were uncom
that the god rewarded her love with im monly mature, as his satires were the produc
mortality. She was afterwards changed into tions of old age. He may be called, and with
a fountain of the sane name near the Numi reason, perhaps, the last of the Roman poets.
cus, falling into the Tiber. The waters of After him poetry decayed, and nothing more
that fountain were used in sacrifices, and par claims our attention as a perfect poetical com
ticularly in those of Vesta. They had the position. The best editions are those of Ca
power to heal diseases. P'arro de L. L. 1, saubon, 4to. L. Bat. 1695, with Persius, and
c. 10.—Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 708. l. 2, v. 585.- of Hawkey, Dublin, 12mo. 1746, and of Gra:-
Wirg. En. 12, v. 139—Cic. Cluent. 36. vius cum notis variorum, 8vo. L. Bat. 1684.
Juvenilis, Decius Junius, a poet born at | By far the best edition now is that of Ruper
Aquinum in Italy. He came early to Rome. ti, Lips. 1819, 2 vols. 8vo.]
and passed some time in declaiming ; after Juvent.As or Juventus, a goddess at
which he applied himself to write satires, 16 Rome, who presided over youth and vigour.
of which are extant. He spoke with viru She is the same as the Hebe of the Greeks,
lence against the partiality of Nero for the and represented as a beautiful nymph, arrayed
pantonime Paris, and though all his satire in variegated garments. Lir. 5, c. 54, 1.21, c.
and declamation were pointed against this 62, l. 36, c. 36.—Ovid. er Pont. 1, ep. 9, v. 12.
ruling favourite of the emperor, yet Juve Juver NA. [vid. Ierne.]
mal lived in security during the reign of Ne Ixion, a king of Thessaly, son of Phlegas,
ro. After the death of Nero, the effects or, according to Hyginus, of Leontes, or, ac
of the resentment of Paris were severely cording to Diodorus, of Antion by Perimela,
felt, and the satirist was sent by Domitian daughter of Amythaon. He married Dia,
as governor on the frontiers of Egypt. [This daughter of Eioneus or Deioneus, and promis
is incorrect. Juvenal composed his first satire ed his father-in-law a valuable present for the
in the reign of Domitian : it was directed choice he had made of him to be his daughter's
against a comedian named Paris, an individual husband. His unwillingness, however, to ful
all powerful u der that prince. Juvenal, fil his promises, obliged Deioneus to have re
however, did not dare to publish his produc course to violence to obtain it, and he stole
tions until a long time after this. Thus Quin away some of his horses. Ixion concealed his
tilian, who wrote his Institutes of the orator resentment under the mask of friendship ; he
in the year 92 of our era, makes no mention invited his father-in-law to a feast at Larissa.
of Juvenal among the Latin satirists, though the capital of his kingdom, and when Denoue
 LA l, A

us was come according to the appointment, he
threw him into a pit which he had previously
filled with wood and burning coals. This
premeditated treachery so irritated the neigh
bouring prince, that all of them refused to
perform the usual ceremony, by which a
man was then purified of murder, and Ixion
was shunned and despised by all mankind.
Jupiter had compassion upon him, and he
carried him to heaven, and introduced him
at the tables of the gods. Such a favour,
which ought to have awakened gratitude
in Ixion, served only to inflame his lust;
he became enamoured of Juno, and attempted
to seduce her. Juno was willing to gratify the
passion of Ixion, though, according to others,
she informed Jupiter of the attempts which
had been made upon her virtue. Jupiter made
a cloud in the shape of Juno, and carried it
|meet Juno. Ixion was caught in the snare,
land from his embrace with the cloud, he had
the Centaurs, or, according to others, Centau
rus. [vid. Centauri.] Jupiter, displeased
with the insolence of Ixion, banished him from
heaven; but when he heard that he had seduc
ed Juno, the god struck him with his thun.
der, and ordered Mercury to tie him to a
wheel in hell which continually whirls round.
The wheel was perpetually in motion, there
fore the punishment of lxion was eternal.
Duod. 4.—Hygin. ſab.62–1°indar. 2. Pyth. 2.
—Wirg. G. 4, v. 484.—.En. 6, v. 601.-Ovid.
| .Met. 12, v. 210 and 333.-Philoslr. Ic. 2, c. 3.
—Lactant. in Th. 2. One of the Heracli
dae, who reigned at Corinth for 57 or 37
years. He was son of Alethes.
Ixionid Es, the patronymic of Pirithous, soIl
of Ixion. Propert. 2, el. 1, v. 38. -

to the place where Ixion had appointed to

——r -

LA LA
LABARUM, [the banner or standard borne modern city of Scutari or Iseodar, the ancient
before the Roman emperors in war. It con Scodra.] Liv. 44, c. 31, 1.45, c. 26.
sisted of a long lance or pike, with a staff at Lāb Eo, Antistius, a celebrated lawyer in
the top crossing it at right angles, from which the age of Augustus, whose views he opposed,
hung a rich streamer of a purple colour adorn and whose offers of the consulship he refused.
ed with precious stones, and curiously in His works are lost. He was wont to enjoy
wrought with the images of the reigning the company and conversation of the learned
monarch and his children. Until the time of for six months, and the rest of the year was
Constantine this standard had an eagle paint spent in writing and composing... [He wrote
ed upon it, but that emperor introduced in lieu a number of books, chiefly relating to Juris
of it a mysterious monogram at once expres prudence. Aulus Gellius refers frequently to
sive of the figure of the cross and the two ini the commentaries of Labeo, on the twelve ta
tial letters of the names of Christ. vid. Con bles, vid. Antistius.] His father, of the same
stantine. The safety of the Labarum was name, was one of Caesar's murderers. He
entrusted to 50 guards of approved valour killed himself at the battle of Philippi. Ho
and fidelity, their station was marked by ho race, 1, Stat. 3, v. 32, has unjustly taxed him
nours and emoluments, and some fortunate with insanity, because no doubt he inveighed
accidents soon introduced the opinion that as against his patron. Appian. ..]ler. 4.—Suet.
long as the guards of the Labarum were en in Aug. 45. A tribune of the people at
gaged in the execution of their office, they Rome, who condemned the censor Metellus
were secure and invulnerable amid the darts to be thrown down from the Tarpeian rock,
of the enemy. The name is derived by some because he had expelled him from the senate.
from labor, by some from oxa Catz, reverence, This rigorous sentence was stopped by the
by some from x24%aysty, to take, and by some interference of another of the tribunes.—Q.
from aa ºver, spoils. The form of the Laba Fabius, a Roman consul, A. U. C. 571, who
rum and monogram may be seen on the me obtained a naval victory over the fleet of the
dals of the Flavian family.] Cretans. He assisted Terence in composing
LAbd Acides, a name given to QEdipus, as his comedies, according to some.—Actius,
descended from Labdacus. an obscure poet who recommended himself to
LABDA cus, a son of Polydorus by Nycteis, the favour of Nero by an incorrect translation
the daughter of Nycteus, king of Thebes. of Homer into Latin. The work is lost, and
His father and mother died during his child only this curiðus line is preserved by an old
hood, and he was left to the care of Nycteus, scholiast, Perseus, 1, v.4, Crudum mandu
who at his death left his kingdom in the hands cus Priamum, Pruomique Pisinnos.
of Lycus, with orders to restore it to Labda LABERIUs, J. Decimus, a Roman knight ſa
cus as soon as of age. He was father to Laius. mous for his poetical talents in writing panto
It is unknown whether he ever sat on the mimes. J. Caesar, in the height of his power,
throne of Thebes. According to Statius his urged him to act one of his characters on the
father's name was Phoenix. His descendants stage. The poet consented with great reluc
were called Labdaeides. Stat. Theb. 6, v. tance, but he showed his resentment during
451.--Apollod. 3, c. 5.-Paus. 2, c. 6, 1.9, the acting of the piece, by throwing severe
c. 5. aspersions upon J. Caesar, by warning the *-
LabEAlis, a lake in Dalmatia, of which dience against his tyranny, and by drawing
the neighbouring inhabitants were called La upon him the eyes ofthe whole theatre. [La
beates. [At the issue of this lake stands the berius was sixty years of age when this 96.
 LA LA

currence took place. He seems to have had nean, supposed to be Leghorn. Cic. 2, ad
no alternative left, and to have acted in obe fra 6.
dience to the commands of the Dictator, who LABYRINThus, a building whose nume
wished to make the Romans forget their ci rous passages and perplexing windings reoler
vil dissensions amid the amusements of scenic the escape from it difficult, and almost im
exhibitions. The office of comedian was re practicable. [Suidas derives the term wagº
garded at Rome as disgraceful for a free man, Tow an aaču, Bugay.] There were four very
and above all for a knight. Laberius, in as famous among the ancients, one near the city
suming this revolting character, addressed to of crocodiles or Arsinoe, another in Crete, a
the audience a justification of his conduct, third at Lemnos, and a fourth in Italy built
in a prologue which may be regarded as one by Porsenna. That of Egypt was the most
of the finest monuments of Roman litera ancient, and Herodotus, who saw it, declares
ture, and which causes us deeply to regret that the beauty and the art of the building
the loss of his mimes. Ilaberius expressed were almost beyond belief. It was built by
himself with the spirit of a freeman and re twelve kings who at one time reigned in Egypt,
publican, and no one can read the composi and it was intended for the place of their bu
tion in question without a feeling of admi rial, and to commemorate the actions of their
ration for the man who, in the midst of a cha reign. [Diodorus Siculus says, that it was
racter which would have degraded another, built as a sepulchre for Mendes; Strabo states
preserves his own dignity so fully unimpair that it was near the sepulchre of the king who
ed. We know not the subject of the piece built it, which was probably Ismandes. Pom
in which he appeared, but Macrobius, who ponius Mela speaks of it as built by Psamniti
has preserved this anecdote and the prologue, chus; but as Menes or Ismandes is mention
cites some verses of it, one of which is be ed by several, possibly he might be one of the
come a proverb. JNecesse est multos timeat, 12 kings of greatest influence and autho
quem multi liment, said the author, and in an rity, who might have the chief ordering and
instant all eyes were turned upon Caesar— directing of this great building, and as a pe
Whether offended at the freedom of Labe culiar honour, might have his sepulchre apart
rius, or whether prompted by a sense of jus from the others..] It was divided into 12 halls,
tice, Caesar awarded the prize to Publius Sy or, according to Pliny, into 16, or, as Strabo
rus, who had contended with the aged knight.] mentions, into 27. The halls were vaulted ac
Caesar, however, restored him to the rank of cording to the relation of Herodotus. They
knight, which he had lost by appearing on had each six doors, opening to the north, and
the stage ; but to his mortification, when he the same number to the south, all surrounded
went to take his seat among the knights no by one wall. The edifice contained 3000 cham
one offered to make room for him, and even bers, 1500 in the upper part, and the same
his friend Cicero said, Recepissem te nisian number below. The chambers above were
guate sederem. Laberius was offended at the seen by Herodotus,and astonished him beyond
affectation and insolence of Cicero, and reflect. conception, but he was not permitted to see
ed upon his unsettled and pusillanimous beha those below, where were buried the holy cro
viour during the civil wars of Caesar and Pom codiles, and the monarchs whose munificence
pey, by the reply of Mirum si anguste sedes. had raised the edifice. The roofs and wall
qui soles duabus sellis sedere.Liberius died were incrusted with marble, and adorned
ten months after the murder of J. Caesar. with sculptured figures. The halls were sur.
Some fragments remain of his poetry. Ma rounded with stately and polished pillars of
crob. Sat. 2, c. 3 and 7.-Horat. 1, Sat. 10.— white stone, and, according to some authors,
Senec. de Controv. 18.-Suet. in Cars. 39. the opening of the doors was artfully attend
LAnicum, now Colonna, a town of Italy, ed with a terrible noise like peals of thunder.
called also Lavicum, between Gabiiand Tus The labyrinth of Crete was built by Daedalus,
culum, which became a Roman colony about in imitation of that of Egypt, and it is the
four centuries B. C. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 796.- most famous of all in classical history. It
Ilir. 2, c. 39, l. 4, c. 47. was the place of confinement for Daedalus
LäbičNus, [one of Caesar's lieutenants himself, and the prison of the Minotaur. Ac.
in the Gallic war. In the beginning of cording to Pliny, the labyrinth of Lemnos sur
the civil war, he left Caesar for Pompey, passed the others in grandeur and magnifi.
escaped from the battle of Pharsalia, and was cence. It was supported by forty columns of
killed in that at Munda.] uncommon height and thickness, and equally
LABINETUS, or LABYNETus, a king of admirable for their beauty and splendour.
Babylon. Herod. 1, c. 74. [Larcher, after a long investigation of the
Laboras, a river near Antioch in Syria. subject, finally determines the position of the
Strab. 16.-A son of Echestratus who Egyptian labyrinth to have been at Sennaur,
made war against Argos, &c. in opposition to the authority of Pococke,
LARRADEus, a surname of Jupiter in Ca the Abbé Banier, Savary, and others. The
ria. The word is derived from labrys, which word Labyrinth, taken in its literal sense,
in the language of the country signifies an signifies a circumscribed place intersected by
hatchet, which Jupiter's statue held in its a number of passages, some of which cross
hand. Plut. each other in every direction like those in
Leºfºon, a part º on the Mediterra quarries and mines, and others make larger
 LA LA

or smaller circuits around the place from Cleombrotus, 380: Agesipolis 2d, 371: Cleo
which they depart, like the spiral lines that menes 2d, 370 : Arteus or Areus, 309 : Acro.
are visible on certain shells. Hence, it has tatus, 265 : Areus 2d, 264 : Leonidas, 257 :
been applied in a figurative sense to obscure Cleombrotus, 243 : Leonidas restored, 241 :
and captious questions, to indirect and ambi Cleomenes, 235: Agesipolis, 219. Under the
guous answers, and to those discussions, two last kings, Lycurgus and Agesipolis, the
which, after long digressions, bring us back monarchical power was abolished, though Ma.
to the point from which we set out.] Mela, chanidas the tyrant made himself absolute,
1, c. 9.-Plun. 36, c. 13.—Strab. 10.-Diod. B. C. 210, and Nabis, 206, for 14 years. In
1.—Herodot. 2, c. 148.—Virg. JEn. 5, v. 588. the year 191 B. C. Lacedaemon joined the
LăcăNA, an epithet applied to a female Achaean league, and about three years.aſter
native of Laconia, and, among others, to He the walls were demolished by order of Philo
len. Pirg...En. 6, v. 511. poemen. The territories of Laconia shared
LäcedAEMon, a son of Jupiter and Taygeta the fate of the Achaean confederacy, and the
the daughter of Atlas, who married Sparta, whole was conquered by Mummius, 147
the daughter of Eurotas, by whom he had B. C. and converted into a Roman province.
Amyclas and Eurydice the wife of Acrisius. The inhabitants of Lacedaemon have rendered
He was the first who introduced the worship themselves illustrious for their courage and
of the Graces in Laconia, and who first built intrepidity, for their love of honour and liber
them a temple. From Lacedæmon and his ty, and for their aversion to sloth and luxury.
wife, the capital of Laconia was called Lace They were inured ſrom their youth to labour,
daemon and Sparta. Apollod. 3, c. 10.—Hy and their laws commanded them to make war
gin. fab. 155.-Paus. 3, c. 1.-A noble city their profession. They never applied them
of Peloponnesus, the capital of Laconia, call selves to any trade, but their only employ
ed also Sparta. It has been severally known ment was arms, and they left everything else
by the name of Lelegia, from the Leleges the to the care of their slaves. [vid. Helota.]
first inhabitants of the country, or from Lelex They hardened their body by stripes and
one of their kings; and CEbalia from CEbalus other manly exercises; and accustomed them
the sixth king from Eurotas. It was also call selves to undergo hardships, and even to die
ed Hecatompolis from the hundred cities which without fear or regret. From their valour in
the whole province once contained. [vid. the field, and their moderation and tempe
a full account of the city in the article Spar rance at home, they were courted and revered
ta.; Lelex is supposed to have been the first by all the neighbouring princes, and their
king. His descendants, 13 in number, reign assistance was severally implored to protect
ed successively after him, till the reign of the the Sicilians, Carthaginians, Thracians, Egyp
sons of Orestes, when the Heraclidae recover tians, Cyreneans, &c. They were forbidden
ed the Peloponnesus, about 80 years after the by the laws of their country [vid. Lycurgus,)
Trojan war. Procles and Eurysthenes, the to visit foreign states, lest their morals should
descendants of the Heraclidae, enjoyed the be corrupted by an intercourse with effemi
crown together, and after them it was decreed nate nations. The austere manner in which
that the two families should always sit on the their children were educated, rendered them
throne together. [vid. Eurysthenes.] These undaunted in the field of battle, and from this
two brothers began to reign B.C. 1102, their circumstance, Leonidas with a small band was
successors in the family of Procles were call enabled to resist the millions of the army of
ed Proclidae, and afterwards Eurypontidae, Xerxes at Thermopylae. The women were
and those of Eurysthenes, Eurysthenidae, and as courageous as the men, and many a mother
afterwards.Agidae. The successors of Procles has celebrated with festivals the death of her
on the throne began to reign in the following son who had fallen in battle, or has coolly put
order: Sous, 1069 B.C. after his father had him to death if, by a shameſul flight or loss of
reigned 42 years: Eurypon, 1028: Prytanis, his arms, he brought disgraçe upon his coun
1021 : Eunomus, 986: Polydectes, 907; Ly try. As to domestic manners, the Lacedaemo
curgus, 898: Charilaus, 873: Nicander,809; nians as widely differed from their neighbours
Theopompus, 770: Zeuxidamus, 723: Anax at in political concerns, and their noblest wo
idamus, 690: Archidamus, 651 : Agasicles, men were not ashamed to appear on the stage
605 : Ariston, 564: Demaratus, 529 : Leoty hired for money. In the affairs of Greece, the
chides, 491 : Archidamus, 469: Agis, 427; interest of the Lacedaemonians was often pow
Agesilaus, 397 : Archidamus, 361 : Agis 2d. erful, and obtained the superiority for 500
338 ; Eudamidas, 330 : Archidamus, 295 : years. Their jealousy of the power and great
Eudamidas 2d, 268: Agis, 244 : Archidamus, ness of the Athenians is well known. The
230: Euclidas, 225 : Lycurgus, 219.-The authority of their monarchs was checked by
successors of Eurysthenes were Agis, 1059: the watchful eye of the Ephori, who had the
Echestratus, 1058: Labotas, 1023; Doryssus, power of imprisoning the kings themselves if
986 : Agesilaus, 957 : Archelaus, 913: Tele guilty of misdemeanors. [vid. Ephori.] The
clus, 853: Alcamenes, 813 : Polydorus, 776 : Lacedaemonians are remarkable for the ho
Eurycrates, 724 : Alexander, 687: Eury. nour and reverence which they paid to old age.
crates 2d, 644: Leon, 607: Anandrides, 563: The names of Lacedæmon and Sparta are
Cleomenes, 530: Leonidas, 491 : Plistarchus, promiscuously applied to the capital of Lºco
under guardianship of Pausanias, 480: Plis nia, and often confounded together. The lºt
toanax, 466: Pausanias, 408: Agesipolis, 397: ter was applied to ; metropolis, and the
40:
 LA LA

former was reserved for the inhabitants of in the story above related, and on which Dr.
the suburbs, or rather of the country contigu Wells has rather too fancifully, aud, we may
ous to the walls of the city. This propriety add, loosely commented, it may perhaps con
of distinction was originally observed, but insist in making the Pelasgi (an oriental peo
process of time it was totally lost, and both ple, and evidently a sacerdotal caste) the
appellatives were soon synonymous, and indis connecting link between the people of Lace
criminately applied to the city and country. daemon and Judea. Josephus has preserve:
[The Lacedæmonians, after having for nearly the letter which passed on the occasion above
500 years controuled the politics of Greece, alluded to, between the Jewish high-priest
had their supremacy wrested from them by and the Spartans. Lir. 34, c. 33, l. 45, c.
Epaminondas in the battles of Leuctra and 28.-Strub. 8.-Thucyd. 1.-Paus. 3.-Jus
Mantinea. After this, by refusing to take tin. 2, 3, &c.—He, odot. 1, &c.—Plut. in Lyt.
part in the Achaean league, they fell under &c.—Diod.— Mela, 2. There were some
the power of domestic tyrants, and finally testivals celebrated at Lacedaemon, the names
into the hands of the Romans. Augustus al of which are not known. It was custºmary
lowed them to retain the name of freedom, with the women to drag all the old bachelors
and to be exempt from tribute. Vespasian round the altars, and beat them with their
deprived them of this privilege, and added ſists, that the shame and ignominy to which
their country to the province of Achai. The they were exposed might induce them to
Eleuthero-Lacones, the Spartans to whom marry. &c. Athen. 13.
Augustus had granted the favour above nam LA cf. D +:MöN11 and Lâcºn AEMöNEs, the
ed, and who were composed partly of the in inhabitants of Lacedæmon. [vid. Lacedæ
habitants dwelling around the capital, and In100.

of Helots, possessed at one peroid 24 cities.

In the time of Justinian Slavonic tribes had
****
toria.
a son of Cimon by Cli
He received this name from his fa
found their way into Laconia; the Milengi ther's regard for the Lacedaemonians. Piut.
and Ezerita settled themselves in this coun LA chºsis, one of the Parcae, whose name
try, and maintained their independence amid is derived from x axºny, to measure out by lot.
the mountains of Taygetus. The old inha She presided over futurity, and was repre
bitants, however, did not intermingle with sented as spinning the thread of life, or, ac
these new-comers, but retired from their cording to others, holding the spindle. She
approach, and are at the present day known generally appeared covered with a garment
by the name of Mainotes from their chief variegated with stars, and holding spindles
fortress Maina. During the middle ages in her hand. (vid. Parcae.) Stat. Theb. 2,
Albanian hordes came in, settled in the land, v. 249,-Martial. 4, ep. 54.
and became blended into one people with the LAcidAs. [vud. Lacydes.]
Slavi. The Peloponnesus at this time was LAcides, a village near Athens, which
held by petty princes of the imperial family derived its name from Lacius, an Athenian
at Constantinople, who made Misitra their hero, whose exploits are unknown. Here
residence. The Turks succeeded them as Zep had an altar sacred to him, and like
masters of Greece. It is very remarkable wise Ceres and Proserpine a temple. Paus.
that the Jews, who were, as a nation, extreme 1, c. 37.
ly reserved, should claim kindred with the Lăcini.A, a surname of Juno, from her tem
Lacedæmonians, and that these in return ple at Lacinium in Italy, which the Grotoni
should allow the kindred, after examining ans held in great veneration. . [It was held
their archives. Bryant supposes that the in high veneration likewise by all the sur
Lacedaemonians were originally emigrants rounding nations. The entire territory ad
from the same country as Abraham. Ste jacent to the temple was sacred to the god
phanus quotes Claudius Iolaus as deriving the dess, and in it herds of cattle fed without any
Jews from an ancestor named Judaeus Spar keepers. From the produce of these the in
ton; or the family styled Sparti. If this habitants of Crotona obtained enough to pro
means a people who were dispersed, or pil cure a column of gold which they offered up
grims, or emigrants, there is no doubt but in honour of the goddess. It was said that
the character belongs to the descendants of Annibal ascertained by actual boring the so
Abraham. Besides, a possibility exists that lidity of this column. This sanctuary seems
some of the early kinsmen of the Jewish to have been venerated also by both Cartha
patriarchs, instead of going east to settle, ginians and Romans. It was reserved for
might establish themselves in the west. If the Roman censor, Fulvius Flaccus to be
Ishmael, for instance, had done so, his pos guilty of the first profanation of so sacred a
terity nevertheless would have been related place. Being engaged in erecting a splen
to the sons of Isaac ; or, if Esau had done did temple at Rome to Fortuna Equestris, he
so, his descendants might have claimed kin stripped off one half of the marble tiles which
to the sons of Jacob. We have no history ſcovered the temple of Juno, and adorned with
of such an occurrence, observes Dr. Wells, them his new edifice. In the following year
from whom the above is taken; but if Esau, he went crazy and hung himself. This was
or part of his family settled in Rome, as the regarded as a visitation from heaven for the
Rabbins affirm, it is not improbable that sacrilege which he had committed, apd the se
some other branch of Abraham's posterity nate ordered the tiles to be restored : but no
should settle in Greece. If there he any truth artist could be found to replace them in their
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former order and beauty. The Romans in and his divine institutions, in seven books, in
succeeding ages were less scrupulous, and the which he proves the truth of the Christian re
vengeance of the goddess less active. The ligion, refutes the objections and attacks the
riches of the temple gradually disappeared. illusions and absurdities of Paganism. The
by whom or when is not known. Large ru expressive purity, elegance, and energy of his
ins remain of the sacred building at the pre style have gained him the name of the Chris
sent day, and one large column, standing on tian Cicero. He died A. D. 325–The
the promontory, gives the cape the name ofbest editions of his works are that of Sparke,
Capo delle Colonne.] Strab. 6.-Ovid. 15. 8vo. Oxon. 1684, that of Biineman, 2 vols.
..Mrt. v. 12 and 702.-Liv. 42, c. 3.-Val. 8vo. Lips. 1789, and that of Du Fresnoy, 2
.Mar. 1, c. 1. vols, 4to. Paris, 1748.
LAcinium [Promontorium, a promontory Lacy DEs, [a philosopher of Cyrene, who
of Italy, at the south-eastern extremity of filled the chair of the Platonic school at
the territory of the Bruttii. Here Juno La Atiens after the death of Arcesilaus. He
cinia had a famous temple. vid. Lacinia.] assumed this offic in the 4th year of the 134th
LAcMon, a part of Mount Pindus where Olympiad. He is said to have been the found
the Inachus flows. Herodot. 9, c. 93. er of a new school, not because he intro
LAcobriga, [a town of Lusitania, near the duced any new doctrines, but because he
Sacrum Promontorium, now Lagos.] Here changed the place of instruction, and held
Sertorius was besieged by Metellus. his school in the garden of Attalus, still, how
LAcONIA, [a country of Peloponnesus, si ever, within the limits of the Academic grove.
tuate at its southern extremity, having Mes He died of a palsy, occasioned by excessive
senia on the west, and Arcadia and Argolis drinking, in the second year of the 141st
on the north. The extent of Laconia from Olympiad.]
east to west, where it reached farthest, wa LADE, an island of the AEgean Sea, on the
1° 45', but it became narrower towards the coast of Asia Minor, where was fought a na
north, and its extent from north to south was val battle between the Persians and Ionians.
about 50 miles. As the southern parts were Herodot. 6, c. 7.-Paus 1, c. 35.—Strab. 17.
encompassed by the sea, and the east and LADoN, a river of Arcadia falling into the
north-east parts by the Sinus Angolicus, it Alpheus. [According to Mr. Gell, it re
had a great number of promontories, the ceives the waters of the lakes of Orchome
chief of which were those of Malea and nos and Pheneos.] The metamorphosis of
Taenarus, now Capes Malio and Matapan. Daphne into a laurel, and of Syrinx into a
The sea-coast of Laconia was furnished with reed, happened near its banks. Strab. 1.-
a considerable number of sea-ports, towns, .Mela, 2, c. 3.-Paus. 8, c. 25.-Ovid. Met. 1,
and commodious harbours, the chief of which v. 659.
were Trinassus, Acria, Gythium, and Epi LAELAps, one of Actaeon's dogs. Ovid.
daurus. The Laconian coasts were famous JMet. 3. The dog of Cephalus, given him
for yielding a shell-fish, whence was obtain by Procris. (vid. Lelaps, &c.) Id. Met. 7.
ed a beautiful purple dye, inferior only to LAELIANUs, a general, proclaimed empe
that which was brought from the Red Sea ror in Gaul by his soldiers, A. D. 268, after
and Phoenicia. The mountains of Laconia the death of Gallienus. His triumph was
were numerous, the most famous was Tayge. short; he was conquered and put to death
tus. Its principal river was the Eurotas, on after a few months' reign by another general
which stood the capital, Sparta or Lacedae called Posthumus, who aspired to the impe
mon. The soil was very rich, especially in rial purple as well as himself.
the low grounds, and, being well watered, C. L.A. LIUs, a Roman consul, A. U. C.
was excellent for pasture; but the number of 614, surnamed Sapiens, so intimate with Afri
its mountains and hills prevented its being canus the younger, that Cicero represents
tilled so well as it might otherwise have been. him in his treatise De Amicutiá, as explain
The term Laconic is often applied to the pe. ing the real nature of friendship, with its at
culiar mode of speaking adopted by the an tendant pleasures. He made war with suc
cient Spartans, namely, of expressing them. cess against Viriathus. It is said, that he as
selves in short and pithy sentences. [vid. sisted Terence in the composition of his co
remarks at the end of the article Lacedæmon.] medies. His modesty, humanity, and the
LActantius, a celebrated Christian wri manner in which he patronized letters, are
ter, [generally called Lucius Caelius, or Caeci as celebrated as his greatness of mind and in
lius Firmianus, the most eloquent of the La tegrity in the character of a statesman. Cic.
tin Fathers. He flourished towards the close de Orat. Another consul who accompa
of the third and beginning of the fourth cen nied Scipio Africanus the elder in his cam
tury. Some have conjectured that he was paign in Spain and Africa.-Archelaus, a
born at Firmum in Italy, and hence called famous grammarian. Suet.
Firmianus; but as he was a disciple of Arno LAENA and LEAENA, the mistress of Har
bius, who taught rhetoric at Sicca in Africa, modius and Aristogiton. Being tortured be
this was probably the country of his nativi cause she refused to discover the conspira
ty. During the greater part of his life he was tors, she bit off her tongue, totally to frus
it very indigent circumstances, often want trate the violent efforts of her executioners.
ing the necessaries of life.] His principal A man who was acquainted with the
works are de irá diviná, de Dei operibus, 'couspiracy formed against Caesar.
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LAERTEs, a king of Ithaca, son of Arce origin, and seems to have owed a large por
sius and Chalcomedusa, who married Anti tion of its prosperity to a Spartan colony.
clea, the daughter of Autolycus. Anticlea The name appears to come from the Greek
was pregnant by Sisyphus when she married 'Ogatai, and to have denoted a good harbour.]
Laertes, and eight months after her union Plin. 3, c. 5.-Ovid. Met. 14, v. 233, &c. Farf.
with the king of Ithaca she brought forth a 4. ea. Pont. 4, ep. 10-Tzetc. in Lycoph r. v.
son called Ulysses. [vid. Anticle.a. i Ulysses 662 and 818.-Homer. Od. 10, v. 81.—Sil. 7,
was treated with paternal care by Laertes, v. 276.
though not really his son, and Laertes ceded LAEroRIA LEx, ordered [that the plebeian
to him his crown and retired into the coun magistrates should be elected at the Comitia
try, where he spent his time in gardening. Tributa: passed A.U.C. 292.] [Another,
He was found in this mean employment by A. U. C. 490, against the defrauding of Mi
his son at his return from the Trojan war, af nors. By this law the years of minority
tor 20 years' absence, and Ulysses, at the sight were limited to twenty-five, and no one below
of his father, whose dress and old age de that age could make a legal bargain.] Cic. de
clared his sorrow, long hesitated whether he Offic. 3.
should suddenly introduce himself as his son, LæviNUs, a Roman consul sent against
or whether he should, as a stranger, gradual Pyrrhus, A. U. C. 474. He informed the
ly awaken the paternal feelings of Laertes, monarch that the Romans would not accept
who had believed that his son was no more, him as an arbitrator in the war with Taren
This last measure was preferred, and when tum, and feared him not as an enemy. He
Laertes had burst into tears at the mention was defeated by Pyrrhus.
which was made of his son, Ulysses threw LAGus, a Macedonian of mean extrac
himself on his neck, exclaiming, “O father, I tion He received in marriage Arsinoe the
am he whom you weep.” This welcome de daughter of Meleager, who was then preg
claration was followed by a recital of all the nant of king Philip, and being willing to hide
hardships which Ulysses had suffered, and the disgrace of his wife, he exposed the child
immediately after the father and son repair in the woods. An eagle preserved the life of
ed to the palace of Penelope. the wife of the infant, fed him with her prey, and shel
Ulysses, whence all the suitors who daily im tered him with her wings against the incle
portuned the princess were forcibly removed. mency of the air. This uncommon preser
Laertes was one of the Argonauts, according vation was divulged by Lagus, who adopted
to Apollodorus, 1, c. 9.—Homer. Od. 11 and the child as his own, and called him Ptolemy,
24.— Ovid. Met. 13, v. 32.-Heroid. 1, v. 98. conjecturing, that as his life had been so mi
A city of Cilicia which gave birth to raculously preserved, his days would be spent
Diogenes, surnamed Laertius, from the place in grandeur and affluence. This Ptolemy
of his birth. became king of Egypt after the death of
LAEstry GóNES, the most ancient inhabit Alexander. According to other accounts,
ants of Sicily. Some suppose them to be the Arsinoe was nearly related to Philip king of
same as the people of Leontium, and to have Macedonia, and her marriage with Lagus
been neighbours to the Cyclops. They fed on was not considered as dishonourable, be
human flesh, and when Ulysses caume on their cause he was opulent and powerful. The
coasts, they sunk his ships and devoured his first of the Ptolemies is called Lagus, to dis
companions. [rid. Antiphates.] They were tinguish him from his successors of the same
of a gigantic stature, according to Homer, who name. Ptolemy, the first of the Macedonian
however does not mention their country, but kings of Egypt, wished it to be believed that
only speaks of Lamus as their capital. [Bo he was the legitimate son of Lagus, and he
chart explains this fable, by supposing that preferred the name of Lagides to all other
the Laestrygons were anciently called Leon appellations. It is even said that he esta
tini, a name derived from their barbarous and blished a military order in Alexandria, which
cruel manners. The location of the Laestry. was called Lageion. The surname of La
gones, however, in Sicily, seems to have been gides was transmitted to all his descendants
a mere arbitrary arrangement on the part of on the Egyptian throne till the reign of Cle
those who pretended to elucidate the mytho opatra, Antony's mistress. Plutarch men
logical narratives of Homer. The poet, on tions an anecdote, which serves to show how
the contrary, places the Laestrygones and the far the legitimacy of Ptolemy was believed
Cyclops at a wide distance from each other. in his age. A pedantic grammarian, says
Equally fabulous is the account given by some the historian, once displaying his great
of the ancient writers, that a colony of Laes knowledge of antiquity in the presence of
trygones passed over into Italy, with Lamus Ptolemy, the king suddenly interrupted him
at their head, and built the city of Formiae. with the question of, Pray tell me, sir, who
When once the respective situations of Circe's was the father of Peleus 2 Tell me, replied
island and that of Æolus were thought to the grammarian, without hesitation, tell ºne
have been ascertained, it became no very dif. if you can, O king who the father of La
ficult matter to advance a step farther, and, gus was 2 This reflection on the meanness
as the Laestrygones lay, according to Homer, of the monarch’s birth did not in the least
between these two islands, to make Formiae excite his resentment, though the courtners
on the Italian coast a city of that people. all glowed with indignation. Ptolemy praised
Formiae was, howº, in truth of Pelasgic the humour of the grammarian, and showed
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his moderation and the mildnesss of his tem Zethus, who were incensed against Lycus for
per, by taking him under his patronage. Paus. the indignities which Antiope had suffered.
...Attic.—Justin. 13.-Curt. 4.—Plut. de irá He was afterwards restored, and married
cohib.-Lucan. 1, v. 684.—Ital. 1, v. 196. . Jocasta the daughter of Creon. An oracle in
LAGYRA, a city of Taurica Chersonesus. formed him that he should perish by the hand
LA1ADEs, a patronymic of CEdipus son of of his son, and in consequence of this dreadful
Laius. Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 18. intelligence he resolved never to approach his
LAIs, a celebrated courtezan, daughter of wife. A day spent in debauch and intoxication
Timandra the mistress of Alcibiades, born made him violate his vow, and Jocasta brought
at Hyccara in Sicily. She was carried away forth a son. The child, as soon as born, was
from her native country into Greece, when given to a servant, with orders to put him
Nicias the Athenian general invaded Sicily, to death. The servant was moved with
She first began to sell her favours at Corinth compassion, and only exposed him on Mount
for 10,000 drachmas, and the immense num Cithaeron, where his life was preserved by a
ber of princes, noblemen, philosophers, ora shepherd. The child, called GEdipus, was
tors, and plebeians who courted her em. educated in the court of Polybus, and an un
braces, show how much commendation is fortunate meeting with his father in a narrow
owed to her personal charms. The expenses road proved his ruin. Laius ordered his
which attended her pleasures gave rise to son to make way for him. without knowing
the proverb of Non cuivis homini conting it who he was ; GEdipus refused, and, in the con
adire Corinthum. Even Demosthenes himself test which ensued, slew his father. [vid. QEdi
visited Corinth for the sake of Lais, but pus.] Sophocl. in CEdip.–Hygin. 9 and 66.
when he was informed by the courtezan, that —Diod. 4.—Apollod. 3, c. 5.-Paus. 9, c. 5
admittance to her bed was to be bought at and 26.—Plut. de Curios.
the enormous sum of about 2001. English LAMāchus, a son of Xenophanes, sent
money, the orator departed, and observed, into Sicily with Nicias. He was killed B. C.
that he would not buy repentance at so dear 414, before Syracuse, where he displayed
a price. The charms which had attracted much courage and intrepidity. Plut. in Alcib.
Demosthenes to Corinth had no influence LAMBRAN1, a people of Italy near the
upon Xenocrates. When Lais saw the phi Lambrus. Suet. in Caes.
losopher unmoved by her beauty, she visited LAMBRus, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, [fall
his house herself: but there she had no rea into the Olona, one of the tributaries of the
son to boast of the licentiousness or easy sub Po. It is now the Lambrone.]
mission of Xenocrates. Diogenes the cynic LAMMA, a town of 1 hessaly, at the bottom
was one of her warmest admirers, and though of the Sinus Maliacus or Lamiacus, and
filthy in his dress and manners, yet he gained north of the river Sperchius, famous for a
her heart and enjoyed her most unbounded siege it supported after Alexander's death.
favours. The sculptor Mycon also solicited [vid. Lamiacum.] Diod. 16, &c.—Paus. 7,
the favours of Lais, but he met with cold c.6.-A river of Greece, opposite Mount
ness; he, however, attributed the cause of OEta.
his ill reception to the whiteness of his hair, LAMIA and Auxesia, two deities of Crete,
and dyed it of a brown colour, but to no whose worship was the same as at Eleusis.
purpose; Fool that thou art, said the cour The Epidaurians made them two statues of
tezan, to ask what I refused yesterday to thy an olive tree given them by the Athenians,
father. Lais ridiculed the austerity of phi provided they came to offer a sacrifice to
losophers, and laughed at the weakness of Minerva at Athens. Paus. 2, c. 30, &c.
those who pretend to have gained a superiori LAM1Acum BELLUM happened after the
ty over their passions, by observing that the death of Alexander, when the Greeks, and
sages and philosophers of the age were not particularly the Athenians, incited by their
above the rest of mankind, for she found them orators, resolved to free Greece from the gar
at her door as often as the rest of the Atheni risons of the Macedonians. Leosthenes was
ans. The success which her debaucheries appointed commander of a numerous force,
met at Corinth encouraged Lais to pass into and marched against Antipater, who then pre
Thessaly, and more particularly to enjoy the sided over Macedonia. Antipater entered
company of a favourite youth called Hippos Thessaly at the head of 13,000 foot, and 600
tratus. She was, however, disappointed; the horse, and was beaten by the superior force
women of the place, jealous of her charms, of the Athenians and of their Greek confede
and apprehensive of her corrupting the fide rates. Antipater, after this blow, fled to La
lity of their husbands, assassinated her in the mia, B.C. 323, where he resolved, with all
temple of Venus, about 340 years before the the courage and sagacity of a careful general,
Christian era. Some suppose that there were to maintain a siege with about the 8 or 9000
two persons of this name, a mother and her men that had escaped from the field of battle.
daughter. Cic. ad Fam. 9, ep. 26.—Ovid. Leosthenes, unable to take the city by storm,
.Amor. 1, el.-Plut. in Alcib.-Paus. 2, c. 2. began to make a regular siege. His opera
LArus, a son of Labdacus, who succeeded tions were delayed by the frequent sallies of
to the throne of Thebes, which his grandfa Antipater; and Leosthenes being killed by the
ther Nycteus had left to the care of his brother blow of a stone, Antipater made his escape
Lycus, till his grandson came of age. He was out of Lamia, and soon after, with the assist
driven from his kingdom by Amphion and ance of the army of Craterus brought from
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Asia, he gave the Athenians battle near Cra of the oxen appeared to walk, and the flesh
non, and though only 500 of their men were which was roasting by the fire began to bel
slain, yet they became so dispirited, that they low, and nothing was heard but dreadful
sued for peace from the conqueror. Antiph moises and loudlowings. The companions of
ter at last with difficulty consented, provided Ulysses embarked on board their ships, but
they raised taxes in the usual manner, re here the resentment of Jupiter followed
ceived a Macedonian garrison, defrayed the them. A storm arose, and they all perished
expenses of the war, and lastly delivered into except Ulysses, who saved himself on the
his hands Demosthenes and Hyperides, the broken piece of a mast. Homer. od. 12, v. 119.
two orators whose prevailing eloquence had —Propert. 3, el 12. According to Orid.
excited their countrymen against him. These JMet. 2, v. 349. Lampetia is one of the He
disadvantageous terms were accepted by the liades, who was changed into a poplar tree
Athenians, yet Demosthenes had time to es at the death of her brother Phaeton.
cape and poison himself. Hyperides was car LAMPETo and LAMPEpo, a queen of the
ried before Antipater, who ordered his tongue Amazons, who boasted herself to be the
to be cut out, and afterwards put him to death. daughter of Mars. She gained many con
Plut. in Demost.—Diod. 17.—Justin. 11, &c. quests in Asia, where she founded many ci
LäM1AE, small islands of the AEgean, oppo ties. She was surprised afterwards by a
site Troas. Plan. 5, c. 31. A celebrated band of barbarians, and destroyed with her
family at Rome, descended from Lamus. female attendants. Justin. 2, c. 4.
Certain monsters of Africa, who had the face LAMPRIDIUs AELIUs, a Latin historian in
and breast of a woman, and the rest of the the fourth century, who wrote the lives of
body like that of a serpent. They allured some of the Roman emperors. His style is
strangers to come to them, that they might inelegant, and his arrangement injudicious.
devour them, and though they were not en His life of Commodus, Heliogabalus, Alexan
dowed with the faculty of speech, yet their des Severus, &c. is still extant, and to be
hissings were pleasing and agreeable. Some found in the works of the Historiae Augusta.
believe them to be witches, or rather evil spi Scriptores. [The style and arrangement of
rits, who, under the form of a beatiful wo. Lampridius will not allow him a place among
man, enticed young children and devoured historians of a superior class, yet he is valua
them. According to some, the fable of the ble for his facts. He is thought by many cri
Lamiae is derived from the amours of Jupiter tics to be the same with Ælius Spartianus.]
with a certain beautiful woman called Lamia, LAMPsicus and LAMPsicUM, [now Lam
whom the jealousy of Juno rendered deform saki, a city of Mysia, in Asia Minor, situate
ed, and whose children she destroyed; upon on the Hellespont, where it begins to open
which Lamia became insane, and so despe into the Propontis, and north-east of Abydos.
rate that she ate up all the children that came The early name of the spot where Lampsa
in her way. They are also called Lemures. cus stood, was Pityusa, from the number of
(vid. Lemures.) Philostr. in Ap –Horat. pine trees which grew there. A Phocaean
..?rt. Poet. v. 340. — Plut. de Curios.-Dion. colony is said to have founded this city, and
LäMIAs AELius, a governor of Syria under given it its name, being directed by the ora
Tiberius. He was honoured with a public cle to settle wherever they saw lightning
funeral by the senate; and as having been a first. This took place in the district Pityusa,
respectable and useful citizen, Horace has and hence the name of the city, from xears,
dedicated his 26 od. lib. 1, to his praises, as lucro. Another account, however, makes the
also 3 od. 17. –Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 27. city to have existed prior to the arrival cf
LAMPEno, a woman of Lacedaemon, who the Phocaeans, and merely the name to have
was daughter, wife, sister, and mother of a been changed by them. They aided, it seems,
king. She lived in the age of Alcibiades. Vlandro, king of the Bebryces, against the
Agrippina, the mother of Claudius, could neighbouring barbarians, and were persuaded
boast the same honours. Tacit. .47m. 12, c. by him to occupy a part of his territory.
22 and 37.—Plut. in Age.—Pluto in 1, Ale.— Their successes in war, however, and the
Plin. 7, c. 41. spoils they had obtained, excited the envy of
LAMPETIA, a daughter of Apollo and Ne the Bebrycians, and the Phocaeans would have
aera. She, with her sister Phateusa, guard. been secretly destroyed, had not Lampsace,
ed her father's flocks in Sicily when Ulysses the king's daughter, apprised them of the
arrived on the coasts of that island. These plot. Out of gratitude to her, they called the
flocks were fourteen in number, seven herds city Lampsacus, having destroyed the former
of oxen and seven flocks of sheep, consisting inhabitants. The neighbouring coustry was
each of fifty. They fed by night as well as termed .4parnis, because Venus, who here
by day, and it was deemed unlawful and sa was delivered of Priapus, was so disgusted
crilegious to touch them. The companions with his appearance, that she disowned (art.
of Ulysses, impelled by hunger, paid no re stro) him for her offspring.] Priapus was
gard to their sanctity, or to the threats and the chief deity of the place. His temple
intreaties of their chief; but they carried there was the asylum of lewdness and de
away and killed some of the oxen. The bauchery, and exhibited scenes of the most
watchful keepers complained to their father, unnatural lust, and hence the epithet Lamp
and Jupiter, at the request of Apollo, pu sacius is used to express immodesty and wan
nished the offence of the Greeks. The hides tonness. Alexander resolved to destroy the
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city on account of the vices of its inhabitants, were turned upwards in the form of a cone.
or more probably for its firm adherence to the Cic. pro Mur. de Nat. D. 1, c. 29. pro Milon.
interest of Persia. It was, however, saved 10.--Liv. 8, c. 14.—Ital. 18, v. 364.
from ruin by the artifice of Anaximenes, vid. LaobotAs or LábotAs, a Spartan king,
Anaximenes. The wine of Lampsacus was of the family of Agidae, who succeeded his
famous, and therefore a tribute of wine was father Echestratus, B.C. 1023. During his
granted from the city by Xerxes to maintain reign, war was declared against Argos by
the table of Themistocles. Mela, 1, c. 19.— Sparta. He sat on the throne for 37 years,
Strab. 13–Paus. 9, c. 31.—Herodot. 5, c. and was succeeded by Doryssus, his son.
117.-C. JNep. in Themist. c. 10.-Ovid. 1.- Paus. 3, c. 2.
Trist. 9, v. 26.-Fast. 8, v. 345.-Liv. 33, c. Lääcóon, a son of Priam and Hecuba, or,
38, 1.35, c. 42.-Martial. 11, ep. 17, 52. according to others, of Antenor, or of Capys.
LAMPTERIA, a festival at Pellene in Achaia, As being priest of Apollo, he was commis
in honour of Bacchus, who was surnamed sioned by the Trojans to offer a bullock to
Lampter from Azarely, to shine, because dur Neptune to render him propitious. During
ing this solemnity, which was observed in the the sacrifice two enormous serpents issued
night, the worshippers went to the temple of from the sea, and attacked Laocoon's two
Bacchus with lighted torches in their hands. sons who stood next the altar. The father
It was also customary to place vessels full of immediately attempted to defend his sons, but
wine in several parts of every street in the the serpents falling upon him squeezed him
city. Paus. 4, c. 21. in their complicated wreaths, so that he died
LiMus, a king of the Laestrygones, who is in the greatest agonies. This punishment
supposed by some to have founded Formiae in was inflicted upon him for his temerity in
Italy. The family of the Lamiae at Rome dissuading the Trojans to bring into the city
was. according to the opinion of some, des the fatal wooden horse which the Greeks had
cended from him. Horat. 3, od. 17. A consecrated to Minerva, as also for his impiety
son of Hercules and Omphale, who succeed in hurling a javelin against the sides of the
ed his mother on the throne of Lydia. Ovid. horse as it entered within the walls. Hygi
Heroid. 9, v. 54.—Virg. [A river in the nus attributes this to his marriage against the
western part of Cilicia Campestris, now the consent of Apollo, or, according to others, ſor
Lanuzo. It gave to the adjacent district his polluting the temple by his commerce
the name of Lamotis.]—A town near For with his wife Antiope, before the statue of
miae, built by the Laestrygones. the god. [The famous Laocoon groupe, a
LKMYRus, buffoon, a surname of one of the piece of statuary representing the death of
Ptolemnies. Laocoon and his children, was executed by
Lancia, [the name of a town in Lusitania, Agesander the Rhodian, and Athenodorus
distinguished by the appellations of Oppidana and Polidorus, who are believed to have
and Transcudana. The first was on the fron been his sons. The former artist made the
tiers of the Lusitani, near the sources of the figure of Laocoon, the two latter those of the
river Munda, or Mondego. It is now La children. It appears that the children were
Guarda. The latter lay to the east of the executed separately, and joined to the prin
former, and is now Ciudad Rodrigo. It was cipal figure, though it was done with such
called Transcudana, because it lay beyond nicety, that in Pliny's time they seemed to
the Cuda.] be all formed of one block. This celebrated
LANGobARD1, [a people of Germany, lo piece of statuary was found in the baths, or
cated by most writers on the Albis, or Elbe, rather the palace of Titus, on the very spot
and the Viadrus, or Oder, in part of what is where it is described by Pliny to have stood.
now called Brandenburg. According to the One arm of the principal figure, (the right)
account, however, of Paulus Diaconus, him was wanting ; but it has been so ably restor
self one of this nation, they originally came ed, though only in plaster, that the deficiency
from Scandinavia, under the name of Wilini, is said to be scarcely a blemish. It is not
and were called by the German nations, certain what modern artist has the merit of
Long Beards from their appearance. The this restoration, though it is thought that the
German term Lang Baerdt, latinised, became arm it now bears was the plaster model of
Langobardi. They seem to have settled on Miehael Angelo, who was charged with the
the Elbe, probably in the eastern part of the task of adding a marble arm, but left the one
Dutchy of Lunenburgh. They are the same he had destined for this object unfinished, in
with the Lombards who overran Italy in a a fit of despair.] Virg. JEn. 2, v.41 and 201.
later age, Mannert. Anc. Geogr. vol. 3, p. —Hygin. ſab. 135.
170.] Lión AMIA, a daughter of Acastus and As
LANuvium, a town of Latium, about 16 tydamia, who married Protesilaus, the son of
miles from Rome, on the Appian road. Juno Iphiclus, king of a part of Thessaly. The de
had there a celebrated temple which was fre parture of her husband for the Trojan war was
quented by the inhabitants of Italy, and par the source of grief to her, but when she heard
ticularly by the Romans, whose consuls, on that he had fallen by the hand of Hector ber
first entering upon office, offered sacrifices to sorrow was increased. To keep alive the
the goddess. The statue of the goddess was memory of a husband whom she had tenderly
covered with a goat's skin, and armed with a loved, she ordered a wooden statue to be made
buckler and spear, and wore shoes which and regularly placedAſºo in her bed. This was
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seen by one of her servants, who informed Iphi the borders of Phrygia, Caria, and Lydia. Its
clus, that his daughter's bed was daily defiled situation coincides exactly with that of Cy
by an unknown stranger. Iphiclus watched his drara mentioned by Herodotus. (rid. Cy
daughter, and when he found that the intelli drara.) Pliny, however, makes its early
gence was false, he ordered the wooden image name to have been Diospolis, changed subse.
to be burned, in hopes of dissipating his daugh quently to Rhoas. It contained three bou
ter's grief. He did not succeed. Laodamia dary stones, as being on the borders of thre
threw herself into the flames with the image, provinces, and hence is commonly called by
and perished. This circumstance has given the ecclesiastical writers Trimetaria. His
occasion to fabulous traditions related by the name of Laodicea was given to it by Anti
poets, which mention that Protesilaus was chus Theos, in honour of his wife Laodice. He
restored to life, and to Laodamia, for three re-established it. Under the Romans, it be
hours, and that when he was obliged to re came a very flourishing commercial city.]—
turn to the infernal regions he persuaded his [Scabiosa, a city of Syria, west of Emesa and
wife to accompany him. Virg. JEn. 6, v. of the Orontes. It is sometimes, though er
447.-Ovid. Her. ep. 13.-Hygin. ſab. 104. roneously, styled Laodicea Cabiosa. The epi.
—Propert. 1, el. 19. A daughter of Bel thet Scabiosa must have reference to the le
lerophon by Achemone the daughter of king prosy, or some cutaneous complaint very pre
Iobates. She had a son by Jupiter, called valent here in the time of the Roman power
Sarpedon. She dedicated herself to the ser Its previous name under the Greeks was Lao
vice of Diana, and hunted with her, but her dicea ad Libanum.]—[Ad Mare, a mari
haughtiness proved fatal to her, and she pe time city of Syria, on an eminence, near the
rished by the arrows of the goddess. Homer. coast. It lay opposite the eastern extremity
Il. 6, 12 and 16. of Cyprus, and is now Lalikie.] [Com
Làodice, a daughter of Priam and Hecu busta, a city of Asia Minor or Lycaonia,
ba, who became enamoured of Acamas, son north-west of Iconium. Its name is suppos
of Theseus, when he came with Diomedes ed to be owing to the frequent breaking forth
from the Greeks to Troy with an embassy to of subterranean fires. Strabo mentions this
demand the restoration of Helen. She ob as peculiarly the case in the parts of Phrygia
tained an interview and the gratification of to the west of Laodicea, which were hence
her desires at the house of Philebia, the wife termed Catacecaumene, (xxºratxuxa, wasyr.)
of a governor of a small town of Troas which which is also the Greek term for Combusta.)
the Greek ambassador had visited. She had [A town of Asia, on the confines of Me
a son by Acamas, whom she called Munitus. dia and Persis. A town of Mesopotamia
She afterwards married Helicaon son of An &c.
tenor, and Telephus king of Mysia. Some iłºsz, a province of Syria, which
call her Astyoche. According to the Greek receives its name from Laodicea, its capital
scholiast of Lycophron, Laodice threw herself LAodócus, a son of Antenor, whose form
down from the top of a tower and was killed Minerva borrowed to advise Pandarus to
when Troy was sacked by the Greeks. Dic break the treaty which subsisted between the
tys. Cret. 1.-Paus. 13, c. 26.—Homer. Il. 3 Greeks and Trojans. Homer. Il. 4.
and 6.-A sister of Mithridates who mar LAOMEDoN, son of Ilus, king of Troy, mar- :,
ried Ariarathes king of Cappadocia, and af. ried Strymo, called by some Placia, or Leu
terwards her own brother Mithridates. Dur cippe, by whom he had Podarces, afterwards
ing the secret absence of Mithridates, she known by the name of Priam, and Hesione.
prostituted herself to the servants, in hopes He built the walls of Troy, and was assisted
that her husband was dead: but when she by Apollo and Neptune, whom Jupiter had
saw her expectations frustrated, she attempt banished from heaven, and condemned to be
ed to poison Mithridates, for which she was subservient to the will of Laomedon for one
put to death. A sister and wiſe of Antio year. When the walls were finished, Laome
chus 2d. The mother of Seleucus. Nine don refused to reward the labours of the gods,
months before she brought forth she dreamt and soon after his territories were laid waste
that Apollo had introduced himself into her by the god of the sea, and his subjects were
bed, and had presented her with a precious visited by a pestilence sent by Apollo. Sacri
stone, on which was engraved the figure of fices were offered to the offended divinities,
an anchor, commanding her to deliver it to but the calamities of the Trojans increased,
*her son as soon as born. This dream ap and nothing could appease the gods, according
peared the more wonderful when in the to the words of the oracle, but annually to ex
morning she discovered in her bed a ring an pose to a sea-monster a Trojan virgin. When
swering the same description. Not only the ever the monster appeared, the marriageable
son that she brought forth, called Seleucus, maidens were assembled, and the lot decided
but also all his successors of the house of which of them was doomed to death for the
the Seleucidae, had the mark of an an good of her country. When this calamity had
chor upon their thigh. Justin.—Appian. in continued for five or six years, the lot fell upon
Syr. mentions this anchor, though in a dif Hesione, Laomedon's daughter. The king was
ferent manner. unwilling to part with a daughter whom he
LAodicéA, now Ladik, (a city of Phrygia. loved with uncommon tenderness, but his
in the south-western angle of the country. refusal would irritate more strongly the wrath i
It was situate on the river Lycus, and stood on of the gods. In the midst of his fears and
410
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hesitation, Hercules came and offered to de had not one of the intoxicated Centaurs offer
liver the Trojans from this public calamity, ed violence to Hippodamia, the wife of Piri
if Laomedon promised to reward him with thous. The Lapithae resented the injury, and
a number of fine horses. The king consent the Centaurs supported their companions,
ed, but when the monster was destroyed, he upon which the quarrel became universal, and
refused to fulfil his engagements, and Her. ended in blows and slaughter. Many of the
cules was obliged to besiege Troy, and take Centaurs were slain, and they at last were
it by force of arms. Laomedon was put to obliged to retire. Theseus among the Lapi
death after a reign of 29 years, his daughter that showed himself brave and intrepid in sup
Hesione was given in marriage to Telamou, porting the cause of his friends, and Nestor
one of the conqueror's attendants, and Podar also was not less active in the protection of
ces was ransomed by the Trojans, and placed chastity and innocence. This quarrel arose
upon his father's throne. [cid. Priamus.) Ac from the resentment of Mars, whom Piri
cording to Hyginus, the wrath of Neptune thous forgot or neglected to invite among the
and Apollo was kindled against Laomedon, other gods, at the celebration of his nuptials,
because he refused to offer on their altars, as and therefore the divinity punished the insult
a sacrifice, all the first-born of his cattle, ac by sowing dissension among the festive assem
cording to a vow he had made. [The mean bly. (rid. Centauri.) Hesiod has described
ing of the fable appears to be simply this. Lao the battle of the Centaurs and Lapithae, as
medon employed in erecting the walls of Troy also Ovid, in a more copious manner. The
certain sums of money consecrated to the use invention of bits and bridles for horses is at
of Apollo and Neptune, and which had been tributed to the Lapithae. Virg. G. 3, v. 115.
delivered to him by the priests of these deities JEn. 6, v. 601, l. 7, v. 305.-Ovid. Met. 12,
on his promising to restore the amount. This v. 530, 1.14, v. 670.-Hesiod. in Scut.—Diod.
promise he never fulfilled. Hence he was 4.—Pind. 2–Pyth.--Strab. 9.-Stat. Theb.
said to have defrauded the Gods.] Homer. 7, v. 304.
I?. 21.—Pirg. JEn. 2 and 9.—Ovid. Met. 11. LARA or LARANDA, one of the Naiads,
fab. 6.-Apollod. 2, c. 5.—Paus. 7, c. 20.— daughter of the river Almon in Latium, ſa
Horat. 3, od. 3.-Hygin. 89. mous for her beauty and her loquacity, which
LA6M€doNTEUs, an epithet applied to the her parents long endeavoured to correct, but
Trojans from their king Laomedon. Virg. in vain. She revealed to Juno the amours of
Jºn. 4, v. 542, l. 7, v. 105, l. 8, v. 18. her husband Jupiter with Juturna, for which
LåøMEDoNTIin E, a patronymic given to the god cut off her tongue, and ordered Mer
the Trojans from Laomedon their king. Pirg. cury to conduct her to the infernal regions.
.#2n. 3. v. 248. The messenger of the gods ſell in love with
LAPHRIA, a surname of Diana at Patrae in her by the way, and gratified his passion. La
Achaia, where she had a temple with a statue ra became mother of two children, to whom
of gold and ivory, which represented her in the Romans have paid divine honours, accord
the habit of a huntress. The statue was made ing to the opinion of some, under the name of
by Menechmus and Soidas, two artists of ce Lares. Orid. Fast. 2, v. 599.
lebrity. This name was given to the goddess LARENTIA and LAURENTIA, a courtezan
from Laphrius, the son of Delphus, who con in the first ages of Rome. (rid. Acca.]
secrated the statue to her. There was a festi LAREs, gods of inferior power at Rome,
val of the goddess there, called also Laphria, who presided over houses and families. They
of which Paus. 7, c. 18, gives an account. were two in number, sons of Mercury by
LAPHYstium, a mountain in Boeotia, where Lara. (vid. Lara.) In process of time their
Jupiter had a temple, whence he was called power was extended not only overhouses, but
Laphystius. It was here that Athamas pre also over the country and the sea, and we find
pared to immolate Phryxus and Helle, whom Lares Urbani to preside over the cities, Fami
Jupiter saved by sending them a golden rain, liares over houses, Rustici over the country,
whence the surname and the homage paid to Campitales over cross roads, Marini over the
the god. Paus. 9, c. 34. sea, Viales over the roads, Patellarii, &c.
LAPfthAE, a people of Thessaly. (vid. La According to the opinion of some, the wor
pithus.) ship of the gods Lares, who are supposed to
LAPiThus, a son of Apollo, by Stilbe. He be the same as the manes, arose from the an
cient custom among the Romans and other
was brother to Centaurus, and married Orsi
nome, daughter of Euronymus, by whom he nations, of burying their dead in their house",
had Phorbas and Periphas. The name of and from their belief that their spirits con
Lapithae was given to the numerous children tinually hovered over the house for the pro
of Phorbas and Periphas, or rather to the in tection of its inhabitants. [The ancients dif
habitants of the country of which they had fer extremely about the origin of the Lares.
obtained the sovereignty. The chief of the Varro and Macrobus say that they were the
Lapithae assembled to celebrate the nuptials children of Mania. Ovid's opinion given
of Pirithous, one of their number, and among above, makes them to have been the offspring
them were Theseus, Dryas, Hopleus, Mop of Mercury and the Naiad Lara, whom Lac
sus, Phalerus, Exadius, Prolochus, Titaresius, tantius and Ausonius call Larunda. Apuleius
&c. The Centaurs were also invited to par affirms that they were the posterity of the
take the common festivity, and the amuse Lemures. Nigridius, according to Arnobius,
ments would have been harmless and innocent, makes them sometimes the guardian" and
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protectors of houses, and sometimes the same inhabitants. The Turks call it Genisahar, or
with the Curetes of Samothracia, or Idaei Dac Jengischahar. Virgil applies the term La
tyli. Nor was Varro more consistent in his rissaeus to Achilles; an epithet, according tº
opinion of these gods, sometimes making them Heyne, equivalentto Thessalus, since it would
the same as heroes, and sometimes gods of be incorrect to apply it in a special sense, La.
the air. Titus Tatius, king of the Sabines, rissa in the time of Achilles not being under
was the first who built a temple to the Lares.] his sway, but possessed by the Pelasgi.] Oriº
The statues of the Lares, covered with the JMet. 2, v. 542.-Virg. JEn. 2, v. 197.-L.
skin of a dog, were placed in a niche behind can. 6.—Liv. 31, c. 46, l. 42, c. 56.
the doors of the houses, or around the hearths. LARIssaeus. (vid. Larissa.)
At the feet of the Lares was the figure of a LARissus, [a river of Elis, forming the
dog barking, to initate their care and vigi boundary between it and Achaia.] Strøb. 8.
lance. Incense was burnt on their altars. and —Liv. 27, c. 31.- Paus. 8, c. 43.
a sow was also offered on particular days. LARius, [now the Lake of Como or Lagº
| In private, they offered them wine, incense, di Como, a lake of Cisalpine Gaul, north of
a crown of wool, and a little of what was left the Po and east of the Lacus Verbanus. It
at the table.] Their festivals were observed receives the Addua or Adda, which again
at Rome in the month of May, when their emerges from it and pursues its course to the
statues were crowned with garlands of flow Po. TAt the southern extremity of this lake
ers, [particularly violets, myrtle, and rose stood the city of Comum, now Como, the
mary, and offerings of fruit presented. The birth-place of the younger Pliny. The lake
word Lares seems to be derived from the is 35 miles long. The surrounding country
Etruscan word Lars, which signifies a prince is highly picturesque, being covered with
or leader. Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 129.-Jur. 8, v. vineyards, interspersed with beautiful villas
8.—Plut. in Quaest. Rom.—Varro de L. L. and skirted by lofty mountains.]
4, c. 10,–Horat. 3, od. 23.-Plaul. in Aul. LAR Nos, a small desolate island on the
& Cist. coast of Thrace.
LARGUs, a Latin poet, who wrote a poem LARs Tolumnuus, a king of the Veientes,
on the arrival of Antenor in ltaly, where he conquered by the Romans, and put to death,
built the town of Padua. He composed with A. U.C. 329. [rid. Spolia Opima.] Lit.4,
ease and elegance. Ovid. ex: Pont. 4, ep. 16, c. 17 and 19.
v. 17. T. L.ARTIus FLonus, a consul, who ap
LARINUM or LARINA, now Larino, a town peased a sedition raised by the poorer citi
of the Fretani, [south-east of the river Ti zens, and was the first dictator ever chosen
fernus.] The inhabitants were called Lari at Rome, B. C. 498. He made Spurius Cas
mates. Ital. 15, v. 565.-Cic. Clu. 63, 4. Att. sius his master of horse. Liv. 2, c. 13–
12, l. 7, ep. 13–Liv. 22, c. 18, l.27, c. 40. Spurius, one of the three Romans who alone
—Cars. C. 1, c. 23. withstood the fury of Porsenna's army at the
LARissa, a daughter of Pelasgus, who gave head of a bridge while the communication
her name to some cities in Greece. Paus. 2, was cutting down behind them. His compa
c. 23.-[A town of Syria, on the Orontes, nions were Cocles and Herminius. [rid. Co
south-east of Apamea. It was re-established cles.] Liv. 2, c. 10 and 18.-Dionys. Hal.
by Seleucus Nicator. Its Syriac name, ac —Val. JMar. 3, c. 2.-The name of Larti
cording toStephanus Byzantinus, was Sizara. us has been common to many Romans.
Abulfeda and the other Arabian writers call LAnvar, a name given to the wicked spirits
it Schaizar. It is now Shizar.] [A city of and apparitions which, according to the no
Assyria, on the banks of the Tigris. The ten tions of the Romans, issued from their graves
thousand found it deserted and in ruins. Xe in the night, and came to terrify the world.
mophon says that it had been destroyed under As the word larva signifies a mask, whose
the Medes.] [A town of Æolia, in Asia horrid and uncouth appearance often serves
Minor, lying east of Phocaea on the Hermus. to frighten children, that name has been given
Xenophon calls it the Egyptian Larissa, be to the ghosts or spectres which superstition
cause it was oue of the towns which Cyrus believes to hover around the graves of the
the elder gave the Egyptians who had fought dead. Some call them Lemures. [Some de
against him in the army of Croesus.]—[A rived the name from the Etruscan term lar,
city of Thessaly, on the right bank of the which signifies a prince or leader, and having
Peneus, and the capital of the country. It reference to the mischievous power exercised
is sometimes styled Cremaste, (Kgºwarth) by these larvae. Mr. Farmer urges the ety
hanging, from its situation on an eminence. mology of this word to prove that the hea
It was the capital of the Pelasgi, and appears then demons were deified human ghosts.}
to have some analogy in its name to the Etru Servius in Virg..ACn. 5, v. 64, 1, v. 152.
rian Lar, a prince or leader. To this city LAssus or LAsus, a dithyrambic poet
Acrisius retired, in order to avoid the death born at Hermione in Peloponnesus, about
with which an oracle had menaced him ; but 500 years before Christ, and reckoned among
taking part in the games here celebrated, he the wise men of Greece by some. He is t
was killed by a blow from the discus of Per particularly known by the answer he gave to
seus. Larissa declined in importance from the a man who asked him what could best red
time of Lucan. It still subsists, however, un der life pleasant and coufortable? Expe
der the same name, and contains about 25,000 rience. He was acquainted with music. Some
412
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fragments of his poetry are to be found in extending only from the Tiber to Circeii, but
Athenaeus. He wrote an ode upon the Cen afterwards it comprehended the territories of
taurs, and an hymn to Ceres, without in the Volsci, AEqui, Hernici, Ausones, Umbri,
ºins
10.
the letter S in the composition. Athen. and Rutuli. The first inhabitants were call
ed. Aborigines, and received the name of La
LATER ANus PLAutus, a Roman consul tini from Latinus their king. According to
elect A. D. 65. A conspiracy with Piso others the word is derived from lateo, to con
against the emperor Nero proved fatal to ceal, because Saturn concealed himself there
him. He was led to execution, where he re when flying the resentment of his son Jupiter.
fused to confess the associates of the conspira [Latium was first possessed by the Siculi, who
cy, and did not even frown at the executioner were driven out by the Pelasgi and Aborigi
who was as guilty as himself, but when a first nes. The two last settled there and gave the
blow could not sever his head from his body, country the name of Latium, calling them
he looked at the executioner and shaking his selves Latini, vid, remarks under Italia,
head he returned it to the hatchet with the Pelasgi, Sicilia. M. Gebelin, in his Oriental
greatest composure and it was cut off. [This Allegories, suggests that the primitive lat sig
name descended to an ancient palace in Rome, nifies to conceal, and that terra also alludes
and to the buildings since"erected it its place, to the application of the soil for the conceal
particularly a church called St. John of La ment of the seed that was sown in it. Hence
teran, which is the principal see of the pope he says Latium might have signified the coun
dom.] try where seed was sown, in contradistinction
LATERIUM, the villa of Q. Cicero at Arpi to that part which was uncultivated and
num, near the Liris. Cic. ad Attic. 10, ep. 1, mountainous. The most ancient limit of La
el. 4, ep. 7, ad fr. 3. ep. 1.-Plun. 15, c. 15. tium to the south was Circeii. After the Ro
LATIALus, a surname of Jupiter, who was mans, however, had conquered the AEqui,
worshipped by the inhabitants of Latium up Volsci, and Hermici, the Liris or Garigliano
on Mount Albanus at stated times. The fes became its southern limit.] Laurentum was
tivals which were first instituted by Tarquin the capital of the country in the reign of La
the proud lasted 15 days. Liv. 21. [vid. tinus, Lavinium under Æneas, and Alba un
Feriae Latinae.] der Ascanius. [vid. Alba.] The Latins,
Latini, the inhabitants of Latium. [vid. though originally known only among their
Latium.] neighbours, soon arose in consequence when
Latinus, a son of Faunus by Marica, king Romulus had founded the city of Rome in
of the Aborigines in Italy, who from him were their country. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 38, l. 8, v.
called Latini. He married Amata by whom 322.-Strab. 5–Dionys. Hal.—Justin. 20,
he had a son and a daughter. The son died c. 1.-Plut. in Romul.—Plin. 3, c. 12.-Ta
in his infancy, and the daughter, called Lavi cit. 4, Ann. 5.
nia, was secretly promised in marriage by her LATMUs, a mountain of Caria near Mile
mother to Turnus king of the Rutuli, one of tus. It is famous for the residence of Endy
her most powerful admirers. The gods op mion, whom the Moon regularly visited in
posed this union, and the oracles declared that the night, whence he is often called Latmius
Lavinia must become the wife of a foreign Heros. [vid. Endymion.] [In the vicinity of
prince. The arrival of Æneas in Italy seem this mountain stood the city of Heraclea,
ed favourable to this prediction, and Latinus, commonly termed Hgazawa w uno Aataev,
by offering his daughter to the foreign prince “Heraclea below or at the ſoot of Latmus.”
and making him his friend and ally, seemed The mountain gave to the adjacent bay the
to have fulfilled the commands of the oracle. name of Latmicus Sinus.] Mela, 1, c. 17.-
Turnus, however, disapproved of the conduct Ovid. Trist. 2, v. 299. Art. .4m. 3, v. 83.−
of Latinus; he claimed Lavinia as his lawful Plin. 5, c. 29.—Strab. 14.—Cic. 1. Tus. 28.
wife, and prepared to support his cause by LaTohriqi, [a people of Belgic Gaul, in
arms. Æneas took up arms in his own de the vicinity of the Tulingi, Rauraci, and Hel
fence, and Latium was the seat of the war. vetii, whose country lay on the banks of the
After mutual losses, it was agreed that the Rhine about 90 miles to the west of the Lacus
quarrel should be decided by the two rivals, Brigantinus, or Lake of Constance. If they
and Latinus promised his daughter to the are the nation called by Ptolemy Latobici,
conqueror. ACneas obtained the victory, and they must have changed their settlements be
married Lavinia. Latinus soon after died fore that geographer wrote, as he includes
and was succeeded by his son-in-law. [AEme their territories in Pannonia near Noricum.]
as never was in Italy; vid. remarks under LATöls, a name of Diana as being the
the article Italia.] Virg. JEn.9, &c.—Ovid. daughter of Latona.
.Met. 13, &c.—Fast, 2, &c.—Dionys. Hal. 1, LAToMize. vid. Lautumiae.
c. 13.-Liv. 1, c. 1, &c.—Justin. 43, c. 1. LAróNA, a daughter of Coeus the Titan
—A son of Sylvius AEneas, surnamed also and Phoebe, or, according to Homer, of Sa
Sylvius. He was the 5th king of the Latins, turn. She was admired for her beauty, and
and succeeded his father. He was father to celebrated for the favours which she granted to
Alba his successor. Dionys. 1, c. 15.--Liv. Jupiter. Juno, always jealous of her hus:
2, c. 3. -
band's amours, made Latona the object of
Litium, a country of Italy, near the river her vengeance, and sent the serpent Pythonto
Tiber. It was originally very circumscribed. disturb her peace and persecute her. Latona
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wandered from place to place in the time of her father to marry her to a foreign prince,
her pregnancy, continually alarmed for fear she was given to Æneas after the death of
of Python. She was driven from heaven, and Turnus. [vid. Latinus.] At her husband's
Terra, influenced by Juno, refused to give herdeath she was left pregnant, and being fearful
a place where she might find rest and bring of the tyranny of Ascanius her son-in-law, she
forth. Neptune, moved with compassion, fled into the woods where she brought forth a
struck with his trident, and made immoveable son called Æneas Sylvius. Dionys. Hal. 1–
the island of Delos, which before wandered in Virg. JEn. 6 and 7.-Ovid. Met. 14, v. 507.
the AEgean, and appeared sometimes above —Ltv. 1, c. 1.
and sometimes below the surface of the sea LAvinuuM, or LAvinum, a town of Italy,
Latona, changed into a quail by Jupiter, came built by Eneas, and called by that name in
to Deios,where she resumed her original shape, honour of Lavinia, the founder's wife. It was
and gave birth to Apollo and Diana, leaning the capital of Latium during the reign of
against a palm tree or an olive. He repose AEneas. [It was situate near the coast, on
was of short duration, Juno discovered the the river Numicus, west of Ardea.] Virg.
place of her retreat, and obliged her to fly JEn. 1, v. 262—Strab. 5.-Dionys. Hal. 1.-
from Delos. She wandered over the great | Liv. 1, c. 2.-Justin. 43, c. 2.
est part of the world, and in Caria, where her LAUREAcum, [the station of a Roman fleet
fatigue compelled her to stop, she was insult on the Danube, to the east of the junction of
ed and ridiculed by peasants of whom she ask. the AEnus or Inn with that river. It is now
ed for water, while they were weedig a a small village called Loren.]
marsh. Their refusal and insolence provok LAURENTALIA, certain festivals celebrat
ed her, and she entreated Jupiter to punish ed at Rome in honour of Laurentia, on the
their barbarity. They were all changed into last day of April and the 23d of December.
frogs. She was exposed to repeated insults They were, in process of time, part of the
by Niobe, who boasted herself greater than Saturnalia. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 57.
the mother of Apollo and Diana, and ridiculed LAURENTEs AGRI, the country in the
the presents which the piety of her neighbours neighbourhood of Laurentum. Tibull. 2, el.
had offered to Latona. [rid. Niobe..] Her 5, v. 41.
LAur ENTIA. [vid. Acca.]
beauty proved fatal to the giant Tityus, whom
Apollo and Diana put to death. [vid. Ti LAURENTIN1, the inhabitants of Latium.
tyus.] At last, Latona, though persecuted They received this name from the great num
and exposed to the resentment of Juno, i. ber of laurels which grew in the country.
came a powerful deity, and saw her children King Latinus found one of uncommon large
receive divine honours. Her worship was ness and beauty, when he was going to build
generally established where her children re a temple to Apollo, and the tree was conse
ceived adoration, particularly at Argos, Delos, crated to the god and preserved with the
&c. where she had temples. She had an ora most religious ceremomies. Virg. -ºn. 7,
cle in Egypt, celebrated for the true decisive v. 59.
answers which it gave.Diod. 5.—Herodot." LAURENTUM, now Paterna, the capital of
2, c. 155–Paus. 2 and 3.-Homer. Il. 21. the kingdom of Latium in the reign of Lati
Hymº. in .4p. & Dian.—Hesiod. Theog.— nus. It is on the sea-coast, [south-east of Os
.4 pollod. 3, c. 5 and 10.—Ovid. Met. 6, v. 160. tia.] [vid. Laurentini.] Strab. 5.—Mela,
—Hugun. fab. 140. 2, c. 4.—Liv. 1, c. 1.-Virg. .ºn. 7, v. 171.
LAtopolis, [a city of Egypt in the The LAURion, a place of Attica, [near the pro
baid, "etween Thebes and Apollinopolismag. montory of Sunium, where were [silver)
na. It derived its Greek name from the fish mines, from which the Athenians drew con
Latos there worshipped. It is now Asna, a siderable revenues, and with which they built
term which signifies illustrious.] their fleets by the advice of Themistocles.
Latous, a name given to Apollo as son of These mines failed before the age of Strabo.
Latona. Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 9. [“One or two of the shafts of the ancient sil
LAver NA, the goddess of thieves and dis ver mines,” observes Hobhouse, “for which
honest persons at Rome. She did not only this mountainous region was so celebrated,
preside over robbers, called from her Later. have been discovered in a small shrubby
mones, but she protected such as deceived plain not far from the sea on the eastern coast;
others, or formed their secret machinations in and a specimen of ore, lately found, was
obscurity and silence. Her worship was very shown to me at Athens.” Hobhouse's Jour
popular, and the Romans raised her an altar ney, vol. 1, p. 343.]—Thucyd. 2–Paus. 1,
near one of the gates of the city, which, from c. 1.-Strab. 9.
that circumstance, was called the gate of La LAuroN, [a town of Spain, towards the
yerna. She was generally represented by a eastern limits of Baetica. It lay probably not
head without a body. Horat 1, ep. 16, v. 60. far from the sea, among the Bastitani. It
—Parro de L. L. 4. A place mentioned has been supposed by some to be the modern
by Plut. &c. Liria, five leagues from Valentia. It was this
Laver NIUM, a temple of Laverna, near city of which Sertorius made himself master
Formiae. Cic. 7, .1tt. 8. in the face of Pompey's army; and in its vi
Lºvinia, a daughter of king Latinus and cinity, at a subsequent period, Cueius Pom
Amata. She was betrothed to her relation peius, son of Pompey the Great, was slain af
king Turnus, but because the oracle ordered ter the battle of Munda.]
41 A
 LE LE
- *—
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LAUs, now Laino, a town on a river of the part of the country which answers to Graecia
same name, which forms the southern boun Propria, or Greece north of the Isthmus.]
dary of Lucania. Strab. 6. LEBÉdus, or LEBÉdos, [one of the twelve
LAUs Pompeia, a town of Italy, founded cities of Ionia, north-west of Colophon, on the
by a colony sent thither by Pompey. coast. . It was at first a flourishing city, but
LAUSUs, a son of Numitor, and brother of upon the removal of a large portion of its in
Ilia. He was put to death by his uncle Amu habitants to Ephesus by Lysimachus, it sank
lius, who usurped his father's throne. Ovid. greatly in importance. In the time of Ho
Fast. 4. v. 54 race it was deserted and in ruins.] Strab. 14.
LAUTUMLE or LAtomLA., [a name proper —Horat. 1, ep. 11, v. 7.—Herodot. 1, c. 142.
ly denoting a quarry, and derived from the —Cic. 1, Div. 33.
Greek Azaz, lapis, and ruva, seco. These LEcHAEUM, [a town and promontory of
were anciently used as gaols for criminals. Greece, on the Sinus Corinthiacus, or Gulf of
Dionysius had a place of this kind dug in a Lepanto. It had a temple of Neptune, in
rock near Syracuse, where a great number of which was a bronze statue of that deity. Its
people were shut up. vid. Dionysius. Cicero modern name is Pelaga. The port of Co
reproaches Verres with imprisoning Roman rinth on the opposite side is Cenchrea'.]
citizens in Latomiae. Latomia became in Stat. Theb. 2, v. 381.—Liv. 32, c. 23.
time a general name for a prison, and the pri [LEcton A. Ancient traditions, as well
soners inclosed in them were called latomarii.] as physical observations, point out the former
Cic. Perr. 5, c. 27.-Liv. 26, v. 27, 1.32, c. 26. existence of the land of Lectonia, which
LEANDER, a youth of Abydos, ſamous for would seem to have occupied a part of the
his amours with Hero. vid. Hero. [“. It was space now filled by the Grecian Sea. An
the custom, observes Hobhouse, for those earthquake probably broke down its founda
who would cross from Abydos to Sestos to in tions, and the whole was finally submerged
cline a mile out of the direct line, and those under the waves. Perhaps this event hap
making the contrary voyage were obliged to pened when the sea, which was formerly ex
have recourse to a similar plan in order to tended over the Scythian plains, forced its
take advantage of the current. Leander, way through the Bosporus, and precipitated
therefore, had a perilous adventure to per itself into the basin of the Mediterranean.
form, who swam at least four miles to meet The numerous islands of the Archipelago ap
Hero, and returned the same distance the pear to be the remains of Lectonia, and this
same night. It is very possible, however, tract of land probably facilitated the passage
to swim across the Hellespont without being of the first colonists out of Asia into our part
the rival or having the motive of Leander of the world. It was the opinion of Pallas
My fellow-traveller, (Lord Byron,) was de that the Euxine and Caspian Seas, as well as
termined to attempt it.” It appears from the lake Aral, and several others, are the re
what follows that Lord Byron failed in his mains of an extensive sea, which covered a
first attempt, owing to the strength of the great part of the north of Asia. This con
current, after he and the friend who accom jecture of Pallas, which was drawn from his
panied him had been in the water an hour, observations in Siberia, has been confirmed by
and found themselves in the middle of the Kaproth's survey of the country northward
strait about a mile and a half below the cas of Mount Caucasus. Lastly, M. de Choiseul
tles. A second attempt was more successful; Gouffier adds, that a great part of Moldavia,
Lord Byron was in the water one hour and Vollachia, and Bessarabia, bears evident
ten minutes, his companion, Mr. Ekenhead, traces of having been formed by the sea. It
five minutes less. Lord Byron represents the has often been conjectured that the opening
current as very strong and the water cold; of the Bosporus was the occasion of the drain
he states, however, that they were not fa ing of this ocean in the midst of Europe and
tigued, though a little chilled, and performed Asia. The memory of this disruption of the
the ſeat with little difficulty. The strait be two continents was preserved in the tradi
tween the castles, Mr. Hobhouse makes a tions of Greece. Strabo (lib. 1, p. 49), Pliny
mile aud a quarter, and yet it took four boat (Hist. Nat. lib, 2, c. 90,) and Diodorus (lib.
men five minutes to pull them from point to 5, c. 47.) have collected the ancient memo
point. . All this tends to throw a great deal rials which existed of so striking a catastro
of doubt upon the feat of Leander, who ohe. The truth of the story, however, has
could hardly have been a more expert swim been placed on more secure grounds by phy
mer than Lord Byron, and who, besides, had sical observations on the districts in the vi
a longer course to pursue.] cinity of the Bosporus. See Dr. Clarke's Tra
LEBADEA, [a town of Boeotia, west of vels, and particularly a Memoire by M. de
Cheronaea, built on a plain adjacent to the Choiseul Gouffier in the Mems. de l'Institut.
small river Hercyna. The inhabitants at a Royal de France, 1815, in which the author
former period occupied a town on an adjoin has collected much curious information on
ing eminence, called Midaea, but an Athenian, this subject. It appears that the catastrophe
named Lebadus, persuaded them to build was produced by the operation of volcanoes,
another on the plain which was called after the fires of which were still burning in the
his name. The oracle and cave of Tropho era of the Argonautic voyage, and enter intº
nus were near this town. It is now Livadia, the poetical descriptions of Apollonius, and
a name which has been extended to great |Valerius Flaccus. According to the false
415
 LE LE

Orpheus, Neptune being angry with Jupiter, LEDAEA, an epithet given to Hermione,
struck the land of Lectonia with his golden &c. as related to Leda. Virg. JEn. 3., v. 328
trident and submerged it in the sea, forming LEdus, now Les, a river of Gaul near the
islands of many of its scattered fragments. modern Montpelier. Mela, 2, c. 5.
There seems to be some resemblance between [LEgio, eeptima gemina, a Roman military
the name Lectonia and Lycaonia, but then we colony in Spain among the Astures, north-east
must refer the latter term not to a portion of of Asturica. It is now the modern Leon.]
Asia Minor, but to the northern regions of Légio, [a body of forces, of a number of
the globe. Thus we have in Ovid (Fast. 3, which the Roman armies were chiefly con
v. 793.) the expression Lycaonia Arctos, in posed. The term comes from the Latin le
the same poet (Trist. 32, v. 2.) Lycaonia gere, to choose, because, when Romulus insti
sub aze, and in Claudian (Cons. JMall. Theod. tuted this body of troops, he chose a certain
v. 299.) Lycaonia astra. By the northern number from each trihe for that purpose. The
regions of the globe, however, Italy and number of soldiers of which the legion con
Greece can easily be meant, since they were sisted was different at different times, but it is
both referred by the ancients to the countries impossible to determine the precise time and
of the north. vid. Mediterraneum Mare.— manner of their alterations. In the time of
JMüller's Univ. History. Vol. 1, p. 32, in notis. Romulus, the Institutor of this corps, each le
—Ukert. Geographie der Griechen und Rö gion consisted of 3000 foot and 300 horse.
mer, Vol. 1, p. 346.-Hermann. in Orph. These were divided into three bodies, which
Arg. v. 1274.] made so many lines of battle, each body con
LECTUM, a promontory separating Tro sisting of 10 companies. Under the consuls,
as from AFolia. [It formed also the north the legion in general consisted of 4000 or 4200
ern limit, in the time of the Eastern Empire, foot and 300 horse. About the year of Rome
of the province of Asia as it was termed, 412 it was composed of 5000 foot, which was
which commenced near the Maeander and the number of a legion during Caesar's wars
extended along the coast upwards to Lectum. with the Gauls; under Augustus, each legion
It is now cape Baba.] consisted of 6100 foot and 726 horse. After
LEDA, a daughter of king Thespius and his death they were reduced to 5000 foot and
Eurythemis, who married Tyndarus, king of 700 horse. Under Tiberius, the legion was
Sparta. She was seen bathing in the river raised again to 6000 foot and 600 horse. In
Eurotas by Jupiter, when she was some few the time of Septimius Severus, the legion was
days advanced in her pregnancy, and the god, composed of 5000 men : under the following
struck with her beauty, resolved to deceive emperor, it was the same as it had been
her. He persuaded Venus to change herself under Augustus. The legion was generally
into an eagle, while he assumed the form of divided into 10 cohorts, each cohort into 3
a swan ; and, after this metamorphosis, Jupi maniples, and each maniple into two centu
ter, as if fearful of the tyrannical cruelty of ries. The different kinds of infantry which
the bird of prey, fled through the air into the composed it were the Hastati, who were
arms of Leda, who willingly sheltered the young men, and formed the first line, deriv
trembling swan from the assaults of his supe ing their name from the hasta or spear with
rior enemy. The caresses with which the which they were at first armed, the Princi
naked Leda received the swan enabled Jupi pes, who were men in the vigour of life, and
ter to avail himself of his situation, and nine formed the second line, being so called because
months aſter this adventure, the wife of Tyn they were originally the first line; and the
darus brought forth two eggs, of one of which Triarii, who were old soldiers of approved
sprang Pollux and Helena, and of the other, valour, and stationed in the third line. These
Castor and Clytemnestra. [This fable of last were also called Pilant from the Piłum or
the eggs is explained under the article Cly javelin which they used, and the Hastati and
temnestra.] The two former were deemed Principes who stood before them, Antepilant.
the offspring of Jupiter, and the others The Velites or light-armed soldiers, who
claimed Tyndarus for their father.] Some foughtin front, formed a fourth kind of troops.
mythologists attribute this amour to Neme In the description of Caesar's battle, however,
sis, and not to Leda ; and they further there is no mention made of the soldiers being
mention, that Leda was intrusted with the thus named and arranged, but only of a cer
education of the children which sprang from tain number of legions and cohorts which
the eggs brought forth by Nemesis [rid. Caesar, generally drew up in three lines. In
Helena. To reconcile this diverity of opi the battle of Pharsalia he formed a body of
nious, others maintain that Leda received the reserve, which he calls afourth line, to oppose
name of Nemesis after death. Homer and the cavalry of Pompey, which indeed deter
Hesiod make no mention of the metamorpho mined the fortune of the day. In the time of
sis of Jupiter into a swan, whence some have Caesar too, the bravest troops were generally
imagined that the fable was unknown to these placed in front, contrary to the ancient cus
two ancient poets, and probably invented tom ; an alteration which is ascribed to Ma
since their age. Apollod. I, c. 8, 1.3, c. 10.- rius.] Livy speaks often, and even eighteen,
Ovid. Met. 6, v. 109.—Hesiod. 17, v. 55.- legions kept at Rome. During the consular
Hygin. fab. 77.—Isocr. in Hel-Homer. od. government it was usual to levy and fit up
11.-Eurip. in Hel.—A famous dancer in four legions, which were divided between the
the age of Jurenal 6, v. 63. two consuls. This number was, however,
At 6
 LE
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often increased, as time and occasion requir him. Hygin. ſab. 128.-Ovid...Met. 7, v. 771.
ed. Augustus maintained a standing army —Paus. 9, c. 19.
of twenty-three or twenty-five legions, and LÉlºgEs. [According to the account given
this number was seldom diminished. In the
by the Greek writers, the Carians originally
reign of Tiberius there were 25 legions, [ex inhabited the islands adjacent to the coast of
clusive of the troops in Italy, and the forces Asia Minor, under the name of Leleges. They
of the allies.] and the peace establishment of were so far under the controul of Minos king
Adrian maintained no less than 30 of these of Crete, as to yield him, not indeed tribute,
formidable brigrades. They were distri. but vessels for his fleet. Afterwards they pass.
buted over the Roman empire, and their ed over to the continent and assumed the name
stations were settled and permanent. The of Carians. This account is evidently an er
peace of Britain was protected by three le roneous one. Every thing tends to make it
gions ; sixteen were stationed on the banks very probable that the continent was occupied
of the Rhine and Danube, viz. two in Lower, before the islands; and the Carians them
and three in Upper, Germany; one in Nori selves, according to Herodotus, contradicted
cum, one in Rhaetia, three in Moesia, four in the statement that they were originally island
Pannonia, and two in Dacia. Eight were sta ers. The inhabitants of the continent then
tioned on the Euphrates, six of which remain. were Carians, to whom the Leleges, in after
ed in Syria, and two in Cappadocia, while days, added themselves from the islands. Ho
the remote provinces of Egypt, Africa, and mer, in whose time the remembrance of this
Spain, were guarded each by a single legion. emigration of the Leleges was still quite re
Besides these, the tranquillity of Rome was cent, clearly distinguishes the two people
preserved by 20,000 soldiers, who, under the from each other. The Leleges took posses
titles of city cohorts and of praetorian guards, sion of the coast in the vicinity of Halicarnas
watched over the safety of the monarch and sus, and afterwards spread themselves north
of the capital. The legions were distinguish wards to the banks of the Maeander. Fight ci
ed by different appellations, and generally ties were here founded by them, the most pow
borrowed their name from the order in which erful of which was Pedasa. They aſterwards
they were first raised, as prima, secunda, ter intermingled with the Carians, and with the
tia, quarta, &c. Besidesthis distinction, ano Greek colonies which came to this quarter.
ther more expressive was generally added, as They ceased, however, to be known as a
from the name of the emperor who embodied distinct race after Mausolus, king of Caria,
them, as Augusta, Claudiana, Galbiana, Fla. transferred the inhabitants of six of their ci
via, Ulpia, Trajana, Antoniana, &c. from the ties to Halicarnassus to increase the size of
provinces or quarters where they were sta the capital. Still they were remembered
tioned, as Britannica, Cyrenica, Gallica, &c. among the Greeks for several inventions.
from the provinces which had been subdued They were the first who added crests to
by their valour, as Parthica, Scythica, Arabi their helmets and ornainents to their shields.
ca, Africana, &c. from the names of the dei They were also the first who gave the shield
ties whom their generals particularly wor its handle. Before their time, such as bore
shipped, as Minervia, Apollinaris, &c. or shields had no other means of managing
from more trifling accidents, as Martia, Ful. them, but by a piece of leather suspended
minatrir, Rapaz, Adjutrir, &c. The chief from the neck over the left shoulder. Some
commander of the legion was called legatus, pretend to derive their name from atya, to
lieutenant. The standards borne by the le. gather, maintaining that they were a wan
gions were various. In the first ages of Rome dering people, composed of various uncon
a wohſ was the standard, in honour of Romu nected nations.] Strab. 7 and 8.-Homer. IA.
lus; after that a hog, because that animal 21, v. 85.-Plin. 4, c. 7, l. 5, c. 26.-P’urg.
was generally sacrificed at the conclusion of a JEn. 8, v. 725.-Paus. 3, c. 1.
treaty, and therefore it indicated that war is LEI.E.GEis, a name applied to Miletus,
undertaken for the obtaining of peace. A mi because once possessed by the Leleges. Plin.
notaur was sometimes the standard, to inti 5, c. 29.
mate the secrecy with which the general was LElex, an Egyptian, who came with a
to act, in commemoration of the labyrinth. colony to Megara, where he reigned about
Sometimes a horse or a boar was used, till the
200 years before the Trojan war. His sub
age of Marius, who changed all these for the jects were called from him Leleges, and the
eagle, being a representation of that bird in place Lelegeia mania. Paus. 3, c. 1.-A
silver, holding sometimes a thunderbolt in its Greek, who was the first king of Laconia in
claws. The Roman eagle ever after remain Peloponnesus. His subjects were also called
ed in use, though Trajan made use of the Leleges, and the country where he reigned
dragon. Lelegia. Id.
LELAPs, a dog that never failed to seize LEMAN1s [Portus, or Lymne, a harbour
and conquer whatever animal he was order of Britain, a little below Dover, where Caesar
ed to pursue. It was given to Procris by is thought to have landed on his first expedi
Diana, and Procris reconciled herself to her tion to that island, having set out from the
husband by presenting him with that valuable Portus Itius in Gaul, a little south of Calais.]
present. According to some, Procris had re LEMinus, a lake in the country of the
ceived it from Minos, as a reward for the Allobroges. [This lake is a most beautifuf
dangerous wounds of which she had cured! expanse of water * the form of a crescent,
G. 17 -
 LE LE

the concave side of which is upwards of 45 of Lemnos, now called Stalimene, was reduc
miles long. Its greatest breadth is about 12 ed under the power of Athens by Miltiades,
miles. It never wholly freezes over in the se and the Carians, who then inhabited it, oblig
verest winters, ondit rises about 10 feetin sum ed to emigrate. Virg. AEn. 8, v. 454.—Ho
mer, by the melting of the snows on the Alps. mer. Il. 1, v. 593.−C. Nep. in Milt.—Stras.
Besides the Rhone, which traverses its whole 1, 2, and 7.-Herodot. 6, c. 140.-Mela, 2, c.
length, it receives the waters of 40 other 7–Apollod. 1, arg—Flac. 2, v. 78.—Orld.
streams.] It is now called the lake of Ge Art. Am. 3, v. 672.-Stat. 3, Theb. 274.
neva. Lucan. 1, v. 396.-Mela, 2, c. 5. LEMovices, a people of Gaul, now Limou.
LEMNos, an island in the AEgean Sea, be sun & Limoges. Caes. G. 7, G. 4.
tween Tenedos, Imbros, and Samothrace. It LEMUREs, the manes of the dead. The
was sacred to Vulcan, called Lemnius pater, ancients supposed that the souls, after death,
who fell there when kicked down from hea wandered all over the world, and disturbed
ven by Jupiter. [The true reason why Lem the peace of its inhabitants. The good spirits
nos was consecrated to Vulcan, was owing, were called Lares familiares, and the evil
probably, to two volcanoes which were here ones were known by the name of Larra, or
continually casting forth flames, and which Lemures. They terrified the good, and con
were considered as the forges of that god. tinually haunted the wicked and impious; and
(rid. Moschylus.) No vestiges of these vol the Romans had the superstition to celebrate
canoes now remain, but Sonnini thinks it festivals in their honour, called Lemuria, or
probable that interior fires are still burning Lemuralia, in the month of May. They were
there ; for he met with a spring of hot wa first instituted by Romulus to appease the
ter, which had been brought to supply baths, manes of his brother Remus, from whom they
and with another of aluminous water. Lem. were ealled Remuria, and by corruption, Le
mos was celebrated among the ancients for muria. These solemnities continued three
the succour it afforded the Argonauts, of nights, during which the temples of the gods
which Apollonius Rhodius has given us a were shut, and marriages prohibited. It was
particular account. The priests of Lemnos usual for the people to throw black beans on
were reckoned famous for the cure of wounds. the graves of the deceased, or to burn them,
on which account Philoctetes was left there as the smell wassupposed to be insupportable
when wounded in the foot by one of the ar to them. They also muttered magical words,
rows of Hercules. The efficacy of their skill and, by beating kettles and drums, they be
depended, it is said, upon the quality of a spe lieved that the ghosts would depart, and no
cies of red earth, found in the island, called longer come to terrify their relations upon
Lennian earth. This, the ancients thought a earth. Ovud. Fast. 5, v.421, &c.—Horai. 2,
sovereign remedy against poisons and the ep. 2, v. 209.-Persius 5, v. 185.
bites of serpents, but is now held in little or LEMURIA and LEMURALIA. vid. Lemures.
no esteem in Europe. It is called terra si LENAEUs, a surname of Bacchus, from
gillata, because it is sealed before it is vended. anyor, a wine-press. There was a festival
The Turks, and the modern Greeks, still, called Lenſea, celebrated in his honour, in
however, hold it in high estimation, and the which the ceremonies observed at the other
cups out of which the Grand Seignior drinks, festivals of the god chiefly prevailed. There
are made of this red earth.] It was cele. were, besides, poetical contentions, &c. Paus.
brated for two horrible massacres, that of the —Virg. G. 2, v. 4, JEn. 4, v. 207.-Orig.
Lemnian women murdering their husbands, JMet. 4, v. 14. A learned grammarian, or
§: Hipsipyle,) and that of the Lemnians, or dered by Pompey to translate into Latin some
elasgi, in killing all the children they had of the physical manuscripts of Mithridates,
had by some Athenian women whom they king of Pontus.
had carried away to become their wives. LENTúLus, a celebrated family at Rome,
These two acts of cruelty have given rise to which produced many great men in the com
the proverb of Lemnian actions, which is ap monwealth. The most illustrious were L.
plied to all barbarous and inhuman deeds. Corn. Lentulus, a consul, A. U. C. 427, who
The first inhabitants of Lemnos were the dispersed some robbers who infested Umbria.
Pelasgi, or rather the Thracians, who were –Corn. Lentulus, surnamed Sura. He join
murdered by their wives. After them came ed in Catiline's conspiracy, and assisted in
the children of the Lemmian widows by the corrupting the Allobroges. He was convict
Argonauts, whose descendants were at last ed in full senate by Cicero, and put in prison
expelled by the Pelasgi, about 1100 years be and afterwards executed. A consul who
fore the Christian era. Lemnos is about 112 triumphed over the Samnites.—Cn. Len
miles in circumference, according to Pliny, tulus, surnamed Gaetulicus, was made consul.
who says, that it is often shadowed by Mount A. D. 26, and was, some time after, put to
Athos, though at the distance of 87 miles. death by Tiberius, who was jealous of his
[The more correct statement will be found great popularity. He wrote an history, men
under the article Athos.] It has been called tioned by Suetonius, and attempted also poe
Hipsipyle, from queen Hipsipyle. Lemnos is try. P. Lentulus, a friend of Brutus, men
also celebrated for a labyrinth, which, accord tioned by Cicero (de Orat. 1, c. 48) as a great
ing to some traditions, surpassed those of and consummatestatesman.—Besides these,
Crete and Egypt. Some remains of it were there are a few others, whose name is otly
still visible in the age of Pliny. The island mentioned in history, and whose life was no:
412
 LE LE

marked by any uncommon event. The con five millions of souls. [A statement of the
sulship was in the family of the Lentuli in the amount of the Grecian forces previous to the
years of Rome 427, 479, 517, 518, 553, 555, battle will be found under the article Ther
598, &c. Tacit. Ann.--Liv.–Flor.—Plin. mopylae.] He was offered the kingdom of
—Plut.—Eutrop. Greece by the enemy, if he would not op
Leo, a native of Byzantium, who flourished pose his views; but Leonidas heard the pro
350 years before the Christian era. His phi posal with indignation, and observed, that he
losophical and political talents endeared him preferred death for his country to an unjust
to his countrymen, and he was always sent though extensive dominion over it. Before
upon every important occasion as ambassador the engagement, eonidas exhorted his sol
to Athens, or to the court of Philip king of diers, and told them all to dine heartily, as
Macedonia. This monarch, well acquainte they were to sup in the realms of Pluto. The
with the abilities of Leo, was sensible that his battle was fought at Thermopylae, and the 300
views and claims to Byzantium would never Spartans, who had resolved not to abandon
succeed while it was protected by the vigilance the scene of action, withstood the enemy with
of such a patriotic citizen. To remove him such vigour, that they were obliged to retire,
he had recourse to artifice and perfidy. A wearied and conquered, during three succes
letter was forged, in which Leo made solemu sive days, till Ephialtes, a Trachinian, had
promises of betraying his country to the king the perfidy to conduct a detachment of Per
of Macedonia for money. This was no sooner sians by a secret path up the mountains,
known than the people ran enraged to the whence they suddenly fell upon the rear of
house of Leo, and the philosopher, to avoid the Spartans, and crushed them to pieces.
their fury, and without attempting his justifi [Two of the 300 Spartans, are said by He
cation, strangled himself. He had written rodotus, to have been afflicted with a violent
some treatises upon physic, and also the histo disorder of the eyes, and with the permission
ry of his country and the wars of Philip, in of Leonidas to have left the camp previous
seven books, which have been lost. Plut.
to the day of the battle and remained at Alpe;
An emperor of the east, surnamed the nus. One of them, Eurytus, having heard
Thracian. He reigned 17 years, and died A. of the circuit made by the Persians, called for
Iº. 474, being succeeded by Leo the Second his arms, met the enemy and was slain.
for 10 months, and afterwards by Zeno. The other one, Aristodemes, pusillanimously
LEocorion, a monument and temple staid where he was, and after the battle re
erected by the Athenians to Pasithea, The turned to Sparta. Some assert that he was
ope, and Eubule, daughters of Leos, who im sent on business from the army, and might,
molated themselves when an oracle had or if he had pleased, have been present at the
dered that, to stop the raging pestilence, some battle; but that he saved himself by linger
of the blood of the citizens must be shed. ing by the way. They add, that his com
.AElian. 12, c. 28.-Cie..N. D. 3, c. 19. panion, employed on the same business, re
LEoNirus, one of Alexander's generals turned to the battle and there ſell. Aristo
His father's name was Eunus. He distin demes, on his return, was branded with infa
guished himself in Alexander's conquest of my; no one would speak with him, no one
Asia, and once saved the king's liſe in a dan would supply him with fire, and the oppro
gerous battle. Aſter the death of Alexander, brious epithet of trembler (ºrgºza;) was an
at the general division of the provinces, he nexed to his name; but he afterwards at the
received for his portion that part of Phrygia battle of Plataea effectually atoned for his
which borders on the Hellespont. He was conduct.] This celebrated battle, which
empowered by Perdiccas to assist Eumenes happened 480 years before the Christian
in making himself master of the province of era, taught the Greeks to despise the number
Cappadocia, which had been allotted to him. of the Persians, and to rely upon their own
Like the rest of the generals of Alexander, strength and intrepidity. Temples were
he was ambitious of power and dominion. He raised to the fallen hero, and festivals, called
aspired to the sovereignty of Macedonia, and Leonidea, yearly celebrated at Sparta, in
secretly communicated to Eumenes the dif which free-born youths contended. [A Lion
ſerent plans he meant to pursue to execute of stone was erected at the entrance of the
his designs. He passed from Asia into Eu straits of Thermopylae in honour of Leoni
rope to assist Antipater against the Athe das. Two epigrams on this subject may be
nians, and was killed in a battle which was found in the Greek Anthology. The bones
fought soon after his arrival. Historians of Leonidas were carried back to Sparta by
have mentioned, as an instance of the luxury Pausanias, forty years after his death. These
of Leonatus, that he employed a number of were placed in a monument opposite the
camels to procure some earth from Egypt theatre: every year they pronounced in this
to wrestle upon, as, in his opinion, it seemed place a funeral oration, and celebrated games
better calculated for that purpose. Plut. in at which the Spartans only were suffered to
.4ler.—Curt. 3, c. 12, 1.6, c. 8.-Justin. 13, contend..] Leonidas, as he departed for the
c. 2.-Diod. 18.-C. Nep. in Eum. battle from Lacedæmon, gave no other in
LEoNIDAs, a celebrated king of Lacedæ junction to his wiſe, but, after his death, to
mon, of the family of the Euristhenidae, sent marry a man of virtue and honour, to raise
by his countrymen to oppose Xerxes, king of from her children deserving of the name and
Persia, who had invaded Greece with about greatness of her first hutana. Herodot. 7,
41:
 LE

—C. Wep. in perides, in the absence of Demosthenes, who

Wal. Mar. 1, c. 6.-Paus. 3, c. 4.—Plut. in had been lately banished for taking a bribe
J.ſc. & Cleon. A king of Sparta after from Harpalus. [vid. Lamiacum.] Diod
Aneus II. 257 years before Christ. He was 17 and 18.-Strab. 9.
driven from his kingdom by Cleombrotus, Leotychid Es, a king of Sparta, son of
his son-in-law, and afterwards re-established. Menares, of the family of the Proclidae. He
LEoNTIUM and Leontini, [a town of Si was set over the Grecian fleet, and by his con
cily, called also Xuthia. It was situate about rage and valour he put an end to the Persian
five miles from the sea-shore, to the south of war at the famous battle of Mycale. It is said
Catana between two small streams, the Lissus that he cheered the spirits of his ſellow-sol
and Terias. The town was built at the same diers at Mycale, who were anxious for their
time with Catana, by the Chalcidians from countrymen in Greece, by raising a report that
Boeotia, under the conduct of Theocles an a battle had been fought at Plataea, in which
Athenian, in the year of the 13th Olympiad. the barbarians had been defeated. This suc
The adjacent territory was so fruitful, that it ceeded, and though the information was false.
is said to have yielded crops of corn an hun yet a battle was fought at Plataea, in which the
dred fold, and Cicero calls it the grand maga Greeks obtained the victory the same day that
zine of Sicily. Its wines were the most de the Persian fleet was destroyed at Mycale.
licious of the whole island, but the inhabit |Leotychides was accused of a capital crime by
ants perverted the benefit into an occasion |the Ephori, and, to avoid the punishment
for intemperance, so that it became a prover which his guilt seemed to deserve, he fled to
bial saying, “the people of Leontini are al the temple of Minerva at Tegea, where he
ways at their cups.” This was the birth-place perished, B. C. 469, after a reign of 22 years.
of the famous Gorgias. Its quarrel with Sy He was succeeded by his grandson Archida
racuse led to the unfortunate expedition of mus. Paus. 3, c. 7 and 6.-Diod. 11.-A
the Athenians, whose aid the people of Leon son of Agis, king of Sparta, by Timea. The
tini had implored. The city afterwards fell legitimacy of his birth was disputed by some,
under the Syracusan power. The adjacent and it was generally believed that he was the
country was called Laestrygonii Campi, and son of Alcibiades. He was prevented from
was, according to some accounts, the resi ascending the throne of Sparta by Lysander,
dence of the Laestrygones.] B.C. 427. Thu. though Agis had declared him upon his death
cyd. 6.—Polub. 7.—Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 467.— bed his lawful son and heir, and Agesilaus
Ital. 14, v. 126.-Cic. ºn Verr. 5. was appointed in his place. C. Nep. in .4ges.
LEoNT1UM, a celebrated courtezan of —Plut.-Paus. 3, c. 8.
Athens, who studied philosophy under Epi LEPIDA Domitia, a daughter of Drusus
curus, and became one of the most renowned and Antonia, great niece to Augustus, and
pupils. She prostituted herself to the philo aunt to the emperor Nero. She is described
sopher's scholars, and even to Epicurus him by Tacitus as a common prostitute, infamous
self, if we believe the reports which were in her manners, violent in her temper, and yet
raised by some of his enemies. (vid. Epi celebrated for her beauty. She was put to
curus.) [This appears to have been all a leath by means of her rival Agrippina, Nero's
vile slander; whatever might be the case af. mother. Tacit.
terwards, there is little reason to doubt but LEpidus M. A.Milius, a Roman, cele
that during the life of Epicurus his garden brated as being one of the triumvirs with
was rather a school of temperance than a Augustus and Antony. He was of an illus
scene of riot and debauchery.] Metrodorus trious family, and like the rest of his contem
shared her favours, and by him she had a son, poraries, he was remarkable for his ambition,
to whom Epicurus was so partial, that he re to which was added a narrowness of mind.
commended him to his executors on his dying and a great deficiency of military abilities.
bed. Leontium not only professed herself a He was sent against Caesar's murderers, and
warm admirer and follower of the doctrines some time after, he leagued with M. Antony,
of Epicurus, but she even wrote a book in who had gained the heart of his soldiers by ar
support ofthem against Theophrastus. This tifice, and that of their commander by his ad
book was valuable, if we believe the testimo dress. When his influence and power among
my and criticism of Cicero, who praised the the soldiers had made him one of the trium
purity and elegance of its style, and the tru virs, he showed his cruelty, like his colleagues,
ly Attic turn of the expressions. Leontium by his proscriptions, and even suffered his own
had also a daughter called Danae, who mar brother to be sacrificed to the dagger of the
ried Sophron. Cic. de Mat. D. 1, c. 33. triumvirate. He received Africa as his por
LeosthèNES, an Athenian general who, tion in the division of the empire. [In divid
after Alexander's death, drove Antipater to ing the Roman world between the members
Thessaly, where he besieged him in the town of the triumvirate, Lepidus was allowed a
of Lamia. The success which for a while at place principally by way of a connecting
tended his arms was soon changed by a fata, link between the other two. After he had
blow which he received from a stone throw, received Africa as his share, he broughtalarge
by the besieged, B. C. 323. The death of Le force to Sicily to aid Augustus in the war
osthenes was followed by a total defeat of the with Sextus Pompey, and shared in the vic
Athenian forces. The funeral oration over tory obtained against that commander. The
lds body was *4
at Athens by Hy confidence he felt in being at the head of a
 1,E

arge army induced him to trea this colleague called Lernata, celebrated there in honour of
with haughtiness and neglect, but he had the Bacchus, Proserpine, and Ceres. The Ar
mortification to see himself deserted by all his gives used to carry fire to this solemnity from
troops, who joined Augustus. He now sup a temple upon Mount Crathis, dedicated to
plicated his life of his rival, which being grant Diana. Paus.
ed hiºn, he retired into a kind of exile at Cir LERo, a small island on the coast of Gaul,
ceii, where he passed the rest of his days in called also Lerina.
obscurity.] Appian.-Plut. in Aug.—Flor LERos. vid. Leria.
4, c. 6 and 7. A son of Julia, the grand Lesbos, (now Metelin, an island of the
daughter of Augustus. He was intended by AEgean, lying off the coast of Mysia, at the
Caius as his successor in the Roman empire entrance of the gulf of Adramyttium. It was
He committed adultery with Agrippina when first settled by a body of Pelasgi, who, under
young. Dion. 59. the conduct of Xanthus their king, having
Lepontii, [a people of the Alps, near the been driven from Argos, passed from Lycia
source of the Rhone, on ther south of that into this island, called Issa, and named by
river. The Lepontine Alps separated Italy them Pelasgia. Seven generations after this,
from the Helvetii.] Plin. 3, c. 20. and a short time subsequent to the deluge of
LEPriNrs, a son of Hermocrates of Syra Deucalion, Macareus passed from Attica,
cuse, brother to Dionysius. He was sent by then denominated Ionia, with a colony to this
his brother against the Carthaginians, and ex island. From him it received the name of
perienced so much success, that he sunk fifty Macarea. Lesbus, an AEolian, joined himself
of their ships. He was afterwards defeated to this colony, married the daughter of Ma
by Mago, and banished by Dionysius. He careus, who was called Methymne, and gave
always continued a faithful friend to the in his own name to the island after the death of
terests of his brother, though naturally an M careus. The elder daughter of Macareus
avowed enemy to tyranny and oppression. was named Mitylene; her name was given
He was killed in a battle with the Carthagi to the capital of the whole island. This is
nians. Diod. 15. A famous orator at said to have taken place two generations be
Athens who endeavoured to free the people fore the Trojan war. Homer speaks of the
from oppressive taxes. He was opposed by island under the name of Lesbus, as being
Demosthenes. well inhabited. Other, and perhaps more
Leptis, [the name of two cities in Africa. accurate accounts, make the Æolians to have
distinguished by the epithets of Magna and led colonies into the island for the first time,
Parva. The first was situate towards the 130 years after the Trojan war. Herodotus
great Syrtis, at the south-east extremity of makes five AEolian cities in Lesbos. Pliny
the district of Tripolis. It is now Lebida. mentions other names, besides those given
The latter was in the district of Byzacium. above ; which seem, however, to have been
or Emporiae, about 18 miles below Hadrume merely general appellations, denoting some
tum, on the coast. It is now Lempta. It circumstance or feature in the island, as Hi
paid a talent a day to the Carthaginians as merte, the wished-for. Lasia, the woody, &c.]
tribute. vid. Emporiae. The Phoenicians, ac Lesbos was originally governed by kings, but
cording to Sallust, were its founders.J Lucan. they were afterwards subjected to the neigh
2, v. 251.-Plin. 5, c. 19.-Sallust. in Jug. houring powers. The wine which it produced
77.--Mela, 1, c. 3.-Strab. 3, v. 256.-Cats. was greatly esteemed by the ancients, and
C. , c. 33. –Cic. 5. Verr. 59. still is in the same repute among the moderns.
LERA, an island in the AEgean Sea, [one The Lesbians were celebrated among the
of the Sporades.] on the coast of Caria, about ancients for their skill in music, and their
18 miles in circumference, peopled by a M:- women for their beauty; but the general
lesian colony. Its inhabitants were very dis character of the people was so debauched and
honest. Strab. 10.-Herodot. 5, c. 125. dissipated, that the epithet of Lesbian was
LER in A or PLANAsia, a small island in ften used to signify debauchery and extrava
the Mediterranean, [on the coast of Gallia gance. Lesbos has given birth to many illus
Narbonensis, south of Nicaea. It was called trious persons, such as Arion, Terpander. &c.
also Lero, and is now St. Marguerite Stra The best verses were by wry of eminence
bo gives it the name of Planasia, from its often called Lesboum carmen, from Alcaeus
shape.] Tacit. Ann. 1, c. 3. and Sappho, who distinguished themselves for
LERNA, a country of Argolis, celebrated their poetical compositions, and were also
for a grove and a lake, where, according to natives of the place. [The ancients fabled
the poets, the Danaides threw the heads of that the head and lyre of Orpheus, after hav
their murdered husbands. It was there also ing descended the Hebrus, floated to the shores
that Hercules killed the famous hydra. [The of Lesbos, where the former was buried and
marsh, according to Pausanias, was formed the latter hung up in the temple of Apollo.
by the rivers l’hryxus and Erasinus. It is Hence they accounted for the musical talent
now called Molini. vid. Hydra, where an of the Lesbians.] Diod. 5.--Strab. 13.—
explanatien is given of the fable respecting Virg. G. 2, v. 90–Horat. 1, ep. 11.-Hero
dot. 1. c. 160. -
Hercules.] Virg. JEn. 6, v. 803, l, 12, v.
517 –Strab. 8.—Mela, 2, c. 3.-Ovid. Met. LEs bus or LEsbos, a son of Lapithas,
1, v. 597.-Lucret. 5.-Stat. Theb. 4, v. 638. grandson of Æolus, who married Methymna,
—.4 pollod. 2, c. 15. There was a festival, daughter of Macareus. He succeeded his
121
 LE LE
father-in-law, and gave name to the island not, cannot be clearly ascertained from any
over which he reigned. thing which has come down to us in ancient
LEsches, a Greek poet of Lesbos, who authors. Menander, in one of his fragments.
flourished B. C. 600. Some suppose him to states that Sappho was the first who resorted
be the author of the little lliad, of which only a to this strange expedient. Strabo, however,
few verses remain quoted by Paus. 10, c. 25. makes Cephalus to have been the first. In a
LETHE, one of the rivers of hell, whose later age, Artemisia threw herself from the
waters the souls of the dead drank after they promontory and perished. Strabo states a
had been confined for a certain space of time curious custom which prevailed in a remote
in Tartarus. It had the power of making period of casting down a criminal from this pre
them forget whatever they had done, seen, or cipice every year, and adds, that in order to
heard hefore, as the name implies, anºn, obli break his fall, they attached to him birds of
vion. • Divers canals,” observes D'An ai kinds. If he reached the water alive he
ville, “ derived from the Nile, and separating was picked up by boats stationed there, and
Memphis from the ancient sepulchres and allowed to depart from the territories of Leu
pyramids, furnished the Greeks with the cadia. This, he says, was done during a sa
idea of their infernal rivers, Acheron, Cocy crifice to Apollo, in order to propitiate the god.
tus, and Lethe.”] [There was another ri Apollo had a temple on the promontory.
ver of the same name in Spain. Its true name, whence he is often called Leucadius. Ac
however, was the Limius, according to Pto cording to Servius, the temple was founded
lemy, or, according to Pliny, the Limia. Stra by Phaon. The island was formerly joined
bo styles it the Belion, It was in the terri. to the continent by a narrow isthmus, 600
tory of the Calliaci, a little below the Minius. paces broad. This isthmus was cut through,
Its name Lethe, (or, as it should be rather according to Strabo, by a colony of Corinthi
termed & the anºns, the river of forgetfulness,) ans in the time of Cypselus. The island of
was given to it from the circumstance of the Leucadia takes its name, according to the
Celtae and Turdulii, who had gone on an ex same writer, from the promontory Leucate.
pedition with united forces, losing here their which was so called from Awker, white. Mr.
common commander, becoming disunited, for Gell describes it as a white and perpendicular
getting the object of their expedition, and re cliff of considerable elevation, and has given a
turning to their respective homes. There beautiful representation of it in his work on
was so much superstitious dread attached to the geography and antiquities of Ithaca. Some
this stream, that Brutus, in his expedition ruins of the temple of Apollo still remain.]
against the Calliaci, could with great difficulty Ovid. Heroid. 15, v. 171–Strab. 6, &c.—
induce his soldiers to cross.] Another in Ital 15, v. 302.-Virg. JEn. 3, v. 274, l. 8,
Boeotia, whose waters were drank by those v. 677.-A town of Phoenicia.
who consulted the oracle of Trophonius. Lu LEUcATE, vid. Leucas.
can. 9, v. 355.-Orid. Trist. 4, el. 1, v. 47.- Leucº, [an island in the Euxine Sea, near
Virg. G. 4, v. 545. JEn. 6, v. 714.—Ital. 1, the mouth of the Borysthenes. It is probable
v. 235, l. 10, v. 555.-Paus. 9, c. 39.—Horat. that it was the same with the westernmost
4, od. 7, v. 27. extremity of the Dromos Achillis, which was
LEvåNA, a goddess at Rome, who presided formed into an island by a small arm of the
over the action of the person who took up sea, and lay facing the mouth of the Borys
from the ground a newly-born child, after it thenes : now named Tentra. It derived its
had been placed there by the midwife. This name from its white sandy shores.] Accord
was generally done by the father, and so re ing to the poets, the souls of the ancient he
ligiously observed was this ceremony, that roes were placed there as in the Elysian fields.
the legitimacy of a child could be disputed where they enjoyed perpetual felicity, and
without it. reaped the repose to which their benevolence
Leuca, [a town of Italy, in Messapia, near to mankind, and their exploits during life,
the Iapygian promontory. It was in the seemed to entitle them. From that circum
country of the Salentini. The modern name stance it has often been called the island of
Leuca has been communicated to the pro the blessed, &c. According to some accounts
montory.] Achilles celebrated there his nuptials with
[LEUcAE, a town of Ionia, west of the mouth Iphigenia, or rather Helen, and shared the
of the Hermus, at the entrance of the Smyr. pleasures of the place with the manes of Ajax,
naeus Sinus. It was situate on a promontory &c. Strab. 2–JMela, 2, c. 7.-Ammian. 22.
which, according to Pliny, was anciently an —Q. Calab. 3, v. 773.
island. Near this place Andronicus, the pre Leuci, a people of Gaul, between the Mo
tender to the crown of Pergamus, was defeat selle and the Maese. Their capital is now
ed by the Roman consul Crassus.] called Toul. Cars. B. G. 1, c. 40. Moun
LEs cAs or LeucADIA, an island of the ſo tains on the west of Crete, appearing at a dis
nian Sea, now called St. Maura, near the coast tance like white clouds, whence the name.
of Epirus, famous for a promontory called Leucippus, a celebrated philosopher to:
Leurate, Leucas, or Lºucates, where despond
Elea, ] about 428 years before Christ, disci
ing lovers threw themselves into the sea. ple to Zeno. He was the first who invented
Sappho had recourse to this leap to free her. the famous system of atoms and of a vacuum,
self from the violent passion which she enter which was afterwards more fully explained by
tained for Phaon. [Whether she perished or Democritus and Epicurus. [Several other
422
 LE I.E

philosophers, before his time had indeed con. greatly encouraged commerce. Strab.—Diod.
sidered matter as divisible into indefinitely 14.
small particles, particularly Anaxagoras, Em LEU coPETRA, a place on the isthmus of
pedocles, and Heraclitus. But Leucippus and Corinth, where the Achaeans were defeated
Democritus were the first who taught that by the consul Mummius.—A promontory
these particles were originally destitute of six miles east from Rhegium in Italy where
all qualities except figure and motion, and, the Appenines terminate and sink into the sea.
therefore, may justly be reckoned the authors LEU cophrys, a temple of Diana, with a
of the Atomic philosophy. The following city of the same name, near the Maeander.
summary of the doctrine of Leucippus will The goddess was represente" under the figure
exhibit the infant state of this system, and at of a woman with many breasts, and crown
the same time sufficiently expose its absurdi ed with victory.—An ancient name of Te
ty. The universe, which is infinite, is in part nedos. Paus. 10, c. 14.—Strab. 13 and 14.
a plenum, and in part a vacuum. The ple Leucos, a river of Macedonia near Pydna.
num contains innumerable corpuscles or LEU cosia, a small island [in the Sinus
atoms, of various figures, which, falling into Paestanus J. It received its name from one of
the vacuum, struck against each other; and the companions of Æneas, who was drowned
hence arose a variety of curvilinear motions, there, or from one of the Sirens, who was
which continued till, at length, atoms of si thrown there by the sea. Strab. 5.-Ovid.
milar forms met together, and bodies were Met. 15, v. 708.
produced. The primary atoms being speci LEucosy R11, [the Greek form of a name
fically of equal weight, and not being able, applied by the Persians to the Cappadocians,
on account of their multitude, to move in and signifying White Syrians. The Persians
circles, the smaller rose to the exterior parts called the Cappadocians by this appellation,
of the vacuum, whilst the larger, entangling because they considered them to be a branch
themselves, formed a spherical shell, which of the great Syrian nation, from the resem
revolved about its centre, and which includ blance of their language, customs, and reli
ed within itself all kinds of bodies. This cen gion, and because they found that they pos
tral mass was gradually increased by a per sessed a fairer complexion than their swarthy
petual accession of particles from the sur brethren of the south. The Greek colonies on
rounding shell, till at last the earth was form the coast of Pontus received this name
ed. In the mean time, the spherical shell was from the Persians, and expressed it by the
continually supplied with new bodies, which, forms of their own language, but in its ap
in its revolution, it gathered up from without. plication restricted it to the inhabitants of the
Of the particles thus collected in the spheri. mountainous country lying along the coast
cal shell, some in their combination formed from the Promontorium Jasonium in the east
humid masses, which, by their circular motion, to the mouth of the Halys in the west, while
gradually became dry, and were at length igthey called the people in the interior of the
nited and became stars. The sun was form
country by the name of Cappadocians. The
ed in the same manner, in the exterior sur Leucosyrii, became in time blended into one
face of the shell ; and the moon in its interior people with the Paplagonians.]
surface. In this manner the world was form LEücot Höe or LEU coth EA, the wife of
ed; and, by an inversion of the process, it Athamas, changed into a sea-deity. [rid.
will at length be dissolved.]—A brother of Ino.] She was called Mutura by the Romans,
Tyndarus, king of Sparta, who married Phi who raised her a temple, where all the peo
lodice, daughter of Inachus, by whom he ple, particularly women, offered vows for
had two daughters, Hilaira and Phoebe, their brother's children. They did not entreat
known by the patronymic of Leucippides. the deity to protect their own children, be
They were carried away by their cousins cause Ino had been unfortunate in hers. No
Castor and Pollux, as they were going to ce female slaves were permitted to enter the
lebrate their nuptials with Lynceus and Idas. temple, or if their curiosity tempted them to
Opid. Fast. 5, v. 701--Apollod. 3, c. 10. &c. trangress this rule, they were beaten away
–Paws. 3, c. 17 and 26.-A son of GEno with the greatest severity. To this supplicat
maus, he becaume enamoured of Daphne, and ing for other people's children, Ovid alludes
to obtain her confidence disguised himself in in these line ; Fast. 6.
a fernale dress, and attended his mistress as a
.Nontamenhane prostirpe suápia mater adorat,
companion. He gained the affections of Ipsaparum felir visa ſuisse parens.
Daphne by his obsequiousness and attention,
but his artifice at last proved fatal through ..—A daughter of king Orchamus by Eu
the influence and jealousy of his rival Apollo; rynome. Apollo became enamoured of her,
for when Daphne and her attendants were and to introduce himself to her with greater
bathing in the Ladon, the sex of Leucippus facility, he assumed the shape and features of
was discovered, and he perished by the darts her mother. Their happiness was complete,
of the females. Parthen. Erotic. c. 15.—Paus. when Clytia, who tenderly loved Apollo, and
8, c. 20. A son of Hercules by Marse, one was jealous of his amours with Leucothoe,
of the daughters of Thespius. Apollod. 3, c. 7. discovered the whole intrigue to her father,
LEU cox, a tyrant of Bosphorus, who lived who ordered his daughter to be buried alive.
The lover, unable to save her from death,
in great intimacy with the Athenians. He sprinkled nector and ambrosia on her tomb.
was a great patron of the useful arts, and
423
 LI
Lſ --

which penetrating as far as the body, changed dies and supported the same religious cause
it into a beautiful tree which bears the frank. ... ud he was enabled by the influence he had
incense. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 196.--- An islau" ºver him to soften many of the emperor's re
in the Tyrrhene. Sea, near Capreae. A entments.] Some of his orations and above
A town of Egypt.— 16 0 of his letters are extant; they discover
fountain of Samos.
of Arabia. Mela, 2, c. 7. A part of Asia much affectation and obscurity of style, and
which produces frankincense. -
we cannot perhaps much regret the loss of
a,
Leucra [a small town of south writings which afforded nothing but a display
Boeotia, of pedantry, and quotations from Homer.
east of Thespiae and west of Plataeae.] It was
famous for the victory which Epamiuon ias, | Gibbon characterizes the writings of Liba
the Theban general, obtained over the su composit ius as for the most part “the vain and idle
perior farce of Cleombrotus, king of Sparta, science ions of an orator who cultivated the
on the 8th of July B. C. 371. In this famous of words;” yet he admits that he had
battle 4000 Spartans were killed, with their merit, and that his correspondence was vari
king Cleombrotus, and no more than 300 ous and elaborate.] Julian submitted his
Thebans. From that time the Spartans lost writings to the judgment of Libanius with the
the empire of Greece, which they had obtain greatest confidence, and the sophist freely
ed for near 500 years. [The Theban army rejected or approved, and showed that he was
consisted at most but of 6000 men, whereas more attached to the person than the ſortune
that of the enemy was at least thrice that death and greatness of his prince. The time of his
is unknown. The best editions of Liba
number, including the allies. But Epaminon nius seem to be that of Paris, fol. 1606, with
das trusted most in his cavalry, in which he
had much advantage both as to quality and a second volume published by Morell,4 1627, vols.
good management; the wealthy Lacedæmo [and that of Reiske, Altenb. 1791-7,
nians alone keepinghorses at that time, which 8vo.] His epistles have been edited by Wolf.
made their cavalry most wretched both as to tol. 1738.
ill-fed undisciplined steeds and unskilful ri Libânus, [a famous chain of mountains in
ders. Other deficiencies he endeavoured to Syria, deriving their name from the Hebrew
ion
supply by the disposition of his men who were term Lebanon, signifying white. an appellat . Some
drawn up fifty deep, while the Spartans were given them from their snowy summits
but twelve. When the Thebans had gained make the range to commence from Mons
the victory and killed Cleombrotus,the Spar Amanus on the confines of Cilicia, and give
tans renewed the fight to recover their king's the general name of Libanus to the entire
body, and in this object the Theban general chain of mountains running thence to the
, however, to make it
wisely chose to gratify them rather than ha south; it is more accurate
zard the success of a second onset.] Plut. in begin near Aradus in Phoenicia, and after form
Pelop. & Ages.—C. Nep. in Epam.—Justin. ing the northern boundary of that country,
run to the south and end near Sidou. There
6, c. 6—Xenophon. Hust. Graec.—Diod. 15.
—Paus. Lacon.—Cic. de ºffic. I, c. 18.-Tusc. are, however, several parallel chains, four of
1, c. 46.1tt. 6, ep. 1.-Strab. 9. which towards the west have the general
applied to them, while an
Leucreum, a town of Laconia –—[Ano name of Libanuschain to the east, was called
ther near Megalopolis in Arcadia.] Strab. 8. other parallel Antiliba nus. Between Liba
LEucyANias, a river of Peloponnesus flow by the Greeks
ing into the Alpheus. Paus. 6, c. 21. nus and Antilibanus is a long valley called
LExovii, a people of Gaul, at the mouth Coele Syria or the hollow Syria. Libanus es
of the Seine, conquered with great slaughter then is composed of four chains or enclosur
nt ofJ. Caesar. Cats. Bell. G. of mountai ns which rise one upon the other;
by a lieutena
LibâNius, a celebrated sophist of Antioch the first is very rich in grain and fruits, the
in the age of the emperor Julian. He was second is barren, the third, though higher than
educated at Athens [Having finished his this, enjoys perpetual spring, the trees being
education he collected disciples and made always green and the orchards full of ſruit.
It is so beautifu l that some have called it a
himself known by various rhetorical composi
tions. His reputation was so high at Con terrestrial paradise. The fourth is very high,
stantinople that some other professors, jea so that it is almost always covered with snow,
lous of his fame, procured his banishment on and is uninhabitable by reason of the great
the charge of magic. He then went to Nico cold. Libanus was famedofforVenus, its cedars.]
Libentin A. a surname who had
media, where he obtained a great number of
disciples, among whom, in a private manner, a temple at Rome, where the young women
was the emperor Julian. He finally return used to dedicate the toys and childish amuse
ed to Antioch where he spent the remainder ments of their youth. when arrived at nubile
of his days. About the year 360 he was pre years. Varro de L. L. 5, c. 6.
ceptor to Basil and Chrysostom, though him. Liber, a surname of Bacchus, which sig
self a follower of the ancient religion. On nifies free. He received this name from his
the accession of Julian he was one of the first delivering some cities of Boeotia from slave
whom that emperor invited to be near his ry, or, according to others, because wine, of
person. He declined the honours intended which he was the patron, delivered mankind
him, preferring a life of privacy to the bustle from their cares, and made them speak with
of a court. He was, however, warmly at freedom and unconcern. The word is often
tached to the prince, who patronized his stu used for wine itself. Senec. de trang, anim.
424
-
 LI LI

LIBERA, a goddess, the same as Proserpine, dora, was once its capital. The ruins of Bur
Cic. in Verr. 4, c. 48. A name given to num, the Liburnia of Strabo, are to be seen
Ariadae by Bacchus, or Liber, when he had on the right hand of the Titius or Kerka, in
married her. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 513. the desert of Bukoviza. The Liburnians
LIBERALIA, festivals yearly celebrated in were an Illyrian tribe, and their country now
honour oſ Bacchus the 17th of March. Slaves answers to part of Croatia. They are sup
were then permitted to speak with freedom, posed to have sent forth a part of their num
and every thing bore the appearance of inde ber to Italy, and to have descended as far
pendence. They are much the same as the south as Japygia, dividing into three tribes,
Dionysia of the Greeks. Varro. the Japyges, the Peucetii, and the Calabri
LIBERTAs, a goddess of Rome, who had Some make them the most ancient inhabitants
a temple on Mount Aventine, raised by T. of Italy.] There were at Rome a number of
Gracchus, and improved and adorned by Pol men whom the magistrates employed as pub
lio with many elegant statues and brazen co lic heralds, who were called Liburni, proba
lumns, and a gallery in which were deposited bly from being originally of Liburnian ex
the public acts of the state. She was repre traction. Some ships of a light construction,
sented as a woman in a light dress, holding a but with strong beaks, were also called Li
rod in one hand and a cap in the other, both burnian. [To the light Liburnian gallie
signs of independence, as the former was used Augustus was in a great degree indebted for
by the magistrates in the manumission of the victory at Actium.] Propert. 2, el. 11,
slaves, and the latter was worn by slaves who v. 44.—Jur. 4, v. 75.-Martial. 1, ep. 50, v.
were soon to be set at liberty. Sometimes a 33.-Horat. 1, od. 37, v. 30.-Epod. 1, v. 1.
cat was placed at her feet, as this animal is —Lucan. 3, v.534.—Plin. 6, ep. 16.-Mela,
very fond of liberty and impatient when 2, c. 3. —Strab. 7.—Ptol. 2, c. 17.
confined. Liv. 24, c. 16, 1.25, c. 7.- Ovid. LIBURNIDEs, an island on the coast of Li
Trist. 3, el. 1, v. 72–Plut. in Grac.—Dio. burnia, in the Adriatic. Strab. 5.
Cas. 44. LIBURNUM MARE, the sea which borders
Li Béthita, [a town of Greece, located by on the coast of Liburnia.
Pausanias on Mount Olympus, on the side LIBURNUs, a mountain of Campania.
of Macedonia. D'Anville places it upon the Libya, [the name given by the Greek and
river Sus, at a small distance from Heracle Roman poets to what was otherwise called
um, which lay on the north-east upon the sea Africa. In a more restricted sense the name
coast. This is said to have been the town has been applied to that part of Africa which
where Orpheus was born, and whence his contained the two countries of Cyrenaica and
monument was transferred to Dion by the Marmarica, together with a very extensive
Macedonians, when Libethra was destroyed region in the interior, of which little if any
by an inundation of the river Sus.] Virg. Ecl. thing was known, and which was generally
7. v. 21.-Plin. 4, c. 9.-Mela, 2, c. 3.− styled Libya Interior.] From the word Li
Strab. 9 and 10. bya are derived the epithets of Libys, Libyssa,
LibérhaiDEs, [a name given to the Mu Libysis, Libystis, Libycus, Libysticus, Libys
ses from Libethrus, a part of the mountain of tinus, Libyslatus. Virg. .42n. 4, v. 106, l. 5,
Helicon, a little above Ascra, which lies at v. 37.—Lucan. 4.—Sallust. &c.
the foot of the mountain.] Libycum MARE, that part of the Medi
L1Bir inA, a goddess at Rome, who presid terranean which lies on the coast of Cyre
ed over funerals. According to some, she is ne. Strab. 2.
the same as Venus, or rather Proserpine. Libyssa, [a small village of Bithynia, west
Servius Tullius first raised her a temple at of Nicomedia, and near the shores of the Si
Rome, where every thing necessary for fune nus Astacemus. It is rendered memorable for
rals was exposed to sale. [A piece of mo containing the tomb of Hannibal; whence, no
ney was paid her for every one who died, doubt, its name. It is thought to answer to
whose name was recorded in a register call the modern Gebisse, or Dschebize. If, how
ed Libitinae ratio. This practice was esta ever, Pococke be correct in making Gebisse
blished by Servius Tullius, in order to obtain 24 English miles from Pontichium, or Pantik,
an account of the number of annual deaths in we ought rather to decide in favour of the
the city, and consequently the rate of in modern Diacubira, which lies on the same
crease or decrease of its inhabitants.] Dionys. coast, nearer Pontichium.]
Hal. 4.—Liv. 40, c. 19.-Val. Max. 5, c. 2.- Lich ADEs, small islands near Caeneum, a
Plut. Quaest. Rom. promontory of Euboea, called from Lichas.
LIBox, a Greek architect who built the (vid. Lichas.) Orid. Met. 9, v. 155,218–
famous temple of Jupiter Olympius. He Strab. 9.
flourished about 450 years before the Chris LichAs, a servant of Hercules, who brought
tian era. him the poisoned tunic from Dejanira. He
L1sophoenices, the inhabitants of the was thrown by his master into the sea with
country near Carthage. great violence, and changed into a rock in the
LIBURNA, a town of Dalmatia. Euboean Sea, by the compassion of the gods.
LIBurn 1A, [a province of Illyricum, along Ovid. JMet. 9, v.211. - - -

the Adriatic, over against Italy, having Dal Licinia LEx, was enacted by L. Licinia
matia on the south and Istria on the north. Crassus, and Q. Mutius, consuls, A. V., 9.
Zara, anciently Jadera and afterwards Dio 337. It ordered all the inhabitants of Italy
425
 Ll LI

to be enrolled on the list of citizens in their cients have compared to Catullus. His ora
respective cities.—Another, by C. Licinius tions are greatly commended by Quintilian.
Crassus the tribune, A. U. C. 608. It trans Some believe that he wrote annals quoted by
ferred the right of choosing priests from the Dionysius of Halicarnassus. He died in the
college to the people. It was proposed, but 30th year of his age. Quintil.— Cie. in Brut.
did not pass.--Another, by Licinius Stolo 81. P. Crassus, a Roman, sent against
the tribune. It forebad any person to possess Perseus king of Macedonia. He was at firs:
500 acres of land, or keep more than 100 he d defeated, but afterwards repaired his losses,
of large cattle, or 500 of small. [He obtain and obtained a complete victory, &c. Cai
ed, in consequence of this law, the surname us Imbrex, a comic poet in the age of Africa
of Stole or useless sprout, it being alleged by nus, preferred by some in merit to Ennius and
him that when more than 500 acres was held Terence. His Naevia and Neaera are quoted
by one proprietor, he would not have leisure by ancient authors, but of all his poetry only
to pull up the useless sprouts which grew two verses are preserved. Aul. Gel. Lu
from the roots of the trees.] Another, by cullus. [vid. Lucullus.]—Crassus. [rid.
P. Licinius Varus, A. U. C. 545, to settle the Crassus.] Mucianus, a Roman who wrote
day for the celebration of the Ludi Apolluna about the history and geography of the east
ris, which was before uncertain. Another, ern countries, often quoted by Pliny. He liv
by P. Licinius Crassus Dives, B. C. 110. It ed in the reign of Vespasian. P. Tegula, a
was the same as the Fannian law, and farther comic poet of Rome, about 200 years before
required, that no more than 30 asses should Christ. He is ranked as the fourth of the
be spent at any table on the calends, nones, best comic poets which Rome produced. Few
or mundinae, and only three pounds of fresh lines of his compositions are extant. He wrote
and one of salt meat, on ordinary days. None an ode which was sung all over the city of
of the fruits of the earth were forbidden. Rome by nine virgins during the Macedonian
Another, de sodalitiis, by M. Licinius the con war. Liv. 31, c. 12. Varro Muraena, a
sul, 690. It imposed a severe penalty on brother of Proculeius, who conspired against
party clubs, or societies assembled or fre Augustus with Fannius Caepio, and suffered
quented for election purposes, as coming un for his crime. Horace addressed his 2 od. 10
der the definitien of ambitus, and of offering to him, and recommended equanimity in eve
violence in some degree to the freedom and ry situation. Dio. 54.—C. Flavius Valeri
independence of the people. Another, call anus, a celebrated Roman emperor. His fa
ed also JEbutia, by Licinius and Æbutius the ther was a poor peasant of Dalmatia, and
tribunes. It enacted, that when any law was himself a common soldier in the Roman ar
preferred with respect to any office or pow mies. His valour recommended him to the
er, the person who proposed the bill, as well notice of Galerius Maximianus, who had once
as his colleagues in office, his friends and re shared with him the inferior and subordinate
lations should be declared incapable of being offices of the army, and had lately been in
invested with the said office or power. vested with the imperial purple by Diocletian
Licin 1A, the wife of C. Gracchus, who at Galerius loved him for his friendly services,
i
tempted to dissuade her husband from his se particularly during the Persian war, and he
ditious measures by a pathetic speech. She showed his regard for his merit by taking him
was deprived of her dowry after the death of as a colleague in the empire, and appointing
Caius.-The wife of Maecenas, distinguish him over the provinceof Pannonia, and Rhoetis.
ed for conjugal tenderness. She was sister to Constantine, who was also one of the empe
Proculeius, and bore also the name of Teren rors, courted the favour of Licinus, and made
tia. Horat. 2, od. 12, v. 13. his intimacy more durable by giving him his
C. Licinius, a tribune of the people cele. sister Constantia in marriage, A. D. 313.
brated for the consequence of his family, for The continual successes of Licinius, particu
his intrigues and abilities. He was a plebeian, larly against Maximinus, increased his pride
and was the first of that body who was raised and rendered him jealous of the greatness of
to the office of a master of horse to the dicta his brother-in-law. The persecutions of the
tor. He was surnamed Stolo or useless sprout, Christians, whose doctrines Constantine ſci
on account of the law which he had enacted lowed, soon caused a rupture, and Licinics
during his tribuneship. [vid. Licinia lex by had the mortification to lose two battles, oce
Stolo.] He afterwards made a law which iu Pannonia, and the other near Adrianope
permitted the plebeians to share the consular lis. Treaties of peace were made between
dignity with the patricians, A. U. C. 388. the contending powers, but the restless ambi
He reaped the benefits of this law, and was tion of Licinius soon broke them; after many
one of the first plebeian consuls. This law engagements a decisive battle was fought near
was proposed and passed by Licinius, as it is Chalcedonia. Ill fortune again attended Li
reported, at the instigation of his ambitious cinius, he was conquered, and fled to Nico
wife, who was jealous of her sister who had media, where soon the conqueror obliged
married a patrician, and who seemed to be of him to surrender, and to resign the imperial
a higher dignity in being the wife of a consul. purple. The tears of Constantia obtained
Liv.6, c. 34.-Plut.—C. Calvus, a celebrat. forgiveness for her husband, yet Constantice º
ed orator and poet in the age of Cicero. He knew what turbulent and active enemy had
distinguished himself by his eloquence in the fallen into his hands, therefore he ordered
forum, and his rºla some of the an |him to be strangled at Thessalonica, A. I.
 LI LI

3.24. His family was involved in his ruin. distinct race, or been descended from the am
The avarice, licentiousness, and cruelty of cient Itali. The latter supposition is most
Licinius, are as conspicuous as his misſor probable.} : Liguria was subdued by the Ro
tunes. He was an enemy to learning, and mans, and its chief harbour now bears the
this aversion totally proceeded from his igno name of Leghorn. Lucan. 1, v. 442.-Mela,
rance of letters, and the rusticity of his edu 2, c. 1.-Strab. 4, &c.—Tacit. Hist. 2, c. 15.
cation. His son by Constantia bore also the —Plin. 2, c. 5, &c.—Lir. 5, c.35, l. 22, c. 33,
same name. He was honoured with the ti l. 39, c. 6, &c.—C. Nep. an Ann.-Flor. 2, c. 8.
tle of Caesar when scarce twenty months Lig UsticAE ALPEs, a part of the Alps
old. He was involved in his father's ruin, which borders on Liguria, sometimes called
and put to death by order of Constantine. .Maritimi. [The maritime Alps commenced
Licinus, a barber at Rome and freedman on the east of Liguria, in the south-western
of Augustus, who is said to have made him a extremity, near the river Varus or War. The
senator on account of the hatred he enter principal mountain in the group is Mons Ve
tained towards Pompey's family. The ſol sulus or Piso }
lowing epitaph was written upon him, Li Gusticum MARE, the north part of the
Tyrrhene Sea, now the Gulf of Genoa. Plin.
.Marmoreo tumulo Lucinus jacet at Cato nullo, 2, c. 47.
Pompeius parro ; quis putet esse Dees 2 Lig YEs, a people of Asia who inhabited
Horat...Art. P. 301.] the country between Caucasus and the river
Lucy MNius, a son of Electryon and bro Phasis. Some suppose them to be a colony of
ther of Alcmena. He was so infirm in his the Ligyes of Europe, more commonly call
old age, that when he walked he was always ed Ligures. Herodot. 7, c. 72.-Dionys. Hal.
supported by a slave. Triptolemus, son of 1, c. 10.—Strab. 4.—Diod. 4.
Hercules, seeing the slave inattentive to his LiI.Y BAEUM, [a town of Sicily on the west
duty, threw a stick at him, which unfortu ern coast south of Drepanum, and near
nately killed Licymnius. The murderer fled a famous promontory called also Lilybaeum,
to Rhodes. Apullod. 2, c. 7.—Diod. 5.—Ho. now Cape Boeo. The name of the town is
mer. Il. 2.-Pind. Olymp. 7. .Marsalla. This place was the principal for
Q. Liga Rius, a Roman pro-consul of Afri tress of the Carthaginians in Sicily, and the
ca, after Confidius. In the civil wars he ſol only city which resisted Pyrrhus when he
lowed the interest of Pompey, and was par passed into the island. The AEgates insulae
doned when Caesar had conquered his ene lie off this coast to the north-west, and are
mies. Caesar, however, and his adherents memorable for the victory gained by the Ro
were determined upon the ruin of Ligarius; mans over the Carthaginian fleet in their vi
but Cicero, by an eloquent oration, still ex cinity.] The town of Lilybaeum had a port
tant, defeated his accusers, and he was par large and capacious, which the Romans, in
doned. He became afterwards one of Caesar's the wars with Carthage, endeavoured in vain
murderers. Cuc. pro leg.—Plut. in Caesar. to stop and fill up with stones, on account of
Liger or Ligºnis, now La Loire, [the its convenience and vicinity to the coast of
largest river of Gaul ; it rises in Mons Ce Africa. Nothing now remains of this once
benna or Cevennes, and for the half of its powerful city but the ruins of temples and
course runs directly north, then turns to the aqueducts. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 706–Mela, 2,
west and falls into the Atlantic, between the c. 7.-Strab. 6.-Cic. in Verr. 5.—Caes. de
territories of the Pictones and Namnetes.] Bell. Afric.—Diod. 22. -

Strab. 4.—Plin. 4, c. 18.-Cats. G. 7, c. 55 LIMNAEUM, a temple of Diana at Limnae,

and 75. from which the goddess was called Limnaea,
Lictºr Es, the inhabitants of Liguria. vid. and worshipped under that appellation at
Liguria. Sparta and in Achaia. The Spartans wished
Liguni A, a country at the west of Italy, to seize the temple in the age of Tiberius,
bounded on the east by the river Macra, on but the emperor interfered and gave it to its
the south by part of the Mediterranean call lawful possessors, the Messenians. Paus. 3,
ed the Sinus Ligusticus, [or Gulf of Genoa,] c. 14, 1.7, c. 20.—Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 43.
on the west by the Varus, and on the south LiMNATIDIA, a festival in honour qf Diana,
by the Po. [In the time of Scylax, who wrote surnamed Limnatis, from Limnae, a school
about 350 B.C. the Ligurians had extended of exercise at Troezene, where she was wor
themselves into Etruria, as far as the Arnus, shipped, or from awarai, ponds, because she
or .1rno.] The cominercial town of Genoa presided over fishermen.
was anciently and is now the capital of the LiMonum, a town of Gaul, afterwards
try. The origin of the inhabitants is not Pictavi, Poictuers. Cats. G. 8, c. 26.
kdown, though in their character they are LINdum, a colony of Britain, now Lincoln.
represented as vain, unpolished, and dedi [Mannert imagines the modern name of Lin:
cated to falsehood. According to some they coln to have been formed from Lindum and
were descended from the ancient Gauls or Colonia. It is called by Bede, Lindi-Collina.
Germans, or, as others support, they were Lindum was situate among the Coritani, form
of Greek origin, perhaps the posterity of the ing their capital, and was on the main route
Ligyes mentioned by Herodotus... [The Li from London to York.]
gures were neither of Celtic or Iberian ori Lindus, a city of Rhodes, built by Cerca
gin. They must have either have formed a phus, son of Sol and 427
Cydippe. The Danaides
 LI Ll
*

built there a temple to Minerva, and one of These verses are evidently the fabrications of
its colonies founded Gela in Sicily. It gave later times than those of Linus. In the dis
birth to Cleobulus, one of the seven wise men, courses of Stobaeus are to be found two other
and to Chares and Laches, who were employ verses of Linus on the divine Omnipotence.]
ed in making and finishing the famous Colos .Apollod. 2, c. 4.—Diog. 1.-Pirg. Eri. 4.—
sus of Rhodes. [The vestiges of Lindus, call Paus. 2, c. 15, 1. 9, c. 20.-A fountain in
ed Lindo, are seated in a hamlet nearly in Arcadia, whose waters were said to prevent
the middle of the eastern side of the island. abortion. Piin. 31, c. 2.
It is, at present, a place of some little trade.] LiPARA, the largest of the AEolian islands
Strab. 14.—Homer. Il. 2–Mela, 2, c. 7.- on the coast of Sicily, now called Lºpari. [red.
Plin. 34.—Herodot. 7, c. 153. end of this article.] It had a city of the same
LINGONEs, [a people of Gaul whose ter name, which, according to Diodorus, it receiv
ritories included Vogesus, Vosges, and conse. ed from Liparus the son of Auson, king
quently the sources of the rivers Mosa or of these islands, whose daughter Cyane
.Meuse, and Matrona or Marne. Their chieſ was married by his successor AEolus, ac
city was Andomadunum, afterwards Lingo cording to Pliny. The inhabitants of this
nes, now Langres.] They passed into Italy. island were powerful by sea, and from the
where they made some settlement near the great tributes which they paid to Dionysius,
Alps, at the head of the Adriatic. Tacit. H. the tyrant of Syracuse, they may be called
4, c. 55.—JMartval. 1 1, ep. 57. v. 9, l. 14, ep. very opulent. The island was celebrated for
159.-Lucan. 1, v. 398.-Cats. Bell. G. 1, c. the variety of its fruits, and its raisins are still
26. in general repute. It had some convenient
LINUs. This name is common to different harbours, and a fountain whose waters were
persons whose history is confused, and who are much frequented on account of their medi
often taken one for the other. One was son cinal powers. According to Diodorus, AEolus
of Urania and Amphimarus the son of Nep reigned at Lipara before Liparus. [The
tune. Another was son of Apollo by Psam Lipari isles receive their modern name from
mathe, daughter of Crotopus king of Argos. the ancient Lipara. They were anciently
Martial mentions him in his 78 ep. l. 9. The known by the name of Æoliae, or Vulcaniae,
third, son of Ismenius, and born at Thebes in insulae. The former name they received
Boeotia, taught music to Hercules, who in a fit from having been ſabled to be the residence of
of anger, struck him on the head with his lyre AEolus, king of the winds; they obtained the
and killed him. He was son of Mercury and latter appellation from their volcanic nature.
Urania, according to Diogenes, who mentions The ancients knew them to be volcanic, but
some of his philosophical compositions, in did not narrowly examine them ; this has
which he asserted that the world had been been reserved for modern philosophers. The
created in an instant. He was killed by Apol Lipari isles are commonly reckoned 10 in
lo, for presuming to compare himself to him. number, and Lupara is the largest of these,
Apollodorus, however, and Pausanias mention being 19% Italian miles in circuit. This isl
that his ridicule of Hercules on his awkward and is peculiarly valuable to the naturalist,
mess in holding the lyre was fatal to him. from the number and beauty of its volcanie
[According to Archbishop Usher, Linus products. According to Diodorus, all the
flourished about 1280 B.C. and he is mention AEolian isles were subject to great irruptions
ed by Eusebius among the poets who wrote of fire, and their craters were visible in his
before the time of Moses. Diodorus Siculus time. rid. Strongyle..] Liv. 5, c. 28.-Plin.
tells us from Dionysius of Mitylene the histo 3, c. 9.—Ital. 14, v. 57.- Virg. JEn. 1, v. 56,
rian, who was contemporary with Cicero, that l. 8, v. 417.-Mela, 2, c. 7.—Strab. 6.-A
Linus was the first among the Greeks who town of Etruria.
invented verse and music, as Cadmus first Liaur NTIA, now Livenza, a river of Ci
taught them the use of letters. The same salpine Gaul, falling into the Adriatic Sea.
writer likewise attributes to him an account Plin. 3, c. 18.
of the exploits of the first Bacchus, and a LiRIs, now Garigliano, a river of Campa
treatise upon the Greek mythology writted nia, which it separates from Latium. [It falls
in Pelasgian characters, which were also into the sea near Minturnac. According to
those used by Orpheus, and by Pronapides Strabo, its more ancient name was Kaari: ;
the preceptor of Homer. Diodorus says like. according to Pliny, Glanis. Its source is in
wise that he added the string lichanos to the the country of the Marsi, west of the Lacus
Mercurian lyre, and gives to him the inven Fucinus. In the vicinity of Minturnie the
tion of rhythm and melody, which Suidas, Pontine marshes ended, in which Marius hid
who regards him as the most ancient of poets, himself, and whence he was dragged with a
confirms. He is said by many ancient writers rope round his neck, to the prison of Mintur
to have had several disciples of great renown, nae.] Mela, 2, c. 4.—Horat. 3, od. 17-La
anong whom was Hercules, Thamyris and can. 2, v.424.—A warrior killed by Camil.
Orpheus. Slobaeus has preserved some pre la, &c. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 670.
tended verses of this ancient poet. They re Lissa, the name of a fury which Euripi
fer to the famous proposition of the Eleaticſ des introduces on the stage as conducted by º
school, which was subsequently adopted by Iris, at the command of Juno, to inspire Her
the latter Platonists and Pythagoreans, “The cules with that fatal rage which ended in his
whole has been engendered by the whole.” death.
428
 LI LI

Lissus, [a town of Illyricum; in Dalma mory. Tacit. Ann. 1, c. 3.-Suet. in Aug. 8:

tia, between the mouth of the Drinus or
Tib.-Dion. Cass.--Another. [vid. Dru
Drin, and the frontiers of Macedonia. Pliny silla.]—Another, called Horestilla, &c. She
calls it Lissum Oppidum, and adds, that it was debauched by Galba, as she was going to
was a colony of Roman citizens, 100 miles marry Piso. Suet. in Gal.25. Another,call
from Epidaurus, where Macedonia commenc ed also Ocellina. She was Galba's stepmother,
ed. It is now called Alesso.j Plin. 3, c. 2– and committed adultery with him. Ib. Ib. 3.
Liv. 44, c. 10–Lucan. 6, v. 719.-A river [LiviA: leges, proposed by M. Livius Dru
of Thrace, falling into the Ægean Sea, be sus, a tribune, A. U. C. 662, about trans
tween Thasos and Samothracia. It was dried
planting colouies to different parts of Italy
up by the army of Xerxes, when he invaded and Sicily, and granting corn to poor citizens
Greece. Strab. 7.-Herodot. 7, c. 109. at a low price ; also, that the judices should
ListA, a town of the Sabines, whose inha be chosen indiscriminately from the senators
bitants are called Listini. and equites, and that the allied states of Italy
LitRRNum, [a town of Italy, in Campania, should be admitted to the freedom of the city.
west of Atella, and north of Cumae. It was Drusus was a man of great eloquence, and of
a Roman colony, improved and enlarged by the most upright intentions; but, endeavour
Augustus. The ruins of it may be traced on ing to reconcile those whose interests were di
the edge of a large pond, in a flat and dreary ametrically opposite, he was crushed in the
shore, between the mouth of the Vulturnus attempt, being murdered by an unknown as
and the promontory of Misenum. Hither sassin in his own house, upon his return from
Scipio Africanus withdrew from the accusa the forum, amidst a number of clients and
tions of his enemies, and here he is said to friends. No inquiry was made about his death.
have passed the remainder of his days in re. The states of Italy considered this event as
tirement. It was his burial-place.] the signal of a revolt, and endeavoured to ex
LithobóLIA, a festival celebrated at Troe tort by force what they could not obtain vo
zene, in honour of Lamia and Auxesia, who luntarily. Above 300,000 men ſell in the con
came from Crete, and was sacrificed by the test in the space of two years. At last the
fury of the seditious populace, and stoned to Romans, although upon the whole they had
death. Hence the name of the solemnity, the advantage, were obliged to grant the free
****oatz, lapidation. dom of the city, first to the allies, and after
LITYERsas, an illegitimate son of Midas wards to all the states of Italy.]
king of Phrygia. He made strangers pre Livius ANDRonicus, a dramatic poet who
pare his harvest, and afterwards put them flourished at Rome about 240 years before the
to death. He was at last killed by Hercules. Christian era.' [He was a native of Magna
Theocrit. Id. 10. Grecia. Tiraboschi asserts that when his coun
Livia DRusilla, a celebrated Roman la try was finally subdued by the Romans in
dy, daughter of L. Drusus Calidianus. She 487, Livius was made captive and brought
married Tiberius Claudius Nero, by whom to Rome. It is generally believed that he
she had the emperor Tiberius and Drusus there became the slave, and afterwards the
Germanicus. The attachment of her husband freedman, of Livius Salinator, from whom he
to the cause of Antony was the beginning of derived one of his names ; but these facts do º

her greatness. Augustus saw her as she fled not seem to rest on any authority more an
from the danger which threatened her hus cient than the Eusebian Chronicle. The pre
band, and he resolved to marry her, though case period of his death is uncertain; but in
she was then pregnant. He divorced his wife Cicero's dialogue De Senectute, Cato is intro
Scribonia, and, with the approbation of the au duced saying, that he had seen old Livius
gurs,he celebrated his nuptials with Livia. She while he was himself a youth. Now Cato
now took advantage of the passion of Augus was born in 519, and since the period of youth
tus, in the share that she enjoyed of his power among the Romans was considered as com:
and imperial dignity. Her children by Dru mencing at fifteen, it may be presumed that
sus were adopted by the complying emperor; the existence of Livius was at least protract
and, that she might make the succession of ed till the year 534 of the city.] He was
her son Tiberius more easy and indisput the first who turned the personal satires and
ed, Livia is accused of secretly involving in Fescennine verses, so long the admiration of
one common ruin the heirs and nearest rela the Romans, into the form of a proper dia
tions of Augustus. , Her cruelty and ingrati logue and regular play. Though the cha
tude are still more strongly marked, when racter of a player, so valued and applauded
she is charged with having murdered her own in Greece, was reckoned vile and despicable
husband, to hasten the elevation of Tiberius. |among the Romans, Andronicus acted a part
If she was anxious for the aggrandizement of in his dramatical compositions, and engaged
her son, Tiberius proved ungrateful, and |the attention of his audience, by repeating
hated a woman to whom he owed his life, his what he had laboriously formed after the
elevation, and his greatness. Livia died in the manner of the Greeks. His poetry was grow”
36th year of her age, A. D. 29. Tiberius |obsolete in the age of Cicero, whose nicely
showed himself as undutiful after her death as |and judgment would not even recommend the
before, for he neglected her funeral, and ex reading of it. [Livius, however, i. entitled
pressly commanded that no honours, either to the praise of being the first inventor among
private or public, should be paid to her me |the Romans of a species of poetry which was
 LI LI

afterwards carried by them to much higher bals of Rome, he sought retirement and trap
perfection. Cicero compares the translation quillity in the beatiful country and delightful
of the Odyssey by Livius to the ancient sta climate of Naples. Here he finished his his
tues which night be attributed to Daedalus tory. Having completed his work, he re
Like Thespis, and most other dramatists in turned to finish the remainder of his days in
the commencement of the theatric art, Livius his native country, where he died A. D. 17,
was an actor, and for a considerable time the at the age of 75 years. On the day of his
sole performer of his own pieces. Afterwards, death Rome is said to have been deprived of
however, his voice failing, in consequence of another of its brightest ornaments in the poet
the audience insi-ting on a repetition of ſa Ovid.]. Few particulars of his life are known,
vourite passages, he introduced a boy, who yet his ſame was so universally spread, even
relieved him by declaiming the recitative in his life-time, that an inhabitant of Gades
part in concert with the flute, while he him traversed Spain, Gaul, and Italy, merely
self executed the corresponding gesticula to see the man whose writings had given him
tions in the monologues, and in parts where such pleasure and satisfaction in the perusal.
high exertion was required, only employing The name of Livy is rendered immortal by
his own voice in the conversational and less his history of the Roman empire. Besides
elevated scenes. “Hence,” observes Livy, this, he wrote the philosophical treatises and
“ the practice arose of dividing the represen dialogues above mentioned, with a letter ad
tation between two actors, and of reciting, as dressed to his son, on the merit of authors
it were, to the gesture and action of the come which ought to be read by young men. This
dian. Thenceforth the custom so far pre letter is greatly commended by Quintilian,
vailed, that the comedians never uttered any who expatiates with great warmth on the
thing except the verses of the dialogue.” judgment and candour of the author. His
And this system, apparently so well calculat Roman history was comprehended in 142
ed to destroy all theatrical illusion, continued, books, of which only 35 [and a fragment of
under certain modifications, to subsist on the another] are extant. It began with the found
Roman stage during the most refined periods ation of Rome, and was continued till the
of taste and literature.] Some few of his death of Drusus in Germany. (It contained a
verses are preserved in the Corpus Poetarum. period of 743 years, ending 9 years before the
M. Salinator, a Roman consul sent against birth of our Saviour. The contents of the
the Illyrians. The success with which he whole number of books, however, the 137th
finished his campaign, and the victory which and 138th excepted, have been preserved
some years after he obtained over Asdrubal, and compiled, as some without any good rea
who was passing into Italy with a reinforce. son have supposed, by Livy himself, while
ment for his brother Annibal, show how de others, with equal improbability, have as
serving he was to be at the head of the Ro: serted them to be the work of Florus. Who
man armies. [In the second Punic war a ever may have been the compiler, they are
new tax was imposed on salt, at the sugges highly curious ; and although they contain
tion of the censors Claudius Nero and Livius, but a faint outline, yet they serve to convey
chiefly the latter, and hence he obtained some idea of the original, and greatly ex
the surname Salinator.] Liv.––Dru cite regret at the loss of so large a portion of
sus, a tribune who joined the patricians this valuable work.] The merit of this his
in opposing the ambitious views of C. Grac tory is well known, and the high rank which
chus. Plut. in Gracc.—An uncle of Ca Livy holds among historians will never be
to of Utica. Plut. Titus, a native of disputed. He is always great, his style is
Padua, celebrated for his writings. [He re clear and intelligible, laboured without aſ
sided at Rome a considerable time, where ſectation, diffusive without tediousness, and
he was highly honoured by Augustus, to argumentative without pedantry. In his ha
whom he was previously known, it is said, rangues he is bold and animated, and in his
by some writings which he had dedicated to narrations and descriptions, he claims a de
him. Seneca, however, is silent upon the sub. cided superiority. He is always elegant, al
ject of this supposed dedication, though he though many have branded his provincial
mentions the work itself, which, he says, con words with the name of Patavinity. [In what
sisted of moral and philosophical dialogues. this Patavinity consisted, no ancient author
He appears to have conceived the project of having defined it, is difficult to say. It may
writing his history immediately upon his set. have been some peculiarity of dialect which
tling at Rome, or perhaps he came thither marked the Latinity of that quarter of Italy
for the purpose of collecting the necessary where Livy was born, the Veneti having
materials for that great work. Augustus been probably of Sclavonic descent. But
made him preceptor to his grandson Claudius, this is difficult to affirm, when to us the style
afterwards emperor ; but he seems not much
of Livy appears far above any peculiarities
to have attended to the advantage which of provincialism. Perhaps, after all, as the
might result from such a connection, and to charge came from Asinius Pollio, it may
have occupied himself entirely in the compo have been merely the affected criticism of a
sition of his history, parts of which, as they courtier.] Livy has been censured, and per
were finished, he read to Augustus and Mae haps with justice, for being too credulous,
cenas. Distracted with the tumults, and, it and burdening his history with vulgar no
may be, disgusted * the intrigues and ca
30
tions and superstitious tales. He may dis.
 Ll LO

gust when he mentions that milk and blood by the labours of J. Freinshemius, who with
were rained from heaven, or that an ox great attention and industry has made an
spoke, or a woman changed her sex ; yet he epitome of the Roman history, which is now
candidly confesses that he recorded only incorporated with the remaining books of Li
what had made an indelible impression upon vy. The third decade seems to be superior
the minds of a credulous age. . [It is asto to the others, yet the author has not scrupled
nishing that Livy ever should have been to copy from his contemporaries and prede
charged with credulity on account of the cessors ; and we find many passages taken
prodigies which he relates. He merely word for word from Polybius, in which the
quotes from the annals of past ages, and fully latter has shown himself more informed in
justifies and explains the course he has pur military affairs, and superior to his imitator.
sued, in that beautiful passage of his history The best editions of Livy will be found to be
(B. 43, c. 15,) “I am not ignorant that the those of Maittaire, 6 vols. 12mo, London,
age in which I live no longer believes in the 1722 : of Drakenborch, 7 vols. 4to. Amst.
presages by which the gods announce the fu 173; ; and of Ruddiman, 4 vols. 12mo. Edin.
ture, and that, as a consequence of this incre 1751. A very excellent and valuable edition
dulity, we no longer publish prodigies, or are of Livy, by Stroth, improved by Doering, was
careful to record them in our annals; yet in published at Gotha in 1816-19. The edition
writing the history of distant ages, my mind of Crevier also is a valuable one, Paris, 1735,
involuntarily assumes the tone of former 6 vols. 4to.]
days, (nescio quo pacto antiquus fit animus) Lixus, a river of Mauritania, with a city
and I feel reluctant to banish from my writ of the same name. Antaeus had a palace
ings, as unworthy of having a place therein, there, and, according to some accounts, it was
those occurrences which the wisdom of our in the neighbourhoºd that Hercules conquer
forefathers judged deserving of a public ex ed him. Ital. 3, v. 258.-Mela, 3, c. 10,-
piation (quae illi prudentissimi viri publice Strab. 2.
suscipienda censuerint).” His candour has also Locki, [a people who are said to have de
been called in question, and he has some rived their name from an ancient hero called
times shown himself too partial to his coun Locris or Locros, whose son Opus founded a
trymen, but every where he is an indefatiga town under his own name. They formed
ble supporter of the cause of justice and vir. four divisions, with appropriate surnames, the
tue. [It appears from his having prefixed three first of which, viz. Locri Ozolae, Locri
separate prefatory introductions to each por. Epicnemidii, and Locri Opuntii, were settled
tion, that Livy had divided his work into dis in Greece; the fourth division, denominated
tinct parts, consisting each of 10 books. The Epizephyrii, inhabited Magna Graecia, near
parts of his history which we now possess the promontory of Zephyrium, at the south
are, the first, third, and fourth, decades, 5 ern extremity of the Bruttiorum ager. The
books of the 5th decade, (and these very Ozolae occupied a considerable extent of
imperſect,) and a fragment of the 91st book ; country west of Phocis and along the Sinus
which last was discovered by Bruns in the Corinthiacus. They derived their appella
Vatican library in 1772. It is said at the pre |tion from the circumstance, it is said, of the
sent moment (February, 1827,) that the |arrows of Hercules having been buried in
learned Abbé Rosch, who is employed in the their territory, from which, as being tinged
library at Pisa, has just discovered in the with the poison of the Hydra, a mephi ic va
charters of a Capuchin convent, fifteen of pour arose; hence the name cºoxal from oºze,
the lost books of the Roman historian.] The oleo. Others, however, derive the name
first decade comprehends the history of 460 from the circumstance of their having conti
years. The second decade is lost. [It com nued to dress themselves in the skins of wild
prised a period of 75 years : the principal | beasts after all the rest of the Greeks had as
occurrence in it was the first Punic war.] |sumed more suitable clothing. The Locri
The third comprehends the history of the themselves never adopted the appellation
second Pdnic war, which includes about 18 Ozolae, as may well be supposed. Their
years. In the fourth decade, Livy treats of chief town was Amphissa, now Saloma. Nau
the wars with Macedonia and Antiochus, pactus was also one of their cities. The Epic
which contain about 23 years. For the first nemidii lay north-east of the former, along the
five books of the fifth decade we are indebt part of the Sinus Maliacus opposite the pro
ed to the researches of the moderns. They montory Ceneum in Euboea. They derived
were found at Worms, A. D. 1431. [These their name from Mount Cnemis, in whose wi
5 books give an account of the war with cinity they dwelt. Their chief town was
Perseus king of Macedonia; of the corrup. Thronium. South-east of these last were the
tion of several Roman governors in the ad Locri Opuntii, so called from Opus their chief
ministration of the provinces, and their pu city. The Locri Epizephyrii migrated to Ital
nishment; and of the third Punic war. The ly at an early period; their chief town was
fragment of the 91st book, above mentioned, said to be coeval with Cyzicus. Strabo, how
details some of the operations of Sertorius in ever, makes it to have been founded a little
Spain..] These are the books that remain of after Crotona and Syracuse, about 757. H. C.
Livy's history, and the loss which the cele The Epizephyrian Locri had a coºle of laws
compiled
brated work has sustained by the ravages of |veral forofthem
codes by Zaleucus,
Crete, fromAthen".
Sparta, and º ºr
time, has in some measure been compensated 431
 LO LO

They were a brave people, and in a battle ing study.” As regards the praeuomen Duo
with the Crotonians, 10,000 Locri with a few nysius which is commonly appended to his
allies defeated 130,000 of the enemy near the name, it would seem from an examination of
river Sagra : an event so marvellous, that it the two principal manuscripts which have
became proverbial, in giving attestation to a wreserved this work to us, and of which one
fact thought incredible, to say, Aamºnga ray is at Paris, the other in the Vatican, that he
er, Xzyga, “it is more true than the battle of is named therein Dionysius or Longinus,
Sagra'ſ Plin. 3, c. 5.—Strab. 6, &c.— (Auovvaiou h A97)irov). Amid the great num
Ptol.–Mela.-Liv. 26, c. 26, l. 28, c. 6 - ber of works composed by Longinus, but
Paus. Ach. & Phoc. which, unfortunately, are lost, may be nam
Locusta, a celebrated woman at Rome in ed his “ Treatise on Homer,” a “ Lexicon of
the favour of Nero. She poisoned Claudius Attic forms of expression,” a “System of
and Britannicus, and at last attempted to de Rhetoric, and a “Commentary on the Phaedo
stroy Nero himself, for which she was execut and Timaeus of Plato,” of which last Olym
ed. Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 66, &c.—Suet. in pienus and Proclus have preserved some
JNer. 33. fragments. Longinus was not only a sophist
Locutius. vid. Aius. but likewise a philosopher. A disciple of
LoLLIA PAULINA, a beautiful woman, Ammonius Saceas, he belonged to the latter
daughter of M. Lollius, who married C. Mem Platonists, but preserved himself from their
mius Regulus, and aſterwards Caligula. She errors.] He was preceptor of the Greek
was divorced and put to death by means of language, and afterwards minister, to Ze
Agrippina. Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 1, &c. nobia, the famous queen of Palmyra, and his
LollińNUs SPURIus, a general proclaim ardent zeal and spirited activity in her cause
ed emperor by his soldiers in Gaul, and soon proved, at last, fatal to him. [Longinus
after murdered, &c. -
||is said to have induced Zenobia to shake of
M. Lollius, a companion and tutor of C. the Roman yoke, and to have dictated to the
Caesar, the son-in-law of Tiberius. He was queen a proud and spirited letter to the em
consul, and offended Augustus by his rapacity peror Aurelian. It is given in the liſe of
in the provinces. Horace has addressed two Aurelian by Vopiscus,(c. 27.) Aurelian, great
of his epistles to him, &c. Tacit. Ann. 3. ly irritated at this, and having shortly after
LoNDiNUM, the capital of Britain, founded, made himself master of Palmyra, caused Lon
as some suppose, between the age of Julius ginus to be put to death, A. D. 273.] At the
Caesar and Nero. It has been severally called monent of death he showed himself great and
Londinium, Lundinum, &c. Ammianus calls resolute, and with a philosophical and unpa
it vetustum oppidum. It is represented as a ralleled firmness of mind, he even repressed
considerable, opulent, and commercial town the tears and sighs of the spectators who pi
in the age of Nero. [There is very great tied his miserable end. Longinus has render
reason to suppose that it existed before Cae ed his name immortal by his critical remarks
sar's time. Its favourable situation for com on ancient authors. His treatise on the Sub
merce must have given the place an early time gives the world reason to lament the
origin. Ancient Londinium is thought to have loss of his other valuable compositions. [The
occupied that part of the modern city which treatise on the Sublime, (reg. ‘rººve,) is one of
lies on the north of the Thames, near the the most celebrated works of antiquity. It
Tower of London. As, however, Ptolemy is probably the fragment of a much larger
assigns it to the Cantii, many have been led work. Longinus developes in it, with a truly
to decide in favour of the borough of South philosophical spirit, the nature of sublimity in
wark on the south side of the river, or rather thought and expression. He establishes the
to the part immediately west of this, especial aws for its use, and illustrates these by exam.
ly as here many remains of antiquity have ples, which constitute at the same time an in
been ſound. It is most probable, however, genious critique upon the highest productions
that Londinium lay on both sides of the r1. of antiquity. The style of the work is ani
ver.] Tacit. Ann. 14, c. 33–.4mmian. mated and correct ; though critics think that
Long im ANUs, a surname of Artaxerxes the they discover in it forms of expression which
1st : [in Greek Max;22:18. Plutarch states could not have been employed prior to the
that this appellation was given him because third century, and which stand in direct op
his right hand was longer than his left. But position to the theory of Amati, who makes
Strabo says that he was so called from the the work to have been composed in the age of
extraordinary length of his arms, which on Augustus. Rhunken is said to have discover
his standing straight could reach his knees.] ed, in reading Apsines, a Greek rhetorician,
C. Nep. in Reg. all the lost work of Longinus on Rhetoric,
Longinus, Dionysius Cassius, a celebrated excepting the first chapter. He found it in.
Greek philosopher and critic of Athens. termingled with the work of the former, and
[Some suppose him to have been a native of recognized it by its style. He pronounces it
Emesa, in Syria, others of Palmyra. The not inferior to the Treatise on the Sublime.
best opinion, however, is that which makes Sed adhue sub judice lis est.] The best edi
Athens his birth-place. It is of Longinus tions of this author are that of Tollius, 4to.
that Eunapius first made the remark which Traj. ad Rhen. 1694, and that of Toup. 8vo.
has been so often repeated in similar cases : Oxon. 1778. [The best edition now is that of
he called him “a living library, and a walk Weiske, Lips. 1809, 8vo. re-printed at Lon
132
 LU LU

don, 1820.]—A lawyer whom, though blind river Arnus. Lir. 21, c. 5, 1.41, c. 13.−Cic.
and respected, Nero ordered to be put to 13, fam. 13.
death, because he had in his possession a pic Lúcini, a people of Italy, descended from
ture of Cassius, one of Caesar's murderers. the Samnites, or from the Brutii.
Jur. 10, v. 6. Lúcinia, [a country of Magna Graecia,
Longobardi, [vid. Langobardi.] south of Apulia.] The country was famous
LoNGüla, a town of Latium on the bor for its grapes. Strab. 6.—Plin. 3. c. 5.—
ders of the Volsci. Liv. 2, c. 33 and 39, l. 9, .Mela, 2, c. 4.—Liv. 8, c. 17, 1.9, c. 20, 1.10,
c. 39. c. 1 1.-Horat. 2, ep. 2, v. 178.
LoNGUs, [a Greek writer, author of a LucăNus, M. ANNAEUs, a native of Cor
prose romance entitled “Pastorals,” and re duba in Spain. [His father Annaeus Mela, a
lating to the loves of Daphnis and Chloe. He Roman knight, was the youngest brother of
is supposed to have lived in the time of Theo. Seneca the philosopher.] He was early re
dosius the Great. His work is a curious spe moved to Rome, where his rising talents, and
cimen of that kind of composition in its sim more particularly his lavished praises and
plest form, and contains many descriptive panegyrics, recommended him to the empe
beauties. His style is simple and pleasing, ror Nero. This intimacy was soon produc
though this evidently is more the result of tive of honour, and Lucan was raised to the
great art and labour than of natural feeling. dignity of an augur and quaestor before he had
His work is said to have furnished the model attained the proper age. The poet had the
for the “Paul and Virginia” of St. Pierre, imprudence to enter the lists against his im
though the morality of the latter is far supe. perial patron ; he chose for his subject Or
rior to that of its prototype. The best editions pheus, and Nero took the tragical story of
are those of Villoison, Paris, 1778, 2 vols. 8vo. Niobe. Lucan obtained an easy victory, but
that of Coray, Paris, 1802, 4to, and that of Nero became jealous of his poetical reputa
Schaefer, Lips. 1803.j tion, and resolved upon revenge. The insults
Loris or Loros, a beautiful nymph, daugh to which Lucan was daily exposed, provoked
ter of Neptune. Priapus offered her violence, at last his resentment, and he joined Piso in a
and to save herself from his importunities she conspiracy against the emperor. The whole
implored the gods who changed her into a was discovered, and the poet had nothing leſt
tree called Lotus, consecrated to Venus and but to choose the manner of his execution.
Apollo. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 348. He had his veins opened in a warm bath, and
LotópHägi, a people on the coast of Afri as he expired he pronounced with great ener
ca near the Syrtes. They received this name gy the lines which, in his Pharsalia, l. 3, v.
from their living upon the Lotus. Ulysses 639-642, he had put into the mouth of a sol
visited their country at his return from the dier, who died in the same manner as him
Trojan war. [According to Rennell, the lo self. Some have accused him of pusillanimi
cation of the Lotophagi merely on the coast ty at the moment of his death, and say that,
of Africa, arose from the want of a more ex to free himself from the punishment which
tended knowledge of the countries bordering threatened him, he accused his own mother,
on the Desert, on the part of the ancient and involved her in the crime of which he
writers. He states that the tribes who in was guilty. This circumstance, which throws
habit these countries, and whose manners are an indelible blot upon the character of Lucan,
in any degree known unto us, eat universally is not mentioned by some writers, who ob
of this fruit. The shrub or tree that bears serve that he expired with all the firmness of
the lotus fruit is disseminated over the edge of a philosopher. He died in his 26th year, A.
the Great Desert, from the coast of Cyrene D. 65. Of all his compositions none but his
round by Tripolis and Africa Propria, to the Pharsalia remains. This poem, which is an
borders of the Atlantic, the Senegal, and the account of the civil wars of Caesar and Pom
Niger. Park says, that the Lotus was very pey, is unfinished. Opinions are various as to
common in all the countries which he visited, the merit of the poetry. It possesses neither
and that it furnished the natives of the negro the fire of Homer, nor the melodious numbers
kingdoms with a food resembling bread, and of Virgil. If Lucan had lived to a greater age,
also with a sweet liquor which is much re his judgment and genius would have matul
lished by them. Whether from the same lo ed, and he might have claimed a more exalt
tus the Lotophagi obtained both meat and ed rank among the poets of the Augustau
wine, has been much disputed by the learned. age. His expressions, however, are bold and
According to Homer, whoever ate of the lo animated, his poetry entertaining, though his
tus lost all wish of returning home, and be irregularities are numerous, and to use the
came desirous of remaining always in the words of Quintilian, he is more an orator that
country of the lotus, on account of this de a poet. He wrote a poem upon the burning
lightful food.] Herodot. 4, c. 177.-Strab. of Rome, now lost. It is said that his wife
17.-Mela, 1, c. 7.—Plin. 5, c. 7, 1. 13, c. 17. Polla Argentaria, not only assisted him in the
LuA, a goddess at Rome, who presided composition of his poem, but even corrected
over things which were purified by lustra. it aſter his death. Scaliger says, that Lucan
tions, whence the naume (a luendo.) She is rather barks than sings. The best editions
supposed to be the same as Ops or Rhea. of Lucan are those of Oudendorp, 4to. L. Bat:
Luca, now Lucca, a city of Etruria on the 1728, of Bentley, 4to. printed at Strawberry
3 I 433
 LU LU

hill, 1760, and of Barbou, 12mo, Paris, 1767.

is very probably a mere fable. Equally er
Quintil. 10.--Suet.—Tacit. Ann. 15, &c.— roneous is the statement made by some, that
.Martial. 7, ep.20.-Ocellus or Ucellus, an he apostatised after having been a Christian.
ancient Pythagorean philosopher, whose age Had he ever been a follower of Christianity
is unknown. He wrote, in the Attic dialect, he would have known its nature and spirit \
a book on the nature of the universe which he better, and would not have confounded it
deemed eternal, and from it were drawn the with Judaism, as he has done in his Peregri
systems adopted by Aristotle, Plato, and Philo nus Proteus. It is true that the discourse eu
Judaeus. This work was first translated into titled Philopatris, found among his works,
Latin by Nogarola. Another book of Ocellus displays a considerable acquaintance with the
on laws, written in the Doric dialect, was Christian religion, but very strong arguments
greatly esteemed by Archytas and Plato, a might be adduced against Lucian's being the
fragment of which has been preserved by real author of the piece. After all Lucian
Stobaeus, to which, however, Ocellus is dis did not do much harm to the Christians. In
puted to be the author. There is an edition |common with many other distinguished men
of Ocellus, with a learced commentary, by of his age, he had the misfortune to miscon
C. Emman, Wizzanius, Bononiae, 1646, in 4to, strue the character of the Founder of our re
Lück RIA or Lúciº R1A, festivals at Rome, ligion. He merely represents the Christians
celebrated in a large grove between the Via as a simple race of men, deceived by a fana
Salaria and the Tiber, where the Romans hid tical doctrine.] The works of Lucian, which
themselves when besieged by the Gauls. Ta are numerous, and written in the Attic dia
rit. Ann. 1, c. 77. lect, consist partly of dialogues, in which he
I. Lucceius, a celebrated historian, asked introduces different characters with much dra
by Cicero to write a history of his consulship. matic propriety. His style is easy, simple,
He favoured the cause of Pompey, but was elegant, and animated, and he has stored his
afterwards pardoned by J. Caesar. Cic, ad compositions with many lively sentiments,
Fam. 5, ep. 12, &c. and much of the true Attic wit. [With the
Lück REs, [the third of the three original exception of some tautologies, the writings
tribes at Rome. These three original tribes of Lucian savour little of the want of taste
were the Ramnenses or Ramnes, the Tatien which characterised the age in which he liv
ses or Titienses, and the Luceres. It includ ed. His style, formed by the study of the
ed all foreigners except the Sabines.] It re best models, and especially of Aristophanes,
ceived . its name either from Lucumo, an is as pure, as elegant, and as Attic, as if he
Etrurian who assisted the Romans against had flourished in the classic periods of Gre
the Sabines, or from lucus, a grove where cian literature; and the deſects of the age in
Romulus had erected an asylum, or a place which he wrote only show themselves occa
of refuge for all fugitives, slaves, homicides,sionally in his adoption of new terms, or of
&c. that he might people the city. Propert. old ones in a new signification, a failing which
4, el. 1, v. 31. he himself ridicules in others in one of his
Lucănia, a town of Apulia, famous for works entitled Lexiphanes.] His frequent
wool, [south-west of Arpi.] Liv. 9, c. 2 and obscenities, and his manner of exposing to ri
12, 1.10, c. 35.-Horal. 3, od. 15, v. 14.- Lu dicule not only the religion of his country,
can. 2, v. 473. but also that of every other nation, have de
Lucenius, a surname of Jupiter, as the servedly drawn upon him the censure of eve
ſather of light. ry age and branded him with the appellation
Lucianus, a celebrated writer of Samo of atheist and blasphemer. He also wrote
sata. His father was poor in his circum the life of Sostrates, a philosopher of Bueotia,
stances, and Lucian was early bound to one of as also that of the philosopher Demonax.
his uncles, who was a sculptor. This employ. Some have also attributed to him, with great
ment highly displeased him, he made no pro impropriety, the life of Apollonius Tyaneus.
ficiency in the art, and resolved to seek his The best editions of Lucian are that of Grae
livelihood by better means. A dream in which vius, 2 vols. 8vo, Amst. 1687; that of Reit
learning seemed to draw him to her, and to zius, 4 vols. 4to. Amst. 1743, [re-printed at
promise ſame and immortality, confirmed his the Bipont press, 1786-93, 10 vols. 8vo.; and
resolutions, and he began to write. The arti that of Lehman, Lips. 1822, 3 vols. 8vo.]
fices and unfair dealings of a lawyer, a life Lúcifer, the name of the planet Venus,
which he had embraced, disgusted him, and he or morning star. It is called Lucifer when
began to study philosophy and eloquence. He appearing in the morning before the sun; but
visited different places, and Antioch, Ionia, when it follows it, and appearssome time after
Greece, Italy, Gaul, and more particularly its setting, it is called Hesperus. According
Athens, became successively acquainted with to some mythologists, Lucifer was son of Ju
the depth of his learning and the power of his piter and Aurora. A Christian writer,
eloquence. . The emperor M. Aurelius was whose work was edited by the Coleti, fol. We
sensible of his merit, and appointed him re. net. 1778.
gister to the Roman governor of Egypt. He C. Lúcilius, a Roman knight born at Au
died A. D. 180, in his 90th year, and some of runca,illustrious not only for the respectability
the moderns have asserted that he was torm of his ancestors, but more deservedly for the
to pieces by dogs for his impiety, particularly uprightness and the innocence of his own im
for ridiculing the religion of Čhrist. [This ilmaculate character. [He was grand uncle
43.4 -
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by the mother's side to Pompey the Great. In 103. His fragments have been collected and
early youth he served at the siege of Numan published with notes by Fr. Dousa, 4to. L.
tia, in the same camp with Marius and Ju Bat. 1597, and lastly by the Vulpii, 8vo.
gurtha, under the younger Africanus, whose Patav. 1735. Quinlil. 10, c. 1.-Cic. de
friendship and protection he had thus the Orat. 2–Horat.—Lucilius, a famous Ro
good fortune to acquire. On his return to man who ſled with Brutus after the bat
Rome he continued to live on terms of the tle of Philippi. They were soon after over
closest intimacy with Scipio and his friend taken by a party of horse, and Lucilius
Laelius. These powerful protectors enabled suffered himself to be severely wound
him to satirize the vicious without restraint ed by the darts of the enemy, exclaiming that
or fear of punishment.] He is looked upon he was Brutus. He was taken, and carried
as the ſounder of satire, and as the first great to the conquerors, whose clemency spared
satirical writer among the Romans. He was his life. Plut.
superior to his poetical predecessors at Rome; Lucilla, a daughter of M. Aurelius, cele
and though he wrote with great roughness brated for the virtues of her youth, her beau
and inelegance, but with much facility, he ty, debaucheries, and misfortunes. At the
gained many admirers, whose praises have age of sixteen her father sent her to Syria to
often been lavished with too liberal a hand. marry the emperor Verus, who was then en
Of the thirty books of satires which he wrote ployed in a war with the Parthians and Ar
nothing but a few verses remain. [The pe menians. The conjugal virtues of Lucilla
riod at which Lucilius appeared was favour were great at first, but when she saw Verus
able to satiric composition. There was a plunge himself into debauchery and dissipa
struggle existing between the old and new tion, she ſellowed his example, and prosti
manners, and the freedom of speaking and tuted herself. At her return to Rome, she
writing, though restrained, had not yet been saw the incestuous commerce of her husband
totally checked by law. Lueilius lived with with her mother, &c. and at last poisoned
a people among whom luxury and corruption him. She afterwards married an old but vir
were advancing with fearful rapidity, but tuous senator, by order of her father, and was
among whom some virtuous citizens were not ashamed soon to gratify the criminal sen
anxious to stem the tide which threatened to sualities of her brother Commodus. The
overwhelm their countrymen. The satires of coldness and indifference with which Com
Lucilius were adapted to please the latter. modus treated her afterwards determined her
The freedom of his attacks upon the vices of on revenge, and she with many illustrious
his contemporaries, without even sparing in senators conspired against his life, A. D. 185.
dividuals, had nothing revolting in an age The plot was discovered, Lucilla was banish
when no consideration compelled to those for. ed, and soon after put to death by her brother,
bearances necessary under different forms of in the 38th year of her age.
society or government. By the time too that LúcinA, a goddess, daughter of Jupiter
he wrote, the delicate and cutting irony of and Juno, or, according to others, of Latona.
the Greek comedies had come much into As her mother brought her into the world
vogue at Rome, and Lucilius, by applying without pain, she became the goddess whom
himself to the imitation of these dramatic women in labour invoked, and she presided
productions, had caught, it is said, much of over the birth of children. She received this
their fire and spirit. Nor did he, like his pre name either from lucus, or from lur, as Ovid
decessors, mix iambic with trochaic verses. explains it :
Twenty books of his satires were in hexame Gratia Lucinae, dedit httctibi nomine lucus ;
ter verse, and the rest, with the exception of .Aut quia principium tu, Dea, lucis habes.
the thirtieth, in iambics or trochaics. As a
writer, he had much of the old Roman hu Some suppose her to be the same as Diana
mour, that celebrated but undefined urbani and Juno, because these two goddesses were
tas, which, indeed, he possessed in so eminent also sometimes called Lucina, and presided
a degree, that Pliny says it began with Luci over the labours of women. She is called
lius in composition, while Cicero declares that Ilythia by the Greeks. She had a famous
he carried it to the highest perfection, and temple at Rome, raised A.U. C. 396. Varro
that it almost expired with him. The well de L. L. 4.—Cic. de JNat. D. 2, c. 27.-Ovid.
known lines of Juvenal, who relates how he Fast. 2, v. 449.-Horat. Carm. Sec.
made the guilty tremble by his pen, as much Lucius. The word Lucius is a praenomen
as if he had pursued them sword in hand, common to many Romans, of whom an ac
have fixed his character as a determined and count is given under their family names.
inexorable persecutor of vice. His versifi. Lúchétia, a celebrated Roman lady,
cation, however, was rugged and prosaic. Ho daughter of Lucretius, and wife of Tarquinius
race, while he allows that he was more po Uollatinus. Her accomplishments proved fa
lished than his contemporaries, calls his muse tal to her, and the praises which a number of
“pedestris,” talks repeatedly of the looseness young nobles at Ardea, among whom were
of his measure, and compares his whole po Collatinus and the sons of Tarquin, bestowed
etry to a muddy and troubled stream. Quin upon the domestic virtues of their wives at
tilian, however, does not entirely coincide home, were productive of a revolution in the
with this opinion of Horace.] He died at state. while every one was warm with the
Naples in the 46th year of his age, B. C. idea, it was universally agreed to leave the
*

435.
 LU LU

camp and to go to Rome, to ascertain the ve finished, during the lucid intervals of reson
racity of their respective assertions. Collatiand sense, while he was suffering under the
nus had the pleasure to see his expectations violent effects occasioned by a philtre, which
fulfilled in the highest degree, and, while thethe jealousy of his n istress or his wiſe Lucilla
wives of the other Romans were involved in had administered. It is said that he destroy
the riot and dissipation of a feast, Lucretia ed himselſ in the 44th year of his age, about
was ſound at home, employed in the midst of 54 years before Christ. Cicero, after his
her female servants, and easing their labour death, revised and corrected his poems. [No.
by sharing it herself. The beauty and inno withstanding the absurdity of his doctrines,
cence of Lucretia inflamed the passion of Sex the poetic talents of Lucretius appear in
tus, the son of Tarquin, who was a witness of every part of his work. His language and
her virtue and industry. He cherished his versification sometimes partake of the rude
flame, and he secretly retired from the camp, ness of an early period of literature, and in
and came to the house of Lucretia, where he the argumentative parts of his work he is fre
met with a kind reception. He showed him quently difficult to be understood; but
self unworthy of such a treatment, and in the where the subject admits of elevated senti
dead of might, he introduced himself to Lucre ment and descriptive beauty, no Roman poet
tia, who refused to his entreaties what her has taken a loftier flight, or exhibited more
fear of shame granted to his threats. She spirit or tublimity : the same animated strain
yielded to her ravisher when he threatened is supported almost throughout entire books.
to murder her, and to slay one of her slaves. Virgil studied him, and has borrowed much
and put him in her bed, that this apparent of his diction. The morality of Lucretius is
adultery might seem to have met with the generally pure, but many of his descriptions
punishment it deserved. Lucretia in the are licentious. The doctrines of Lucretius,
morning sent for her husband and her father, particularly that which impugns the super
and, after she had revealed to them the indig intending care of divine Providence, were
mities she had suffered from the son of Tar. first formally opposed by the Stoic Manilins,
quin, and entreated them to avenge her in his Astronomic poem. In modern times,
wrongs, she stabbed herself with a dagger his whole philosophical system has been re
which she had previously concealed under her futed in the long and elaborate poem of the
clothes. This fatal blow was the sign of re Cardinal Polignac. This work, though in
bellion. The body of the virtuous Lucretia complete, consists of nine books, of about
was exposed to the eyes of the senate, and 1300 lines ench, and the whole is addressed
the violence and barbarity of Sextus, joined to Quintius, an atheist, who corresponds to
with the unpopularity and oppression of his the Lorenzo of the Night Thoughts. Des
father, so irritated the Ronian populace, that cartes is the Epicurus of the poem, and the
that moment they expelled the Tarquins for subject of many panegyrics. It is entitled
ever from Rome. Brutus, who was present ...Anti-Lucretius, sive de Deo et Natura. In
at the tragical death of Lucretia, kindled the this poem the Cardinal has sometimes refut
flames of rebellion, and the republican or con ed, at too great length, propositions manifest
sular government was established at Rome, ly absurd—at others he has impugned de
A. U. C. 244. Lir. 1, c. 57, &c.—Dionys. monstrated truths—and the moral system of
Hal. 4, c. 15.-Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 741.-Val. Lucretius he throughout has grossly misun
Maz. 6, c. 1.-Plut.—August. de Cir. D. 1, derstood. But he has rendered ample justice
c. 19.—The wife of Numa. Plut. to his poetical merit, and imbibed much of
Lúcrètilis, now Libretti, a mountain in its spirit..] The best editions of his works
the country of the Sabines, hanging over a are that of Creech, 8vo. Oxon. 1695; that of
pleasant valley, near which the house and Havercamp, 2 vols. 4to. Lug. Bat. 1725; and
farm of Horace were situate. Horat. 1, od. that of [Wakefield, Glasg. 1813, 4 vols. 8vo.]
17, v. 1.-Cic. 7, Att. 11. Palerc. 2, c. 36.—Quintil 3, c. 1, i. 10, c. 1.
T. Lúchétius CARus, a celebrated Ro Quintus, a Roman who killed himself
man poet and philosopher, who was early sent because the inhabitants of Sulmo, over which
to Athens, where he studied under Zeno and he was appointed with a garrison, seemed to
Phaedrus. The tenets of Epicurus and Em favour the cause of J. Caesar. Coes. Bell. Cir.
pedocles, which then prevailed at Athens, 1, c. 18. He is also called Vespºilo.—Sp.
were warmly embraced by Lucretius, and Tricipitinus, father of Lucretia, wife of Co
when united with the infinite of Anaxaman latinus, was made consul after the death cſ
der, and the atoms of Democritus, they were Brutus, and soon aſter died himself. Hora
explained and elucidated in a poem, in six tius Pulvillus succeeded him. Lir. 1, c. 58.
books, which is called De rerum naturá. In —Plut. in Pub.--An interrex at Rome.
this poem the masterly genius and unaffected —A consul.—Osella, a Romun, put to
elegance of the poet are every where conspi. death by Sylla because he had applied for the
cuous; but the opinions of the philosopher are consulship without his permission. Plut.
justly censured, who gives no existence of Luchinus, [a lake in Italy, near Cumie,
power to a Supreme Being, but is the devoted on the coast of Campania. According to Dio
advocate of atheism and impiety, and earnest. Cassius, (48, 50,) there were three lakes in
ſy endeavours to establish the mortality of the this quarter lying one behind the other. The
soul. This composition, which has littie claim outermost was called Tyrrhenus, the middle
to be called a heroic poem, was written and one Lucrinus, and the innermost Avernms.
43B
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Agrippa cut a communication between these Such considerable losses weakened the enemy,
lakes and the sea, and built at the opening and Mithridates retired with precipitation to
cut between and uniting the Lucrine and wards Armenia, to the court of king Tigranes,
Avernian lakes, the famous Julian Harbour. his father-in-law. His flight was perceived,
The object in doing this chiefly was to pro and Lucullus crossed the Euphrates with great
cure a place along the coast fit for exercising expedition, and gave battle to the numerous
and training a body of seamen previous to the forces which Tigranes had already assembled
contest with Sextus Pompeius. The woods, to support the cause ofhis son-in-law. Accord
also, which surrounded Avernus in particular, ing to the exaggerated account of Plutarch,
were cut down, and the stagnant vapour being no less that 100,000 ſoot, and near 55,000
thus dissipated, the vicinity was rendered horse, of the Armenians, lost their lives in that
healthy. By this operation much land was celebrated battle. All this carnage was made
reclaimed, which before had been covered by by a Roman army amounting to no more than
these lakes, an outlet being afforded to their 18,000 men, of whom only five were killed
waters into the sea. The shores of the Lu and 100 wounded during the combat. The
crime lake were famous for their oysters. In taking of Tigranocerta, the capital of Arme
the year 1538, an earthquake formed a moun nia, was the consequence of his immortal vic
tain near two miles in circumference, and tory, and Lucullus there obtained the greatest
200 feet high, consisting of lava, burned stones, part of the royal treasures. This continual
scoria, &c. which left no appearance of a lake, success, however, was attended with serious
but a morass, filled with grass and rushes.] consequences. The severity of Lucullus, and
Cic. 4. Att. 10.-Strab. 5 and 6.-Mela, 2, c. the haughtiness of his commands, the eſſects
4.—Propert. 1, el. 11, v. 10.—Wirg. G. 2, v. of continued success, offended his soldiers,
161.-Horat. 2, od 15. and displeased his adherents at Rome. Pom
C. LUctitius CATúLUs, a Roman con pey was soon after sent to succeed him, and to
sul with Marius. He assisted his colleague in continue the Mithridatic war, and the inter
conquering the Cimbrians. [rid. Cimbricum view which he had with Lucullus began with
bellum, and also Catulus.] He was eloquent acts of mutual kindness, and ended in the most
as well as valiant, and his history of his con-i} inveterate reproaches and open enmity. Lu
sulship, which he wrote with great veracity, cullus was permitted to retire to Rome, and
convinces us of his literary talents. That only 1600 of the soldiers who had shared his
history is lost. Cic. de Orat.—Varro de L. fortune and his glories were suffered to accom
L.—Flor. 2, c. 2.-C. Catulus, a Roman, pany him. He was received with coldness at
consul, who destroyed the Carthaginian fleet. Rome, and he obtained with difficulty a tri
rid. Catulus. umph which was deservedly claimed by his
LuculléA, a festival established by the ſame, his successes, and his victories. In this
Greeks in honour of Lucullus, who had be ended the days of his glory ; he retired to the
haved with great prudence and propriety in enjoyment of ease and peaceful society, and
his province. Plut. in Luc. no longer interested himself in the commo
Luculli hoatl, gardens of Lucullus si tious which disturbed the tranquillity of
t
tuated near Neapolis, &c. Tacit. .1nn. 11, 3ome. He dedicated his time to studious
c. 1.--—Villa, a country-seat near Mount Mi pursuits and to literary conversation. His
senus, where Tiberius died. Tacit. Ann. 6, house was enriched with a valuable library,
c. 50. which was opened for the service of the cu
Lucullus, Lucius Licinius, a Roman, cele rious and of the learned. Lucullus fell into a
brated for his fondness of luxury, and for his delirium in the last part of his life, and died
military talents. He was born about 115 years in the 67th or 68th year of his age. The peo
before the Christian era, and soon distinguish ple showed their respect for his merit, by
ed himself by his proficiency in the liberal arts, their wish to give him an honourable burial in
particularly eloquence and philosophy. IIIs the Campus Martius; but their offers were
first military campaign was in the Marsian rejected, and he was privately buried by his
war, where his valour and cool intrepidity re brother in his estate at Tusculum. Lucullus
commended him to public notice His mild has been admired for his many accomplish
ness and constancy gained him the admiration ments, but he has been censured for his seve
and confidence of Sylla, and from this connec rity and extravagance. The expenses of his
tion he derived honour, and during his quaes meals were immoderate, his halls were dis
torship in Asia, and pretorship in Africa, he tinguished by the different names of the gods;
rendered himself more conspicuous by his jus and, when Cicero and Pompey attempted to
tice, moderation, and humanity. He was rais surprise him, they were astonished at the
ed to the consulship A.U. C. 680, and intrust costliness of a supper which had been prepar
ed with the care of the Mithridatic war, and ed upon the word of Lucullus, who had mere
first displayed his military talents in rescuing ly said to his ervant that he would sup in the
his colleague Cotta, whom the enemy had be hall of Apollo. In his retirement Lucullus
sieged in Chalcedon. This was soon followed was fond of artificial variety ; subterraneous
by a celebrated victory over the forces of Mi caves and passages were dug under the hills
thridates on the borders of the Granicus, and on the coast of Campania, and the sea water
by the conquest of all Bithynia. His victories was conveyed round the house and pleasure
by sea were as great as those by land, and Mi grounds, where the fishes flocked in such
thridates lost a powerful fleet near Lemnos. abundance that not less than 25,000 pounds
437
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worth were sold at his death. In his public town at the foot of the Pyrenees, now St
character Lucullus was humane and compas Bertrand, in Gascony.
sionate, and he showed his sense of the vicis LÜNA, (the moon) was daughter of Hype
situdes of human affairs by shedding tears at rion and Terra, and was the same, according
the sight of one of the cities of Armenia, to some mythologists, as Diana. She was
which his soldiers reduced to ashes. He was worshipped by the ancient inhabitants of the
a perfect master of the Greek and Latin lan earth with many superstitious forms and ee
guages, and he employed himself for some remonies. It was supposed that magiciers
time to write a concise history of the Marsi and enchanters, particularly th se of Thes
in Greek hexameters. Such are the striking saly, had an uncontroulable power over the
characteristics of a man who meditated the moon, and that they could draw her down
conquest of Parthia, and, for a while gained from heaven at pleasure by the mere force of
the admiration of all the inhabitants of the their incantations. Her eclipses, according to
east, by his justice and moderation, and who their opinion, proceeded from thence ; and on
might have disputed the empire of the world that account it was usual to beat drums and
with a Caesar or Pompey, had not, at last. cymbals, to ease her labours, and to render
his fondness for retirement withdrawn him the power of magic less effectual. The Ar
from the reach of ambition. Cic. pro Arch. cadians believed that they were older than
4. Quaest...Ac. 2, c. 1–Plut. in vitā.-Flo, . the moon, Ovid. Met. 12, v. 263, &c.—T-
3, c. 5.—Strab.--Appian, in Mithr. &c.—Oro |bull. 1, el. 8, v. 21.—Hesiod. Theog.— Prs.
sius 6, &c. | Ecl. 8, v. 69.-A maritime town of Etruria,
LücüMo, the first name of Tarquinius Pris [situate on the river Macra, in the north
cus, afterwards changed into Lucius. The western quarter of Etruria,] famous for
word is Etrurian, and signifies prince or chief. the white marble which it produced. It con
[Lucumo was the title applied to the heredi tained a fine capacious harbour, and abounded
tary chiefs who ruled over each of the twelve in wise, cheese, &c. The inhabitants were
independent tribes of the Etrurian nation.] naturally given to augury, and the observa
Plut. in Rom. tion of uncommon phaenomena. [The little
Lugdun ENsis GALLIA, a part of Gaul, bay near Luna was called Portus Lunensis,
which received its name from Lugdunum, the and is now the gulf of Spetia.] Mela, 2, c.
capital city of the province. vid. Gallia. 4.—Lucan. 1, v. 586.-Plin. 14, c. 6.-Lir.
LUGDüNUM, [a city of Gaul situate near 34, c. 8.—Sil. 8, v. 481.
the confluence of the Rhodanus or Rhone and Lupa, (a she-wolf) was held in great ve
the Arar or Saone. It was one of the places neration at Rome, because Romulus and Re
conquered by Caesar, and, a short time aſter mus, according to an ancient tradition, were
his death, Munatius Plancus received orders suckled and preserved by one of these ani
from the Roman senate to re-assemble at mals. This fabulous story arises from the
Lugdunum the inhabitants of Vienna or Pien surname of Lupa, prostitute, which was given
ne, who had been driven out of their city by to the wife of the shepherd Faustulus, to
the Allobroges. In a little while it became whose care and humanity these children
very powerful, so that Strabo says it was not owed their preservation. [It takes its rise
inferior to Narbo or Narbonne with respect rather from the circumstance of Ruma, one
to the number of inhabitants. The ancient of the old names of the Tyber, being also old
city did not occupy exactly the same spot as Latin for mamma, “the breast.”] Ovid. Fast.
the modern one, but lay on the west side of |2, v. 415.-Plut. in Romul.
the Rhone and Saone, while the chief part of Lupercal, a place at the foot of Mount
modern Lyons is on the east side, at the veryAventine, sacred to Pan, where festivals, call
confluence of the two streams. At the ex ed Lupercalia, were yearly celebrated, and
tremity of the point of land formed by the where the she-wolf was said to have brought
two streams, and of course precisely corres. up Romulus and Remus. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 343.
ponding with the southern extremity of the Lupe Rcilia, a yearly festival observed
modern city, stood the famous altar erected at Rome the 15th of February, in honour of
by sixty Gallic nations in honour of Augustus. the god Pan. It was usual first to sacrifice
Lugdunurn lay upon a hill, a position which two goats and a dog, and to touch with a
the termination unum is said to imply. Here bloody knife the foreheads of two illustrious
was established the gold and silver coinage youths, who always were obliged to smile
of the province, and from this city, as a centre, while they were touched. The blood was
the main roads diverged to all parts of Gaul. wiped away with soft wool dipped in milk.
In the third century, Lugdunum declined in After this the skins of the victims were cut
importance on account of the vicinity and ra into thongs, with which whips were made for
pid growth of Arelate and Narbo. Lyons is the youths. With these whips the youths
now one of the first manufacturing towns in ran about the streets all naked except the
France.] Jur. 1, v. 44.—Strab. 4.—Bata middle, and whipped freely all those they
vorum, a town on the Rhine just as it falls in met. Women in particular were fond of re
to the ocean. It is now called Leyden, and is ceiving the lashes, as they superstitiously be:
famous for its university. [It took in the lieved that they removed barrenness, and
middle ages the name of Leithis, whence the eased the pains of child-birth. This excur
modern one is derived.]—Convenarum, a sion in the streets of Rome was performed
438
 LU LU

by naked youths, because Pan is always re the Atlantic coast. The name must be taken
presented naked, and a goat was sacrificed, in two senses. All the old writers, whom
because that deity was supposed to have the Strabo also follows, understood by the terº,
feet of a goat. A dog was added, as a neces merely the territories of the Lusitani, and
sary and useful guardian of the sheepfold. these were comprehended between the Du
This festival, as Plutarch mentions, was first rius and the Tagus, and extended in breadth
instituted by the Romans in honour of the from the ocean to the most eastern limits of
she-wolf which suckled Romulus and Remus. the modern kingdom of Portugal. The Lu
This opinion is controverted by others, and sitani in time intermigled with the Spanish
Livy, with Dionysius of Halicarnassus, ob tribes in their vicinity, as, for example, with
serves, that they were introduced into Italy the Wettones, Calliaci, &c. on which account
by Fvander. The name seems to be bor. the name of Lusitania was extended to the
rowed from the Greek name of Pan, Lycaeus, territories of these tribes, and, finally, under
from ava or, a wolf; not only because these this name became also includeu some tracts
ceremonies were like the Lycaean festivals of country south of the Tagus. This is the
observed in Arcadia, but because Pan, as god first sense in which the term Lusitania must
of shepherds, protected the sheep from the be taken, comprising namely, the terrritories
rapacity of the wolves. The priests who of the Lusitani, the Calliaci, the Wetto.es,
officiated at the Lupercalia were called Lu. and some lands south of the Tagus. The
perci. Augustus forbad any person above the Romans, after the conquest of the country,
age of fourteen to appear naked, or to run made a new arrangement of the several
about the streets during the Lupercalia. Ci tribes. The territories of the Calliaci, lying
cero, in his Philippics, reproaches Antony for north of the Durius, they included in Tarra
having disgraced the dignity of the consul conensis Hispania, but, as an equivalent,
ship by running naked, and armed with a they added to Lusitania all the country south
whip, about the streets. It was during the of the Tagu- and west of the lower part of
celebration of these festivals that Antony of. the Anas, as far as the sea. According to this
fered a crown to J. Caesar, which the indig arrangement, Lusitania was bounded on the
nation of the populace obliged him to refuse. south by a part of the Atlantic, from the
[The Lupercalia were finally abolished. Ac mouth of the Anas to the Sacrum Promon
cording to Baronius, this was done by Pope torium, or Cape St. Vincent ; on the west by
Gelasius, in the year 469 of the Christian the Atlantic ; on the north by the Durius;
era.] Orid. Fast. 2, v.427.- Parro L. L. 5, and on the east by a line drawn from the lat
c. 3. ter river, a little west of the modern city of
Lupenci, a number of priests at Rome, Toro, in a south-eastern direction to the Anas,
who assisted at the celebration of the Luper. touching it about eight miles west of Merida,
calia, in honour of the god Pan, to whose the ancient Emerita Augusta. The modern
service they were dedicated. This order of kingdom of Portugal, therefore, is in length
priests was the most ancient and respectable larger than ancient Lusitania, since it com
of all the sacerdotal offices.It was divided prehends two provinces beyond the Durius,
into two separate colleges, called Fabiani and Entre Douro y Minho and Trus los Montes,
Quintiliana, from Fabius and Quintilius, two and has the Minius, or Minho, for its north
of their high priests. The former were insti ern boundary, but from west to east it is
tuted in honour of Romulus, and the latter of
much smaller than Lusitania. The latter
Remus. To these two sacerdotal bodies J. embraced also Salamanca, the greater part of
Caesar added a third, called, from himself, the Estremadºra, and the western extremity of
Julii, and this action contributed not a little Toledo. The most southern part of Lusita
to render his cause unpopular, and to betray nia was called Cuneus or the wedge, from its
his ambitious and aspiring views. (rid. Lu shape, and is now Algarre, from the Arabic
percalia.) Plut. in Rom.—Dio. Cas. 45.- ...Al-garb, or the west. Its extreme promon
Pirg, AEn. 8. v. 663. tory was called Sacrum. rid. Sacrum Pro
Lupercus, a grammarian in the reign of montorium. Mannert, .ºlmc. Geogr. vol. 1, p.
the emperor Gallienus. He wrote some gram 328.]—Strab. 3.-Mela, 2, c. 6, 1.3, c. 1–
matical pieces, which some have perferred to Liv. 21, c. 43, l. 7, c. 20.
Herodian's compositions. -
Luson Es, a people of Spain near the Iberus.
Lurias or Lupia, now Lippe, a town o Lutitius CAtüLus, a Roman who shut
Germany, with a small river of the same the temple of Janus after peace had been
name falling into the Rhine. Tacit. Ann. made with Carthage. vid. Luctatius.
1, &c. LÜtetia, a town of Belgic Gaul, [on an
Lupus, a comic writer of Sicily, who wrote island in the Sequana or Seine,) which re
a poem on the return of Menelaus and Helen ceived its name, as some suppose, ſrom the
to Sparta, after the destruction of Troy. quantity of clay, lutum, which is in its neigh
Ovid. ex: Pont. 4, ep. 16, v. 26.-P. Rut, a bourhood. J. Caesar fortified and embellish
Roman, who, contrary to the omens, march ed it ; from which circumstance some au
ed against the Marsi, and was killed with his thors call it Julia Civitas. [At Lutetia Ju
army. He had been taxed with impiety, and lian the apostate was saluted emperor by his
was severely censured in the Augustan age. soldiers. He had here his usual winter
Horat. 2, Sat. 1, v. 68.
quarters. The city began to increase in im:
Lusitan IA, [a part of ancient Hispania, on portance under the first French kings, and
acro
 LY LY

was extended to the two banks of the river.|so enormous, that Jupiter visited the earth to
the island being connected with them by punish wickedness and impiety. He came
bridges.] It is now Paris, and is the capital to Arcadia, where he was announced as a
of France. Caºs. de Bell. G. 6 and 7.-Strab. ;od, and the people began to pay proper
4.—Ammian. 20. adoration to his divinity. Lycaon, however,
Ly Bus, a surname of Bacchus. It is de who used to sacrifice all strangers to his war.'
rived from ºvtsy, solvere, because wine, over ton cruelty, laughed at the pious prayers of
which Bacchus presides, gives freedom to the this subjects, and to try the divinity of the
mind, and delivers it from all cares and me. god, he served up human flesh on his table.
lancholy. Horat. ep. 9.—Lucan. 1. v. 675. This impiety so irritated Jupiter, that he
LycibAs, an Etrurian, who had been ha immediately destroyed the house of Lycaon,
nished from his country for murder. He was and changed him into a wolf. Ovid...M. t. 1,
one of those who offered violence to Bac v. 198, &c. These two monarchs are often
chus, and who were changed into dolphins. confounded together, though it appears that
Ovid...Met. 4, v. 624. they were two different characters, and that
LycABEtus, a mountain of Attica, near no less than an age elapsed between their
Athens. Stat. reigns.
Lyc+.A, festivals in Arcadia, in honour of LycAoNiA. [a district of Asia Minor, form
Pan, the god of shepherds. They are the ing the south-eastern quarter of Phrygia. The
same as the Lupercalia of the Romans. origin of its name, and of its inhabitants, the
A festival at Argos in honour of Apollo Ly Lycaones, is lost in obscurity. The Greeks
caus, who delivered the Argives from asserted that Lycaon of Arcadia, in obedi.
wolves, &c. ence to the commands of an oracle, founded a
LY CAEUM, a celebrated place near thi city here, and gave his name to the nation
banks of the Ilissus, in Attica. [It was named and country; this, however, is mere fable.
after Apollo Auxox'royo: or Avator, to whom it According to others, it derived its name from
was dedicated as the god of health.] It was avkor, a wolf, the country abounding with
in this pleasant and salubrious spot that Aris these animals. Our first acquaintance with
totle taught philosophy, and, as he generally this region is in the relation of the expedition
instructed his pupils in walking, they were of the younger Cyrus. Its limits varied at
called Peripatetics, a rigsratsa, ambulo The different times. At first it extended eastward
philosopher continued his instructions for 12 from Iconium 23 geographical miles. and
years, till terrified by the false accusations was separated from Cilicia on the south by
of Eurymedon, he was obliged to fly to Chalcis. the range of Mount Taurus, comprehending a
LycAEus, a mountain of Arcadia, sacred to large portion of what in later times was term
Jupiter, where a temple was built in honour d Cataonia. In an after age Lycaonia was
of the god by Lycaon, the son of Pelasgus taken from Antiochus and given to Eumenes;
It was also sacred to Pan, whose festivals. but its limits, when this took place, must have
called Lycaea, were celebrated there. Virg been more contracted than they were previ
G. ſ. v. 16...+2n. 8, v. 343.-Strab. 8.-Horat. ously. Strabo makes Isauria a part of it..] It
1, ol. 17, v. 2.-Orid. Met. 1, v. 698. was made a Roman province under Augustus.
LycAMBEs, the father of Neobule. He Iconium was the capital. Strab. 10 – Mela,
promised his daughter in marriage to the . c. 2.-Liv. 27, c. 54, l. 38, c. 39. Arca
poet Archilocus, and afterwards refused to dia bore also that name from Lycaon, one of
fulfil his engagement when she had been its kings. Dionys. Hal. An island in the
courted by a man whose opulence had more Tyber.
influence than the fortune of the poet. This Lycaste, an ancient town of Crete, whose
irritated Archilochus : he wrote a bitter in inhabitants accompanied Idomeneus to the
vective against Lycambes and his daughter Trojan war. Homer. Il. 2.
and rendered them both so desperate by the Lycastus, a son of Minos I. He was
satire of his composition, that they hanged father of Minos II. by Ida, the daughter of
themselves. Horat. ep. 6, v. 13.-Ovid, in tory bas. Diod. 4.
Ih. 52. Aristol. Rhet. 3. Lychnidus, [a city of Illyricum, situate
LycioN. the first king of Arcadia, son of in the interior, on a lake from which the Dri
Pelasgus and Meliboea. He built a town no rises. The Bulgarians, who formed here a
called Lycosura on the top of Mount Lycaeus. great state more than an age after the reign
in houour of Jupiter. He had many wives, of Justinian, took Lychnidus for their capi
by whom he had a daughter, called Calisto, tal, changing its name to Achrida, which
and fifty sons. He was succeeded on the still subsists.] Liv. 27, c. 32, 1.44, c. 15.
throne by Nyctimus, the eldest of his sons. Lycia, [a country of Asia Minor in the
He lived about 1820 years before the Chris south, bounded on the north-east by Pamphy
tian era. Apollod. 3.-Hygin. fab. 176.- lia, on the west and north-west by the Cari
Catul. ep. 76.-Paus. 8, c. 2, &c. Ano ans, and on the north by Phrygia and Pisidia.
ther king of Arcadia, celebrated for his cru The country was first named Milyas, and its
elties. He was changed into a wolf by Ju. earliest inhabitants seem to have been the So
piter, because he offered human victims on lymi. Sarpedon, however, being driven from
the altars of the god Pan. Some attribute Crete by his brother Minos, came hither with
this metamorphosis to another cause. The a colony, and drove the Solyuai into the in
sins of mankind, as they relate, were become terior. The new-comers took the name ci
440
 LY LY

Termilae. Afterwards Lycus, driven from he was killed. Plut. in Thes-Paus. 1, c.

Athens by his brother Ægeus, retired to the 17, 1.7, c. 4.—Apollod. 3, c. 13.
Termilac, where he was well received by Lycon, a philosopher of Troas, son of As
Sarpedon, and gave, it is said, the name Lycia tyonax, in the age of Aristotle. He was
to the country, and Lycii to the people, from greatly esteemed by Eumenes, Antiochus,
his own name. Lycia was known under this &c. He died in the 74th year of his age.
name to Homer, who speaks also of the Soly Diog. in vit. A player, greatly esteemed
mi. The Solymi, however, disappeared from by Alexander.
history after Homer's time, and the name Lycophron, a son of Periander, king of
Milyas remained for ever afterwards applied Corinth. The murder of his mother Melissa,
to the region commencing in the north of Ly by his father, had such an effect upon him,
eia, and extending into Phrygia and Pisidia. that he resolved never to speak to a man who
luto this region the Solymi had been driven, had been so wantonly cruel. This resolution
and here they remained under the name of was strengthened by the advice of Procles,
Milyae. From this time, in fact, they were his maternal uncle, and Periander at last ba
reckoned as occupying a part of Pisidia, and nished to Corcyra a son whose disobedience
having nothing more to do with Lycia. On and obstimacy had rendered him odious.
D'Anville's map, however, they retain their Cypselus, the eldest son of Periander, being
name of Solymi.] The inhabitants have been incapable of reigning, Lycophron was the
greatly commended by all the ancients, not only surviving child who had any claim to
only for their sobriety and justice, but their the crown of Corinth. But, when the infir
great dexterity in the management of the mities of Periander obliged him to look for a
bow. They were conquered by Croesus, king successor, Lycophron refused to come to Co
of Lydia, and afterwards by Cyrus. Though rinth while his father was there, and he was
they were subject to the power of Persia, induced to leave Corcyra only on promise
yet they were governed by their own kings, that Periander would come and dwell there
and only paid a yearly tribute to the Persian while he remained master of Corinth. This
monarch. They became part of the Macedo. exchange, however, was prevented. The
donian empire when Alexander came into Corcyreans, who were apprehensive of the
the east, and afterwards were ceded to the tyranny of Periander, murdered Lyco
house of the Seleucidae. The country was phron before he left the island. Herodot.
reduced into a Roman province by the em. 3.—Aristol. —A brother of Thebe, the
peror Claudius. Apollo had there his cele wife of Alexander, tyrant of Pherae. He as
brated oracle at Patara, and the epithet hy sisted his sister in murdering her husband,
berna is applied to the country, because the and he afterwards seized the sovereignty.
god was said to pass the winter in his tem He was dispossessed by Philip of Macedo
ple. Pirg. .ºn. 4, v. 143 and 446, l. 7, v. nia. Plut.— Diod. 16.-A general of Co
3.16.-Stat. Theb. 6, v. 686.-Herodot. 1, c. rinth, killed by Nicias. Plut. in Mic.
173.-Strab. 13.—Lip. 37, c. 16, 1.38, c. 39. A famous Greek poet and grammarian, born
LYciscus, a Messenian of the family of the at Chalcis in Euboea. He was one of the
£pytidae. When his daughters were doom. poets who flourished under Ptolemy Phila
ed by lot to be sacrificed for the good of their delphus. He wrote tragedies, the titles of
country, he fled with them to Sparta, and twenty of which have been preserved. The
Aristodemus, upon this, cheerfully gave his only remaining composition of this poet, is
own children, and soon after succeeded to called Cassandra or Alexandra. It is a mix
the throne. Paus. 4, c. 9. ture of prophetical effusions, which, as he
Lycius, an epithet given to Apollo from supposes, were given by Cassandra during
his temple in Lycia, where he gave ora the Trojan war. [This work of Lycophron
cles, particularly at Patara, where the ap is a monologue, and contains 430 verses, in
pellation of Lycia, sortes was given to his an which the Trojan princess predicts to Priam
swers, and even to the will of the Fates. the destruction of Ilium and the misfortunes
Pirg. .ºn. 4, v. 346. of those who had figured in the war of Troy.
LycóMÉDEs, a king of Scyros, an island in Written in iambic verse, it has no poetic
the AEgean Sea, son of Apollo and Parthe value; but at the same time it forms an in
nope. He was secretly intrusted with the exhaustible mine of grammatical, historical,
care of young Achilles, whom his mother and mythological erudition. Cassandra in
Thetis had disguised in woman's clothes, to the course of her predictions goes back to the
remove him from the Trojan war, where she earliest times, and descends afterwards to the
knew he must unavoidably perish. Lyco. reign of Alexander of Macedon. . There are
many digressions, but all containing valua
medes has rendered himself famous for his
treachery to Theseus, who had implored his ble facts drawn from the history and mytho
protection when driven from the throne of logy of other nations. The poet has pur
Athens by the usurper Mnestheus. Lyco posely enveloped his poem with the deepest
medes, as it is reported, either envious of the obscurity, so much so that it has been styled
ſame of his illustrious guest, or bribed by reak, rºws, rainwa, “the dark poem.” There
the emissaries of Mnestheus, led Theseus to is no artifice to which he does not resort to
an elevated place on pretence of showing
him the extent of his dominions, and perfi
prevent his being clearly understood. He
never calls any one by his true name. but de
signates him by som;famºus" or event
diously threw him endown
r
a precipice, where
 LY LY

in his history. He abounds with unusual con ral of the Achaean league, and he revenged
structions, separates words which should be the death of Philopoemen, &c. Piut.
united, uses strange terms, and forms the LycosińA, [a city of Arcadia, in the south
most singular compounds. He indulges also western part, uear Mons Lycaeus, on a branch
in some of the boldest metaphors. The of the river Neda.]
Alexandrian grammarians amassed a vastcol Lyctus, a town of Crete, the country of
lection of materials for the elucidation of Idomeneus, whence heis often called Lycting
what must have appeared to them an admi Wirg. JEn. 3, v.401.
rable production. Tzetzes has made a com Lycun Gides, annual days of solemnity ap
pilation from their commentaries, and has pointed in honour of the lawgiver of Sparta.
thus preserved for us a part at least of those The patronymic of a son of Lycurgus. Orid
illustrations, without which the poem, after in Ib. v. 503.
the lapse of more than 2000 years, would be Lycurcus, a king of Nemaea, in Pelopon
unintelligible. He has refuted also the opi nesus. He was raised from the dead by AEs.
mion that Lycophron was not the author of culapius. Sat. Theb. 5, v. 638. A giant
the poem.] The best editions of Lycophron killed by Osiris in Thrace. Diod. 1. A
are, that of Basil, 1546, fol. enriched with king of Thrace, son of Dryas. He has been
the Greek commentary of Tzetzes ; that of represented as cruel and impious, on account
Canter, 8vo. apud Commelin, 1596; and that of the violence which he offered to Bacchus.
of Potter, fol. Oxon. 1702. [Since the edi He, according to the opinion of the mytholo
tion of Archbishop Potter, two others have gists, drove Bacchus out of his kingdom
appeared, that of Reichard, Lips. 1788, 8vo. and abolished his worship, for which impiety
and that of Sebastian, Rom. 1804, 4to..] Ovid. he was severely punished by the gods. He
in Ib. 583.-Slat. 5. Sylt. 3. put his own son Dryas to death in a fury, and
Lycopólis, [or the city of wolves, a city he cut off his own legs, mistaking them for
of Upper Egypt, on the western side of the vine boughs. He was put to death in the
Nile, north-west of Antaeopolis. It derived greatest torments by his subjects, who had
its name from the circumstance of extraordi been informed by the oracle that they should
nary worship being paid here to wolves, not taste wine till Lycurgus was no more
which, according to Diodorus Siculus, drove This fable is explained by observing, that the
back the Ethiopians when they invaded aversion of Lycurgus for wine, over which
Egypt, and pursued them to Elephantina. Bacchus presided, arose from the filthiness
It is supposed to answer to the modern Suu and disgrace of intoxication, and therefore
or Oswot.] Diod. 1.-Strab. 17. the monarch wisely ordered all the vines of
LYcortèA, [the southern summit of Par his dominions to be cut down, that himself
massus, so called, according to Pausanias, be and his subjects might be preserved from the
cause the neighbouring people fled to it dur. extravagance and debauchery which are
ing the deluge of Deucalion, being led thi produced by too free an use of wine. Hygin
ther by the howling of wolves (auxol). The fab. 132.-Homer. Il. 6, v. 130.-Apollod. 3
modern name is Liakura. It is so high as to c. 5.—Ovid. Met. 4, v. 22.-Virg. .ºn. 3, v
be seen from Corinth 80 miles distant. 14.—Horal. 2, od. 19—An orator of Athens,
Wheeler thought it to be as high as Mount surnamed Ibis, in the age of Demosthenes,
Cenis. On this summit stood in remote ages famous for his justice and impartiality when
a small town of the same name, the primitive at the head of the government. He was one
abode of Deucalion.] Paus. Phoc. 6. of the thirty orators whom the Athenians re
LycoBEus, the supposed founder of Lyco fused to deliver up to Alexander. Some of
rea, on Mount Parnassus, was son of Apollo his orations are extant. He died about 330
and Corycia. Hygin. fab. 161. years before Christ. Diod. 16. A cele
Lycóris, a freedwoman of the senator Wo brated lawgiver of Sparta, son of king Eu
lumnius, also called Cytheris and Polumnia. nomus, and brother to Polydectes. He suc
from her master. She is celebrated for her ceeded his brother on the Spartan throne;
beauty and intrigues. The poet Gallus was but when he saw that the widow of Poly
greatly enamoured of her, and his friend dectes was pregnant, he kept the kingdom
Virgil comforts him in his tenth eclogue for not for himself, but till Charilaus, his ne
the loss of the favours of Cytheris, who fol. phew, was arrived to years of maturity. He
lowed M. Antony's camp, and was become the had previously refused to marry his bre
Aspasia of Rome. The charms of Cleopa ther's widow, who wished to strengthen him
tra, however, prevailed over those of Cythe. on his throne by destroying her own sor
ris, and the unfortunate courtezan lost the Charilaus, and leaving him in the peaceful
favours of Antony and of all the world at the possession of the crown. The integrity with
sºme time. Lycoris was originally a come which he acted when guardian of his nephew
dian. Virg. Ecl. 10.—Ovid...i.a. 3, v. 537. Charilaus, united with the disappointmet:
Lycorm As, a river of Ætolia, whose sands and the resentment of the queen, raised him.
were of a golden colour. It was afterwards many enemies, and he at last yielded to ther
Salled.Evenus from king Evenus, who threw satire and malevolence, and retired to Crete -

himself into it. Ovid. Met. 2, v.245. He travelled like a philosopher, and visite: -

LycortAs, the father of Polybius, who Asia and Egypt without suffering himself t
flourished B. C. 184. He was chosen gene. be corrupted by the licentiousness and luxur
442
 LY LY

which prevaled there. The confusion which laws of Lycurgus have been firmly demonstrat
followed his departure from Sparta, now had ed at Sparta, where for 700 years they re
made his presence totally necessary, and he mained in full force; hut the legislator has
returned home at the earnest solicitations of been censured as cruel and impolitic. He has
his countrymen. The disorder which reign. shown himself inhuman in ordering mothers
ed at Sparta induced him to reform the go to destroy such of their children whose feeble
vernment; and the more effectually to ex ness or deformity in their youth seemed to
ecute his undertaking, he had recourse to the promise incapability of ction in maturer years,
oracle of Delphi. He was received by the and to become a burden to the state. His
priestess of the god with every mark of ho regulatious about marriage must necessarily
nour, his intentions were warmly approved he censured, and no true conjugal felicity can
by the divinity, and he was called the friend be expected from the union of a man with a
of gods, and himself rather god than man. person whom he perhaps never knew before,
After such a reception from the most cele and whom he was compelled to choose in a
brated oracle of Greece, Lycurgus found no dif dark room, where all the marriageable women
ficulty in reforming the abuses of the state, and in the state assembled on stated occasions.
all were equally anxious in promoting a revo The peculiar dress which was appointed for
lution which had received the sanction of the females might be termed improper; and
heaven. This happened 884 years before the the law must for ever be called injudicious
Christian era. Lycurgus first established a which ordered them to appear naked on cer
senate, which was composed of 28 senators, tain days of festivity, and wrestle in a public
whose authority preserved the tranquillity of assembly, promiscuously with boys of equal
the state, and maintained a due and just equi age with themselves. These things indeed
librium between the kings and the people, by contributed as much to corrupt the morals of
watching over the intrusions of the former, the Lacedæmonians as the other regulations -
and checking the seditious convulsions of the seemed to be calculated to banish dissipation,
latter. All distinctiou was destroyed, and by riot, and debauchery. Lycurgus has been
making an equal and impartial division of the compared to Solon, the celebrated legislator
land among the members of the common of Athens, and it has been judiciously observ
wealth, Lyc:rgus banished luxury, and en ed, that the former gave his citizens morals
couraged the useful arts. The use of money, conformable to the laws which he had esta
either of gold or silver, was totally forbidden, blished, and that the latter had given the
and the introduction of heavy brass and iron Athenians laws which coincided with their
coin, brought no temptation to the dishonest, customs and manners. The office of Lycur
and left every individual in the possession of gus demanded resolution, and he showed him
his effects without any fears of robbery or vio self inexorable and severe. In Solon, artifice
lence. All the citizens dined in common, and no was requisite, and he showed himself mild
one had greater claims to indulgence or luxury and even voluptuous...The moderation of Ly
than another. The intercourse of Sparta with curgus is greatly comunended, particularly
other nations was forbidden, and few were when we recollect that he treated with the
permitted to travel. The youths were in greatest humanity and confidence Alexander,
trusted to the public master as soon as they a youth who had put out one of his eyes in a
had attained their seventh year, and their edu seditious tumult. Lycurgus had a son called
cation was left to the wisdom of the laws. Antiorus, who left no issue. The Lacedae
They were taught early to think, to answer monians showed their respect ſor their great
in a short and laconic manner, and to excel in legislator by yearly celebrating a festival in
sharp repartee. They were instructed and his honour, called Lycurgidae or Lycurgides.
encouraged to carry things by surprise, but if The introduction of money into Sparta in the
ever the theft was discovered they were sub reign of Agis the son of Archidamus, was one
jected to a severe punishment. Lycurgus of the principal causes which corrupted the
was happy and successful in establishing and innocence of the Lacedaemonians, and render
enforcing these laws, and by his prudence ed them the prey of intrigue and of faction.
and admiration the face of affairs in Lacedae The laws of Lycurgus were abrogated by
mon was totally changed, and it gave rise to Philopoemen, B. C. 188, but only for a little
a set of men distinguished for their intrepidity, time, as they were soon after re-established
their ſortitude, and their magnanimity. After by the Romans. Plut. in Witá.—Justin. 3, c.
this, Lycurgus retired from Sparta to Delphi, 2, &c.—Strab. 8, 10, 15, &c.—Dionys. Hal.
or, according to others, to Crete, and before 2.—Paus. 3, c. 2. -

his departure he bound all the citizens of La Lycus, a king of Boeotia, successor to his
cedaemon by a solemn oath, that neither they brother Nycteus, who left no male issue. He
nor their posterity, would alter, violate, or was intrusted with thegovernment only during
abolish the laws which he had established be. the minority of Labdacus theson of the daugh
fore his return. He soon after put himself ter of Nycteus. He was farther enjoined to
to death, and he ordered his ashes to be make war against Epopeus, who had carried
thrown into the sea, fearful lest if they were away by force Antiope the daughter ºf Nyc
carried to Sparta the citizens should call teus. He was successful in this expedition
themselves freed from the oath which they Epopeus was killed, and Lycus recovered An
had taken, and empowered to make a revolu tiope and married her, though she was his
tion. The wisdom and the good effect of the niece. This new connection highly displeas
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ed his first wife Dirce, and Antiope was de Croesus the last, of the Mermnadae. [The
livered to the unfeeling queen, and tortured dominions of Croesus extended to the Halys.)
in the most cruel manner. Antiope at last The Lydians were great warriors in the
escaped, and entreated her sons Zethus and reign of the Mermnadae. They invented the
Amphion to avenge her wrongs. The child art of coining gold and silver, and were the
{
rem, incensed on account of the cruelties first who exhibited public sports, &c. The
which their mother had suffered, besieged Lydians were very probably of Thracian
Thebes, killed Lycus, and tied Dirce to the origin..] Herodot. 1, c. 6, 1.3, c. 90.1. 7, c.
tail of a wild bull, who dragged her till she 74.—Strab. 2, 5 and 13—JMela, I. c. 2.-
died. Paus. 9, c. 5.-Apolloi. 3, c. 5–A Plan. 3, c. 5.-Dionys. Hal. 1.-Diod. 4.—
king of Libya, who sacrificed whatever stran Justin. 13, c. 4.
gers came upon his coast. When Diomedes, Lydius, an epithet applied to the Tyber
at his return from the Trojan war, had been because it passed near Etruria, whose luha
shipwrecked there, the tyraut seized him and bitants were originally a Lydian colony. [tid.
confined him. He, however, escaped by Hetruria.] Virg...En. 2, v. 781, i. 8, v. 479.
means of Callirrhoe, the tyrant's daughter, Lydus, a son of Atys and Callithea, king
who was enamoured of him, and who hung of Maeonia, which from him received the
herself when she saw herself deserted. A name of Lydia. His brother Tyrrhenus led
son of Neptune by Celaeno, made king of a a colony to Italy, and gave the name of Tyrr
part of Mysia by Hercules. He offered vio henia to the settlement he made on the coast
lence to Megara, the wife of Hercules, for of the Mediterranean. Herodot. 7, c. 74.
which he was killed by the incensed hero. An eunuch, &c.
Lycus gave a kind reception to the Argonauts. LY G DAM1s or LY GDAMUs, a general of
.Apollod. 3, c. 10.-Hygin, fab. 18, 31, 32, 137. the Cimmerians who passed into Asia Mi
LY DIA, [a country of Asia Minor, south of uor, and took Sardis in the reign of Ardyes,
Mysia. Its limits appear to have been fluc. king of Lydia. Callum.—An athlete of Sy
tuating and uncertain up to the period of its racuse, the father of Artemisia the celebrat
becoming a Roman province. It was then ed queen of Halicarnassus. Herodot. 7, c. 99.
bounded on the west by the Grecian colonics LY God Esm A, a surname of Diana at Spar
of Ionia, which in reality indeed made a part ta, he cause her statue was brought by Ores.
of Lydia; en the north by the Hermus, for tes from Taurus, shielded round with osiers.
the latter part of its course; on the south Paus, 3, c. 16.
by the Maeander ; and on the east by Phry. LYN.cr.us, son of Aphareus, was among
gia. Under the Persian dominion it was the hunters of the Calydonian boar, and one
more extensive in territory, since it then ac of the Argonauts. He was so sharp-sighted
tually comprehended the Greek cities on the th t, as it is reported, he could see through
coast. According to some of the Greek the earth, and distinguish objects at the dus
writers, the country was divided between tance of above nine miles. He stole some ox
two nations, the Lydians and Maeones, the en with his brother Idas, and they were both
former dwelling in the plains adjacent to the killed by Castor and Pollux, when they were
Cayster and in the neighbouring mountains, going to celebrate their nuptials with the
while the Maeones occupied the northernmost daughters of Leucippus. [Palaephatus bas
part of the country around Mount Tmolus, explained the fable of Lynceus seeing objects
and near the Hermus and the Hyllus. Ho beneath the earth, by supposiug him to have
mer, however, does not support any distinc been the first who carried on the operation of
tion like this, but calls the nation by the gene mining, and that, descending with a lamp, he
ral name of Mazones. The reason of this, thus saw objects under the ground. Pliny
and in fact the true circumstances of the assigns the following reason for Lyuceus be
whole affair, we learn from Herodotus, who ing fabled to be so keen-sighted. “Norissi
states that the people of the country were mam vero primamque (Lunam) eddem due rei
first called Maeones, but afterwards Lydii, nocte, nullo alwo in signo quam Ariete, cunºps
from Lydus, one of their kings.] It was go ct; id quoque paucis mortalium contingst.
verned by monarchs, who, after the fabulous Et indeſoma cernendi Lynceo.” Płin...W. H.
ages, reigned for 249 years in the following 2, 15.]–.ipollod. I and 3–Hygin, fab.—
order: Ardysus began to reign 797 B. C. Paus. 4, c. 2.—Ovid. Met. 2, v. 303.−.ipol
Alyattes, 761 : Meles, 747: Candaules, 735: lon. Arg. 1.-A son of Ægyptus, who mar
Gyges, 718; Ardysus 20,680: Sadyattes, 631; ried Hypermnestra, the daughter of Danaus.
Alyattes 2d, 619; and Croesus, 562, who was His life was spared by the love and humanity
conquered by Cyrus, B C. 548, when the of his wife. [vid. Danaides.] He made war
kingdom became a province of the Persian against his father-in-law, dethroned him and
empire. There were three different races seized his crown. Some say that Lynceus
that reigned in Lydia, the Atyadae, Heracli was reconciled to Danaus, and that he sue
dae, and Mermnada. The history of the ceeded him after his death, and reigned for
first is obscure and fabulous. The Hera ty-one years. Apollod. 2, c. 1.-Paus. 2, c.
clidae began to reign about the Trojan war, 16, 19, 25.-Orid. Heroid. 14.
and the crown remained in their family for LYNcus, Lycaeus, or Lynx, a cruel king
about 505 years, and was always transmit of Scythia, or, according to others, of Sicily.
ted from father to son. Candaules was the last
He received, with feigned hospitality, Trip.
of the Heraclide : and Gyges the first, and tolemus, whom Ceres had sent all over the
444
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world to teach mankind agriculture; and as serves the severest censure, and his cruelty
he was jealous of his commission he resolved and duplicity have greatly stained his charac
to murder this favourite of the gods in his ter. He was arrogant and vain in his public
sleep. As he was going to give the deadly as well as private conduct, and he received
blow to Triptolemus, he was suddenly chang and heard with the greatest avidity the hymns
ed into a lynx, an animal which is the em which his courtiers and flatterers sung to his
blem of perfidy and ingratitude. Ovid. Met honour. Yet in the midst of all his pomp, his
5, v. 650. ambition, and intrigues, he died extremely
LY RN Essus, a city of Cilicia, the native poor, and his daughters were rejected by two
country of Briseis, called from thence Lyr opulent citizens of Sparta to whom they had
ness is. It was taken and plundered by been betrothed during the life of their father.
Achilles and the Greeks at the time of the This behaviour of the lovers was severely
Trojan war, and the booty divided among the punished by the Lacedaemonians, who pro
conquerors. Homer. Il. 2, v. 197.—Ovid. tected from injury the children of a man
-Met. 12, v. 108.-Heroud. 3, v. 5. Trist. 4, whom they hated for his sacrilege, his con
el. 1, v. 15. tempt for religion, and his perfidy. The ſa
LYsANDER, a celebrated general of Sparta ther of Lysander, whose name was Aristo
in the last years of the Peloponnesian war. clites or Aristocrates, was descended from
He drew Ephesus from the Interest of Athens, Hercules, though not reckoned of the race of
and gained the friendship of Cyrus the young the Heraclide. Plut. & C. Nep. in vilă.-
er. He gave battle to the Athenian fleet, Diod. 13.
consisting of 120 ships, at Ægospotamos, and Lysandra, a daughter of Ptolemy Lagus,
destroyed it all, except three ships, with who married Agathocles the son of Lysima
which the enemy's general fled to Evagoras chus. She was persecuted by Arsinoe, and
king of Cyprus. In this celebrated battle, fled to Seleucus for protection. Paus. 1, c.
which happened 405 years before the Chris 9, &c.
tian era, the Athenians lost 3000 men, and Lýslas, a celebrated orator, son of Cepha
with them their empire and influence among lus, a native of Syracuse. His father left Si
the neighbouring states. Lysander well knew cily and went to Athens, where Lysias was
how to take advantage of his victory, and born and carefully educated. In his 15th year
the following year Athens, worn out by a he accompanied the colony which the Athe
long war of 27 years, and discouraged by its nians sent to Thurium, and after a long resi
misfortunes, gave itself up to the power of dence there he returned home in his 47th
the enemy, and consented to destroy the year. [He was exiled from Thurium ſorbe
Priaeus, to deliver up all its ships, except 12, ing a partizan of Athens. From the latter
to recall all those who had been banished, city he was also driven by the tyranny of the
and in short to be submissive in every degree Thirty, and retired to Megara. He joined
to the power of Lacedaemon. Besides these Thrasybulus in his successful attempt for the
humiliating conditions, the government of deliverance of his country, and ended his days
Athens was totally changed, and 30 tyrants at Athens, Photius speaks of 233 harangues
were set over it by Lysander. This glorious of Lysias, which either he himself, or the au
success, and the honour of having put an end thor of the life of this orator, which he had
to the Peloponnesian war, increased the pride before his eyes, acknowiedges as authentic.
of Lysander. He had already begun to pave There remain only 34, which are all forensic,
his way to universal power, by establishing and remarkable for the method which reigns
aristocracy in the Grecian cities of Asia, and in them. The purity, the perspicuity, the
now he attempted to make the crown of Spar grace, and simplicity which characterize the
ta elective. In the pursuit of his ambition he orations of Lysias would have raised him to
used prudence and artifice; and as he could the highest rank in the art had they been
not easily abolish a form of government which coupled with the force and energy of Demos
ages and popularity had confirmed, he had re themes. His style is elegant, without being
course to the assistance of the gods. His at. overloaded with ornaments, and always pre
tempt, however, to corrupt the oracles of serves its tone. In the art of narration, Dio
Delphi, Dodona, and Jupiter Ammon, proved nysius of Halicarnassus considers him superi
ineffectual, and he was even accused of using or to all orators, in being distinct, probable,
bribes by the priests of the Libyan temple. and persuasive ; but, at the same time, admits
The sudden declaration of war against the that his composition is better adapted to pri
Thebans saved him from the accusations of vate litigation than to important causes. The
his adversaries, and he was sent, together with text of his harangues, as we now have it, is
Pausanias, against the enemy. The plan of extremely corrupt. His masterpiece is the
his military operations was discovered, and funeral oration delivered in honour of the
the Haliartians, whose ruin he secretly me Athenians who, having been sent to the aid
ditated, attacked him unexpectedly, and he of the Corinthians, under the command of
was killed in a bloody battle, which ended in Iphicrates, perished in battle ] The best edi
the defeat of his troops, 394 years before tioss of Lysias are that ofTaylor,8vo, Cantab.
Christ. His body was recovered by his col 1740, that of Auger, 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1783,
league Pausanias, and honoured with a mag (and that of Reiske in the Corpus Oºtoºn
nificent funeral. Lysander has been com Græcorum, Lips.
of 1772, 2 vols.
3788vo.]
yearsHe died
mended for his bravery, but his ambition de in the 81st year his age, before
445
 MA MA

Plut. de Orat.--Cuc. de originally a worker in brass, and then appli

Brut. de Orat.—Quintil 3, &c.—Diog. 2. ed himselſ to painting till his talents and in
LysimAchiA, a city on the Thracian Cher climation led him to fix upon the profession of
sonesus. [It was called Hexamilium from a sculptor. He worked with such extraordi
the breadth of the isthmus, which is estimat nary diligence that he is said to have left
ed at 6 miles. The name still remains in 1500 performances, all of such excellence
Heramili..] Paus. 1, c. 9. that any one of them singly might have con
Lysim ichus, [king of Thrace, one of the ferred celebrity on him as an artist.] Alex
captains of Alexander the Great. He rose ander was so partial to the artist, that he
to the favour of his prince from a very mean forbade any sculptor but Lysippus to make
condition. At the partition of the empire of his statue. Lysippus excelled in expressing
Alexander, Lysimachus received for his share the hair, and he was the first who made the
Thrace, the Chersonese, and the countries head of his statues less large, and the body
adjacent to the Euxine. He founded in the smaller than usual, that they might appear
Chersonese Lysimachia as his capital. When taller. This was observed by oue of his friends,
Antigonus had rendered himself formidable to and the artist gave for answer, that his pre
all the other generals of the deceased monarch, decessors had represented men in their natural
Lysimachus joined in the league against him. form, but that he represented them such as
with Seleucus, Ptolemy, and Cassander, and they appeared. [The most admirable of his
fought with them at the great battle at Ipsus.]
works were the statues of Alexander, of which
He afterwards seized Macedonia, after ex he executed a series, beginning from his child
pelling Pyrrhus from the throne, B.C. 286 : hood: and one of a man coming out of a bath,
but his cruelty rendered him odious, and the placed by Agrippa before his public baths, and
murder of his son Agathocles so offended his which, being removed by Tiberius to his own
subjects, that the most opulent and powerful chamber, caused such great clamours on the
revolted from him and abandoned the king. part of the populace, that the emperor
dom. He pursued them to Asia, and declar thought it prudent to return it to its former
ed war against Seleucus, who had given them situation. A chariot of the sun at Rhodes
a kind reception. He was killed in a bloody was one of his great works, which was, how
battle 281 years before Christ, in the 80th year ever, surpassed by a Colossus at Tarentum,
of his age, and his body was found in the heaps 40 cubits high.) His statue of Socrates and
of slain only by the fidelity of a little dog, which those of the horsemen who were drowned in
had carefully watched near it. It is said that the Granicus, were so highly valued, that in
the love and respect of Lysimachus for his the age of Augustus they were sold or their
learned master Callisthenes proved nearly weight in gold. Plut. in Aler.—Cic. in Brut.
fatal to him. He, as Justin mentions, was c. 164, ad. Her. 4, c. 148,-Plin. 37, c. 7.-
thrown into the den of a hungry lion, by order Paterc. 1, c. 11.-Horat. 2, ep. 1, v.240.-
of Alexander, for having given Callisthenes poi A comic poet, some of whose plays are men
son to save his life from ignominy and insult; tioned by Atl, enaeus. Plin. 7, c. 37.
and when the furious animal darted upon him, Lysis, a Pythagorean philosopher, pre
he wrapped his hand in his mantle, and boldly ceptor to Epaminondas. He flourished about
thrust it into the lion's mouth, and by twist 388 years before the Christian era. He is
ing his tongue, killed an adversary ready to supposed by some to be the author of the
devour him. This act of courage in his self golden verses which are attributed to Pytha
defence recommended him to Alexander. goras. C. Eep. in Epam. 2.
He was pardoned, and ever after esteemed Lysistritus, a brother of Lysippus. He
by the monarch. Justin. 15, c. 3, &c.—Diod. was the first artist who ever made a statue
19, &c.–Paus. 1, c. 10.—An Acarnanian, with wax. Plin. 34, c. 8, 1.35, c. 12.
preceptor to Alexander the Great. He used Lystra, [a city of Asia Minor, placed by
to call himself Phoenix, his pupil Achilles, Ptolemy in Isauria; but, according to Pliny,
and Philip Peleus. Plut. in Aler.—Justin. Hierocles, and the history of the acts of the
15, c. 3. Apostles, it belonged to Lycaonia. On D"
Lysippus, [a celebrated sculptor and sta Anville's map it is placed in Isauria, south
tuary, was born at Sicyon, and flourished in east of Isauria.]
the time of Alexander the Great. He was

MA MA
MAC AE, [a people of Africa who occupied ings were the skins of ostriches. vid. Cinyphs.
the coast to the north-west of and near the A people of Arabia Deserta, on a projec
Greater Syrtes. They are thought to have tion of land where the Sinus Persicus is nar
been the same with those named Syrtites by rowest. Ptolemy calls the promontory As
Pliny. The Cinyphs watered their country. sabo ; its modern name, however, Cape Mus
Herodotus states that they had a curious cus sendom, bears some faint resemblance to that
tom of leaving only a tuft of hair in the centre of the Macae.]
of their head, carefully shaving the rest, and Măcăreus. [vid. Lesbos.]
that when they went to war their only cover MăcăRIA, a daughter of Hercules and De
446
*—
 MA MA
janira. After the death of Hercules, Eurys sou 232, Philip 221, Perseus 179, conquered
theus made war against the Heraclidae, whom by the Romans 168 B.C. at Pydna. Mace
the Athenians supported, and the oracle de donia has been severally called Æmonia,
clared that the descendants of Hercules should Mygdonia, Paeonia, Edonia, AEmathia, &c.
obtain the victory, if any one of them devoted The inhabitants of Macedonia were naturally
himself to death. This was cheerfully accept warlike, and though in the infancy of their
ed by Macaria, who refused to endanger the empire they were little known beyond the
life of the children of Hercules by suffering the borders of their country, yet they signalized
victim to be drawn by lot, and the Athenians themselves grently in the reign of Philip, and
obtained a victory. Great honours were paid added the kingdom of Asia to their European
to the patriotic Macaria, and a fountain of lominions by the valour of Alexander. The
Marathon was called by her name. Paus. 1, Macedonian phalanx, or body of soldiers, was
c. 32. An ancient name of Cyprus. lways held in the highest repute, and it re
MAcăRIs, an ancient name of Crete. sisted and subdued the repeated attacks of
MÁcED.o. a son of Osiris, who had a share the bravest and most courageous enemies.
in the divine honours which were paid to his [The pure Greeks affected to despise the Mla
father. He was represented clothed in a wolfs cedonians and part of the Epirots, as barba
skin, for which reason the Egyptians held thºt rians, and Demosthenes always discriminates
animal in great veneration. Diod. 1.-Plut. in very pointed terms between the Macedo
in Isid. et Os.-A man who gave his name nian upstart Philip and the true Greeks, es
to Macedonia. Some supposed him to be the pecially the Athenians. The splendid victo
same as the son or general of Osiris, whilst ries of Philip and Alexander subdued some
others consider him as the grandson of Deu what of this haughty spirit on the part of
calion by the mother's side. Diod. 1. their southern neighbours..] Lir. 44.—Just.
MACEDonia, [a country of Europe, lying 6, c. 9, 1.7, c. 1, &c.—Strab. 7.-Mela, 1, c.
to the west of Thrace, and north and north 3, &c.—Plin. 4, c. 10, &c.—Curt 3 and 4.
east of Thessaly. Its most ancient name was —Paus. 8, c. 7.
AEmathia, a denomination derived from AEma MAcEdoNicu M BELLUM, was undertaken
thius, a prince of great autiquity, but the by the Romans against Philip king of Mace
Greeks aſterwards called it Macedonia, either donia, soune few months after the second Pu
from king Macedo, a descendant, as some pre nic war, B. C. 200. The cause of this war
tend, of Deucalion, or, as others say, by an ea originated in the hostilities which Philip had
sy change of Mygdonia, the name of one of its exercised against the Achaeans, the friends
provinces, into Macedonia. Its boundaries and allies of Rome. The consul Flaminius
varied according as it advanced in the careerhad the care of the war, and he conquered
of national prosperity.) Philip increased it Philip on the confines of Epirus, and after
by the conquest of Thessaly and of part of wards in Thessaly. The Macedonian fleets
Thrace, and, according to Pliny, it contained were also defeated; Euboea was taken ; and
no less than 150 different nations. [In the Philip, after continual losses, sued for peace,
time of Ptolemy, however, as appears by his which was granted him in the fourth year of
geography, this number was greatly diminish the war. The ambition and cruelty of Per
ed. When Macedonia fell under the power seus, the son and successor of Philip, soon irri
of the Romans, they formed a province by this tated the Romans. Another war was under
name, which comprised not only the ancient taken, in which the Romans suffered two de
kingdom but also Thessaly and Epirus, and feats. This, however, did not discourage
extended from sea to sea.] The kingdom of them ; Paulus AEmilius was chosen consul in
Macedonia, first founded B. C. 814, by Cara the 60th year of his age, and intrusted with
nus, a descendant of Hercules, and a native the care of the war. He came to a general
of Argos, continued in existence 646 years, till engagement near the city of Pydna. The
the battle of Pydna. The family of Caranus victory sided with the Romans, and 20,000 of
remained in possession of the crown until the the Macedonian soldiers were left on the field
death of Alexander the Great, and began to of battle. This decisive blow put an end to
reign in the following order; Caranus, after the war, which had already continued for
a reign of 28 years, was succeeded by Coenus, three years, 168 years before the Christian
who ascended the throne 786 B. C. Thuri era. Perseus and his sons Philip and Alex
mas, 744, Perdiccas 729, Argaeus 678, Philip ander were taken prisoners, and carried to
640, Eropas 602, Alcetas or Alectas 576, Rome to adorn the triumph of the conqueror.
Amyntas 547, Alexander 497, Perdiccas 454, About fifteen years after, new seditions were
Archelaus 413, Amyntas 399, Pausanias 398, raised in Macedonia, and the false pretensions
Amyntas 2d 397, Argaeus the tyrant 390, of Andriscus, who called himself the son of
Amyntas restored 390, Alexander 20 371, Perseus, obliged the Romans to send an army
Ptolemy Alorites 370, Perdiccas 3d 366, Phi. to quell the commotions. Andriscus at first
lip son of Amyntas 360, Alexander the Great obtained many considerable advantages over
336, Philip Aridaeus 323, Cassander 316. An the Roman forces, till at last he was conquer
tipater and Alexander 298, Demetrius king ed and delivered to the consul Metellus, who
of Asia 294, Pyrrhus 287, Lysimachus 286, carried him to Rome. After these com
Ptolemy Ceraunus 280, Meleager two months, motions, which are sometimes called the
Antipater the Etesian 45 days, Antigonus third Macedonian war, Macedonia was finally
Gonatas 277, Demetrius 243, Antigonus Do reduced into a Roman province, and goverm
447
 MA -- -
MA
- --- -

ed by a regular proconsul, about 148 years rian guards, and at last of emperor, after the
before the Christian era. death of Caracalla, whom he sacrificed to
MacEnonicus, a surname given to Metel his ambition, A. D. 217. The beginning of
lus, from his conquests in Macedonia. It was his reign was popular ; the abolition of the
also given to such as had obtained any victory taxes, and an affable and complarisant beha
viour, endeared him to his subjects. These
in that province.
MacER AEMYLius, a Latin poet of Vero promising appearances did not long continue,
na, intimate with Tibullus and Ovid, and and the timidity which Macrinus betrayed in
commended for his genius, his learning, and buying the peace of the Persians by a large
the elegance of his poetry. He wrote, some sum of money, soon rendered him odious:
poems upon serpents, plants, and birds, men and while he affected to imitate the virtuous
tioned by Ovid. He also composed a poem Aurelius, without possessing the good qualities
upon the ruins of Troy, to serve as a supple of his heart, he became contemptible and in
ment to Homer's Iliad. His compositions ar significant. This affectation irritated the
now lost. [A poem “de herbarum virtuti minds of the populace, and when severe pan
bus," extant under the name of Macer, has ishments had been inflicted on some of the dis
been given up as supposititious.] He died orderly soldiers, the whole army mutinied;
B. C. 16. Opid. Trist. 4, el. 10, v. 44. ex: and their tumult was increased by their con
Pont. 2, ep. 10–6 wintil 10, c. 1.-L. sciousness of their power and numbers, which
Claudius, a pro-praetor of Africa in the reign Macrinus had the imprudence to betray, by
of Nero. He assumed the title of emperor. keeping almost all the military force of Rome
and was put to death by order of Galba. encamped together in the plains of Syria.
MAchANIDAs, a man who made himself Heliogabalus was proclaimed emperor, and
absolute at Sparta. He was killed by Philo Macrinus attempted to save his life by flight.
poemen, after being defeated at Mantinea, B. He was, however, seized in Cappadocia, and
his head was cut off and sent to his succes
C. 208. Nabis succeeded him, Plut.—Liv.
27, c. 30, 1.28. c. 5 and 7. sor, June seventh, A. D. 218. Macrinus reign
Michäon, a celebrated physician, son of ed about two months and three days. His son,
AEsculapius, and brother to Podalirus. He called Diadumenianus, shared his father's
went to the Trojan war with the inhabitants fate. A friend of the poet Persius, to
of Trica, Ithome, and OEchalia. According whom his second satire is inscribed.
to some he was king of Messenia. As phy. MacRobil, a people of Æthiopia, celebrat
sician to the Greeks, he healed the wounds ed for their justice and the innocence of their
which they received during the Trojan war, manners. They generally lived to their 120th
year,
and was one of those concealed in the wooden some say to a thousand ; and, indeed,
horse. [Machaon was more skilled in the from that longevity they have obtained their
treatment of external injuries, Podalirius in name (wango; 3ior, long life,) to distinguish
the cure of internal ones.] Some suppose them more particularly from the other inha
bitants of Æthiopia. After so long a period
that he was killed before Troy by Eurypylus. spent
the son of Telephus. He received divine in virtuous actions, and freed from the
honours aſter, death, and had a temple in indulgencies of vice, and from maladies, they
Messenia. Homer. Il. 2, &c.—orid.ºr pon. dropped into the grave as to sleep, without
3, ep. 4 –Quint. Smyr. 6, v. 409.-Pirg, pain and without terror. Orph. Argen.
.En. 2, v. 263 and 425. ! 105-Herodot. 3, c 17.—Mela, 3, c. 9
. MacRA; a river flowing from the Apen Plin. 7, c. 48 –Val. Mar. 8, c. 3.
nines, and dividing Liguria from Etruria, MacRobius, (a Latin writer and eminent
[now the Magra.] Lucan. 2, v. 426–Lir. critic, who flourished towards the close of the
39, c. 32. –Plin. 3, c. 5. 4th century. He is supposed to have been a
MacR1ANus, Titus Fulvius Julius, an Greek, but the place of his birth is not known.
Egyptian of obscure birth, who, from a pri He is claimed indeed by the people of Parma,
Yate soldier, rose to the highest command in who show his tomb, but he refers his birth
the army, and proclaimed himself emperor place to a country in which the Latin lan
when Valerian had been made prisoner by guage was not vernacular. He undoubtedly
the Persians, A. D. 260. His liberality sup lived at Rome; but whether he was the same
ported his usurpation ; his two sons. Ma Macrobius who was grandchamberlain under
crianus and Quietus were invested with the Honorius and Theodosius 2d is not well ascer
imperial purple, and the enemies of Rome tained. It has likewise been disputed whe
were severely defeated either by the empe. ther he was a Christian or a Pagan. The sup
roº or their generals. When he had support position that he held the office of chamberlain
ed his dignity for a year in the eastern parts under the Christian emperors, has been the
ºf the world. Macrianus marched towards chief or perhaps the only ground for imagin
Rome, to crush Gallieuus, who had been pro ing him to have been a Christian, since the
claimed emperor. He was defeated in Illyri language of his writings and the interlocu
cum by the lieutenant of Gallienus, and put tors in the dialogues are entirely heathen.]
to death with his son, at his own express re Macrobius has rendered himself famous for a
quest, A. D 262. composition called Saturnalia, a miscellane
Machinus, M. Opilius Severus, a native ous collection of antiquities and criticisms,
of Africa, who rose from the most ignominious supposed to have been the result of a con
“ondition to the rank of prefect ofthe praeto versation of some of the learned Romans
4.18
 MAE MAE

during the celebration of the Saturnalia. der.] Ovid. Met. 8, v. 145, &c.—Virg. AEm.
This was written for the use of his son, and 5, v.254.—Lucan. 5, v. 208, l. 6, v. 471.—
the bad Latinity which the author has often Homer. Il. 2. —Herodot. 2, c. 29.-Cic. Pis.
introduced, proves that he was not born in a 22.—Strab. 12, &c.—JMela, 1, c. 17.
part of the Roman empire where the Latin MAEATAE, a people at the south of Scotland,
tongue was spoken, as he himself candidly [comprising the Otadeni, Gadeni, Selgovae,
confesses. The Saturnalia are useful for the
Novantae, and Damnii.; Dio. 76, c. 12.
learned reflections they contain, and particu MAEcENAs. vid. Mecanas.
larly for some curious observations on the two \l Edi, a people of Maedica, a district of
greatest epic poets of antiquity. [The ques Thrace near Rhodope. Liv. 26, c. 25, 1.40,
tions treated of relate to topics of antiquity, c. 21.
mythology, history, and poetry, discussed in a MAELius, a Roman thrown down from the
pleasing way, and with reference to the Tarpeian rock, for aspiring to tyranny at
works of ancient authors, and to the laws and Rome, in the early ages of the republic.
customs of the Romans.] Besides this, Ma MAEMAct ERIA, sacrifices offered to Jupi
crobius wrote a commentary on Cicero's som. ter at Athens in the winter month Maemacte
nium Scipionis, which is likewise composed rion. The god surnamed Mamaetes was en
for the improvement of the author's son, and treated to send mild and temperate weather
dedicated to him. [From this last work it as he presided over the seasons, and was the
appears that he was a Platonist. He wrote 3od of the air.
also a work on the difference between the MAENADEs, a name of the Bacchantes, or
Greek and Latin tongues, and their analogy. priestesses of Bacchus. The word is deriv
We have a part of it remaining.] The best ed from waivouai, to be furious, because in
editions are that of Gronovius, 8vo. L. Bat. the celebration of the festivals their gestures
1670, and that of Lips. 8vo. 1777. and actions were those of mad women. Ovid.
MacRöchrir, a Greek name of Artaxer Fast. 4, v. 458.
xes, the same as Longimanus. [vid. Longi MAENKLUs, (plur. Maenala,) a mountain[in
manus.] the south-south-eastern part] of Arcadia, sa
MacRönes, [a nation of Asia, occupying cred to the god Pan, and greatly frequented
the northern parts of Armenia, probably be. by shepherds. It received its name from
tween the town of Arze and the coast of the Maenalus, son
a of Lycaon. It was covered
Euxine. They are mentioned in the Anaba with pine trees, whose echo and shade have
sis as one of the nations through whose terri been greatly celebrated by all the ancient
tories the Greeks marched. They were af. poets. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 216.—Virg. G. 1, v.
terwards, according to Strabo, called Sanni or 17.—Ecl. 8, v. 24.—Paus. 8, c. 3.-Strab. 8.
Tanni.] Flace. 5, v. 153.—Herodot. —JMela, 2, c. 3. Atown of Arcadia. A
Madauna, [a town of Numidia, near Ta son of Lycaon.—The father of Atalanta:
gaste, and north-west of Sicca, of which the MAENUs, a river of Germany now called
inhabitants were called Madaurenses.] It was the Mayne, falling into the Rhine at Mayence.
the native place of Apuleius. Apul. Met. 11. MAEONIA, (vid. Lydia.] The Etrurians, as
MADETEs, a general of Darius who brave being supposed to be descended from a Ly
ly defended a place against Alexander The dian colony, are often called Maeonidae, and
conqueror resolved to put him to death, though even the lake Thrasymenus in their country,
thirty orators pleaded for his life. Sisygam is called Maeonius Lacus. [rid. the true the
bis prevailed over the almost inexorable Alex. ory of their origin under Hetruria.] Sil.
º
C. J.
and Madetes was pardoned. Curt. 5, Ital. 15, v. 35.
MAEóNiDAE, a name given to the Muses, be
MADYEs, a Scythian prince who pursued cause Homer, their greatest and worthiest ſa
the Cimmerians in Asia, and conquered Cy vourite, was supposed to be a native of Mae
axares, B. C. 623. He held for some time onia.
the supreme power of Asia Minor. Herodot. MAEóNiDEs, a surname of Homer, because,
8, c. 103. according to the opinion of some writers, he
MAEANDER, a celebrated river of Asia Mi was born in Maeonia, or because his father's
nor, rising near Celaenae [in Phrygia], and name was Maeon. Ovid. The surname
flowing through Caria and Ionia into the Æge is also applied to Bacchus, as he was wor
au Sea, between Miletus and Priene, after it shipped in Maconia.
has been increased by the waters of the Mar MAEosis, an epithet applied to Omphale
syas, Lycus, Eudon, Lethaeus, &c. It is cele as queen of Lydia or Maconia. Orid. The
brated among tho poets for its windings, which epithet is also applied to Arachne as a native
amount to no less than 600, and from which of Lydia. Id. Met. 6.
all obliquities have received the name of Mac MAEót E, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia.
*ders. It forms in its course, according to MAEóris PAlus, a large lake, or part of
the observations of some travellers, the Greek the sea b, tween Europe and Asia, at the
ºters & # s & w, and from its windings Dae north of the Euxine, to which it communi
dalus had the first idea of his famous laby cates by the Cimmerian Bosphorus, now
ºuth... [The Maeander is a deep stream, and called the sea of Azoph or Zaback. [Its ºn
fordable only in a few places, even in the early cient name
of Marsh was given to it from
Pºrt of its course. It is called by the Turks its waters being polluted with mud..] "...'"
Minder or Bojuk Mander, the little Mean worshipped as a deity * Massagette. [Rit
3 L
 MA MA

ter has collected together much curious learn MÁGNA GRAEcIA, a part of Italy. tº
ing to prove that the Palus Maeotis (whose Graecia Magna.
true name he makes Maietis) was an import. MÁGNA MATER, a name given to Cy
ant link in the chain connecting the religion bele.
of Greece with that of lndia.] It extends MAGNENtius, [a German by birth, who,
about 390 miles from south-west to north-east, from being a private soldier, rose to the head
and is about 600 miles in circumference. of the Roman empire. He was at first a pri
The Amazons are called Maeotides, as living soner of war, but, to free himself from chairs.
in the neighbourhood. Strab.-Mela, 1, c. 1, he joined the Roman troops, and became dis
&c.—Justin. 2, c. 1.-Curt. 5, c. 4.—Lucan. tinguished for valour. He was commander
2, &c.—Ovid. Fast. 3, el. 12. ep. Sab. 2, v.9. of the Jovian and Herculean bands statione.
—Virg. AEn. 6, v. 739. to guard the banks of the Rhine at the time
MAEsia Sylva, a wood in Etruria, near when Constans 1st had incurred the contempº
the mouth of the Tiber. Liv. 1, c. 33. of the army by his indolence and voluptuous
MAEvius, a poet of inferior note in the Au ness. In 350 A.D. he ascended the throne
gustan age who made himself known by his and, on the murder of Constans was left with
illiberal attacks on the character of the first out a rival in the Gallic and Italian prefec
writers of his time, as well as by his affected tures. At Rome he acted with great tyranny
compositions. His name would have sunk in and by his extortions was enabled to keep in
oblivion if Virgil had not ridiculed him in his pay a large army to support his usurped st
third eclogue, and Horaee in his 10th epode. thority. So formidable did he appear, that
MAGAs, a king of Cyrene in the age of Constantius, emperor of the east and brother
Ptolemy Philadelphus. He reigned 50 years, of the deceased Constans, offered him peace
and died B. C. 257. Polyan. 2. with the possession of Gaul, Spain, and Bri.
MAG1, a religious sect among the eastern tain, but his offer was rejected. A war en
nations of the world, and particularly in Per sued, and Magnentius was totally defeated.
sia. They had great influence in the politi He fled to Aquileia, and afterwards obtained
cal as well as religious affairs of the state, a victory over the van of the pursuing army
and a monarch seldom ascended the throne at Ticinum. Another defeat, however, soca
without their previous approbation. Zoro followed,and Magnentius took refuge in Lyons
aster was founder of their sect. They paid where he dispatched himself with his own
particular homage to fire, which they deemed sword.]
a deity, as pure in itself, and the purifier of MAGNEs, a young man who found him.
all things. In their religious tenets they had self detained by the iron nails which were
two principles, one good, the source of every under his shoes as he walked over a stone
thing good ; and the other evil, from whence mine. This was no other than the magnet,
sprung all manner of ills. Their professional which received its name from the person whº
skill in the mathematics and philosophy ren had been first sensible of its power. Some
dered every thing familiar to them, and from say that Magnes was a slave of Medea, whom
their knowledge of the phaenomena of the that enchantress changed into a magnet. [At
heavens, the word Magi was applied to all cording to another account, the magnet tºok
learned men; and in process of time, the its name from a shepherd who discovered it
Magi, from their experieuce and profession, with the iron of his crook on Mount Ida]
were confounded with the magicians who im MAGNESIA, [the name of two cities of Ly
posed upon the superstitious and credulous. dia, one was situate in the south near the Me
Hence the word Magi and magicians became ander, and was called from its position Mag
synonymous among the vulgar. Smerdis, nesia ad Maeandrum, (tr. Malavágar). It lay
one of the Magi, usurped the crown of Per south-east from Ephesus. According to Dic.
sia aſter the death of Cambyses, and the dorus, it was one of the towns given by Artax.
fraud was not discovered till the seven noble erxes to Themistocles, and it was also the
Persians conspired against the usurper, and scene of his death. It is now called by the
elected Darius king. From this circumstance Turks Gyzel Hisar, or “the beautiful castle."
there was a certain day on which none of The other was in the northern part of Lydis,
the Magi were permitted to appear in pub near the junction of the Hermus and Hyllus,
lic, as the populace had the privilege of mur and in the vicinity of Mount Sipylus.) It isfa
dering whomsoever of them they met... [Va. mous for a battle which was fought there 157
rious derivations have been assigned for the years before the Christian era, between the
name. Plato, Xenophon, Herodotus, Strabo, Romans and Antiochus king of Syria. The
&c. derive it from the Persian language, in forces of Antiochus amounted to 70,000 met,
which it signified a priest, or a person ap according to Appian, or 70,000 foot and 12
Pointed, to officiate in holy things. Others 000 horse, according to Livy, which have been
derive it from the Greek Assyar, great, which exaggerated by Florus to 300,000 men; the
they say, being borrowed of the Greeks by Roman army consisted of about 28 or 30,000
the Persians, was returned in the form Atayor.
men, 2000 of which were employed in guard
Vossius, however, deduces it from the He ing the camp. The Syrians lost 50,000 foot
brew, haga, to meditate, whence comes magand 4000 horse, and the Romans only 300 kill
him, people addicted to meditation.], Strab.
ed with 25 horse. A country on the east.
-Cit, de Div. 1.-Herodot. 3, c. 62, &c. ern parts of Thessaly, at the south of Ossa
450
 MA MA

The capital was also called Magnesia. A Maherbal observed, that Annibal knew how
promontory of Magnesia in Thessaly. Liv. 37. to conquer, but not how to make a proper
—Flor. 2.-Appian. use of victory.
MAGo, a Carthaginian general sent against MAJA, a daughter of Atlas and Pleione
Dionysius, tyrant of Sicily. He obtained a vic mother of Mercury by Jupiter. She was one
tory, and granted peace to the conquered. of the Pleiades, the most luminous of the se
In a battle which soon after followed this ven sisters. [vid. Pleiades.] Apollod. 3, c.
treaty of peace Mago was killed. His son of 10–Virg. JEn. 1, v. 301. A surname of
the same name succeeded to the command Cybele.
of the Carthaginian army, but he disgraced MAJESTAs, a goddess among the Romans,
himself by flying at the approach of Timo daughter of Honour and Reverence. Ovid.
leon, who had come to assist the Syracusans. 5, Fust. 5, v. 25.
He was accused in the Carthaginian senate, MAJori ANUs, Jul. Valerius, an emperor
and he prevented by suicide the execution of of the western Roman empire, raised to the
the sentence justly pronounced against him. imperial throne, A. D. 457. He signalized
His body was hung on a gibbet, and exposed himself by his private as well as public virtues.
to public ignominy. A brother of Annibal He was massacred after a reign of 37 years by
the Great. He was present at the battle of one of his generals, who envied in his master
Cannae, and was deputed by his brother to the character of an active, virtuous, and hu
carry to Carthage the news of the celebrated mane emperor. -

victory which had been obtained over the MAJoRcA. [vid. Baleares.]
Roman armies. His arrival at Carthage was MALA Fortuna, the goddess of evil for
unexpected, and more powerfully to astonish tune, was worshipped among the Romans.
his countrymen on account of the victory at Cic. de Mat. D. 3.
Cannae, he emptied in the senate-house the MALEA, a promontory of Lesbos.—An
three bushels of golden rings which had been other in Peloponnesus, at the south of Laco
taken from the Roman knights slain in battle. nia. The sea is sorough and boisterous there,
He was afterwards sent to Spain, where he that the dangers which attended a voyage
defeated the two Scipios, and was himself, in round it gave rise to the proverb of Cum ad
another engagement, totally ruined. He re JMaleam defieweris, obliviscere quae sunt domi.
tired to the Baleares, which he conquered ; [It is now cape Malio, or St. Angelo.] Strab.
and one of the cities there still bears his name, 8 and 9.-Lucan. 6, v. 58.-Plut. in .1zat.—
and is called Portus Magonis, Port Mahon. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 193.—JMela, 2, c. 3.—Lir.
After this he landed in Italy with an army, 21, c. 44.—Ovid. Am. 2, el. 16, v.24, el. 11,
and took possession of part of Insubria. He v. 20.—Paus. 3, c. 23.
was defeated in a battle by Quintilius Varus, MALEventuM, the ancient name of Bene-,
and died of a mortal wound 203 years before ventum. Liv. 9, c. 27.
the Christian era. Liv. 30, &c.—C. JNep. in MALIA, a city of Phthiotis near Mount (Eta
Ann. 8, gives a very different account of his and Thermopylae. There were in its neigh
death, and says, he either perished in a ship bourhood some hot mineral waters which the
wreck or was murdered by his servants. Per poet Catullus has mentioned. From Malia,
haps Annibal had two brothers of that name. a gulf or small bay in the neighbourhood, at
A Carthaginian more known by the ex the western extremities of the islandof Euboea,
cellence of his writings than by his military has received the name of the gulf of Malia,
exploits. He wrote 28 volumes upon hus JMaliacum Fretum or JMaliacus Sinus. Some
bandry; these were preserved by Scipio at the call it the gulf of Lamia from its vicinity to
taking of Carthage, and presented to the Ro Lamia. Paus. 1, c. 4.—Herodot.
man senate. They were translated into Greek MALLEA or MALLIA Aqua. vid. Malia.
by Cassius Dionysius of Utica, and into Latin MALLophor.A, (lanam ferens,) a surname
by order of the Roman senate, though Cato under which Ceres had a temple at Megara,
had already written so copiously upon the sub because she had taught the inhabitants the
_ject; and the Romans, as it has been observ utility of wool, and the means of tending sheep
=l, consulted the writings of Mago with great to advantage. This temple is represented as
er earnestness than the books of the Sibylline so old in the age of Pausanias, that it was fall
verses. Columella. A Carthaginian sent ing to decay. Paus. 1, c. 44.
Py his countrymento assist the Romans against MAMERcus, a tyrant of Catana, who sur
Fyrrhus and the Tarentines, with a fleet of rendered to Timoleon. His attempts to speak
i_29sail. This offer was politely refused by in a public assembly at Syracuse were receiv
the Roman senate. This Mago was father of ed with groans and hisses, upon which he
-*sdrubal and Hamilcar. Val. Mar. dashed his head against a wall, and endea
MAGow, a river of India falling into the voured to destroy himself. The blows were
Ganges. [According to Mannert, the Ram not fatal, and Mamercus was soon after put
gonga.] Arrian. to death as a robber, B.C. 340. Polyan. 5.
Maher BAL, a Carthaginian who was at —C. JNep. in Tim. -

the siege of Saguntum, and who commanded MAMERTINA, a town of Campania, famous
the cavalry of Annibal at the battle of Cannae. for its wines.—A name of Messana in Sici
He advised the conqueror immediately to ly. Martial. 13, ep. 117–Strab. 7, - - - -

march to Rome, but Annibal required time to Mamertini, a mercenary band of soldiers
consider on so bold a measure; upon which which passed from Campania into Sicily; at
451
 MA

the request of Agathocles. When they were lius, and was the first who incrusted his walls
in the service of Agathocles, they claimed the with marble. Catullus has attacked him in
privilege of voting at the electing of magis his epigrams. Formiae is sometimes called
trates at Syracuse, and had recourse to arms JMamurrarum urbs. Plan. 36, c. 6.
to support their unlawful demands. The se C. MANcinus, a Roman general, whe,
dition was appeased by the authority of some though at the head of an army of 30,000 men
leading men, and the Campanians were or was defeated by 4000 Numantians, B.C. 133.
dered to leave Sicily. In their way to the [The remnant of the Roman army was al
coast they were received with great kindness lowed to retire, upon their making a treaty of
by the people of Messana, and soon returned peace with the Numantians. The senate re
perfidy for hospitality. They conspired against fused to ratify the treaty, and ordered Man
the inhabitants, murdered all the males in the cinus to be delivered up to the enemy; but
city, and married their wives and daughters, they refused to receive him. Mancinus there
and rendered themselves masters of the place. upon returned to Rome, and was reinstated
After this violence they assumed the name of in his rights of a citizen, contrary to the opi
Mamertini, and called their city Mamertina, nion of the tribune P. Rutilius, who asserted
from a provincial word, which in their lan that he could not enjoy the right of returning
guage signified martial, or warlike. The Ma to his country, called by the Romans jus
mertimes were afterwards defeated by Hiero, postluminii.] Cie. in Orat. 1, c. 40.
and totally disabled to repair their ruined aſ MANDANE, a daughter of king Astyages,
fairs. [The more correct explanation of the married by her father to Cambyses, an igno
name Mamertines is as follows. It was cus ble person of Persia. The monarch had
tomary with the Oscan nations of Italy, in dreamed that his daughter's urine had drawn
time of famine or any other misfortune, to ed all his city, which had been interpreted in
seek to propitiate the favour of the gods by an unfavourable manner by the soothsayers
consecrating to them not only all the produc who assured him that his daughter’s son
tions of the earth during a certain year, but would dethrone him. The marriage of Man
also all the male children born during that dane with Cambyses would in the monarch's
same space of time. Mamers or Mars being opinion prevent the effects of the dream, and
their tutelary deity, they called these child the children of this connection would like their
ren after him when they had attained ma father be poor and unnoticed. The expec
turity, and, under the general and customary tations of Astyages were frustrated. He was
name of Mamertini, sent them away to seek dethroned by his grandson. (vid. Cyrus.)
new abodes.] Plut. in Pyrrh. &c. Herodot. 1, c. 107.
MAMILIA LEx [de limitibus, A. U. C. 642, MANDELA, a village in the country of the
whence the author of it, C. Mamilius a tribune, Sabines, near Horace's country-seat. Horal.
got the surname of Limetanus. It ordained 1, ep. 18, v. 105.
that there should be an uncultivated space MANDubii, [a people of Gaul, whose coun
of 5 feet broad left between farms, and if any try lay near the sources of the Sequana, or
dispute happened about this matter, that ar Seine. Their chief town was Alesia, or
biters should be appointed by the praetor to ..]lise.] Caes. Bell. G.7, c. 78. -

determine it. The law of the twelve tables MANDUBRAtius, a young Briton, who
required three.] came over to Caesar in Gaul. His father Im
MAMIL11, a plebeian family at Rome de manuentius was king in Britain, and had been
scended from the Aborigines. They first put to death by order of Cassivelaunus. Caz.
lived at Tusculum, from whence they came Bell. G. 5, c. 20.
to Rome. Liv. 3, c. 29. MANEs, a name generally applied by the
MAM 11.1Us Octavius, a son-in-law of ancients to the souls when separated from the
Tarquin, who behaved with uncommon bra body. [Sometimes they gave this name to
very at the battle of Regillae. He is also call the infernal or subterraneous deities, and
ed Manilius, vid. Manilius. sometimes again to all those divinities who
MAMMEA, the mother of the emperor Se presided over tombs and burying-places.
verus, who died A. D. 235. The true origin of this superstition may per
MAMúnius VFTURI us, a worker in brass haps be found in the prevailing belief that
in Numa’s reign. He was ordered by the the world was full of genii, some of whom at
monarch to make a number of ancylia or tended on the living and others on the dead:
shields like that one which had fallen from that of these some were good and others bad.
heaven, that it might be difficult to distin that the first were called lares, the latter
guish the true one from the others. He was lemures or larva.] They were worshipped
very successful in his undertaking, and he with great solemnity, particularly by the Ro
asked for no other reward but that his name mans. The augurs always invoked them
might be frequently mentioned in the hymns when they proceeded to exercise their sacer.
which were sung by the Salii in the feast dotal offices. Virgil introduces his hero as
of the Ancylia. This request was granted. sacrificing to the infernal deities, and to the
Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 392–Varro L. L. 5, c. 6. Manes, a victim whose blood was received
MAMURBA, a Roman knight, born at For. in a ditch. The word manes is supposed to
miae. He followed the fortune of J. Caesar be derived from Mania, who was by some
in Gaul, where he greatly enriched himself. reckoned the mother of those tremendous
He built a magnificent palace on Mount Coe deities. Others derive it from mºnarc. ºwed
452
 MA MA

per onna atherea terremaque manabant, be is entitled Astronomicon, treating in five

cause they filled the air, particularly in the books upon the fixed stars: a sixth appears
night, and were intent to molest and disturb to have related to the planets, but this is en
the peace of mankind. Some say that manes tirely lost. It unites the ancient system of
comes from manis, an old Latin word, which astronomy with the philosophy of the Stoics,
signified good or propitious. The word manes and there are passages in it which would not
is differently used by ancient authors; some disgrace any poet of the Augustan age. The
times it is taken for the infernal regions, and manuscripts do not agree about the name of
sometimes it is applied to the deities of Plu this poet; some of them calling him Man
to's kingdom, whence the epitaphs of the Ro: lius, others Mallius. Bentley believed him to
mans were always superscribed with D. M. have been born in Asia, and boldly pro
Dis Manibus, to remind the sacrilegious and nounces the 41st and 776th verses of the
profane not to molest the monuments of the poem, in which the poet calls Rome his city,
dead, which were guarded with such sanc to have been interpolated. The same critic
tity. Propert. 1, el. 19.-Wurg. 4, G. 469. contends that he flourished during the Augus
JEn. 3, &c.—Horat. 1, Sat. 8, v. 28. tan age.] The best editions of Manilius
MANET Ho, [a celebrated priest of Heliopo are those of Bentley, 4to. London, 1739, and
lis, in Egypt, in the reign of Ptolemy Phila. Stoeberus, 8vo. Argentor, 1767.--Titus, a
delphus, and surnamed Sebennite, from the learned historian in the age of Sylla and Ma
place of his origin. He wrote in the Greek rius. He is greatly commended by Cicero,
language a history of Egypt, the subject mat pro Roscio.—Marcus, another mentioned
ter of which he asserts to have been extract
by Cirero de Orat. 1, c. 48, as supporting the
ed from certain pillars in the Siriadic land, character of a great lawyer, and of an elo
on which inscriptions had been made in the quent and powerful orator.
sacred dialect of Thoth, the first Mercury, MANLIA LEx, by the tribune P. Manlius,
which after the flood were translated into the A U. C. 557. It revived the office of treviri
Greek tongue, but were written in the sacred epulones, first instituted by Numa. The
character, and were laid up in books in the epulones were priests, who prepared banquets
sacred recesses of Egypt by the second Mer for Jupiter and the gods at public festivals, &c.
cury. But this account, which certainly re MAN Lius Tonauatus, a celebrated Ro
lated to the earlier portions of the history, is man, whose youth was distinguished by a
so incredible by its reference to the Greek lively and cheerful disposition. These pro
language at a period when it could not have mising talents were, however, impeded by a
been known in Egypt, that the writers of the difficulty of speaking; and the father, unwil
Universal History suspect some mistake or ling to expose his son's rusticity at Rome,
corruption in the passage of Eusebius con detained him in the country. The behaviour
taining it. The history, which is in a great of the father was publicly censured, and Ma
measure fabulous, is lost; but the dynasties rius Pomponius the tribune cited him to an
have been preserved in the Chronicle of Eu swer for his unfatherly behaviour to his son.
sebius. Some fragments of the history are to Yºung Manlius was informed of this, and
be found in the work of Josephus against with a dagger in his hand he entered the
Apion.] His Apotelesmata were edited by house of the tribune, and made him solemn
Gronovius, in 4to. L. Bat. 1698.
ly promise that he would drop the accusation.
MANIA, a goddess, supposed to be the mo This action of Manlius endeared him to the
ther of the Lares and Manes. A female
people, and soon after he was chosen milita
servant of queen Berenice, the daughter of ry tribune. In a war against the Gauls, he
Ptolemy. accepted the challenge of one of the enemy,
MANILIA LEx, by Manilius the tribune, whose gigantic stature and ponderous arms
A. U. C. 678. It required that all the forces had rendered him terrible and almost invin
of Lucullus and his provinces, together with cible in the eyes of the Romans. The Gaul
Bithynia, which was then under the command was conquered, and Manlius stripped him of
of Glabrio, should be delivered to Pompey, his arms, and from the collar (torques) which
and that this general should, without any de he took from the enemy's neck, he was ever
lay, declare war against Mithridates, and still after surnamed Torquatus. Manlius was the
retain the command of the Roman fleet, and first Roman who was raised to the dictator
the empire of the Mediterranean, as before. ship, without having been previously consul.
Another which permitted all those whose The severity of Torquatus to his son has been
fathers had not been invested with public of. deservedly censured. This father had the
fices, to be employed in the management of courage and heart to put to death his son
affairs.
because he had engaged one of the enemy,
MANilius, a Roman who married the and obtained an honourable victory, without
daughter of Tarquin. He lived at Tusculum, his previous permission. This uncommon
and received his father-in-law in his house, rigour displeased many of the Romans; and
when banished from Rome, &c. Lir. 2, c. 15, though Torquatus was honoured with a tri
Caius, [a Latin poet, known only by his umph, and commended by the senate for his
work, ſrom which it would seem that he services, yet the Roman youth showed their
wrote in the age of Augustus, aſter the defeat disapprobation of the consul's severity by
of Varus, and that he was, if not a native o' refusing him at his return the homage which
Rome, at least a Roman citizen. This poem every ºther conqueror received. Some time
- 45.8
 MA MA

after the censorship was offered to him, but he Silanus was so struck at the rigour of his
refused it, observing that the people could father, that he hanged himself. Val. Maz.
not bear his severity nor he the vices of the 5, c. 5.
people. From the rigour of Torquatus, all MANNUs, [the son of the German god
edicts and actions of severity and justice Thuiston, of whom that nation believed
have been called Manliana edicta. Luv. 7, themselves to be the descendants.] Tacit. de
c. 10.—Val. Mar. 6, c. 9. Marcus, a ce Germ. c. 2.
lebrated Roman, whose valour was displayed J. MANsu Etus, a friend of Vitellius, who
in the field of battle, even at the early age o entered the Roman armies, and left his son,
sixteen. When Rome was taken by the then very young, at home. The son was
Gauls, Manlius with a body of his country promoted by Galba, and soon after met a de
men fled into the capitol, which he defended tachment of the partisans of Vitellius in
when it was suddenly surprised in the night which his father was. A battle was fought.
by the enemy. This action gained him the and Mansuetus was wounded by the hand
surname of Capitolinus, and the geese, which of his son, &c. Tacit. Hist. 3, c. 25.
by their clamour had awakened him to arm MANTINEA, [a town of Arcadia, below
himself in his own defence, were ever after Orchomenus, and near the borders of Argo
held sacred among the Romans. A law lis. It appears to have been a considerable
which Maniius proposed to abolish the taxes place even in the age of Homer. Antinoe
on the common people, raised the senators the daughter of Cepheus, is said to, have
against him. The dictator, Corn. Cossus, transported the inhabitants of the old city to
seized him as a rebel, but the people put on a more convenient situation than the one
mourning, and delivered from prison their which they originally occupied, namely, to
common father. This did not in the least the banks of the small river Ophis, and it
check his ambition; he continued to raise is fabulously reported that Antinoe was led
factions, and even secretly to attempt to make to the selection of the new site by the guid
himself absolute, till at last the tribunes of ance of a serpent, while others say that the
the people themselves became his accusers. river derived its name from its serpentine
He was tried in the Campus Martius; but course. After the peace of Antalcidas it
when the distant view of the capitol which was besieged by the Spartans. The Manti
Manlius had saved, seemed to influence the means defended themselves with great brave
people in his favour, the court of justice was ry during the summer, but in the winter the
removed, and Manlius was condemned. He besiegers dammed up the river, and caused
was thrown down from the Tarpeian rock. it to overflow the city, on which the inha
A. U.C. 371, and, to render his ignominy still bitants were compelled to retire from the
greater, none of his family were afterwards place to their old villages. They returned
permitted to bear the surname of Marcus, after the battle of Leuctra, and rebuilt their
and the place where his house had stood was city with the aid of the Thebans, but they
deemed unworthy to be inhabited. Lir. 5 afterwards took part with the Spartans
c. 31, 1.6, c. 5.-- Flor. 1, c. 13 and 26.- Pal. against them.] It is famous for the battle
JMac. 6, c. 3.-Virg. JEn. 6, v. 825.-lm which was fought here between Epami
periosus, father of Manlius Torquatus. He nondas at the head of the Thebans, and the
was made dictator. He was accused for de combined forces of Lacedaemon, Achain,
taining his son at home. [vid. Manlius Torqua Elis, Athens, and Arcadia, about 363 years
tus.]—Volso, a Roman consul who receiv before Christ. The Theban general was
ed an army of Scipio in Asia, and made war killed in the engagement, and from that time
against the Gallo-Grecians, whom he con Thebes lost its power and consequence among
quered. He was honoured with a triumph the Grecian states. [During the wars under
at his return, though it was at first strongly the Achaean league, Antigonus having dislodg
opposed. Flor. 3, c. 11.—Liv. 38, c. 12, &c. ed Cleomenes from this city, the inhabitants,
Caius, or Aulus, a senator sent to Athens in compliment to him, suppressed the origi
to collect the best and wisest laws of Solon, pal name of the place, and called it Antigo
A. U. C 300–Liv. 2, c. 54, l. 3, c. 31.— dia. Adrian restored the ancient name, and
Another, called also Cincinnatus. He made erected a temple to Antinous. This city had
war against the Etrurians and Veientes with several other most splendidtemples.) Strab.
great success. He died of a wound he had 8.—C. Nep, un Epam.—Diod. 15.—Ptol. 3,
re eived in a battle.—Another, who in c. 16.
his praetorship reduced Sardinia.
He was MANTINöRuM oppinum, a town of Corsi
afterwards made dictator. Another, who ca, now supposed to be Bastia.
conspired with Catiline against the Ro MANto, a daughter of the prophet Tire
man republic.—Another, in whose consul slas, endowed with the gift of prophecy. She
ship the temple of Janus was shut.—A Ro was made prisoner by the Argives when the
man appointed judge between his son Silanus city of Thebes fell into their hands, and as
and the province of Macedonia. When all she was the worthiest part of the booty, the
the parties had been heard, the father said, conquerors sent her to Apollo, the god of Del
“ it is evident that my son had suffered him phi, as the most valuable present they could
self to be bribed, therefore I deem him un make. Manto, often called Daphne, remain
worthy of the republic and of my house, and ed for some time at Delphi, where she offi
I order him to depart from my presence.” ciated as priestess, and where she gave ora
454
 MA MA

cles. From Delphi she came to Claros in historian who carried arms under Constan
Ionia, where sheestablished an oracle ofApol tius, Julian, and Valens, and wrote an history
lo. Here she married Rhadius, the sove of Rome. . [It commenced with the reign of
reign of the country, by whom she had a son Nerva, and consequently at the period where
called Mopsus. Manto afterwards visited the history of Tacitus ends. It is not known
Italy, where she married Tiberinus the king whether Ammianus meant his own to be a
of Alba, or, as the poets mention, the god of continuation of the latter work, or whether
the river Tyber. From this marriage sprang •ome other motive induced him to begin his
Ocnus, who built a town in the neighbour in story at this point of time. What seems to
hood, which, in honour of his mother. he favour the latter supposition is the fact of
called Mantua. Manto, according to a cer. his making no mention of Tacitus any where,
tain tradition, was so struck at the misfor although he cites Sallust and other Latin his
tunes which afflicted Thebes her native coun torians; neither is there in his work any appa
try, that she gave way to her sorrow, and rent imitation of Tacitus. The history of
was turned into a ſountain. Some suppose Ammianus is continued down to the year 378
her to be the same who conducted AEneas of our era; and embraces, consequently, a
into hell, and who sold the Sibylline books to space of 282 years, but the first 13 books,
Tarquin the Proud. She received divine which comprehend a period of 256 years, are
honours after death. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 199. lost, and we have only the last 18. The
1. 10, v. 199.-Ovid. Met. 6, v. 157.-Diod. latter, however, constitute the most valuable
4.-Apollod. 3, c. 7.-Strab. 14 and 16.— portion of his work; for in the first 13, he
Paus. 9, c. 10 and 33, 1.7, c. 3. only extracted and compiled from the writ
MANTUA, [a town of Italy, on the Min. ings of antecedent historians. And yet we
cius, south-east of Brixia, and south of the unay well regret the want even of these,
Lacus Benacus. It is supposed to have been since many of the authors whence he drew
ſonaded by the Etrurians, 600 years B. C.] his materials, have not reached our times.
When Cremona, which had followed the in In the last 18 books Ammianus recounts the
terest of Brutus, was given to the soldiers of events of his own day. Had he lived in a
Octavius, Mantua, which was in the neigh more flourishing period of literature he would
bourhood, shared the common calamity, have become, by the study of good models, and
though it had favoured the party of Augus. by intercourse with men of cultivated taste,
tus, and many of the inhabitants were tyran an accomplished and elegant historian. He
nically deprived of their possessions. [Vir was the last of the Pagan historical writers.]
gil, who was born at Andes, a small village His style is neither elegant nor laboured, but
below Mantua, was one of the sufferers on It is greatly valued for its veracity, and in
this occasion., vid. Virgilius.] Strab. 5.— many of the actions he mentions, the author
Pirg. Ecl. 1, &c. G. 3, v, 12...HEn. 10, v. 180. was nearly concerned. This history was com
—Ovid. Amor. 3, el. 15. posed at Rome, where Ammianus retired
Mărtăthon, a village of Attica, 10 miles from the noise and troubles of the camp, and
from Athens, celebrated for the victory does not betray that severity against the Chris
which the 10,000 Athenians and 1000 Pla tians which other writers have manifested,
taeans, under the command of Miltiades, though the author was warm in favour ºf Pa
gained over the Persian army, consisting of ganism, the religion which for a while was
100,000 foot and 10,000 horse, or, according seated on the throne. Ammianus has been
to Val. Maximus, of 300,000, or, as Justin liberal in his encomiums upon Julian, whose
says, of 600,000, under the command of Da favours he enjoyed, and who so eminently
tis and Artaphernes, on the 28th of Sept. 490 patronized his religion. The negligence with
B. C. In this battle, according to Herodo which some facts are sometimes mentioned,
dotus, the Athenians lost only 192 men, and has induced many to believe that the history
the Persians 6,300. Justin has raised the of Ammianus has suffered much from the ra
loss of the Persians in this expedition and in vages of time, and that it is descended to us
the battle, to 200,000 men. To commemo. mutilated and imperfect. The best editions
rate this immortal victory of their country of Ammianus are those of Gronovius, fol. and
men, the Greeks raised small columns, with to. L. Bat. 1693, and of Ernesti, 8vo. Lips.
the names inscribed on the tombs of the ſal 1773.
len heroes. It was also in the plains of Ma MARcellus, Marcus Claudius, a famous
rathon that Theseus overcame a celebrated Roman general, who after the first Punic
bull, which plundered the neighbouring coun war, had the management of an expedition
try. Erigone is called Marathonia virgo. as against the Gauls, where he obtained the
being born at Marathon. Stat. 5, Sylv. 3, v. Spolia opima, by killing with his own hand
74.—C. Wep. in Milt.—Herodot. 6, &c.— Viridomarus the king of the enemy. Such
Justin. 2, c. 9.-Val. Mar. 5, c. 3.-Plut. in success rendered him popular, and soon after
Parol. A king of Attica, son of Epopeus, he was intrusted to oppose Annibal in Italy.
who gave his name to a small village there. He was the first Roman who obtained some
Paus. 2, c. 1. A king of Sicyon. advantage over the celebrated Carthaginian,
MARCELLA, a daughter of Octavia the and showed his countrymen that Annibal was
sister of Augustus by Marcellus. She mar not invincible. The troubles which were
ried Agrippa. raised in Sicily by the Carthaginians at the
MARCELLIN US AMM IANUs, a celebrated {{death of Hieronymus, alarmed the Romans.
455
 MA MA

and Marcellus, in his third consulship, was favours by celebrating the virtues of this
sent with a powerful force against Syracuse amiable prince. [vid. Octavia.] Marcellus
He attacked it by sea and land, but his opera was buried at the public expense. P'irg. .E.
tions proved ineffectual, and the invention and 6, v. 883.-Suet. in Aug.—Plut. in Marce".
industry of a philosopher [rid. Archimedes] –Senec. Consol. ad Marc.—Paterc. 2, c. 93
were able to baffle all the efforts, and to de —The son of the great Marcellus who took
stroy all the great and stupendous machines Syracuse, was caught in the ambuscade
and military engines of the Romans during which proved fatal to his father, but he forced
three successive years. The perseverance his way from the enemy and escaped. He
of Marcellus at last obtained the victory. received the ashes of his father from the con
The inattention of the inhabitants during queror. Plut. in Marcel.—The husband
their nocturnal celebration of the festivals of of Octavia the sister of Augustus. A na
Diana, favoured his operations; he forcibly tive of Pamphylia, who wrote an heroic
entered the town, and made himself master poem on physic, divided into 42 books. He
of it. The conqueror enriched the capital of lived in the reign of Marcus Aurelius.
Italy with the spoils of Syracuse, and when WARc1A LEx, by Marcius Censorinus. It
he was accused of rapaciousness, for stripping forbad any man to be invested with the office
the conquered city of all its paintings and of censor more than once.
ornaments, he confessed that he had done it MARc1A, the wife of Regulus, who, when she
to adorn the public buildings of Rome, and heard that her husband had been put to death
to introduce a taste for the fine arts and ele at Carthage in the most excruciating manner,
gance of the Greeks among his countrymen. retorted the punishment, and shut up some
After the conquest ofSyracuse, Marcellus was Carthaginian prisoners in a barrel which she
called upon by his country to oppose a second had previously filled with sharp nails. The
time Annibal. In this campaign he behaved senate was obliged to stop her wantonness
with greater vigour than before; the greater and cruelty. Diod. 24.—A daughter of
part of the towns of the Samnites, who had Philip, who married Cato the censor. Her
revolted, were recovered by force of arms, husband gave her to his friend Hortensius for
and 3000 of the soldiers of Annibal made the sake of procreating children, and after
prisoners. Some time after an engagement his death he took her again to his own house.
with the Carthaginian general proved un —An ancient name of the island of Rhodes.
favourable; Marcellus had the disadvantage; —A daughter of Cato of Utica. A stream
but on the morrow a more successful skir of water. vid. Martia aqua.
mish vindicated his military character, and MARc1ANA, a sister of the emperor Tra
the honour of the Roman soldiers. Marceljan, who, on account of her public and pri
lus, however, was not sufficiently vigilant vate virtues and her amiable disposition, was
against the snares of his adversary. He in declared Augusta and empress by her brother.
prudently separated himself from his camp. She died A. D. 113.
and was killed in an ambuscade in the 60th MARciaNorolls, the capital of Lower
year of his age, in his 5th consulship, A. U. C. Moesia. It received its name in honour cf
546. His body was honoured with a magnifi. the empress Marciana. [It is now Prebis
cent funeral by the conqueror, and his ashes law, or, “the illustrious city.”]
were conveyed in a silver urn to his son. MARc1ANUs, a native of Thrace, born of
Marcellus claims our commendation for his an obscure family. After he had for some
private as well as public virtues; and the hu time served in the army as a common soldier,
manity of a general will ever be remembered, he was made private secretary to one of the
who, at the surrender of Syracuse, went at officers of Theodosius. His winning address
the thought that many were going to be ex and uncommon talents raised him to higher
posed to the avarice and rapaciousness of an stations: and on the death of Theodosius the
incensed soldiery, which the policy of Rom. 2d. A. D. 450, he was invested with the impe
and the laws of war, rendered inevitable. rial purple in the east. The subjects of the
Pirg, ºn 6. v. 855.-Palerc. 2, c. 38.- Roman empire had reason to be satisfied with
Plut. in vité, &c. One of his descendants, their choice. Marcianus showed himself ac
who bore the same name, signalized himself tive and resolute, and when Attila, the barba
in the civil wars of Caesar and Pompey, hº rous sing of the Huns, asked of the emperor
his firm attachment to the latter. He was the annual tribute which the indolence and
banished by Caesar, but afterwards recalled cowardice of his predecessors had regularly
at the request of the senate. Cicero under paid, the successor of Theodosius firmly said,
took his defence in an oration, which is still that he kept his gold for his friends, but that
extant. —The grandson of Pompey's friend iron was the metal which he had prepared for
rendered himself popular by his universal his enemies. In the midst of universal popu
benevolence and affability. He was son of larity Marcianus died, after a reign of six
Marcellus by Octavia the sister of Augustus. years, in the 69th year of his age, as he was
He married Julia, that emperor's daughter. making warlike preparations against the bar
and was publicly intended as his successor. harians that had invaded Africa. His death
The suddenness of his death, at the early age was lamented, and indee his merit was great.
of eighteen, was the cause of much lamenta since his reign has been distinguished by the
tion at Rome, particularly in the family of appellation of the golden age. Marcianus
Augustus, and Virgil ºured
56
himself great married Pulcheria, the sister of his predeces:
 MA MA

sor. It is said, that in the years of his obscu MARE Mortu UM, called also, from the
rity he found a man who had been murder butumen [avº axtor, it throws up, the lake
ed, and that he had the humanity to give Asphaltites, is situate in Judea. Its waters
him a private burial, for which circumstance are salter than those of the sea, but the va
-- he was accused of the homicide and impri pours exhaled from then are not so pestilen
* : soned. He was condemned to lose his lite, tial as have been generally represented.It
and the sentence would have been executed.
is supposed that the 13 cities, of which Sodom
had not the real murderer been discovered, and Gomorrah, as mentioned in the Scrip
and convinced the world of the innocence of tures, were the chief, were destroyed by a
Marcianus.-Capella, a writer, rid. Ca. volcano, and on the site a lake formed. Vol
pella.
- canic appearances now mark the face of the
M. MARcius SABINUs, was the progeni country, and earthquakes are frequent. [This
tor of the Marcian family at Rome. He came
º to Rome with Numa, and it was he who ad lake has been called the Dead Sea, not mere
ly from the dead and stagnant appearance of
vised Numa to accept of the crown which the its waters, but because, owing to the salt va
Romans offered to him. He attempted to pours exhaled from the surface, no vegetation
make himself king of Rome, in opposition to is seen along its banks. Volumes of smoke
Tullus Hostilius; and when his efforts proved are often observed to issue from the lake,
unsuccessful. he killed himself. His son, who and new crevices are found on its margin.
married a daughter of Numa, was made high As the Jordan, before the celebrated destruc
priest by his father-in-law. He was father of tion of this plain, discharged itselfin the same
24 ucus Martius. Plut. in Numa.—A Ro ;Mace that it now does, the conclusion is a
maan who accused Ptolemy Auletes, king of necessary one, that the lake which then ex
E2gypt, of misdemeanor, in the Roman senate. isted was a subterranean one. It was cover
L–A Roman consul, defeated by the Sain ed with a crust of earth, which was sustain
& wººtes. He was more successful against the ed by the Asphaltus, a pitchy, bituminous
* Carthaginians, and obtained a victory, &c. substance, which emerged from the bottom
*
*
MARcom ANN1, [a German nation, who are of the lake, and collected during a long
* supposed to have dwelt originally along the course of years in large masses. The Asphal
* Rhine, south of the Mattiaci. They after tus arises from the lake to this day, floats on
wards migrated to Boiohemum, or that part its surface, and occasionally explodes. This
* of the country which answers to modern Bo statement is confirmed by Genesis 14: 10,
hemia.] They proved powerful enemies to where mention is made of slime pits, through
* the Roman emerors. Augustus granted them which the Asphaltus or bitumen penetrated
- peace, but they were afterwards subdued by from the subterranean water. This bitumen,
- Antoninus and Trajan, &c. [Their name is being at length set on fire by the lightning,
tº said to signify Border-men.] Paterc. 2, c. burnt, and the earth, by which it was cover
109.--Tacit...Ann. 2, c. 46 and 62, G. 42. ed, being deprived of its support, sank in the
MARCUs, a praenomen common to many of waters, and the lake made its appearance.
the Romans, vid. Æmilius, Lepidus, &c The lake is said to be 67 miles from north
—A son of Cato, killed at Philippi, &c. to south, and 17 in its greatest breadth from
MARID1, a people of Persia, on the confines west to east. Its waters are a little impreg
of Media. They were very poor, and gene nated with alum, and very much so with
rally Lived upon the flesh of wild beasts. salt, heace it is called the Salt Sea, Genesis
Their country, in latter times, became the 14: 4. Whatever is immersed in its waters
residence of the famous assassins destroyed and taken out again is covered with a crust of
by Hulakou, the grandson of Zingis Khan. salt ; which seems to have been the destiny
Herodo.f-l and 3.—Plin. 6, c. 16. of Lot's wife, unless indeed the Scriptures
MAR rºiA, a place of Thrace, famous for a speak merely of a monumeut heaped up of
battle between Constantine and Licinius, A. incrusted salt..] Plin. 5, c. 6.-Joseph. J.
D.315. bell. 4, c. 27.—Strab. 16, p. 764.—Justin. 36,
MARLaox IUS, a general of Xerxes, who, c. 3.
after the defeat of his master at Thermopylae MAREötis, now Swah, a lake in Egypt,
and Salamis, was left in Greece with an army near Alexandria. Its neighbourhood wasſa
of 300,000 chosen men, to subdue the country, mous for wine, though some make the Ma
and reduce it under the power of Persia. Hi reoticum vinum to have been produced in Epi
operations were rendered useless by the cour rus, or in a certain part of Libya, called also
2 age and vigilance of the Greeks; and, in a Mareotis, near Egypt. [For many ages
battle at Plataea, Mardonius was defeated and this lake was dried up, for though the bed is
left among the slain, B.C. 479. He had been lower than the surface of the ocean, there is
commander of the armies of Darius in Eu not sufficient rain to keep up any lake in that
rope, and it was chiefly by his advice that country in opposition to the force of perpetu
Xerxes invaded Greece. He was son-in-law al evaporation. But in 1801, the English,
of Darius. [vid. Darius, under which article in order to circumscribe more effectually the
a farther account is given of Mardonius.] communications which the French army in
Plut. in .4, ist.—Herodot. 6, 7 and 8.-Diod. Alexandria maintained with the surrounding
11.-Justin. 2, c. 13, &c. country, cut across the walls of the old canal,
which had formed a dyke, separating this low
MARDus, a river of Media, falling into the ground
Caspian Sea. from lake Maadie, or the lake of
457
 MIA MA
- --
----- ... ------ – - - ----

Aboukir, on the east. In consequence of this north-west of this was a small peninsula,
easy operation, the water had a sudden fall promontory, called Acherusia Chersonesus
of six feet, and the lake Mareotis, which had Through a cavern in this promontory Her
so long disappeared, and the site of which cules was fabled to have dragged Cerberus
had been occupied partly by salt marshes, from hell. Dionys.—Plol. 5, c. 1.--Meiz, I.
partly by cultivated lands, and even villages, c. 2 and 19. l. 2, c. 7.
resumed its ancient form. This modern in MAR1ANus, a surname given to Jupiter,
undation from the sea, indeed, is much more from a temple built to his honour by Ms.
extensive than the ancient lake Mareotis, rius. It was in this temple that the Roman
occupying probably, four times its extent.] -: nate assembled to recall Cicero, a circum
Purg. G. 2, v. 91.—Horat. 1, od. 38, v. 14.— stance commºnicated to him in a dream.
Lucan. 3 and 10–Strab. 17. Pal...Mar. 1, c. 7.
MARGIANA, a country of Asia along the MARica, a nymph of the river Liris, nea:
river Margus, fron which it derives its name. Minturnae. She married king Faunus, by
According to Ptolemy it had Hyrcania on whom she had king Latinus, and she was aſ
the west, the Oxus on the north. Bactriana terwards called Fauna and Fatua, and be
on the east, and Aria on the south. It now noured as a goddess. A city of Campania
forms a part of Khorasan.] Pliny speaks of hore her name. Some suppose her to be the
its fertility, and states it to have produced in same as Circe. Purg. JEn. 7, v. 47-Lir.
particular, excellent wine. Its vines were 27, c. 37. A wood on the borders of Cam
unusually large. ania bore also the name of Marica, as being
MARGITEs, a man, against whom as some sacred to the nymph. Lir. 27, c. 37.—Hors:
suppose. Homer wrote a poem, to ridicule his 3. od 17, v. 7.
superficial knowledge, and to expose his aſ MARITA LEx. rid Julia de Maritandis.
ſectation. When Demosthenes wished to ri MARisus, a river of Dacia [which falls intº
dicule Alexander, he called him another the Tibiscus. It is now the Maros.]
Margites. [The name Margites appears to C. MARIus, a celebrated Roman, who,
have been a fictitious one, invented by the from a peasant, became one of the most pow
poet for the occasion. According to Aristo erful and cruel tyrants that Rome ever be
tle the poem in question had the same analo held during her consular government. He
gy with comedy that the Iliad and Odyssey was born at Arpinum, of obscure and illite.
had with tragedy. The same writer re rate parents. His father bore the same name
marks, in speaking of the Margites, and as himself, and his mother was called Fule
other poems of this class, that the iambic nia. He forsook the meaner occupations ºf
measure belongs to them. It is not clear the country for the eamp, and signalized him
whether Aristotle means here to say that self under Scipio, at the siege of Numantis.
Homer used inmbic verse in the poem ; but The Roman general saw the courage and in
all uncertainty disappears if we compare trepidity of young Marius, and foretold the
this passage of Aristotle with two of Harpo era of his future greatness. By his seditions
cration, by which it appears that the Mar and intrigues at Rome, while he exercised
gites actually contained iambic verses. They the inferior offices of the state, he rendered
were inserted without any other rule than himself known; and his marriage with Julia,
who was of the family of the Caesars, contri
the mere caprice of the poet. We have only buted
four verses remaining of this poem. in some measure to raise him to conse
MARGus, a river of Moesia falling into the quence. He passed into Africa as lieutenant
Danube, with a town of the same name. to the consul Metellus against Jugurtha, and
now Kastolate. after he had there ingratiated himself with
MARIA LEx, by C. Marius, the tribune, the soldiers, and raised enemies to his friend
A. U. C. 634. It ordered the planks called and benefactor, he returned to Rome, and
pontes, on which the people proceeded to give canvassed for the consulship. The extrave
their votes in the comitua, to be narrower, gant promises he made to the people, and his
that no other might stand there to hinder the malevolent insinuations about the conduct cf
proceedings of the assembly by appeal, or Metellus, proved successful He was elect
other disturbances. – Another, called also ed, and appointed to finish the war against
Porcia, by L. Marius and Porcius, tribunes, Jugurtha. He showed himself capable in
A. U. C. 691. It fined in a certain sum of every degree to succeed to Metellus. Jugur
money such commanders as gave a false ac tha was defeated, and afterwards betrayed
count to the Roman senate of the number of into the hands of the Romans by the perfidy
siain in a battle. It obliged them to swear to of Bocchus. No sooner was Jugurtha con
the truth of their return when they entered quered than new honours and fresh trophies
the city, according to the best computation. waited Marius. The provinces of Rome
MARTANA poss E, a town of Gallia Nar. were suddenly invaded by an army of
hºnensiº, which received its name from the 300,000 barbarians, and Marius was the only
dyk” (fossa,) which Marius opened from man whose activity and boldness could resist
thence to the sea. Plin. 3, c. 4.—Strab. 4. so powerful an enemy. He was elected con
MARTANDYN1, [a people of Bithynia, to sul, and sent against the Teutones. The war
the east of the river Sangarius. In the north was prolonged, and Marius was a third and
eastern part of their district was the power fourth time invested with the consulship
ful city of Heraclea Pontica, and to the At last two engagements were ſought, and
 MA

not less than 200,000 of the barbarian forces number of assassins, who immediately slaugh
of the Ambrones and Teutones were slain in tered all those whose salutations were not an
the field of battle, and 90,000 made prisoners swered by their leader. Such were the sig
The following year was also marked by a nals for bloodshed. When Marius and Cinna
total overthrow of the Cimbri, another horde had sufficiently gratified their resentment,
of barbarians, in which 140,000 were slaugh they made themselves consuls ; but Marius,
tered by the Romans, and 60,000 taken priso ºlready worn out with old age and infirmi
ners. After such honourable victories, Ma ties, died sixteen days after he had been ho
rius, with his colleague Catulus, entered noured with the consular dignity for the se
Rome in triumph, and, for his eminent servi venth time, B. C. 86. His end was probably
ces, he deserved the appellation of the third hastened by the uncommon quantities of wine
founder of Rome. He was elected consul a which he drank when labouring under a dan
sixth time ; and, as his intrepidity had dell gerous disease, to remove, by intoxication,
vered his country from its foreign enemies, the stings of a guilty conscience. Such was
he sought employment at home, and his rest the end of Marius, who rendered himself
less ambition began to raise seditions, and to conspicuous by his victories and by his cruel
oppose the power of Sylla. This was the ty. As he was brought up in the midst of .
cause and the foundation of a civil war. Syl poverty and among peasants, it will not ap
la refused to deliver up the command of the pear wonderful that he always betrayed rus
forces with which he was empowered to pro ticity in his behaviour, and despised in others
secute the Mithridatie war, and he resolved those polished manners and that studied ad
to oppose the authors of a demand which he dress which education had denied him. He
considered as arbitrary and improper. He hated the conversation of the learned only be
advanced to Rome, and Marius was obliged cause he was illiterate, and iſ he appeared an
to save his life by flight. The unfavourable example of sobriety and temperance, he owed
winds prevented him from seeking a -ater these advantages to the years of obscurity
retreat in Africa, and he was left on the which he had passed at Arpinum. His coun
coasts of Campania, where the emissaries of tenance was stern, his voice firm and imperi
his enemy soon discovered him in a marsh, ous, and his disposition untractable. He al
where he had plunged himself in the mud. ways betrayed the greatest timidity in the
and left only his mouth above the surface for public assemblies, as he had not been early
respiration. He was violently dragged to taught to make eloquence and oratory his
the neighbourhood of Minturnae, and the pursuit. He was in the 70th year of his age
magistrates, all devoted to the interest of Syl when he died, and Rome seemed to rejoice at
la, passed sentence of immediate death on the fall of a man whose ambition had proved
their magnanimous prisoner. A Gaul was fatal to so many of her citizens. His only
commanded to cut off his head in the dun qualifications were those of a great general,
geon, but the stern countenance of Marius and with these he rendered himself the most
disarmed the courage of the executioner, and illustrious and powerful of the Romans, be
when he heard the exclamation of, Tune ho cause he was the only one whose ſerocity
mo, audes occidere Catum.Marium ? the dag. seemei capable to oppose the barbarians of
ger dropped from his hand. Such an uncool the north. The manner of his death, accord
mon adventure awakened the compassion of ing to some opinions, remains doubtful, though
the inhabitants of Minturnae. They releas some have charged him with the crime of
ed Marius from prison, and favoured his es suicide. Among the instances which are
cape to Africa, where he joined his son Ma mentioned of his firmness this may be re
rius, who had been arming the princes of the corded : Having both his legs full of wens, he
country in his cause. Marius landed near applied to a physician to have them cut off,
the walls of Carthage, and he received no and suffered the operation to be performed on
small consolation at the sight of the venera one leg without a groan. Plut. in vità.- Pa
ble ruins of a once powerful city, which, like terc 2, c. 9.-Flor. 3, c. 3.-Juv. 8, v.245, &c.
himself, had been exposed to calamity, and —Lucan. 2, v. 69. Caius, the son of the
felt the cruel vicissitude of fortune. This great Marius, was as cruel as his father, and
place of his retreat was soon known, and the shared his good and his adverse fortune. He
governor of Africa, to conciliate the favours of made himself cousul in the 25th year of his
Sylla, compelled Marius to fly to a neigh age, and murdered all the senators who op
bouring island. He soon after learned that posed his ambitious views. He was defeated
Cinna had embraced his cause at Rome, by Sylla, and fled to Praenestae,where he kill
when the Roman senate had stripped him of ed himself. Plut. in Mario.-Priscus, a go
his consular dignity and bestowed it upon one vernor of Africa, accused of extortion in his
gſ his enemies. This intelligence animated province by Pliny the younger, and banished
Marius; he set sail to assist his friend, only at from Italy. Plin. 2, ep. 11.-Juv. 1. v. 48.
the head of a thousand men. His army, One of the Greek fathers of the 5th cen
however, gradually increased, and he enter tury, whose works were edited by Garner, 2
* Rome like a conqueror. His enemies were vols. fol. Paris, 1673; and Baluzius, ib. 1684,
inhumanly sacrificed to his fury, Rome was M. Aurelius, a native of Gaul, who, from
filled with blood, and he who had once been the mean employment of a blacksmith, be
came one of the generals of Gallienus, and at
alled the father of his country, marched
through the streets of the city attended by a |last caused himself to be saluted emperor.
- * ra __
 MA MA

Three days after this elevation, a man who MARPEssus, a town of Troas, north-east
had shared his poverty without partaking of of the promontory of Lectum.]
his more prosperous fortune, publicly assassi MARRucini, [a people of Italy on the Adri.
nated him, and he was killed by a sword atic coast, between the Westini and Frentani.
which he himself had made in the time of his Their country was watered by the Aternus.
obscurity. Marius has been often celebrated The chief town was Teate now Chiete, situ
for his great strength, and it is confidently ate on a mountain..] Sil. It 15, v. 564.
reported that he could stop, with one of his MARRuvium or MARRTBIUM. [the capital
fingers only, the wheel of a chariot in its of the Mars, situate on the east bauk of the
most rapid course.—Maximus, a Latin wri Lacus Fucinus. The inhabitants of this town,
ter, who published an account of the Roman as well as the Marsi in general, were famous
emperors from Trajan to Alexander, now for disregarding and healing the bites of ser:
lost. His compositions were entertaining, and pents, and for being excellent swimmers. Its
executed with great exactness and fidelity. ruins at St. Benadotto present to the investiga
Some have accused him of inatten:ion, and tion of the curious an arena and traces of the
complain that his writings abounded with circuit of a spacious amphitheatre.] Wirg.
many fabulous and insignificant stories. JEn. 7, v. 750.-Sil. It. 8, v. 497.
MARMARícA, vid. Marmaridae. MARs, [called Agn: by the Greeks, rid, the
MARMARIDAE, the inhabitants of that part end of this article,1 the god of war among the
of Lybia called Marmarica, between Cyrene ancients, was the son of Jupiter and Juno, ac
and Egypt. They were swift in running, and cording to Hesiod, Homer, and all the Greek
pretended to possess some drugs or secret poets, or of Juno alone, according to Ovid.
power to destroy the poisonous effects of the This goddess, as the poet mentions, wished
bite of serpents. Sul. It. 3, v. 300, l. 11, v. to become a mother without the assistance of
192.-Lucan. 4, v. 680, 1.9, v. 894. the other sex, like Jupiter, who had produced
MARMARío N, a town of Euboea, whence Minerva all armed from his head, and she
Apollo is called Marmarinus. Strab. 10. was shown a flower by Flora in the plains
MARo. vid. Virgilius. near Olenus, whose very touch made women
MARON, a son of Evanthes, high-priest of pregnant. [vid. Juno.] The education of
Apollo, in Thrace, when Ulysses touched up Mars was intrusted by Juno to the god Pria
on the coast. Homer. od. 9, v. 179. An pus, who instructed him in dancing and every
Egyptian who accompanied Osiris in his con manly exercise. His trial before the celebrat
quests, and built a city in Thrace, called from ed court of the Areopagus, according to the
him Maronea. Mela, 2, c. 2.-Diod. 1. authority of some authors, for the murder of
MARox PA, (now Marogna,] a city of the Hallirhotius, forms an interesting epoch unhis
Cicones, in Thrace, near the Hebrus, of which tory. [tid. Areopagitae.] The amours of
Bacchus was the chief deity. The wine was Mars and Venus are greatly celebrated. The
always reckoned excellent, and with it, it god of war gained the affections of Venus, and
was supposed, Ulysses intoxicated the Cyclops obtained the gratification of his desires; but
Polyphemus. Plin. 14, c. 4.—Herodot.— Apollo, who was conscious of their familiari
.Mela, 2, c. 4.—Tibull. 4, el. 1, v. 57. ties, informed Vulcan of his wife's debauche
MARPEsia, a celebrated queen of the Am ries, and awakened his suspicions. Vulcan
azons, who waged a successful war against secretly laid a net around the bed, and the two
the inhabitants of Mount Caucasus. The lovers were exposed, in each others arms, to
mountain was called Marpesius JMons, from the ridicule and satire of all the gods, till Nep
its female conqueror. Justin. 2, c. 4.—Virg. tune prevailed upon the husband to set them
..Bn. 6. at liberty. This unfortunate discovery so
MARPEssa, a daughter of the Evenus, who provoked Mars that he changed into a cock
married Idas, by whom she had Cleopatra, his favourite Alectryon, whom he had sta
the wife of Meleager. Marpessa was tender tioned at the door to watch against the ap
ly loved by her husband; and when Apollo en proach of the sun, [vid. Alectryon] and Ve
deavoured to carry her away, Idas followed nus also showed her resentment by persecut
the ravisher with a bow and arrows, resolved ing with the most inveteratefury the children
on revenge. Apollo and Idas were separated of Apollo. In the wars of Jupiter and the Ti
by Jupiter, who permitted Marpessa to go tans, vlars was seized by Otus and Ephialtes
with that one of the two lovers whom she and confined for fifteen months, till Mercury
most approved of. She returned to her hus: precured him his liberty. During the Trojan
band. Homer. Il. 9, v. 549.-Ovid. Met. 8, war Mars interested himself on the side of the
v. #—pula. 1, c. 7.-Paus. 4, c. 2, 1.5, Trojans, but whilst he defended these favour
c. 18. ites of Venus with uncommon activity, he was
MARPEsus, a mountain of Paros, abound wounded by Diomedes and hastily retreated
ing in white marble. The quarries are still to heaven to conceal his confusion and his re
seen by modern travellers. IThis mountain sentment, and to complain to Jupiter that Mi
was situate to the west of the harbour of Mar nerva had directed the unerring weapon of
mora, and the quarries in it furnished more his antagonist. The worship of Mars was not
particularly the marble obtained bythe Greeks very universal among the ancients; his tem
from Paros.] Virg, ºn. 6, v.471.-Plin, 4, ples were not numerous in Greece, but in
o, 12, 1.36, c. 5. Rome he received the most nnbounded he.
480
 - MA MA

nours, and the warlike Romans were proud of of the Latins. In fine, this name was given
paying homage to a deity whom they esteem. to the most warlike princes, and every country
ed as the patron of their city and the father valued itself ºn having one, as well as a Her
of the first of their monarchs. His most cele cules. The Greeks threw into the history
brated temple at Rome was built by Augustus of their Mars the adventures of all that have
after the battle of Philippi. It was dedicated been named.] Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 231. Trist.
to Mars ultor, or the avenger. His priests 2, v. 925.-Hygin. fab. 148,-Virg. G. 4, v.
among the Rºmans were called Salii ; they 346. JEn. 8, v. 701–Lucian. un Electr.—
were first instituted by Numa, and their Warro de L. L. “, c. 10.-Homer. Od. 1, Il.
chief office was to guard the sacred Ancilla, 5 –Flacc. 6.-Apollod. 1. &c.—Hesiod. The
one of which, as was supposed, had fallen og –Pºndar. od. 4. Pyth.—Quint. Smyrn.
down from heaven. Mars was generally re 14.—Paus. 1, c. 21 and 28.-Juw. 9, v. 102.
presented in the naked figure of an old man MARs1, a nation of Germany, [vud, the
armed with a helmet, a pike, and a shield. end of this article,) who afterwards came
Sometimes he appeared in a military dress, to settle near the lake Fucinus in Italy,
along flowing beard, and sometimes without. in a country chequered with forests abound
He generally rode in a chariot drawn by ſu ing with wild boars, and other ferocious ani
rious horses, which the poets call Flight and mals. They at first proved very inimical
Terror. His altars were stained with the to the Romans, but, in process of time, they
blood of the horse, on account of his warlike became their firmest supporters. They are
spirit, and of the wolf, on account of his fe particularly celebrated for the civil war in
rocity. Magpies and vultures were also of. which they were engaged,and which from them
fered to him, on account of their greediness has received the name of the Marsian war.
and voracity. The Scythians generally offer The large contributions they made to support
ed him asses, and the people of Caria dogs. the interest of Rome, and the number of men
The weed called dog-grass was sacred to him, which they continually supplied to the repub
because it grows, as it is commonly reported, lic, rendered them bold and aspiring, and they
in places which are fit for fields of battle, or claimed, with the rest of the Italian states, a
where the ground has been stained with the share of the honour and privileges which were
effusion of human blood. The surnames of
enjoyed by the citizens of Rome, B.C. 21.
Mars are not numerous. He was called Gra The petition, though supported by the inter
divus, Mavors, Quirinus, Salisubsulus, among est, the eloquence, and the integrity of the
the Romans. The Greeks called him Ares, tribune Drusus, was received with contempt
and he was the Enyalus of the Sabines, the by the Roman senate; and the Marsi, with
Qamulus of the Gauls, and the Mamers of their allies, showed their dissatisfaction by
Carthage. Mars was father of Cupid, An taking up arms. Their resentment was in
teros, and Harmonia, by the goddess Venus. creased when Drusus, their friend at Rome.
He had Ascalaphus and Ialmenus by Asty had been basely murdered by the means of
oche : Alcippe by Agraulos; Molus, Pylus, the nobles; and they erected themselves into
Evenus, and Thestius, by Demonice, the a republic, and Corfinium was made the capi
daughter of Agenor. Besides these, he was the tal of their new empire. A regular war was
reputed father of Romulus. Remus, OEnomaus. now begun, and the Romans led into the field
Bythis, Thrax, Diomedes of Thrace, &c. an army of 100,000 men, and were opposed
He presided over gladiators, and was the by a superior force. Some battles were ſought
god of hunting, and whatever exercises or
in which the Roman generals were defeated,
amusements have something manly and war and the allies reaped no inconsiderable advan
like. Among the Romans it was usual for the from their victories. A battle, however,
consul, before he went on an expedition, to tages
near Asculum, proved fatal to their cause,
visit the temple of Mars, where he offered his 4000 of them were left dead on the spot, their
prayers, and in a solemn manner shook the general Francus, a man of uncommon expe
spear which was in the hand of the statue of
Fience and abilities was slain, and such as es
the god, at the same time exclaiming, “..Mars caped from the field perished by hunger in
tigila 'god of war, watch over the safety of the Appenines, where they had sought a shel
this city.” [We have already spoken of Mars ter. After many defeats and the loss of Ascu
in the remarks appended to the article Jupi lum, one of their principal cities, the allies.
ter. Mythologists, however, make several grown dejected and tired of hostilities which
of the name. The first, to whom Diodorus
attributes the invention of arms, and the had already continued for three years, sued
art of marshaling troops in battle, was the Be for peace one by one, and tranquillity, was at
last re-established in the republic, and all the
lus whom the Scriptures call Nimrod; who af states of Italy were made citizens of Rome.
ter having practised his skill upon wild beasts, The armies of the allies consisted of the Marsi,
turned it against men, and having subdued a the Peligni, the Vestini, the Hermini, Pom
great number of them, called himself their peiani, Marcini, Picentese, Venusini, Fren
king. The second Mars was an ancient king tani, Apuli, Lucani, and Samnites. The
º of Egypt. The third was king of Thrace, Marsi were greatly addicted to magic. [The
called Odin, distinguished by his valour and parent race of the Marsi, if indeed we be
conquests, and promoted to the honour of god correct in styling them so, were settled in the
northern
of war. The fourth is the Mars of Greece, bri, on both of the
partsides of the Lippe.of
territory the Sicam
whence the v
termed Agºr. The fifth and last is the Mars
 MIA MA

spread south to the Tenetheri. Weakened ter of Marsyas, some making him a skilful
by the Roman arms, they retired into the in musician, and others a mere clown. Plato
terior of Germany, and from this period dis. states that Marsyas and Olympus were the in
appeared from history. Mannert. Anc. Geogr. ventors of wind-music, and of the Phrygian
vol. 3, p. 168.]—Horat p. 5, v. 76, ep. 27, v. and Lydian measures. Some mate Marsy
29.-.Appun.-Val Mar, 8.-Paterc. 2.- as the author of the double flute, but others
Plut. in Sert. Mario. &c.—Cuc. pro Balb.- as ribe it to his father Hyagnus.] The unfor
Strab.--Tacit. Ann. 1, c. 50 and 56. G. 2. tunate Marsyas is often represented on monu
[MARsici, a p-ople who seem to have oc ment: as tied, his hands behind
his baek, to a
cupied what is now JNorth-Holland. Tacut. |tree, while Apollo stands before him with his
4, 59.] lyre in his hands. ln independent cities among
MiARsyas, a celebrated musician of Celaenae the ancients the statue of Marsyas was gene
|rally erected in the forum, to represent the
in Phrygia, son of Olympus, or of Hyaguis, or
QEagrus. [According to the Oxford Marbles, intimacy which subsisted between Bacchus
he flourished 1506 years B. C.] He was so and Marsyas, as the emblems of liberty. It
was also erected at the entrance of the Roman
skilful in playing on the flute, that he is ge
merally deemed the inventor of it. According forum, as a spot where usurers and mer
to the opinion of some, he found it when Mi jchants resorted to transact business, being
nerva had thrown it aside on account of the |principally intended in terrorem litigatorum,
distortion of her face when she played upon a circumstance to which Horace seems to al
it. Marsyas was enamoured of Cybele, and lude, 1 Sat. 6, v. 120. At Celaenae, the skin
he travelled with her as far as Nysa, where of Marsyas was shown to travellers for some
he had the imprudence to challenge Apollo to |time ; it was suspended in the public place in
a trial of his skill as a musician. The god ac the form of a bladder or a foot-ball. Hygin.
cepted the challenge, and it was mutually fab. 165.-Ovid. Fasº. 6, v. 707. Met. 6. fab.
agreed that he who was defeated should be #7.—Diod. 3.-Ital. 8, v. 503.-Plin. 5, c. 29,
tlayed alive by the conqueror. The muses, or, 1.7, c. 56.-Paus. 10, c. 30.—Apollod. I, c. 4.
according to Diodorus, the inhabitants of Ny i—The sources of the Marsyas were near
those of the Maeander, and those two rivers
sa, were appointed umpires. Each exerted
his utmost skill, and the victory had their confluence a little below the town
with much
difficulty, was adjudged to Apollo. The god, of Celaenae (vid. Celaenae.] Lir: 38, c. 13.—
upon this, tied his autagonist to a tree and flay. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 265.-A writer, who
ed hun alive. The death of Marsyas was uni published a history of Macedonia, from the
versally lamented ; the Fauns. Satyrs, and first origin and foundation of that empire till
Dryads, wept at his fate, and from their : the reign of Alexander, in which he lived.
abundant tears arose a river of Phrygia, well —An Egyptian who commanded the ar
known by the name of Marsyas. (It seems |mies of Cleopatra against her brother Ptole
that, in the contest above alluded to, Apollo my Physcon, whom she attempted to de
played at first a simple air on his instrument, throne. A man put to death by Dionysius,
but Marsyas, taking up his pipe, strucktheau the tyrant of Sicily.
dience so much with the novelty of its tone MARTHA, a celebrated prophetess of Sy
and the art of his performance, that he seem. ria, whose artifice and fraud proved of the
ed tº be heard with more pleasure than his greatest service to C. Marius in the numerous
rival. Having agreed upon a second trial of expeditions he undertook. Plut. in Mario.
skill, it is said that the performance of Apol MARTIA A au.A., water at Rome, celebrated
lo, by his accompanying the lyre with his for it clearness and salubrity. It was con
voice, was allowed greatly to excel that of veved to Rome, at the distance of above 30
Marsyas upon the flute alone. Marsyas with miles, from the lake Fucinus, by Ancus Mar
indignation protested against the decision of tius, whence it received its name. Tibull.
his judges, urging that he had not been fairly 3, el. 7, v. 26.—Plin. 31, c. 3, 1.36, c. 15.
yanquished according to the rules stipulated, MARTIALEs Lupi, games celebrated at
because the dispute was concerning the excel Rome in honour of Mars.
lence of their respective instruments, not their MARTIAL1s, Marcus Valerius, a native of
voices; and that it was unjust to employ two Bilbilis in Spain, who came to Rome about the
fºrts against one. Apollo denied that he had 20th year of his age. [He was sent thither
taken any unfair advantage, since varsyas to study the law, but his ſondness for poetical
had used both his mouth and fingers in play composition caused him to abandon his legal
ing on his instrument, so that if he was denied studies. His talents gained him the notice of
the use of his voice, he would be still more the chief literary men at Rome.] As he
disqualified for the contention. On a third was the panegyrist of the emperors, he
trial, Marsyas was again vanquished, and met gained the greatest honours, and was reward
with the fate already mentioned. It seems, led in the most liberal manner. Domitian
that, according to Pausanias, A pollo accepted gave him the tribuneship ; but the poet,
the challenge of Marsyas upon the sole con unmindful of the favours he received, after
dition that the victor might do what he pleas the death of his benefactor, exposed to ridi
ed with the vanquished; and from Apuleius, cule the vices and cruelties of a monster, whom
it would appear that each party irritated the in his life-time he had extolled as the pattern
other previous to the contest, with severesar of virtue, goodness, and excellence. Trajan
_
"asms. Ancient writers vary in their charac treated the poet with coldness; and Martial
 MA MA

after he had passed thirty-five years in the the several authorities which have a bearing
capital of the world, in the greatest splendouron the subject, charges D'Anville with an
and affluence, retired to his native country. error in placing the Masca too far to the west
where he had the mortification to be the objectof Anatho, and in locating this latter place at
of malevolence, satire, and ridicule. He re too great a distance frºm the Chaboras, since
ceived some favours from his friends, and his Isidorus makes the intervening space on y 29
poverty was alleviated by the liberality of miles, whereas, on D'Anville's chart, it is 35
Pliny the younger, whom he had panegyrized geographical miles. D'Anville also is al.exed
in his poems. Martial died about the 104th to err in giving the Euphrates too large a
year of the Christian era, in the 75th year ol bend to the south-west of Alatho. The
his age. He is now well known by the four river Masca is also termeu by Ptolemy the
teen books of epigrams which he wrote, and -aocoras. Mannert thinks that the Masca
whose merit is now best described by the was nothing more than a canal from the Eu
candid confession of the author in this li. e. hiates. Mannert. Anc. Geogr. vol. 5, p.
Sunt hond, sunt quardam mediocria, sunt ma 3.23. *AsiNissa, son of Gala, was king of a
la plura ; small part of Africa, and assisted the Cartha
but the genius which he displays in some of ginians in their wars against Rome. He
his epigrams deserves commendation, though proved a most indefatigable and courageous
many critics are liberal in their censure upon ally, but an act of generosity made him
his style, his thoughts, and particularly upon friendly to the interests of Rome. After the
his puns, which are often low and despicable. defeat of Asdrubal, Scipio, the first Africanus,
In many of his epigrams the poet has shown who had obtained the victory, found among
himself a declared enemy to decency, and the the prisoners of war one of the nephews of
book is to be read with caution which can cor Wasinissa. He sent him back to his uncle
rupt the purity of morals, and initiate the vo loaded with presents, and conducted him with
taries of virtue in the mysteries of vice. It a detachment for the safety and protection of
has been observed of Martial, that his talent his person. Masinissa was struck with the
was epigrams. Every thing he did was the generous action of the Roman general, he
subject of an epigram. He wroteinscriptions forgot all former hostilities, and joined his
upon monuments in the epigrammatic style, troops to those of Serpio. This change of
and even a new-year's gift was accompanied sentiments was not the effect of a wavering or
with a distich, and his poetical pe was em unsettled mind, but Masinissa showed himself
ployed in begging a favour as well as satiriz the most attached and the firmest ally the
ing a fault. The best editions of Martial ar, Romans ever had. It was to his exertions
those of Rader, fol. Mogunt, 1627, of Schri they owed many of their victories in Africa,
verius, 1 mo. L. Bat. 1619, and of Smids, 8vo. and particularly in that battle which proved
Amst. 1701. fatal to Asdrubal and Syphax. The Nu i
MARTINIANus, an officer made Caesar by dian conqueror, charmed with the beauty of
Licinius, to oppose Constantine. He was put Sophonisba, the captive wife of Syphax, car.
to death by order of Constantine. ried her to his camp, and married her; but
MARullus, [a tribune of whom Plutarch when he perceived that this new connection
makes mention in his life of Julius Caesar.
tº pleased Scipio, he sent poison to his wife,
Marullus and another of his colleagues name. and recommended her to destroy herself,
Flavius, when the statues of Caesar were seen since he could not preserve her life in a man
adorned with royal diadems, went and tore ner which became her rank, her dignity, and
them off. They also found out the person fortune, without offending his Roman allies.
who had saluted Caesar king, and committed In the battle of Zama, Masinissa greatly con
them to prison. The people followed with tributed to the defeat of the great Annibal,
joyful acclamations, calling the tribunes Bru and the Romans, who had been so ofter spec
tuses. Caesar, highly irritated, deposed them tators of his courage and valour, rewarded his
from office.—A poet in the 5th century, fidelity with the kingdom of Syphax and
who wrote a panegyric on Attila, which the some of the Carthaginian territories. At his
barbarian requited by causing the poet and death Masinissa showed the confidence he
his poem to be burnt together.] had in the Romans, and the esteem he enter
MARus, (the Morara,) a river of Germa tained for the rising talents of Scipio AEmili
ny. which separates modern Hungary and anus, by entrusting him with the care of his
Moravia. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 63. kingdom, and empowering him to divide it
MAs AEsy Li, [a people of Numidia, in the among his sons. Masiniss, died in the 97th
western part towards Mauretania. They year of his age, nfter a reign of above 60 years,
were under the dominion of Syphax. The 149 wears before the Christian era. He ex
promontory of Fretum, now Sebda-Kuz, or perienced adversity as well as prosperity, and
“ the seven capes,” separated this nation from in the first years of his reign he was exposed
the Massyli, or subjects of Masinissa.] vid. to the greatest danger, and obliged often to
Massyli. save his life by seeking a retreat among his
[MAscA, a river of Mesopotamia, falling savage neighbours. But his alliance with the
Romans
into the Euphrates, and having at its mouth and wasafter
he ever the beginning of greatest
lived in the his greatº",
afflu
the city Corsote, which it surrounds in a cir
cular course. Mannert, after a review offence. He is remarkable for the health he
 MA MA

long enjoyed. In the last years of his life he warmly espousing the cause of Pompey and
was seen at the head of his armies, behaving Caesar, its views were frustrated, and it was
with the most indefatigable activity, and he so much reduced by the insolence and resent.
often remained for many successive days on ment of the conqueror, that it never after re
horseback, without a saddle under him, or a covered its independence and warlike spirº.
covering upon his head, and without showing Herodot. 1, c. 164.—Plin. 3. c. 4.—Justic
the least marks of fatigue. This strength of 37, &c.—Strab. 1.-Liv. 5, c. 3.-Horai.ep.
mind and body he chiefly owed to the tem 16.-Flor 4, c. 2.-Cic. Flacc. 26, Off. 2,8–
perance which he observed. He was seen Tacit. ..Ann. 4, c. 44..Agr. 4.
eating brown bread at the door of his tent, MAssyli, a nation of Numidia, in the east
like a private soldier, the day after he had ern part, towards Africa Propria. They were
obtained an immortal victory over the armies the subjects of Syphax.] When the inha
of Carthage. He left fifty-four sons, three of bitants went on horseback, they never used
whom were legitimate, Micipsa, Gulussa, and saddles or bridles, but only sticks. Their
Mastanabal. The kingdom was fairly divid character was warlike, their manners simple,
ed among them by Scipio, and the illegitimate and their love of liberty unconquerable.
children received, as their portions, very va Liv. 24, c. 48, l. 28, c. 17, l. 29, c. 32—Sil.
luable presents. The death of Gulussa and 3. v. 282, l. 16, v. 171.-Lucan. 4, v. 682–
Mastanabal soon after left Micipsa sole mas Virg. JEn. 4, v. 132.
ter of the large possessions of Masinissa. Strab. MAstrº AMELA, a lake near Marseilles, now
17.–Polyb.—Appian. Lybic.—Cuc. de Se. mer de Martegues. Plin. 3, c. 4.
nect.–Pal. Mar. 8.-Sallust. in Jug.—Liv Masus Domitius, a Latin poet. rid. De
25, &c.—Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 769.-Justin. 33, c. mitius.
1, 1.38, c. 6. MAtinum, [a city of Messapia or Iapygia,
MAsság ETAE, [a nation of Scythia, placed near which is a mountain called Matinus.
This region was famed for its bees and honey.]
by the ancient writers to the east of the river
Iaxartes. Their country is supposed to an Lucan. 9, v. 184.—Horat. 4, od. 2, v. 27, ep.
swer to the modern Turkestan. The Mace 16, v. 28.
donians sought for the Massagetae in the MAtisco, a town of the AEdui, in Gaul,
northern regions of Asia, judging from the now called JMacon.
history of Cyrus's expedition against these MAtkālia, a festival at Rome, in honour
barbarians, by which some definiteness was of Matuta or Ino. Only matrons and free
given to the position which they occupied. born women were admitted. They made of.
They missed, indeed, the true Massagetae, ferings of flowers, and carried their relations'
but the term became a general one for the children in their arms, recommending them
northern nations of Asia, like that of Scy to the care and patronage of the goddess
thia. Later writers confess their ignorance whom they worshipped. Parro de L. L. 5,
on this point.] The Massagetae haſ no tem. c. 22.-Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 47.-Plut. in Cam.
ples, but worshipped the sun, to whom they MATRöNA, [a river of Gaul, now the
offered horses, on account of their swiftness. Marne, which formed part of the ancient
When their parents had come to a certain boundary between Gallia Belgica and Gallia
age they generally put them to death, and Celtica. It takes its rise at Langres, runs
ate their flesh mixed with that of cattle. Ho north-west to Chalons, then westward, passes
rat. 1, od.3. v. 40.-Dionys Per. 738—He by Meaux, becomes navigable at Pitry, and,
rodot. 1, c. 204.—Strab. 1.-Mela, 1, c. 2.- at Charenton, a little above Paris, falls into |
Lucan. 3, v. 50. --Justin. 1, c. 8. , the Sequana or Senne, after a course of about
Massicus, (vid. Caecubus, and Falernus.] 92 leagues.] Auson. Mos. 462. One of
MAssilia, a maritime town of Gallia Nar the surnames of Juno, because she presided
bonensis, now called Marseilles, founded B. C. over marriage and over child-birth.
539, by the people of Phocaea in Asia, who MATRoNALIA, festivals at Rome in honour
quitted their country to avoid the tyranny of Mars, celebrated by married women, in
of the Persians. [Scymnus of Chios, Livy commemoration of the rape of the Sabines,
and Eusebius make it to have been founded and of the peace which their intreaties had
in the reign of Tarquinius Priscus at Rome, obtained between their fathers and husbands.
in the beginning of the 45th Olympiad. The [The women waited on their servants as the
writer on whose authority they all rely, is males did at the Saturnalia.] Flowers were
supposed to be the historian Timaeus.] It th. n offered in the temples of Juno. Otid.
was celebrated for its laws, its fidelity to the Fast. 3, .. 229.-Plut. in Rom.
Romans, and for its being long the seat of lite. Mattiāci, [a nation of Germany, south
rature. [Cicero calls it the Athens of the of the Catti, and lying along the Rhine. They
Gauls. Livy says it was as much polished were in firm alliance with the Romans.]
as if it had been in the midst of Greece. It The Mattiaca aqua was a small town,now Wu
was as much distinguished for its sciences and baden, opposite Meltz. Tacit. de Germ. 39,
arts, as for its commerce, and also for the va ..Ann. 1, c. 56.
riety and eminence of its colonies.} It ac Mātūta, a deity among the Romans, the
quired great consequence by its commercial same as the Leucothoe of the Greeks. She
pursuits during its infancy, and even waged was originally Ino, who was changed into a
war against Carthage. By becoming the ally sea-deity, (vid. Ino and Leucothoe,) and she
ºf Rome, its power was established; but in was worshipped by sailors, as such, at Co
Af:4
 MA MA

rinth in a temple sacred to Neptune. Only nument, which passed for one of the seven
married women and free-born matrons were wonders of the world, was called Mauso
permitted to enter her temples at Rome, leum, and from it all other magnificent sepul
where they generally brought the children chres and tombs have received the same
of their relations in their arms. Liv. 5, &c. name. It was built by four different archi
—Cic. de Nat. D. 3, v. 19. tects. Scopas erected the side which faced
MAvors, a name of Mars. vid. Mars. the east, Timotheus had the south, Leochares
MAvontiA, an epithet applied to every had the west, and Bruxis the north. Pithis
country whose inhabitants were warlike, but was also employed in raising a pyramid over
especially to Rome, founded by the reputed this stately monument, and the top was
son of Mavors. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 280, and to adorned by a chariot drawn; by four horses.
Thrace. Id. 3, v. 13. The expenses of this edifice were immense,
MAuri, the inhabitants of Mauritania. and this gave an occasion to the philosopher
[Bochart derives the name from Mahur, or, Anaxagoras to exclaim, when he saw it, how
as an elision of gutturals is very common in much money changed into stones 1 vid. Arte
the Oriental languages, from Maur, i.e. one misia. Herodot. 7, v. 99.—Strab. 14.—Diod.
from the west, or an occidentalist, Maurita 16–Paus. 8, c. 16.-Flor.4, c. 11.—Gell. 10,
nia being west of Carthage and Phoenicia.]
Every thing among them grew in greater
º–Pºrt
100.
3, el. 2, v. 21.-Suet. Aug.
abundance and greater perfection than in MAxENT1Us, Marcus Aurelius Valerius, a
other countries. Strab. 17.-Martial. 5, ep. son of the emperor Maximianus Hercules.
29, 1. 12, ep. 67.—Sil. Ital. 4, v. 569, l. 10, Some suppose him to have been a suppositi
v. 402.--Mela, 1, c. 5, l. 3, c. 10. –Justin. tious child. The voluntary abdication of Dio
19, c. 2.-Sallust. Jug.—Purg. JEn. 4, v. cletian, and of his father, raised him in the
206.
state, and he declared himself independent
MAURITANIA, [a country of Africa, on the enperor, or Augustus, A. D. 306. He after
Mediterranean, now the empire of Fe2 and wards incited his father to re-assume his impe
Morocco. It was bounded on the north by rial authority, and in a perfidious manner de
the straits of Gibraltar and the Mediterra stroyed Severus, who had delivered himself
nean, on the east by Numidia, on the south into his hands, and relied upon his honour for
by Gaetulia, and on the west by the Atlantic. the safety of his life. His victories and suc
It was, properly speaking, in the time of Boc cesses were impeded by Galerius Maximianus,
chus the betrayer of Jugurtha, bounded by who opposed him with a powerful force. The
the river Mulucha, or Molochath, now Malva, defeat and voluntarily death of Galerius soon
and corresponded nearly to the present king restored peace to Italy, and Maxentius passed
dom of Fez ; but in the time of the emperor into Africa, where he rendered himself odious
Claudius, the western part of Numidia was by his cruelty and oppression. He soon after
added to this province under the name of returned to Rome, and was informed that
Mauritania Caesariensis, the ancient kingdom Constantine was come to dethrone him. He
of Mauritania being called Tingitana, from its gave his adversary battle near Rome, and af.
principal city Tingis, or Old Tangier, on the ter he had lost the victory, he fled back to the
west of the straits. vid. Mauri and Mauru city. The bridge over which he crossed the
sli. Tiber was in a decayed situation, and he fell
**. [Terentianus, a grammarian, ge into the river and was drowned, on the 24th
nerally supposed to have been an African by of September, A. D. 312. The cowardice and
birth. The time when he flourished has luxuries of Maxentius are as conspicuous as
been made a matter of dispute. Vossius his cruelties. He oppressed his subjects with
makes him a contemporary of Martial, and heavy taxes to gratify the cravings of his plea
to have been governor of Syene in Egypt. sures, or the avarice of his favourites. He was
Terentianus declares himself a contemporary debauched in his manners, and neither virtue
of Septimius Serenus, which latter poet nor innocence were safe whenever he was in
Wernsdorff refers to the age of Vespasian. clined to voluptuous pursuits. He was natu
Terentianus, when advanced in life, wrote a rally deformed, and of an unwieldy body. To
poem on syllables, feet and metre, which is visit a pleasure-ground, or to exercise himself
still extant. It may be found among the under a marble portico, or to walk on a shady
Latin Grammarians published by Putchius, terrace, was to him a Herculean labour which
Hanov. 1605, 4to, and in the Corpus Poeta required the greatest exertions of strength
rum of Maittaire.] and resolution.
MAURūsii, the people of Maurusia, a coun MAxiMIANus, Herculius Marcus Aurelius
try near the columns of Hercules. It is also Valerius, a native of Sirmium in Pannonia,
called Mauritania. vid. Mauritania. Virg. who served as a common soldier in the Roman
.En. 4, v. 206. armies. When Diocletian had been raised to
MAusãLus, a king of Caria. His wife Ar the imperial throne, he remembered the va
temisia was so disconsolate at his death, lour and courage of his fellow-soldier Maxi
which happened B. C. 353, that she drank up mianus, and rewarded his fidelity by making
his ashes, and resolved to erect one of the him his colleague in the empire, and by ced
grandest and most noble monuments of anti ing to him the command ofthe provinces of
quity, to celebrate the memory of a husband Italy, Africa, and Spain, and the rest of the
whom she tenderly loved. This famous mo western territories of Rome. (The personal
3 N 485
 MA MA
-- -— -

superiority of Diocletian was, however, re to Diocletian, who invested him with theim
cognized in the assumed name ofJovius, while perial purple in the east, and gave him his
Maximian took that of Hercules.] Maximi daughter Valeria in marriage. Galerius de
anus showed the justness of the choice of Dio served the confidence of his benefactor. He
cletian by his victories over the barbarians. conquered the Goths and Dalmatials, sad
In Britain success did not attend his arms; checked the insolence of the Persians. In a
but in Africa he defeated and put to death battle, however, with the king of Persia, Ga
Aurelius Julianus, who had proclaimed him: lerius was defeated ; and, to complete his
self emperor. Soon after Diocletian abdicated ignominy, and render him more sensible ºf
the imperial purple, and obliged Maximianus his disgrace, Diocletian obliged him to walk
to follow his example, on the 1st of April, behind his chariot arrayed in his imperial
A. D. 304. Maximianus reluctantly com robes. This humiliation stung Galerius to
plied with the command of a man to whom the quick; he assembled another army, and
he owed his greatness ; but, before the first gave battle to the Persians. He gained a
year of his resignation had elapsed, he was complete victory, and took the wives and
roused from his indolence and retreat by the children of his enemy. This success elated
ambition of his son Maxentius. He re-as Galerius to such a degree, that he claimed
sumed the imperial dignity, and showed his the most dignified appellations, and ordered
ingratitude to his son by wishing him to re himself to be called the son of Mars. Diccle
sign the sovereignty, and to sink into a pri tian himself dreaded his power, and ever, it
vate person. This proposal was not only re is said, abdicated the imperial dignity by
jected with the contempt it deserved, but the means of his threats. This resignation, how
troops mutinied against Maximianus, and he ever, is attributed by some to a voluntary
fled for safety to Gaul, to the court of Con act of the mind, and to a desire of enjoying
stantine, to whom he gave his daughter Faus solitude and retirement. As soon as Diocle
ta in marriage. Here he again acted a con tian had abdicated, Galerius was proclaimed
spicuous character, and re-assumed the im Augustus, A. D. 304, but his cruelty soon
perial power, which his misfortunes had rendered him odious, and the Roman people,
obliged him to relinquish. This offended offended at his oppression, raised Maxentius
Constantime. But, when open violence seem to the imperial dignity the following year,
ed to frustrate the ambitious views of Maxi and Galerius was obliged to yield to the tor
mianus, he had recourse to artifice. He pre rent of his unpopularity, and to fly before his
vailed upon his daughter Fausta, to leave more fortunate adversary. He died in the
the doors of her chamber open in the dead of greatest agonies, A. D. 311. The bodily
the night; and, when she promised faithful pains and sufferings which preceded his death,
ly to execute his commands, he secretly in were, according to the Christian writers, the
troduced himself to her bed, where he stab effects of the vengeance of an offended provi
bed to the heart the man who slept by the dence for the cruelty which he had exercised
side of his daughter. This was not Constan against the followers of Christ. In his cha
tine ; Fausta, faithful to her husband, had racter Galerius was wanton and tyraunical,
apprized him of her father's machinations, and he often feasted his eyes with the sight
and an eunuch had been placed in his bed. of dying wretches whom his barbarity had
Constantine watched the motions of his fa delivered to bears and wild beasts. His
ther-in-law, and, when he heard the fatal aversion to learned men arose from his igno
blow given to the eunuch, he rushed in with rance of letters; and if he was deprived of
a band of soldiers, and secured the assassin. the benefits of education, he proved the more
Constantine resolved to destroy a man who cruel and the more inexorable. Lactant.
was so inimical to his nearest relations, and de JM. P. 33.—Eusebius. 8, c. 16.
nothing was left to Maximianus but to choose MAxim in Us, Caius Julius Verus, the son
his own death. He strangled himself at Mar of a peasant in Thrace. [His father was a
seilles, A. D. 310, in the 60th year of his age. barbarian of the Gothic nation, his mother
His body was found fresh and entire in a lead an Alan.] He was originally a shepherd, and,
en coffin about the middle of the eleventh by heading his countrymen against the fre
century. [This is the generally accredited quent attacks of the neighbouring barbarians
account of the end of Maximian, but Gibbon and robbers, he inured himself to the labours
represents the matter differently : he says and to the fatigues of a camp. He entered
that Maximian was delivered into the hands the Roman armies, where he gradually rose
of his son-in-law by the treachery of his ar to the first offices; and on the death of Alex
my, in consequence of which a secret and irre ander Severus he caused himself to be pro
vocable sentence of death was pronounced claimed emperor, A. D. 235. The populari
against the usurper ; and he obtained the ty which he had gained when general of the
ſavour merely of choosing his own death. It armies, was at an end when he ascended the
was reported that he strangled himself with throne. He was delighted with acts of the
his own hands.] Galerius Valerius, a na greatest barbarity, and no less than 400 per
tive of Dacia, who, in the first years of his sons lost their lives on the false suspicion of
life, was employed in keeping his father's having conspired against the emperor's life.
flocks. He entered the army, where his va They died in the greatest torments; and, that
lour and bodily strength recommended him
the tyrant might the better entertain himself
to the notice of his superiors, and particularly with their sufferings, some were exposed to
466
 MA MA
wild beast, others expired by blows, some arms, and crossed the Alps. Italy was laid
were mailed on crosses, while others were desolate, and Rome opened her gates to the
shut up in the bellies of animals just killed. conqueror. Theodosius now determined to
The noblest of the Roman citizens were the revenge the audaciousness of Maximus, and
objects of his cruelty; and, as if they were had recourse to artifice. He began to make a
more conscious than others of his mean ori naval armament, and Maximus, not to appear
gin, he resolved to spare no means to remove inferior to his adversary, had already embark
from his presence a number of men whom ed his troops, when Theodosius, by secret and
he looked upon with an eye of envy, and who, hastened marches, fell upon him and besieged
as he imagined, hated him for his oppression, him at Aquileia. Maximus was betrayed by
and despised him for the poverty and obscu his soldiers, and the conqueror, moved with
rity of his early years. Such is the character compassion at the sight of his fallen and de
of the suspicious and tyrannical Maximinus. jected enemy, granted him life, but the mul
In his military capacity he acted with the same titude refused him mercy, and instantly struck
ferocity; and, in an expedition in Germany, off his head, A. D. 388. His son Victor, who
he not only cut down the corn, but he totally shared the imperial dignity with him, was
ruined and set fire to the whole country, to soon after sacrificed to the fury of the soldiers.
the extent of 450 miles. Such a monster of —Petronius, a Roman, descended of an il
tyranny at last provoked the people of Rome. lustrious family. He caused Valentinian III,
The Gordians were proclaimed emperors, to be assassinated, and ascended the throne,
but their innocent and pacific virtues were and, to strengthen his usurpation, he married
unable to resist the fury of Maximinus. Af the empress, to whom he had the weakness
ter their fall, the Roman senate invested and imprudence to betray that he had sacri
twenty men of their number with the impe ficed her husband to his love for her person,
rial dignity, and intrusted into their hands This declaration irritated the empress; she
the care of the republic. These measures so had recourse to the barbarians to avenge the
highly irritated Maximinus, that, at the first death of Valentinian, and Maximus was stoned
intelligence, he howled like a wild beast, and to death by his soldiers, and his body thrown
almost destroyed himself by knocking his into the Tiber, A. D. 455. He reigned only
head against the walls of his palace. When 77 days. Pupianus. vid. Pupianus.-A
his fury was abated, he marched to Rome, celebrated cynic philosopher and magician of
resolved ºn slaughter. His bloody machina Ephesus. He instructed the emperor Julian
tions were stopped, and his soldiers, ashamed in magic, and, according to the opinion of
of accompanying a tyrant whose cruelties had some historians, it was in the conversation and
procured him the name of Busiris, Cyclops, company of Maximus that the apostacy of Ju
and Phalaris, assassinated him in his tent be lian originated. The emperor not only visit
fore the walls of Aquileia, A. D. 236, in the ed the philosopher, but he even submitted his
65th year of his age. The news of his death writings to his inspection and censure. Maxi
was received with the greatest rejoicings at mus refused to live in the court of Julian, and
Rome, public thanksgivings were offered, the emperor, not dissatisfied with the refusal,
and whole hecatombs flamed on the altars. appointed him high pontiff in the province of
Maximinus has been represented by histo Lydia, an office which he discharged with the
rians as of a gigantic stature, he was eight feet greatest moderation and justice. When Julian
high, and the bracelets of his wife served as went into the east, the philosopher promised
rings to adorn the fingers of his hand. His him success, and even said that his conquests
voracity was as remarkable as his corpulence, would be more numerous and extensive than
he generally ate forty pounds of flesh every those of the son of Philip. He persuaded his
day, and drank 18 bottles of wine. His imperial pupil that, according to the doctrine
strength was proportionable to his gigantic of metempsychosis, his body was animated by
shape; he could alone draw a loaded waggon, the soul which once animated the hero whose
and, with a blow of his fist, he often broke the greatness and victories he was going to eclipse.
teeth in a horse's mouth ; he broke the hard After the death of Juliau, Maximus was almost
est stones between his fingers, and cleft trees sacrificed to the fury of the soldiers, but the
with his hand. Herodianus.-Jornand. de interposition of his friends saved his life, and
reb. Get.—Capitol. he retired to Constantinople. He was sodn
Maximius, Magnus, a native of Spain, who after accused of magical practices before the
proclaimed himself emperor, A. D. 383. The emperor Valens, and beheaded at Ephesus,
unpopularity of Gratian favoured his usurpa A. D. 366. He wrote some philosophical and
tion, and he was acknowledged by his troops. rhetorical treatises, some of which were dedi
Gratian marched against him, but he was de cated to Julian. They are all now lost. Am.
feated, and soon after assassinated. Maxi mian.—Tyrius, a Platonic philosopher in
mus refused the honours of a burial to the re the reign of M. Aurelius. This emperor, who
mains of Gratian ; and, when he had made was naturally fond of study, became one of
himself master of Britain, Gaul, and Spain, the pupils of Maximus, and paid great defer
he sent ambassadors to the east, and demand ence to his instructions. There are extant of
el of the emperor Theodosius to acknowledge Maximus forty-one dissertations on moral and
him as his associate on the throne. Theodo philosophical subjects, written in Greek; the
sius ecdeavoured to amuse and delay him, but best editions of which are that of Davis, 8vo.
Maximus resolved to support his claim by Cantab. 1703; and that of Reiske, 2 vols. 8vº.
- 467
 ME ME

Lips. 1774—one of the Greek fathers of among the Latins received from the favourite
the seventh century, whose works were edited of Augustus, all patrons of literature have
by Combesis, 2 vols. fol. Paris, 1675. Pau ever since been called Mecanates. Virgilde
lus Fabius, a consul with M. Antony's son. dicated to him his Georgics, and Horace his
Horace speaks of him, 4 od. 1, v. 10, as of a odes. Suet. in Aug. 66, &c.—Plut. in -iug
gay, handsome youth, fond of pleasure, yet in —Herodian. 7-Senec. ep.19 and 92.
dustrious and indefatigable. An epithetap MEcHAwkus, a surname of Jupiter, from
plied to Jupiter, as being the greatest and his patronizing undertakings. He had a st
most powerful of all the gods. A native of tue near the temple of Ceres at Argos, and
Sirmium in Pannonia. He was originally a there the people swore, before they went to
gardener, but by enlisting in the Roman army, the Trojan war, either to conquer or perish.
he became one of the military tribunes, and Paus. 2, c. 22.
his marriage with a woman of rank and opu MEDEA, a celebrated magician, daughter
lence soon rendered him independent. He of AEetes, king of Colchis. Her mother's
was father to the emperor l'robus. name, according to the more received opi
MAzăcA, [vid. Caesarea ad Argaeum.] nion of Hesoid and Hyginus, was layia, or, ac
MAzaxes, (sing. Mazar,) a people of cording to others, Ephyre, Hecate, Astero
Africa, famous for shooting arrows. Lucan. dia, Antiope, and Neraea. She was the niece
4, v. 681. of Circe. When Jason came to Colchis in
MAz#RAs, a river of Hyrcania, falling into quest of the golden fleece, Medea became
the Caspian Sea. Plut. enamoured of him, and it was to her well di
MEcæNAs or MæcENAs, C. Cilnius, a ce rected labours that the Argonauts owed their
lebrated Roman knight, descended from the preservation. [vid. Jason and Argonaute.]
kings of Etruria. He has rendered himself Medea had an interview with her lover in the
immortal by his liberal patronage of learned temple of Hecate, were they bound then
men and of letters; and to his prudence and selves by the most solemn oaths, and mutu
advice Augustus acknowledged himself, in ally promised etermal fidelity. No sooner had
debted for the security he enjoyed. His fond Jason overcome all the difficulties which Æe
mess for pleasure removed him from the reach tes had placed in his way, than Medea en
of ambition, and he preferred to die, as he barked with the conquerors for Greece. To
was born, a Roman knight, to all the honours stop the pursuit of her father she tore to
and dignities which either the friendship of pieces her brother Absyrtus, and left his
Augustus or his own popularity could heap mangled limbs in the way through which
upon him. It was from the result of his ad AEetes was to pass. This act of barbarity
vice, against the opinion of Agrippa, that Au some have attributed to Jason, and not to her.
gustus resolved to keep the supreme power When Jason reached Holchos, his native coun
in his hands, and not by a voluntary resigna try, the return and victories of the Argonauts
tion to plunge Rome into civil commotions. were celebrated with universal rejoicings;
The emperor received the private admoni but Æson, the father of Jason, was unable to
tions of Mecanas in the same friendly manner assist at the solemnity, on account of the in
as they were given, and he was not displeased firmities of his age. Medea, at her husband's
with the liberty of his friend, who threw a pa request, removed the weakness of AEson,
per to him with these words, Descend from and by drawing away the blood from his
the tribunal, thou butcher while be sat in the veins, and filling them again with the juice of
judgment seat, and betrayed revenge and im certain herbs, she restored to him the vigour
patience in his countenance. He was struck and sprightliness of youth. This sudden change
with the admonition, and left the tribunal in Æson astonished the inhabitants of Iolchos,
without passing sentence of death on the cri and the daughters of Pelias were also desirous
minals. To the interference of Mecanas, to see their father restored, by the same pow
Virgil owed the restitution of his lands, and er, to the vigour of youth. Medea, willing to
Horace was proud to boast that his learned revenge the injuries which her husband's fa
friend had obtained his forgiveness from the mily had suffered from Pelias, increased their
emperor, forjoining the cause of Brutus at the curiosity, and by cutting to pieces an old ram
battle of Philippi. Mecaenas was himself fond and making it again, in their presence, a
of literature, and, according to the most re young lamb, she totally determined them to
ceived opinion, he wrote an history of animals, try the same experiment upon their father's
a journal of the life of Augustus, a treatise on body. They accordingly killed him of their
the different natures and kinds of precious own accord, and boiled his flesh in a caldron,
stones, besides the two tragedies of Octavia but Medea refused to perform the same
and Prometheus, and other things, all now friendly offices to Pelias which she had done to
lost. He died eight years before Christ; and, AEson, and he was consumed by the heat
on his death-bed he particularly recommend. of the fire, and even deprived of a burial.
ed his poetical friend Horace to the care and This action greatly irritated the people ol
confidence of Augustus. Seneca, who hasli. Iolchos; and Medea, with her husband, fled to
berally commended the genius and abilities of Corinth to avoid the resentment of an offended
Mecanas, has not withheld his censure from populace. Here they lived for ten years with
his dissipation, indolence, and effeminate luxu. much conjugal tenderness; but the love of
ry. From the patronage and encouragement Jason for Glauce, the king's daughter, soon
which the princes of heroic and lyric toº. interrupted their mutual harmony, and Me
468 - -
 ME ME

dea was divorced. Medea revenged the infi borders on Armenia, was called Atropatene,
delity of Jason by causing the death of Glauce, from Atropates, a satrap of this province,
and the destruction of her family. [vid. who erected it aſter the death of Alexander
Glauce.] This action was followed by ano into an independent kingdom. The northern
ther still more atrocious. Medea killed two parts of Media, lying between the Caspian
of her children in their father's presence, and, mountains and the sea, are very cold and bar
when Jason attempted to punish the barbarity ren. The present inhabitants make their
of the mother, she fled through the air upon a bread of dried almonds, and their drink of
chariot drawn by winged dragons. From Co the juice of certain herbs. The snow lies on
rinth Medea came to Athens, where, after she the mountains for nine months in the year,
had undergone the necessary purification of But the southern parts produce all sorts
her murder, she married king Ægeus, or, ac of grain, and necessaries of life, and are so
cording to others, lived in an adulterous man pleasant that the country adjoining to Tau
ner with him. From her connection with ris, probably the ancient Ecbatana, has been
Ægeus, Medea had a son, who was called called the garden of Persia. The Medes
Medus. Soon after, when Theseus wished to are said to have sprung from Madai, the
make himself known to his father, [vid. AEge. third son of Japhet.] The province of Me
us] Medea, jealous of his fame, and fearful dia was first raised into a kingdom by its re
of his power, attempted to poison him at a volt from the Assyrian monarchy, B. C. 820;
feast which had been prepared for his enter and, after it had for some time enjoyed a
tainment. Her attempts, however, ſailed of kind of republican government, Dejoces, by
success, and the sight of his sword, which his artifice, procured himself to be called
Theseus wore by his side, convinced AEgeus king, 700 B.C. After a reign of 53 years
that the stranger against whose life he had so he was succeeded by Phraortes, B. C. 647;
basely conspired was no less than his own son. who was succeeded by Cyaxares, B.C. 625.
The father and the son were soon reconciled, His successor was Astyages, B. C. 585, in
and Medea, to avoid the punishment which whose reign Cyrus became master of Media,
her wickedness deserved, mounted her fiery B. C. 551, and ever after the empire was
chariot, and disappeared through the air. She transferred to the Persians. The Medes were
came to Colchis, where, according to some, warlike in the primitive ages of their pow
she was reconciled to Jason, who had sought er; they encouraged polygamy, and were
her in her native country after her sudden de remarkable for the homage which they paid
parture from Corinth. She died at Colchis, to their sovereigns, who were styled kings
as Justin mentions,when she had been restored of kings. This title was afterwards adopted
to the confidence of her family. After death by their conquerors, the Persians, and it
she married Achilles in the Elysian fields, ac was still in use in the age of the Roman em
cording to the traditions mentioned by Simon perors. Justin. 1, c.5.—Herodot. 1, &c.—Po
ides. The murder of Mermerus and Pheres, lyb. 5 and 10.—Curt. 5, &c.—Diod. Sic. 13.
the youngest of Jason's children by Medea, is —Ctesias.
not attributed to their mother, according to MediolāNUM, [a city of Cisalpine Gaul,
Elian, but the Corinthians themselves assas among the Insubres, now Milan. It is situate
sinated them in the temple of Juno Acraea. To on the small river Olona, in a beautiful plain
avoid the resentment of the gods, and to de between the Ticinus or Tesino, and the Ad
liver themselves from the pestilence which dua or Adda. In the vicinity of this city,
visited their country after so horrid a massa. to the west, D'Anville and others locate the
cre, they engaged the poet Euripides, for five Raudii Campi, where Marius defeated the
talents, to write a tragedy, which cleared Cimbri; but Mannert places them near Ve
them of the murder, and represented Medea roma. Mediolanum became in the course of
asthecruel assassin of her own children. An |time a very flourishing city, and was honour
besides, that this opinion might be the better |ed with the appellation"of" the new Athens.”
credited, festivals were appointed, in which |Uniºr the later Roman emperors it was en
the mother was represented with all the bar closed with a double wall, adorned with pub
hºrity of a fury murdering her own sons.[cid. lic buildings, and in it was established the
\leraea.) Apollod. 1, c. 9.—Hygin. fab. 21, 22, gold and silver coinage of the north of Italy.
23.8:c-Plut. in Thes.—Dionys. Perieg.— In the third and fourth centuries, the fre
'Elian. W. H. 5, c. 21.—Paus. 2, c. 3, 1.8, c. quent inroads of the barbarians of the north
M-Euripid. in Med.—Diod. 4.—Ovid. Met. compelled the emperors to select as a place
3. º ...” 7.—Cuc. de JNſat. D. of arms some city nearer the scene of action
; c. 19.-Apollod.
Flacc.—Lucan. :: *
4, v.Arg. 3, &c.—Orpheus.-
rp than Rome was. The choice fell on Medio
lanum. Here too Maximian resigned the
MEDIA, [an extensive country of Asia, imperial diadem, and the famous St. Ambrose
bounded by Assyria on the west, and sepa established the see of a bishopric. Although
rated from Armenia by the river Araxes ; subsequently plundered by Attila, it soon re
bounded on the north by the southern shore vived, and under Odoacer became the impe
ºf the Caspian, on the east by Hyrcania and rial residence. In its vicinity was fought the
Aria, and on the south by Persis and Susia battle which put Theodoric, king of the Qs
ma. It is now called Irak Ajami, or Persian trogoths, in possession of Italy, and Mediola
mum under
rak,to distinguish it from Irak Arabi, or Ba Rome. this prince became second only to
It met with its downfall, however,
bylonian Irak. That part of Media which
469
 ME ME

when, having sided with Belisarius, and been very frequent topic of consideration to the
besieged by the Goths and Burgundians, it ancient writers. Democritus, Diogenes, and
was taken by the latter, and 300,000 of the others maintained that its waters kept con
inhabitants, according to Procopius, were put stantly decreasing, and would eventually all
to the sword. It never, after this severe blow, disappear. Aristotle (Meteor. 2, c. 3.) held
regained its formereminence, although, in the to the opinion that the Mediterranean had st
middle ages, it became a flourishing and opu one time covered a large part of Africa and
lent place of trade.] Liv. 5, c. 34, l. 34, c. 46. Egypt, and had extended inland as far as the
—Aulercorum, a town of Gaul, now Ev temple of Jupiter Ammon. This doctrine was
reuz in Normandy.-Santonum, another, maintained also by Xanthus the Lydian, Stra
now Saintes in Guienne. to, and Eratosthenes, according to Strabo,
MEDIoMATRices, [a people ef Gallia Bel (Lib. 1, pp. 38, 49, 50.) The ancients appear
gica on the Mosella or Moselle. The Tre to have been led to this conclusion by observ
viri were their neighbours on the north. ing in various parts of Africa and Egypt mani
Their chief town was Divodurum, afterwards fest traces and indications of the sea. They
Mediomatrici, now Metz. They were a pow found here shells, pebbles evidently rounded
erful nation previous to their reduction by the or worn smooth by the action of water, in
Romans.] Strab. 4.—Cars. Bell. G.4, c. 10. crustations of salt, and many salt lakes. Some
MEDITERRANKuM MARE, a sea which di of these appearances were particularly fre
vides Europe and Asia Minor from Africa. quent on the route through the desert to the
[It is 2000 miles long and between 400 and temple of Ammon. The authorities on this
500 broad, and contains about 900,000 square head are deserving of examination and are
miles. vid. the end of this article.] It re as follows: Herod. 2, c. 12.-Plut. de Is... et
ceives its name from its situation, medio ter Os–Strabo. Lib. 18, p. 809.--Mela, 1, c. 6.
ra, situate in the middle of the land. It has –Solin. c. 26.-Seidel. ad Eratosth. fragm.
a communication with the Atlantic by the p. 28.-The ancient writers maintained that
columns of Hercules, and with the Euxine the temple and oracle of Ammon never could
through the AEgean. The word Mediterra have become so famous if the only approach
neum does not occur in the classics; but it is to them had always been ever vast and dan
sometimes called internum, nostrum, or me gerous deserts. They insisted that the Oases
dius liquor, and is frequently denominated had all originally been islands in the earlier
in Scripture the Great Sea. The first na and more widely extended Mediterranean.
val power that ever obtained the command In this remote period, according to them.
of it, as recorded in the fabulous epochs of there existed as yet no communication be
the writer Castor, is Crete under Minos. Af. tween the Pontus Euxinus and Mediterra
terwards it passed into the hands of the Ly nean Sea, (vid. Lectonia) nor between the
dians, B.C. 1179; of the Pelasgi, 1058; of latter and the Atlantic. The isthmus con
the Thracians, 1000; of the Rhodians, 916; necting Arabia with Egypt was under water,
of the Phrygians, 893; of the Cyprians, 868; and Eratosthenes believed that Menelaus had
of the Phoenicians, 826; of the Egyptians, sailed over this narrow passage, which is now
787; of the Milesians, 753; of the Carians, the Isthmus of Suez. When the waters of
734; and of the Lesbians, 676; which they the Euxine forced a passage into the Medi
retained for 69 years. [According to the terranean, the great influx of water opened
learned Buffon, the Mediterranean Sea was another outlet for itself through what were
originally a lake of small extent, and had re called by the ancients the Pillars of Hercu
ceived, in remote ages, a sudden and prodi les, Spain and Africa having been previous
gious increase, at the time when the Black ly joined. In this tremendous convulsion the
Sea opened a passage for itself through the ancient land of Lectonia is thought to have
Bosporus, and at that period when the sink been inundated, and to have sunk in the sea,
.# of the land which united Europe to leaving merely thc islands of the Archipela
Africa, in the part that is now the straits go, its mountain tops, to attest its former ex
of Gibraltar, permitted the water of the istence. According to Diodorus Siculus,
ocean to rush in. It was also his opinion, (Lib. 5, c. 47,) the inhabitants of Samothrace
that most of the islands of the Mediter had a tradition that a great part of their isl
ranean made part of the continent, before and, as well as of Asia, was ravaged and laid
the great convulsions that have taken place under water by this inundation, and that in
in this quarter. Sonnini, at his request, and fishing near their island fragments of temples
with a view to ascertain the correctness and other buildings were frequently rescued
of this opinion, sounded the depth of the sea from the waves. (Compare Diod. Sie. Lib.
between Sicily and Malta, and found it from 5, c. 82.—Strabo. Lib. 1, p. 85.—Plato de
25 to 30 fathoms, and, in the middle of the Legg. 3, p. 677. ed Bip. T. 8, p. 106–Plin.
channel where the water is deepest, never| 2, c. 80-Philo de mund. non corrup. p. 959)
exceeding 100 fathoms. On the other hand, It is curious to examine, in conjunction with
between the island of Malta and Cape Bon what has been stated, the accounts given by
in Africa there is less water, the lead in some ancient writers, of Delos and Rhodes
dicating no more than from 25 to 30 fa having emerged from the waves when the in
thoms throughout the whole breadth of undation had partially subsided, (Philo. ubi
the channel which separates the two lands. supra,) of an anchor having been found on
The Mediterranean Sea likewise afforded a the site of the ancient Ancyra, in Asia Mr.
470
 M1E MIE

nor, far inland, and whence the place re says that the black mud appears by sound

: ceived its name, (Pausan. 1, 4, c. 2.-Aris

tid. Aegypt. T. 2. p. 351. ed. Jebb.) and
also what is stated by an Oriental writer
ings at the distance of twenty leagues,
and to the same effect is the testimony of
Pococke and later travellers. To those who
(Hadgi-Kalſah. p. 1789, Malte-Brun's Geogr: set any value upon etymological researches,
:
s
vol. 2, p. 73.) that the mountains south of
Trebisond, in the interior of the country,
an argument from this source in support of
the hypothesis which has been advanced, may
have, on their summits, rings of iron, to which be adduced with no little appearance of
the inhabitants say that the cables of vessels probability on its side. The Greeks termed
were attached at the time when the Black the continent of Africa Libya, (Augun,) and
Sea, from the want of an outlet, stood at that the wind which blows from that quarter,
high level. If there be any truth in the au (i.e. the south-west with reference to Greece,
thorities which have been advanced, a basis but more especially her Asiatic colonies,)
stands ready on which may be erected the su they designated by the name of Lips (Al-j.)
perstructure of a very plausible theory. The May not the root of both these terms be the
Mediterranean may originally have stood at older Greek form Aira, (Lipo) “to leave,”
a much higher level than at present, and have and Libya hence denote the country left
extended far inland over the present continent by the waves, the ancient bed of an ocean
of Africa. The vast accession of water, sud subsequently dried up or removed? Nor let
denly received from the Euxine bursting its this etymology be deemed a fanciful one.
º: barriers at the Hellespont, would at , first Precisely the same derivation is given by the
have carried the waves of the Mediterranean scholiast to the word All in his comments on
still farther onwards over the African conti the 230th line of the Persal of AEschylus, al
ment, until at length, the Pillars of Hercules though in support of a different opinion, which
being formed, or in other and plainer lan has nothing to do with the present discussion,
guage, Spain and Africa having been rent but has reference to the western regions of
asunder, and the land of Lectonia being at the world, where the sun sets, i. e. where his
the same time engulphed, the waters of the light fails.] Horat. 3, od. 3, v.46.—Plin. 2,
Mediterranean would gradually abandon c. 68.-Sallust. Jug. 17.—Ces. B. G. 5, c.
even a large portion of their ancient bed, and 1.—Lur. 26, c. 42.
the northern part of the continent of Afri MED1triNA, the goddess of medicines,
ca would rise to the view. It is no mean ar whose festivals, called Meditrinalia, were ce
gument in favour of the hypothesis which is lebrated at Rome the last day of September,
here advanced, that, if we turn our eyes to when they made offerings of fruits. Varro de
the interior of Africa, as far as European dis. L. L. 5, c. 3.
covery has penetrated, we find a succession MEDoścus or MEduacus, [the name of
of vast plains, covered with sand and gravel, two rivers in Italy, which rise in the terri
with a mixture of sea shells, and incrusted tory of the Euganei, and fall into the Adriatic
with crystallizations, looking like the basins below Venice. They were distinguished by
of evaporated seas. “Shells, crystals of sea the epithets Major and Minor. The former
salt, and brackish waters are ſound every is now the Brenta, the latter the Bachiglione:
where,” observes Malte Brun, “even to the on the latter stands Patavium, or Padua.]
centre of Africa.” In other parts we perceive Lir. 10, c. 2.
vast plains of a marshy nature, and covered MEDon, son of Codrus the 17th and last
with stagnant lakes. In what is called the king of Athens, was the first archon that was
valley of the wilderness, sea-salt is found in appointed with regal authority, B.C. 1070.
thin compact layers supported by strata of In the election Medon was preferred to his
gypsum. In many of the surrounding deserts brother Neleus, by the oracle of Delphi, and
this salt is very common, sometimes crystaliz he rendered himself popular by the justice and
ed under the sand, sometimes on the surface. moderation of his administration. His suc
It is asserted also, by ancient authorities, that cessors were called from him JMedontidae,
the Delta of Egypt was originally covered and the office of archon remained for above
with the waters of the sea. This is express 200 years in the family of Codrus under 12
ly stated by Herodotus (2, c. v. comp. c. 15.) perpetual archons. Paus. 7, c. 2.-Paterc.
“Any man of understanding,” observes the 2, c. 2.-A statuary of Lacedæmon, who
historian, “will easily perceive at sight, made a famous statue of Minerva, seen in the
though he had never heard these things, that temple of Juno at Olympia. Paus. 7, c. 17.
those parts of Egypt which the Greeks fre Menuacus, [vid. Medoacus.]
quent with their shipping, are an accession of MEDU ANA, a river of Gaul, flowing into the
\anº bestowed upon the Egyptians by the ri Ligeris, now the Mayne, Lucan. 1, v.438.
ver, and so is all that country which men see MEpus, now Kur, a river of Media, falling
beyond the lake during a passage of three into the Araxes. Some take Medus adjec
Ways.” This opinion of the formation of the tively, as applying to any of the great rivers
Delta was adopted by all the ancients, and has of Media. Strab. 15.-Horat. 2, od. 9, v. 21.
been received by a great part of the moderns. A son of Ægeus and Medea, who gave his
\! it be true, all the country from Mem name to a country of Asia. Medus, when
phis to the Mediterranean must have been arrived to years of maturity, went to seek
formerly a gulf at least of the Mediterra his mother, whom the arrival of Theseu" ºn
mean parallel to the Arabian gulf. Shaw Athens had driven away.
471
[vid. Medea.) He
 ME ME

came to Colchis, where he was seized by his killing a lion which threatened his life in hunt
uncle Perses, who usurped the throne of Æe ing. This act of affection in Megabyzus was
tes, his mother's father, because the oracle looked upon with envy by the king. He was
had declared that Perses should be murdered discarded, and afterwards reconciled to the
by one of the grandsons of Æetes. Medus as monarch by means of his mother. He diedin
sumed another name, and called himself Hip the 76th year of his age, B.C. 447, greatly
potes, son of Creon. Meanwhile Medea arriv regretted. Ctesias.
ed at Colchis, disguised in the habit of a MegåcLEs, an Athenain archon who in
priestess of Diana, and when she heard that volved the greatest part of the Athenians in
one of Creon's children was imprisoned, she the sacrilege which was committed in the
resolved to hasten the destruction of a person conspiracy of Cylon. Plut. in Sol.
whose family she detested. To effect this MEGAERA, one of the ſuries, daughter of
with more certainty she told the usurper, Nox and Acheron. The word is derived
that Hippotes was really a son of Medea, sent from us) algur, invidere,0disse, and she is repre
by his mother to murder him. She begged sented as employed by the gods like her sis
Perses to give her Hippotes, that she might ters to punish the crimes of mankind, by visit
sacrifice him to her resentment. Perses con ing them with diseases, with inward torments,
sented. Medea discovered that its was her and with death. Virg. JEn. 12, v. 846. [vid.
own son, and she instantly armed him with the Eumenides.]
dagger which she had prepared against his MEGALE, the Greek name of Cybele, the
liſe, and ordered him to stab the usurper. mother of the gods, whose festivals were call
He obeyed, and Medea discovered who he was ed Megalesia. -

and made her son Medus sit on his grandfa. MEGALEsia, games in honour of Cybele,
ther's throne. Hesiod. Theog.—Paus. 2– instituted by the Phrygians, and introduced
.Apollod. 1.—Justin. 42.—Senec. in Med.— at Rome in the second Punic war, when the
Diod. statue of the goddess was brought from Pes
MEDūsa, one of the three Gorgons, sinus. Liv. 29, c. 14.—Orid. Fast. 4, v. 337.
daughter of Phorcys and Ceto. She was the MEGALIA, a small island of Campania,
only one of the Gorgons who was subject to near Neapolis. Stat. 2. Sylr. v. 80.
mortality. She is celebrated for her personal MEGAlopolis, a town of Arcadia, in Pelo
charms and the beauty of her locks. Neptune ponnesus, built by Epaminondas, [as a check
became enamoured of her, and obtained her upon the Spartans.] It was taken by Cleo
favours in the temple of Minerva. This vio menes, king of Sparta. [The inhabitants
lation of the sanctity of the temple provoked thereupon retired to Messenia. They after
Minerva, and she changed the beautiful wards returned to Arcadia, and, by the ad
locks of Medusa, which had inspired Nep vice and urging of Philopoemen, they rebuilt
tune's love, into serpents. According to Apol their city. Polybius states, that, next to
lodorus and others, Medusa and her sisters Athens, it was the most splendid city of
came into the world with snakes on their Greece. It is now Leondari.] Strab. 8–
heads, instead of hair, with yellow wings and Paus. 9, c. 14.—Liv. 28, c. 8.
brazen hands. Their body was also covered MEGANIDA, the wife of Celeus, king of
with impenetrable scales, and their very looks Eleusis in Attica. She was mother of Trip
had the power of killing or turning to stones. tolemus, to whom Ceres, as she travelled over
Perseus rendered his name immortal by the Attica, taught agriculture. She received di.
conquest of Medusa. He cut off her head. vine honours after death, and she had an al
and the blood that dropped from the wound tar raised to her near the fountain where
produced the innumerable serpents that infest Ceres had first been seen when she arrived in
Africa. The conqueror placed Medusa's Attica, Paus. 1, c. 39.
head on the aegis of Minerva, which he had MEGARA, a daughter of Creon, king of
used in his expedition. The head still retain Thebes, given in nuariage to Hercules be
ed the same petrifying power as before, as it cause he had delivered the Thebans from the
was fatally known in the court of Cepheus. tyranny of the Orchomenians. (vid. Ergi
ſvid. Andromeda.] Some suppose, that the nus.) When Hercules went to hell by order
Gorgons were a nation of women, whom Per of Eurystheus, violence was offered to Me
scus conquered. (vid. Gorgones.) Apollod. gara by Lycus, a Theban exile, and she would
2, c. 4.-Hesiod. Theog.—Orid. Met. 4, v. have yielded to her ravisher, had not Hercu
618-Lucan. 9, v. 624.—Apollon. 4.—Hy les returned that moment and punished him
gin. fab. 151. with death. This murder displeased Juno,
-

MEGAbyzus, one of the noble Persians and she rendered Hercules so delirious, that
who conspired against the usurper Smerdis. he killed Megara and the three children he
He was set over an army in Europe by king had by her in a fit of madness, thinking them
Darius, where he took Perinthus and conquer to be wild beast. Some say that Megara did
but
ed all Thrace. He was greatly esteemed by not perish by the hand of her husband,friend
his sovereign. Herodot. 3, &c.—A satrap that he afterwards married her to his
of Artaxerxes. He revolted from his king, Iolas. The names of Megara's children by
and defeated two large armies that had been Hercules were Creontiades, Therimachus,
sent against him. The interference of his and Deicoon. Hygin. fab.82.—Senec. in Herr
friends restored him to the king's favour, and —Apollod. 2, c. 6–Diod. 4.
he showed his attachment to Artaxerxes by MEGARA, (ae, and pl. orum.) a city ºf
172
 ME º
- -
-

Achaia, the capital of a country called.Mega work of Mela, but without this previous know
ris, founded about 1131 B. C. It is situate ledge will find him extremely obscure. In
nearly at an equal distance from Corinth and the geography of the north-western parts of
Athens, on the Sinus Saronicus. It was Europe, he improves upon the statements of
built upon two rocks, and is still in being, and the older geographers, in consequence of the
preserves its ancient name. [It was original discoveries of the Romans in this quarter.]
ly called Nysa, and derived its name of Me His work is divided into three books. The
gara either from Megarius, the surname of best editions of this book, called de situ orbis,
Minos, a Boeotian chief who succeeded the are those of Gronovius, 8vo. L. Bat. 1722, and
king of Nisa, or from Megara, the name givReinhold, 4to. Eton, 1761.
en to ancient temples erected in honour of MELAMpus, a celebrated soothsayer and
Ceres, or from Megara, a supposed wife of physician of Argos, son of Amythaon and Ido
Hercules. Under the reign of Codrus, the menea, or Dorippe. He lived at Pylos in Pe
Peloponnesians, having declared war against loponnesus. His servants once killed two
the Athenians, and miscarried in their enter large serpents who had made their nests at
prise, returned and took possession of Mega the bottom of a large oak, and Melampus paid
ra, which they peopled with Corinthians.] so much regard to these two reptiles, that he
At the battle of Salamis the people of Mega raised a buruing pile and burned them upon it.
ra furnished 20 ships ſor the defence of Greece, He also took particular care of their young
and at Plataea they had 300 men in the army ones, and fed them with milk. Some time
of Pausanias. There was here a sect of phi after this the young serpents crept to Melam
losophers called the .Megaric, who held the pus as he slept on the grass near the oak, and,
world to be eternal. [rid. Euclid and Eubu as if sensible of the favours of their benefactor,
lides.] Cic. Acad. 4, c. 42.—Orat. 3, c. 17.- they wantonly played around him, and soſtly
-?tt. 1, ep. 8.-Paus. 1, c. 39.—Strab. 6.— licked his ears. This awoke Melampus, who
-Mela, 2, c. 3.−A town of Sicily, founded by was astonished at the sudden change which his
a colony from Megara in Attica, about 723 senses had undergone. He found himself ac
years before the Christian era. It was de quainted with the chirping of the birds, and
stroyed by Gelon, king of Syracuse; and be. with all their rude notes, as they flew around
fore the arrival of the Megarean colony, it him. He took advantage of this supernatural
was called Hybla. Strab. 26, &c.—Pirg. giſt, and soon made himself perfect in the
..'Bn. 3, v. 689. knowledge of futurity, and Apollo also in
MEañR1s, a small country of Achaia, be structed him in the art of medicine. He had
tween Phocis on the west and Attica on the soon after the happiness of curing the daugh
east. . Its capital city was called Megara. ters of Proetus, by giving them ellebore, which,
(rid. Megara.) Strab. 8.—Plin. 3, c. 8.— from this circumstance, has been called me.
-Mela, 2, c. 3 and 7. lampodium, and as a reward for his trouble
MEGAsta ENEs, a Greek historian about he married the eldest of these princesses.
300 years before Christ. [He was sent by (vid. Proetides.) The tyranny of his uncle
Seleucus Nicator, king of Syria, to Palibothra Neleus, king of Pylos, obliged him to leave
in India, to renew and confirm a previous his native country, and Proetus, to show him
treaty with Sandrocottus, monarch of the self more sensible of his services, gave him
Prasii. He remained there many years, and part of his kingdom, over which he establish
after his return, he wrote, under the title of ed himself. About this time the personal
Indica (Iréiza), an account of whatever he charms of Pero, the daughter of Neleus, had
had seen or heard during his travels. His gained many admirers, but the father pro
work is lost; but Strabo, Josephus, Arrian, mised his daughter only to him who brought
and Elian have preserved some fragments of into his hands the oxen of Iphiclus. This
it. He was the first who made the western condition displeased many; but Bias, who
nations acquainted with the countries beyond was also one of her admirers, engaged his
the Ganges, and with the manners of their in brother Melampus to steal the oxen, and de
habitants. Strabo has decried him as a fabu liver them to him. Melampus was caught in
lous writer, but often unjustly; and Robert the attempt, and imprisoned, and nothing but
sou, on the other hand, has acknowledged the his services as a soothsayer and physician to
utility and justice of many of the observations Iphiclus would have saved him from death.
made by Megasthenes.] All this pleaded in favour of Melampus, but
MEG1stA, an island of Lycia, with an har when he had taught the childless ſphiclus how
bour of the same name. Liv. 37, c. 22. to become a father, he not only obtained his
MEGISTIAs, a soothsayer, who told the liberty, but also the oxen, and with them he
Spartans that defended Thermopylae, that compelled Neleus to give Pero in marriage to
they all should perish, &c. Herodot. 7, c. Bias. A severe distemper, which had ren
219, &c. dered the women of Argos insane, was totally
MELA Pontponius, [a Spaniard who flour removed by Melampus; and Anaxagoras, who
ished in the reign of the emperor Claudius. then sat on the throne, rewarded his merit by
He wrote a compendium of geography which giving him part of his kingdom, where hees
is still extant. He follows closely his Grecian tablished himself, and where his posterity
predecessors, especially Eratosthenes. He reigned during six successive generations. He
who is acquainted with the system of the lat received divine honours after death, and tem
ter will be able easily.” comprehend the ples were raised to his memory. Homer. Od.
rº
 ME ME .

11. v. 287, l. i5. v. 225–Herodot. 2 and 9– daughter of Thestius. The Parcae were pre
.4pollod. 2, c. 2.-Paus. 2, c. 18, 1.4, c. 3.- sent at the moment of his birth, and predict
Wirg. G. 3, v. 550. ed his future greatness. Clotho said that he
Mer, ANch ETEs, one of Actaeon's dogs, so would be brave and courageous ; Lachese
called from his black hair. Ovid...Met. 3. foretold his uncommon strength ; and Atrºpº
MELANchi, ENI, a people near the Cim declared that he should live as long as a
merian Bosphorus, so called from their black fire-brand, which was on the fire, remai-ei
garments. Mannert conjectures them to have entire and unconsumed. Althaea do soots
been the progenitors of the modern Russians.] heard this, than she snatched the stick free
MELANIppe, a daughter of Æolus, who the fire, and kept it with the most jealous
had two children by Neptune, for which her care, as the life of her son was destined te
father put out both her eyes, an 'confined her depend upon its preservation. The ſame ti
in a prison. Her children, who had been ex Meleager increased with his years; he sista
posed and preserved, delivered her from con lized himself in the Argonautic expedition.
finement, and Neptune restored her to her and afterwards delivered his country from
eye-sight. She aſterwards married Meta the neighbouring inhabitants, who made war
pontus. Hygin. fab. 186. against his father at the instigation of Diaca,
MELANIppin Es, a Greek poet about 520 whose altars (Eneus had neglected. (rid.
years before Christ. His grandson of the (Eneus.) No sooner were they destroyed,
same name flourished about 60 years after than Diana punished the negligence otCEgeus
at the court of Perdiccas the second, of Ma by a greater calamity. She sent a huge wild
cedonia. Some fragments of their poetry are boar, which laid waste all the country, and
extant. seemed invincible on account of its immense
MELANIPPUs, a son of Astacus, one of the size. It became soon a public concern; all
Theban chiefs who defended the gate of the neighbouring princes assembled to de
Thebes against the army of Adrastus kng of stroy this terrible animal, and nothing became
Argos. He was opposed by Tydeus, whom more famous in mythological history than
he slightly wounded, and at last was killed the hunting of the Calydonian boar. The
by Amphiaraus, who carried his head to Ty princes and chiefs who assembled, and who
deus. Tydeus, to take revenge of the wound are mentioned by mythologists, are Meles
he had received, bit the head with such bar ger, son of CEneus, Idas and Lynceus, sons
barity, that he swallowed the brains, and Mi of Aphareus, Dryas son of Mars, Castor and
nerva, offended with his conduct, took away Pollux sons of Jupiter and Leda, Pirithous
the herb which he had given him to cure his son of Ixion, Theseus son of Egeus, An
wound, and he died. Apollod 1, c. 8.— ceus and Cepheus sons of Lycurgus, Adme
JEschyl. ante Theb.-Paus. 9, c. 18. tus son of Hºheres, Jason son of Æson, Pe
MELANTH11, rocks near the island of Sa leus and Telamon sons of Æacus, Iphicles |
mos. son of Amphitryon, Eurytrion son of Actor,
MELANTHIUs, a man who wrote an his. Atalanta daughter of Schoeneus, Iolas the
tory of Attica. A famous painter of Si friend of Hercules, the sons of Thestius,
cyon. Plin. 35.—A tragic poet of a very Amphiaraus son of Oileus, Protheus, Come
malevolent disposition, in the age of Pho. tes, the brothers of Althaea, Hippothous son
cion. Pluſ. of Cercyon, Leucippus, Adrastus, Ceneus,
MELANTH Us, Melantes, or Melanthius, Phileus, Echeon, Lelex, Phoenix son of Amyn
a son of Andropompus, whose ancestors were tor, Panopeus, Hyleus, Hippasus, Nestor, Me
kings of Pylos. He was driven from his pa noetius, the father of Patroclus, Amphicides,
ternal kingdom by the Heraclidae, and came Laertes the father of Ulysses, and the ſour
to Athens, where king Thymoetus resigned sons of Hippocoon. This troop of armed men
the crown to him, provided he fought a battle attacked the boar with unusual fury, and it
against Xanthus, a general of the Boeotians, was at last killed by Meleager. The conquer
who made war against him. He fought and or gave the skin and the head to Atalanta,
conquered, (rid, Apaturia,) and his family. who had first wounded the animal. This
surnamed the Neledup, sat on the throne of partiality to a woman irritated the others,
Athens till the age of Codrus. He succeed and particularly Toxeus and Plexippus, the
ed to the crown 1128 years B. C. and reigned brothers of Althaea, and they endeavoured to
37 years. Paus. 2, c. 18. rob Atalanta of the honourable present. Me
MELAs, (ae,) a river of Thrace, at the west leager defended a woman of whom he was
of the Thracian Chersonesus.—Another in enamoured, and killed his uncles in the at
Thessaly, [near Heraclea,]-—in Achaia, tempt. Meantime the news of this celebrat
in Boeotia,[emptying into the Cephis-us. |- ed conquest had already reached Calydes,
in Sicily, in lonia, in Cappadocia. [ris and Althaea went to the temple of the gods to
ing near Caesarea ad Argaeun, and falling into return thanks for the victory which her son
the Euphrates near the city of Melitene. It had gained. As she went she met the corpses
is now called by the Turks Kara-Sou, or “the of her brothers that were brought from the
black water.”) chase, and at this n.ournful spectacle she
MELDAE, or Meldorum urbs, a city of Gaul. filled the whole city with her lamentations.
now Meaur in Champagne. She was upon this informed that they had
MELEAGER, a celebrated hero of antiquity, been killed by Meleager, and in the moment
son of CEneus king :AEtolia by Althaea, of resentment, to revenge the death of her
 ME ME

brothers, she threw into the fire the fatal the precise situation of this city. Strabo
stick on which her sou's life depended, and places it on a gulf betweenMount Ossa to the
Meleager died as soon as it was consuumed. north, and Mount Pelion. This is the place
Homer does not mention the fire-brand, assigned it by D'Anville.] The epithet of
whence some have imagined that this fable .M. libtrus is applied to Philoctetes because he
is posterior to that poet's age. But he says reigned there. Virg. .ºn. 3, v. 421, 1.5, v.
that the death of Toxeus and Plexippus so 251.--Herodot. 7, c. 188. Also an island
irritated Althaea, that she uttered the most at the mouth of the Orontes in Syria, whence
horrible curses and imprecations upon the M. libwa purpura. Mela, 2, c. 3.
head of her son. Meleaker married Cleopa MELIBGEcs, a shepherd introduced in Vir
tra, the daughter of Idas and Mlarpessa, as 3il's eclogues.
also Atalauta, according to some accounts. MELick RTA, MElice RTEs, or MELIceR
Apollo d. 1, c. 8.-Apollon. 1, arg. 1, v. 997, |Tus, a son of Athamas and Ino. He was saved
l. 3. v. 518.-Flacc 1 and 6.-Paus. 10, c. 31. by his mother from the fury of his father,
-Hygin. 14.—Ovid. Met. 8.-IIomer. Il. 9. who prepared to dash him against a wall as
—A general, who supported Aridaeus when he had done his brother Learchus. The mo
he had been made king after the death of his ther was so terrified that she threw herself
brother Alexander the Great. A brother ºnto the sea with Melicerta in her arms.
of Ptolemy, made king of Macedonia B. C. Neptune had compassion on the misfortunes
280 years. He was but two months invested of Ino an i her son, and changed them both
with the regal authority. A Greek poet into sea-deities. Ino was called Leucothoe
in the reign of Seleucus the last of the Seieu or Matuta, and Melicerta was known among
cidae. He was born at Tyre and died at Cos. the Greeks by the name of Palaemon, and
[He was the first who made a collection of the among the Latins by that of Porturnus.
short poems called by the Greeks epigrams. Some suppose that the Isthmian games were
Of these he formed two sets, under the title of in honour of Melicerta. rid. Isthmia. Apol
“...Anthologia, the first of which was a la iod. I, c. 9, 1.3, c 4.—Paus. 1, c. 44.—Hy
mentable proof of the licentiousness of the age; gun. tab. 1 and 2.-Orid. Met. 4, v. 529, &c.
the second, consisting of miscellaneous pieces, —Plut. d. Symp.
Yi E LGUN is, one of the Æolian islands near
has formed the basis of the later Anthologies
of Agathias and Planudes. Many of the Sicily.
poems are the work of Meleager, and possess MELisa, a town of Magna Graecia.
much elegance.] The best edition of the An Crete, MEliss A, a daughter of Melissus, king of
thologia is that of Brunck, in 3 vols. 8vo. Ar. who, with her sister Amalthea, fed Ju
gentor, 1772. [Brunck's edition of the Ana out puter with the milk of goats. She first found
lecta has been re-published by Jacobs, with a the means of collecting honey; whence
ºr. most valuable commentary, in into some have imagined that she was changed
a bec, as her name is the Greek word for
12"rets. 8vo. Lips. 1774-1803. A very va
that insect. Columell. A daughter of Pro
luable edition of the Anthology appeared al
so in 1795-7, in 4to. edited by De Bosch, with icles, who married Periander, the son of Cyp
a Latin metrical version by Grotius annexed. selus, by whom in her pregnancy she was
killed with a blow of his foot, by the false ac
MELKAG RIDEs, the sisters of Meleager, |cusation
daughters of QEneus and Atthaea. They were of his concubines. Diog. Laert.—
so disconsolate at the death of their brother | Paus. 1, c. 29. A woman of Corinth, who
refused to initiate others in the festivals of
Meleager, that they refused all aliments, and
were, at the point of death, changed into Ceres, after she had received admission. She
birds called Meleagrides, whose feathers and was torn to pieces upon this disobedience,
eggs, as it is supposed, are of a different co and the goddess made a swarm of bees rise
lour. The youngest of the sisters, Gorge and from her body.
Dejanira, who had been married, escaped Melissus, [a philosopher of Samos of the
Eſtatic sect, who flourished about 440 B. C.
this metamorphosis. Apollod. 1, c. 3.-Ovid. He was a disciple of Parmenides, to whose
Met. 8, v. 540.—Plin. 10, c. 26.
doctrines he closely adhered. As a public
ME LEs, (Étus,) a river of Asia Minor, in ſman he was conversant with affairs of state,
lonia near Smyrna. Some of the ancients
supposed that Homer was born on the banks| and acquired great influence among his coun
of that river, from which circumstance they |trymen, who had a high veneration for his
call him Melesigenes, and his compositions talents and virtugs. Being appointed by them
.Meletaea, charte. It is even supported that to the command ºf a fl. et, he obtained a great
he composed his poems in a cave near the naval victory over the Athenians. As a phi
source of that river. Strab. 12.-Stat. 2.- losopher, he maintained that the principle of
Sylv. 7, v. 34.—Tibul. 4, el. 1, v.201.-Paus. all things is one and immutable, or, that what
7, c. 5.-A king of Lydia who succeeded ever exists is one being ; that this one being
his father Alyattes, about 747 years before includes all things and is infinite, without be
Christ. He was father to Candaules. zinning or end; that there is neither vacuum
MELESIGENES, or MELEsigenA, a name or motion in the universe, nor any such things
given to Homer. vid. Meles. as production or decay; that the changes
Melibq.A., a maritime town of Magnesia which it seems to suffer are only illusions of
in Thessaly. at the foot of Mount Ossa, fa our senses, and that we ought not to lay dºwn
mous for dying wool. [Authors differ about |anything positively ºncerning the gods, since
 ME ME
--

our knowledge of them is so uncertain. The the country being dry and rocky, and not aſ
mistocles is said to have been one of his pu fording shelter or proper nourishment for ani
pils.] -
mals of this description. But Meleda abounds
MelitA, an island in the Mediterranean, with these reptiles, being woody and damp, and
to the south-west of Sicily, now Malta. It favourable to their way of life and propaga
derived its ancient name from the quantity of tion. It has been alleged, however, in favour
honey (wai) which it produced. The soil of Malta's having been the island in question,
was fertile, and the country famous for its that had Melide been the one, St. Paul would
wool. It was first peopled by the Phoenicians. not have called at Syracuse, in his way to
St. Paul was shipwrecked there, and cursed Rhegium, “ which is so far out of the
all venomous creatures, which now are not to track” says a writer who advocates this
be found in the whole island. Some, however, opinion, “ that no example can produced
suppose that the island on which the Apostle in the history of navigation of any ship going
was shipwrecked, was another island of the so far out of her course, except it was driven
same name in the Adriatic on the coast of Il by a violent tempest.” This argument
lyricum. [The opinion which Lempriere ad: tends principally to show that the writer hal
vocates, and which makes Malta the place of a very incorrect idea of the relative situations
St. Paul's shipwreck, is altogether untenable. of the places to which he refers. The ship
The vessel, when lost, was in “Adria,” the which carried St. Paul from the Adriatic to
Adriatic Gulph, which cannot by any geo Rhegium would not deviate from its course
graphical contrivance be made to extend, as more than half a day's sail by touching at
some would wish to have it, to the coast of Syracuse; and the delay so occasioned would
Africa. The island on which the Apostle was probably be but a few hours more than it
wrecked was an obscure one in the Adriatic would have been had they proceeded to
Sea, formerly called Melita, and now known Syracuse in their way to the Straits of Mes
by the name of Meleda. This island lies con sina from Malta. Besides, the master of the
ſessedly in the Adriatic, off the coast of Illy ship might have, and probably had, some
ricum ; it lies, too, nearer the mouth of the business at Syracuse, which had originated
Adriatic than any other island of that sea, at Alexandria, from which place it must have
and would of course be more likely to re been originally intended that the ship should
ceive the wreck of any vessel that would be commence her voyage to Puteoli; and in this
driven by tempests to that quarter. Mele course, the calling at Syracuse would have
da is situate, moreover, nearly N. W. by N. been the smallest deviation possible. As re
of the south-west promontory of Crete, and gards the wind Euroclydon, it may be ob
nearly in the direction of a storm from the served, that the word evidently implies a
south-east quarter. The manner likewise south-east wind. It is composed of Evgºr,
in which Melita is described by St. Luke “the south-east wind,” and xavdºv, “a wave,"
agrees with the idea of an obscure place, but an addition highly expressive of the charae
not with the celebrity of Malta at that time. ter and effects of this wind, but, probably,
Cicero speaks of Melita (Malta) as abound chiefly applied to it when it became typho
ing in curiosities and riches, and possessing a nic or tempestuous. Typhon is described by
remarkable manufacture of the finest linen. Pliny, (Lib. 2, c. 48,) as “praeipun marigan
(Orat, in Verr. lib. 4, c. 18, et c. 46.) Malta, tium pestis, non antennas modo, rerunt ºpin
according to Diodorus Siculus, (lib. 5, c. 1,)
navigia contorta frangens.” But to re
was furnished with many and very good har turn to the island of Malta ; it was held by
bours, and the inhabitants were very rich ;the Knights of St. John from 1530 to 1798,
for it was full of all sorts of artificers, among
they having this island granted to them by
whom were excellent weavers of fine linen. Charles W. in 1530, when they were expelled
The houses were stately and beautiful, and from Rhodes by the Turks. In 1798 it fell
the inhabitants, a colony of Phoenicians, fa into the hands of the French, and soon aſter
mous for the extent and lucrative nature of was taken by the British, and was confirmed
their commerce. It is difficult to suppose to them by the treaty of Paris in 1814. It is
that a place of this description could be meant a very strongly ſortified island. In Gibraltar
by such an expression as “an island called admiration is excited by the works of nature,
Melite;" nor could the inhabitants, with any in Malta by those of art.] Strab. G.--Mela,
propriety of speech, be understood by the 2, c. 7.—Cic. in Verr. 4, c. 46.-An ancient
epithet “barbarous.” But the Adriatic Me name of Samothrace. Strab. 10.
lite perfectly corresponds with that descrip MELITENE, a district of Asia Minor, in
tion. Though too obscure and insignificant the southern part of Armenia Minor, and ly
to be particularly noticed by ancient geogra ing along the Euphrates. Its capital was
phers, the opposite and neighbouring coast Melitene, now Malatie, on a branch of the
of Illyricum is represented by Strabo in such river Melas.]
a way as perfectly corresponds with the ex MELitus, a poet and orator of Athens,
pression of the Apostle. Father Giorgi, an who became one of the principal accusers of
ecclesiastic of Melite Adriatica, who has Socrates. After his eloquence had prevailed.
written on this subject, suggests, very proper and Socrates had been put jº to
ly, that as there are now no serpents in Mal death, the Athenians repented of their seve:
ta, and as it should seem there were none in rity to the philosopher, and condemned
the time of Pliny, therenever were anythere, his accusers. Melitus perished among them.
 ME ME

His character was mean and insidious, and his some accounts, from Mnestheus, the friend of
poems had nothing great or sublime. Diog. £neas. Virg. Jºn. 5, v. 117.
SP. MELius, a Roman knight accused MEMNon, a king of Æthiopia, son of Ti
of aspiring to tyranny on account of his un thonus and Aurora. [vid. a solution of this
common liberality to the populace. He was fable under the article Memnonium.] He
summoned to appear by the dictator L. Q. came with a body of 10,000 men to assist his
Cincinnatus, and when he refused to obey, uncle Priam during the Trojan war, where he
he was put to death by Ahala, the master of behaved with great courage, and killed Anti
horse, A.U. C. 314. Varro de L. L. 4.— lochus, Nestor's son. The aged father chal
Pal. Muz. 6, c. 3. lenged the Æthiopian monarch, but Memnon
MELI.A or MELA, a small river of Cisal refused it on account of the venerable age of
pine Gaul, falling into the Allius and with it Nestor, and accepted that of Achilles. He was
into the Po. Catull. 68, v. 33.-Virg. G. killed in the combat in the sight of the Grecian
4, v. 278. and Trojan armies. Aurora was so disconso
MELos, now Milo, an island between Crete late at the death of her son, that she flew to
and Peloponnesus, about 24 miles from Scyl Jupiter all bathed in tears, and begged the god
laeum, about 60 miles in circumference, [and, to grant her son such honours as might distin
according to Pliny, nearly round..] It en guish him from other mortals. Jupiter con
joyed its independence for above 700 years sented, and immediately a numerous flight of
before the time of the Peloponnesian war. birds issued from the burning pile on which
This island was originally peopled by a Lace the body was laid, and, after they had flown
daemonian colony, 1116 years before the three times round the flames, they divided
Christian era. From this reason the inhabit themselves into two separate bodies, and
ants refused to join the rest of the islands and fought with such acrimony that above half of
the Athenians against the Peloponnesians. them fell down into the fire, as victims to ap
This refusal was severely punished. The pease the manes of Memnon. These birds
Athenians took Melos, and put to the sword were called Memnonides; and it has been
all such as were able to bear arms. The observed by some of the ancients, that they
women and children were made slaves, and never failed to return yearly to the tomb of
the island leſt desolate. An Athenian colony Memnon, in Troas, and repeat the same
re-peopled it, till Lysander re-conquered it, bloody engagement, in honour of the hero
and re-established the original inhabitants in from whom they received their name. The
their possession. The island produced a kind AEthiopians or Egyptians, over whom Mem
of earth successfully employed in painting non reigned, erected a celebrated statue to
and medicine. [It abounded with iron mines, the honour of their monarch. [vid. Mem
and was famous for its wines and honey. Its nonium.] Mennon was the inventor of the
pastures and mineral waters were also com alphabet, according to Anticlides, a writer
mended, and its alum was in great repute mentioned by Pliny, 7, c. 56. Mosch. in Bion.
among the Romans, and preferred by them to --Ovid. Met. 13, v. 578, &c.—-ºlian. 5, c.
that of any other country except the Egyp 1.-Paus. 1, c.42, l. 10, c. 31.-Strab. 13 and
tian.] Strab. 7.—Mela, 2, c. 7.-Plin. 4, c. 17.-Juv. 15, v. 5.-Philostra. in .4pollod.—
12, 1.35, c. 9.-Thucyd. 2, &c. Plin. 36, c. 7.-Homer. Od.9.—Quint. Calab.
MELPes, now Melpa, a river of Lucania, —A general of the Persian forces when
falling into the Tyrrhene Sea. Plin. 3, c. 5. Alexander invaded Asia. He distinguished
MELP6MéNE, one of the muses, daughter himself for his attachment to the interest of
of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. [Her name is Darius, his valour in the field, the soundness
derived from a tarogat, canto.] She presided of his counsels, and his great sagacity. He
over tragedy. Horace has addressed the defended Miletus against Alexander, and died
finest of his odes to her, as to the patroness in the midst of his successful enterprizes, B.
of lyric poetry. She was generally represent C. 333. His wife Bursine was taken prison
ed as a young woman with a serious counte er with the wife of Darius. Diod. 16.
nance. Her garments were splendid; she [MEMNonium, the citadel of Susa, (vid.
wore abuskin, and held'adagger in one hand, below.) This name is also given to that
and in the other a sceptre and crown. Ho part of Thebes in Egypt which lay on the
rat. 3, od, 4.—Hesiod. Theog. west side of the Nile, and is now called Ha
MEMMIA LEx, ordained that no one should bon. Near the city of Thebes was the ſa
be entered on the calendar of criminals who mous statue of Memnon, which was said to
was absent on the public account. utter a sound like the snapping asunder of a
MEMMIUs, a Roman knight who rendered musical string, when it was struck by the first
himself illustrious for his eloquence and poe beams of the sun. It was a colossal figure, of
tical talents. He was made tribune, praetor, gigantic size, formed of a very hard granite:
and afterwards governor of Bithynia. He was Cambyses, who spared not the Egyptian god
accused of extortion in his province and ba Apis, suspecting some imposture, broke the
nished by J. Caesar, though Cicero undertook statue from the head to the middle of the
his defence. Lucretius dedicated his poem body, but discovered nothing. Strabo, who
to him. Cic. in Brut.—A Roman, who ac visited the spot in a later age, states that he
cused Jugurtha before the Roman people. saw two colossal figures, one of themanderºt,
The family of the Memmii were ple and the other broken off from above, the
They were descended, according to fragments lying on the ground. He state
 ME
ME
- with two smaller and similar ones at some
however, a tradition that this had been occa
sioned by an earthquake. The geographer
distance in front. All three, says Diodorus,
were of one stone, and were.Memnon's, the Sye
adds, that he and Ælius Gallus, with many
nite. These last words are important. On the
other friends, and a large number of soldiers, larger statue was inscribed as follows: “I am
were standing by these statues early in the Osymandyas, the king of kings. If any one
morning, when they heard a certain sound,
but could not determine whether it came from wishes to know how great I am, and where
Ilie, let him excel one of my works." As
the colossus, or the base, or from the surround. attentive examination of what is here detail
ing multitude. He mentions also, that it was ed will end in the conviction that there is
a current belief that the sound came from
tnuch falsehood on the part the Egyptian
that part of the statue which remained on priests intermin:led with theof narrative of Dio
the base. Pliny and Tacitus mention the dorus. For the latter does not appear to have
sound produced from the statue, without "een himself upon the spot, but gives
merely
having themselves heard it, and Lucian in what he heard from the lips of the former.
forms us that Demetrius went on purpose to in the inscription mentioned above, Osyman
Egypt to see the pyramids and Memnon's lyas is styled king of kings. Suspicion is im
statue, from which a voice proceeded at the mediately excited by this peculiar title. Nei
rising of the sun. It was a general persuasion, ther tradition nor history furnish us with the
indeed, among the Egyptians as well as least proof that any king of Egypt ever as
others, that before Cambyses broke this co sumed this appellation. The inscriptions on
lossus, it uttered the seven mysterious vowels. the oblisks designate them
Of the fact that this statue uttered sounds as being gods or
the descendants of gods, never as being lords
when the sun shone upon it, there can be no over other monarchs. To
doubt, nor can it be difficult to account for Egyptian pride
this last seemed the necessary consequence of
the phenomenon. The priests of Thebes a divine original, and therefore needing no
might have fabricated, by mechanical art, a mention. The Persian monarchs alone as
speaking head, the springs of which were so sumed the title in question, and with justice,
arranged that it should pronounce sounds at if we consider how many petty sovereigns
the rising of the sun. Cambyses destroyed acknowledged their sway. It is from this
this wonderful mechanism by overturning source that the priests of Egypt borrowed it
the upper part of the statue. The sounds for their pretended Osymandyas.
emitted after this from the trunk, which re The re
mained on the pedestal, must have been an mainder of the inscription, moreover, involves
a direct contradiction it
itself, for a tomb in
artifice of the priests. It would seem too,
the very temple showed in fact where the
that this was used by them, in a later age, monarch lay. The truth appears
in opposition to the progress of Christiani to be simply
ty; for we find that after Christianity be this. There was on the spot a splendid tem
came established in Egypt, in the fourth ple of Osiris or Sesostris, adorned with paint
century, nothing more was said of the vocal ings and colossal figures. The later Egyp
statue of Memnon. The mutilated fragment, tian priests, no longer perhaps sufficiently
or rather bust of Memnon, which lay on the well acquainted with ancient traditions,
ground, and consisted of a single mass of stone, sought for some individual to whom the sº
weighing 10 or 12 tons, was sent to England cred structure might be attributed, and ſound
by Belzoni in 1818, and is now in the Bri such an one in the fabulous Osymandyas.
tish Museum. But who was Memnon? The That they should have thus forgotten, in Se
answer to this question will involve an ex sostris, one of their earliest and most reuewn
planation also of the term Memnonium. We ed monarchs, appears little surprising, when
will first give the ingenious theory of Man we consider how great a degree of national
nert, and then the discoveries of Champollion. vanity was blended with the Egyptian cha
The Egyptian priests, aware that the name racter. Their nation they regarded as the
Memnon occurred in the traditions of the first upon earth, and not Sesostris merely, but
Greeks, as that of an Assyrian monarch who every individual monarch in the long line of
had marched to the aid of Troy, and indulg. their ancient kings, as having been little infe
rior to deities. No wouders were too stu
ing their usual propensity of claiming as
their own every distinguished personage, pendous which their Pharaohs had not per
with whose name they found one in their formed, and the statement of Strabo is an
own land bearing any degree of similarity. excellent commentary on this trait of nation
al character, when he informs us that he ob
asserted that Memnon was an Egyptian
prince who had conquered Assyria, and to served in the tombs of the kings near Thebes,
which country, therefore, he was erroneously certain small obelisks whose inscriptions stat
said to have belonged. The Egyptian priests, ed in pompous terms the immense riches of
however, of a later age, went far beyond those monarchs, and the expeditions made by
them to the distant east with a million of
this, and made Memnon the same with
Osymandyas, an Egyptian monarch and con. warriors. But whence came the name Osy
queror of many nations. On his return from mandyas The answer is an easy one; since.
a distant expedition he was said to have built according to Strabo, Memnon was in Egyp
the Memnonium. Here, in the midst of a tian Ismandes. Now the latter name, argues
Peristyle, was placed, according to them, his Mannert, was found by the priests on the
colossal statue, in a sitting posture, together colossal statues just mentioned, and either
 ME ME

they knew not that it was the name merely the death of his brother, who had fal
of the architect who reared the splendid edi len in battle by the hand of the son of *

fices of the Memnonium, or, if they actually Aurora, without in the least hinting that
knew the truth, the suggestions of national this victor was Memnon, the most beautiful of
vanity taught them to conceal it. This lat men. They who came after the poet, how
ter supposition is by far the more probable : ever, discovered that Memnon was meant;
especially as Diodorus himself was aware for, was the hero in question a son of Aurora,
that Memnon was inerely the maker of these he must consequently have been the most
statues; for, when he states that they were beautiful of men ; and if the most beautiful
-Memnon's, he merely means, in accordance of men, he must certainly have been Mem
with the common rules of Greek phraseology. non. Such was the reasoning of those who
that they were Memnon's work, the word commented on the bard, and who “ saw in
tº or being understood. After this explana. Homer more than Homer knew.” When the
tion, the inscription given above become Greeks became better acquainted with the
that of a boastful artist, with the excep eastern regions of the world, after the con
tion of the words “king of kings,” which quests of Alexander, they found that the royal
are evidently an interpolation of the priests. city of Susa, and more especially the palace
Memnon regarded himself as the prince of in it, bore the name of Memnonium. Here
architects, and had even procured as a was a new confirmation of their favourite
return for his skill the honour of being in. theory. Susa must have been the residence
terred within the sacred precincts. His con of Memnon, son of Aurora, and the palace
temporaries seem to have acknowledged his antist have derived its appellation from him,
claims to eminence in this respect, since is having erected and dwelt in it. Herodo
not only the buildings already spoken ol us in Jact speaks of Susa as Artv Mearavior,
º at Thebes bore his name, but other palaces, and many others before him make mention
at Abydos, for example, were styled each of it: Histiasus of Miletus, too, lived in it at
Memnonium. Strabo even regards him the court of Darius. The Greeks, unfortu
as the builder of the labyrinth. The conclu nately for their theory, soon discovered that
*ion to be drawn then from these premises Susa was a city of comparatively recent date,
is, according to Mannert, as follows. There and that the monarchs of Assyria had never
never was a monarch of Egypt by the name dwelt in it; but this they disregarded. The
of Osymandyas ; this name being merely al Grecian theory was, (Strabo 15, 1058,) that
tered by the priests from Ismandes, that of Tithonus, governor of Persis and husband of
the architect in question. Neither was Mem Eos, had, in the time of the Assyrian king
non a prince of Egypt, but merely a distin Teutamus, erected, by means of his son, the
guished architect of Syene, and therefore, a spleniid city of Susa, and then sent him to
building ascribed to him is not styled by the the aid of the Trojans. But Persis never
Greek writers Mºuyoyº. 84 rukºv, “a palace of belonged to the empire of Assyria; and the
Memnon,” implying that he dwelt in it, but idea of a single governor founding so large a
merely Mºuyoyuoy 3, a tattoy, “a Mennonian city as Susa is absurd. The hypothesis in
Palace,” importing that he built it. We question, however, received a severe blow
have spoken above of three colossal statues, when the Greeks became acquainted with
and ancient and modern travellers, after Dio Upper Egypt, for there they ſound the Mem
dorus, make mention only of two. If an opi nonium of Thebes. The Egyptian priests,
nion, observes Mannert, be allowed on this however, stood ready to relieve their embar
subject, it would be as follows. The num rassment. “Memmon,” said they, “ was a
ber of colossal statues was three, according countryman of ours, his true name was
to the statement of Diodorus above cited, Anemophis; he went as conqueror to Assyria,
the largest representing the architect him proceeded thence to Troy, and then returned
self, the two smaller his mother and daugh home.” This explanation, however, did not,
ter. The larger statue contained the inscrip it seems, find a very ready or general recep
tion which has been commented upon, but it tion, and was soon superseded by another.
fell with the ruins of the temple ; the two Ethiopian princes, said the priests, ruled for
smaller remained, though in a mutilated a long period in our land; they were great
state, being situate farther from the sacred conquerors, and by them was built the Mem
edifice. But the Grecian mythology speaks nonium of Thebes. Such is the statement of
in far different language of viemnon, repre Agatharchides the geographer, who lived un
senting him as the son of Aurora, who came der the first Ptolemies. He evidently gives
WWe aid of the Trojans with the squadrons merely the relation of others, since he ac
of the east. Whence did this take its rise companies it with the term part, “they say.”
weanswer, remarks the same writer, that the It would seem, in truth, that the Memnon at
Whºe is based upon a misinterpretation and Susa, and the Memnon of Egypt, were one
confounding together of two passages in Ho and the same person. Cambyses, who at first
mer. In the first of these passages, (Odyss. lived on such friendly terms with Pharaoh
\\, y. 521.) Horner speaks of Memnon a Amasis as to ask his daughter in marriage,
having been the ºnost beautiful of men, but may have requested of the Egyptian monarch
adds not a word to inform us whether this famous architect also, in order to have *
he was a Greek –or a foreigner. In the new palace erected by him at Susa, andhº
second (0d. 4, v. 188), Nestor's son laments|| the name Memnonium might become applied
 ME ME

likewise to the latter place. In this way too left side of the Nile. Concerning the epoch
we may account for the great similarity ob of its ſoundation, and its precise situation.
served by modern travellers between some writers are not agreed. (rid. Menes.) . Dic
parts of the ancient architecture of Persia dorus Siculus makes it seven leagues in cº
and that of Egypt. Sir Robert Ker Porter in cumference. With regard to its position, it
forms us that the Shehel Minar, or “Forty Co would seem, from a review of all the author:-
lumns,” at Persepolis, both as a whole and in ties which bear upon the subject, that Mer
phis stood about 15 miles above the apex of
their details, bore a strong resemblance to the
architectural style of Egypt. Memnon, no the Delta : this at least is D'Anville’s opi
doubt, would be employed also in adorning nion. The modern village of Gisa is generally
this splendid capital. But in direct opposi supposed to occupy the site of Memphis, but
tion to all that has thus far been advanced is it is more accurate to make the small town
the authority of the learned Champollion. with Memph correspond to the ancient city.
This writer, in his elaborate treatise on the Herodotus ascribes the founding of Memphis
Hieroglyphics of Egypt, maintains the iden to Menes, Diodorus to Uchoreus. It seems
tity of Memnon with the Egyptian monarch that aſter the course of the Nile, which lost
Amenophis 2d.; and by means of his equally itself in the sands of Libya, had been changed.
curious and profound researches in the an and the Delta was formed out of the mud de
cient language of Egypt, makes the inscrip posited by its waters, canals were cut to drain
tion on the base of Memnon's statue equiva Lower Egypt. Upon this the kings of Thebes
lent to Amenoph (AMENſhº.) It would be became desirous of approaching nearer to the
the height of rashness to oppose a mere theory mouth of the river, in order to enjoy the cool
to a matter of fact, though it must be con breezes from the sea. Accordingly they
fessed that if the conclusion of Champollion founded Memphis, which soon eclipsed in
be the true one, we are again left in utter splendour the ancient capital of Thebes. It
uncertainty as regards the appellation Mem maintained its splendour till the time of Cam
monian which is applied to the city of Susa byses, who almost ruined it. Still, however,
by the ancient writers. Nor is this all. How it retained enough magnificence to be the
comes it that the earlier priests of Fgypt first city in the world. lt declined after the
should have thought of assigning the statue in founding of Alexandria, its population migrat
question to the fabulous Osymandyas, when ing in large numbers to the new capital.
the name of Amenophis was upon it? Or why Under Augustus, however,it was still a large
should the latter name be heard only in a city. Six hundred years after, it was taken
later age 2 Is it beyond probability to con and ravaged by the Arabs.] It once contain
jecture that the inscription decyphered by ed many beautiful temples, particularly those
Champollion is a ſorgery of the priests of of the god Apis, (bos Memphites,) whose
Egypt, and the production of a later period worship was observed with the greatest cere
than that when the statue was originally monies. (vid. Apis.) It was in the neigh
made 2 Champollion's chief strength lies on bourhood of Memphis that those famous py
the present occasion in his decyphering of the ramids were built, whose grandeur and beau
inscription; for his Greek authorities, Ma ty still astonish the modern traveller. Tºbuil.
netho and Pausanias, do not carry much 1, el. 7, v. 28.-Sil. It. 14, v. 660.-Strab. 17
weight with them in the present instance. —JMela, 1, c. 9.-Diod. 1.-Plut. in Isid—
The former wrote in too late an age to be Herodot. 2, c. 10, &c.—Joseph..?nt. Jud. 8.
deemed very decisive testimony on this in MEMphitis, a son of Ptolemy Physcou.
tricate subject, and Pausanias, in addition to king of Egypt. He was put to death by his
stating that the inhabitants of Thebes assign father.
ed the statue, not to Memnon but to Phame MENA, a goddess worshipped at Rome, and
noph, remarks, what the learned Champollion supposed to preside over the monthly infir
ought in candour to have mentioned, that he mities of women. She was the same as Junn.
had heard persons ascribe tº also to Sesostris. According to some, the sacrifices offered to
The inscription of Balbinus, which Champol her were young puppies that still sucked their
lion also quotes, is the production of a very mother. Aug. de Civ. D.4, c. 2.-Plin-3,
late age, that of the emperor Hadrian ; and c. 4.
when he speaks of Memnon as having been MENA or MENEs, the first king of Egypt,
also called Phamenoph, he no doubt received according to some accounts. [vid. Menes.j
this information from the priests of the day. MENAlcas, a shepherd in Virgil's eclogues.
We have thus confronted the theory of Man. MENALIPPE, a sister of Antiope, queen of
mert with the researches of Champollion, and the Amazons, taken by Hercules when that
it is due to candour to say that the former, hero made war against this celebrated nation.
however ingenious it may be, is mere specu She was ransomed, and Hercules received in
lation, while the latter is a curious discovery exchange the arms and belt of the queen.
based upon fact. Besides, even conceding Juv. 8, v. 229. A daughter of the Centaur
every other point to the German scholar, Chiron, beloved and ravished by Æolus, sun
where is the probability that a mere archi. of Hellen. She retired into the woods to hide
tect like Memnon would be allowed to make her disgrace from the eyes of her father, and
a colossus of himself, or to obtain a burial when she had broughtforth, she entreated the
place within the precincts of a temple?] gods to remove her totally from the pursuits
MEMphis, [a famous city of Egypt, on the of Chiron. She was changed in a mare, and
480
 ME ME

called Ocyroe. Some suppose that she assum break my word. Suet. in Oct. Horace ep.
cd the name of Menalippe and lost that of epod 4, has ridicaled the pride of Menas, and
Ocyroe. She became a constellation after recalled to his mind his former meanness and
death, called the horse. Some authors call obscurity.
her Hippe or Evippe. Hygin. P.1.2, c. 18. MENDEs, a city of Egypt, near Lycopolis,
—Pollur. 4.—Menalippe is a name common on one of the mouths of the Nile, called the
to other persons, but it is generally spelt Mendesian mouth. Pan, under the form of a
.Melanippe by the best authors. vid. Mela goat, was worshipped there with the greatest
nippe. indecency. [Herodotus states, that in the
MENANDER, a celebrated comic poet of Egyptian language Mendes signifies both Pan
Athens, educated under Theophrastus. He and a he-goat.] Herodot. 2, c. 42 and 46
was universally esteemed by the Greeks, and Strab. 17.-Diod. 1.
received the appellation of Prince of the New MENEcRites, a physician of Syracuse,
Comedy. He did not disgrace his composi famous for his vanity and arrogance. He
tions, like Aristophanes, by mean and indecent was generally accompanied by some of his
reflections and illiberal satire, but his writings patients whose disorders he had cured. He
were replete with elegance, refined wit, and disguised one in the habit of Apollo, and the
judicious observations. Of 80 comedies which other in that of Æsculapius, while he reserv
he wrote, nothing remains but a few frag ed for himself the title and,mane of Jupiter,
ments. It is said that Terence translated all whose power was extended over those inferior
these, and indeed we have cause to lament deities. He crowned himself like the master
the loss of such valuable writings when we of the gods; and, in a letter which he wrote to
are told by the ancients that the elegant Philip king of Macedon, he styled himself
Terence, so much admired, was in the opi in these words, Menecrates Jupiter to king
nion of his countrymen reckoned inferior to Philip greeting. The Macedonian monarch
Menander. [A very faint idea of the man answered, Philip to Menecrates, greeting, and
ner and spirit of Menander can be formed better sense. Philip also invited him to one
from the comedies of Terence ; for, not con of his feasts, but when the meats were served
tent with representing on the Roman stage up, a table was put separate for the physician,
the action contained in the piece of his Gre on which he was served only with perfumes
cian prototype, he generally joined to it some and frankincense, like the father of the gods.
subordinate intrigue drawn from another play This entertainment displeased Menecrates;
of the same poet, and artfully amalgamated he remembered that he was a mortal, and
with the principal action. This is what hurried away from the company. He lived
Terence calls making one play out of two. about 360 years before the Christian era. The
Plutarch, Dio Chrysostom, and Ovid speak book which he wrote on cures is lost. JElian.
of the productions of Menander in terms of W. H. 10, c. 51.—Athen. 7, c. 13.
high admiration, and prefer them to the most MENEDEMUs, [a Greek philosopher, a na
finished specimens of the ancient and middle tive of Eretria, who flourished towards the
comedy.] It is said that Menander drowned close of the fourth century before Christ.
himself in the 52d year of his age, B.C. 293, He was of the Eliac school, which he af.
because the compositions of his rival Phile terwards transferred to his native city,
mon obtained more applause than his own. and gave it the name of Eretrian. Though
Only eight of his numerous comedies were nobly descended, he was obliged, through po
rewarded with a poetical prize. The name verty, to submit to a mechanical employment,
of his father was Diopythus, and that of his either as tent-maker or mason. He formed
mother Hegistrata. His fragments, with those an early acquaintance with Asclepiades, who
of Philemon, were published by Clericus, was a fellow-labourer with him in the same
8vo. 1709. [This edition, executed with occupation. Having resolved to devote them
very little care, gave occasion to a very dis selves to philosophy, they abandoned their
graceful literary warfare, in which Bentley, mean employment and went to Athens,
Burman. Gronovius, De Pauw, and D'Or where Plato presided in the Academy. Me
ville, took an active part. vid. Fabr. Bib. nedemus was at first ill received by the in
Gr. ed. Harless. vol. 2, p. 457. The best habitants of his native city when he retired
edition is that of Meineke, Berolini, 1823, thither to open a school, but was afterwards
8vo.] Quintil 10, c. 1.—Paterc. 4. c. 16. invested with offices of high responsibility and
MENApii, a people of Belgic Gaul, near importance. He was entrusted with a pub
the Mosa. Cars. B. Gall. lic office, to which was annexed an annual sti
MENAs, a freedman of Pompey the Great, pend of 200 talents. He discharged the trust
who distinguished himself by the active and with fidelity and reputation, but would only
perfidious part he took in the civil wars which accept a fourth part of the salary. He was
were kindled between the younger Pompey afterwards sent as ambassador to Ptolemy,
and Augustus. When Pompey invited Augus Lysander, and Demetrius, and did his coun
tus to his galley, Menas advised his master to trymen several important services. Antigo
*ize the person of his enemy, and at the same nus entertained a personal respect for him,
time the Roman empire, by cutting the cables and professed himself one of his disciples. His
9f his ship. No, replied Pompey, I would intimacy with this prince made the Eretrians
have approved of the measure if you had done suspect him of a design to betray their city tº
it without consulting
* -
me ; but I scorn to Antigonus. To save himself he fled to Anti-.
•º p 421
 ME ME

gonus, and soon after died in the 84th year of court of Priam for the recovery of Helenbad
his age. It is thought he precipitated his proved fruitless, they marched to meet their
death by abstaining from food, being oppress enemies in the field. During the Trojan wr
ed with grief at the ingratitude of his country Menelaus behaved with great spirit and cº
men, and on being unable to persuade Anti rage, and Paris must have fallen by his hand,
gonus to restore the lost liberties of his coun had not Venus interposed and redeemed him
try.]—A Cynic philosopher of Lampsacus, from certain death. He also expressed his
who said that he was come from hell to ob wish to engage Hector, but Agamemnon him.
serve the sins and wickedness of mankind. dered him from fighting with so powerful as
His habit was that of the furies, and his beha adversary. In the tenth year of the Trojan
viour was a proof of his insanity. He was dis. war, Helen, as it is reported, obtained the
ciple of Colotes of Lampsacus. Duog. forgiveness and the good graces of Meneians
MENELKI Portus, an harbour on the coast by introducing him with Ulysses, the night that
of Africa, between Cyrene and Egypt. C. Troy was reduced to ashes, into the chamber
Nep. in Ages. 8.-Strab. 1. Mons, a hill of Leiphobus whom she had married after the
near Sparta, with a fortification called Mene death of Paris. This perfidious conduct to
laium. Liv. 34, c. 28. tally reconciled her to her first husband; and
MENELāia, a festival celebrated at The she returned with him to Sparta, during a voy
rapnae in Laconia, in honour of Menelaus. age of eight years. He died some time after
He had there a temple, where he was wor his return. He had a daughter called Her
shipped with his wife Helen as one of the su mione, and Nicostratus according to some,
preme gods. by Helen, and a son called Megapenthes by a
MENELäus, a king of Sparta, brother to concubine. Some say that Menelaus went to
Agamennon. His father's name was Atreus, Egypt on his return from the Trojan war to
according to Homer, or, according to the more obtain Helen who had been detained thereby
probable opinion of Hesiod, Apollodorus, &c. the king of the country. [vid. Helena.] The
he was the son of Plisthenes and Ærope. palace which Menelaus once inhabited was
[vid. Plisthenes.] He was educated with his still entire in the days of Pausanias, as well as
brother Agamemnon in the house of Atreus, the temple which had been raised to his me
but soon after the death of this monarch, Thy mory by the people of Sparta. Howter. Od.
estes his brother usurped the kingdom and ba 4, &c. Il. 1, &c.—Apollod. 3, c. 10-Parts.
mished the two children of Plisthenes. Mene 3, c. 14 and 19.-Dietys. Cret. 2, &e.–Pºrg.
laus and Agamemnon came to the court of JEn. 2, &c.—Quint. Smyrn. 14–0 eid. He
OEneus, king of Calydonia, who treated them roid. 5 and 13.-Hygin. fab, 79-Eurºp. in
with tenderness and paternal care. From Ca Iphig.—Propert. 2.-Sophocles,
lydonia they went to Sparta, where, like the MENENIUS AGRIPPA, a celebrated Roman
rest of the Grecian princes, they solicited the
who appeased the Roman populace in the in
marriage of Helen the daughter of king Tyn fancy of the consular governmentby repeating
darus. By the artifice and advice of Ulysses, the well-known fable of the belly and limbs.
Helen was permitted to choose a husband, and He flourished 495 B. C. Liv. 2, c. 16, 32, 33.
she fixed her eyes upon Menelaus and married MENEs, [considered by most as the found
him, after her numerous suitors had solemnly er of the Egyptian empire, is supposed to
bound themselves by an oath to defend her, have reigned 117 years after the birth of Pha
and protect her person against the violence leg, son of Heber, which was the year of the
or assault of every intruder. [vid. Helena.] dispersion of the people throughout the earth.
As soon as the nuptials were celebrated, Tyn He builtthe town of Memphis, and, in the pro
darus resigned the crown to his son-in-law, secution of his work, stopped the course of the
and their happiness was complete. This was, Nile, near it, by constructing a causeway se
however, of short duration; Helen was the veral milesbroad, and caused it to run through
fairest woman of the age, and Venus had the mountains. For his ability and popularity
promised Paris the son of Priam to reward he was deified after death. He is supposed to
him with such a beauty. [vid. Paris.] The be the Misraim of Scripture. Bishop Clay
arrival of Paris in Sparta was the cause of ton, however, contends that Menes was not
great revolutions. The absence of Menelaus the first king of Egypt, but that he only trans
in Crete gave opportunities to the Trojan ferred the seat of empire from Thebes to
prince to corrupt the fidelity of Helen, and to Memphis; for Diodorus expressly says that
carry away home what the goddess of beauty Memphis was not built until eight generations
had promised to him as his due. This action after the building of Thebes, and that the rise
was highly resented by Menelaus; he remind of Memphis was the fall of Thebes.] Hero
ed the Greek princes of their oath and so dot. 2, c. 1 and 90.- Diod. 1.
lemn engagements when they courted the MENEsth £1 Portus, a town of Hispania
daughter of Tyndarus, and immediately all Baetica, [opposite Gades, near the modern
Greece took up arms to defend his cause. Puerto Real. If we follow Ptolemy and Stra
rid, the true account of the origin of the bo, however, it will be more to the south, near
Trojan war in the remarks under the article the castle of St. Luis.]
Troja.] The combined forces assembled at Au MENEstEus or Mr.NEstheus or MNEs
lis in Boeotia, where they chose Agamemnon THEus, a son of Pereus, who so insinuated
for their general, and Calchas for their high himself into the favour of the people of Athens,
priest: and after their applications to the that during the long absence of Theseus, he
 ME ME

was elected king. The lawful monarch at Menartiades. Menoetius was one of the Argo
his return home was expelled, and Mnesthe nauts. Apollod. 3, c. 24.—Homer. Il. 1, v.
us established his usurpation by his popularity 307.-Hygin. ſab. 97.
and great moderation. As he had been one MENoN, a Thessalian commander in the
of Helen's suitors, he went to the Trojan war expedition of Cyrus the younger against his
at the head of the people of Athens, and died brother Artaxerxes. [He commanded the
in his return in the island of Melos. He reign. left wing in the battle of Cunaxa. He was
ed 23 years, 1205, and was succeeded by De taken along with the other generals after the
mophoon, the son of Theseus. Plut. in Thes, battle by Tissaphernes, but was not put to
A son of Iphicrates who distinguished death with them. Xenophon states that he
himself in the Athenian armies. C. Nep. in lived an entire year, after having had some
TÉm. personal punishment inflicted, and then met
MENINx, or Lotophagitis INSULA, now with an end of his existence. Diodorus states
Zerbi, an island on the coast of Africa, near that he was not punished with the other ge
the Syrtis Minor. It was peopled by the peo nerals, because it was thought that he was
ple of Neritos, and thence called Meritia. [It inclined to betray the Greeks, and he was
was rather called Neritia by Silius Italicus, therefore allowed to escape unhurt. Mar
because rendered illustrious by Ulysses having cellinus, in his life of Thucydides, accuses
touched there and erected an altar. vid. Ne Xenophon of calumniating Menon, on account
ritos. Meninx was afterwards called Gerba, of his enmity towards Plato, who was a friend
whence comes the modern name. It was of Menon.] Diod. 14.
one of the places where the shell-fish was MENophilus, an eunuch to whom Mithri
found whence purple was obtained.] Plin. dates, when conquered by Pompey, intrusted
5, c. 7.-Strab. 17.-Sil. It. 3, v. 318. the care of his daughter. Menophilus mur
MENIPPUs, a Cynic philosopher of Phoeni dered the princess for fear of her falling into
cia. He was originally a slave, and obtained the enemy's hands. Ammian. 16.
his liberty with a sum of money, and became MENTA or MINth E. vid. Minthe.
one of the greatest usurers at Thebes. He MENToR, a faithful friend of Ulysses.
grew so desperate from the continual re A king of Sidonia who revolted against Artax
proaches and insults to which he was daily erxes Ochus, and afterwards was restored to
exposed on account of his meanness, that he favour by his treachery to his allies, &c. Di
destroyed himself. He wrote 13 books of sa od. 16. An excellent artist in polishing
tires which have been lost. M. Varro com cups and engraving flowers on them. Plin.
posed satires in imitation of his style, and call 33, c. 11.-Mart. 9, ep. 63, v. 16.
ed them Menippean. [The Menippean sa MENyllus, a Macedonian set over the gar
tire consisted of verse and prose intermixed.] rison which Antipater had stationed at Athens.
-A native of Stratonice who was preceptor He attempted in vain to corrupt the inno
to Cicero for some time. Cic. Br. 91. cence of Phocion. Plut.
Mennis, a town of Assyria, [four days' MERA, a dog of Icarius, who by his cries
march south of Arbela. The adjacent coun showed Erigone where her murdered father
try abounded in bitumen. Mannert locates had been thrown. Immediately after this
it near the modern Dus-Churmalu.] Curt. discovery, the daughter hung herself in des
5, c. 1. pair, and the dog pined away, and was made
MENEcEus, a Theban, father of Hippo. a constellation in the heavens known by the
nome, Jocasta, and Creon. A young The name of Canis. Ovud Met. 7, v. 363.-Hy
ban, son of Creon. He offered himself to gin. fab. 130–JElian. Hist. An. 7, c. 28.
death, when Tiresias, to ensure victory on the MERcurii PaomontoRIUM, a cape of
side of Thebes against the Argive forces, or |Africa, near Clypea. I.iv. 26, c. 44, l. 29, c.
dered the Thebans to sacrifice oue of the des 27.--Plin. 5, c. 4.
cendants of those who sprang from the dra MERciaius, a celebrated god of antiquity,
gon's teeth, and he killed himself near the called Hermes by the Greeks...[vid, the end
cave where the dragon of Mars had formerly of this article.] There were no less than
resided. The gods required this sacrifice be. five of this name according to Cicero; a
cause the dragon had been killed by Cadmus, son of Coelus and Lux; a son of Valens
and no sooner was Creon dead than his coun and Coronis; a son of the Nile ; a son of
trymen obtained the victory. Stat. Theb. 10. Jupiter and Maia; and another called by the
v. 614-Eurºp. Phoen.—Apollod. 3, c. 6.- Egyptians Thaut. Some add a sixth, a son
Cic. Tusc. 1, c.98.-Sophocl. in Antig. of Bacchus and Proserpine. To the son of
MENGETEs, the pilot of the ship of Gyas, Jupiter and Maia the actions of all the others
at the naval games exhibited by Æneas at the have been probably attributed, as he is the
anniversary of his father's death. He was most famous and the best known. Mercury
thrown into the sea by Gyas for his inatten was the messenger of the gods, and of Jupi
tion, and saved himself by swimming to a rock. ter in particular; he was the patron of tra
Virg. JEn. 5, v. 161, &c. vellers and of shepherds ; he conducted the
MENGEtius, a son of Actor and Ægina after souls of the dead into the infernal regions, and
her amour with Jupiter. He left his mother not only presided over orators, merchants, de
claimers, but and
and went to Opus, where he had by Sthe pickpockets, he was also the god of thieves.
all dishonest person* His
nele, or, according to others, by Philomela or
Polymela, Patroclus, often called from him name is derived a mereibus, because he was
483
 ME ME

the god of merchandize among the Latins. represented as carrying a ram on his should
He was born, according to the more received ers, because he delivered the inhabitants
opinion, in Arcadia, on Mount Cyllene, and from a pestilence by telling them to carry a
in his infancy he was intrusted to the care of ram in that manner round the walls of their
the Seasons. The day that he was born, or city. The Roman merchants yearly cel
more probably the following day, he gave an brated a festival on the 15th of May, in hº
early proof of his craftiness and dishonesty, nour of Mercury, in a temple near the Cir
in stealing away the oxen of Admetus which cus Maximus. A pregnaut sow was sacri
Apollo tended. He gave another proof of his ficed, and sometimes a calf, and particularly
thievish propensity, by taking also the quiver the tongues of animals were offered. After
and arrows of the divine shepherd, and he in the votaries had sprinkled themselves with
creased his fame by robbing Neptune of his water with laurel leaves, they offered pray
trident, Venus of her girdle, Mars of his ers to the divinity, and entreated him to be
sword, Jupiter of his sceptre, and Vulcan of favourable to them, and to forgive whatever
many of his mechanical instruments. These artful measures, false oaths or falsehoods they
specimens of his art recommended him to the had used or uttered in the pursuit of gain.
notice of the gods, and Jupiter took him as his Sometimes Mercury appears on monuments
messenger, interpreter, and cup-bearer in the with a large cloak round his arm, or tied
assembly of the gods. This last office he dis under his chin. The chief ensigns of his
charged till the promotion of Ganymede. He power and offices are his caduceus, his petasus,
was represented with a winged cap, call and his talaria. Sometimes he is represented
ed petasus, and with wings for his feet, sitting upon a crayfish, holding in one band
called talaria. He had also a short sword, his caduceus, and in the other the claws of
called herpe, which he lent to Perseus. the fish. At other times he is like a young
With these he was enabled to go into what man without a beard, holding in one hand a
ever part of the universe he pleased with the purse, as being a tutelary god of merchants,
greatest celerity, and besides he was permit with a cock on his wrists as an emblem of vi
ted to make himself invisible, and to assume gilance, and at his feet a goat, a scorpion, and
whatever shape he pleased. As messenger of a fly. Some of his statues represented him
Jupiter he was intrusted with all his secrets. as a youth facino erecto. Sometimes he rests
He was the ambassador and plenipotentiary of his foot upon a tortoise. In Egypt his statue
the gods, and he was concerned in all alliances represented him with the head of a dog.
and treaties. He was the confidant of Jupi whence he was oſten confounded with Anu
ter's amours, and he often was sent to watch bis, and received the sacrifice of a stork.
over the jealousy and intrigues of Juno. The Offerings of milk and honey were made be
invention of the lyre and its seven strings is as cause he was the god of eloquence, whose
cribed to him. This he gave to Apollo, and powers were sweet and persuasive. The
received in exchange the celebrated caduceus Greeks and Romans offered tongues to him
with which the god of poetry used to drive the by throwing them into the fire, as he was the
flocks of king Admetus. [vid. Caduceus.] In patron of speaking, of which the tongue is
the wars of the giants against the gods, Mer the organ. Sometimes his statues represent
cury showed himself brave, spirited, and ac him as without arms, because, according to
tive. He delivered Mars from the long con some, the power of speech can prevail over
finement which he suffered from the superior everything, even without the assistance cf
power of the Aloides. He purified the Da arms. [It has been said, and not without rea
maides of the murder of their husbands, he son, that the Mercury of the Latins was the
tied Ixion to his wheel in the infernal regions, same deity with the Hermes of the Greeks,
he destroyed the hundred-eyed Argus, he the Theutat of the Gauls, and the Thot or
sold Hercules to Omphale the queen of Ly Thaut of the Egyptians, from whom some
dia, he conducted Priam to the tent of Achil have thought that the rest were derived.
les, to redeem the body of his son Hector, His name Hermes signified Interpreter, or,
and he carried the infant Bacchus to the according to Proclus, Messenger; or, if we
nymphs of Nysa. Mercury had many sur trace it to a Celtic original, it was the same
names and epithets. He was called Cyllenius, with Armes, which signifies divination, a
Caduceator, Acacetos, from Acacus, an Ar character which belonged by way of eminence
cadian ; Acacesius, Tricephalos, Triplex, to Mercury, who was distinguished by his
Chthonius, Camillus, Agoneus, Delius, Ar knowledge and practice of this art. Banier
cas, &c. His children were also numerous as allows of none but the ancient Mercury, the
well as his amours. He was father of Auto Thot or Thaut of the Egyptians. Bochart
lycus, by Chione ; Myrtillus, by Cleobula; traces the history of Mercury to that of Ca
Libys, by Libya; Echion and Eurytus, by maan. Both, he says, were the sons of Jupi
Antianira ; Cephalus, by Creusa; Prylis, by ter or Ammon, who was the same with Ham,
Isa; and of Priapus, according to some. He one taking his name from Mercatura, mer
was also father of Hermaphroditus, by ve chandize, and Canaan, he says, had in He
nus; of Eudorus, by Polimela; of Pan, by brew the same signification. The wins's of
Dryope, or Penelope. His worship was well Mercury he makes to be the sails of the Phoe
established, particularly in Greece, Egypt, nician vessels. He was the god of eloquence
and Italy. He was worshipped at Tanagra and the inventor of letters, because the Phoe
in Boeotia, under the name of Criophorus, and
nicians brought the use of them from the
.484
 ME ME

west. Others make Mercury the same with |son of Omphale by Hercules. Herodot. 1, c.
Moses, and compare his caduceus with the 7 and 14.
miraculous rod of that legislator. We have MERöE, [according to the ancient writers,
already given an explanation of the office an island of Ethiopia. Modern geographers
and character of Mercury in the reſnarks have generally made the ancient Meroë co
under the article Jupiter. According to incide with a region nearly insulated by the
Schaaff, however, his Phoenician name was two branches of the Nile, the Astapus and
Casmilus, and his caduceus was originally Astaboras, and which would be an island iſ
nothing more than a branch of a tree twined these two last mentioned streams communi
around with green leaves, and adorned with cated above towards their sources. Malte
a knot skilfully tied, the symbol of trade. Brun makes Meroë the same with the mo
The knot and leaves were subsequently dern kingdom of Sennaar : but a very re
changed to wings and serpents. According cent French traveller, M. Cailloux, seems to
to the same authority, the Hermae were ori have set the question at rest. He ſound the
ginally nothing more than boundary stones |Nile bending outwards in a part of its course,
consecrated in the Phoenician factories. These and, after making a wide circuit, returning
the Greeks afterwards erected in different to almost the very spot where the bend com
places, especially in the gymnasia, and in menced. It thus encloses a very large pe
process of time these rude and shapeless ninsula, to travel around which is a journey
stones were modelled after the young and of many weeks, while at the neck of the
athletic antagonists of the palaestra; the pe peninsula, the distance across is one day's
tasus also being in imitation of the broad travel. The land thus enclosed is called Mer
hat which they wore previous to engaging we, and presents numerous traces of ancient
and while on their way to the places of civilization. It appears to have been inha
exercise.] Homer. Od. 1, &c., Il. 1, &c.— bited by a people equally as far advanced in
Hymn. in Merc.—Lucian, in Mort.—Dial.— refinement as the Egyptians, and whose style
Ovid Fast. 5, v. 667. Met. 1, 4, 11, 14.— of architecture bears a close resemblance to
.Martial, 9, ep. 35.—Stat. Theb. 4.—Paus. 1, that of the latter. This becomes all ex
7, 8 and 9.-Orpheus.-Plut. in Num.—War. tremely interesting when we call to mind
ro de L. L. 6.—Plut. in Phaed.—Liv. 36.- what is stated by the ancient writers, that
Pirg. G. 1...En. 1, v. 48.—Diod. 4 and 5 Meroë was the cradle of the religious and
.Apollod. 1, 2 and 3.-Apollon. Arg. 1.-Ho political institutions of Egypt.] Strab. 17.-
rat. 1, od. 10.—Hygin, fab. P. A. 2.--Tºets. Herodot. 2, c. 31.-Plin. 2, c. 173–Mela,
in Lyc. 219.--Cic. de JNat. D.—Lactantius. 1.—Lucan. 4, v. 333, 1.10, v.163 and 303.
—Philostr. 1.-Icon. c. 27.—Manil.—Ma MERöPE, one of the Atlantides. She mar
crob. 1, Sat. c. 19. Trismegistus, a priest ried Sisyphus son of Æolus, and, like her
and philosopher of Egypt, who taught his sisters, was changed into a constellation after
countrymen how to cultivate the olive, and death. (vid. Pleiades.) It is said, that in
measure their lands, and understand hiero the constellation of the Pleiades the star of
glyphics. He lived in the age of Osiris, and Merope appears more dim and obscure than
wrote 40 books on theology, medicine, and the rest, because she, as the poets ob
geography, from which Sanchoniathon, the serve, married a mortal, while her sisters
Phoenician historian, has taken his Theogo married some of the gods, or their descend
nia. Diod. 1 and 5.—Plut. de Isid. & Os.- ants. Orud. Fast 4, v.175.-Diod. 4.—Hygin.
Cie. 3, de Nat. D. fab. 192.-Apollod. 1, c. 9.-A daughter of
MERETRix, a name under which Venus Cypselus who married Cresphontes king of
was worshipped at Abydos and at Samos, be Messenia, by whom she had three children.
cause both those places had been benefited Her husband and two of her children were
by the intrigues or the influence of courte murdered by Polyphontes. The murderer
zans. Athen. 13. obliged her to marry him, and she would
MER16NEs, a charioteer of Idomeneus have been forced to comply had not Epytus
king of Crete during the Trojan war, son or Telephontes, her 3d son, revenged his ſa
of Molus a Cretan prince, and Melphidis. ther's death by assassinating Polyphontes.
He signalized himself before Troy, and .Apollod. 2, c. 6.-Paus. 4, c. 3.
ſought with Deiphobus, the son of Priam, MERops, a king of the island of Cos, who
whom he wounded. He was greatly admir married Clymene, one of the Oceanides. He
ed by the Cretans, who even paid him divine was changed into an eagle, and placed among
honours after death. Horat. 1, od. 6, v. 15. the constellations. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 763.−
-Homer. Il. 2, &c.—Dictys. Cret. 1, &c.— Apollod. 3.-Hygin. P. A. 2, c. 16.-Ace
Ovud. Met. 13, fab. 1. lebrated soothsayer of Percote in Troas, who
MERMiniDAE, a race of kings in Lydia, of foretold the death of his sons Adrastus and
whom Gyges was the first. They sat on the Amphius, who were engaged in the Trojan
Lydian throne till the reign of Croesus, who war. They slighted their father's advice and
*as conquered by Cyrus king of Persia. were killed by Diomedes. Homer. Il. 2.
They were deseendants of the Heraclidae, MERos, a mountain of India sacred to Ju
and probably received the name of the piter. [It is said to have been in the neigh
Mermnada. from Mermnas, one of their own bourhood of Nysa, and to have been named
*mily. They were descended from Lemnos, from the circumstance of Bacchus's being en
* according to others, from Agelaus the closed in the thigh (agº) of Jupiter, rid.
485
*
 ME ME

Nysa.] Mela, 2, c. 7.-Plin. 8, c. 13.-Curt. book, de Augusti progenie, was edited 12me
8, c. 10.-Diod. 1. L. Bat. 1648.
Mesa Bites, an eunuch in Persia, flayed MEssaLiNA VALERIA, a daughter of Mes
alive by order of Parysatis, because he had sala Barbatus. She married the emperor
cut off the head and right hand of Cyrus. Claudius, and disgraced herself by her cruel
Plut. in Arlaw. ties and incontinence. Her husband's palace
MEs Ahius, a mountain of Boeotia hanging was not the only seat of her lasciviousness, but
over the Euripus. Paus. 9, c. 22. she prostituted herself in the public streets.
MEs APIA, an ancient name of Boeotia. and few men there were at Rome who could
MEs EMBRIA, a maritime city of Thrace, not boast of having enjoyed the favours of the
[east of the mouth of the Nessus. It is now impure Messalina. Her extravagancies at
Misera.] Hence Mes, mbriacus Ovid. 1; last irritated her husband : he commanded
Trust. 6, v. 37. Another at the mouth of her to appear before him to answer to all the
the Lissus. accusations which were brought against her
MEsséNE, an island in the Tigris, where upon which she attempted to destroy herself,
Apamea was built, now Disel. [D'Anville and when her courage failed, one of the tri
makes mention of another Messene enclosed bunes, who had been sent to her, dispatched
between the canal of Basra, and the Pasiti her with his sword, A. D. 48. Tacit. Ann
gris, and which is called in the oriental wri 11, c. 37.-Suet. in Claud.—Dio. Anc
ters Perat-JMiscan, or “the Messene of the ther, called also'Statilia. She was descended
Euphrates,” to distinguish it from the Messene of a consular family, and married the consul
of the Tigris. The term Messene is a Greek Atticus Vistinus whom Nero murdered. She
one, and refers to land enclosed between two received with great marks of tenderness her
streams.] Plin. 6, c. 27. husband's murderer, and married him. She
MEsomédes, a lyric poet in the age of the had married four husbands before she came
emperor Antoninus. to the imperial throne ; and after the death
MEsopotamia, [an extensive province of of Nero she retired to literary pursuits and
Asia, the Greek name of which denotes “be peaceful occupations. Otho courted her,
tween the rivers,” (from aero; and rotagº.) and would have married her had he not de
It was situate between the Euphrates and the stroyed himself. In his last moments he
Tigris. In Scripture this country is called wrote her a very pathetic and consolatory
Aram, and Aramaea: but as Aram also signi letter, &c. Tacit. Ann.
fies Syria, it is denominated Aram Naharaim, MEssällinus M. WALER, a Roman officer
or the Syria of the rivers. It was first peopled in the reign of Tiberius. He was appointed
by Aram, the father of the Syrians. This pro governor of Dalmatia, and rendered himself
vince, which inclines from the south-east to known by his opposition to Piso, and by his
the north-west, commenced at lat. 33° 20' N. attempts to persuade the Romans of the ne
and terminated near N. lat. 37° 30'. Towards cessity of suffering women to accompany the
the south it extended as far as the bend form camps on their different expeditions. Tacit.
ed by the Euphrates at Cunaxa, and to the ..Ann. 3.
wall of Semiramis which separated it from MEssàNA, an ancient and celebrated town
Messene. Towards the north it was bounded of Sicily on the straits which separate Italy
by a part of Mount Taurus. The modern from Sicily. It was anciently called Zancle,
name given by the Arabs to this quarter is of and was founded 1600 years before the Chris
the same import with the ancient appellation. tian era. [It was called Zancle from the re
They call it “isle,” or, in their language, semblance which its harbour bore to a book
Al-Dgezera. The north-western part of Me or scythe, (&zynan.)] The inhabitants, being
sopotamia was called Osroene, from Osroes, a continually exposed to the depredations of the
prince who wrested from the Seleucidae a people of Cuma, implored the assistanceof the
principality here about 120 B.C. The lower Messenians of Peloponnesus, and with them re
part of Mesopotamia is now Irak Arabi, the pelled the enemy. After this victorious cam
upper Diar-Bekr., Mesopotamia, according paign, the Messenians entered Zancle, and
to Strabo, was fertile in vines, and produced lived in such intimacy with the inhabitants
good wines. This country is celebrated in that they changed their name, and assumed
Scripture as being the first dwelling of men that of the Messenians, and called their city
after the deluge.] Strah. 2.-Mela, 1, c. 11. Messana. Another account says, that Anax
—Cic. de Nat. D. 3, c. 52. ilaus, tyrant of Rhegium, made war against
M EssàLA, a name of Valerius Corvinus, the Zancleans with the assistance of the Mes
from his having conquered Messana in Sicily. senians of Peloponnesus, and that afler he
This family was very ancient; the most cele. had obtained a decisive victory, he called the
brated was a friend of Brutus, who seized the conquered city Messana in compliment to his
camp of Augustus at Philippi. He was after allies, about 494 years before the Christian
wards reconciled to Augustus, and died A. D. era. Aſter this revolution at Zancle, the Ma
9, in his 77th year. Plut. A tribune in mertini took possession of it and made it the
one of the Roman legions during the civil war capital of the neighbouring country. [vid.
between Vespasian and Vitellius, of which he Mamertini.] It afterwards fell into the hands
wrote an historical account mentioned by Ta of the Romans, and was for some time the
citus. Orat. 14.A painter at Rome, who chief of their possessions in Sicily. The in
flourished B. C. 235-A writer whose habitants were called Messenii, Messanienses,
486
 ME ME

and Mamertini. The straits of Messana have nians at first gained some advantage, but a fa
always been looked upon as very dangerous, tal battle in the third year of the war so total
especially by the ancients, on account of the ly disheartened them that they fled to Ira,
rapidity of the currents, and the irregular where they resolved to maintain an obstinate
and vielent flowing and ebbing of the sea. siege against their victorious pursuers. The
* Strab. 6.-Mela, 2, c. 7.-Paus, 4, c. 23.- Spartans were assisted by the Samians in be
* Diod. 4.—Thucyd. 1, &c.—Herodot. 6, c. 23, sieging Ira, and the Messenians were at last
1.7, c. 28. obliged to submit to the superior power of
MEssapia, ſcalled also Japygia, a country their adversaries. The taking of Ira by the
of Italy in Magna Graecia, forming what is Lacedaemonians, after a siege of 11 years, put
termed the heel. Its principal towns were an end to the second Messenian war. Peace
Brundusium, Rudiae, Lupiae, Hydruntum, was re-established for some time in Pelopon
Callipolis, and Tarentum. This country, nesus, but after the expiration of 200 years,
* though scantily watered, was covered with the Messenians attempted a third time to free
trees and pastures. It was occupied by two themselves from the power of Lacedaemon,
nations, the Calabri on the north-east, and B. C. 465. At that time the Helots had re
the Salentini on the south-west side of the volted from the Spartans, and the Messe
heel.] Orid. Met. 14, v. 513.-Virg. JEn. 7, nians, by joining their forces to these wretched
v. 691, 1.8, v. 6, 1.9, v. 27. slaves, looked upon their respective calamities
MEssłME, a daughter of Triopas, king of as common, and thought themselves closely
Argos, who married Polycaon, son of Lelex interested in each other's welfare. The Lace
king of Laconia. She encouraged her hus: daemonians were assisted by the Athenians,
band to levy troops, and to seize a part of Pe but they soon grew jealous of one another's
loponnesus, which, after it had been conquer power, and their political connection ended
ed, received her name. She received divine in the most inveterate enmity, and at last in
honours after her death, and had a magnificent open war. Ithome was the place in which the
temple at lthome, where her statue was made Messenians had a second time gathered all
half of gold and half of Parian marble. Paus. their forces, and though ten years had alrea
4, c. 1 and 13.
dy elapsed, both parties seemed equally con
MEssen E or MEssex A, now Maura Ma fident of victory. The Spartans were afraid
tra, a city in the Peloponnesus, the capital of of storming Ithome, as the oracle of Delphi
the country called Messenia. The inhabit had threatened them with the greatest cala
ants rendered themselves famous for the war
mities if they offered any violence to a place
which they carried on against the Spartans, which was dedicated to the service of Apollo.
and which received the appellation of the The Messenians, however, were soon obliged
Messenian war. The first Messenian war to submit to their victorious adversaries, B.
arose from the following circumstances; The C. 453, and they consented to leave their na
Messenians offered violence to some Spartan tive country, and totally to depart from the
women who had assembled to offer sacrifices
Peloponnesus, solemnly promising that if they
in a temple which was common to both na ever returned into Messenia, they would suf
tions, and which stood on the borders of their fer themselves to be sold as slaves. The Mes
respective territories, and besides they killed senians upon this, miserably exiled, applied to
Teleclus, the Spartan king, who attempted the Athenians for protection, and were per
to defend the innocence of the females. This
mitted to inhabit Naupactus, whence some of
account, according to the Spartan traditions, them were aſterwards removed to take pos
is contradicted by the Messenians, who ob session of their ancient territories in Messenia,
serve that Teleclus with a chosen body of during the Peloponnesian war. The third
Spartans assembled at the temple before men Messenian war was productive of great revo
tioned, disguised in women's clothes, and all lutions in Greece, and though almost a pri
secretly armed with daggers. This hostile vate quarrel. it soon engaged the attention of
preparation was to surprisesome of the neigh all the neighbouring states, and kindled the
bouring inhabitants; and, in a quarrel which flames of dissention every where. Every
soon after arose, Teleclus and his associates state took up arms as if in its own defence, or
were allkilled. These quarrels were the cause to prevent additional power and dominion to
of the first Messenian war, which began B. C. be lodged in the hands of its rivals. The des
743 years. It was carried on with vigour and cendants of the Messenians at last returned
spirit on both sides, and after many obstinate to Peloponnesus, B. C.370, aſter a long banish
and bloody battles had been ſought and con ment of 300 years. Paus. Mess. &c.—Justin.
tinued for 19 years, it was at last finished by 3, c. 4, &c.—Strab. 6, &c.—Thucyd. 1, &c.
the taking of Ithome by the Spartans, a place —Diod. 11, &c.—Plut. in Cym. &c.-Polyan.
which had stood a siege often years, and been 3.—Polyb. 4, &c.
defended with all the power of the Messenians. MEss;NIA, a province of Peloponnesus, si
The insults to which the conquered Mes: tuate between Laconin, Elis, Arcadia, and the
senians were continually exposed at last ex sea. Its chief city is Messena. vid. Messene.
cited their resentment, and they resolved toll MEsūLA, a town of Italy, in the country of
shake off the yoke. They suddenly revolted, the Sabines.
and the second Messenian war was begun 685 MErkaus, a tyrant of the Privernates.
B. C. and continuesd 14 years. The Messe He was father of Camilla, whom he conse
487
 ME ME

crated to the service of Diana, when he had able friends. Cic. de Cael.—L. Caecilies, a
been banished from his kingdom by his sub tribune in the civil wars of J. Caesar and Pom
jects. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 540. pey. He favoured the cause of Pompey, and
METAG its IA, a festival in honour of Apol opposed Caesar when he entered Rome with a
lo, celebrated by the inhabitants of Melite, victorious army. He refused to open the gates
who migrated to Attica. It receives its name of Saturn's temple, in which were deposited
from its being observed in the month called great treasures, upon which they were broke
Metagitnion. open by Caesar, and Metellus retired, when
METAPontuM, a town of Lucania in Italy, threatened with death.-Q. Caecilius, the
ſounded about 1269 years B. C. by Metabus, grandson of the high-priest who saved the pal
the father of Camilla, or Epeus, one of the ladium from the flames, was a warlike ge
companions of Nestor. Pythagoras retired neral, who, from his conquest of Macedo
there for some time, and perished in a sedi. nia, was surnamed JMacedonicus. He had six
tion. Annibal made it his head-quarters when sons, of which four are particularly mentioned
in that part of Italy, and its attachment to by Plutarch. Q. Caecilius, surnamed Baled
Carthage was afterwards severely punished rucus, from his conquest of the Baleares.
by the Roman conquerors, who destroyed its L. Caecilius, surnamed Diadematus, but sup
liberties and independence. A few broken posed the same as that called Lucius with
pillars of marble are now the only vestiges of the surname of Dalmaticus, from a victory
Metapontum. Strab. 5-Mela, 2, c. 4.—Jus obtained over the Dalmatians during his con
tin. 12, c. 2.-Liv. 1, 8, 25, 27, &c. sulship with Mutius Scaevola. Caius Cæ
METAU Rus, [a river of Umbria, now the cilius, surnamed Caprarius, who was consul
.Metro, falling into the sea below Pisaurum. with Carbo, A. U. C. 641. The fourth
It is celebrated for the defeat of Asdrubal the was Marcus, and of these four brothers it is
brother of Annibal, by the consuls Livius Sa remarkable that two of them triumphed in
linator and Claudius Nero, B. C. 207. It rises one day, but over what nations is not men
in the Umbrian Appenines.] Horat. 4, od. tioned by Eutrop. 4. Nepos, a consul, &c.
4, v. 38.-Mela, 2, c. 4.—Lucan. 2, v. 495. Another, who accused C. Curio, his fa
METELL1, the surname of the family of ther's detractor, and who also vented his re
the Caecilii at Rome, the most known of whom sentment against Cicero when going to ba
were—Q. Caecilius, who rendered himself il nishment. Another, who, as tribune, op
lustrious by his successes against Jugurtha, posed the ambition of Julius Caesar. A
the Numidian king, from which he was sur general of the Roman armies against the Si
named JNumidicus. He took, in this expedi. cilians and Carthaginians. Before he marched
tion, the celebrated Marius as his lieutenant, he offered sacrifices to all the gods, except
and he had soon cause to repent of the confi Vesta, for which neglect the goddess was so
dence he had placed in him. Marius raised incensed, that she demanded the blood of his
himself to power by defaming the character daughter Metella. When Metella was going
of his benefactor, and Metellus was recalled to be immolated, the goddess placed a heifer
to Rome, and accused of extortion and ill ma in her place, and carried her to a temple at
nagement. Marius was appointed successor to Lanuvium, of which she became the priestess.
finish the Numidian war, and Metellus was ar Lucius Caecilius, or Quintus, surnamed
quitted of the crimes laid to his charge before Creticus, from his conquest in Crete, B. C. 66,
the tribunal of the Roman knights, who ob is supposed by some to be the son of Metellus
served that the probity of his whole life and Macedonicus.--—Cimber, one of the con
the greatness of his exploits were greater spirators against J. Caesar. It was he who
proofs of his innocence than the most power gave the signal to attack and murder the dic
ful arguments. Cic. de Orat. 1, c. 48.—Sal ta' or in the senate-house. Pius, a general
lus!. de bell. Jug. L. Caecilius, another,who
in Spain against Sertorius, on whose head he
saved from the flames the palladium, when set a price of 100 talents and 20,000 acres of
Vesta's temple was on fire. He was then land. He distinguished himself also in the
high-priest. He lost his sight and one of his Marsian war, and was high-priest. He ob
arms in doing it. and the senate, to reward tained the name of Pius from the sorrows he
his zeal and piety, permitted him always to showed during the banishment of his father
be drawn to the senate-house in a cha Metelius Numidicus, whom he caused to be
riot, an honour which no one had ever before recalled. Paterc. 2, c. 5.-Sallust. Jug. 44.
enjoyed. He also gained a great victory over A consul who commanded in Africa, &c.
the Carthaginians in the first Punic war, and Wal. Mar.—Plin.—Plut.—Lir.—Paterr. 2.
led in his triumph 16 generais, and 120 ele --Flor. 3, c. 8.—Paus. 7, c. 8 and 13–Cie.
phants taken from the enemy. He was ho in Tusc. &c.—Jur. 3, v. 138.--Appian. Cir.
noured with the dictatorship, and the office of —Caesar. bell. Civ.–Sallust. in Jug.
master of horse, &c. Q. Cecilius, Celer, METHopius, a bishop of Tyre, who main
another who distinguished himself by his spi tained a controversy against Perphyry. The
rited exertions against Catiline. He married best edition is that of Paris, fol. 1657.j—
Clodia the sister of Clodius, who disgraced [Another, bishop of Constantinople, who in
him by her incontinence and lasciviousness. troduced the superstition of image-worship
He died 57 years before Christ. He was into the Greek church.]
greatly lamented by Cicero, who shed tears METHoNE, [a town of Messenia, on the
at the loss of one of * most faithful and valu western coast below Bylos. It is now.Modon.
88
 ME

—[Another in Macedonia above Pydna, now foresaw the calamities that attended that ex
Lenterochori. It was memorable in the con pedition. In a book called Enneadecaterides,
tentions between Philip and the Athenians, or the cycle of 19 years, he endeavoured to
and the scene of his first victory over them. adjust the course of the sun and of the moon,
in the siege of this city Philip lost his right and supported that the solar and lunar years
eye. rid. Aster.] Homer. Il.2, v. 71. could regularly begin from the same point in
METHYMNA, (now Porto Petero), a town the heavens. {This is called the Metonic pe
of the island of Lesbos, which receives its riod or cycle. It is also called the golden
uame from a daughter of Macareus. It is number, from its great use in the calendar.]
the second city of the island in greatness, po He flourished B. C. 432. Pitruv. 1.-Plut.
pulation, and opulence, and its territory is in Nicia.
fruitful, and the wines it produces, excellent. METRA, a daughter of Eresichthon, a Thes
it was the native place of Arion. When the salian prince, beloved by Neptune. When her
whole island of Lesbos revolted from the father had spent all his fortune to gratify the
power of the Athenians, Methymna alone re. caniue hunger under which he laboured, she
Inained firm to its ancient allies. Diod. 5, prostituted herself to her neighbours, and re
Thucyd. 3.-Horat. 2, sat. 8, v. 50.-Pirg, G. ceived for reward oxen, goats, and sheep,
3, v. 90. which she presented to Eresichthon. Some
METILIA LEx, enacted A.U. C. 516, [that say that she had received from Neptune the
Minucius, master of the horse, should be equal power of changing herself into whatever ani
in command with Fabius the dictator.] mal she pleased, and that her father sold her
METIs, one of the Oceanides. She was continually to gratify his hunger, and that
Jupiter's first wife, celebrated for her great she instantly assumed a different shape, and
prudence and sagacity above the rest of the became again his property. Ovid. JMet. 8,
gods. [But wid. remarks under the article Ju fab. 21.
piter.] Jupiter, who was afraidlest she should METRobius, a player greatly favoured by
bring forth into the world a child wiser Sylla. Plut.
and greater than himself, devoured her M ETRocLEs, a pupil of Theophrastus, who
in the first month of her pregnancy. Some had the care of the education of Cleombrotus
time after this adventure the god had his head and Cleomenes. He suffocated himself when
opened, from which issued Minerva armed old and infirm. Diog.
from head to foot. According to Apollodorus, METRodóRus, [an intimate friend of Epi
1, c. 2, Metis gave a potion to Saturn, and curus. He first attached himself to that phi
obliged him to throw up the children he had losopher at Lampsacus, and continued with
devoured. Hesiod. Theog. v. 890.-Apollod. him till his death. He maintained the cause
1, c. 3.-Hygin. of his friend and master with great intrepidi
METIus Curtius, one of the Sabines who ty, both by his discourses and his writings,
ſought against the Romans on account of the against the Sophists and Dialectics, and con
stolen virgins.—Suffetius, a dictator of Al sequently partook largely of the obloquy
ba, in the reign of Tullus Hostilius. He which fell upon his sect. Plutarch charges
fought against the Romans, and at last, finally him with having reprobated the folly of his
to settle their disputes, he proposed a single brother Timocrates, in aspiring to the honours
combat betwen the Horatii and Curiatii. The of wisdom, whilst nothing was of any value
Albans were conquered, and Metius promised but eating and drinking, and indulging the
to assist the Romans against their enemies. animal appetites. But it is probable that this
In a battle against the Veientes and Fidenates calumny originated with Timocrates himself,
Metius showed his infidelity by forsaking the who, from a personal quarrel with Metrodo
Romans at the first onset, and retired to a rus, deserted the sect, and therefore can de
neighbouring eminence, to wait for the event serve little credit.]—Another, a physician
of the battle, and to fall upon whatever side of Chios, B.C. 444. He was a disciple of
proved victorious. The Romans obtained the Democritus, and had Hippocrates among his
victory, and Tullus ordered Metius to be tied pupils. His compositions on medicine, &c.
between two chariots, which were drawn by are lost. He supported that the world was
four horses two different ways, and his limbs eternal and infinite, and denied the existence
were torn away from his body, about 669 of motion. Diog.—A painter and philoso
years before the Christian era. Liv. 1, c. 23, pher of Stratonice, B.C. 171. He was sent
&c.—Flor. 1, c.3.—Virg...En. 8, v. 642. to Paulus AEmilius, who, after the conquest of
A critic. vid. Tarpa. Carus, a celebrat Perseus, demanded of the Athenians a philo
ed informer under Domitian, who enriched sopher and a painter, the former to instruct
himself with the plunder of those who were his children, and the latter to make a paint
sacrificed to the emperor's suspicion. ing of his triumphs. Metrodorus was sent, as
Mr.Tarcia, festivals instituted by Theseus in him alone were united the philosopher and
in commemoration of the people of Attica the painter. Plin. 35, c. 11– Cic. 5, de Finib.
having removed to Athens. 1. de Orat. 4. Mead.—Diog. un Epic. A
MEton, an astrologer and mathematician friend of Mithridates, sent as ambassador to
of Athens. His father's name was Pausanias. Tigranes, king of Armenia. He was re
He refused to go to Sicily with his country markable for his learning, moderation, huma
men, and pretended to be insane, because he inity, and justice. He was put to death by
489
 MI MI

his royal master for his infidelity, B.C. 72. ass. Some explain the fable of the ears of Mi
Strab–Plut.—Another, of a very reten das by the supposition that he kept a num
tive memory. her of informers and spies, who were cotti
Merulum, a town of Liburnia,in besieging nually employed in gathering every seditious
of which Augustus was wounded. Diog. 49. word that might drop from the mouths of his
MEvania, now Bevagna, a town of Um subjects. Midas, according to Strabo, died ºf
bria, on the Clitumnus, the birth-place of the drinking bull's hot blood. This he did, as
poet Propertius. Lucan. 1, v. 473.-Propert. Plutarch mentions, to free himself from the
4, el. 1, v. 124. numerous ill dreams which continually tor
MEzentius, a king of the Tyrrhenians mented him. Midas, according to some, was
when Æneas came into Italy. He was re son of Cybele. He built a town which he
markable ſor his cruelties, and put his subjects called Ancyra. [According to the best ac
to death by slow tortures, or sometimes tied counts, Midas was king of the Bryges, a Thra
a man to a dead corpse face to face, and cian nation, who dwelt near Macedonia,
suffered him to die in that condition. He was and migrated with his subjects to Asia Mi
expelled by his subjects, and fled to Turnus, nor, where they settled in that part which,
who employed him in his war against the from them, by a slight alteration of letters,
Trojans. He was killed by Æneas, with his was called Phrygia. The scene of the stºry
son Lausus. Duonys. Hal. 1, c. 15.-Justin. respecting Silenus was in Thrace, but sur
43, c. 1.-Liv. 1, c. 2.-Virg. JEn. 7, v. 648, ceeding writers transferred it to Phrygia:
1. 8, v. 482.-Orld. Fast. 4, v. 881. and Xenophon, in his account of the younger
Micipsa, a king of Numidia, son of Masi Cyrus, mentions a fountain called that of Mi
missa, who, at his death, B. C. 119, left his das, near which he adds, however, that Mi
kingdom between his sons Adherbal and Hi das himself caught the satyr Silenus, by min
empsal, and his nephew Jugurtha. Jugurtha gling wine in its waters. The fable respect
abused his uncle's favours by murdering his ing Midas and the sands of the Pactolus has
two sons. Sallust. de Jug.—Flor. 3, c. 1.- been explained as follows: Midas, frugal to
Plut. in Gr. avarice, reigned over a very rich country, and
MidAs, a king of Phrygia. [vid, the end of made considerable sums by the sale of his
this article.] In the early part of his life, ac corn, wine, and cattle. His avarice after
cording to some traditions, he ſound a large wards changed its object, and having learned
treasure to which he owed his greatness and that the Pactolus furnished gold-dust, he
opulence. The hospitality he showed to Si abandoned the care of the country and em
lenus, the preceptor of Bacchus, who had ployed his subjects in gathering the gold of
been brought to him by some peasants, was that river which brought him a new and am
liberally rewarded ; and Midas, when he ple supply. Midas, on account of his attention
conducted the old man back to the god, was to religion among his people, was reckoned a
permitted to choose whatever recompense he second Numa according to Justin. He ap
pleased. He had the imprudence and the pears to have been versed in the ceremonies
avarice to demand of the god that whatever and mysteries of Orpheus, which no doubt
he touched might be turned into gold. His he learned in Thrace. Xenophon places the
prayer was granted, but he was soon con ſountain of Midas on the road near Thym
vinced of his injudicious choice ; and when brium.] Ovid. Met. 11, fab. 5.—PRui de
the very meats which he attempted to eat Superst.—Strab. 1.-Hygin. fab. 191,274.—
became gold in his mouth, be begged Bac Mar. Tyr. 30.—Paus. 1, c. 4.—Wal. Mar. 1,
chus to take away a present which must c.6.-Herodot. 1, c. 14.—AElian. P. H. 4 and
prove so fatal to the receiver. He was or 12.-Cic. de Div. 1, c. 36, l.2, c. 31.
dered to wash himself in the river Pactolus, MIDEA, a town of Argolis. Paus. 6, c. 30.
whose sands were turned into gold by the -of Lycia. Stat. Theb. 4, v. 45.-Of
touch of Midas. Some time after this ad Boeotia, drowned by the inundations of the
venture, Midas had the imprudence to sup lake Copais. Strab. 8.
port that Pan was superior to Apollo in sing MiLEsii, the inhabitants of Miletus. rid.
ing and in playing upon the flute, for which Miletus.
rash opinion the offended god changed his MILEsiorum MURus, a place of Egypt
ears into those of an ass, to show his igno. at the entrance of one of the mouths of the
rance and stupidity. This Midas attempted Nile.
to conceal from the knowledge of his subjects, MILEsius, a surname of Apollo. A ta
but one of his servants saw the length of his tive of Miletus.
ears, and being unable to keep the secret, and Miletium, a town of Calabria, built by
afraid to reveal it, apprehensive of the king's the people of Miletus of Asia. A town of
resentment, he opened a hole in the earth, Crete. Homer. Il. 2, v. 154.
and after he had whispered there that Midas MiLEtus, a son of Apollo, who fled from
had the ears of an ass, he covered the placeCrete to avoid the wrath of Minos, whom he
as before, as if he had buried his words in meditated to dethrone. He came to Cariz,
the ground. On that place, as the poets men. where he built a city which he called by his
tion, grew a number of reeds, which, when own name. Some suppose that he only con
agitated by the wind, uttered the same sound quered a city there called Anactoria, which
that had been buried beneath, and published assumed his name. They farther say, that he
*o the world that Midas had the ears of an put the inhabitants to the sword, und divided
. 490
 Mſ MI

the women among his soldiers. Cyanea, a c. 12-strab. 16.-Pau.5, c. 11. T. An

daughter of the Maeander, fell to his share. nius, a native of Lanuvium, who attempted
Strab.-Orid. Met. 9, v. 446.-Paus. 7, c. to obtain the consulship at Rome by intrigue
2.—Apollod. 3, c. 1. A celebrated town of and seditious tumults. Clodius the tribune
Asia Minor, the capital of all Ionia. [It was opposed his views, yet Milo would have suc
situate on the southern shore of the gulf into ceeded, had not an unfortunate event totally
which the Maeander emptied, but this river frustrated his hopes. As he was going into
gradually accumulated its deposit in this gulf, the country, attended by his wife and a nu
so that the town of Miletus was removed in merous retinue of gladiators and servants,
he
process of time more than a league inland.] met on the Appian road his enemy Clodius,
It was founded by a Cretan colony under who was returning to Rome with three of his
Miletus, or, according to others, by Ne friends and some domestics completely armed.
leus, the son of Codrus, or by Sarpedon, Ju A quarrel arose between the servants. Milo
piter's son. [This city was anciently called supported his attendants, and the dispute be
Lelegeis, from the Leleges, afterwards Pityu came general. Clodius received many severe
sa from the quantity of pines which its terri wounds, and was obliged to retire to a neigh
tory produced, at a later period Anactoria, bouring cottage. Milo pursued his enemy in
and last of all Miletus.] The inhabitants were his retreat, and ordered his servants to des
very powerful, and long maintained an obsti patch him. Eleven of the servants of Clodius
nate war against the kings of Lydia. They shared his fate, as also the owner of the house
early applied themselves to navigation, and who had given them reception. The body
planted no less than 80 colonies, or, according of the murdered tribune was carried to Rome,
to Seneca,380, in different parts of the world. and exposed to public view. The enemies of
Miletus gave birth to Thales, Anaximenes, Milo inveighed bitterly against the violence
Anaximander, Hecataeus, Timotheus the mu and barbarity with which the sacred person
sician, Pittacus one of the seven wise men, of a tribune had been treated. Cicero under
&c. Miletus was also famous for a temple took the defence of Milo, but the continual
and an oracle of Apollo Didymaeus, and for clamours of the friends of Clodius, and the
its excellent wool, with which were made sight of an armed soldiery, which surrounded
stuffs and garments, held in the highest repu
the seat of judgment, so terrified the orator,
tation both for softness, elegance, and beauty.
that he forgot the greatest part of his argu
The words.Milesia fabulae, or Milesiaca, were
ments, and the defence he made was weak
used to express wanton and ludicrous plays,
and injudicious. Milo was condemned and
Orid. Trist. 2, v.413.-Capitolin. in Alb. i 1, banished to Massilia. Cicero soon after sent
-Virg. G. 3, v. 306.—Strab. 15.-Paus. 7, his exiled friend a copy of the oration which
c. 2.-Mela, 1, c. 17.-Plin. 5, c. 29.-Hero he had delivered in his defence, in the form
det. 1, &c.—Senec. de Consol. ad Alb. in which we have it now; [and Milo, after he
Milicuus, a freedman who discovered had read it, wrote, according to Dio Cassius,
Piso's conspiracy against Nero. Tacit. 15, a letter to Cicero, in which he stated that it
Ann. c. 54. -
was a fortunate thing for himself that Cicero
MiLo, a celebrated athlete of Crotona in had not pronounced the oration which he sent,
Italy. His father's name was Diotimus. He since otherwise he (Milo) would not then have
early acoustomed himself to carry the great been eating such fine mullets at Marseilles.
est burdens, and by degrees became a mon This city was the place of his exile.]. The
ster in strength. It is said that he carried on friendship and cordiality of Cicero and Milo
his shoulders a young bullock four years old, were the fruits of long intimacy and familiar
for above forty yards, and afterwards killed it intercourse. It was by the successful labours
with one blow of his fist, and eat it up in oue of Milo that the orator was recalled from ba
day. He was seven times crowned at the nishment and restored to his friends. [This
Pythian games, and six at Olympia. He is altogether erroneous. Welleius Paterculus
presented himself a seventh time, but no one and Dio Cassius both contradict the fact of
had the courage or boldness to enter the lists Milo's return, by what we find in their re
against him. He was one of the disciples of spective histories. According to Dio Cassius,
Pythagoras, and to his uncommon strength, Milo was the only one of the exiles whom
the learned preceptor and his pupils owed Caesar refused to recall, because, as is sup
their life. The pillar which supported the posed, he had been active in exciting the peo
roof of the school suddenly gave way, but ple of Marseilles to resist Caesar. Velleius
Milo supported the whole weight of the build Paterculus states that Milo returned without
ing, and gave the philosopher and his auditors permission to Italy, and there busily employ
time to escape. In his old age Milo attempt. ed himself in raising opposition to Caesar dur
ed to pull up a tree by the roots and break it. ing that commander's absence in Thessaly
He partly effected it, but his strength being against Pompey. He adds, that Milo was
gradually exhausted, the tree when half cleft killed by a blow of a stone while laying siege
reunited, and his hands remained pinched in to Compsa, a town of the Hirpini.] Cic. pro
the body of the tree. He was then alone, Jºſilon.—Paterc. 2, c. 47 and 68.-Dio. 40.
and being unable to disentangle himself, he —A general of the forces of Pyrrhus. He
was eaten up by the wild beasts of the place, was made governor of Tarentum, ºd.”"
about 500 years before the Christian era. he might be reminded of his duty to his sove
Orid. Met. 15.-Cic. de Senect.—Val...Mar. 9. reign, Pyrrhus sent º
as a present a chain,
 Mſ MI

which was covered with the skin of Nicias self he married Hegesipyla, the daughter of
the physician, who had perfidiously offered Olorus the king of the Thracians. His pros
the Romans to poison his royal master for a perity, however, was of short duration. In the
sum of money. Polyaen. 8, &c.—A tyrant third year of his government his dominiºns
of Pisa in Elis, thrown into the river Alpheus were threatened by an invasion of the Sey
by his subjects for his oppression. Ovid. in thian Nomades, whom Darius had some time
Iö. v. 325. before irritated by entering their country
MiltiADEs, an Athenian, son of Cypselus, He fled before them, but as their hostilities
who obtained a victory in a chariot race at were but momentary, he was soon restored
the Olympic games, and led a colony of his to his kingdom. Three years after he left
countrymen to the Chersonesus. The causes Chersonesus and set sail for Athens, where he
of this appointment are striking an singular. was received with great applause. He was
The Thracian Dolonci, harassed by a long present at the celebrated battle of Marathon,
war with the Absynthians, were directed by in which all the chief officers ceded their
the oracle of Delphi to take for their king the power to him, and left the event of the battle
first man they met in their return home, who to depend upon his superior abilities. He
invited them to come under his roof and par obtained an important victory [rid. Mara
take of his entertainment. [The Dolonci, thon] over the more numerous forces of his
after receiving the oracle, returned by the adversaries ; but when he had demanded of
sacred way, passed through Phocis and Boe. his fellow-citizens an olive-crown as the re
otia, and, not being invited by either of these ward of his valour in the field of battle, he
people, turned aside to Athens. Miltiades, was not only refused, but severely repri
as he sat in this city before the door of his manded for presumption. The only reward,
house, observed the Dolonci passing by, and therefore, that he received for a victory which
as by their dress and armour he perceived proved so beneficial to the interests of uni
they were strangers, he called to them and versal Greece, was in itself simple and incon
offered them the rites of hospitality. They siderable, though truly great in the opinion
accepted his kindness, and being hospitably of that age. He was represented in the front
treated, revealed to him all the will of the of a picture among the rest of the command
oracle, with which they entreated his com ers who fought at the battle of Marathon.
pliance. Miltiades, disposed to listen to them and he seemed to exhort and animate his sol
because weary of the tyranny of Pisistratus, diers to fight with courage and intrepidity.
first consulted the oracle at Delphi, and the Some time after Miltiades was intrusted with
answer being favourable, he went with the a fleet of 70 ships, and ordered to punish
Dolonci. He was invested by the inhabitants those islands which had revolted to the Per
of the Chersonese with sovereign power.] sians. He was successful at first, but a sud
The first measure he took was to stop the den report that the Persian fleet was coming
farther incursions of the Absynthians, by to attack him, changed his operations as he
building a strong wall across the Isthmus. was besieging Paros. He raised the siege
When he had established himself at home, and returned to Athens, where he was accus
and fortified his dominions against foreign in ed of treason, and particularly of holding ear
vasion, he turned his arms against Lampsa respondence with the enemy. The falsity
cus. His expedition was unsuccessful; he of these accusations might have appeared, it
was taken in an ambuscade and made pri Miltiades had been able to come into the as
soner. His friend Croesus, king of Lydia, was sembly. A wound which he had received
informed of his captivity, and he procured his before Paros detained him at home, and his
release by threatening the people of Lampsa enemies, taking advantage of his absence:
cus with his severest displeasure. He lived became more eager in their accusations andf
a few years after he recovered his liberty. louder in their clamours. He was condemn
As he had no issue, he left his kingdom and ed to death, but the rigour of the sentence
possessions to Stesagoras the son of Cimon, was retracted on the recollection of his great
who was his brother by the same mother. services to the Athenians, and he was put in
The memory of Miltiades was greatly ho to prison till he had paid a fine of 50 talents
noured by the Dolonci, and they regularly to the state. His inability to discharge so
celebrated festivals and exhibited shows in <reat a sum detained him in confinement, and
commemoration of a man to whom they owed soon after his wounds became incurable, and
their greatness and preservation. Some time he died about 489 years before the Christian
after Stesagoras died without issue, and Mil era. His body was ransomed by his son Ci
tiades, the son of Cimon, and the brother of mon, who was obliged to borrow and pay the
the deceased, was sent by the Athenians with 50 talents, to give his father a decent burial
one ship to take possession of the Chersone The crimes of Miltiades were probably ug
sus. At his arrival, Miltiades appeared gravated in the eyes of his countrymen, when
mournful, as if lamenting the recent death they remembered how he made himself ab
of his brother. The principal inhabitants solute in Chersonesus: and in condemning
of the country visited the new governor to the barbarity of the Athenians towards age
condole with him ; but their confidence in neral who was the source of their military
his sincerity proved fatal to them. Miltiades prosperity, we must remember the jealousy
seized their persons, and made himself abso which ever reigns among a free and indepen
ºute in Chersonesus; and to strengthen him dent people, and how watchful they are in
492 -
 MII MI

defence of the natural rights which they see Diog. 1.-Propert. 1, el. 9, v. 11.—Horat. 1,
wrested from others by violence and oppres ep. 6, v. 65.
ston. Cornelius Nepos has written the life of MINcius, now Mincio, a river of Italy, flow
Miltiades the son of Cimon, but his history is ing from the lake Benacus, and falling into the
incongruous and not authentic; and the au Po. Virgil was born on its *ſ. the vil
thor, by confounding the actions of the son of lage of Andes below Mantua.] Virg. Ecl. 7,
Cimon with those of the son of Cypselus, has v. 13. G. 3, v. 15. JEn. 10, v. 206.
made the whole dark and unintelligible. MiNEides, the daughters of Minyas or
Greater reliance in reading the actions o Mineus, king of Orchomenos, in Boeotia.
both the Miltiades is to be placed on the nar they were three in number, Leuconoe, Leu
ration of Herodotus, whose veracity is con ºppe, and Alcithoe Ovid calls the two first
firmed, and who was indisputably more in Clymene and Iris. They derided the orgies
formed and more capable of giving an ac of Racchus, for which impiety the god inspir
count of the life and exploits of men who ed them with an unconquerable desire of
flourished in his age, aud of which he could aling human flesh. They drew lots which of
see the living monuments. Herodotus was them should give up her son as food to the
born about six years after the famous battle rest. The lot fell upon Leucippe, and she gave
of Marathon, and C. Nepos, as a writer of up her son Hippasus, who was instantly de
the Augustan age, flourished about 450 years voured by the three sisters. They were chang
after the age of the father of history. C. Mep. ed into bats. In commemoration of this bloody
in ritá.—Herodot. 4, c. 137, 1.6, c. 34, &c.— crime, it was usual among the Orchomenians
Plut. in Cim.—Wal Mar. 5, c. 3.-Justin. for the high-priest, as soon as the sacrifice was
2.—Pants.--An archon at Athens. finished, to pursue with a drawn sword all
Milto, a favourite mistress of Cyrus the the women who had entered the temple, and
younger. [cid. Aspasia.] even to kill the first he came up to. Ovid.
MILvius, a bridge at Rome over the Ti .Met. 4, fab. 12.-Plut. Quaest. Gr. 38.
bel, now called Ponte Molle. [It is about MiNERvA, the goddess of wisdom, war,
two miles from Rome.] Cic. ad.Att. 13, ep. and all the liberal arts, was produced from Ju
33.-Sal. Cat. 45.—Tacit..A. 13, c. 47. piter's brain without a mother. . [vid. the end
Mily As. [rid. Lycia.) of this article.] The god, as it is reported,
Mix1ALLóNEs, the Bacchanals, who, when |married Metis, whose superior prudence and
they celebrated the orgies of Bacchus, put |sagacity above the rest of the gods, made him
horns on their heads. They are also called apprehend that the children of such an union
.Mamallonides, and some derive their name would be of a more exalted nature, and more
from the mountain Mimas. Pers. 1. v. 99. – intelligent than their father. To prevent this,
Orid. .4.4. v. 541.-Stat. Theb. 4, v. 660. Jupiter devoured Metis in her pregnancy, and
MIMAs, a giant whom Jupiter destroyed some time after, to relieve the pains which he
with thunder. Horat. 3, od. 4. A high suffered in his head, he ordered Vulcan to
mountain of Asia Minor, near Colophon. cleave it open. Minerva came all armed and
Ovid Met. 2, fab. 5. grown up from her father's brain, and imme
MINNERMUs, a Greek poet and musician diately was admitted into the assembly of the
of Colophon in the age of Solon. He chiefly gods, and made one of the most faithful coun
excelled in elegiac poetry, whence some have sellors of her father. The power of Minerva
attributed the invention of it to him, and, in was great in heaven; she could hurl the thun
deed, he was the first poet who made elegy ders of Jupiter, prolong the life of men, be
an amorous poem, instead of a mournful and stow the gift of prophecy, and, indeed, she was
melancholy tale. [He was a votary of love the only one of all the divinities whose autho
and pleasure, and is so distinguished by a rity and consequence were equal to those of
line in Propertius, Jupiter. The actions of Minerva are nume
Plus in amore valet.Mimnermi versus Homero.
rous, as well as the kindness by which she en
deared herself to mankind. Her quarrel with
Horace likewise refers to him in a similar Neptune concerning the right of giving a name
connection, though in much stronger terms, to the capital of Cecropia deserves attention.
St Mimmermus uti censet, sine amore jocisque The assembly of the gods settled the dispute
.Nilest jucundum, rivas in amore jocisque. by promising the preference to which ever
of the two gave the most useful and necessary
His manners are thought to have correspond present to the inhabitants of the earth. Nep
ed with his poetry.] In his old age Mim tune, upon this, struck the ground with his
nermus became enamoured of a young girl trident, and immediately a horse issued from
called Nanno. Some few fragments of hi the earth. Minerva produced the olive, and
poetry remain collected by Stobaeus. He is obtained the victory by the unanimous voice
supposed by some to be the inventor of the of the gods, who observed that the olive, as
pentameter verse, which others, however, the emblem of peace, is far preferable to the
attribute to Callinus or Archilochus. The horse, the symbol of war and bloodshed.
surname of Ligustiades, a tyvc, (shrill voiced). The victorious deity called the capital Athe
has been applied to him, though some ima na, and became the tutelar goddess of the
gine the word to be the name of his fa place. [Plutarch, in the life of The mºtº
ther. Strab. 1 and 14.—Paus. 9, c. 29.- cles, explains the fabulous contest between
403
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Minerva and Neptune by referring it to the nity of his daughter. The festivals celebrated
endeavours of the ancient kings of Attica to in her honour were solemn and magnificent.
withdraw their people from a sea-faring life [vid. Panathenaea..] She was invoked by
to the labours of agriculture. Dr. Clark, every artist, and particularly such as worked
however, in his “Travels in Greece, Egypt, in wool, embroidery, painting, and sculpture.
and the Holy Land,” thinks that it must have It was the duty of almost every member of
reference to the circumstance of the plains of society to implore the assistance and iatron
Greece, and especially of Attica, having been age of a deity who presided over sense, taste,
rescued from retiring waters which were gra and reason. Hence the poets have had occa
dually carried off by evaporation and other si n to say,
causes, leaving behind, however, numerous Tu nihil inrità dices, faciesve Minerté,
lakes and marshes.] Minerva was always
very jealous of her power, and the manner in [i. e. against the bent of your nature or natu
which she punished the presumption of Ar ral genius;] and,
achne is well known. [vid. Arachme.] The Qui bene placárit Pallada, doctus erit.
attempts of Vulcan to offer her violence are Minerva was represented in different ways,
strong marks of her virtue. Jupiter had according to different characters in which
sworn by the Styx to give te Vulcan, who she appeared. She generally appeared with
made him a complete suit of armour, what a countenance full more of masculine firmness
ever he desired. Vulcan demanded Minerva,
and the father of the gods, who had permitted and composure than of softness and grace.
Most usually she was represented with a hel
Minerva to live in perpetual celibacy, con on her head, with a large plume nodding
sented, but privately advised his daughter to met spear, and
make all the resistance she could to frustrate in the air. In one hand she held a
the attempts of her lover. The prayers and Medusa in the other a shield, with the dying head of
upon it. Sometimes this Gorgon's
the force of Vulcan proved ineffectual, and head was on her breast-plate, with living ser
her chastity was not violated, though the god pents writhing round it, as well as round her
left on her body the marks of his passion, and, shield and helmet. In most of her statues she
from the impurity which proceeded from ted as sitting, and sometimes she
this scuffle, and which Minerva threw down is represen
holds, in one hand, a distaff instead of a spear.
upon the earth wrapped up in wool, was born d
Erichthon, an uncommon monster. [vid. When the appeare as the goddess of theted li
Erichthonius.] Minerva was the first who beral arts, she was arrayed in a variega
veil, which the ancients called peplum. Some
built a ship, and it was her zeal for navigation times Minerva's helmet was covered at the
and her care for the Argonauts which placed
the prophetic tree of Dodona behind the ship top with the figure of a cock, a bird which,
Argo when going to Colchis. She was known on account of his great courage, is properly
among the ancients by many names. She sacred to the goddess of war. Some of her
was called Athena, Pallas, [vid. Pallas,) statues represented her helmet with a sphinx
Parthenos, from her remaining in perpetual in the middle, supported on either side by
celibacy; Tritonia, because worshipped near griffins. In some medals, a chariot drawn
the lake Tritonis; Glaucopis, from the blue by four horses, or sometimes a dragon or a
ness of her eyes; Agorea, from her presiding serpent, with winding spires, appear at the
over markets; Hippia, because she first taught top of her helmet. She was partial to the
mankind how to manage the horse; Stratea olive tree; the owl and the cock were her fa
and Area, from her martial character; Cory. was vourite birds, and the dragon among reptiles
sacred to her. The functions, offices,
phagenes, because born from Jupiter's brain;
Sais, because worshipped at Sais, &c. Some and actions of Minerva, seem so numerous
attributed to her the invention of the flute, that they undoubtedly originate in more than
whence she was surnamed Andon, Luscinia, one person. Cicero speaks of five persons of
Musica, Salpiga, &c. She, as it is reported, this name; a Minerva, mother of Apollo;
once amused herself in playing upon her fa a daughter of the Nile, who was worshipped
vourite flute before Juno and Venus, but the at Sais in Egypt; a third, born from Jupi
goddesses ridiculed the distortion of her face ter's brain; a fourth, daughter of Jupiter and
in blowing the instrument. Minerva, con Coryphe; and a fifth, daughter of Pallas,
vinced of the justness of their remarks by generally represented with winged shoes. This
looking at herself in a fountain near Mount last put her father to death because he at
Ida, threw away the musical instrument, and tempted her virtue. [It is probable that the
denounced a melancholy death to him who Romans considered Jupiter, Juno, and Miner
found it. Marsyas was the miserable proof va, as one and the same divinity, under three
of the veracity of her expressions. The wor different names: among which names that
ship of Minerva was universally established; of Jupiter might signify supreme goodnes,
she had magnificent temples in Egypt, Phoe that of Minerva supreme wisdom, and that
nicia, all parts of Greece, Italy, Gaul, and of Juno supreme power. Thus, Cudworth
Sicily. Sais, Rhodes, and Athens, particularly in his “Intellectual System" observes, that the
claimed her attention, and it is even said, that three Capitoline gods, Jupiter, Juno, and Mi
Jupiterrained ashower of gold upon the island nerva, may be understood to have been no
of Rhodes, which had paid so much venera thing else than several names and notions of
tion and such an early reverence to the divi. one supreme deity, according to its several
404
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attributes and manifestations.] Paus. 1, 2, laws of Moses furnished Minos with a model
3, &c.—Horat. 1, od. 16, l. 3, od. 4.—Virg. for those of Crete. According to the poets,
.#Cn. 2, &c.—Strab. 6,9 and 13.—Philost. Icon. Minos, as chief president of the court in the
2.—Ovid. Fast. 3, &c. Met. 6.—Cic. de Nat, lower world, decided all differences that arose
D. 1, c. 15, 1.3, c. 23, &c.—Apollod. 1, &c. between the other two judges, AEacus and
—Pindar. Olymp. 7-Lucan. 9, v. 354.— ºhadamanthus, of whom the former judged
Sophoct. OEdip.–Homer. Il. &c. Od. Hymn. the Europeans, and the latter the Asiatics
ad Pall.—Diod.5.—Hesiod. Theog.—JEschyl. and Africans.] Homer. Od. 19, v. 178.-
in Eum.—Lucian. Dual.-Clem.-4 le.c. Strom. Pirg, ºn. 6, v. 432.-Apollod. 3, c. 1–Hy
2.—Orpheus, Hymn. 31.—Q. Smyrn. 14, v. gin. fab. 41.-Diod. 4.—Horat. 1, od. 28.
448.--Apollon. 1.-Hygin. fab. 168.—Stat. The 2d. was a son of Lycastes, the son
Theb. 2, v. 721, 1.7, &c.—Callim. in Cerer.— of Minos I. and king of Crete. He mar
-Elian. V. H. 12.—C. Nep. in Paus.-Plut. ried Pasiphae, the daughter of Sol and
in Lyc. &c.—Thucyd. 1.-Herodot. 5. Perseis, and by her he had many children.
MINER vAE CASTRUM, a town of Calabria, He increased his paternal dominions by the
now Castro. Promontorium, a cape at the conquest of the neighbouring islands, but he
most southern extremity of Campania. showed himself “cruel in the war which he
MineRVALIA, festivals at Rome in honour carried on against the Athenians, who had put
of Minerva, celebrated in the months of March to death hisson Androgeus. [vid. Androgeus.]
and June. During the solemnity scholars ob He took Megara by the treachery of Scylla,
tained some relaxation from their studious [vid. Scylla] and, not satisfied with a victory,
pursuits, and the present, which it was usual he obliged the vanquished to bring him year
for them to offer to their masters, was called ly to Crete seven chosen boys and the same
..Minerval, in honour of the goddess Minerva, number of virgins to be devoured by the Mi
who patronized literature. Varro de R. notaur. [vid. Minotaurus.] This bloody tri
R. 3, c. 2.-Ovid. Trist. 3, v. 809.--Liv. bute was at last abolished when Theseus had
9, c. 30. destroyed the monster. [vid. Theseus.] When
Minio, now Mignone, a river of Etruria, Daedalus, whose industry and invention had
falling inte the Tyrrhene Sea. Virg. AEn. 10, fabricated the labyrinth, and whose impru
v. 183. dence in assisting Pasiphae in the gratifica
MINNAEI, [a people in the southern extre tion of her unnatural desires, had offended
mity of Arabia Felix. Their country was Minos, fled from the place of the confinement
called Minnaea, and their capital Carana. with wings, [vid. Daedalus] and arrived safe
The name of the latter is preserved in Alma. in Sicily, the incensed monarch pursued the
karana, which is a strong fortress.] Plin. offender, resolved to punish his infidelity.
12, c. 14. Cocalus, king of Sicily, who had hospitably re
MINéis, belonging to Minos. Crete is call ceived Daedalus, entertained his royal guest
el Minoia regna, as being the legislator's with dissembled friendship; and that he might
kingdom. Virg. AEn. 6, v. 14.—A patrony not deliver to him a man whose ingenuity and
mic of Ariadne. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 157. abilities he so well knew, he put Minos to
MINos, a king of Crete, son of Jupiter and death. Some say that it was the daughters of
Europa, who gave laws to his subjects B. C. Cocalus who put the king of Crete to death,
1406, [according to the Arundelian mar by detaining him so long in a bath till he faint
bles, 1642 B.C. and according to Banier, ed, after which they suffocated him. Minos
1340 B.C.] These still remained in full ſorce died about 35 years before the Trojan war.
in the age of the philosopher Plato. His justice He was father of Adrogeus, Glaucus, and
and moderation procured him the appellation Beucalion, and two daughters, Phaedra and
of the favourite of the gods, the confidant of Ariadne. Many authors have confounded the
Jupiter, the wise legislator, in every city of two monarchs of this name, the grandfather
Greece; and, according to the poets, he was and he grandson, but Homer, Plutarch, and
rewarded for his equity, after death, with the Diodorus prove plainly that they were two
office of supreme and absolute judge in the different persons. Paus. in .4ch. 4.—Plut. in
infernal regions. In this capacity he is repre Thes.—Hygin. fab. 44.—Ovid. Met. 8. v. 141.
sented sitting in the middle of the shades, and —Diod. 4.— Virg. JEn. 6, v. 21.-Plut. in
holding a sceptre in his hand. The dead plead JMin.—Athen. Flacc. 14.
their different causes before him, and the im MINótaurus, a celebrated monster, half a
partial judge shakes the fatal urn, which is man and half a bull, according to this verse
filled with the destinies of mankind. He of Ovid, .4. .4.2, v.24,
married lthona, by whom he had Lycastes, Semibovemque rirum, semivirumque bovem.
who was the father of Minos 2d. [Minos, in
order to give greater authority to his laws, is It was the fruit of Pasiphae's amour with a
said by some to have retired into a cave in bull. Minos refused to sacrifice a white bull
to Neptune, an animal which he had received
Crete, where he feigned that Jupiter, his fa.
ther, dictated them to him, and every time from the god for that purpose. This offended
he returned from the cave he announced some Neptune, and he made Pasiphae, the wife of
new law. Huet makes Minos and Moses to Minos, enamoured of this fine bull, which had
have been the same; this, however, is going been refused to his altars. Daedalus prostitut
too far. Banier's opinion appears a better ed his talents in being subservient to the
one, that some eonfused knowledge of the queen's unnatural desires, and, by his uneaus.
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Pasiphae's horrible passions were gratified, soon after this, fought with ill success against
and the Minotaur came into the world. Mi Annibal, and was saved by the interference
nos confined in the labyrinth a monster which of Fabius; which circumstance had such an
convinced the world of his wife's lascivious effect upon him, that he laid down his pºwer
ness and indecency, and reflected disgrace at the feet of his deliverer, and swore that he
upon his family. The Minotaur usually de would never act again but by his directions.
voured the chosen young men and maidens, He was killed at the battle of Cannae. Lir.
which the tyraumy of Minos yearly exacted —C. Wep. in Ann.—A Roman consul, who
from the Athenians. Theseus delivered his defended Coriolanus from the insults of the
country from this shameful tribute, when it people, &c. Another, defeated by the
had fallen to his lot to be sacrificed to the vo £qui, and disgraced by the dictator Ciucin
racity of the Minotaur, and, by means of natus.--An officer under Caesar, in Gaul,
Ariadne, the king's daughter, he destroyed who afterwards became one of the conspira
the monster, and made his escape from the tors against his patron. Coes. Bell. G. B. c.
windings of the labyrinth. The fabulous tra 29. A tribune who warmly opposed the
dition of the Minotaur and of the infamous views of C. Gracchus. A Roman, chosen
commerce of Pasiphae with a favourite bull, dictator, and obliged to lay down his office,
has been often explained. Some suppose that “ecause, during the time of his election, the
Pasiphae was enamoured of one of her hus sudden, cry of a rat was heard.—A Roman,
band's courtiers, called Taurus, and that Dae one of the first who were chosen quaestors.
dalus favoured the passions of the queen by —Felix, an African probably, [who flou
suffering his house to become the retreat of rished towards the close of the reign of Septi
the two lovers. Pasiphae, some time after, mus Severus, or about 210 A. D. He was
brought twins into the world, one of whom educated to the profession of the law, and be
greatly resembled Minos, and the other Tau came an eminent pleader at Rome, where he
rus. In the natural resemblance of their renounced the heathen religion and embraced
countenance with that of their supposed fa that of ‘...] He has written an elegant
thers originated their name, and consequently dialogue in defence of the Christian religion,
the fable of the Minotaur. Ovid. Met. 8, fab. called Octavius, from the principal speaker
2.—Hygin, fab. 40.—Plut. in Thes.—Palae. in it. [The dialogue is between a heatheu
phat.—Wirg. JEn. 6, v. 26. and a Christian, in which Minutius himself
MINTHE, a daughter of Cocytus, loved by sits as a judge and moderator. By this con
Pluto. Proserpine discovered her husband's trivance he replies to the objections and argu
amour, and changed his mistress into an ments brought forward by the adversary, and
herb, called by the same name, mint. Ovid. refutes the calumny cast upon Christianity by
Met. 10, v. 729. the heathen philosophers, and at the same
MINTURNAE, [a town of Latium, on the time exposes the absurdities of their creed
banks of the Liris, and near its mouth.] It and worship, powerfully demonstrating the
was in the marshes in its neighbourhood |reasonableness and excellence of the Chris
that Marius concealed himself in the mud, to tan religion.] This book was long attributed
avoid the partisans of Sylla. The people con. to Arnobius, and even printed as an 8th book
demned him to death, but when his voice (Octavus), till Balduinus discovered the im
alone had terrified the executioner, they position in his edition of Felix, 1560. The
showed themselves compassionate, and fa two last editions are that of Davies, 8vo. Can
voured his escape. Marica was worshipped tab. 1712; and of Gronovius, 8vo. T. Bat.
there, hence JMaricae regna applied to the 1709.
place. Strab. 2. — Mela, 2, c. 4.—Lºv. 8, c MiNYAE, a name given to the inhabitants of
10, l. 10, c. 21, i. 27, c. 38.-Palerc. 2, c. 14. Orchomenos, in Boeotia, from Minyas, king
—Lucan. 2, v.424. of the country. Orchomenos, the son of Mi
MiNúTIA, a vestal virgin, accused of de nyas, gave his name to the capital of the coun
bauchery on account of the beauty and ele try, and the inhabitants still retained their
gance of her dress. She was condemned to original appellation in contradistinction to the
be buried alive, because a female supported Orchomenians of Arcadia. A colony of Or
the false accusation, A. U. C. 418. Liv. 8, chomenians passed into Thessaly and settled
c. 15.-A public way from Rome to Brun in Iolchos; from which circumstance the peo
dusium. (vid. Via.) ple of the place, and particularly the Argo
MiNútius, Augurinus, a Roman consul nauts, were called Minya. This name they
slain in a battle against the Samnites.—A received, according to the opinion of some,
tribune of the people, who put Maelius to not because a number of Orchomenians had
death when he aspired to the sovereignty of settled among them, but because the chiei
Rome. He was honoured with a brazen sta and noblest of them were descended from the
tue for causing the corn to be sold at a re daughters of Minyas. Part of the Orchome
duced price to the people. Liv. 4, c. 16.- nians accompanied the sons of Codrus when
Plin. 18, q, 3. Rufus, a master of horse to they migrated to Ionia. The descendants of
the dictator Fabius Maximus. His disobe the Argonauts, as well as the Argonauts
dience to the commands of the dictator was themselves, received the name of Minyºr.
productive of an extension of his prerogative, They first inhabited Lemnos, where they had
and the master of the horse was declared been born from the Lemnian women who had
equal in power to the dictator. Minutius, murdered their husbands. They were dri
496
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ven from Lemnos by the Pelasgi about 1160 Stat. Theb. 1,v. 720.-Curt. 4, c. 13.—Claw
years before the Christian era, and came to dian. de Laud. Stil. 1.
settle in Laconia, from whence they passed Mithra Dät Es, a herdsman of Astyages,
into Calliste with a colony of Lacedæmoni ordered to put young Cyrus to death. He re
ans. , Hygin, fab. 14.—Paus. 9, c. 6.—Apol fused, and educated him at home as his own
ion. 1. arg—Herodot. 4, c. 145. son, &c. Herodot.—Justin.
MiNYAs, a king of Boeotia, son of Neptune MITHRIDATEs 1st, was the third king of
and Tritogenia, the daughter of AEolus. Some Pontus. He was tributary to the crown of
make him the son of Neptune and Callirhoe. Persia, and his attempts to make himself in
or of Chryses, Neptune's son, and Chryso dependent proved fruitless. He was con
genia, the daughter of Halmus. He married quered in a battle, and obtained peace with
Clytodora, by whom he had Presbon, Peri difficulty. Xenophon calls him merely a go
clymenus, and Eteoclymenus. He was father vernor of Cappadocia. He was succeeded
of Orchomenos, Diochithondes, and Athamas, by Ariobarzanes, B.C. 363. Diod.—Xenoph.
by a second marriage with Phanasora, the —The second of that name, king of Pon
daughter of Paon. According to Plutarch tus, was grandson to Mithridates I. He made
and Ovid, he had three daughters, called Leu himself master of Pontus, which had been con
conoe, Alcithoe, and Leucippe. They were quered by Alexander, and been ceded to Anti
changed into bats. (vid. Mineides.) Paus. gonus at the general division of the Macedo
9, c. 36.-Plut. Quacst. Graec. 38.—Ovid...Met. nian empire among the conqueror's generals.
4, v. 1 and 468. He reigned about 26 years, and died at the ad
MINYEides. (rid. Mineides.) vanced age of 84 years, B. C. 302. He was
MrNYIA, a festival observed at Orchome succeeded by his son Mithridates III. Some
nos in honour of Minyas, the king of the say that Antigonus put him to death, because
place. The Orchomenians were called Mi he favoured the cause of Cassander. Appian.
nyae, and the river upon whose banks their .Mith.—Diod.—The III. was son of the pre
town was built, Mynos.-A small island ceding monarch. He enlarged his paternal
near Patmos. possessions by the conquest of Cappadocia
MiséNUM or Mrsenus. (vid. Misenus.) and Paphlagonia, and died after a reign of 36
Mrs ENUs, a son of AEolus, who was trum years. Diod. The IV. succeeded his fa
peter to Hector. After Hector's death he fol ther Ariobarzanes, who was the son of Mith
lowed AEneas to Italy, and was drowned on ridates III. The V. succeeded his father
the coast of Campania, because he had chal Withridates IV. and strengthened himself on
lenged one of the Tritons. AEneas afterwards his throne by an alliance with Antiochus the
found his body on the sea-shore, and buried Great, whose daughter Laodice he married.
it on a promontory which bears his name, now He was succeeded by his son Pharnaces.—
Miseno. There was also a town of the same The VI. succeeded his father Pharmaces. He
name on the promontory at the west of the was the first of the kings of Pontus who made
bay of Naples, and it had also a capacious alliance with the Romans. He furnished them
harbour, where Augustus and some of the Ro with a fleet in the third Punic war, and as
man emperors generally kept stationed one sisted them against Aristonicus, who laid claim
of their fleets. "[The station of the fleet in to the kingdom of Pergamus. This fidelity
the upper sea was at Ravenna.] Virg...En. was rewarded ; he was called Euergetes, and
3, v. 239, I. 6, v. 164 and 234.—Strab. 5.— received from the Roman people the province
-Mela, 2, c. 4.—Liv. 24, c. 13.—Tacit. H. 2, of Phrygia Major, and was called the friend
c. 9..?n. 15, c. 51. and ally of Rome. He was murdered B. C.
Misith Eus, a Roman celebrated for his 123. Appian. Mithr.—Justin. 37, &c.—The
virtues and his misfortunes. He was father VII. surnamed Eupator and The Great, suc
in-law to the emperor Gordian, whose coun ceeded his father Mithridates VI. though only
sels and actions he guided by his prudence at the age of 11 years. The beginning of his
and moderation. He was sacrificed to the reign was marked by ambition, cruelty, and
ambition of Philip, a wicked senator, who artifice. He murdered his own mother, who
succeeded him as praefect of the praetorian had been left by his father coheiress of the
guards. He died A. D. 243, and left all his kingdom, and he fortified his constitution by
possessions to be appropriated for the good drinking antidotes against the poison with
of the public. which his enemies at court attempted to de
Mitha As, a god of Persia, supposed to be stroy him. He early inured his body to
the sun, or, according to others, Venus Ura hardship, and employed himself in many
nia. His worship was introduced at Rome, manly exercises, often remaining whole
and the Romans raised him altars, on which months in the country, and making the frozen
was this inscription, Deo Soli Mithrae, or Soli snow and the earth the place of his repose.
Deo invicto Mithra. He is generally repre Naturally ambitious and cruel, he spared no
sented as a young man, whose head is cover pains to acquire himself power and dominion.
ed with a turban after the manner of the He murdered the two sons whom his sister
Persians. He supports his knee upon a bull Laodice had had by Ariarathes, king of Cap
that lies on the ground, and one of whose padocia, and placed one of his own children,
horns he holds in one hand, while with the only eight years old, on the vacant throne
other he plunges a dagger into his neck. These violent proceedings alarmed Nico
3 R 407
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medes, king of Bithynia, who had married sooner heard, than Lucullus, the consul.
Laodice, the widow of Arial athes. He sub marched into Asia, and, without delay, he
orned a youth to be king of Cappadocia, as blocked up the camp of Mithridates, who was
the third son of Ariarathes, and Laodice was then besieging Cyzicus. The Asiatic mo
sent to Rome to itnpose upon the senate, and narch escaped from him, and fled into the
assure them that her third son was now heart of his kingdom. Lucullus pursued him
alive, and that his pretensions to the kingdom with the utmost celerity, and would have
of Cappadocia were just and well grounded. taken him prisoner after a battle, had not the
Mithridates used the same arms of dissimula avidity of his soldiers preferred the plundering
tion. He also sent to Rome Gaudius, the of a mule loaded with gold to the taking of a
governor of his son, who solemnly declared monarch who had exercised such cruelties
before the Roman people, that the youth who against their countrymen, and shown himself
sat on the throne of Cappadocia was the third so faithless to the most solemn engagements.
son and lawful heir of Ariarathes, and that After this escape, Mithridates was more care
he was supported as such by Mithridates. ful about the safety of his person, and he even
This intricate affair displeased the Roman ordered his wives and sisters to destroy them
senate, and, finally to settle the dispute be selves, fearful of their falling into the enemy's
tween the two monarchs, the powerful arbi hands. The appointment of Glabrio to the
ters took away the kingdom of Cappadocia command of the Roman forces. instead of Lu
from Mithridates, and Paphlagonia from Ni cullus, was favourable to Mithridates, and
comedes. These two kingdoms being thus he recovered the greatest part of his domi
separated from their original possessors, were nions. The sudden arrival of Pompey, how
presented with their freedom and indepen ever, soon put an end to his victories. Abat
dence; but the Cappadocians refused it, and tle, in the night, was ſought near the Eu
received Ariobarzanes for king. Such were phrates, in which the troops of Pontus la
the first seeds of enmity between Rome and boured under every disadvantage. The en
the king of Pontus. [vid. Mithridaticum gagement was by moonlight, and, as the
bellum.] Mithridates never lost an oppor moon then shone in the face of the enemy, the
tunity by which he might lessen the influence lengthened shadows of the arms of the Ro
of his adversaries; and the more effectually mans having induced Mithridates to believe
to destroy their power in Asia, he ordered that the two armies were close together, the
all the Romans that were in his dominions arrows of his soldiers were darted from a
to be massacred. This was done in the night, great distance, and their efforts rendered in
and no less than 150,000, according to Plu effectual. An universal overthrow ensued;
tarch, or 80,000 Romans, as Appian mentions, Mithridates, bold in his misfortunes, rushed
were made, at oneblow, the victims of his cru through the thick ranks of the enemy, at the |
elty. This universal massacre called aload head of 800 horsemen, 500 of which perished |
for revenge. Aquilius, and soon after Sylla, in the attempt to follow him. He fled to Ti
marched against Mithridates with a large granes, but that monarch refused an asylum
army. The former was made prisoner, but to his father-in-law, whom he had before sup
Sylla obtained a victory over the king’s ge ported with all the collected forces of his king
nerals, and another decisive engagement ren dom. Mithridates found a safe retreat among |
dered him master of all Greece, Macedo the Scythians, and, though destitute of power,
nia, Ionia, and Asia Minor, which had sub friends, and resources, yet he meditated the
mitted to the victorious arms of the monarch destruction of the Roman empire, by pene
of Pontus. This ill fortune was aggravated trating into the heart of Italy by land. These
by the loss of about 200,000 men, who were wild projects were rejected by his followers, |
killed in the several engagements that had and he sued for peace. It was denied to his
been fought , and Mithridates, weakened by ambassadors, and the victorious Pompey de
repeated ill success by sea and land, sued for clared, that, to obtain it, Mithridates must
peace from the conqueror, which he obtained ask it in person. He scorned to trust himself
on condition of defraying the expenses which into the hands of his enemy, and resolved to
the Romans had incurred by the war, and of conquer or to die. His subjects refused to
remaining satisfied with the possessions which follow him any longer, and they revolted from
he had received from his ancestors. While him, and made his son Pharnaces king. The
these negociations of peace were carried on, son showed himself ungrateful to his father,
Mithridates was not unmindful of his real in. and even, according to some writers, or
terest. His poverty, and not his inclinations, dered him to be put to death. This unnatu
obliged him to wish for peace. He imme. ral treatment broke the heart of Mithridates;
diately took the field with an army of 140,000 he obliged his wife to poison herself, and at
infantry, and 16,000 horse, which consisted of tempted to do the same himself. It was in
his own forces and those of his son-in-law vain; the frequent antidotes he had taken in
Tigranes, king of Armenia. With such a nu the early part of his life strengthened his con
merous army he soon made himself master stitution against the poison, and, when this
of the Roman provinces in Asia; none dared
was unavailing, he attempted to stab himself.
to oppose his conquests, and the Romans, re The blow was not mortal; and a Gaul, who
lying on his fidelity, had withdrawn thegreat. was then present, at his own request, gave
*t part of their armies from the country. him the fatal stroke, about 63 years before
Phe news of his warlike preparations Was no the Christian era, in the 72d year of his age
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Such were the misfortunes, abilities, and mi service of his own subjects, a code of laws.
serable end of a man who supported himself Justin. Orosius.—Another, who murdered
so long against the power of Rome, and who, his father, and made himself master of the
according to the declaration of the Roman crown.——A king of Pontus, put to death
authors, proved a more powerful and indefa |by order of Galba, &c.——A man in the ar
tigable adversary to the capital of Italy than mies of Artaxerxes. He was rewarded by
the great Annibal, and Pyrrhus, Perseus, or the monarch for having wounded Cyrus the
Antiochus. Mithridates has been commend younger; but, when he boasted he had kill
ed for his eminent virtues, and censured for ed him, he was cruelly put to death. Plut.
his vices. As a commander he deserves the |in Artar. A son of Ariobarzanes, who
most unbounded applause, and it may create |basely murdered Datames. C. JNep. in Dat.
admiration to see him waging war with such Mithridſſticum BELLUM, begun 89 years
success during so many years, against the |B.C. was one of the longest and most cele
most powerful people on earth, led to the field |brated wars ever carried on by the Romans
by a Sylla, a Lucullus, and a Pompey. He against a foreign power. The ambition of
was ; the greatest monarch that ever sat on a |Mithridates, from whom it receives its name,
throne, according to the opinion of Cicero; may be called the cause and origin of it.
and, indeed, no better proof of his military His views upon the kingdom of Cappadocia,
character can be brought, than the mention of which he was stripped by the Romans, first
of the great rejoicing which happened in the engaged him to take up arms against the re
Roman armies and in the capital at the news public. Three Roman officers, L. Cassius,
of his death. No less than twelve days were the proconsul, M. Aquilius, and Q. Oppius,
appointed for public thanksgivings to the im opposed Mithridates with the troops of Bithy
mortal gods, and Pompey, who had sent the nia, Cappadocia, Paphlagonia, and Gallo
first intelligence of his death to Rome, and Graecia. The army of these provinces, to
who had partly hastened his fall, was reward gether with the Roman soldiers in Asia,
ed with the most uncommon honours. [vid. amounted to 70,000 men, and 6008 horse.
Ampia lex.] It is said, that Mithridates con The forces of the king of Pontus were great
quered 24 nations, whose different languages ly superior to these ; he led 250,000 foot,
he knew, and spoke with the same ease and 40,000 horse, and 130 armed chariots, into
fluency as his own. As a man of letters he the field of battle, under the command of
also deserves attention. He was acquainted Neoptolemus and Archelaus. His fleet con
with the Greek language, and even wrote in sisted of 400 ships of war, well manned and
that dialect a treatise on botany. His skill in provisioned. In an engagement the king
physic is well known, and even now there is of Pontus obtained the victory, and dispers
a celebrated antidote which bears his name, ed the Roman forces in Asia. He became
and is called Mithridate. Superstition, as well master of the greatest part of Asia, and the
as nature, had united to render him great; Hellespont submitted to his power. Two of
and if we rely upon the authority of Justin, the Roman generals were taken, and M.
his birth was accompanied by the appearance Aquilius, who was the principal cause of the
of two large comets, which were seen for war, was carried about in Asia, and expos
seventy days successively, and whose splen ed to the ridicule and insults of the popu
dour eclipsed the mid-day sun, and covered the lace, and at last put to death by Mithridates,
fourth part of the heavens. Justin. 37, c. 1, who ordered melted gold to be poured down
&c.—Strab.-Diod. 14.—Flor. 3, c. 5, &c.— his throat, as a slur upon the avidity of the
Plut. in Syll. .Mar. & Pomp.–Val. Romans. The conqueror took every possible
Mar. 4, c. 6, &c.—Dio. 30, &c.—Appan. advantage; he subdued all the islands of the
JMithrid.—Plin. 2, c. 97, 1.7, c. 24, 1.25, c. 2, AEgean Sea, and, though Rhodes refused to
1. 33, c. 3, &c.—Cic. pro Man. &c.—Paterc. submit to his power, yet all Greece was soon
2. c. 18.—Eutrop. 5.-Joseph. 14.—Oros. 6, overrun by his general Archelaus, and made
&c. A king of Parthia, who took Deme tributary to the kingdom of Pontus. Mean
trius prisoner.——A man made king of Ar while the Romans, incensed against Mithri
menia by Tiberius. He was afterwards in dates on account of his perfidy, and of his
prisoned by Caligula, and set at liberty by cruelty in massacring 80,000 of their country
Claudius. He was murdered by one of his men in one day all over Asia. appointed Syl
nephews, and his family were involved in his |la to march into the east. Sylla landed in
ruin. Tacit. .1nn.—Another, king of Ar |Greece, where the inhabitants readily ac
menia. A king of Pergamus, who warmly knowledged his power; but Athens shut her
embraced the cause of J. Caesar, and was gates against the Roman commander, and Ar
rnade king of Bosphorus by him. Some sup chelaus, who defended it, defeated, with the
posed him to be the son of the great Mithri greatest courage, all the efforts and opera
dates by a concubine. He was murdered, tions of the enemy. This spirited defence
&c.——A king of Iberia.——Another of Co was of short duration. Archelaus retreated
magena- A celebrated king of Parthia, into Boeotia, where Sylla soon followed him:
who enlarged his possessions by the conquest The two hostile armies drew up in a line of
of some of the neighbouring countries. He battle near Chaeronea, and the Roman ob:
examined with a careful eye the constitution tained the victory, and, of the almost ºur
and political regulations of the nations he had merable forces of the Asiatics, no more than
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near Orchomenos, proved equally fatal to the to take Cyzicum, lost no less than 300,000
king of Pontus. Dorylaus, one of his gene men. Success continually attended the Re
rals, was defeated, and he soon after sued for man arms. The king of Pontus was deſeat
peace. Sylla listened to the terms of accom ed in several bloody engagements, and with
modation, as his presence at Rome was now difficulty saved his life, and retired to his son
become necessary to quell the commotions and in-law Tigranes, king of Armenia. Lucullus
cabals which his enemies had raised against pursued him, and when his application for
him. He pledged himself to the king of Pon the person of the fugitive monarch had been
tus to confirm him in the possession of his do despised by Tigranes, he marched to the
minions, and to procure him the title of friend capital of Armenia, and terrified, by his sud
and ally of Rome; and Mithridates consented den approach, the numerous forces of the
to relinquish Asia and Paphlagonia, to deliver enemy. A battle ensued. The Romans ob
Cappadocia to Ariobarzanes, and Bithynia to tained an easy victory, and no less than 100
Nicomedes, and to pay to the Romans 2000 000 foot of the Armenians perished, and only
talents to defray the expenses of the war, five men of the Romans were killed. Tigra
and to deliver into their hands 70 gallies nocerta, the rich capital of the country, ſell
with all their rigging. Though Mithridates into the conqueror's hands. After such sig
seemed to have re-established peace in his nal victories, Lucullus had the mortification
dominions, yet Fimbria, whose sentiments to see his own troops mutiny, and to be dis
were contrary to those of Sylla, and who possessed of the command by the arrival of
made himself master of any army by intrigue Pompey. The new general showed himself
and oppression, kept him under continual worthy to succeed Lucullus. He defeated Mi
alarms, and rendered the existence of his thridates, and rendered his affairs so despe
power precarious. Sylla, who had returned rate, that the monarch fled for safety into the
from Greece to ratify the treaty which had country of the Scythians, where, for a while,
been made with Mithridates, rid the world of he meditated the ruin of the Roman empire,
the tyrannical Fimbria; and the king of Pon and with more wildness than prudence, se
tus, awed by the resolution and determined cretly rosolved to invade Italy by land, and
firmness of his adversary, agreed to the con march an army across the northern wilds of
ditions, though with reluctance. The hostile Asia and Europe to the Appenines. Not
preparations of Mithridates, which continued only the kingdom of Mithridates had fallen
in the time of peace, became suspected by into the enemy's hands, but also all the neigh
the Romans, and Muraena, who was left as bouring kings and princes were subdued, and
governor of Asia in Sylla's absence, and Pompey saw prostrate at his feet Tigranes
who wished to make himself known by himself, that king of kings who had lately
some conspicious action, began hostilities by treated the Romans with such contempt.
taking Comana, and plundering the temple Meantime, the wild projects of Mithridates
of Bellona. Mithridates did not oppose him, terrified his subjects; and they, ſearful to ae
but he complained of the breach of peace be company him in a march of above 2000 miles
fore the Roman senate. Muraena was pub across a barren and uncultivated country, re
licly reprimanded; but, as he did not cease volted and made his son king. The mo
from hostilities, it was early understood that narch, forsaken in his old age, even by his own
he acted by the private directions of the Ro children, put an end to his life, (vid. Mithri
man people. The king upon this marched dates VII.) and gave the Romans cause to
against him, and a battle was ſought, in which rejoice, as the third Mithridatic war was end
both the adversaries claimed the victory. This ed in his fall, B. C. 63. Such were the un
was the last blow which the king of Pontus successful struggles of Mithridates against
received in this war, which is called the se the power of Rome. He was always full of
cond Mithridatic war, and which continued resources, and the Romans had neveragreater
for about three years. Sylla, at that time, or more dangerous war to sustain. The du
was made perpetual dictator at Rome, and he ration of the Mithridatic war is not precisely
commanded Murzena to retire from the king known. According to Justin, Orosius, Flo
dom of Mithridates. The death of Sylla rus, and Eutropius, it lasted for forty years:
changed the face of affairs; the treaty of but the opinion of others, who fix its dura
peace between the king of Pontus and the Ro tion to 30 years, is far more credible; and,
mans, which had never been committed to indeed, by proper calculation, there elapsed
writing, demanded frequent explanations, and no more than 26 years ſrom the time that
Mithridates at last threw off the mask of Mithridates first entered the field against
friendship, and declared war. Nicomedes, at the Romans, till the time of his death. Ap
his death, left his kingdom to the Romans, pian. in JMithrid.-Justin. 37, &c.—Fior. 3,
but Mithridates disputed their right to the &c.—Liv.–Plut. in Luc. &c.—Oroitus.--
possessions of the deceased monarch, and en Paterc.—Dion.
tered the field with 120,000 men, besides a MITH RidAtis, a daughter of Mithridates
fleet of 400 ships in his ports, 16,000 horsemen the Great. She was poisoned by her father.
to follow him, and 100 chariots armed with MithroBARzāNEs, a king of Armenia,
scythes. Lucullus was appointed over Asia, &c.—An officer sent by Tigranes against
and trusted with the care of the Mithridatic Lucullus, &c. Plut.—The father-in-law
war. His valour and prudence showed his of Datames.
merit; and Mithridates, in his vain attempts Mitº LENE and MiTYLENE, the capital
 MN MOE

ity of the island of Lesbos, which receives its
arºrne from Mitylene, the daughter of Maca
-eus, a king of the country. It was greatly
:orm mended by the ancients for the stateliness
of its buildings, and the fruitfulness of its soil,
but more particularly for the greatmen it pro
duced. Pittacus, Alcaeus, Sappho, Terpander,
Theophanes, Hellenicus, &c. were all natives
of Mitylene. It was long a seat of learning,
and, with Rhodes and Athens, it had the ho two vols. 8vo.
nour of having educated many of the great
rnen of Rome and Greece. In the Pelopon 8, c. 17.
the era in which Cambyses overthrew the
magnificent temple of Heliopolis we may
date the downfal of the worship of Mnevis;
He was worshipped with the same supersti.
tious ceremonies as Apis, and, at his death, he
received the most magnificent funeral. He was
the emblem of Osiris. Diod. 1.-Plut. de Isid.
MoDEstus, a Latin writer, whose book
De re Militari, has been elegantly edited in
Vesaliae. 1670.
Moecia, one of the tribes of Rome. Lir.
-

nesian war the Mityleneans suffered greatly MoENus, now Mayne, a river of Germany,
for their revolt from the power of Athens; which falls into the Rhine by Mentz. Tacit.
and, in the Mithridatic wars, they had the de Germ. 28.
boldness to resist the Romans, and disdain the MoERAGETEs, fatorum ductor, a surname
treaties which had been made between Mithri of Jupiter. Paus. 5, c. 15.
dates and Sylla. Cic. de leg. ag.—Strab. 13. MoERIs, [a lake of Egypt, supposed to
—-Mela, 2, c. 7.-Diod. 3 and 12.-Paterc. 1, have been the work of a king of the same
c. 4.—Horat. 1, od. 7, &c.—Thucyd. 3, &c.— name, concerning the situation and extent,
Fluct. in Pomp. &c. and even the existence of which authors have
MINAsALces, a Greek poet, who wrote differed. It has been represented as the
epigrams. Athen.—Strab. boldest and most wonderful of all the works
MINAsilus, a youth who assisted Chromis of the kings of Egypt, and accordingly Hero
to tie the old Silenus, whom they found asleep dotus considers it superior even to the pyra
in a cave. Some imagine that Virgil spoke of mids and labyrinth. As to its situation, He
Varus under the name of Mnasilus. Virg. rodotus and Strabo mark it out by placing the
Alcz. 6, v. 13. labyrinth on its borders, and by fixing the
MNason, a tyrant of Elatia, who gave towns which were around it, such as Achan
1260 pieces of gold for twelve pictures of tus to the south, Aphroditopolis towards the
twelve gods to Asclepiodorus. Plan. 35, c. 16. east, and Arsinoe to the north. Diodorus and
MNEMow, a surname given to Artaxerxes Pliny confirm this statement by placing it at
on account ofhis retentive memory. C. JNep. 24 leagues from Memphis, between the pro
in Reg. vince of that name and Arsinoe. The posi
MNEMósiº NE, a daughter of Coelus and tion thus indicated is supposed to answer to
Terra, mother of the nine Muses, by Jupiter, the modern Birket-Caroun, a lake more than
who assumed the form of a shepherd to enjoy 50 leagues in circumference. Herodotus
her company. The word Mnemosyne signifies makes the lake Moeris 3600 stadia in circum
memory, and therefore the poets have rightly ference, and its greatest depth 200 cubits.
called memory the mother of the muses, be Bossuet has vindicated the statement of its
cause it is to that mental endowment that large extent, against the raillery of Voltaire.
mankind are indebted for their progress in Rollin, however, deeming it to be incredible,
science. [To Mnemosyne is ascribed, ac adopts the opinion of Pomponius Mela, and
cording to Diodorus Siculus, the art of reason makes it 20,000 paces. D'Anville, with a view
ing, and of giving suitable names to every of reconciling the contending parties, has
thing, so that we can describe them, and con marked on his map of Egypt, two lakes of
verse about them without seeing them. She this name, one of which is in fact a canal run
is generally allowed to have been the first who ning parallel with the Nile ; this he makes
used helps for the memory, and this is inti the Moeris of Herodotus afid Diodorus, while
mated in her name.) Ovid. JMet. 6, ſab. 4.— the other is situate to the north-west, and
Pindar. Isth. 6.-Hesiod. Theog.—Apollod. 1, corresponds, according to him, with the Moe
c. 1, &c. A fountain of Boeotia, whose wa ris of Strabo and Ptolemy. This last is the
ters were generally drank by those who con Birket-Caroun mentioned above; the former,
sulted the oracle ofTrophonius. Paus. 9, c. 39. which still subsists, is known by the name of
MNEsARchus, a celebrated philosopher of Bahr Jouseph, or Joseph's river. It opens
Greece, pupil to Panatius, &c. Cic. de Orat. near Tarout Eccheriff, and ends near Birket
1, c. 11. Caroun. The explanation given by Malte
MNEs rhEUs, a Trojan, descended from Brun is, however, the simplest. He supposes
Assaracus. He obtained the prize given to that the canal dignified with the name of Jo
the best sailing vessel by Æneas, at the fune. seph, like many other remarkable works, was
ºral games of Anchises, in Sicily, and became executed by order of king Moeris. The wa
the progenitor of the family of the Memmii | ters then filled the basin of the lake Birket
at Rome. Virg. JEn. 4, v. 116,. &c.—A Caroun, which received the name of the
son of Peteus. [vid. Menestheus.] prince who effected this great change. Thus
MNEvis, [the name of a sacred bull, conse a reason is given why the ancients say that
crated to the sun, and worshipped by the the lake was of artificial formation, while the
Fgyptians at Heliopolis. The worship of Birket-Caroun gives no evidence ofany such
Mnevis gradually disappeared when Apis be operation. If we listen, however, merely to
the relation of Herodotus, the lake Moeris
 MO MO
--------------- -
—I-

was entirely the work of human art ; and therefore the Nemaean games, instituted on
to show this, two pyramids were to be seen this occasion, are to be understood by the
in its centre, each of which was 200 cubits words Ludus Molorchi. There were twe
above and as many below the water, while on festivals instituted in his honour, called Ms.
the summit of each was a colossus in a sitting lorehear. Martial. 9, ep. 44, 1. 14, ep. 44.—
posture. The object of the excavation was .Apollod. 2, c. 5.—Virg. G. 3, v. 19.-Stet
to regulate the inundations of the Nile. When Theb. 4, v. 160.
the waters of the river were high, a large por Mölossi, a people of Epirus, who inha
tion were carried off by the canal to the lake, bited that part of the country which was
in order that it might not remain too long on called Molossia or Molossis from king Mo
the soil of Egypt, (lower at that time than in lossus. This country had the bay of Ambra
our days,) and occasion sterility; when the cia on the south, and the country of the Per
inundation had declined, a second one was rhaebeans on the east. The dogs of the place
produced by the waters in lake Moeris. The were famous, and received the name of
lapse of nearly 1200 years has made a ..Molossi among the Romans. Dodona was
great change in this as in the other Egyptian the capital of the country according to some
works of art. Moeris is now nearly 50 leagues writers. Others, however, reckon it as the
in circumference. It might still, however, be chief city of Thesprotia. Lucret. 5, v. 10,
made to answer its ancient purposes, if the 62–Lucan. 4, v. 440.-Strab. 7.-Lir.—
canal of Joseph were cleared of the immense Justin. 7, c. 6.-C. Nep. 2, c. 8.—Pirg. G.
quantity of mud collected in it, and the dykes 3, v. 495.-Horat.12, Sat. 6, v. 114.
restored. The pyramids in this lake were Morossia, or Molossrs. rid. Molossi.
no longer visible in the time of Strabo. The Molossus, a son of Pyrrhus and Andro
lake itself is said to have afforded a most mache. He reigned in Epirus after the death
abundant supply of fish. The profits of this of Helenus, and part of his dominions receiv
fishery were appropriated to find the queen ed the name of Molossia from him. Paus. 1,
with clothes and perfumes.]—A king of c. 11.-A surname of Jupiter in Epirus.
Egypt. He was last of the 300 kings from Molpus, an author who wrote an history
Menes to Sesostris, and reigned 68 years. of Lacedæmon.
Herodot. 2, c. 13.—Herodot. 2, c. 4, &c.— Molychron, a town of Æolia between the
JMela, 1, c. 6.-Plin. 36, c. 12. Evenus and Naupactum. Paus. 5, c. 3.
Mºdi, a people of Thrace, conquered by Momus, the god of pleasantry among the
Philip of Macedonia. ancients, son of Nox, according to Hesiod.
Moesia, [a country of Europe, bounded on He was continually employed insatirizing the
the west by Pannonia and Illyricum, on the gods, and whatever they did was freely turn
south by Macedonia and Thrace, on the east ed to ridicule. He blamed Vulcan, because,
by the Euxine, and on the north by the Da in the human form which he had made of
nube. occupying the present provinces of Ser clay, he had not placed a window in his breast,
via and Bulgaria. Under the reign of Au by which, whatever was done or thought
gustus it was reduced to a Roman province there might be easily brought to light. [Vi
under the names of Moesia Superior, nearer truvius ascribes this reflection to Socrates.]
to Pannonia, and Moesia Inferior, nearer to He censured the house which Minerva had
Thrace. The centre of Moesia was called made, because the goddess had not made it
Dacia Cis-Danubiana, or Dacia Aureliani, by moveable, by which means a bad neighbour
the emperor Aurelian, when he abandon. hood might be avoided in the buſ which
ed the province beyond the Danube called Neptune had produced, he observed that his
Pacia Trajani.J Plin. 3, c. 26.-Pirg, G. blows might have been surer if his eyes had
1, v. 102. been placed nearer the horns. Venus herself
Molera, a festival in Arcadia, in comme was exposed to his satire; and when the
moration of a battle in which Lycurgus ob sneering god had found no fault in the body
tained the victory. of the naked goddess, he observed as she re
Moro, a philosopher of Rhodes, called also tired, that the noise of her slippers was too
Apollonius. Some are of opinion that Apol loud, and greatly improper in the goddess of
lonius and Molo are two different persons, beauty. These illiberal reflections upon the
who were both natives of Alabanda, and dis gods were the cause that Momus was driven
ciples of Menecies of the same place. They from heaven. He is generally represented
both visited Rhodes, and there opened a raising a mask from his face, and holding a
school, but Molo flourished some time after small figure in his hand. Hesiod. in Theºg.
Apollonius. Molo had Cicero and J. Caesar —Lucian. in Herm.
Among his pupils. (vid. Apollonius.) Cic. de MonA, an island between Britain and Hi
Orat.—A prince of Syria, who revolted bernia, anciently inhabited by a number of
against Antiochus, and killed himself when Druids. It is supposed by some to be the
his rebellion was attended with ill success. modern island of Anglesey, and by others, the
Motöers, a river of Boeotia, near Plataea. island of Man. [The Mona described by
Molokcus, an old shepherd near Cleo Tacitus in his life of Agricola, is the isle of
ne, who received Hercules with great hospi .Anglesea; and the one described by Caesar,
tality. The hero, to repay the kindness he the isle of Man.] The former was the great
received, destroyed the Nemaean lion, which seat of the Druids. vid. Ierne. Tºrii. 14,
*id !.4nn. c. 18 and 29.
 MO MO

Monasses, a king of Parthia, who favour tocome from Makºv is ºria, “the home of Mop
ed the cause of M. Antony against Augustus. sus,” from a tradition that the city was ſound
Horat. 3, od. 6, c. 9 ed by Mopsus after the Trojan war. It was
Mox DA, a river, between the Durius and situate to the south-west of Anazarbus, on the
Tagus, in Portugal, [now the Mondego.] banks of the river Pyramus. Its early ori
Plin. 4, c. 22. gin, however, is contradicted by the silence
MowerA,a surname of Juno among the Ro of Xenophon, and also of the historians of
mans. She received it because she warn Alexander. Strabo is the first who mentions
ed them to sacrifice a pregnant sow to Cy it..]
Cic. Fam. 3, c. 8.
bele, to avert an earthquake. Cic. de Div. opsus, a celebrated prophet, son of
1, c. 15.-Liry says, (7, c. 28,) that a tem Manto and Apollo, during the Trojan war.
ple was vowed to Juno, under this name, by He was consulted by Amphimachus, king of
the dictator Furius, when the Romans waged Colophon, who wished to know what success
war against the Aurunci, and that the temple would attend his arms in a war which he was
was raised to the goddess by the senate on going to undertake. He predicted the greatest
the spot where the house of Manlius Capito calamities; but Calchas, who had been a
linus had formerly stood.—Suidas, however, soothsayer of the Greeks during the Trojan
says, that Juno was surnamed Moneta, from war, promised the greatest successes. Amphi
assuring the Romans, when in the war against machus followed the opinion of Calchas, but
Pyrrhus they complained of want of pecunia the opinion of Mopsus was fully verified. This
ry resources, that money never could fail to had such an effect upon Calchas that he died
those who cultivated justice. [Money was soon after. His death is attributed by some
coined in the temple of Juno Moneta, whence to another mortification of the same nature.
our English term money. This goddess is The two soothsayers, jealous of each other's
represented upon medals with the instru fame, came to a trial of their skill in divina
ments of coinage, the hammer, the anvil, tion. Calchas first asked his antagonist how
the pincers, and the die, with the Latin word many figs a neighbouring tree bore; ten thou
Moneta.] sand except one, replied Mopsus, and one
Movima, a beautiful woman of Miletus, single vessel can contain them all. The figs
whom Mithridates the Great married. When were gathered and his conjectures were true.
his affairs grew desperate, Mithridates or Mopsus now, to try his adversary, asked him
dered his wives to destroy themselves; Moni how many young ones a certain pregnant sow
ma attempted to strangle herself, but when would bring forth. Calchas coufessed his ig
her efforts were unavailing, she ordered one norance, and Mopsus immediately said, that
of her attendants to stab her. Plut. in Luc. the sow would bring forth on the morrow ten
Monónus, a son of Prusias. He had one young ones, of which only one should be a
continued bone instead of a row of teeth male, all black, and that the females should
whence his name (wevºr, odºr). Plin. 7, c. 16. all be known by their white streaks. The
Moxoecus [or Herculis Monoeci Portus, a morrow proved the veracity of his prediction,
maritime town in the south-west corner of and Calchas died by excess of the grief which
Liguria, near Nicea, where Hercules had a his defeat produced. Mopsus after death was
temple..] It is now Monaco. Strab. 4.—Virg. ranked among the gods; and had an oracle at
.En. 6, v. 830. Malia, celebrated for the true and decisive
Moss SACER, a mountain about three answers which it gave. Strab. 9.-Paus. 7,
miles from Rome, where the Roman popu c. 3.--Ammian. 14, c. 8.—Plut. de orac. defect.
lace retired in a tumult, which was the cause A son of Ampyx and Chloris, born at Ti
of the election of the tribunes. taressa in Thessaly. He was the prophet and
Mows sevenus, amountain near Rome, &c. soothsayer of the Argonauts, and died at his
MostăNus, a poet who wrote in hexame return from Colchis by the bite of a serpent
ter and elegiac verses. Ovid. ex: Pont. 4. in Libya. Jason erected him a monument
Moniºchus, a powerful giant, who could on the sea-shore, where afterwards the Afri
root up trees and hurl them like a javelin. cans built him a temple where he gave ora
He receives his name from his having a solid cles. He has often been confounded with
hoof, as the word implies. Juv. 1. v. 11. the son of Manto, as their professions and
Moxy Mus, a servant of Corinth, who, not their names were alike. Hygin. fab. 14, 128,
being permitted by his master to follow Dio 173—Strab. 9.-A shepherd of that name
genes the Cynic, pretended madness, and ob. in Virg. Ecl.
tained his liberty. He became a great admir Mońc ANtium, (or 1A), a town of Sicily,
er of the philosopher, and also of Crates, and near the mouth of the Simethus. Cic, in Werr.
even wrote something in the form of facetious 3, c. 18.
stories. Diog. Laert. MoriN1, a people of Belgic Gaul, on the
Mopsium, a hill and town of Thessaly, be. shores of the British ocean. [Their name is
tween Tempe and Larissa. Liv. 42. derived from the Celtic Mor, which signifies
Mopsopia, an ancient name of Athens, the sea, denoting a maritine people..]. The
from Mopsus one of its kings, and from thence shortest passage in Britain was from their ter
the epithet of Mopsopius is often applied to ritories. They were called extremi lºominum
an Athenian. by the Romans, because situate on the extre
Mopsuhestra, or Mopsos, a town of Ci mities of Gaul. Their city, called Morinº”
castellum, is now Mount Cassel, in Artois ; 4
 MO MO

and Morinorum civitas, is Tºrouenne, on the Pergamus in the age of Horace, defendaby
j.is. [Pliny says that their country swarm Torquatus in an accusation of having pºm
ed with geese, and that these furnished a prin ed some of his friends. Horat. 1, ep-5, v.i.
cipal article of trade. He adds, that their [Moschylus. vid. Mosychlus-J
linen cloth was also a commodity in which Mosella, a river of Belgic Gaul falº,
they had considerable traffic.] Virg. En. into the Rhine at Coblentz, and now calk
8, v. 726.-Cats. 4, Bell. G. 21. the Moselle. Flor. 3, c. 10,-Tacit. -ina. I
Moapheus, the son and minister of the god c. 53.
Somnus, who naturally imitated the grimaces, Moses, a celebrated legislator and ger
gestures, words, and manners, of mankind. ral among the Jews, well known in sacre:
[Hence his name, from acten, forma.] He is history. He was born in Egypt, 1571 B.C
sounetimes called the god of sleep. He is ge and after he had performed his miracles be
nerally represented as a sleeping child of great fore Pharoah, conducted the Israelites three;h
corpulence, and with wings. He holds a vase the Red Sea, and gave them laws and cri
in one hand, and in the other are some pop nances, during their peregrination of 40 year.
pies. He is represented by Ovid as sent to in the wilderness of Arabia; he died at the
inform by a dream and a vision the unhappy age of 120. His writings have been quoted
Alcyone of the fate of her husband Ceyx. and commended by several of the heather
Ovud. Met. 11, fab. 10. authors, who have divested themselves of
MoRs, one of the infernal deities born of their prejudices against an Hebrew, and ex
Night, without a father. She was worshipped tolled his learning and the effects of his wis.
by the ancients, particularly by the Lacedae dom. [Moses signifies in the Hebrew, taken
monians, with great solemnity, and represent out of the water, and the name alludes to his
ed not as an actually existing power, but as preservation by the daughter of Pharoah.
an imaginary being. Euripides introduces Moses is the most ancient writer of whom
her in one of his tragedies on the stage. The there remain any authentic works. He has
moderns represent her as a skeleton armed left us the Pentateuch, or the five books of
with a scythe and a scymetar. the Old Testament, Genesis, Exodus, Leviti
Moatuum MARE. [rid. Mare Mortuum.] cus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. Probably
Mosa, a river of Belgic Gaul falling into the these books were not originally separate
German ocean, and now called the Maese or works, as we find them now. Moses compos
-Meuse. The bridge over it, Mosae pons, is ed only one single work, of which the law
now supposed to be Maestricht. Tacit. H. was, as it were, the body, and Genesis was the
4, c. 66. preface. Afterwards they were divided for
MoschA, now Mascat, a port of Arabia [at convenience in reading. Besides the Penta
the mouth of the Sinus Persicus.] teuch, the Jews ascribe to Moses eleven
Moschi, a people of Asia, at the west of Psalms, from Psalm 90 to 100: but there is
the Caspian Sea. Mela, 1, c. 2, 1.3, c. 5.- no sufficient proof that Moses was the author
Lucan. 3, v. 270. of these. Some ancients thought that he was
Moschion, a name common to four differ the author of the book of Job. Origen pre
ent, writers, whose compositions, character, tends that he translated it out of the Syriac,
and native place are unknown. Some frag but this opinion is rejected by both Jews and
ments of their writings remain, some few Christians.] Longinus.-Diod. 1.
verses and a treatise de morbus mulierum, Mosychius, a mountain of Lemnos. [Mos
edited by Gesner, 4to. Basil. 1566. chylus, or Mosychlus, was the oldest volcano
Moschus, a Phoenician who wrote the his known to the Greeks. It was situate on the
tory of his country in his own mother tongue. eastern side of the island, and is thought to
I-A philosopher of Sidon. He is supposed have sunk in the sea a short time after the
tº be the founder of anatomical philosophy. age of Alexander, together with the island
Strab.-[A celebrated Greek pastoral poet, Chryse. When the western parts of Europe
born at Syracuse. It is not clearly ascertain became better known to the Greeks, and
ed in what period he lived. Some authors AEtna with the AEolian isles attracted their
made him a pupil of Bion, but Suidas and attention, they seem to have transferred the
others speak of him as the friend of Aristar forges of Vulcan to this quarter. According
chus who flourished about 160 years B. C. to other mythological fables, Typhon or Ty
The tenderness with which he speaks of Bion, phoeus lay buried beneath Ætna ; and the
in his beautiful elegy on that poet, is mention
battle ground between the Gods and Giants
ed as a proof of his personal acquaintance was placed by some in Sicily, by others near
with him. In the time of the latter Grecians Cumae in Italy. Almost every volcanic si
all the ancient Idyllia were collected and at tuation, however, in the ancient world seems
tributed to Theocritus, but the claims of Mos to have had this honour in succession confer.
chus and Bion have been admitted with re. red upon it..] Nicand.
spect to a ſew little pieces. Moschus possess Mosynx.c1,[a people of Pontus in Asia Mi
ed great elegance of style, and more delicacy mor, on the coast near Cerasus. The 10,000 |
and ingenuity in his conceptions than is usual Greeks passed through their country in their
among Bucolic poets. His works are usual
ly printed with those of Theocritus and Bion.
retreat. Their name is one given them by
the Greeks from the circumstance of their |
The best edition is that of Valckenaer, Lugd. dwelling in wooden towers or forts, (ºrrºr,
Bat. 1810, 8vo.]—A Greek rhetoricianof turris lignea, and cuxºr, domus.]
 MU MU

Mulciber, a surname of Vulcan, (a mul. slain. The battle was ſought the 17th March,
cendo ferrum) from his occupation. Ovid. B. C. 45. After the battle, the siege of Mun
. .Met. 2, v.5. (vid. Vulcanus.)
MULúcha, [MolochAth, or MALvA, now
the Mullooiah, Ja river of Africa, dividing Nu
da ensued, and the assailants are said actually
to have made use of the dead bodies of the
enemy in elevating their mound to a sufficient
midia from Mauritania. Plin. 5, c. 2. height. The little village of Monda in Gre
Mulvius Pons. [vid. Milvius pons.] nada is supposed to lie near the ancient city.]
L. Mummius, a Roman consul, sent against Sil. Ital. 3, v.400.--Hirt. Bell. Hisp. 27—
the Achaeans, whom he conquered, B.C. 147. Lucan. 1.
He destroyed Corinth, Thebes, and Chalcis, MUNY chiA, (and Æ,) a port of Attica, [vid.
by order of the senate, and obtained the sur the end of this article, between the Piræus
name of Achaicus from his victories. He and the promontory of Sunium, called after
: did not enrich himself with the spoils of the king JMunychys, who built there a temple to
enemy, but returned home without any in Diana, and in whose honour he instituted fes
crease of fortune. He was so unacquainted tivals called Munychia. The temple was
with the value of the paintings and works held so sacred that whatever criminals fled
of the most celebrated artists of Greece there for refuge were pardoned. During the
which were found in the plunder of Corinth, festivals they offered small cakes which they
that he said to those who conveyed them to called amphiphontes, amo row autitatiy, from
Rome, that if they lost them or injured shining all round, because there were lighted
them, they should make others in their torches hung round when they were carried
stead. Paterc. 1, c. 13.—Strab. 3.-Plin. 34, to the temple, or because they were offered at
c. 7, 1.37, c. 1.-Flor. 2, c. 6.—Paus. 5, c. the full moon, at which time the solemnity
£4–Publius, a man commended by C. was observed. It was particularly in honour
Publicus, for the versatility of his mind and of Diana who is the same as the moon, because
the propriety of his manners. Cic. de Orat. it was full moon when Themistocles conquer
2-A Latin poet. Macrobius. 1.—Satur. 10. ed the Persian fleet at Salamis. The port of
–Spurius, a brother of Achaius before Munychia was well fortified, and of great
mentioned, distinguished as an orator, and for consequence; therefore the Lacedæmonians,
his fondness for the Stoic philosophy. Cic. when sovereigns of Greece, always kept a re
ad Brut. 25, ad Att. 13, ep. 6. gular garrison there. [There was also near
Munatius PLAN cus, a consul sent to the the harbour the Munychian promontory,
rebellious army of Germanicus. He was which Hobhouse describes as high and rocky.
! almost killed by the incensed soldiery, who The same writer, in speaking of the Muny
suspected that it was through him that they chian harbour, observes, “the old harbour
had not all been pardoned and indemnified by of Munychia is of a circular form : there are
: a decree of the senate. Calpurnius rescued several remains of wall running into the wa
him from their fury. An orator and disci ter, and a piece of pier is to be seen at each
ple of Cicero. His father, grandfather, and side of the mouth of it; so that the entrance,
great-grandfather, bore the same name. He as well as the whole port, is smaller than
was with Caesar in Gaul, and was made con. that of Piraeus. The direction of the port is
sul with Brutus. He promised to favour the from south to north. If the harbour once
republican cause for sometime, but he desert contained four hundred ships, each vessel
ed again to Caesar. He was long Antony's fa must have been a wherry.” See more on
vourite, but he left him at the battle of Actithis subject in the remarks to the articles
um to conciliate the favours of Octavius. His Phalerus and Piracus.] Plut.—Ovid. Met.
services were great in the senate; for, through 2, v. 709.—Strab. 2.-Paus. 1, c. 1.
his influence and persuasion, that venerable MuRAENA, a celebrated Roman, left at the
body flattered the conqueror of Antony with head of the armies of the republic in Asia by
the appellation of Augustus. He was reward Sylla. He invaded the dominions of Mithri
ed with the office of censor. Plut. in Ant. dates with success, but soon after met with a
MuNDA, [a strongly fortified, and large check. He was honoured with a triumph at
city of Hispania Baetica, on the coast south his return to Rome. He commanded one of
west of Malaca. In its vicinity was fought the wings of Sylla's army at the battle against
the famous battle between Caesar and the sons Archelaus near Chaeronea. He was ably de
of Pompey, which put an end to the war. It fended in an oration by Cicero, when his cha
was a most desperate action, and even the racter was attacked and censured. [Muraena,
veterans of Caesar, who for upwards of four the father, triumphed over Mithridates, not
teen years had signalized their valour, were the son. The latter was quite a young man
compelled to give way. It was only by the at that time, and followed in the triumphal
most vigorous exertions that the sons of Pom procession of his father. The charge against .
Pey were at last defeated. Caesar is said to the son was that of having been guilty of
have given up all for lost at one period of the bribery in suing for the consulship.]
fight and to have been on the point of destroy Murcia, [vid. Murria.] Liv.
ing himself. As he retired after the battle he MuRGANTIA, a town of Samnium.
told his friends that he had often fought for 25, c. 27.
victory, but that this was the first time he had MURSA, now Essek, a town of Hungary,
ſought for his life. Caesar is said to have lost where the Drave falls into the Danube.
Murtra, or Myrtia, (a averº) a sup
10000ſhis best soldiers, the enemy had 30,000 505
 MU *: MU

posed surname of Venus, because she presid the muses. The same surname was also
ed over the myrtle. This goddess was the given to Hercules. The palm tree, the laure!,
patron of idleness and cowardice. Varro de and all the fountains of Pindus, Helicon, Par
J. L. 4, c. 32. nassus, &c. were sacred to the muses. They
Mus, a Roman consul. [rid. Decius.] were generally represented as young, beauti:
Musa Antonius, a freedman and physi ful, and modest virgins. They were food of
cian of Augustus. He cured his imperial solitude, and commonly appeared in different
master of a dangerous disease under which he attire, according to the arts and sciences over
laboured, by recommending to him the use of which they presided. . [rid. Clio, EuterPe.
the cold bath. He was greatly rewarded ſor Thalia, Melpomene, &c.] Sometimes they
this celebrated cure. He was honoured with were represented as dancing in a chorus, to
a brazen statue by the Roman senate, which intimate the near and indissoluble connexion
was placed in the temple of Æsculapius, and which exists between the liberal arts and sci
Augustus permitted him to wear a golden ring, ences. The muses sometimes appear with
and to be exempted from all taxes. He was wings, because by the assistance of wings they
not so successful in recommending the use of freed thmselves from the violence of Pyrense
the cold bath to Marcellus as he had been to us. Their contest with the daughters of Pi
Augustus, and his illustrious patient died erus is well known. [vid. Pierides.] The
under his care. [This is the account given worship of the muses was universally esta
by Dio Cassius. Suetonius, however, Wel blished, particularly in the enlightened parts
leius Paterculus, Pliny and Tacitus make no of Greece, Thessaly, and Italy. No sacrifices
sueh reproach to, the memory of Musa ; and were ever offered to them, though no poet
Sergius, in a note to Virgil (JEn. 6, p. 862) ever began a poem without a solemn invoca
attributes the death of Marcellus to a differ tion to the goddesses who presided over verse.
ent cause.] The cold bath was for a long There were festivals instituted in their honour
time discontinued, till Charmis of Marseilles in several parts of Greece, especially among
introduced it again, and convinced the world the Thespians, every fifth year. The Mace
of its great benefits. Musa was brother to donians observed also a festival in honour of
Euphorbus the physician of king Juba. Two Jupiter and the muses. It had been instituted
small treatises, de herbá Betonică, and de tu by'king Archelaus, and it was celebrated with
endá Valeludine, are supposed to be the pro stage plays, games, and different exhibitions,
ductions of his pen. [He was the first who which continued nine days according to the
made use of the flesh of vipers in the cure of number of the muses. [The number of
ulcers, and who employed, as simples, suc muses at first was but three, viz. Melete,
cory and endives.] A daughter of Nico *ineme, and Aoede, (Mºxºrn, Minus, Astés.)
medes, king of Bithynia. She attempted to or Meditation, Memory, and Singing : but a
recover her father's kingdom from the Ro sculptor of Sicyon, according to Varro, having
mans, but to no purpose, though Caesar es. orders to make three statues of the three
poured her cause. Paterc. 2.—Suet. in Cars. muses for the temple of Apollo, and mis
Musæ, certain goddesses who presided over taking his instructions, made three several
poetry, music, dancing, and all the liberal statues of each muse. These, however, were
arts. [They derived their name, according to ſound so beautiful, that they were all set up
some, from their being like each other (M.v. in the temple, and from that time they began
• *, quasi Saotovo at, id est, sumiles;) becaus, to reckon nine muses. Diodorus Sieulus
there is an affinity and relation between all says that these goddesses, so famous among the
the sciences. Others, however, derive it from Greeks, were fine singers, whom Osiris carri
a Greek word signifying to enquire, (aro row ed about with him in his conquests, aud.that he
gºve,) because men, by inquiring of them, gave to two of his generals, Apollo and Hercu
learnt the things of which they were before les, the name of Musagetes, because they were
ignorant, rid, the end of this article.] They the conductors of these singers. The truth
were daughters of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, is, the poetry of the Greeks, being originally
and were nine in number; Cho, Euterpe, of a sacred character, came in with a part of
Thalia, Melpomene, Terpsichore, Erato, Po. their religion from the north, and may be
lyhymnia, Calliope, and Urania. Some sup plainly traced through Thrace, Macedonia,
pose that there were in ancient times only three Thessaly, and Boeotia, in the various places
muses, Melete, Mneme, and Acede; others consecrated throughout those countries to
four, Telziope, Aoede, Arche, Melete, [rid. Apollo and the Muses. According to the
the end of this article.] They were, according best authorities, the nine Muses are repre -

to others, daughters of Pierus and Antiope. sented as follows: Clio (History) holds in
from which circumstance they are all call. her hand a half-opened scroll. Melpoment
ed Pierides The name of Pierides might (Tragedy) is veiled and leans upon a pillar,
probably be derived from Mount Piºus holding in her left hand a Tragic vissk.
where they were born. They have beense Thalia (Comedy) holds in one hand a Comic
Yerally called Castalides, •Aganippides, Lebe Mask, in the other a staff resembling a bruu:
thrides, Aonides, Heliconiades, &c. from the or augur's wand. Euterpe (Music) holds
places where they were worshipped, or over two flutes. Terpsichore (the Dance) is re
which they presided. Apollo, who was the presented in a dancing attitude, and plays
patron and the conductor of the muses, has upon a seven-stringed lyre. Erato (Amato
*:::ceived the name ºurse or leader of
ry Poetry) holds a nine-stringed instrumeut
so
 MU MU

Calliope (Epic Poetry) has a roll of parch sonant with the genius of the Greek nation,
ment in her hand, and sometimes a straight became widely diffused, were interpolated to
trumpet, or tuba. Urania (Astronomy) holds such a degree, that, when in a subsequent
in her left hand a globe, in her right a rod age they became the subject of critical in
with which she appears to point out some vestigation, it was no longer possible to dis
object to the beholder. Polyhymnia (Elo tinguish between what was original and
quence and Imitation) places the fore finger what had been added. Pausanias regarded
of the right hand upon her mouth, or else the hymn in honour of Ceres as the only ge
bears a scroll in her hand.] Plut. Erot.— nuine one : all the rest appeared to him the
Polºur. Jºschin. in Tim.—Paus. 9, c. 29.- work of Onomacritus, who was contempora
..?pollod. 1, c. 3.-Cie. de Mat. D. 3, c. 21.- ry with the Pisistratidae. This hymn is lost
Hesiod. Theog.—Virg. .42n.—Orid. Met. 4, as well as, with the exception of a very few
v. 310. –Homer. Hymn. Mus.-Juv. 7.-Di verses, all the other productions of Musæus.]
od. 1.-Martial. 4, ep. 14. Wirg. Jºn. 6, v. 677.-Diog.—A Latin
Musæus, an ancient Greek poet, supposed poet whose compositions were very obscene.
to have been a son or disciple of Linus or Or .Martial. 12, op. 96.-A poet of Thebes
pheus, and to have lived about 1410 years who lived during the Trojan war.
hefore the Christian era. Virgil has paid great MUTA, a goddess who presided over silence
honour to his memory by placing him in the among the Romans. Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 580,
Elysian fields attended by a great multitude, Mutia, a daughter of Q. Mutius Scaevola
and taller by the head than his followers. and sister of Metellus Celer. She was Pom
None of the poet's compositions are extant. pey's third wife. Her incontinent behaviour
The elegant poem of the loves of Leander and so disgusted her husband, that, at his return
Hero was written by a Musaeus who flourish from the Mithridatic war, he divorced her,
ed in the fourth century, according to the though she had borne him three children. She
more received opinions. Among the good afterwards married M. Scaurus. Augustus
editions of [the latter] Musæus two may be greatly esteemed her. Plut. in Pomp. A
selected as the best, that of Rover, 8vo. L. wife of Julius Caesar, beloved by Claudius
Bat. 1727; and that of Schroeder, 8vo. Leo the tribune. Suet. in Coes. 50.-The mo
vard, 1743. [Musæus is allowed to have been ther of Augustus.
one of the first poets who versified the ora MUTIA LEx, the same as that which was
cles. He is placed in the Arundelian mar enacted by Licinius Crassus, and Q. Mutius,
bles 1426 B.C. at which time his hymns are A. U. C. 657. [vid. Licinia Lex.]
there said to have been received in the cele Mutica, or Mutyce, a town of Sicily west
bration of the Eleusinian mysteries. Dioge of the cape Pachynus. Cie. in Verr. 3, c. 43.
nes Laertius tells us that Musæus not only Mutina, a Roman colony of Cisalpine
composed a Theogouy, but formed a sphere Gaul, where M. Antony besieged D. Brutus,
for the use of his companions; yet as this whom the consuls Pansa and Hirtius deliver
honour is generally given to Chiron, it is ed. Two battles on the 15th of April B. C.
more natural to suppose with Sir Isaac New 43, were fought, in which Antony was de
ton that he enlarged it with the addition ſeated and at last obliged to retire. Mutina
of several constellations after the conquest is now called Modena. Lucan. 1, v. 41, l. 7,
of the Golden Fleece. A hill near the cita v. 872.-Sil. 8, v. 592.-Ovid. Met. 15, v.
del of Athens was called Musaeum, according 822–Cic. Fam. 10, ep. 4.—Brut. ep. 5.
to Pausanias, from Musaeus, who used to re Mutines, one ef Annibal's generals, who
tire thither to meditate and compose his reli was honoured with the freedom of Rome on
gious hymns, and at which place he was after delivering up Agrigentum. Liv. 25, c. 41, l.
wards buried. As regards the origin of Mu 27, c. 5.
sieus, it would seem, according to the best au Mutinus. (vid. Mutunus.]
thorities, that he was descended in the third Mutius, [more properly Mucius,) a Ro
or fourth degree from Eumolpus. This fa man who saved the life of young Marius by
mily derived their origin from Thrace, and conveying him away from the pursuits of
Eumolpus, who came to settle in Attica, was his enemies in a load of straw.—A friend
a priest of Ceres at Eleusis, where Pausanias of Tiberius Gracchus, by whose means he was
saw his tomb. The family of the Eumolpi raised to the office of a tribune. C. Scaevo
dae were in possession of certain mysteries la, surnamed Cordus, became famous for his
and peculiar rites of initiation, and claimed, courage and intrepidity. When Porsenna,
from father to son, the gift of prophecy. Some king of Etruria, had besieged Rome to rein
authorities make Musæus not the disciple but state Tarquin in all his rights and privileges,
the preceptor ofOrpheus, and Suidas states ex Mutius determined to deliver his country
pressly, that although a disciple of the latter, from so dangerous an enemy. He disguised
he was older than him, and that to Musæus the himself in the habit of a Tuscan, and, as he
poet Orpheus bequeathed his lyre. Accord could fluently speak the language, he gained
ing to another tradition, the instrument just an easy introduction into the camp, and soon
mentioned was confided to Musæus by the into the royal tent. Porsenna sat alone with
Muses, who had found it, after the death of his secretary when Mutius entered. The Ro
Orpheus, on the sea-shore. The poems of man rushed upon the secretary and stabbed
Musaeus, neglected very probably at a later him to the heart, mistaking him for his royal
period, when the poetry of Ionia, more con-l master. This occasioned a noise, and Mutius.
507 *
 MY MY

unable to escape, was seized and brought be pidity of an inferior number of men. The
fore the king. He gave no answer to the in Greeks obtained a complete victory, slaugh
quiries ofthe courtiers, and only told them that tered some thousands of the enemy, burned
he was a Roman, and to give them a proof of their camp, and sailed back to Samos with an
his fortitude, he laid his right hand on an altar immense booty, in which were seventy chests
of burning coals, and sternly looking at the of money among other very valuable thing.
imme
The Athenians who, with their own
king, and without uttering a groan, he boldly [.diate followers, constituted one half of the
told him, that 300 young Romans like himself
had conspired against his life, and entered his Grecian army, were led on by the Archon
camp in disguise, determined either to destroy Xantippus, the father of the famous Pericles,
him or perish in the attempt. This extraor and, according to Herodotus, distinguished
dinary confession astonished Porsenna; he themselves the most of any of the combined
made peace with the Romans and retired from forces. They advanced by the coast and
their city. Mutius obtained the surname of along the plain, the Lacedaemonians and their
Scavola, because he had lost the use of his auxiliaries by the more woody and moun
right hand by burning it in the presence of tainous places. Whilst the latter, therefore,
the Etrurian king. Plut. in Par-Flor. 2, c. were making a circuit, the Athenians were al
60.--Liv. 2, c. 12.-Q. Scaevola, a Roman ready engaged. The Athenian forces stormed
consul. He obtained a victory over the Dal the Persian ramparts, and the victory was al
matians, and signalized himself greatly in the ready half-achieved before the Lacedaemo
Marsian war. He is highly commended by nians arrived. Herodotus states, that after the
Cicero, whom he instructed in the study of disembarkation of the Greeks, and previous
civil law. Cic.—Plut.—Another, appointed to the battle, a herald's wand was discoverel
proconsul of Asia, which he governed with so by them on the beach as they were advanc
much popularity, that he was generally pro ing towards the enemy, and that a rumourin
posed to others as a pattern of equity and mo consequence circulated among the Greeks,
deration. Cicero speaks of him as eloquent, that a victory had been obtained by their
learned, and ingenious, equally eminent as an countrymen over the forces of Mardonius.
orator and as a lawyer. He was murdered This, no doubt, was a mere contrivance of the
in the temple of Vesta, during the civil war of Greek commanders to animate their troops.
Marius and Sylla, 82 years before Christ. It has been a subject of considerable discus
Plut.—Cic. de Orat. 1, c. 48.-Paterc. 2, sion among commentators to ascertain the
c. 22. meaning of Cornelius Nepos, in- his life of
Murūnus, or Mutinus, a deity among Cimon, where he makes this commander to
the Romans, much the same as the Priapus have gained a victory at Mycale, over the
of the Greeks. The Roman matrons, and combined fleets of the Cyprians and Phoeni
particularly new-married women, disgraced cians. The battle is described by Diodorus
themselves by the obscene ceremonies which Siculus (2, c. 61,) and by Plutarch in his life
custom obliged them to observe before the of Cimon (p. 486, cap. 12 et segg.) It is
statue of this impure deity. August. de Civ. mentioned also by Thucydides (1, c. 100.)
D. 4, c. 9, 1.6, c. 9.-Lactant. 1, c. 20. by Plato (in Menereno) by Polyaenus, by
MuzERIs, a town of India, now Vicindruk. Frontinus (4, 7, 45,) and by Mela (1, 14).
[Mannert makes it to be the modern Mirzno But all these authorities uniformly make the
or Mirdschno.] Plin. 6, c. 23. battle to have been fought at the river Eu
My Agnus or Myopes, a divinity among rymedon, not far from Cyprus. In order to
the Egyptians, called also Achor. He was free Cornelius Nepos from the charge of a
entreated by the inhabitants to protect them gross error, it is best to adopt the opinion of
from flies and serpents. His worship passed Tzschucke, who thinks that there must have
into Greece and Italy. Plin. 10, c. 28.- been a second and obscurer Mycale, near
Paus. 8, c. 26. the Eurymedon in Pamphylia, where the
MycALE, a celebrated magician, who boast. battle above referred to was fought.] He
ed that he could draw down the moon from rodot.—Justin. 2, c. 14.—Diod.
her orb. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 263. A city MycAlessus, an inland town of Boeotia,
and promontory of Asia Minor, [vid, the where Ceres had a temple. Paus. 9, c. 19.
end of this article,) opposite Samos, cele MycéNAE, a town of Argolis, in Peloponne
brated for a battle which was fought there sus, built by Perseus, son of Danae. It was
between the Greeks and Persians on the situate on a small river at the east of the Ins
22d of September, 479 B.C. the same day chus, about 50 stadia from Argos, and receiv
that Mardonius was defeated at Plataea. edits name from Myceue, a nymph of Lace
The battle of Mycale took place in the morn nia. It was once the capital of a kingdom,
ing, that of Plataea in the evening.] The Per whose monarchs reigned in the following cr
sians were about 100,000 men, who had just der: Acrisius 1344 B.C.; Perseus, Electryon,
returned from the unsuccessful expedition of Maestor and Sthenelus; and Sthenelus alone
Xerxes into Greece. They had drawn their for eight years; Atreus and Thyestes, Aga
ships to the shore and fortified themselves, as memnon, AEgysthus, Orestes, Æpytus, who
if determined to support a siege. They suf was dispossessed 1104 B.C. on the return of
fered the Greeks to disemhark without the the Heraclidae. The town of Mycenae was
least molestation, and were soon obliged to taken and laid in ruins by the Argives, B.C.
gºve way before the §" and resolute intre 568; and it was almost unknown where it
|
 MY MY

stood in the age of the geographer Strabo. cerinus is said by Herodotus to have died in
[Strabo is often very erroneous in his account the seventh year of his reign. He received
of Greece. He says that even the ruins of the prediction of his short reign from the
Mycenae were not to be found in his time. It oracle of Latona at Butos, and, on complaining
is apparent from this, that he had never been that he, a pious prince, was not allowed a long
upon the spot, for modern travellers, even at reign, while his father and grandfather, who
the present day, find numerous traces of this had been injurious to mankind and impi
ancient city. The cause of its destruction by ous to the gods, had enjoyed each a long life,
the Argives is said to have been the jealousy he was told that his short death was the di
they felt towards its inhabitants, because 80 rect consequence of his piety, for the fates had
of the warriors of Mycense had immortalized decreed that for the space of 150 years, Egypt
themselves at Thermopylae with the followers should be oppressed; of which determination
of Leonidas. The most remarkable among the two preceding monarchs had been aware.]
the remains of antiquity at Mycenae, is what Herodot. 2, c. 129.
is termed the Treasury of Atreus. It is a Mxcithus, a servant of Anaxilaus, tyrant
hollow come of 50 feet in diameter, and as of Rhegium. He was intrusted with the care
many in height. It is composed of enormous of the kingdom, and of the children of the
masses of a very hard breccia, or sort of pud deceased prince, and he exercised his power
ding-stone. This extraordinary edifice has with such fidelity and moderation, that he
obviously been raised by the projection of one acquired the esteem of all the citizens, and at
stone above another, and they nearly meet at last restored the kingdom to his master's
the top. The central stone at the top has children when come to years of maturity, and
been removed along with two or three others, retired to peace and solitude with a small por
and yet the building remains as durable as tion. He is called by some Micalus. Justin.
ever, and will probably last to the end of time. 4, c. 2. -

Mr. Gell discovered brass nails placed at re Mycon, a celebrated painter who with
gular distancesthroughout the interior, which others assisted in making and perfecting the
he thinks must have served to fasten plates of Paecile of Athens. He was the rival of Po
brass to the wall. Dr. Clarke opposes the lygnotus. Plin. 33 and 35.
opinion of this being the Treasury of Atreus, MycóNos, (or E.) one of the Cyclades be
principally on the ground that it was without tween Delos and Icaria, which received its
the walls of the city, deeming it far more pro name from Myconus, an unknown person. It
bable, and more in conformity with what we is about three miles at the east of Delos, and
find in ancient writers, that the Treasury was is thirty-six miles in circumference. It re
within the walls, in the very citadel. He con mained long uninhabited on account of the fre
siders it to be the Heroum of Perseus. What quent earthquakes to which it was subject.
ever may have been its use, it is worthy of Some suppose that the giants whom Hercules
notice. that cells of bronze or brass, i.e. co killed were buried under that island, whence
vered within with plates of brass, were very arose the proverb of every thing is under My
common in ancient Argolis. Such, no doubt, cone, applied to those who treat of different
were the brazen places of confinement of Da subjects under one and the same title, as if
mae, and the lurking-place of Eurystheus, none of the defeated giants had been buried
:
when in fear of Hercules. The remains of under any other island or mountain about My
g" the ancient walls are also very curious, being cone. Strabo observes, and his testimony is
evidently of that style of building called Cy supported by that of modern travellers, that
sclopean. Among other things the gate of the the inhabitants of Mycone became bald very
*Lions, mentioned by Pausanias, still remains. early, even at the age of 20 or 25, from which
The modern town of Krabata stands near the circumstance they were called, by way of
ruins of Mycenae. The name of Mycenae contempt, the bald heads of Mycone. Pliny
was probably derived from its situation in a says that the children of the place were al
recess (uvX*) formed by two mountains, and ways born without hair. The island was poor,
riot, as Pausanias imagines, from a mushroom, and the inhabitants very avaricious and great
or the pommel of a sword.] Paus. 2, c. 16. parasites; whence Archilochus reproached a
—Strab. 8–Virg...En. 6, v. 839.-Mela,2, certain Pericles, that he came to a feast like
c. 3–The word.Mycenaeus is used for Aga a Myconian, that is, without previous invita
memnon, as he was one of the kings of My tion. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 76.—Strab. 10.-Plin.
cenae. - 11, c. 37, l. 12, c. 7, 1. 14, c. 1.-Athen. 1.-
MycèNis, (idis,) a name applied to Iphi Thucyd. 3, c. 29.—Mela, 2, c. 7.-Ovid. Met.
genia as residing at Mycenae. Ovid. Met. 12, 7, v.463. -

v. 84. MYEcPHöRIs, a town of Egypt, in a small

Myceninus, a son of Cheops, king of island near Bubastis.
Egypt. After the death of his father, he My ENus, a mountain of AEtolia. Plut. de
reigned with great justice and moderation. Flum.
[He built one of the pyramids, which travel MygdøNIA, a small province of Macedo
lers usually call the third one. It is smaller nia near Thrace, between the rivers Axius
in size than the others, but, according to Stra and Strymon. The inhabitants, called Myg
bo, was equally as expensive as the others, dones, migrated into Asia, and settled near
being cased, according to Diodorus Siculus, Troas, where the country received the name
halfway up with Ethiopian marble. My of their ancienthabitation. Cybele was called
509
 MY MY

Mygdonia, from the worship she received in evident analogy to the etymology of thes.
Mygdonia in Phrygia. Horat. 2, od. 12, v. cond of the Greek names given above.]
22, l. 3, od. 16, v. 41.-Ovid. JMet. 6, v. 45. My RA, (orum or ar.) a town of Lycia on 1
A small province of Mesopotamia bears high hill, two miles from the sea. Plin.i.
also the name of Mygdonia, and was probably c. 27.-Strab. 14.
peopled by a Macedonian colony. Flace. 3, MYRIAND Ros, a town of Seleucia in Syra
&c.—Plin. 4, c. 10.-Ovid. Heroid. 29.—Ho on the bay of Issus, which is sometimes call.
rat. 2, od. 12. ed Sunus Myriandricus. Liv. 2, c. 108.
MYGDöNUs, or MYG Don, a brother of He MY RINA, a maritime town of AEolia, called
cuba. Priam's wife, who reigned in part of also Sebastopolis, and now Sanderlie. Tart
Thrace. His son Coroebus was called Myg Ann. 2, c. 47.-Lw.33, c. 30.--Strab. 13–
donides from him. Virg. JEn. 2, c. 341.- A queen of the Amazons, &c., Dion. 4.—
Homer. Il. 3.-A small river running A town of Lemnos, now Palio Castro. Pliz.
through Mesopotamia, [and falling into the 4, c. 12.—A town of Asia destroyed by an
Chaboras.] earthquake in Trajan's reign. The wife
MYLAssa, (orum), [a city of Caria, found. of Thoas, king of Lemnos, by whom she had
ed, according to Stephanus Byzantinus, by Hypsipyle.
Mylasus, son of Chrysari. This place was My Rinus, a surname of Apollo, from Mr.
famous for a very ancient temple of the Ca rina in AEolia, where he was worshipped.—
rian Jove, and for another, of nearly equal MYRIGE, a town of Arcadia, called alsº
antiquity, sacred to Jupiter Osogus. In after Megalopolis.
times a very beautiful temple was erected MYRLAEAE, [a city of Bithynia. vid. Apa
here, dedicated to Augustus and to Rome. mea.] Plan. 5, c. 32.
Strabo speaks highly of the magnificence of MyRM recipes, an artist of Miletus men
this city. Pococke saw the temple last tioned as making chariots so small that they
mentioned, entire, but it has since been de could be covered by the wing of a fly. He
stroyed, and the materials have been used for also inscribed an elegiac distich on a grain of
building a mosque. Mylassus is now Melas Indian sesamum. Cic. 4. Acad.—-Elian.W.
so, and is at the present day remarkable for H. 1.
producing the best tobacco in Turkey.] Liv. MyRMidón Es, a people on the southern
38, c. 39. borders of Thessaly, who accompanied Achil
MYLE [or MY1. E, now Millageo, was situ les to the Trojan war. They received their
ate on a tongue of land south-west of Pelo name from Myrmidon, a son of Jupiter and
rum, on the northern coast of Sicily. Be. Eurymedusa, who married one of the daugh
tween this place and a station called Naulo ters of AEolus, son of Helen. His son Actor
chus, the fleet of Sextus Pompeius was de married Ægina, the daughter of the Asopus.
feated by that of the triumvir Octavius, un
He gave his name to his subjects who dwelt
der the command of Agrippa.] Liv. 24, c. near the river Peneus in Thessaly. Accord.
30 and 31.-Suet. Aug. 16. ing to some, the Myrmidons received their
My LEs, a son of Lelex. name from their having been originally ants,
My Litta, a surname of Venus among the avganzer. (vid. AZacus.) According to Stra
Assyrians, in whose temples all the women bo, they received it from their industry, be
were obliged to prostitute themselves to stran cause they imitated the diligence of the ants,
gers. Herodot. 1, c. 131 and 199. –Strab. 16. and like them were indefatigable, and were
Mynnus, a maritime town of Caria, ſnorth continually employed in cultivating the earth.
west of Halicarnassus. Cic. Fam. 3, ep. 8. [The change of the Myrmidones from ants to
—JMela, 1, c. 16.—Plin. 5, c. 29. men is founded merely upon the equivocation
My on 1A, º of Greece in the terri of their name, which resembles that of the
tory of the Locri Ozolae, situate on a loft, ant (wwganá). These people bore a farther
mountain. It had a sacred wood and an al resemblance to these little animals, in that,
tar dedicated to the meek or gentle gods, to instead of inhabiting towns or villages, at
whom sacrifices were offered in the night.] first they commonly remained in the open
Myon NEsus, a town and promontory of fields, having no other retreats but the dens
Ionia, now Jalanghi Liman. [Strabo makes and cavities of trees, until AEacus brought
it a peninsula, and Livy a promontory. It them together, and settled them in more ser
was an island of the Teians, according to cure and commodious habitations.] Orid.
Thucydides. It appears to have been placed .Met. 7, v. 654.—Strab.—Hygin, fab. 32.
on the coast, north-west of Lebedus, and the Myron, a tyrant of Sicyon.—A man of
land to have projected in the form of a penin Priene, who wrote an history of Messenia.
sula..] Liv. 37, c. 13 and 27. Paus. 4, c. 6. A celebrated statuary of
[Myos HoRMos, or the mouse's harbour, a Greece, peculiarly happy in imitating nature.
sea port of Egypt, placed by Ptolemy and He inade a cow so much resembling life, that
Pliny on the coast of the Red Sea. Årrian even bulls were deceived, and approached
says that it was one of the most celebrated her as if alive, as is frequently mentioned by
ports on this sea. It was called also JAphro many epigrams in the Anthologia. I
diles portus, or the port of Venus. It is full Athos and Lemnos.] He flourished about
of little isles, and its modern name of Sufan 442 years before Christ. Ovid...Art. An-3,
geul-bahri, or the * of the sea, has an v. 319.-Paus-Jur. 8.—Propert. 2, el. 41.
 MY MY

... My RRHA, a daughter of Cinyras, king of

Cyprus. She became enamoured of her fa ry, who was drowned there, &c. Paus. 8, c.
ther, and introduced herself into his bed un 14.—Hygin. ſab. 84.—Plin. 4, c. 11.
known. She had a son by him, called Adonis. MYRtuntium, a name given to that part
When Cinyras was apprised of the incest he of the sea which lies on the coast of Epirus
had committed, he attempted to stab his between the bay of Ambracia and Leucadia.
daughter, and Myrrha fled into Arabia, where Mys, (myos,) an artist famous in working
she was changed into a tree called myrrh. and polishing silver. He beautifully repre
Hygin. ſab. 58 and 275.—Ovid. Met. 10, v. sented the battle of the centaurs and Lapi
298.-Plut. in Par—Apollod. 3. that, on a shield in the hand of Minerva's
MYRsilus, a son of Miyrsus, the last of the statue made by Phidias. Paus. 1, c. 28
Heraclidae who reigned in Lydia. He is also JMartial. 8, ep.34 and 51, l. 14, ep. 93-Pro
called Candaules. (rid. Candaules.) pert. 3, el. 9, v. 14.
MYRsus, the father of Candaules. Hero. MYscrillus, or Miscellus, a native of
det: 1. c. 7...—A Greek historian in the age
of Solon.
Rhypae in Achaia, who founded Crotona in
Italy, according to an oracle, which told him
MYRTEA, a surname of Venus. (vid. to build a city where he found rain with fine
Murtia.) weather. The meaning of the oracle long
Myntilus, son of Mercury and Phaetusa, perplexed him till he found a beautiful wo
or Cleobule, or Clymene, was armour-bearer man all in tears in Italy, which circumstance
to GEnomaus, king of Pisa. He was so expe. he interpreted in his favour. According to
rienced in riding, and in the management of some, Myscellus, who was the son of Hercu
horses, that he rendered those of Öºnomaus les, went out of Argos, without the permis
the swiftest in all Greece. His infidelity sion of the magistrates, for which he was con
proved at last fatal to him. OEnomaus had demned to death. The judges had put each
been informed by an oracle, that his daughter a black ball as a sign of condemnation, but
Hippodamia's husband should cause his Hercules changed them all and made them
death, and on that account he resolved to white, and had his son acquitted; upon which
marry her only to him who should overcome Myscellus left Greece, and came to Italy,
him in a chariot-race. This seemed totally where he built Crotona. Ovid. Met. 15, v.
impossible, and to render it more terrible, 19.-Strab. 6 and 8.-Suudes.
OEnomaus declared that death would be the Mysia, [a country of Asia Minor, is said to
consequence of a defeat in the suitors. The have derived its name from the Lydian word
charms of Hippodamia were so great that JMysos, signifying a beach tree, with which
many sacrificed their life in the fruitless en the country abounded. The name more proba
deavour to obtain her hand. Pelops at last bly, however, came from Moesia in Europe,
presented himself, undaunted at the fate of whence the true origin of the Mysians is to
those who had gone before him ; but before be derived. It was divided, according to
he entered the course he bribed Myrtilus, and Strabo, into the Greater and Lesser Mysia.
assured him that he should share Hippoda The latter lay on the Propontis, and from
mia's favours if he returned victorious from thence extended to Mount Olympus, includ
the race. Myrtilus, who was enamoured of ing a part of what was afterwards called
Hippodamia, gave an old chariot to OEnomaus, Bithynia. Mysia Major was bounded on
which broke in the course and caused his the west by Troas, on the north by the Pro
death. Pelops gained the victory, and mar pontis, on the east by Mysia Minor and Phry
ried Hippodamia; and when Myrtilus had gin, and on the south by Æolia. As to the
the audacity to claim the reward promised to origin of the Mysians. Herodotus makes
his perfidy, Pelops threw him headlong into them to have been of Lydian descent. Man
the sea, where he perished. The body of nert, however, considers them to have been
Myrtilus, according to some, was carried by of Thracian descent together with the Ly
the waves to the sea-shore, where he receiv. dians. They migrated into Asia Minor, and
ed an honourable burial; and as he was the are mentioned in Homer among the Tro
son of Mercury, he was made a constellation jan allies; but no place of abode is specially
3, c. †:
Diod. 4.—Hygin. ſab. 84 and 224.—Paus.
1.
MYR ris, [a Grecian female of distinguish
assigned them by the poet, and when he speaks
of the Trojan dominions, he makes then
lie between the AEgean on the west, and the
ed poetical abilities, who flourished about 500 Phrygians on the east. After the Trojan
B. C. She was born at Anthedon in Boeotia. war the Mysians appear as a distinct peo
Pindar is said to have received his first in |ple, and spread themselves gradually over
structions in the poetic art from her, and it the whole of what was called Mysia.] Its
was during the period of his attendance upon chief cities were Cyzicum, Lampsacus, &c.
her that he became acquainted with Corinna, The inhabitants were once very warlike, but
who was also a pupil of *) they greatly degenerated; and the words My
MYRTöUM MARE, a part of the Ægean sorum ultimus were emphatically used to sig
Sea, which lies between Attica and the Cy nify a person of no merit. The ancients ge
clades, [or rather, according to Strabo, be nerally hired them to attend their funerals as
tween Argolis Attica and Crete.] It receives mourners, because they were naturally me
this name from Myrto, a woman, or, from lancholy and inclined to shed tears. They
Myrtus, a small island opposite to Carystos in were once governed by monarchs. Strab
511
 NA NA

Herodot. 1, &c.—Cic, in Verr.—Flacc. 27.- went to Sparta, where he gained much prae
Flor. 3, c. 5.--Appian, in Mithrid. A fes tice, especially among the younger citizens.
tival in honour of Ceres, surnamed Mysia He was soon after expelled the city by the
from Mysias, an Argive, who raised her a magistrates, who observed that the aid of
temple near Pallene in Achaia. Some derive Mythecus was unnecessary, as hunger was
the word aro row ºuvrai, to cloy or satisfy. the best seasoning.
because Ceres was the first who satisfied the MYTILENE. Ivid. Mitylene.]
wants of men by giving them corn. The Mxus, (Myuntis,) a town of Ionia on the
festival continued during seven days, &c. confines of Caria, founded by a Grecian colo
[Mysius, a river of Mysia, which falls ny. It was one of the 12 capital cities of lo
into the Caicus near the source of the latter nia.
Artaxerxes, king of Persia, gave it to
river.] - - Themistocles to maintain him in meat. Mag
Myson, a native of Sparta, one of the se nesia was to support him in bread, and Lamp
ven wise men of Greece. When Anacharsis sacus in wine. [Myus had an excellent sea
consulted the oracle of Apollo, to know which port at the mouth of the Maeander ; in the
was the wisest man in Greece, he received course of time, however, the mouth of the
for answer, he who is now ploughing his river was so stopped up, that the town was
fields. This was Myson. Diog, in Vit. about three leagues from the sea. When the
MYSTEs, a son of the poet Valgius, whose entrance of the gulf of Latmus was stopped,
early death was so lamented by the father the waters formed a lake, which produced
that Horace wrote an ode to allay the grief of such a number of insects, that the inhabitants
his friend. Horat. 2, od. 9. abandoned the place and retired to Miletus.]
MYTHäcus, a sophist of Syracuse. He C. Mep. in Themis.-Strab. 14.—Herodet. 1,
studied cookery, and, when he thought him c. 142.-Diod. 11.
self sufficiently skilled in dressing meat, he

NA NA
NABAZANES, an officer of Darius third triumph was short, the general of the Achae
at the battle of Issus. He conspired with ans soon repaired his losses, and Nabis was
Bessus to murder his royal master, either to defeated in an engagement and treacherously
obtain the favour of Alexander, or to seize murdered as he attempted to save his life by
the kingdom. He was pardoned by Alexan Tight, B. C. 192, after an usurpation of 14
der. Curt. 3, &c.—Diod. 17. years. Polyb. 13.—Justin. 30 and 31.-Plut.
NābāThAEA, a country of Arabia, of which in Phil.-Paus. 7, c. 8.—Flor. 2, c. 7. A
the capital was called Petra. [It extended priest of Jupiter Ammon, killed in the second
from the Euphrates to the Sinus Arabicus. Punic war as he fought against the Romans."
The Nabathaeans are scarcely known in Scrip Sil. 15, v. 672.
ture until the time of the Maccabees.] The NAbon Assa R, a king of Babylon after the
word in often applied to any of the eastern division of the Assyrian monarchy. From
countries of the world by the poets, and seems him the Nabonassarian epoch received its
to be derived from Nabath the son of Ismael.
name, agreeing with the year of the world
Ovid. Met. 1, v. 61, l. 5, v. 163.—Strab. 16.— 3237, or 746 B.C. [The beginning of this
Lucan. 4, v. 63.-Juv. 11, v. 126.-Senec. in prince's reign is of great importance in chro
Her. (Et. 160, &c. nology, because Ptolemy assures us that there
Nābis, a celebrated tyrant of Lacedæmon, | were astronomical calculations made by the
who in all acts of cruelty and oppression sur Chaldeans from Nabonassar to his time; and
passed a Phalaris or a Dionysius. His house Ptolemy and the other astronomers count
was filled with flatterers and with spies, who their years from that epocha. Foster, in his
were continually employed in watching the Epistle concerning the Chaldeans, as given
words and the actions of his subjects. When by Michaëlis in his “Spicilegium Geographer
he had exercised every art in plundering the Hebræoum,” vol. 2, p. 102, seeks to explain
citizens of Sparta, he made a statue, which in the name Nabomassar, on the supposition of
resemblance was like his wife, and was cloth an affinity between the ancient Chaldeelan
ed in the most magnificent apparel, and guage and the Sclavonic tongue. According
whenever any one refused to deliver up his to him it is equivalent to Nebu-nash-tzar,
riches, the tyrant led him to the statue, which which means “Our Lord in heaven."]
immediately, by means of secret springs, seiz {NAbopol Assak, a king of Babylon who
ed him in its arms, and tormented him in the united with Astyages against Assyria, which
most excruciating manner with bearded points country they conquered, and having divided
and prickles, hid under the clothes. To render it between them, ſounded two kingdoms, that
his tyranny more popular, Nabis made an al of the Medes under Astyages, and that of the
liance with Flaminius, the Roman general,and Chaldeans under Nabopolassar, B. C. 626.
pursued with the most inveterate enmity the Necho, king of Egypt, jealous of the power of
war which he had undertaken against the the latter, declared war against and defeated
Achaeans. ... He besieged Gythium, and de him. Nabopolassar died after a reign of 21
feated Philopoemen in a naval battle. His years. The name, according to Foster, (rid.
512
 NA (NA
Nabonassar,) is equivalent to Nebu-polest a razor, though believed by some writers, is
tsar, which means “Our Lord dwells in hea treated as fabulous and improbable by Cicero,
ven.” who himself had been an augur. [In some
NAENIA, the goddess of funerals at Rome, editions of Livy the name is written Accus
whose temple was without the gates of the Navius, in others Attus Navius.] Dionys.
city. The songs which were sung at funerals Hul.—Liv. 1, c. 36.-Cic. de divin. 1, c. 17.
were also called mania. They were general de JW. D. 2, c. 3. l. 3, c. 6.
ly filled with the praises of the desceased, but NAHARvāli, a people of Germany, [rank
sometimes they were so unmeaning and im ed by Tacitus under the Lygii, or the inha
proper, that the word became proverbial to bitants of what is now part of Silesia, Prussia,
signify nonsense. Varro de Vitā P. R.— and Poland. They had a consecrated grove,
Plaut. .4sin. 41, c. 1, v. 63. where a priest officiated in female attire.
CN. NAEvius, [a native of Campania, was The Romans believed that the gods worship
the first imitator of the regular dramatic ped in this grove were Castor and Pollux, as
works which had been produced by Livius they were both young and brothers.] Tacit.
Andronicus. He served in the first Punic Germ. 43.
war, and his earliest plays were represented NAIADEs, certain inferior deities who presid
at Rome in the year 519. The names of his ed over rivers, springs, wells, and fountains.
tragedies (of which as few ſragments remain The Naiades generally inhabited the country,
as those of Livius,) are still preserved. Al and resorted to the woods or meadows near
cestis, from which there is yet extant a de the stream over which they presided, whence
scription of old age in rugged and barbarous the name (valur, to flow.) They are repre
verse—Danae, Dulorestes, Hesioma, Hector, sented as young and beautiful virgins, often
Iphigenia, Lycurgus, Phoenissae, Protesilaus, leaning upon an urn, from which flows a
and Telephus. All these were translated or stream of water. Ægle was the fairest of the
closely imitated from the works of Euripides, Naiades, according to Virgil. They were
Anaxandrides, and other Greek dramatists. held in great veneration among the ancients,
Naevius, however, was accounted a better and often sacrifices of goats and lambs were
comic than tragic poet. Cicero has given us offered to them with libations of wine, honey,
some specimens of his jests, with which he and oil. Sometimes they received only of.
appears to have been greatly amused; but ferings of milk, fruit, and flowers. [vid. Nym
they consist rather in unexpected turns of pººj Purg Fei. G.Tonia. Met.'ia, v.3.
expression, or a play of words, than in genu —Homer. Od. 13.
ine humour. Naevius in some of his come NAIs, one of the Oceanides, mother of Chi
dies indulged too much in personal invective ron or Glaucus, by Magnes. Apollod. 1, c.9.
and satire, especially against the elder Sci A nymph, mother by Bucolion of Æge
pio. Encouraged by the silence of this il sus and Pedasus. Homer. Il. 6.—A nymph
lustrious individual, he next attacked the in an island of the Red Sea, who by her incan
patrician family of the Metelli. The poet tations turned to fishes all those who ap
was thrown into prison for this last offence, proached her residence after she had admitted
where he wrote his comedies, the Hariolus them to her embraces. She was herself
and Leontes. These being in some measure changed into a fish by Apollo. Ovid. Met. 4,
intended as a recantation of his former in v.49, &c.—The word is used for water by
vectives, he was liberated by the tribunes of Tibull. 3, 7.
the commons. Relapsing soon after, howe NAIssus or NAEssus, now JWissa, a town
ver, into his former courses, and continuing to of Moesia [Superior, nearly in the centre,
satirize the nobility, he was driven from the birth-place of Constantine, ascribed by
Rome by their influence, and retired to Car some to Illyricum or Thrace.
thage, where he died, according to Cicero, [NAMNETEs, a people of Gallia Celtica, on
A. U. C. 550. Besides his comedies, he was the north bank of the Liger or Loire, near its
author of the Cyprian Iliad, a translation mouth. Their capital was Condivienum, af.
from a Greek poem, called the Cyprian Epic. terwards named Namnetes, now Nantg.
A metrical chronicle, which chiefly related NANTUATEs, a people of Gaul, [on the
the events of the first Punic war, was his south of the Lacus Lemanus, or Lake of Ge
last composition.] Cic. Tuse. 1, c. 1, de neva.] Cats. B. G. 3, c. 1.
Senect.—Horat. 2, ep. 1, c. 53.− A tribune NAPAEAE, certain divinities among the an
of the people at Rome, who accused Scipio cients who presided over the hills and woods
Africanus of extortion.—An augur in the of the country. Some suppose that they were
reign of Tarquin. To convince the king and tutelary deities of the fountains and the Naia
the Romans of his power as an augur, he cut des of the sea. Their name is derived from
a whetstone with a razor, and turned the ri warn, a grove. Virg. G. 4, v. 535.
dicule of the populace into admiration. Tar NAphilus, a river of Peloponnesus falling
quin rewarded his merit by erecting him a into the Alpheus. Paus. 1.
statue in the comitium, which was still in be NAR, now Nera, a river of Umbria, whose
ing in the age of Augustus. The razor and waters, famous for their sulphureous proper
whetstone were buried near it under an altar, ties, pass through the lake Velinus, and issu
and it was usual among the Romans to make ing from thence with great rapidity, fall into
witnesses in civil causes swear near it. the Tiber. [The Nar rises near Nursia, and
This
miraculous event of cutting a whetstone with falls into the Tiber near Narnia and Ocricu
4. 513 -
 NA NA

lum.] Ovid. Met. 14, v. 330–Virg. En. 7, NARo, now JNarenta, a river of Dalmatia,
v. 517. –Cic. ad.Attic. 4, ep. 15.-Tacit. Ann. falling into the Adriatic, and having the town
1, c. 79, l. 3, c. 9. of Narona, now called JNarenza, on its banks.
NAR Bo MARtius, now JNarbonne, a town a little above the mouth. [Narona is now
of Gaul founded by the consul Marcius, A. U. buried in ruins.]
C. 636. It became the capital of a large pro NARses, a king of Persia, A. D. 294, de
vince of Gaul, which obtained the name of feated by Maximianus Galerius, after a reign
Gallia Narbonensis. [When the Romans of seven years.--An eunuch in the court
first entered Gaul this was a flourishing city. of Justinian, who was deemed worthy to sue
About 116 B. C. Julius Caesar sent hither a ceed Belisarius, &c.
colony of the veterans of the 10th legion.] Pa NARY cia, or UM, or NARYX, a town of
terc. 1, c. 15, l. 2, c. 8.—Plin. 3. Magna Graecia, built by a colony of Loerians
NAR box ENsis GALLIA, one of the four after the fall of Troy. The place in Greece
great divisions of ancient Gaul, was bounded from which they came bore the same name,
by the Alps, the Pyrenean mountains, Aqui and was the country of Ajax Oileus. The
tania, and the Mediterranean, and contained word Marycian is more universally under
what, previous to the revolution, were the stood, as applying to the Italian colony, near
provinces of Languedoc, Provence, Dauphiné, which pines and other trees grew in abun
and Savoy. [This province was anciently dance. [The Narycia in Greece was situate
called also Gallia Braccata, from the Bracca, among the Locri Epicnemidii: that in Italy,
or breeches, worn by the inhabitants.] among the Epizephyrii.] Virg. G. 2, v.433,
NARcissus, a beautiful youth, son of Cephi ./En. 3, v. 399.-Ovid. JMet. 15, v. 705.
sus and the nymph Liriope, born at Thespis NAsăMöNES, a savage people [of Africa,
in Boeotia. He saw his image reflected in a dwelling near the Syrtis Major, and who lived
fountain, and became enamoured of it, think by the plunder of the vessels shipwrecked on
ing it to be the nymph of the place. His fruit their coast.] Curt. 4, c. 7.—Lucan. 9, v.439.
less attempts to approach this beautiful object —Herodot. 2, c. 165.-Sil. It. 2, v. 116, 1. 11,
so provoked him that he grew desperate and v. 180.
killed himself. His blood was changed into a NAscio or NATIo, a goddess at Rome who
flower, which still bears his name. The nymphs presided over the birth of children. She had
raised a funeral pile to burn his body, accord a temple at Ardea. Cic. de Mat. D. 3, c. 18.
ing to Ovid, but they found nothing but a NAsícA, the surname of one of the Sci
beautiful flower. Pausanias says, that Nar pios. Nasica was the first who invented the
cissus had a sister as beautiful as himself, of measuring of time by water, B.C. 159, about
whom he became deeply enamoured. He 134 years after the introduction of sun-dials
often hunted in the woods in her company, at Rome. rid. Scipio.—An avaricious fel
but his pleasure was soon interrupted by her low who married his daughter to Coranus, a
death, and still to keep afresh her memory, man as mean as himself, that he might not
he frequented the groves where he had often only not repay the money he had borrowed,
attended her, or reposed himself on the brim but moreover become his creditor's heir. Co
of a fountain, where the sight of his own re ranus, understanding his meaning, purposely
flected image still awakened tender senti alienated his property from him and his daugh
ments. Paus. 9, c. 21.—Hygin. fab. 271.— ter, and exposed him to ridicule. Horat. 2,
Ovid. Met. 3, v. 346, &c.—Philostrat. 1.- Sat. 5, v. 64, &c. *

A freed-man and secretary of Claudius, who NASIDIENUs, a Roman knight, whose

abused his trust ar.d the infirmities of his im meanness and ostentation exhibited at an en
perial master, and plundered the citizens of tertainment he gave to Mecaenas were ridi
Rome to enrich himself. Messalina, the em. culed by Horace, 2, Sat. 8.
peror's wife, endeavoured to remove him, but L. NAsidius, a man sent by Pompey to
Narcissus sacrificed her to his avarice and assist the people of Massilia. After the battle
resentment. Agrippina, who succeeded in of Pharsalia he ſollowed the interest of Pom
the place of Messalina, was more successful. pey's children, and afterwards revolted to
Narcissus was banished by her intrigues, and Antony. Appian.
compelled to kill himself, A. D. 54. Nero [NAso, vid. Ovidius.]
greatly regretted his loss, as he had found NAssus, or NAs Us, a town of Acarnania,
him subservient to his most criminal and ex near the mouth of the Achelous. Lir. 26, c.
travagant pleasures. Tacit.—Sueton. 24. Also, a part of the town of Syracuse.
NARIscr, a nation of Germany, in the Up NATIso, now Natusone, a river rising in
per Palatinate. Tacit. de Germ. 42. the Alps, and falling into the Adriatic east of
NARNIA or NARNA, now Narni, a town of Aquileia. Plin. 3, c. 18.
Umbria, washed by the river Nar, from which NAvA, now Nape, a river of Germany,
it received its name. In its neighbourhood falling into the Rhine at Bingen below Mentz.
are still visible the remains of an aqueduct, Tacut. Hist. 4, c. 70.
and of a bridge erected by Augustus. [Un NAuck At Es, a Greek poet, who was em
der the Roman republic it was called Nequ ployed by Artemisia to write a panegyric
num, from the word nequam, a rogue, on ac. ºpon Mausolus. Another poet. .4them.
count of the knavery of its inhabitants. It .—An orator who endeavoured to alien
became a Roman colony, A. U. C. 452.] ate the cities of Lycia from the interest of
-Lºir. 10, c. 9. Brutus,
514
 NA NA

NAucritis, a city of Egypt on the left irritated Nauplius, and, to revenge the injus
side of the Canopic mouth of the Nile. It tice of the Grecian princes, he attempted to
was celebrated for its commerce, and no ship debauch their wives and ruin their character,
was permitted to land at any other place, but When the Greeks returned from the Trojan
was obliged to sail directly to the city, there war, Nauplius saw them with pleasure dis
to deposit its cargo. It gave birth to Athe tressed in a storm on the coasts of Euboea,
naeus. The inhabitants were called Nau and, to make their disaster still more univer
cratite or Naucratiote. [Herodotus states sal, he lighted fires on such places as were
that whoever came to any other than the surrounded with the most dangerous rocks,
Canopic mouth of the Nile, was compelled that the fleet night be shipwrecked upon the
to swear that it was entirely accidental, and coast. This succeeded, but Nauplius was so
was obliged to go thither in the same vessel. disappointed when he saw Ulysses and Dio
If contrary winds prevented a passage direct medes escape from the generalcalamity, that
to Naucratis, the merchant was obliged to he threw himself into the sea. Aceording to
move his goods on board the common boats some mythologists there were two persons
of the river and carry them to the latter of this name, a native of Argos, who went to
place. Somewhat similar to this is the cus Colchis with Jason. He was son of Neptune
tom of the modern Chinese. The similarity and Amymone. The other was king of Eu
becomes still more striking, if we reflect that boea, and lived during the Trojan war. He
the Greeks were allowed to have a commer
was, according to some, son of Clytonas, one
cial establishment at Naucratis, and were of the descendants of Nauplius the Argonaut.
permitted places for the construction of tem The Argonaut was remarkable for his know
ples for their religious rites.] Herodot. 2, c. ledge of sea affairs, and of astronomy. He
97 and 179.-Plin. 5, c. 9. built the town of Nauplia, and sold Ague,
NAvius Actius, a famous augur. vid. daughter of Aleus, to king Teuthras, to with
Naevius.
draw her from her father's resentment. Orph.
NAULöchus, a maritime town of Sicily .Argon.—Apollod. 2, c. 7.-Apollon. 1, &c.—
near Pelorum.—A town of Thrace on the Flacc. 1 and 5.-Strab. 8-Paus. 4, c. 35.--
Euxine Sea. Plin. 4, c. 11. A promonto Hygin, fab. 116.
ry of the island Imbros.-A town of the NAUPortus, a town of Pannonia on a
Locri. Plin. 4, c. 3. river of the same name, now called Ober, or
NAuPActus, or NAUPACTüM, ſa city of the Upper Laybach. Vell. Put. 2, c. 10.-Plan. 3,
Locri Ozolae in Greece, on the Sinus Corinthi c. 18.—Tacit. Ann. 1, c. 20.
acus, a short distance north-east of Antirrhi NAura, a country of Scythia in Asia. Curt.
um.] The word is derived from vau; & ºrny 8.—Of India within the Ganges. Arrian.
rval, because it was there that the Heraclidae NAUsicäa, a daughter of Alcinous king of
built the first ship which carried them to Pe the Phaeaceans. She met Ulysses shipwreck
loponnesus. It first belonged to the Locri ed on her father's coasts, and it was to her hu
Ozolae, and afterwards fell into the hands of manity that he owed the kind reception he
the Athenians, who gave it to the Messenians, experienced from the king. She married, ac
who had been driven from Peloponnesus by cording to Aristotle and Dictys, Telemachus
the Lacedaemonians. It became the proper the son of Ulysses, by whom she had a son
ty of the Lacedaemonians, after the battle of called Perseptolis or Ptoliporthus. Homer.
AEgospotamos, and it was restored to the Lo Od. 6.—Paus. 5, c. 19.—Hygin. fab. 126.
cri. Philip of Macedonia afterwards took it NAusITHous, a king of the Phaeaceans, fa
and gave it to the AEtolians, from which cir ther to Alcinus. He was son of Neptune
cumstance it has generally been called one and Periboea. Hesiod makes him son of Ulys
of the chief cities of their country. [It is ses and Calypso. Hesiod. Th. 1, c. 16
now Enebect or Lepanto.] Strab. 4.—Paus. The pilot of the vessel which carried The
4, c. 25.--Mela, 2, c. 3.-Ovid. Fast. 2, v.43. seus into Crete.
NAUPLIA, a maritime city of Peloponne NAustATHMus, [a port of Africa, in Cy
sus, the naval station of the Argives, at the remaica, now Bondaria. A port of Troas.]
head of the Sinus Argolicus. [It retains its NAutes, a Trojan soothsayer, who com
ancient name, according to Mr. Gell, and is ſorted AEneas when his fleet had been burnt
only corrupted into Anapli and Napoli di Ro in Sicily. Virg. AEn. 5, v. 704. He was the
mania, by the Turks and Italians. The same progenitor of the Nautii at Rome, a family
writer describes it as a large, and, in point of to whom the palladium of Troy was, in con
building, one of the most respectable cities in sequence of the service of their ancestors, in
the Morea.]. The famous fountain Cana trusted. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 794.
thos was in its neighbourhood. Paus. 2, c. NAxos, now Nazia, a celebrated island in
38.-Strab. 8. the AEgean Sea, the largest and most ſertile
NAuplińdes, a patronymic of Palamedes, of all the Cyclades, about 48 miles in circum
son of Nauplius. Ovid. Met. 13. v. 39. ference, and 30 broad. It was formerly call
Nauplics, a son of Neptune and Amy ed Strongyle, Dia, Dionysias, and Callipolis,
mone, king of Euboea. He was father to and received the name of Naxos from Naxus,
the celebrated Palamedes, who was so un who was at the head of a Carian colony which
justly sacrificed to the artifice and resent settled in the island. Naxos abounds with all
ment of Ulysses by the Greeks during the sorts of fruits, and its wines are still in the
Trojan war. The death of Palamedes highly same repute as formerly. The Naxians were
515
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anciently governed by kings, but they after [12 miles in diameter.] As the capital of that
wards exchanged this form of government for part of Italy, it is now inhabited by upwards
a republic, and enjoyed their liberty, till the of 350,000 souls, who exhibit the opposite
age of Pisistratus, who appointed a tyrant marks of extravagant magnificence and ex
over them. They were reduced by the Per treme poverty. [This city is said to have
sians; but in the expedition of Darius and derived its name of Neapolis, or the new city,
Xerxes against Greece, they revolted and from a colony of Cumaeans, who settled here,
fought on the side of the Greeks. During and probably rebuilt or enlarged the ancient
the Peloponnesian war, they supported the city; whence it was called Nearext: Kwaauaº,
interest of Athens. Bacchus was the chief “the new city of the Cumaeans.” Neapolis
deity of the island. The capital was also was the favourite residence of Virgil, who
called Naxos ; and near it, on the 20th Sept. was buried near the promontory of Mise
B. C. 377, the Lacedaemonians were de num. Strabo says, that in his time many
feated by Chabrias. [Dr. Clarke observes of Romans resorted hither to pass a voluptuous
Naxos, that its inhabitants are still great vo life after the manner of the Greeks, whose
taries of Bacchus. Olivier speaks in inferior language they adopted. Alaric, after having
terms of the present Naxian wine, adding sacked Rome, passed before Neapolis with
that the inhabitants know neither how to out injuring it, and the same conduct was
make or preserve it. Dr. Clarke, on the pursued by Genseric..] Suet. in Aug. 98–
contrary, observes that the wine of Naxos A town in Africa. A city of Thrace.—
maintains its pristine celebrity, and that he A town of Egypt. Of Palestine. of
thought it excellent. Naxos is said to have Ionia. Also a part of Syracuse. Lir. 25.
no ports for the reception of large-sized ves c. 24.—Cic. in Verr. 5.
sels, and has therefore been less subject to NEARchus, an officer of Alexander in his
the visits of the Turks. Dr. Clarke states, Indian expedition. [He was ordered to een
that when he visited the island, he was told duct Alexander's fleet along the Indian ocean
that there was not a single Mahometan in to the Persian gulf, and, with Onescritus, to
it, and that many of the inhabitants of the in examine it..] He wrote an account of this
terior had never seen a Turk.] Thucyd. 1, voyage. After the king's death he was ap
&c.—Herodot.—Diod. 5, &c.—Ovid. Met. 3, pointed over Lycia and Pamphylia. [The
v. 636,-Virg. JEn. 3, v. 125.-Paus.6, c. 16. voyage is related by Arrian of Nicomedia,
—Pindar. An ancient town on the eastern the Greek historian of Alexander, who lived
side of Sicily, founded 759 years before the under Trajan. It is comprised in his Indica,
Christian era. There was also another town or general account of India, and is professed
at the distance of five miles from Naxos, ly taken from the journal of Nearchus him
which bore the same name, and was often eall self. The authenticity of the narrative has
ed by contradistinction Taurominium. Plin. been questioned by some of the learned, but
3.—Diod. 13. A town of Crete, noted for is completely defended in the celebrated
hones. Plin. 36, c. 7. A Carian who gave commentary of Dr. Vincent, late Dean cſ
his name to the greatest of the Cyclades. Westminster, published in 1797.] Curt. 9.
NAziAnzus, a town of Cappadocia where . § -Powen.9.-Justin. 13, c. 4.—Stral.
St. Gregory was born, and hence he is called * &c.
JNazianzenus. NEbo, [a mountain situate east of the river
NEA, or JNova insula, a small island be Jordan, and forming part of the chain of Aha
tween Lemnos and the Hellespont, which rim, north of the Dead Sea. The Israelites
rose out of the sea during an earthquake. encamped at the foot of this mountain in the
Plin. 2, c. 87. 46th year of their Exodus, and Moses, having
NEAERA, a woman mentioned in Virgil's executed the commission with which he was
Ecl. 3. A mistress of the poet Tibulius. entrusted, and having pronounced his blessing
A daughter of Pereus, who married on the 12 tribes assembled to receive his last
Aleus, by whom she had Cepheus, Lycurgus, charge, ascended this mountain, from the
and Auge, who was ravished by Hercules. summit of which, called Pisgah, he had a view
.4pollod. 3, c. 9–Paus. 8, c. 4. of the promised land into which he was not
NEAEThus, now Neto, a river of Magna permitted to enter: on this mountain he soon
Graecia near Crotona. Ovid. Met. 15, v.51. afterwards died.]
NEAlices, a painter, amongst whose capi NEBR1ssa, a town of Spain, now Lebrira.
tal pieces are mentioned a painting of Venus, NEBRöDes, a mountain of Sicily, where
a sea-fight between the Persians and Egyp the Himera rises. Sil. 14, v. 237.
tians, and an ass drinking on the shore, with NEBR.ophones, a son of Jason and Hypsi
a crocodile preparing to attack it. pyle. Apollon.—One of Actaeon's dogs.
NEAndros, (or 1A,) a town of Troas. Ovid. Met. 3.
Plin. 5, c. 30. NEcessitas, a divinity who presided over
NEANth Es, an orator and historian of the doctrines of mankind, and who was re
Cyzicum, who flourished 257 years B. C. garded as the mother of the Parcae. Paws.
NEAPolis, a city of Campania, anciently 2, c. 4.
called Parthenope, [from one of the syrens NEchos, a king of Egypt, who attempted
who was said to have lived there,) and now to make a communication between the Medi
known by the name of Naples, rising like an terranean and Red Seas, B.C. 610. No less
amphitheatre at the516
back of a beautiful bay than 120,000 men perished in the attempt. It
 NE NE

was discovered in his reign that Africa was twelve sons, who were all, except Nestor,
circumnavigable. [Herodotus states, that killed by Hercules, together with their father.
Necho dispatched some vessels under the con Neleus promised his daughter in marriage
duct of Phoenician mariners, down the Red only to him who brought him the bulls of
Sea, with directions to pass by the columns of Iphiclus. Bias was the successful lover. vid.
Hercules and return to Egypt; in other Melampus. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 418.-Paus. 4,
words, to circumnavigate Africa. The Phoeni. c. 36.-Apollod. 1, c. 9, 1.2, c. 6.-A river
cians, passing down the Red Sea, entered the of Euboea.
southern ocean: on the approach of autumn, -NEMAEA, a town of Argolis between Cleonae
they landed on the coast, and planted corn ; and Philius, with a wood, where Hercules, in
when this was ripe they cut it down and again the 16th year of his age, killed the celebrated
departed. Having thus consumed two years. Nemaean lion. This animal, born of the hun
they in the third doubled the columns of Her dred-headed Typhon, infested the neighbour
cules, and returned to Egypt. This voyage hood of Nemaca, and kept the inhabitants un
has been generally deemed fabulous, but the der continual alarms. It was the first labour
facts mentioned by Herodotus, though few, of Hercules to destroy it; and the hero, when
are, according to Dr. Vincent, very consistent. he found that his arrows and his club where
Herodotus states also that the Phoenicians af useless against an animal whoseskin was hard
firmed that they had the sun on their right and impenetrable, seized him in his arms and
hand in a part of their course, a circum squeezed him to death. The conqueror
stance which he deems incredible, but which clothed himself in the skin, and games were
affords a strong argument in favour of the instituted to commemorate so great an event.
voyage, since this must necessarily have been The Nemaean games were originally institut
the case after the Phoenicians had passed the ed by the Argives in honour of Archemorus,
line.] Herodot. 2, c. 158, 1.4, c. 42. who died by the bite of a serpent, [rid. Ar
NEcRoPôlis, one of the suburbs of Alex chemorus,) and Hercules some time after re
andria. newed them. They were one of the four
Nectanfeus and NEcTANKBIs, a king of great and solemn games which were observed
Egypt, who defended his country against the in Greece. The Argives, Corinthians, and
Persians, and was succeeded by Tachos, B. the inhabitants of Cleonae, generally presided
C. 363. His grandson, of the same name, by turns at the celebration, in which were
made an alliance with Agesilaus king of Spar exhibited foot and horse races, chariot races,
ta, and with his assistance he quelled a rebel boxing, wrestling, and contests of every
lion of his subjects. Some time after he was kind, both gymnical and equestrian. The
joined by the Sidonians, Phoenicians, and in couqueror was rewarded with a crown of
habitants of Cyprus, who had revolted from green parsley, in memory of the adventure of
the king of Persia. This powerful confedera Archemorus, whom his nurse laid down on a
cy was soon attacked by Darius, the king of sprig of that plant. They were celebrated
Persia, who marched at the head of his troops. every third, or, according to others, every
Nectanebus, to defend his frontiers against so fifth year, or more properly on the 1st and
dangerous an enemy, levied 20,000 mercenary 3d year of every Olympiad, on the 12th day
soldiers in Greece, the same number in Li of the Corinthian month Panemos, which cor
bya, and 60,000 were furnished in Egypt. responds to our August. They served as an
This numerous body was not equal to the era to the Argives, and to the inhabitants of
Persian forces: and Nectanebus, defeated in a the neighbouring country. It was always
battle, gave up all hopes of resistance and fled usual for an orator to pronounce a funeral
into AEthiopia, B. C. 350, where he found a oration in memory of the death of Archemo
safe asylum. His kingdom of Egypt became rus, and those who distributed the prizes were
from that time tributary to the king of Persia, always dressed in mourning. Liv. 27, c. 30
Plut. Ages.—Diod. 16, &c.—Polyten. 2–C. and 31, 1.34, c. 41.—Ovid. Met. 9, v. 97, ep.
..Yep. in Ages. 9, v. 61 —Paus. in Corinth.—Clem. Alexand.
NEcysia, a solemnity observed by the —Athen.—Polyaen.--Strab. 8-Hygin. fab.
Greeks in memory of the dead. 30 and 273.—Apollod. 3, c. 6-A river of
NELEUs, a son of Neptune and Tyro. He Peloponnesus falling into the bay of Corinth.
was brother to Pelias, with whom he was ex Liv. 33, c. 15.
posed by his mother, who wished to conceal NEMAusus, a town of Gaul, in Languedoc,
her shame from her father. They were pre near the mouth of the Rhone, now Wismes.
served and brought to Tyro, who had then NEMEsia, festivals in honour of Nemesis.
married Cretheus king of Iolchos. After the [rid. Nemesis.] -

death of Cretheus, Pelias and Neleus seized M. Aurel. Olymp. NEMEslāNUs, a

the kingdom of Iolchos, which belonged to Latin poet, born at Carthage, of no very bril
AEson, the lawful son of Tyro by the deceased liant talents, in the third century, whose
monarch. After they had reigned for some poems on hunting and bird-catching were
time conjointly, Pelias expelled Neleus from published by Burman, inter_scriptores rei
Iolchos. Neleus came to Aphareus king of venatica, 4to. L. Bat. 1728. [They are edit:
Messenia, who treated him with kindness, and ed also by Wernsdorff in the Poetae Latini
permitted him to build a city, which he called Minores, Altenb. 1790-8. Nemesianus flou
Pylos. Neleus married Chloris the daughter rished under the emperors Carus, Carinus,
of Amphion, by whom he had a daughter and and Numerianus. The last of these Princes
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had a particular esteem for him. The poem The treatise of Nemesius is one of the best
on hunting, called Cynegelicon, was so highly productions of Christian antiquity. He dis
esteemed in the eighth century, that it was plays in it a remarkable knowledge of phy
read among the classics in the public schools sics, considering the period in which he lived,
in the time of Charlemagne. It cannot rank and an intimate acquaintance with the wri
high as a poetical composition, but deserves tings and doctrines of the ancient philoso
praise for its polish and elegance. Both this phers. His style, formed on good models, is
and the poem De Aucupwo, or bird-catching, much purer than that of most of his contem
have reached us in a very mutilated state poraries. The best edition is that of Mat
Some, without any necessity, ascribe the lat thise, Halle. 1802, in 8vo.]
ter poem to another poet of the same name.] NEM ETAcum, a town of Gaul, now ...?rras.
NEMFsis, one of the infernal deities, daugh [vid. Atrebates.]
ter of Nox. She was the goddess of ven NEM Et Es, a nation of Germany, [along the
geance, always prepared to punish impiety, Rhine, between the Vaugiones and the Tri
and at the same time liberally to reward the bocci. Their capital was Noviomagus, now
good and virtuous. [The original meaning Spires.] Tacit. de Germ. 28.
of the term Newto it in Greek is, the just NEMoRALIA, festivals observed in the
indignation one feels at observing the pros woods of Aricia, in honour of Diana, who pre
perity of the undeserving. The Goddess Ne sided over the country and the forests, on
mesis was called Adgaaruz, i.e. she from which account that part of Italy was some
whom no bad man can escape.] She is made times denominated Nemorensis ager. Orid.
one of the Parcae by some mythologists, and is de .4 .4.1, v. 259.
represented with a helm and a wheel. The NEMossus, (or UM,) the capital of the
people of Smyrna were the first who made Averni in Gaul, now Clermont. Lucan. 1,
her statues with wings, to show with what ce v. 419.—Strab. 4.
lerity she is prepared to punish the crimes of NEobūle, a daughter of Lycambus, be
the wicked both by sea and land, as the helm trothed to the poet Archilochus. (vid. Ly
and the wheel in her hands intimate. Her cambes.) Horat. ep. 6, v. 13, 1.1, ep. v. 79.
power did not only exist in this life, but she —Ovid in Ib. 54. A beautiful woman to
was also employed after death to find out the whom Horace addressed 3, od. 12.
most effectual and rigorous means of correc NEocaesar EA, [a town of Pontus, on the
tion. Nemesis was particularly worshipped river Lycus, above Comana. It is now Nik
at Rhamnus in Attica, where she had a cele sar.—A town of Mauritania.-Another
brated statue 10 cubits long, made of Parian of Syria, &c.]
marble by Phidias, or, according to others, by NEocles, an Athenian philosopher, fa
one of his pupils. The Romans were also ther, or, according to Cicero, brother to the
particularly attentive to the adoration of a philosopher Epicurus. Cic. 1, de Nat. D. c.
deity whom they solemnly invoked, and to 21.--Dwog. The father of Themistocles.
whom they offered sacrifices before they de JElian. V. H. 2, &c.—C. W. p. in Them.
clared war against their enemies, to show the NEoN, a town of Phocis. There was
world that their wars were undertaken upon also another of the same name, in the same
the most just grounds. Her statue at Rome country, on the top of Parnassus. It was af
was in the capitol. Some suppose that Ne terwards called Tithorea. Plut. in Syll—
mesis was the person whom Jupiter deceiv Paus.-Phoc.—Herodot. 8, c. 32.
ed in the form of a swan, and that Leda was NEoNtichos, a town of £olia, near the
intrusted with the care of the children which Hermus. LA town of Phocis. Another
sprang from the two eggs. Others observe of Thrace, on the Propontis. Another in
that Leda obtained the name of Nemesis Caria.] Herodot.—Plin.
after death. According to Pausanias, there NEoptóLEMUs, a king of Epirus, son of
were more than one Nemesis. The goddess Achilles and Deidamia, called Pyrrhus, from
Nemesis was surnamed Rhamnusia, because the yellow colour of his hair. He was care
worshipped at Rhamnus. [The temple at this fully educated under the eye of his mother,
place is said to have been built of the marble and gave early proofs of his valour. After
which the Persians brought with them into the death of Achilles, Calchas declared in the
the plain of Marathon, in anticipation of their assembly of the Greeks, that Troy could not
expected victory.] The Greeks celebrated be taken without the assistance of the son of
a festival, called Nemesia, in memory of de the deceased hero. Immediately upon this
ceased persons, as the goddess Nemesis was Ulysses and Phoenix were commissioned to
supposed to defend the relics and the memory
bring Pyrrhus to the war. He returned with
of the dead from all insult. Hygin. P. A. 3,
them with pleasure, and received the name
c. 8-Paus. 1, c. 33.-Apollod. 3, c. 10– of Neoptolemus, (new soldier.) because be
Hesiod. Theog. 224.— Plin. 11, c. 28, 1.36, c. 5. had come late to the field. On his arrival be
NEMEsius, [a native of Emesa, in Syria. fore Troy he paid a visit to the tomb of his fa
and bishop of that city, about A. D. 400. ther, and wept over his ashes. He afterwards,
He has left a work “On the nature of man,” according to some authors, accompanied Elys
in forty-four books, which is sometimes as: ses to Lemnos, to engage Philoctetes, to come
cribed to Gregory of Nyssa, but from no to the Trojan war. He greatly signalized
other reason, it would seem, than because himself during the remaining time of the siege,
the latter wrote a work under the same title. and he was the first who entered the wooden
518
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horse. He was inferior to none of the Gre violent hands upon herself to avoid the resent
clan warriors in valour, and Ulysses and Nes ment of Neoptolemus. The sudden arrival
tor alone could claim a superiority over him of Orestes changed her resolutions, and she
in eloquence, wisdom, and address. His cru consented to elope with her lover to Sparta.
elty, however, was as great as that of his fa Orestes, at the same time to revenge and to
ther. Not satisfied with breaking down the punish his rival, caused him to be assassinat
gates of Priam's palace, he exercised the ed in the temple of Delphi, and he was mur
greatest barbarity upon the remains of his dered at the foot of the altar by Machareus
family, and without any regard to the sanc the priest, or by the hand of Orestes himself,
tity of the place where Priam had taken re according to Virgil, Paterculus, and Hygi
fuge, he slaughtered him without mercy; nus. Some say that he was murdered by the
or, according to others, dragged him by the Delphians, who had been bribed by the pre
hair to the tomb of his father, where he sa sents of Orestes. It is unknown why Neopto
crificed him, and where he cut off his head, lemus went to Delphi. Some support that
and carried it in exultation through the he wished to consult the oracle to know how
streets of Troy, fixed on the point of a spear. he might have children by the barren Her
He also sacrificed Astyanax to his fury, mione; others say that he went thither to of.
and immolated Polyxena on the tomb of Achil fer the spoils which he had obtained during
les, according to those who deny that the sa the Trojan war, to appease the resentment of
crifice was voluntary. When Troy was taken, Apollo whom he had provoked by calling him
the captives were divided among the conquer the cause of the death of Achilles. The plun
ors, and Pyrrhus had for his share Andro der of the rich temple of Delphi, if we believe
mache the widow of Hector, and Helenus the others, was the object of the journey of Neop
son of Priam. With these he departed for tolemus ; and it cannot but be observed, that
Greece, and he probably escaped from de he suffered the same death and the same bar
struction by giving credit to the words of He barities which he had inflicted in the temple of
lenus, who foretold him that if he sailed with Minerva upon the aged Priam and his wretch
the rest of the Greeks, his voyage would be ed family. From this circumstance the an
attended with fatal consequences, and perhaps cients have made use of the proverb of Newp
with death. This obliged him to take a dif tolemic revenge when a person had suffered the
ferent course from the rest of the Greeks, and same savage treatment which others had re
he travelled over the greatest part of Thrace, ceived from his hand. The Delphians cele
where he had a severe encounter with queen brated a festival with great pomp and solem
Harpalyce. [vid. Harpalyce.] The place of nity in memory of Neoptolemus, who had been
his retirement after the Trojan war is not slain in his attempt to plunder their temple,
known. Some maintain that he went to Thes because, as they said, Apollo, the patron of the
saly, where his grandfather still reigned ; but place, had been in some manner accessary to
this is confuted by others, who observe per the death of Achilles. Paterc. 1, c. 1.-Virg.
haps with more reason, that he went to Epi .42n.2 and 3.-Paus. 10, c. 24.—Ovid. Met.
rus where he laid the foundations of a new 13, v. 334,455, &c.—Heroid. 8.-Strab. 9.-
kingdom, because his grandfather Peleus had Pind. Nem. 7.—Eurip. Androm. & Orest.
been deprived of his sceptre by Acastus the &c.—Plut. in Pyrr.—Justin. 17, c. 3.-Dic
son of Pelias. Neoptolemus lived with An. tys. Cret. 4, 5 and 6.—Homer. Od. 11, v. 504.
dromache after his arrival in Greece, but it is Il. 19, v. 326.-Sophoel. Philoct.—Apollod 3,
unknown whether he treated her as a lawful c.13.--Hygin. ſab.97 and 102.—Philostr. Her.
wife or a concubine. He had a son by this 19, &c.—Dares. Phryg.—Q. Smyrn. 14.—
unfortunate princess, called Molossus, and A king of the Molossi, father of Olympias the
two others, if we rely on the authority of mother of Alexander. Justin. 17, c. 3.
Pausanias. Besides Andromache he married Another, king of Epirus. An uncle of the
Hermione the daughter of Menelaus, as also celebrated Pyrrhus who assisted the Taren
Lanassa the daughter of Cleodaeus, one of the tines. He was made king of Epirus by the
descendants of Hercules. The cause of his Epirots who had revolted from their lawful
death is variously related. Menelaus, before sovereign, and was put to death when he at
the Trojan war, had promised his daughter tempted to poison his nephew, &c. Plut. in
Hermione to Orestes, but the services he ex Pyrr. A tragic poet of Athens greatly
perienced from the valour and the courage of favoured by Philip king of Macedonia. When
Neoptolemus during the siege of Troy, in Cleopatra, the monarch's daughter, was mar
duced him to reward his merit by making him ried to Alexander of Epirus, he wrote some
his son-in-law. The nuptials were according verses which proved to be prophetic of the
ly celebrated, but Hermione became jealous tragical death of Philip. Diod. 16. A re
of Andromache, and because she had no child. lation of Alexander. He was the first who
ren, she resolved to destroy her Trojan rival climbed the walls of Gaza when that city was
who seemed to steal away the affections of taken by Alexander. After the king's death
their common husband. In the absence of he received Armenia as his province, and
Neoptolemus at Delphi, Hermione attempted made war against Eumenes. He was support
to murder Andromache, but she was prevent ed by Craterus, but an engagement with Eu
ed by the interference of Peleus, or, according menes proved fatal to his cause. Craterus
to others, of the populace. When she saw was killed and himself mortally wounded by
her schemes defeated, she determined to lay Eumenes, B.C. 321. C. Nep. in Eumen--
519
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One of the officers of Mithridates the Great, mention of the fifth of them. Charisius
beaten by Lucullus in a naval battle. Plut. speaks also of the 16th book of a work by
in Luc. Nepos, entitled “Illustrious Men.” He had
NEPE, a constellation of the heavens, the written also a life of Cicero. In Diem. c.3.
same as Scorpio.—An inland town of Etru he speaks of a work written by himself, styl
ria, called also Nepete, whose inhabitants are ed “The Greek Historians.” Finally, some
called Nepesini, Ital. 8, v. 490–Liv. 5, c. have imagined, from a passage of Nepos, that
19, l. 26, c. 34. he had composed also a work called “ The
NEPHALIA, festivals in Greece, in honour lives of the Kings;” but this is mere hypothe
of Mnemosyne the mother of the Muses and sis Of all his valuable compositions no
Aurora, Venus, &c. No wine was used dur thing remains but his lives of the illustrious
ing the ceremony, but merely a mixture of Greek an Roman generals, which have
water and honey. Pollur. 6, c. 3.-Athen. often been attributed to AEmylius Probus,
15.--Suidas. who published them in his own name in the
NEPHELE, the first wife of Athamas king age of Theodosius, to conciliate the favour
of Thebes, and mother of Phryxus and Helle. and the friendship of that emperor. The
She was repudiated on pretence of being sub language of Cornelius had always been ad
ject to fits of insanity, and Athamas married mired ; and as a writer of the Augustan age,
Ino the daughter of Cadmus, by whom he he is entitled to many commendations for the
had several children. Imo became jealous of delicacy of his expressions, the elegance of
Nephele, because her children would succeed his style, and the clearness and precision of
to their father's throne before her’s by right his narrations. Some support that he trans
of seniority, and she resolved to destroy them lated Dares Phrygius from the Greek origi
Nephele was apprized of her wicked inten nal ; but the inelegance of the diction, and
tions, and she removed her children from the its many incorrect expressions plainly prove
reach of Ino, by giving them a celebrated ram that it is the production, not of a writer of
sprung from the union of Neptune and Theo the Augustan age, but the spurious composi
phane, on whose back they escaped to Col tion of a more modern pen. [It has been said
chis. [vid. Phryxus.] Nephele was after above that the “Lives” of Nepos were pub
wards changed into a cloud, whence her name lished in his own name by AEmilius Probus.
is given by the Greeks to the clouds. Some In the dedication of this latter writer, which
call her JNebula, which word is the Latin is in bad Latin verse, no mention whatever
translation of .Nephele. The fleece of the is made of Nepos, and Probus claims the
ram, which saved the life of Nephele's child. work as the joint production of himself, his
ren, is often called the Nephelian fleece. Apol. father, and grandfather. One is astonished
lod. 1, c. 9.—Hygin. 2, &c.—Ovid. Met. 11, at the want of intelligence on the part of
v. 195.-Flacc. 11, v. 56.—A mountain of his readers, in their not perceiving the dis
Thessaly, once the residence of the Centaurs. crepancy between the thoughts and senti
NEPHElis, a cape of Cilicia. Liv. 33, c. 20. ments which prevailed in the age of Nepos
NEPHERites, a king of Egypt, who assist and those which characterized the reign of
ed the Spartans against Persia, when Agesi Theodosius; nor in being struck with the
laus was in Asia. He sent them a fleet of difference between the barbarous style of
100 ships, which were intercepted by Conon the writers who flourished in the latter pe
as they were sailing towards Rhodes, &c. riod, and the elegance of the golden age
Diod. 14. which marks the diction of the historian. It
NEpia, a daughter of Jasus, who mar must be confessed, however, that the style of
ried Olympus king of Mysia, whence the the “Life of Atticus,” which the manuscripts
plains of Mysia are sometimes called Nepia. unanimously ascribe to Nepos, while they
campa. all agree in naming Æmilius Probus as the
CoRN. NEPos, a celebrated historian in the author of the “Lives of illustrious com
reign of Augustus. He was born at Hostilia, manders,” differs essentially from that of the
and, like the rest of his learned contempora. last mentioned work, in which may be ob
ries, he shared the favours and enjoyed the served various unusual expressions, singular
patronage of the emperor. [Hostilia was a constructions, and some solecisms which may
small place in the vicinity of Verona, and, as well excite surprise if regarded as coming
this last was included in Cisalpine Gaul, we from a contemporary of Cicero. It seems
may hence account for Nepos being called by most reasonable to adopt the conjecture cf
Ausoniusa Gaul.] He was the intimate friend Barth, that Probus treated the work of Ne
of Cicero and of Atticus, and recommended pos, as Justin did that of Trogus Pompeius,
himself to the notice of the great and opulent in making changes, additions, and retrench
by delicacy of sentiment and a lively disposi ments throughout. This hypothesis acquires
tion. According to some writers he composed additional weight from what Nepos himself
three books of chronicles, as also a biographi. observes, towards the conclusion of his pre
cal account of all the most celebrated kings, face, respecting the large size of the volume
13 enerals, and authors of antiquity. [Aulus which he was giving to the world. Nepos.
Gellius cites this work under the title of has been charged with various errors by mo
• Chronicles ; Jornandes under that of Annals. dern critics, which, as his book is sogenerally
‘The former, as also the grammarian Chari placed in the hands of the young, it may not
:
* ius, cites his “ Boºg Examples,” making
ro
} -
be amiss here to enumerate. 1st. in the life
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of Phocion he has mistaken the Greek words the best, that of [Van Staveren, 8vo. L.
**uxor ru;, “a certain person of the same Bat. 1773, and that of Glasgow, 12mo. 1761.
tribe,” for a proper name, Emphyletus. It is [By far the best now, is the edition of Fisch
believed, however, by Tzschucke, a recent er, Lips. 1806, 8vo.]—Julius, an emperor
editor, that Phocion may have had a friend of the west, &c.
of this name, since the same appellation oc NEpotlinus, Flavius Popilius, a son of
curs in Andocides. Without some excuse of Eutropia, the sister of the emperor Constan
this kind, Nepos's knowledge of Greek be time. He proclaimed himself emperor after
comes very doubtful. 2. He confounds the death of his cousin Constans, and ren
Miltiades, the son of Cimon, with Miltiades, dered himself odious by his cruelty and op
the son of Cypselus. Herodotus (6, c. 34, seqq.) pression. He was inurdered by Anicetus,
informs us that the latter conducted a colo after one month's reign, and his family were
ny of Athenians into the Chersonese, and involved in his ruin.
established a sovereignty there. 3d. In the NErrhys, wife of Typhon, became ena
life of Pausanias, chapter 1, he confounds moured of Osiris, her brother-in-law, and
together Darius and Xerxes. Mardonius was introduced herself to his bed. She had a
the son-in-law of the first, and the brother son called Anubis by him. Plut. in Isid.
in-law of the last, 4th. He confounds the NEPTUN1 FANUM, a place near Cenchreat,
victory of Mycale, gained by Xantippus and -Mela, 1, c. 19. Another in the island of
Calauria. Another near Mantinea.
Leotychides, with the naval battle gained
by Cimon, nine years after, near the river NEPTUNIA, a town and colony of Magnus
Eurymedon. (rid. Mycale.) , 5th. In com Graecia.
paring the end of the second chapter and NEPrüN1UM, a promontory of Arabia, at
the commeucement of the third of the life the entrance of the gulf.
of Pausanias, with the clear and circumstan NEPTUNIA, an epithet applied to Sext.
tial narrative of Thucydides (1, c. 130 — Pompey, because he believed himself to be
134) we will perceive that Nepos has violat god of the sea, or descended from him, on
ed the order of time, and confounded the events. account of his superiority in ships, &c. Ho
6th. There is no less disorder in the third chap rat. Epod. 9.—Dion. 48.
terofthe life of Lysander, Nepos confounds two NEPTUNus, [in Greek IIozºiday, vid. the
expeditions of this general into Asia, between end of this article,) son of Saturn and Ops,
which there elapsed an interval of seven and brother to Jupiter, Pluto, and Juno.
years. Compare Xen. Hellen. 3, c. 4, 7–10. He was devoured by his father the day
-Diod. Sic. 14, c. 13. 7th. In the second of his birth, and again restored to life
chapter of the life of Dion, Nepos conſounds by means of Metis, who gave Saturn a
the order of events. Plato made three voy certain potion. Pausanias says that his mo
ages to Sicily; the first in the time of Dio ther coucealed him in a sheep-fold in Ar
nysius the elder, who had him sold as a cadia, and she imposed upon her husband,
slave; Dion was then only 14 years old. telling him that she had brought a colt into
At the time of his second voyage, Dionysius the world, which was instantly devoured by
the elder was no longer alive. It was dur Saturn. Neptune shared with his brothers
ing his third visit to the island that the phi the empire of Saturn, and received as his
losopher reconciled Dion and Dionysius the portion the kingdom of the sea. This, how
younger. Finally, it was not Dionysius the ever, did not seem equivalent to the empire of
elder, but the son, who invited Plato magna heaven and earth, which Jupiter had claimed,
ambitione. 8th. In the second chapter of the therefore he conspired to dethrone him with
life of Chabrias utter confusion prevails. the rest of the gods. The conspiracy was
At the period when Nepos makes Agesilaus discovered, and Jupiter condemned Neptune
to have gone on his expedition into Egypt, to build the walls of Troy. [vid. Laomedon.]
A reconciliation was soon after made, and
this monarch was busily occupied in Boeotia,
and Nepos himself, in his life of Agesilaus, Neptune was reinstated to all his rights and
makes no mention of this expedition. The privileges. Neptune disputed with Minerva
king of Egypt, who was assisted by Chabri the right of giving a name to the capital of
as, and afterwards by Agesilaus, was Tachus, Cecropia, but he was defeated, and the olive
and not Nectanebus. 9th. Annibal did not which the goddess suddenly raised from the
immediately march to Rome after the victory earth was deemed more serviceable for the
at Canute, as Nepos in his li.e of Anuibal, chap. good of mankind than the horse which Nep:
3. states, but after having permitted the tune had produced by striking the ground
spirit of his army to become corrupted in with his trident, as that animal is the emblem
Campania. 10th. In the liſe of Conon, of war and slaughter. This decision did not
chap. 1, he says that this general had no please Neptune, he renewed the combat by
share in the battle of Ægos Potamos; the disputing for Troezene, but Jupiter settled
contrary is proved by Xenophon. Hellen. 2, their disputes by permitting them to be con
c. 1, 29. 11th. In the life of Agesilaus, jointly worshipped there, and by giving the
name of Polias, or the protectress of the city, to
chap. 5, he attributes to this king the victo
ry at Corinth, which was due to Aristode Minerva, and that of king of Troezene to the
mus, as Xenophon informs us, Hellen. 4, c.
god of the sea. He also disputed his righ: for
3,9-23.] Among the many good editions the isthmus of Corinth with Apollo; and Bri
º may be selected as areus the Cyclops, who was mutually ch9*n
of Cornelius Nepos,
521
U - -
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---------------, *- : -

umpire, gave the isthmus to Neptune and the were instituted had produced, the horse, an
promontory to Apollo. Neptune, as being god animal so beneficial for the use of mankind
of the sea, was entitled to more power [Neptune was originally a Libyan god, ard
than auy of the other gods, except Jupiter. the Greeks derived his worship from that
Not only the ocean, rivers, and ſountains, country. The Phoenicians very probably
were subjected to him, but he also could cause landed at an early period in Africa, and
brought the horse with them, which they
earthquakes at his pleasure, and raise islands
from the bottom of the sea with a blow of his
taught the savage inhabitants to manage. The
trident. The worship of Neptune was esta latter, seeing them master both the most ter
blished in almost every part of the earth, and rible of elements, the sea, and the most spirit
the Libyans in particular venerated him above ed of animals, regarded them as divinities.
all other nations, and looked upon him as the Hence the horse became sacred to Neptune.
first and greatest of the gods. The Greeks The Consus of the Romans appears to hare
and the Romans were also attached to his been the sea deified by the Aborigines,
worship, and they celebrated their Isthmian and whose worship became subsequently
games and Consualia with the greatest solem identified with that of Neptune; which last
nity. He was generally represented sitting was introduced by the early Greek colonies.
in a chariot made of a shell, and drawn by Plato (in Cratylo) derives the name II-red
sea horses or dolphins. Sometimes he is from row; and ºta, because Neptune binds
drawn by winged horses, and holds his trident our feet in his dominions; and Varro derives
in his hand, and stands up as his chariot flies .Neptunus from nuho, “quod mare terras eº
over the surface of the sea. Homer repre nubat:” both appellations, however, are evi
sents him as issuing from the sea, and in three dent corruption of Oriental terms.) Paus.
steps crossing the whole horizon. The moun 1, 2, &c.—Homer. Il. 7, &c.—Parro de L.
tains and the forests, says the poet, trembled L. 4.—Cic. de JNat. D. 2, c. 26, l. 2, c. 25.-
Hesiod. Theog.—Virg. JEn. 1, v. 12, &c. 1.2,
as lie walked; the whales, and all the fishes of
the sea, appear round him; and even the sea 3, &c.—Apollod. 1, 2, &c.—Orid. Met. 6, v.
herself seems to feel the presence of her god. 117, &c.—Herodot. 2, c. 50, 1.4, c. 188-Ma
The ancients generally sacrificed a bull and a crob.-Saturn. 1, c. 17.--Aug. de Cer. D. 18."
horse on his altars, and the Roman soothsay —Plut. in Them.—Hygin. ſab. 157.-Eurip.
ers always offered to him the gall of the vic in Phaeniss.-Flace.—Apollon. Rhod.
tims, which in taste resembles the bitterness NEREIDEs, nymphs of the sea, daughters
of the sea water. The amours of Neptune of Nereus and Doris. [vid. the end of this ar
are numerous. He obtained, by means of a ticle.] They were fifty, according to the
dolphin, the favours of Amphitrite, who had greater number of the mythologists, whose
made a vow of perpetual celibacy, and he names are as follows: Sao, Amphitrite, Pro
laced among the constellations the fish which to, Galataea, Thoe, Eucrate, Eudora, Galena,
d persuaded the goddess to become his Glauce, Thetis, Spio, Cymothoe, Melita,
wife. He also married Venilia and Salacia, Thalia, Agave, Eulimene, Frato, Pasithea.
which are only the names of Amphitrite, ac Doto, Eunice, Nesea, Dynamene, Pherusa.
tording to some authors, who observe that Protomelia, Actea, Penope, Doris, Cymatole
the former word is derived from renire, al ge, Hippothoe, Cymo, Eione, Hipponoe, Cy
luding to the continual motion of the sea. Sa modoce, Neso, Eupompe, Pronoe, Themiste,
lacia is derived from salum, which signifies Glauconome, Halimede, Pontoporia, Evago
the sea, and is applicable to Amphitrite. ra, Liagora, Polynorne, Laomadia, Lysianas
Neptune became a horse to enjoy the com sa, Autonoe, Menippe, Evarne, Psamathe,
pany of Ceres. (rid. Arion.) To deceive Nemertes. In those which Homer mentions,
Theophane, he changed himself into a ram. to the number of 30, we find the following
(rid. Theophane.) He assumed the form of names different from those spoken of by He
the river Enipeus to gain the confidence of siod ; Halia, Limmoria, Iera, Amphitroe,
Tyro, the daughter of Salmoneus, by whom Dexamene, Amphinome, Callianira, Apseu
he had Pelias and Neleus. He was also fa des, Callanassa, Clymene, Janira, Nassa, Me
ther of Phoreus and Polyphemus by Thoosa; ra, Orithya, Amathea. Apollodorus, who
of Lycus, Nycteus, and Euphemus, by Cele mentions 45, mentions the following name
no; of Chryses by Chrysogenia; of Ancaenus different from the others; Glaucothoe, Pre
by Astypalae; of Boeotus and Hellen by An. tomedusa, Pione, Pleasura, Calypso, Cranto,
tiope; of Leuconoe by Themisto; of Agenor Neomeris, Dejanira, Polynoe, Melia, Dione,
and Bellerophon by Eurynome the daughter lsea, Dero, Eumolpe, Ione, Ceto. Hyginus
of Nysus; of Antas by Alcyone the daughter and others differ from the preceding authors
of Atlas; of Abas by Arethusa ; of Actor and in the following names: Drymo, Xantho, Li
Dyºtis by Agemede the daughter of Augias; gea, Phyllodoce, Cydippe, Lycorias, Cleic,
of Megareus by QEnope daughter of Epopeus; Beroe, Ephira, Opis, Asia, Deopea, Arethun,
ºf Cycnus by Harpalyce; of Taras, Otus, Crenis, Eurydice, and Leucothoe. The Ne
Ephialtes, Dorus, Alesus, &c. The word reides were implored as the rest of the deities;
Weptunus is often used metaphorically by the they had altars, chiefly on the coasts of the
poets, to signify sea water. In the Consualia sea, where the piety of mankind made offer
of the Romans, horses were led through the ings of milk, oil, and honey, and often of the
streets finely equipped and crowned with gar flesh of goats. When they were on the sea
lands, as the god inwº º
honour the festivals shore they generally resided in grottos and
 NE NE

caves which were adorned with shells, and all the gods. Heriod. Theog.—Hygin.—Ho
shaded by the branches of vines. Their duty mer. Il. 18–4pollod.—Orpheus. Argon.—
was to attend upon the more powerful deities Horat. 1, od. 13.-Eurip, in Iphig.
of the sea, and to be subservient to the will NERio, or NERIENE, the wife of Mars.
of Neptune. They were particularly fond of Gell. B. c. 21.
halcyons, and as they had the power of ruffling NERiphus, a desert island near the Thra,
or calming the waters, they were always ad cian Chersonesus.
dressed by sailors, who implored their pro NERitos, a mountain in the island of Itha
tection that they might grant them a favour ca, as also a small island in the lonian Sea,
able voyage and a prosperous return. They according to Mela. The word Neritos is oſ
are represented as young and handsome vir ten applied to the whole island of Ithaca,
gins, sitting on dolphins, and holding Nep and Ulysses, the king of it, is called Meritius
tune's trident in their hand, or sometimes duz, and his ship.Neritia navis. The people
garlands of flowers. [It has been a subject of of Saguntum, as descended from a Neritian
inquiry with regard to the Nereids, whether colony, are called Neritia proles. Sil. It. 2.
they are to be considered as metaphorical v. 317.-Virg, JEn. 3, v. 271.-Plin. 4.—
personages, or as real beings. Those whom JMela, 2, c. 7.-Ovid. Met. 13, v. 712. Rem.
Homer and Hesiod name are mostly poetical .1. 263.
persons; but some of them had a real exist NERITUM, a town of Calabri, now called
ence, as Cassiope, the mother of Androme Nardo.
da, Psammathe, the mother of Phoce, from NERius, a silversmith in the age of Ho
whom the country into which she removed race 2, Sat. 3, v. 69.-A usurer in Nero's
was called Phocis, Thetis the mother of Achil age, who was so eager to get money that he
les, and some others. It must be observed, married as oſten as he could, and as soon de
however, that the name of Nereides was given stroyed his wives by poison, to possess him
at first to princesses who inhabited some isl self of their estates. Pers. 2, v. 14,
auls on the sea-coast, and became faunous for NERo, Claudius Domitius Caesar, a cele
the establishment of commerce and naviga brated Roman emperor, son of Caius Domi
tion. It was transferred afterwards to some tius Ahenobarbus and Agrippina the daughter
poetical personages, who owe their existence of Germanicus. He was adopted by the em
only to etymologies conformable to the quali peror Claudius, A.D. 50, and four years after
ties implied in their names, and even to cer he succeeded to him on the throne. The be
tain fishes that have the upper part of their ginning of his reign was marked by acts of the
bodies much like that of women. Pliny states, greatest kindness and condescension, by affa.
that in the time of Tiberius there was seen bility, complaisance, and popularity. The
upon the sea-shore a Nereid, such as the po object of his administration seemed to be the
ets represent them, “humana effigie,” and that good of his people: and when he was desired
an ambassador from Gaul had told Augustus to sign his name to a list of maleſactors that
that upon the sea-coasts several dead Nereides were to be executed, he exclaimed, I wish
had been seen. This wears, however, the to heaven I could not write. He was an enemy
appearance of ſable.] Orpheus, Hymn. 23.− to flattery, and when the senate had liberally
Catul. de Rapt. Pel.—Ovid. Met. 11. v. 361, commended the wisdon of his government,
&c.—Stat. 2, Sylv. 2, 1.3, Sylp. 1.-Paus. 2, Nero desired them to keep their praises till he
c. 1.-Apollod. 1, c. 2and 3.-Hesiod. Theog. deserved them. These promising virtues were
-Homer. Il. 18, v. 39.—Plin. 36, c. 5.—Hy soon discovered to be artificial, and Nero dis
gin. &c. played the propensities of his nature. He de
NERErºs, a name given to Achilles, as son livered himself from the sway of his mother,
of Thetis, who was one of the Nereides. Ho and atlast ordered her to be assassinated. This
rat. ep. 17, v. 8. unnatural act of barbarity might astonish some
NEREus, a deity of the sea, son of Oceanus of the Romans, but Nero had his devoted ad
and Terra. He married Doris, by whom he herents; and when he declared that he had
had 50 daughters, called the Nereides. [vid. taken away his mother's life to save himself
Nereides.], Nereus was generally represented from ruin, the senate applauded his measures,
as an old man with a long flowing beard, and and the people signified their approbation.
hair of an azure colour. The chief place of Many of his courtiers shared the unhappy ſate
his residence was in the AEgean Sea, where he of Agrippina, and Nero sacrificed to his fury
was surrounded by his daughters, who often or caprice all such as obstructed his pleasure,
danced in choruses round him. He had the or diverted his inclination. . In the night he
gift of prophecy, and informed those that con generally sallied out from his palace to visit
*\ed him of the different fates that attended the meanest taverns, and all the scenes of de
them. He acquainted Paris with the conse bauchery which Rome contained. In this
quences of his eloperment with Helen; and it nocturnal riot he was fond of insulting the
was by his directions that Hercules obtained people in the streets, and his attempts to offer
the golden apples of the Hesperides, but the violence to the wife of a Roman senator
sea god often evaded the importunities of in nearly cost him his life. He also turned
quirers by assumins: different shapes, and to actor, and publicly appeared on the Roman
tally escaping from their grasp. The word stage in the meanest characters. In his ate
*reu, is often taken for the sea itself. Ne tempts to excel in music, and to conquer the
*us is sometimes called the most ancient of: disadvantages of a hoarse rough voice, hºmº
523
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derated his meals, and often passed the day house. It was profusely adorued with grk,
without eating. The celebrity of the Olym with precious stones, and with whatever was
pian games attracted his notice. He passed rare and exquisite. It contained spaciac:
into Greece, and presented himself as a can fields, artificial lakes, woods, gardens, ar
didate for the public honour. He was defeated chards, and whatever could exhibit beauty
in wrestling, but the flattery of the spectators and grandeur. The entrance of this edifice
adjudged him the victory, and Nero returned could admit a large colossus of the emperºr
to Rome with all the pomp and splendour of 120 feet high, the galleries were each a mile
an eastern conqueror, drawn in the chariot of long, and the whole was covered with gºld
Augustus, and attended by a band of musi The roofs of the dining halls represented the
cians, actors, and stage-dancers from every firmament, in motion as well as in figure
part of the empire. These private and pub and continually turned round night and day
lic amusements of the emperor were indeed showering down all sorts of perfumes and
innocent, his character was injured, but not sweet waters. [Not content with covering
the lives of the people. But his conduct soon the whole of the Palatine hill with his
became more abominable: he disguised him “Golden House,” Nero extended its gardens
and pleasure-grounds over the whole plain
self in the habit of a woman, and was publicly
married to one of his eunuchs. This violence south of the Foruni, and even upon the Es
to nature and decency was soon exchanged quiline and Coelian hills. The Colosseum cº
for another; Nero resumed his sex, and cele cupies the site of the largest of those lakes
brated his nuptials with one of his meanest which Nero made in his gardens, and which
catamites; and it was on this occasion that one Tacitus describes in such glowing colours. It
of the Romans observed, that the world would is said that Vespasian, at the same time that
have been happy if Nero's father had had such he drained the lake, pulled down all that Ne
a wife. But now his cruelty was displayed in ro had erected beyond the Palatine, reducing
a more superlative degree, and he sacrificed the imperial palace to the hill that occe con
to his wantonness his wife Octavia Poppaea,tained Rome; and that he built the stupen
and the celebrated writers, Seneca, Lucan, dous amphitheatre, the temple of Peace, and
Petronius, &c. The Christians also did not the Baths of Titus out of the materials of this
escape his barbarity. He had heard of the portion of the “Golden House."] When this
burning of Troy, and as he wished to renew grand edifice, which, according to Pliny, ex
that dismal scene, he caused Rome to be set tended all round the city, was finished, Nerº
on fire in different places. The conflagration said, that now he could lodge like a man
became soon universal, and during nine suc His profusion was not less remarkable in all
cessive days the fire was unextinguished. All his other actions. When he went a fishitg
was desolation, nothing was heard but the la his nets were made with gold and silk. He
mentations of mothers whose children had never appeared twice in the same garment.
perished in the flames, the groans of the dying, and when he undertook a voyage, there
and the continual fall of palaces and buildings. were thousands of servants to take care
Nero was the only one who enjoyed the gene of his wardrobe. This continuation of de
ral consternation. He placed himself on the bauchery and extravagance at last roused
top of a high tower, and he sang on his lyre the resentment of the people. Many con
the destruction of Troy; a dreadful scene, spiracies were formed against the emperor
which his barbarity had realized before his but they were generally discovered, and such
eyes. He attempted to avert the public odium as were accessary suffered the greatest punist
from his head, by a feigned commiseration of ments. The most dangerous conspiracy
the miseries of his subjeets. He began to re against Nero's life was that of Piso, from
pair the streets and the public buildings at which he was delivered by the confession of a
his own expense. [Suetonius and Dio Cas slave. The conspiracy of Galba proved more
sius positively charge this conflagration on successful; and the conspirator, when he was
Nero ; but Tacitus expresses a doubt con. informed that his plot was known to Nero, de
cerning its origin, and the probability is that clared himself emperor. The unpopularity
the fire was accidental. Nero was at An of Nero favoured his cause, he was acknow
tium when it commenced, but he returned in ledged by all the Roman empire, aud the se
time to see the palace in flames. He now nate condemned the tyrant that sat on the
opened his gardens, and caused sheds to be throne to be dragged naked through the
erected for the multitudes who were depriv. streets of Rome, and whipped to death, and
ed of their homes, and at the same time took afterwards to be thrown down from the Tar
measures to prevent a scarcity, and supply peian rock like the meanest malefactor. This,
the most pressing wants of the people. The however, was not done; and Nero, by a vo
emperor might have gained credit, on the luntary death, prevented the execution ci
whole, by this disaster, had not the suspicion the sentence. He killed himself, A. D. 65.
: ...; the º still maintained its in the 32d year of his age, after a reign of 13
round in the minds of the people. The me. years and eight months. Rome was filled
thod he took to divert it, º: *: a horrible with acclamation at the intelligence, and the
persecution of the Christians, which has justly citizens, more strongly to indicate their joy,
branded him with the title of the first perse wore caps, such as were generally used by
ºutor of the church..]. He built himself a ce. slaves who had received their freedom. Their
Tebrated palace, which he called his golden vengeance was not only exercised against the
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statues of the deceased tyrant, but his friends assumed the surname of Nero, which, in the
were the objects of the public resentment, language of the Sabines, signifies strong and
and many were crushed to pieces in such a warlike.
violent manner, that one of the senators, amid NERonia, a name given to Artaxata by
the universal joy, said that he was afraid they Tiridates who had been restored to his king.
should soon have cause to wish for Nero. dom by Nero, whose favours he acknowledg
The tyrant, as he expired, begged that his ed by calling the capital of his dominions af.
head might not be cut off from his body, and ter the name of his benefactor.
exposed to the insolence of an enraged popu NERoxiàNA: THERMAE, baths at Rome
lace, but that the whole might be burned on made by the emperor Nero.
the funeral pile. His request was granted by NERVA Cocceius, a Roman emperor after
one of Galba's freedmen, and his obsequies the death of Domitian, A. D. 96. [He was de
were performed with the usual ceremonies. scended fron a Cretan family which had be
Though his death seemed to be the source of come Roman in the reign of Augustus. He
universal gladness, yet many of his favouriteswas praetor when Nero conferred upon him
lamented his fall, and were grieved to see that
triumphal honours, and was consul for the
their pleasures and amusements were stopped first time in the year 71, with Vespasian, and
by the death of the patron of debauchery and afterwards with Domitian, in the year 90.
extravagance. Fven the king of Parthia sent The conspirators who had formed their plans
ambassadors to Rome to condole with the for freeing the empire from the tyranny of
Romans, and to beg that they would honour Domitian, applied to Nerva to succeed him,
and revere the memory of Nero. His sta and he accordingly became emperor, A. D.
tues were also crowned with garlands of 96.] He rendered himself popular by his
flowers, and many believed that he was not mildness, his generosity, and the active part
dead, but that he would soon make his ap he took in the management of affairs. He
pearance and take due vengeance upon his suffered no statues to be raised to his honour,
enemies. It will be sufficient to observe, in and he applied to the use of the government
finishing the character of this tyrannical em all the gold and silver statues which flattery
peror, that the name of JNero is even now had erected to his predecessor. In his civil
used emphatically to express a barbarous and character he was the pattern of good man
unfeeling oppressor. Pliny calls him the ners, of sobriety, and temperance. He forbad
common enemy and the fury of mankind; and the mutilation of male children, and gave no
in this he has been followed by all writers, countenance to the law which permitted the
who exhibit Nero as a pattern of the most marriage of an uncle with his niece. He
execrable barbarity and unpardonable wan made a solemn declaration that no senator
tonness. Plut. in Galb.-Suet. in Witá.— should suffer death during his reign; and this
Plin. 7, c. 8, &c. —Duo. 64.—Aurel. Victor.— he observed with such sanctity that, when
Tacit...Ann.—Claudius, a Roman general two members of the senate had conspired
sent into Spain to succeeed the two Scipios. against his life, he was satisfied to tell them
He suffered himself to be imposed upon by that he was informed of their wicked machi
Asdrubal, and was soon after succeeded by nations. He also couducted them to the pub
young Scipio. He was afterwards made con lic spectacles, and seated himself between
sul, and intercepted Asdrubal, who was pass them, and, when a sword was offered to him,
ing from Spain into Italy with a large rein according to the usual custom, he desired the
forcement for his brother Annibal. An en conspirators to try it upon his body. Such
gagement was fought near the river Metau goodness of heart, such confidence in the self
rus, in which 56,000 of the Carthaginians conviction of the human mind, and such re
were left in the field of battle, and great num fiance upon the consequence of his lenity and
bers taken prisoners, 207 B. C. Asdrubal, indulgence, conciliated the affection of all his
the Carthaginian general, was also killed, and subjects. Yet, as envy and danger are the
his head cut off and thrown into his brother’sconstant companions of greatness, the praeto
camp by the conquerors. Appian, in Han. rian guards at last mutinied, and Nerva near
—Oros. 4.—Liv. 27, &c.—Horat. 4, od. 4, v. ly yielded to their fury. He uncovered his
37.-Flor. 2, c. 6.—Val. Mar. 4, c. 1.- aged neck in the presence of the incensed
Another, who opposed Cicero when he wish soldiery, and bade them wreak their ven
ed to punish with death such as were acces geance upon him, provided they spared the
sary to Catiline's conspiracy. A son of fife of those to whom he was indebted for the
Germanicus, who was ruined by Sejanus, empire, and whom his honour, commanded
and banished from Rome by Tiberius. He him to defend. His seeming submission was
died in the place of his exile. His death was unavailing, and he was at last obliged to sur
voluntary, according to some. Sueton. in render to the fury of his soldiers some of his
Tiber.—Domitian was called.Nero, because friends and supporters. The infirmities of
his cruelties surpassed those of his predeces his age, and his natural timidity, at last oblig
sors, and also Calvus, from the baldness of ed him to provide himself against any future
his head. Juv. 4.—The Neros were ofthe mutiny or tumult, by choosing a worthy suc
Claudian family, which, during the republi cessor. He had many friends and relations,
ean times of Rome, was honoured with 28 but he did not consider the aggrandizement
consulships, five dictatorships, six triumphs, of his family, and he chose for his son and suc;
seven censorships, and two ovations. They cessor, Trajan, a man of whose virtues and
525
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greatness of mind he was fully convinced. His tender age detained him at home, and
This voluntary choice was approved by the was the cause of his preservation. The cº
acclamations of the people, and the wisdom queror spared his life, and placed him on the
and prudence which Inarked the reign of throne of Pylos. He married Eurydice, the
Trajan, showed how discerning was the judg daughter of Clymenes, or, according to others,
ment, and how affectionate were the intentions Anaxibia, the daughter of Atreus. He early
of Nerva for the good of Rome. . He died on distinguished himself in the field of battle,
the 27th of July, A. D. 98, in his 72d year, and was present at the nuptials of Pirithous,
and his successor showed his respect for his when a bloody battle was fought between the
merit and his character by raising him altars Lapithae and Centaurs. As king of Pylos
and temples in Rome, and in the provinces, and Messenia he led his subjects to the Tro
and by ranking him in the number of the jan war, where he distinguished himself
gods. Nerva was the first Roman emperor among the rest of the Grecian chiefs, by ele
who was of foreign extraction, his father be quence, address, wisdom, justice, and an un
ing a native of Crete. Plin. paneg.—Diod. common prudence of mind. Homer dis
69. M. Cocceius, a consul in the reign of plays his character as the most perfect of all
Tiberius. He starved himself because he his heroes; and Agamemnon exclaims, that
would not be concerned in the extravagance if he had ten generals like Nestor, he should
of the emperor.—A celebrated lawyer, |soon see the walls of Troy reduced to ashes.
consul with the emperor Vespasian. He |After the Trojan war, Nestor retired to
was father to the emperor of that name. |Greece, where he enjoyed, in the bosom of
NERvir, a warlike people of Belgic Gaul, his family, the peace and tranquillity which
[whose country lay on both sides of the Scal were due to his wisdom and to his old age.
dis, or Scheldt, near the sources of that river; The manner and the time of his death are
afterwards Hainault, and JNord. Their ori unknown; the ancients are all agreed that
ginal capital was Bagacum, now Bavia; but he lived three generations of men, which
afterwards Camaracum, or Cambray, and length of time some suppose to be 300 years,
Turnacum, or Tournay, became its chief ci though, more probably, only 90, allowing 30
ties towards the end of the fourth century.] years for each generation. From that cir
They continually upbraided the neighbouring cumstance, therefore, it was usual among the
nations for submitting to the power of the Greeks and the Latins, when they wished a
Romans. They attacked J. Caesar, and were long and happy life to their friends, to wish
totally defeated. Lucan. 1, v. 428.-Cats. them to see the years of Nestor. He had
Bell. G.2, c. 15. two daughters, Pisidice and Polycaste; and
NERIUM, or ARTABRUM, a promontory of seven sons, Perseus, Straticus, Aretus, Eche
Spain, now Cape Finisterre. Strab. 3. phron, Pisistratus, Antilochus, and Trasi
NEs.Actum, a town of Istria, at the mouth medes. Nestor was one of the Argonauts, ac
of the Arsia, now Castel .Nuovo. cording to Valerius Flaccus 1, v. 380, &c.—
NEsis, (is, or idis,) now Nisila, an island Dictys. Cret. 1, c. 13, &c.—Homer. Il. 1, &c.
on the coast of Campania, famous for aspara Od. 3 and 11.-Hygin. fab. 10 and 273–
gus. Lucan and Statius speak of its air as Paus. 3, c. 26, 1.4, c. 3 and 31.-Apollod. 1,
unwholesome and dangerous. Plin. 19, c. 8. c. 9, 1, 2, c. 7.-Ovid. Met. 12, v. 169. &c.—
—Lucan. 6, v. 90–Cic. ad.Att. 16, ep. 1 and Horat. 1, od. 15.-A poet of Lycaonia in
2.—Stat. 3. Sylv. 1, v. 148. the age of the emperor Severus. He was
NEssus, a celebrated centaur, son of Ixion father to Pisander, who, under the emperor
and the Cloud. He offered violence to De Alexander, wrote some fabulous stories.
janira, whom Hercules had intrusted to his NEstoniºs, a bishop of Constantinople.
care, with orders to carry her across the ri who flourished A. D. 431. He was con
ver Evenus. (vid. Dejanira.) Hercules saw demned and degraded from his episcopal dig
the distress of his wife from the opposite shore |nity for heretical opinions. [Nestor, accord
of the river, and immediately he let fly one ing to Mosheim, was a man remarkable for
of his poisoned arrows, which struck the cen his learning and eloquence; which were,
taur to the heart. Nessus, as he expired, hºws. accompanied with much levity
gave the tunic he then wore to Dejanira, as: and with intolerable arrogance, and it may
suring her, that, from the poisoned blood be added with violent enmity to all secta
which had flowed from his wounds, it had ries. The peculiarity in his doctrine was
received the power of calling a husband away this: that the Virgin Mary should not be
from unlawful loves. Dejanira received it called Mother of God, but Mother of Christ,
with pleasure, and this mournful present since the Deity can neither be born nor die,
caused the death of Hercules. vid. Her and of consequence the son of man alone
cules.) Apollod. 2, c. 7.—Orid, ep. 9.—Se could derive his birth from an earthly parent.
nec. in Herc. fur—Paus. 3, c. 28.--Dwod. 4. His doctrine was well received by many,
—A river. (vid. Nestus.) but encountered at the same time violent op
Nestocles, a famous statuary of Greece, position from others, who believed that he
rival to Phidias. Plin. 34, c. 8. was reviving the error of Paulus Samosate
NEston, a son of Neleus and Chloris, ne nus, and Photinus, that Jesus Christ was a
phew to Pelias, and grandson to Neptune. mere man. The principal opponent of Nes
{vid. Pylos.] He had eleven brothers, who torius was Cyril. They mutually anathe
were all killed, with his father, by Hercules. matised each other, and when there was no
526
 Ní Ní

prospect of an amicable termination of the ſing the 25th of August. The three points
dispute, a council was called at Ephesus, A. debated were, the Arian controversy, the
1), 431, by Theodosius the younger. Nesto time of keeping Easter, and the affair of Me
rius was condemned unheard, and being de letius in Egypt.]——A town of Liguria, built
prived of his episcopal dignity was banished by the people of Massilia, in commemoration
to Petra in Arabia, and afterwards to one of of a victory. . [It was situate about a league
the Oases in Africa, where he died. From from the mouth of the Varus or War. From
him have come the Nestorian Christians. Strabo we learn that long before his time,
The chief points which distinguish them from this city had a number of vessels and an
other Christians are, a belief that Mary was arsenal, together with many warlike ma
not the mother of our Lord as God, but only chines, of all which the Romans availed
as man; a persuasion that Nestorius was un themselves in reducing Gallia Provincia or
justly condemned by the council of Ephesus; Narbonensis.]
and their firm attachment to the doctrine that NicAcöRAs, a sophist of Athens in the
there were not only two distinct natures, but reign of the emperor Philip. He wrote the
also two distinct persons, in the Son of God.] lives of illustrious men, and was reckoned
NEstus, or NEssus, now JNesto, a small ri one of the greatest and most learned men of
verof Thrace, rising in Mount Rhodope, and his age.
falling into the AEgean Sea above the island Nican DER, a king of Sparta, son of Cha
of Thasos. It was for some time the boun rillus of the family of the Proclidae. He
dary of Macedonia on the east, in the more reigned 39 years, and died B. C. 770. A
extensive power of that kingdom. writer of Chalcedon.—A Greek gramma
NETUM, a town of Sicily, now called Noto, rian, poet, and physician, of Colophon, 137 B.
ºn the eastern coast. Sil. 14, v.269.-Cic. C. [There is a considerable variety of opi
in Verr. 4, c. 26, l. 5, c. 51. nion respecting his birth-place and the era in
NicæA, a city of India, built by Alexan which he flourished. Suidas informs us that he
der on the [banks of the Hydaspes, in honour was a native of Colophon, although he ad
of his victory over Porus.]—A town of mits that other writers consider him as a na
Achaia near Thermopylae, on the bay of Ma tive of Ætolia ; we have, however, the testi
lia-A town of Illyricum.—Another in mony of Nicander himself, that his birth-place
Corsica.-Another in Thrace.—In Boeo was Claros, a little town in Ionia, near Colo
tia. A town of Bithynia, (now Nice or Is phon. He is commonly supposed to have
*ik) built by Antigonus, the son of Philip, flourished about 140 B.C. in the reign of At
king of Macedonia. It was originally called talus I. king of Pergamus, whilst others are of
-?ntigonia, and afterwards Nicara, by Lysi opinion that he was in the zenith of his repu
machus, who gave it the name of his wife, tation in the reign of the last king of that
who was daughter of Antipater. [It was name.] His writings were held in estimation,
situate at the eastern extremity of the lake but his judgment cannot be highly commend
Ascanius. According to Stephanus Byzanti ed, since, without any knowledge of agricul
nus, this city was originally termed Äncora, ture, he ventured to compose a book on that
and inhabited by the Bottiaei. Nicaea was intricatesubject. Two of his poems, entitled
built in the form of a square, and was re Theriaca, on hunting, and Alexipharmaca, on
markable for the great regularity with which antidotes against poison, are still extant.
it was erected; and Strabo states, that from
[Among the works which are lost, were a
a stone in the centre of the Gymnasium, the piece entitled Ophiaca, which related to ser
four gates of the city could be seen. At this pents, and Hyacinthia, which was a collection
city was held the famous council in the year of remedies. He is said also to have written
325 A. D. At this council the Nicine creed, five books of Metamorphoses, which were
as far as the words “Holy Ghost,” was the prototypes of those of Ovid, and were
drawn up and agreed to, the rest of this closely copied by Antonius Liberalis. He
creed was added at the council of Constanti wrote also several historical pieces. A great
nople, A. D. 581, except the words “and the number of editions of the Theriaca, and
son,” which follow the words “who proceed Alexipharmaca, have been published at dif
eth from the father,” and these were insert ferent times and places.] The best are those
ed, A. D. 417. The council of Nice was of Gorracus, with a translation in Latin verse
summoned by Constantine to settle the diffe by Grevinus, a physician at Paris, 4to, Paris,
rences and controversies in the church. The 1657, and Salvinus, 8vo. Florent. 1764.
bishops who met in council were, according The best edition now is that of Schneider,
to Eusebius, more than 250, besides presby Halle. 1792, in 8vo.] Cic. 1, de Orat. c. 16.
ters and deacons, acolythists and others, Nicător, a surname of Seleucus, king of
whose number could not easily be counted. Syria, from his having been unconquered.
Theodoret makes the number of bishops NicEphoruuM, a town of Mesopotamia,
318, and this number is more generally al where Venus had a temple. [It was situate
lowed than the other. How long this coun at the confluence of the Billicha and the Eur
cil sat is not absolutely certain. Some have phrates, south of Charrat. Alexander is said
given it a permanence of two or three to have selected the site, which was a very*
years, but most learned moderns are of vantageous one. Seleucus Callinicus, haviº
opinion that it sat somewhat above two fortified the place, or some spot adjacent,
months, beginning the 19th of June and end gave it the name of Callinicum, which in the
-
 NI NI

fifth century the emperor Leo, caused to be power. In Sicily he behaved with great firin
changed to Leontopolis. . It is in the oriental ness, but he often blamed the quick and in
geography the position of a considerable place considerate measures of his colleagues. The
named Racca, and was distinguished into three success of the Athenians remained long doub
several quarters, in the principal of which the ful. Alcibiades was recalled by his enemies
Caliph Haroun Al-Rashid erected a castle to take his trial, and Nicias was left at the
which became his favourite residence..] Liv. head of affairs. Syracuse was surrounded by
32, c. 33.--Tacit. .1nn. 6, c. 41. a wall, and, though the operations were car
NicEphonius, [a river of Armenia Major, ried on slowly, yet the city would have sur
supposed to be the same with the Centritis. rendered, had not the sudden appearance of
vid. Centritis.] Tacit. Ann. 15, c. 4. Gylippus, the Corinthian ally of the Sicilians,
NicEphorus [Basilica, a teacher of rhe. cheered up the courage of the besieged at the
toric in Constantinople, in the second half of critical moment. Gylippus proposed teruscſ
the eleventh century. He has left some Fa accommodation to the Athenians which were
bles, Narratives, and Ethopees, which are refused; some battles were fought, in which
contained in the collection of Leo Allatius.- the Sicilians obtained the advantage, and Ni
Blemmida, a monk of the 13th century. He cias at last, tired of his ill success, and grown
has left three works; a Geographical Abridge desponding, demanded of the Athenians a re
ment, which is nothing but an analysis, in inforcement or a successor. Delnosthenes,
prose, of the Periegesis of Dionysius ; a upon this, was sent with a powerſul teet, but
work entitled, “The second History of the the advice of Nicias was despised, and the ad
Earth ;” and a third, “ Cn the heavens miral, by his eagerness to come to a decisive
earth, Sun, &c.” The two first were pub engagement, ruined his fleet and the interest
hished by Spohn, at Leipzig, 1818, in 4to.: the of Athens. The fear of his enemies at home
third is unedited. It is mentioned by Bretlow prevented Nicias from leaving Sicily; and
in his Epistolæ Parisienses. Another, a when, at last, a continued series of ill success
unouk of the same century, who wrote on va obliged him to comply, he found himself sur
rious points of controversy between the Greek rounded on every side by the enemy, without
and Latin Churches.—Chumnon, an officer hope of escaping. He gave himself up to the
at the court of Andronicus 2d. He wrote a conquerors with all his army, but the assur
number of works which are still unedited.]— ances of safety which he had received soon
Caesar, a Byzantine historian, whose works proved vain aud ſalse, and he was no sooner
were edited, fol. Paris, 1661. –Gregorias, in the hands of the enemy than he was shame
another, edited, fol. Paris, 1702. A Greek fully put to death with Demosthenes. His
ecclesiastical historian, whose works were troops were sent to quarries, where the plague
edited by Ducaeus, 2 vols. Paris, 1630. and hard labour diminished their numbers
NicER, now the JNecker, a river of Ger and aggravated their misfortunes. Some sup
many, falling into the Rhine at the modern pose that the death of Nicias was uot violeut.
town of Manheim. Auson. Mos. 423. He perished about 413 years before Christ.
NicETAs, one of the Byzantine historians, and the Athenians lamented in him a great
whose works were edited fol. Paris, 1647. [He and valiant but unfortunate general. Plut.
wrote the Byzantine History from the death of in vitā.-C. Mep. in Alcub.-Thucyd. 4, &c.
Comnenus, where Zonaras ceases, to the year —Diod. 15.—A grammarian of Rome, in
1203, being 85 years. His work is divided timate with Cicero. Cic. in epist. A mau
into 21 books. This history is valuable on ac of Nicea, who wrote an history of philoso
count of the truth of the facts. Nicetas has phers.-A physician of Pyrrhus, king of
been surnamed Choniates, because born at Epirus, who made an offer to the Romans of
Chone in Phrygia. He filled at one period of poisoning his master for a sum of money. The
his life a dignified station at the court of Con Roman general disdained his offers, and aº
stantinople.] quainted Pyrrhus with his treachery. He is
Nicete Ria, a festival at Athens, in memo oftener called Cineas. A painter of Athens,
ry of the victory which Minerva obtained in the age of Alexander. He was chiefly
over Neptune, in their dispute about giving a happy in his pictures of women. -Elian. P.
name to the capital of the country. H. 2, c 31.
Nicla, a city. [vid. Nicaea..]—A river N1cippus, a tyrant of Cos, one of whose
falling into the Po at Brixellum. It is now sheep brought forth a lion, which was cousi
called Lenza, and separates the duchy of Mo dered as portending his future greatness, and
dena from Parma. his elevation to the sovereignty. -L'uan. P.
Nicias, an Athenian general, celebrated H. 1, c. 29.
for his valour and for his misfortunes. He Nico, a celebrated architect and geome
early conciliated the good-will of the people trician. He was father to the celebrated Ga
by his liberality, and he established his mili len, the prince of physiciaus. The name
tary character by taking the island of Cythera of an ass which Augustus met before the bat
from the power of Lacedaemon. When tle of Actium, a circumstance which he con
Athens, determined to make war against sidered as a favourable omen. The name
Sicily, Nicias was appointed, with Alcibiades of an elephant remarkable for his fidelity to
and Lamachus, to couduct the expedition, king Pyrrhus.
which he reprobated as impolitic, and as the NicochâREs, a Greek comic poet in the
future cause of calamities to the Athenian age of Aristophanes.
528
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Nicocles, a king of Salamis, celebrated for monarchy. He behaved with great cruelty to
his contest with a king of Phoenicia, to prove his brothers, and built a town which he called
which of the two was most effeminate. A by his own name, Nicomedia. Justin.—Paus.
king of Paphos who reigned under the pro &c. The 2d, was ironically surnamed Phi
tectiou of Ptolemy, king of Egypt. He re lopater, because he drove his father Prusias
volted from his friend to the king of Persia, from the kingdom of Bithynia, and caused
upon which Ptolemy ordered one of his ser him to be assassinated, B.C. 149. He reigned
vants to put him to death, to strike terror into 59 years. Mithridates laid claim to his king
the other dependent princes. The servant, dom, but all their disputes were decided by
unwilling to murder the monarch, advised th. Romans, who deprived Nicomedes of the
him to kill himself. Nicocles obeyed, and all province of Paphlagonia, and his ambitious
his family followed his example,310 years be | rival of Cappadocia. He gained the affections
fore the Christian era. An ancient Greek of his subjects by a courteous behaviour, and
poet, who called physicians a happy race of by a mild and peaceful government. Juslin.
men because light published their good deeds —The 3d, son and successor of the preced
to the world, and the earth hid all their faults |ing, was dethroned by his brother Socrates,
and imperfections.—A king of Cyprus, who º aſterwards by the ambitious Mithridates.
succeeded his father Evagoras on the throne, The Romans re-established him on his throne,
37.4 years before Christ. It was with him |and encouraged him to make reprisals upon
that the philosopher Isocrates correspouded. the king of Pontus. He followed their advice,
A tyrant of Sicyon, deposed by means of and he was at last expelled another time
Aratus the Achaean. Plut. in Arat. from his dominions, till Sylla came into Asia,
Nicochitrs, a king of Salamis in Cy who restored him to his former power and
prus, who made himself known by the va affluence. Strab.-Appian.—The fourth of
luable collection of books which he had, that name was son and successor of Nico
..?them. 1. medes 3d. He passed his life in an easy and
Nicoch EoN, a tyrant of Salamis in the tranquil manner, and enjoyed the peace which
age of Alexander the Great. He ordered the his alliance with the Romans had procured
philosopher Anaxarchus to be pounded to him. He died B. C. 75, without issue, and
pieces in a mortar. left his kingdom, with all his possessions, to
NicodFMus, an Athenian appointed by the Roman people. Strab. 12.—.4ppian. Mi
Conon over the fleet which was going to the thrid.—Justin. 38, c. 2, &c.—Flor. 3, c. 5.
assistance of Artaxerxes. Diod. 14. —A celebrated geometrician in the age of
Nicopórus, a wrestler of Mantinea, who the philosopher Eratosthenes. [He is famous
studied philosophy in his old age. JEluan. V. for being the inventor of the curve called the
H. 2, c. 22.—Suidas. conchoid, which has been made to serve equal
Nicol, Aus, a celebrated Syracusan, who ly for the resolution of the two problems re
endeavoured, in a pathetic speech, to dissuade lating to the duplication of the cube, and the
his countrymen from offering violence to the trisection of an angle. It was much used by
Athenian prisoners who had been taken with the ancients in the construction of solid prob
Nicias their general. His eloquence was un lems. It is not certain at what period Nico
availing. A peripatetic philosopher and medes flourished, but it was probably at no
historian in the Augustan age. [He was born great distance from the time of Eratosthenes.]
at Damascus, and hence was surnamed Da Nicom EdiA, (now Is-nikmid) a town of
mascenus. Augustus held him in great es Bithynia, [on the Sinus Astacenus,) founded
teem. He belonged to the Peripatetic sect, by Nicomedes 1st. It was the capital of the
and was distinguished for learning. Many of country, and it has been compared, for its
his writings are referred to by Suidas and beauty and greatness, to Rome, Antioch, or
others, of which only some fragments have Alexandria. It became celebrated for being,
reached our times. A history of Assyria, for some time, the residence of the emperor
composed by him, is quoted, which is said to Constantine, add most of his imperial suc
have been part of the Universal History, in cessors. Some suppose that it was originally
many books, referred to by Josephus, Suidas, called Astacus, and Olbia, though it was ge
and Athenaeus. Strabo quotes from him cer nerally believed that they were all different
tain matters relating to India. Henry de Va cities. [The modern city is said to be a
lois published at Paris, in 1634, in Greek and place of considerable commerce..] Ammian.
Latin, the collection from diſſerent works of 17.--Paus. 5, c. 12.-Plin. 5, &c.—Strab.
this author made by Constantine Porphyroge 12, &c. -

Nicon, an athelete of Thasos, 14 times vic

nitus, and brought from Cyprus by Peiresc.]
Nicomichus, the father of Aristotle, torious at the Olympic games.-A native
whose son also bore the same name. The of Tarentum. [vid. Nico.]
philosopher composed his ten books of morals Nicophán Es, a famous painter of Greece,
for the use and improvement of his son, and whose pieces are mentioned with commenda
thence they are called Nicomachea. Suidas, tion. Plin. 35, c. 10.
—A Pythagorean philosopher. A Lace Nicéph Ron, a comic poet of Athens some
danonian general, conquered by Timotheus. time after the age of Aristophanes. -

Nicom Ed Es 1st, a king of Bithynia, about Nicopolis, a town of Armenia Minor,

built by Pompey the Great in memory of a
278 years before the Christian era. It was by
his exertions that this part of Asia became a victory which he had ...here obtained over
- 539
 NI NI
t====---
the forces of Mithridates. [It is now Divriki.jJoliba,
|
and by the Moors the Nile el. Hºse,
Another name for the ancient city was Te or .Nile of the negroes, rises in the mis
phrice.J Strab. 12. Another, in Thrace, tains of Kong, and flowing in a north-eass
built on the banks of the Nestus by Trajan, ly direction, passes through lake Dibbie.“
in memory of a victory which he obtained yound which the river has never been tims.
there over the barbarians.—A town of ed by a European. The various and ecº
Epirus, built by Augustus after the battle of tradictory rumours relative to its course at:
Actium. . [It was situate on the northern termination have excited an extraodinarſ
coast of the Sinus Ambracius, on the site of degree of interest in Europe, and many ex
Augustus's camp, and is now Preresa-Vec peditions have been recently fitted out for the
chia.] Another, near Jerusalem, founded sole purpose of determining this questics.
by the emperor Vespasian. Another, in After the discoveries of Park, who traced the
Moesia. Another, in Dacia, built by river through the early parts of its course,
Trajan, to perpetuate the memory of a cele the opinion which became generally esta
brated battle. Another, near the bay of blished, was that of Major Rennell, coinciding
Issus, built by Alexander. in some measure with the previous one ºf
Nicostitätus, a man of Argos of great D'Anville, by which the Niger, after issuing
strength. He was fond of imiteting Hercules from lake Dibbie, was supposed to flow east
by clothing himself in a lion's skin. Diod. 16. wards through the country of Houssa, and
Nig ER, a friend of M. Antony, sent to him finally to lose itself in the lakes and marshes
by Octavia. A surname of Clitus, whom of Wangara. A very different hypothesis has
Alexander killed in a fit of drunkenness. been started by travellers into Northern Afri
C. Pescennius Justus, a celebrated governor in ca. Jackson and Hornemann both state the usi
Syria, well known by his valour in the Roman versal conviction there to be, that the Niger
armies while yet a private man. At the flows eastward and joins the Nile, being in
death of Pertinax he was declared emperor of fact the Nile itself. The Moors express their
|
Rome, and his claims to that elevated situation astonishment when they hear Europeans
were supported by a sound understanding, doubting the identity of the two streams.
prudence of mind, moderation, courage, and “As it seems proved,” observes Malte-Brun,
virtue. He proposed to imitate the actions “ that travellers have passed by water from
of the venerable Antoninus, of Trajan, of Ti Tombuctoo to Cairo, the Niger must fall into
tus, and M. Aurelius. He was remarkable the Nile, and be really the Nile itself; or there
for his fondness for ancient discipline, and ne must be intermediate rivers, forming between
ver suffered his soldiers to drink wine, but the Nile and Niger a communication resem
obliged them to quench their thirst with water bling that which was found by Humboldt be
and vinegar. He forbad the use of silver or tween the Orinoco and the Amazons.” A re
gold utensils in his camp, all the bakers and cent hypothesis, the fame of which has nearly
cooks were driven away, and the soldiers or absorbed every other, is that by which the
dered to live, during the expedition they un Niger is supposed, after a long course to the
dertook, merely upon biscuits. In his punish south, to discharge itself into the Atlantic
ments, Niger was inexorable; he condemned through the Congo or Zaire, which empties in
ten of his soldiers to be beheaded in the pre lat. 6° S. This opinion is founded on the vast
sence of the army, because they had stolen quantity of water which that river pours in
and eaten a fowl. The sentence was heard to the ocean, and on the fact that a great rise
with groans; the army interfered: and, when takes place at a period when no rains have
Niger consented to diminish the punishment fallen on the south side of the line. These
for fear of rekindling rebellion, he yet ordered arguments had so much weight with the
the criminals to make each a restoration of British government, that they determined, in
ten fowls to the person whose property they 1816, to fit out an expedition on a great scale,
had stolen; they were, besides, ordered not to settle this grand question in modern geo
to light a fire the rest of the campaign, but to graphy. It was divided into two parts, one
live upon cold aliments, and to drink nothing of which, of a military character, was com
but water. Such great qualifications in a manded by major Peddie, and was destined to
general seemed to promise the restoration of penetrate across the country to the Niger, and
ancient dicipline in the Roman armies, but to descend its stream ; the other, of a naval
the death of Niger frustrated every hope of description, under captain Tuckey, was to as
reform. Severus, who had also been invested cend the Congo in boats. The hopes which
with the imperial purple, marched against were raised of the success of this expedition
him; some battles were fought, and Niger was have been sadly disappointed. The party of
at last defeated, A. D. 194. His head was captain Tuckey, overcome by fatigue and the
cut off, and fixed to a long spear, and carried heat of the climate, were seized with a pesti
in triumph through the streets of Rome. He lential disorder, which proved fatal to most of
reigned about one year. Herodian. 3.-E.- them. All the leaders of that of major Ped
trop. -
die fell also a sacrifice to the climate before
N19 ER, or Nights, (itis,) a river of Afri they had even approached the Niger. It
ca, which rises in Aºthiopia, and falls by three seems unnecessary in a work like the pre
mouths into the Atlantic, little known to the sent to detail the more recent discoveries of
ancients, and not yet shtisfactorily explored Laing, Clapperton, and Denham. The stu
by the moderns, [; 5
Niger, called also the dent will find them all carefully noted on the
 NH N'I

map of the world published by Finley, Phi lake. 7. The Pelusiac mouth seems to be re
ladelphia, 1827.] Plin. 5, c. 1 and 8.-Mela, presented by what is now the most easterly
1, c. 4, 1.3, c. 10.-Ptol. 4, c. 6. mouth of lake Menzaleh, where the ruins of
P. NIGIDIus F1 Gülus, a celebrated phi of Pelusium are still visible. The periodi
losopher and astrologer at Rome, one of the cal rains, which begin to fall in Abyssinia
most learned men of his age. He was inti about the end of June, occasion the over
mate with Cicero, and gave his most unbiassed flowing of this celebrated river, and it can
opinions concerning the conspirators who had tinues to rise until the autumnal equinox,
leagued to destroy Rome with Catiline. He when it attains its greatest height. It then
was made praetor, and honoured with a seatin continues stationary for a few days, and aſ
the senate. In the civil wars he followed the ter this diminishes at a less rapid rate than
interest of Pompey, for which he was banish it rose. At the winter solstice it is very low,
ed by the conqueror. He died in the place of but some water still remains in the large ca
his banishment, 47 years before Christ. Cic. nals. At this period the lands are put under
ad Fam. 4, ep. 13.-Lucan. 1, v. 639. culture. The soil is covered with a fresh
NIGRITAE, a people of Africa, who dwell layer of slime of greater or less thickness.
on the banks of the Niger, [in what is now Its waters, during the inundation, are of a
Negroland.] Mela, 1, c. 4.—Plin. 5, c. 1. dirty red colour, and, even in April and May,
Nileus, a son of Codrus, who conducted when they are least turbid, they are never
a colony of ionians to Asia, where he built quite clear, but have always a cloudy hue.
Ephesus, Miletus, Priene, Colophon, Myus, The term inundation, strictly speaking, is
Teos, Lebedos, Clazomenae, &c. Paus. 7, correct only when applied to the Della, as
c. 2, &c.—A philosopher who had in his pos the river is confined in Upper Egypt between
session all the writings of Aristotle. Athen. 1. high banks, so as to prevent an overflow.
Nilus, [a famous river of Egypt, rising, as The adjacent country is watered entirely by
is generally supposed, in a chain of mountains canals cut in various directions, and opened
called Gebel-el-Kumr, or “the mountains of at certain periods for the purposes of irriga
the moon,” under the name of Bahr-el-Abiad, tion. At the head of the Delta the water
or “the white river,” and which, after run rises 25 feet, in some years probably more,
ning for some distance in an easterly direction and gradually decreases to Rosetta and Da
along the foot of the mountains, turns to the mietta, at which its height does not exceed
north, and in N. lat. 16° receives two princi four feet, some think less. The mud or slume
pal tributaries, the Astapus or Abawi, mista left by this river is regarded as a sufficiently
ken by Bruce for the Nile itself, and the As enriching substance ſor the land without any
taboras or Tacazze. [vid. Niger, towards the other kind of manure, The Etesian winds
end of the article.] After this it pursues a cir prevail with great violence, and for a consi
cuitous course through Nubia, and on the derable length of time annually, at the period
frontiers of Egypt forms two cataracts, the of the Nile's inundation. A vessel leaving
lowest of which is near Syene. Below Syene, Rosetta is driven by this monsoon with ex
it continues its course in a northerly direc traordinary velocity, against the whole force
tion for 500 miles till, a little below Cairo, the of the torrent to Cairo, or any part of Up
river divides into two branches; the one of per Egypt. For the purpose of her return,
which flowing to Rosetta, and the other to with even greater rapidity, it is only neces
Damietta, contain between them the pre sary to take down mast and sails, and leave
sent Delta. But this triangular piece of in her to be carried against the wind by the
sulated land was, in former times, larger, powerful current of the river. It is thus pos
being bounded on the east by the Pelusiac sible to perform the whole voyage from Ro
branch, which is now choked up with sands setta to Bulac, the quay of Cairo, and back
or couverted into marshy pools. On the west again, with certainty, in about 70 hours, a
it was bounded by the Canopic branch, distance equal to 400 miles. There are said
which is now partly confounded with the ca to be eight cataracts in the course of the Nile,
nal of Alexandria, and partly lost in lake from its source to the last fall, which is not
Etko. The ancients were acquainted with, |far above Syene or Essouan, where the ri
and mention, seven mouths of the Nile, with |ver is about half a mile broad. This last ca
respect to the changes in which, the following raract is not in height above four feet, and
are the most established results. 1. The Pococke maintains that it does not exceed
Canopic mouth, already mentioned. 2. The three feet. Crocodiles, of which the largest
Bolbitine mouth at Rosetta. 3. The Sebeni are about twenty-five feet long, are seen a lit
tic mouth, probably the opening into the pre tle below Diospolis Parva, and are supposed
sent lake Burlos. 4. The Phatnitic or Bucolic not to go further down the river than Gurgeh,
at Damietta. 5. The Mendesian, which is but abound between that place and Syene.
lost in the lake.Menzaleh, the mouth of which The common Egyptian mode of clariſyin
is represented by that of Dibah. 6. The the water of the Nile, is by means of ...;
Tanitic, or Saitic, which seems to leave some almonds. It holds a number of substances in
traces of its termniation to the cast of lake a state of imperfect solution, which are in this
Menzaleh, under the modern name of Omm way precipitated. Its water is then one of
Fared;e. The branch of the Nile which con the purest known, remarkable for its being
veyed its waters to the sea corresponds to the leasily digested by the stomach, for its saluta
canal of Moez, which now loses itself in theiry qualities, and for all the purpos;s to which
531
-
 NI NI

it is applied. It bears the same rank among —Died. 2.-Herodot. 1, c. 185, &c.—Pau:
waters that Champagne does among wines, 8, c. 33.-Lucian.
and the Egyptians say that if Mahomet had NINYAs, a son of Ninus and Semiramis.
tasted it, he would have supplicated heaven king of Assyria, who succeeded his mother
for a terrestrial immortality, to be enabled who had voluntarily abdicated the crown
to enjoy it to eternity. The Nile is said by Some suppose that Semiramis was put tº
Herodotus to have flowed, previous to the death by her own son, because she had en
time of Menes, on the side of Lybia. This couraged him to commit incest. The reign
prince, by constructing a mound at the dis of Ninyas is remarkable for its luxury and
tance of 100 stadia from Memphis towards extravagance. The prince left the care of
the south, diverted its course. The ancient the government to his favourites and minis
course is not unknown at present, and may ters, and gave himself up to pleasure, ric:
be traced across the desert, passing west of and debauchery, and never appeared in pub
the lakes of Nutroun. With regard to the lic. His successors imitated the example of
name of this celebrated river, Pococke makes 4. his voluptuousness, and therefore their name
it to be a contraction of JNahal, that is, “The or history are little known till the age of Sar
River,” by way of eminence. Abdollatif de danapalus. Justin. 1, c. 2.-Diod. 1. &c.
rives it from Nal, to give, or to be liberal.] N16BE, a daughter of Tantalus, king of
Cic. Leg. 2, c. 1, ad Q. fr. 3, ep. 9, ad Att. 11, Lydia, by Euryanassa or Dione. She married
ep. 12.-Strah. 17.-Ovid. Met. 5, v. 187, l. Amphion the son of Jasus, by whom she
15, v. 753.-Mela, 1, c. 9, 1.3, c. 9.-Seneca had ten sons and ten daughters according to
quast. Nat. 4.—Lucan. 1, 2, &c.-Claudian. Hesiod, or two sons and three daughters ac
ep. de Nilo.—Pirg, G.4, v.288...ºn.6, v. 800, cording to Herodotus. Homer and Proper
1.9, v. 31.-Diod. 1, &c.—Herodot. 2.--Lw tius say, that she had six daughters and as
cret. 6, v. 712. — Ammian. 22.—Paus.10, c. 32. many sons; and Ovid, Apollodorus, &c. ac
—Plin. 5, c. 10. –One of the Greek fathers cording to the more received opiniou, support
who flourished A. D. 440. His works were that she had seven sons and seven daughters.
edited at Rome, fol. 2 vols. 1668 and 1678. The sons were Sipylus, Minytus, Tantalus,
NINUs, a son of Belus, who built a city to Agenor, Phaedimus, Damasichthon, and Isme
which he gave his own name, and founded the nus; and those of the daughters, Cleodoxa.
Assyrian monarchy of which he was the first Ethodaba or Thera, Astyoche, Phthia, Pelopia
sovereign, B.C. 2059. He was very warlike, or Chloris, Asticratea, and Ogygia. The num
and extended his conquests from Egypt to the ber of her children increased her pride, and
extremities of India and Bactriana. He be she had the imprudence not only to preſer
came enamoured of Semiramis the wife of one herself to Latona, who had only two children.
of his officers, and he married her after her but she even insulted her, and ridiculed the
husband had destroyed himself through fear of worship which was paid to her, observing,
his powerful rival. Ninus reigned 62 years, that she had a better claim to altars and sacri
and at his death he left his kingdom to the fices than the mother of Apollo and Dians
care of his wife Semiramis, by whom he had This insolence provoked Latona. She en
a son. The history of Ninus is very obscure treated her children to punish the arrogant
and even fabulous, according to the opinion of Niobe. Her prayers were heard, and imme
some. Ctesias is the principal historian from diately all the sons of Niobe expired by the
whom it is derived, but little reliance is to be darts of Apollo, and all the daughters, except
placed upon him, when Aristotle deems him Chloris, who had married Neleus, king of Py
unworthy to be believed. Ninus after death los, were equally destroyed by Diana; and Ni
received divine honours, and became the Ju obe, struck at the suddenness of her misfor
piter of the Assyrians and the Hercules of the tunes, was changed into a stone. The carcas
Chaldeans. Ctesias.-Diod. 2.-Justin. 1, c. ses of Niobe's children, according to Homer,
1.—Herodot. 2. A celebrated city, the were left unburied in the plains for nice
capital of Assyria, built on the banks of successive days, because Jupiter changed in
the Tigris by Ninus, and called Nineveh in to stones all such as attempted to inter them.
Scripture. [The village of Nunia, on the On the tenth day they were honoured with a
banks of the Tigris, opposite to JMosul, is as funeral by the gods. Homer. It. 24.—-Eliza.
certained to be the site of the ancient Nine P. H. 12, c. 36.—Apollod. 3. c. 5.—Ovid.
veh. Here are found a rampart and fosse, 4 Met. fab. 5–Hygin. fab. 9.-Horat. 4, od.6.
miles in circumſerence; but Mr. Kinnear be —Propert. 2, el. 6. A daughter of Phore
lieves these to have belonged to a city found neus, king of Peloponnesus, by Laodice. She
ed subsequently to the time of Adrian, so that was beloved by Jupiter, by whom she had a
Nineveh has left no trace now in existence.] son called Argus, who gave his name to Ar
It was, according to the relation of Diodorus gia or Argolis, a country of Peloponnesus
Siculus, fifteen miles long, nine broad, and Paus. 2, c. 22–.Apollod. 2, c. 1, 1.3, c. 8.
forty-eight in circumference. It was sur NipHATEs, [now Ararat, a mountain of
rounded by large walls 400 feet high, on the Asia which divides Armenia from Assyria,
top of which three chariots could pass toge and from which the Tigris takes its rise.
ther abreast, and was defended by 1500 tow Pirg. G. 3, v. 30.—Strab. 11.—Mefe. I. c.
ers, each 200 ſeet high. Ninus was taken by 15.-A river of Armenia falling into the
the united armies of Cyaxares and Nabo Tigris. Horat. 2, od. 9, v. 20.--Luzºn. 3. v.
lassar king of Babylon, B, C, 606. Strab. 1. 1245.
532
 NI NI

Nikeus, a king of Naxos, son of Charops from her father's head as he was asleep; the
and Aglaia, celebrated for his beauty. He town was immediately taken, but Minos dis
was one of the Grecian chiefs during the iregarded the services of Scylla, and she threw
Trojan war. Homer. Il. 2.-Horat. 2, od. 20. herself into the sea. The gods changed her
N is A, a town of Greece. Homer. Il. 2. into a lark, and Nisus assumed the nature of
A celebrated plain of Media near the Cas the hawk at the very moment that he gave
pian Sea, famous for its horses. Herodot. 3, himself death not to fall into the enemy's
c. 106. hands. These two birds have continually
Nisaea, a naval station on the coasts of Me been at variance with each other, and Scylla,
garis. Strab. 8. by her apprehensions at the sight of her fa
NIs EIA. tid. Nisus. ther, seems to suffer the punishment which
Nisibis, [a large and populous city of Me her perfidy deserved. Apollod. 3, c. 15.—
sopotamia, about two days’ journey from the Paus. 1, c. 19.—Strab. 9.-Ovid. Met. 8, v.
Tigris, in the midst of a pleasant and fertile 6, &c.—Virg. G. 1, v. 404, &c.
plain at the foot of Mons Masius, and on the Nisy Ros, an island in the AEgean Sea, at
river Mygdonia. In the year of Rome 684 the west of Rhodes, with a town of the same
it was subject to Tigranes, king of Armenia, name. It was originally joined to the island
from whom it was taken by Lucullus. It was of Cos, according to Pliny, and it bore the
afterwards again taken by Trajan, and after name of Porphyris. Neptune, who was sup
a revolt, re-taken by his troops. Since the posed to have separated them with a blow of
time of Lucullus, it had been deservedly es his trident, and to have them overwhelmed
teemed the bulwark of the east. It sustain the giant Polybotes, was worshipped there,
ed three memorable sieges against Sapor and called Nisyreus. [It is now Nisiro, and
king of Persia, and the disappointed monarchpresents the appearance of a high rocky isl
was thrice repulsed with loss and ignominy. and. From it are procured a large number
But in the year 363 of the Christian era, af.
of good mill-stones. The distance between
ter the death of Julian, and under the irre it and Cos is 80 stadia.] Apollod. 1, c. 6.—
solute Jovian, it was ceded to Sapor by trea Mela, 2, c. 7.-Strab. 10.
ty. It is now called Nisibi. and is reduced Nitétis, a daughter of Apries, king of
to 150 houses.] Joseph. 20, c. 2.—Strab. 11. Egypt, married by his successor Amasis to
—Ammian. 25, &c.—Plin. 6, c. 13. Cambyses. [Herodotus states, that Camby
NIsus, a son of Hyrtacus, born on Mount ses was instigated to ask in marriage the
Ida near Troy. He came to Italy with AEneas, daughter of Amasis, by a certain physician,
and signalized himself by his valour against whom Amasis had compelled to go to Persia,
the Rutulians. He was united in the closest when Cyrus, the father of Cambyses, was suf
friendship with Euryalus a young Trojan, and fering from weak eyes and requested Amasis
with him he entered, in the dead of night, the to send him a skilful physician. The physi
enemy's camp. As they were returning vic cian did this, either that Amasis might expe
torious, after much bloodshed, they were per rience affliction at the loss of his daughter, or
ceived by the Rutulians, who attacked Eury provoke Cambyses by a refusal. Amasis,
alus. , Nisus, in endeavouring to rescue his however, did not send his own daughter, but
friend from the enemy's darts, perished him Nitetis, who discovered the deception to Cam
self with him, and their heads were cut off byses, which so exasperated that monarch,
and fixed on a spear, and carried in triumph that he determined to make war on Amasis.
to the camp. Their death was greatly la Prideaux denies the truth of this account, on
mented by all the Trojans, and their great the ground that Apries having been dead
friendship, like that of a Pylades and an Ores above 40 years, no daughter of his could have
tes, or of a Theseus and Pirithous, is become been young enough to be acceptable to Cam
proverbial. Pirg. JEn. 9, v. 176, &c.—A byses. Larcher, however, endeavours to re
king of Dulichium, remarkable for his pro concile the apparent improbability, by saying
pity and virtue. Homer. od. 18.- A king of that there is great reason to suppose that
Megara, son of Mars, or more probably of Aprics lived a prisoner, many years after
Pandion. He inherited his father's kingdom Amasis had dethroned him, and that, there
with his brothers, and received as his portion fore, Nitetis might have been no more than
the country of Megaris. The peace of the 20 or 22 years of age when she was sent to
brothers was interrupted by the hostilities of Cambyses.) Polyan. 8.
Minos, who wished to avenge the death of Nitrobrig Es, a people of Gaul, supposed
his son Androgeus, who had been murdered to be Agenois in Guienne. Cats. B. G. 7, c. 7.
by the Athenians. Megara was besieged, and Nitocris, [a celebrated queen of Babylon,
Attica laid waste. The ſate of Nisus depend who, to defend that city the more, and ren
ed totally upon a yellow lock, which, as long lder the approach to it by the Euphrates as
as it continued upon his head, according to difficult and tedious as possible, sunk a num
the words of an oracle, promised him life and ber of canals, which rendered the river so
success to his affairs. His daughter Scylla complicated by numerous windings, that, ac
(often called.Nºiseia Virgo) saw from the walls cording to Herodotus, it arrived three times
of Megara the royal besieger, and she became at Ardéricca, an Assyrian village. She also
desperately enamoured of him. To obtain a raised to a very great height the banks of the
more immediate interview with this object of river, to restrain its inundations, and dug an
ner passions, she stole away the fatal hair immense lake, some distance above Babylon.
* .3
 NO NO

which might also serve as a defence.] She mentioned by Horace as a mixture of luxury
ordered herself to be buried over one of the and dissipation. Horat. 1, Sat.1, v. 102 and
gates of the city, and placed an inscription on alibi.
her tomb, which signified that her successors NoMENTUM, a town of the Sabines in Ita
would find great treasures within, if ever they ly, famous for wine, and now called Lamrº
were in need of money, but that their labours tana. The dictator Q. Servilius Priscus
would be but ill repaid if ever they ventured gave the Veientes and Fidenates battle there,
to open it without necessity. Cyrus opened A. U. C. 312, and totally defeated them.
it through curiosity, and was struck to find Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 905.-Liv. 1, c. 38, 1.4, c.
within these words: If thy avarice had not 22.—Virg. JEn. 6, v. 773.
been insatiable thou never wouldst have rio NoMius, a surname given to Apollo, be
1ated the monuments of the dead. Herodot. cause he fed (vºwa, pasco) the flocks of king
1, c. 185-A queen of Egypt, who built a Admetus in Thessaly. Cic. de Nat. D. 3. c.33.
third pyramid. NoNAcRIs, a town of Arcadia, which re
NITRIA, [a city of Egypt, to the west of the ceived its name from a wife of Lycaon.
Canopic branch of the Nile, in the desert There was a mountain of the same name in
near the lakes which afforded mitre. Ptole the neighbourhood. Evander is sometimes
my calls the country Scithiaca.] called Nonacrius heros, as being an Arcadian
Niva RIA, an island at the west of Africa, by birth, and Atalanta Monacria, as being a
supposed to be Teneriffe, one of the Canaries. native of the place. Curt. 10, c. 10.-Orid.
[The name Nivaria is derived from the snows Fast. 5, v. 97. Met. 8, fab. 10.—Paus. 8, c.
which cover the summit of Teneriffe.] Plin. 17, &c.
6, c. 32. NoNNIUS MARCELLUs, a grammarian,
Noctilica, a surname of Diana. She had whose treatise de varia significatione terbº
a temple at Rome, on Mount Palatine, where rum was edited by Mercer, 8vo. Paris, 16:4.
torches were generally lighted in the night. NoNNUs, [a Greek poet, and a native of
Parro de L. L. 4.—Horat. 4, od. 6, v. 38. Panopolis in Egypt, who flourished in the 5th
Noi,A, an ancient town of Campania, which century. He is the author of two works on
became a Roman colony before the first Punic very different subjects, but generally admitted
war. It was founded by a Tuscan, or, accord to be from the same pen. The first, entitled.
ing to others, by an Euboean colony. It issaid Dionysiaca, a poem of 48 books, containing a
that Virgil had introduced the name of Nola history of Bacchus, and comprehending a vast
in his Georgics, but that, when he was refus miscellany of heathen mythology and erudi
ed a glass of water by the inhabitants as he tion. The second is a metrical paraphrase of
passed through the city, he totally blotted it the Gospel of St. John. This is valuable as
out of his poem, and substituted the word ora, affording some important various readings.
in the 225th line of the 2d book of his Geor The best edition of the Dionysiaca is that
gics. Nola was besieged by Annibal, and printed at Antwerp, 1569, in 4to. His para
bravely defended by Marcellus. Augustus phrase was edited by Heinsius, L. Bat. 1637.
died there on his return from Neapolis to in 8vo.]
Rome. Bells were first invented there in the NoNUs, a Greek physician, whose book de
beginning of the 5th century, from which omnium morborum curatione was edited in
reason they have been called Nola or Cam 12mo. Argent. 1568.
pana, in Latin. The inventor was St. Pau NorBA Caesarea, a town of Spain on the
linus, the bishop of the place, who died A. D. Tagus, [now Alcantara.j
431, though many imagine that bells were C. Norbinus, a young and ambitious Ro
known long before, and only introduced into man who opposed Sylla, and joined his interest
churches by that prelate. Before this time to that of young Marius. In his consulship he
congregations were called to the church by marched against Sylla, by whom he was de
the noise of wooden rattles (sacra ligna.) feated, &c. Plut.—A friend and general of
Paterc. 1, c. 7.-Suet. in .4 ug.—Sil. 3, v. 517, Augustus employed in Macedonia against the
l. 12, v. 161–4. Gellius, 7, c. 20.--Liv. 23, republicans. He was defeated by Brutus, &c.
c. 14 and 39, l. 24, c. 13. Norticum, a country of ancient Illyricum.
NoMADEs, a name given [by the Greeks) [It extended along the southern shore of the
to all those uncivilized people who had no Danube, ſrom the mouth of the AEnus or Irºn
fixed habitation, and who continually chang to Mons Cetius, and comprehended the mo
ed the place of their residence to go in quest dern duchies of Carinthia and Stºria.] Its
of fresh pasture for the numerous cattle savage inhabitants, who were once governed
which they tended. [The name is derived by kings, made many incursions upon the Ro
from vºwn, pasture.] There were Nomades mans, and were at last conquered under 1 lbe
in Scythia, India, Arabia, and Africa. Those rius, and the country became a dependent
of Africa were afterwards called Numidians, province. In the reign of Dioclesian, Noricum
by a small change of the letters which com was divided into two parts, Ripense, [adjacent
posed their name. Ital. 1, v. 215.-Plin. 5, to the Danube, and Mediterraneum, [in the
c. 3.-Herodot. 1, c. 15, 1.4, c. 187.-Strab. bosom of the Alps.] The iron that was
7.—Mela, 2, c. 1, 1.3, c. 4.—Wirg. G. 3, v. drawn from Noricum was esteemed excellent.
343. –Paus. 8, c. 43. and thence Noricus ensis was used to express
NoMENTAxus, an epithet applied to L. the goodness of a sword. Dionys. Periºr.—
Cassius as a native of Nomentum. He is Straú. 4.—Plin. 34, c. 14.—Tacit. Hist, 3. c.
534
 NU NU

5.—Horat. 1, od. 16, v. 9.—Ovid. Met. 14, v. of Neapolis, taken by Annibal. It became a
712. |Roman colony under Augustus, and was call
Nortia, a name given to the goddess of ed Nuceria Constantia, or Alfaterna. It now
Fortune among the Etrurians. Lir. 7, c. 3. bears the name of Nocera, and contains about
Nothus, a son of Deucalion.—A sur 30,000 inhabitants. Lucan. 2, v. 472.-Liv.
name of Darius king of Persia, from his ille 9, c. 41, l. 27, c. 3.-Ital. 8, v. 531.-Tacut.
gitimacy. Ann. 13 and 14.——A town of Umbria at the
NotiUM, a town of Æolia near the Cay foot of the Appenines, [now Nocera.] Strab.
ster. It was peopled by the inhabitants of –Plin.
Colophon, who left their ancient habitations NuithoNEs, a people of Germany possess
because Notium was more conveniently situ ing the country now called Mecklenburg
ºted in being on the sea-shore. Liv. 37, c. 26, and Pomerania. Tacit. G. 40.
33, 39. NUMA MARc1Us, a man made governor
Novae (taberna,) the new shops built in the of Rome by Tullus Hostilius. He was son
forum at Rome, and adorned with the shields in-law of Numa Pompilius, and father to An
of the Cimbri. Cic. Orat. 2, c. 66. The cus Martius. Tacit. .4.6, c. 11.-Liv. 1, c.
Peteres taberna were adorned with those of 20.
the Samnites. Liv. 9, c. 40. NUMA Pompilius, a celebrated philoso
Nova RIA, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, now pher, born at Cures, a village of the Sabines,
.Novara in Milan. Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 70. on the day that Romulus laid the foundation
Novésium, a town of the Ubii, on the west of Rome. He married Tatia the daughter
of the Rhine, now called Nuys, near Co of Tatius the king of the Sabines, and at her
logne. Tacit. Hist. 4, c. 26, &c. death he retired into the country to devote
Novioni'NUM, a town of the AEdui in himself more freely to literary pursuits. At
Gaul, taken by J. Caesar. It is pleasantly the death of Romulus, the Romans fixed
situated on the Ligeris, and now called Nay upon him to be their new king, and two sena
on, or, as others suppose, Nevoes. Cars. Bell. tors were sent to acquaint him with the deci
G. 2, c. 12. sions of the senate and of the people. Nu
NovioniKGus, or NEoMAGUs, a town of ma refused their offers, and it was not but at
Gaul, now Nizeur, in Normandy. An the repeated solicitations and prayers of his
other, called also Nemetes, now Spire.—An friends that he was prevailed upon to accept
other in Batavia, now Mimeguen, on the the royalty. The beginning of his reign was
south side of the Waal. popular, and he dismissed the 300 body
Novi UM, a town of Spain, now Noya. guards which his predecessor had kept around
Novumi CoMUM, a town of Insubria on his person, observing that he did not distrust
the lake Laius, of which the inhabitants a people who had compelled him to reign
were called JNovocomenses. [It is the same over them. He was not, like Romulus, fond
as Comum. vid. Comum.] Qic. ad Div. 13, of war and military expeditions, but he ap
c. 35. plied himself to tame the ferocity of his sub
Nox, one of the most ancient deities among jects, to inculcate in their minds a reverence
the heathens, daughter of Chaos. From her for the deity, and to quell their dissentions
union with her brother Erebus, she gave birth by dividing all the citizens into different
to the Day and the Light. She was also classes. He established different orders of
the mother of the Parcae, Hesperides, priests, and taught the Romans not to worship
Dreams, of Discord, Death, Momus, Fraud, the deity by images; and from his example
&c. She is called by some of the poets the no graven or painted statues appeared in the
mother of all things, of gods as well as of temples or sanctuaries of Rome for upwards
men, and therefore she was worshipped with of 160 years. He encouraged the report
great solemnity by the ancients. She had a which was spread of his paying regular visits
famous statue in Diana’s temple at Ephesus, to the nymph Egeria, and made use of her
It was usual to offer her a black sheep, as name to give sanction to the laws and insti
she was the Inother of the furies. The cock tutions which he had introduced. He esta
was also offered to her, as that bird proclaims blished the college of the vestals, and told the
the approach of day during the darkness of Romans that the safety of the empire depend
the night. She is represented as mounted on ed upon the preservation of the sacred ancyle
a chariot, and covered with a veil bespangled or shield, which, as was generally believed,
with stars. The constellations generally had dropped down from heaven. He dedicat
went before her as her constant messengers. ed a temple to Janus, which, during his whole
Sometimes she is seen holding two children reign remained shut, as a mark of peace and
under her arms, one of which is black, repre tranquillity at Rome. Numa died after a reign
senting death or rather night, and the other of 43 years, in which he had given every
white, representing sleep or day. Some of the possible encouragement to the useful
moderns have described her as a woman veil and in which he had cultivated peace, B. C.
.
ed in mourning and crowned with poppies, 672. Not only the Romans, but also the
and carried on a chariot drawn by owls and neighbouring nations, were eager to pay their
bats. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 950.-Ovid. Fast. 1, last offices to a monarch whom they revered
v. 455.-Paus. 10, c. 33.—Hesiod. Theog. 125 for his abilities, moderation, and humanity.
and 212. He forbad his body to be burnt according to
NucERIA, a town of Campania, [south-east the custom of the Romans, but he ordered it
535
 NU NU

to be buried near Mount Janiculum, with name of Numantinus. Flor. 2, c. 18---in

many of the books which he had written. pian. Iber.—Paterc. 2, c. 3.-Cic. l. ºff
These books were accidentally found by one Strab. 3.--Mela, 2, c. 6.-Plut. Horat. 2, od.
of the Romans about 400 years after his 12, v. i.
death ; and as they contained nothing new or NuMEN1A, or NeoMEN1A, a festival cº
interesting, but merely the reasons why he served by the Greeks at the beginning of
had made innovations in the form of worship every lunar month, in honour of all the gok.
and in the religion of the Romans, they were but especially of Apollo, or the Sun, who e
burnt by order of the senate. He left behind justly deemed the author of light and of what
one daughter, called Pompilia, who married ever distinction is made in the months, sea
Numa Marcius and became the mother of sons, days, and nights. It was observed with
Ancus Martius the fourth king of Rome. games and public entertainments, which were
Some say that he had also four sons, but this provided at the expense of rich citizens, and
opinion is ill founded. Plut. in vitā.-War which were always frequented by the poor.
ro.— Liv. 1, c. 18.-Plin. 13 and 14, &c.— Solemn prayers were offered at Athens dur
Flor. 1, c. 2.-Virg. JEn. 6, v. 809, 1.9, v. ing the solemnity for the prosperity of the re
562.-Cic. de JNat. D. 3, c. 2 and 17.-Val. public. The demi-gods as well as the heroes
.Mar. 1, c. 2.-Dionys. Hal. 2, c. 59.-Ovid. of the ancients were honoured and invoked in
Fast. 3, &c. the festivals.
NUMANA, a town of Picenum in Italy, of NUMEN1Us, [a Greek philosopher of the
which the people were called Numanates. Platonic school, who is supposed to have
.Mela, 2, c. 4. flourished under the reign of Marcus Aure
NuMANti A, a town of Spain near the lius Antoninus. He was born at Apamea in
sources of the river Durius, celebrated for the Syria, and was regarded as an oracle of wis.
war of 14 years, which, though unprotected dom. Both Origen and Plotinus meuticu him
by walls or towers, it bravely maintained with respect. Of the works which he wrote
against the Romans. [Numantia was not in none are now extant excepting some frag
deed defended by very regular fortificatious, ments preserved by Eusebius. He is said to
and yet at the same time was very strong have maintained that Plato borrowed from
both by nature and art. It was built upon a Moses what he advanced concerning God and
mountain, between two of the branches of the creation of the world.]
the Durius, and surrounded by very thick NuMENTANA via, a road at Rome [which
woods, on three sides. One path alone led passed over Mons Sacer to Nomentum and
down into the plain, and this was deſended by Cures among the Sabines.] Lut. 3, c 53.
ditches and palisades. The great length of NUMERIA, a goddess at Rome, who pre
time it withstood the Romans may be easily sided over numbers. .1ug. de Cir. D.4, c. 11.
accounted for by its difficult situation and the NuMERIANus, M. Aurelius, a sen of the
circumstance of its circuit being so large that emperor Carus. He accompanied his father
within it there were even pastures for cattle.] into the east with the title of Caesar, and at
The inhabitants obtained some advantages his death he succeeded him with his brother
over the Roman forces till Scipio Africanus Carinus, A. D. 282. His reign was short
was empowered to finish the war, and to see the Eight months after his father's death be was
destruction of Numantia. He began the siege murdered in his litter by his father-in-law,
with an army of 60,000 men, and was bravely Arrius Aper, who accompanied him in au
opposed by the besieged, who were no more expeditiou. [Numerian was fitted rather fºr
than 4000 men able to bear arms. Both ar private than public life. His talents were
mies behaved with uncommon valour, and the rather of the contemplative than the active
courage of the Numantines was soon changed kind. When his father's elevation reluctant
into despair and fury. Their provisions be ly forced him from the shade of retirement.
gan to fail, and they ſed upon the flesh of their neither his temper nor his pursuits had qua
horses, and afterwards of that of their dead lified him for the command of armies. His
companions, and at last were necessitated to constitution was destroyed by the hardships
draw lots to kill and devour one another. The of the Persian war, and he had contracted
from the heat of the climate such a weakness
melancholy situation of their affairs obliged
some to surrender to the Roman general. of the eyes, as obliged him in the course of a
Scipio demanded them to deliver themselves long retreat to confine himself to the darkness
up on the morrow ; they refused, and when a of a tent or litter. The administration of all
longer time had been granted to their petitions, affairs, civil as well as military, devolved on
they retired and set fire to their houses, and Arrius Aper, the praetorian prefect, his fa
all destroyed themselves, B. C. 133, so that ther-in-law. The army was eight months
not even one remained to adorn the triumph on its march from the banks of the Tigris to
of the conqueror. Soine historians, however, the Thracian Bosporus, and during all that
deny that, and support that a number of Nu time the imperial authority was exercised in
mantines delivered themselves into Scipio's the name of the emperor, who never appear
hands, and that 50 of them were drawn in ed to his soldiers. Suspicions at length spread
triumph at Rome, and the rest sold as slaves. among them that their emperor was no longer
The fall of Numantia was more glorious than living, and they could not be prevented from
that of Carthage or Corinth, though inferior breaking into the imperial tent, where they
to them. The conqueror
536 obtained the sur found only his corpse. Aper was accused of
 NU TNY

the murder, and put to death by Diocletian, ed perpetual celibacy. These great precau
commander of the bodyguards, who was pro tions were rendered abortive. Ilia became
claimed emperor.] Numerianus has been pregnant, and though the two children whom
admired for his learning as well as his mode she brought forth were exposed in the river
ration. He was naturally an eloquent speak by order of the tyrant, their life was preserv
er, and in poetry he was inferior to no writer ed, and Numitor was restored to his throne
of his age.—A friend of the emperor Se by his grandsons, and the tyrannical usurper
verus. was put to death. Dionys. Hal.—Liv. 1, c.
NUM1c1A v1A, one of the great Roman 3.—Plut. in Romul—Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 55,
roads which led from the capital to the town &c.—Virg...En. 6, v. 768. - -

of Brundusium. NUMITöRius, a Roman who defended Vir.

NúMicus, a small river of Latium, near ginia, to whom Appius wished to offer vio
Lavinium, where the dead body of Æneas lence. He was made military tribune.
was found, and where Anna, Dido's sister, NuNcor Eus, a son of Sesostris, king of
drowned herself. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 150, &c. Egypt, who made an obelisk, some ages after
—Sil. 1, v. 359.—Ovid. Met. 14, v. 358, &c. brought to Rome and placed in the Vatican.
Fast. 3, v. 643.—A friend of Horace, to Plin. 36, c. 11. He is called Pheron by
whom he addressed 1 ep. 6. Herodotus.
NüMidA, a surname given by Horace, 1 od. NuNDINA, a goddess whom the Romans
36, to one of the generals of Augustus, from invoked when they named their children.
his conquests in Numidia. Some suppose This happened the ninth day after their birth.
that it is Pomponius, others Plotius. whence the name of the goddess, JNona dies.
NUMIDIA, an inland country of Africa, JMacrob. Sat.1, c. 16.
which now forms the kingdom of Algiers. It NuNDINAE. vid. Feriae.
was bounded on the north by the Mediterra NURscia, a goddess who patronized the
nean Sea, south by Gaetulia, west by Mauri Etrurians. Juv. 10, v. 74.
tania, and east by a part of Libya which was NuRs1A, now Norza, a town of Picenum,
whose inhabitants are called JNursini. Its si
called Africa Propria. The inhabitants were
called JNomades, and afterwards JNumidae. tuation was exposed, and the air considered
It was the kingdom of Masinissa, who was as unwholesome. Sil. It. 8, v. 416.-Virg.
the occasion of the third Punic war, on ac JEn. 7, v. 716–Martial. 13, ep. 20.-Lii.
count of the offence he had received from the 28, c. 45.
Carthaginians. Jugurtha reigned there, as Nycters, a daughter of Nycteus who was
also Juba the father and son. It was conquer mother of Labdacus.-A patronymic of
ed, and became a Roman province, of which Antiope the daughter of Nycteus, mother of
Sallust was the first governor. The Numi Amphion and Zethus by Jupiter, who had as
dians were excellent warriors, and in their sumed the shape of a satyr to enjoy her com
expeditions they always endeavoured to en pany. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 110.
gage with the enemy in the night time. Nyctella, festivals in honour of Bacchus,
They rode without saddles or bridles, whence (vid. Nyctelius,) observed on Mount Cithae
they have been called infraºni. They had ron. Plut. in Symp.
their wives in common as the rest of the bar NYcTELius, a surname of Bacchus, be
barian nations of antiquity. [Numidia was cause his orgies were celebrated in the night.
occupied by two principal nations, the Massyli (ºvá, now, texta, perficio.) The words later
towards Africa Propria, in the eastern part, and Myctelius thence signify wine. Seneca in
the Massaesyli towards Mauritania in the west (Edip.–Paus. 1, c. 40.-Orid. Met. 4, v. 15.
ern. In the time of the emperor Claudius NYcTEUs, a son of Neptune by Celene,
the western part was added to Mauritania un daughter of Atlas, king of Lesbos, or of The
der the title of Mauritania Caesariensis, now bes according to the more received opinion.
-Morocco. The aborigines of Numidia were He married a nymph of Crete called Polyxo,
the descendants of Put or Phut; these, how or Amalthaea, by whom he had two daugh
ever, were not the only ancient inhabitants, ters, Nyctimene and Antiope. The first of
because the Phoenicians, in almost the earliest these disgraced herself by her criminal amours
ages, sent colonies thither. Notwithstanding with her father, into whose bed she introduc
the barbarity of the Numidians, some of them ed herself by means of her nurse. When
used letters not very unlike those of the Punic the father knew the incast he had committed,
alphabet, as appears from the legends of se he attempted to stab his daughter, who was
veral ancient Numidian coins.] Sallust. in immediately changed by Minerva into an owl.
Jug.—Flor. 2, c. 15.-Strab. 2 and 17.—Mela, Nycteus made war against Epopeus, who had
1, c. 4, &c.—Ovid. Met. 15, v. 754. carried away Antiope, and died of a wound
Núñriton, a son of Procas, king of Alba, which he had received in an engagement,
who inherited his father's kingdom with his leaving his kingdom to his brother Lycus,
orother Amulius, and began to reign conjoint whom he entreated to continue the war, and
y with him. Amulius was too avaricious to punish Antiope for her immodest conduct.
year a colleague on the throne; he expelled (vid. Antiope.) Paus. 2, c. 6.-Hygin. ſab.
his brother, and, that he might more easily i57 and 20.4—Ovid. Met. 2, v. 490, &c. l. 6,
ecure himself, he put to death his son Lau v. 110, &c.
us, and consecrated his daughter Ilia to the Nºise, a daughter of Nycteus, vid.
cºvice of the goddess yºts, which demand Nycteus,
ye 527
3
 NY NY

NYMPHAE, certain female deities among the from the Mithridatic war. This monster hall
ancients. [They are said to have derived the same features as the poets ascribe to the
their name from the circumstance of their satyr. He was interrogated by Sylla, and by
always having a youthful appearance, aro row his interpreters, but his articulations were
wu wear patriº 621.] They were generally divid unintelligible, and the Roman spurned from
ed into two classes, nymphs of the land and him a creature which seemed to partake
nymphs of the sea. Of the nymphs of the earth, of the nature of a beast more than that of a
some presided over woods, and were called man. Plut. in Syllá.—Dio. 41.-Plin-5, c. 23,
Dryades, [from Jºvº, arbor, and Hamadry Strab. 7.-Lw. 42, c. 36 and 49. A city ºf
ades, [from dwa, simul, and 3 gue, arbor. These Taurica Chersonesus. [It lay on the route
were supposed to come into existence when from Theodosia to Panticapaeum, and had a
the tree was first planted, and when it pe good port on the Euxine.]—The building at
rished to die also ;] others presided over Rome where the nymphs were worshipped,
mountains, and were called Oreades, [from bore also this name, being adorned with their
ogos, mons,] some presided over hills and dales, statues, and with ſountains and waterfalls,
and were called Napſeſe, [from varn, vallis, which offered an agreeable and refreshing
&c. Of the sea nymphs, some were called coolness.
Oceanides, JNereides, JNaiades, Potamides, [NYMph EUs, a river of Armenia Major,
Limnades, &c. These presided not only over which, according to Procopius, formed a se
the sea, but also over rivers, fountains, streams, paration between the Roman and Persian
and lakes. The nymphs fixed their residence empires. It ran from north to south, entered
not only in the sea, but also on mountains, the town of Martyropolis, and discharged it
rocks, in woods or caverns, and their grottos self into the Tigris south-east of Amida.)
were beautified by evergreens and delightful NYMPHIDius, a favourite of Nero, who
and romantic scenes. The nymphs were im: said that he was descended ſrom Caligula. He
mortal according to the opinion of some my was raised to the consular dignity, and soon
thologists; others supposed that, like men, after disputed the empire with Gaiba. He was
they were subject to mortality, though their slain by the soldiers, &c. Tacit. Ann. 15.
life was of long duration. They lived forse NYMphis, a native of Heraclea who wrote
veral thousand years, according to Hesiod, or an history of Alexander's life and actions, di
as Plutarch seems obscurely to intimate, they vided into 24 books. AElian. 7, de Anim.
lived above 9720 years. The number of the NYMPHolept Es, or Nymphomanes, pos
nymphs is not precisely known. There were sessed by the nymphs. This name was given
above 3000, according to Hesiod, whose pow to the inhabitants of Mount Cithaeron, who
er was extended over the different places of believed that they were inspired by the
the earth, and the various functions and oc nymphs. [vid. Hobhouse's Journey, vol. 1,
cupations of mankind. They were worship p. 333.] Plut. in Arist.
ped by the ancients, though not with so much NYsA or Nyssa, a town of Æthiopia, at
solemnity as the superior deities. They had the south of Egypt, or, according to others,
no temples raised to their honour, and the on of Arabia. This city, with another of the
ly offerings they received were milk, honey, same name in India, was sacred to the god
oil, and sometimes the sacrifice of a goat. |Bacchus, who was educated there by the
They were generally represented as young and nymphs of the place, and who received the
beautiful virgins, veiled up to the middle, and name of Dionysius, which seems to be com
sometimes they held a vase, from which they pounded of Auo: & Nvva, the name of his fa
seemed to pour water. Sometimes they had ther, and that of the place of his education.
grass, leaves, and shells instead of vases. It [vid. remarks under the article Bacchus.]
was deemed unfortunate to see them naked, The god made this place the seat of his em
and such sight was generally attended by a pire and the capital of the conquered nations
delirium, to which Propertius seems to al of the east. Diodorus, in his third and fourth
lude in this verse, wherein he speaks of the books, has given a prolix account of the birth
innocence and simplicity of the primitive ages of the god at Nysa, and of his education and
of the world, heroic actions. [Curtius locates the Indian
JYec fuerat, nudasparna videre Deas. Nyssa between the Choaspes and the Cophe
The nymphs were generally distinguished by nes. It has been supposed to correspond with
an epithet which denoted the place of their the modern Magar, but not very correctly.]
residence; thus the nymphs of Sicily were .Mela, 3, c. 7.-Ovid. Met. 4, v. 13, &c.—Ital,
called Sicelides ; those of Corycus, Corycides.
7, v.198.—Curt. 8, c. 10.-Virg. Jºn. 6, v.
&c. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 320, 1. 5, v. 413, i. 9,805.--According to some geographers there
651, &c. Fast. 3, v. 769.—Paus. 10, c. 3.- were no less than ten places of the name of
Plut. de Orac. def—Orpheus. Arg.—Hesiod. Nysa. One of these was on the coast of Eu
Theog.—Propert. 3, el. 12.-Homer. Od. 14. boea, famous for its vines, which grew in such
NYMºhaeum, a place near the walls of an uncommon manner that if a twig was
Apollonia, sacred to the nymphs, where Apol planted in the ground in the morning, it im
!o had also an oracle. The place wasalso ce mediately produced grapes, which were full
lebrated for the continual flames of fire which ripe in the evening. A city of Thrace.—
seemed to rise at a distance from the plains. Another, seated on Mount Parnassus, and sa
It was there that a sleeping satyr was once cred to Bacchus. Juv. 7, v. 63.
caught and brought to Sylla as he returned Nysaeus, a surname of Bacchus, because
538
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he was worshipped at Nysa. Propert. 3, el. Nysius, a surname of Bacchus as the pro
17, v. 22. tecting god of Nysa. Cic. Flac. 25.
NYslides, a name given to the nymphs Nyssa, a sister of Mithridates the Great.
of Nysa, to whose care Jupiter intrusted the Plut.
education of his son Bacchus. Ovid. JMet. 3,
v. 314, &c.

OC OC
OARSEs, the original name of Artaxerxes those of Apollodorus and Hesiod, which dif
Mnemon.
ference proceeds from the mutilation of the
Ośsis, [a term derived from the Coptic original text. The Oceanides, as the rest of
word Ouahe, signifying “a habitable place,” the inferior deities, were honoured with liba
a “fertile island” in the midst of the sandy tions and sacrifices. Prayers were offered
desert of Africa. Of these Oases, which are to them, and they were entreated to protect
called islands because they appear like such sailors from storms and dangerous tempests.
in the midst of an ocean of sand, there are se The Argonauts, before they proceeded to
veral that lie at the distance of 100 miles or
their expedition, made an offering of flour,
more from the Nile, at the west of it. The honey, and oil, on the sea-shore, to all the dei
Arabian geographers were acquainted with ties of the sea, and sacrificed bulls to them,
these fertile spots, and called them “Elouah,” and entreated their protection. When the
or “Elwah.” Of these Oases, the largest, sacrifice was made on the shore the blood of
which is called Oasis Magna, or El-wah, is the victim was received in a vessel, but when
placed by Ptolemy under the parallel of 28°; it was in open sea, the blood was permitted to
the second opposite what is now Behnese, the run down into the waters. When the sea was
third under the parallel of lake Moeris. This calm the sailors generally offered a lamb or
lastis the one in which Hornemann discovered
young pig, but if it was, agitated by the
the Fons Solis of antiquity. vid. Ammon. It winds, and rough, a black bull was deemed
lies five degrees nearly west of Cairo. Under the most acceptable victim. Homer. Od. 3.
the sovereigns of the lower empire, the Oasis —Horat.—Apollon. Arg.—Virg. G.4, v. 341.
Magna became a place of exile, and among —Hesiod. Theog. 349.-Apollod. 1.
others Nestorias and Athanasius were sent to
OcEänus, a powerful deity of the sea, son
it..] Strab. 17.-Zosim. 6, c. 97.—Herodot. of Coelus and Terra. He married Tethys, by
2, c. 26. whom he had the most principal rivers, such
OAx Es, a river of Crete which received its as the Alpheus, Peneus, Strymon, &c. with
name from Oaxus the son of Apollo. Virg. a number of daughters, who are called from
Ecl. 1, v. 66. him Oceanides. (vid. Oceanides.) Accord
OAxus, a town of Crete, [on the northern ing to Homer, Oceanus was the father of all
side of the island. It was the capital of a the gods, and on that account he received fre
kingdom which had its appropriate sovereign, quent visits from the rest of the deities. He
and was said to have been founded by the is generally represented as an old man with a
Oaxus mentioned in the preceding article.] long flowing beard, and sitting upon the waves
OBRINGA, now Ahr, a river of Germany of the sea. He often holds a pike in his hand,
falling into the Rhine above Rimmagen. while ships under sail appear at a distance, or
OcEIA, a woman who presided over the sa a sea monster stands near him. Oceanus pre
cred rites of Vesta for 57 years with the great sided over every part of the sea, and even the
estsanctity. She died in the reign of Tiberius, rivers were subjected to his power. The an
and the daughter of Domitius succeeded her. cients were superstitious in their wership to
Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 86. Oceanus, and revered with great solemnity a
OcEANIDEs and OcEANItin Es, sea deity to whose care they intrusted themselves
nymphs, daughters of Oceanus, from whom when going on any voyage. [Besides being
they received their name, and of the goddess the name of a deity, the term Oceanus (ſixia
Tethys. They were 3000 according to Apol vos) occurs in Homer in another sense also.
lodorus, who mentions the names of se It is made to signify an immense stream which,
ven of them; Asia, Styx, Electra, Doris, according to the rude ideas of that early age,
Eurynome, Amphitrite, and Metis. Hesiod flowed around the earth and its seas, and
speaks of the eldest of them, and reckons 41, which ebbed and flowed thrice in the course
Pitho, Admete, Prynno, Ianthe, Rhodia, of a single day. Into this the heavenly bo
Hippo, Callirhoe, Urania, Clymene, Idyia, dies were supposed to descend at their setting,
Pasithoe, Clythia, Zeuxo, Galuxaure, Plex and to emerge from it at their rising.] Hesi
aure. Perseis, Pluto, Thoe, Polydora, Melo |od. Theog.—Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 81, &c.—Apol
bosis, Dione, Cerceis, Xantha, Acasta, Ianira, lod. 1.-Cic. de JNat. D.3, c. 20.-Homer. Il.
Telestho, Europa, Menestho, Petrea, Eudo OcEllus, an ancient philosopher of Lu
ra, Calypso, Tyche, Ocyroe, Crisia, Amphi cania. vid. Lucanus.
ro, with those mentioned by Apollodorus, ex Océlum, a town of Gaul. [now Usseau.]
cept Amphitrite. Hyginus mentions sixteen, Caes. Bell. G. 1, c. 10.
whose names are almost all different from Ocha, a mountain of Euboea, and the name
539 -
 OC OC

of Euboea itself—A sister of Ochus buried |ried Drusus the son of Tiberius, by whom sº.
alive by his orders. had Germanicus, and Claudius who reigne.'
Ochus, a surname given to Artaxerxes before Nero. The death of Marcellus cº
the 3d king of Persia. [vid. Artaxerxes.] tinually preyed upon the mind of Octavia,
A king of Persia. He exchanged this name who died of melancholy about ten years be
for that of Darius. vid. Darius Nothus. fore the Christian era. Her brother paid
OcNus, a son of the Tiber and of Manto, great regard to her memory, by pronouncing
who assisted AEneas against Turnus. He built himself her funeral oration. The Roman
a town which he called Mantua after his mo people also showed their respect for her vir
ther's name. Some suppose that he is the tues by their wish to pay her divine honours.
same as Bianor. Virg. Ecl. 9, JEn. 10, v. Suet. in Mug.—Plut. in Anton. &c. A
198. A man remarkable for his industry. daughter of the emperor Claudius by Mes
He had a wife as remarkable for her profu salina. She was betrothed to Silanus, but by
sion; she always consumed and lavished away the intrigues of Agripping, she was married
whatever the labours of her husband had to the emperor Nero in the 16th year of her
earned. He is represented as twisting a age. She was soon after divorced on pretence
cord, which an ass standing by eats up as of barrenness, and the emperor married Pop
soon as he makes it ; whence the proverb of paea, who exercised her enmity upon Octavia
the cord of Ocnus often applied to labour by causing her to be banished into Campania.
which meets no return, and which is totally She was afterwards recalled at the instance
lost. Propert. 4, el. 3, v. 21.-Plin, 35, c. 11. of the people, and Poppaea, who was resolv -
—Paus, 10, c. 29. ed on her ruin, caused her again to be banist
OchiculüM, now Otricoli, a town of Um ed to an island, where she was ordered to kill
bria near Rome. Cic. pro. Mil.—Liv. 19, c. 41. herself by opening her veins. Her head was
Octávia, a Roman lady, sister to the em cut off and carried to Poppaea. Suet. in Claud.
peror Augustus, and celebrated for her beauty 27, in Ner. 7 and 35.--Tacit. Ann. 12.
and virtues. She married Claudius Marcellus, OctaviãNUs, or Octavius CAEsAR, the
and after his death M. Antony. Her marriage nephew of Caesar the dictator. After the
with Antony was a political step to reconcile battle of Actium and the final destruction of
her brother and her husband. Antony prov the Roman republic, the servile senate be
ed for some time attentive to her, but he stowed upon him the title and surname of
soon after deserted her for Cleopatra, and .Augustus as expressive of his greatness and
when she attempted to withdraw him from dignity. vid. Augustus.
this unlawful amour by going to meet him at Octivius, a Roman officer who brought
Athens, she was secretly rebuked and totally Perseus, king of Macedonia, a prisoner to the
banished from his presence. This affront consul. He was sent by his countrymen to
was highly resented by Augustus, and though be guardian to Ptolemy Eupator, the young
Octavia endeavoured to pacify him by pal king of Egypt, where he behaved with the
Jiating her husband's behaviour, he resolved greatest arrogance. He was assassinated by
to revenge her cause by arms. After the Lysias, who was before regent of Egypt. The
battle of Actium and the death of Antony, murderer was sent to Rome.-A man who
Octavia, forgetful of the injuries she had re opposed Metellus in the reduction of Crete
ceived, took into her house all the children by means of Pompey. He was obliged to re
of her husband, and treated them with ma tire from the island.——A man who banished
ternal tenderness. Marcellus her son by her Cinna from Rome and became remarkable
first husband was married to a niece of Au for his probity and fondness of discipline.
gustus, and publicly intended as a successor He was seized and put to death by order of
to his uncle. His sudden death plunged all his successful rivals Marius and Cinna-A
his family into the greatest grief. Virgil, Roman who boasted of being in the number
whom Augustus patronized, undertook upon of Caesar's murderers. His assertions were
himself to pay a melancholy tribute to the false, yet he was punished as if he had been
memory of a young man whom Rome re accessary to the conspiracy.--A lieutenant
garded as its future father and patron. He of Crassus in Parthia. He accompanied his
was desired to repeat his composition in the general to the tent of the Parthian conquer
presence of Augustus and of his sister. Oc or, and was killed by the enemy as he at
tavia burst into tears as soon as the poet tempted to hinder them from carrying away
began; but when he mentioned, Tu Mar Crassus. A poet in the Augustan age in
cellus erus, she swooned away. This tender timate with Horace. He also distinguished
and pathetic encomium upon the merit and himself as an historian. Horat. 1. Sat.10,
the virtue of young Marcellus was liberally v. 82.
rewarded by Octavia, and Virgil received OctobüRus, [a town or village on the
10,000 sesterces for every one of the verses. Drance, near its junction with the Rhone, at
Octavia had two daughters by Antony, An a considerable distance above the influx of
tonia Major and Antonia Minor. The elder the latter into the Lacus Lamranus or Lake
married L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, by whom of Geneva. It is now Martigny.] Crs. B.
she had Co. Domitius the father of the em G. 3, c. 1.
peror Nero by Agrippina the daughter of Octoo Esa, a town of Spain, a little above
Germanicus. Antonia Minor, who was as the mouth of the Iberus, [on the north bank
virtuous and as beautiful as her mother, mar of that river, where it is joined by the Sºct.
*_ 530
 () D
= −-u------

ris or Sagre.] It is now called.Mequinensa. the Christian era. Zenobia succeeded to all
Curs. B. G. 1, c. 61. his titles and honours.
Ocyrºte, one of the Harpies who infect OpEssus, a sea-port town at the west of
ed whatever she touched. The name sign the Euxine Sea in Lower Moesia, below the
fies swift flying. Hesiod. Theog. 265.—Apol mouths of the Danube. Ovid. 1, Trist. 9,
lod. 1, c. 9. v. 37.
Ocy Roe, a daughter of Chiron by Chari Opéum, a musical theatre at Athens. [It
clo, who had the gift of prophecy. She was was built by Pericles, but being demolished
changed into a mare. (vid Melanippe.) in the Mithridatic war, was rebuilt with so
Ovid. Met. 2, v. 638, &c. much splendour by Herodes Atticus, that,
Ode Nîtus, a celebrated prince of Pal according to Pausanias, it surpassed all the
myra, [originally a native, and a leading famous buildings in Greece..] Vitruv. 5, c. 9.
inhabitant of that city; though some make Opinus, a celebrated hero of antiquity,
him a prince of a tribe of Saracens who [vid. the end of this article, who flour
dwelt in the neighbourhood of the Euphra. ished about 70 years before the Christian era,
tes.) He early inured himself to bear fa in the northern parts of ancient Germany,
tigues, and by hunting leopards and wild or the modern kingdom of Denmark. He
beasts, he accustomed himself to the labours was at once a priest, a soldier, a poet, a mo
of a military life. He was faithful to the Ro narch, and a conqueror. He imposed upon the
mans ; and when Aurelian had been taken credulity of his superstitious countrymen, and
prisoner by Sapor king of Persia, Odenatus made them believe that he could raise the dead
warmly interested himself in his cause, and to life, and that he was acquainted with futu
solicited his release by writing a letter to the rity. When he had extended his power, and
conqueror and sending him presents. The increased his fame by conquest and by per
king of Persia was offended at the liberty of suasion, he resolved to die in a different man
Odenatus; he tore the letter, and ordered the ner from other men. He assembled his
presents which were offered to be thrown in friends, and with the sharp point of a lance he
to a river. To punish Odenatus, who had made on his body nine different wounds in the
the impudence, as he observed, to write to form of a circle, and as he expired he declared
so great a monarch as himself, he ordered he was going into Scythia, where he should
him to appear before him [with his hands become one of the immortal gods. He further
tied behind his back, and to solicit his for added, that he would prepare bliss and felicity
giveness,) on pain of being devoted to instant for such of his countrymen as lived a virtuous
destruction, with all his family, if he dared life, who fought with intrepidity, and who
to refuse. Odenatus disdained the summons died like heroes in the field of battle. These
of Sapor, and opposed force to force. [To injunctions had the desired effect; his country
him is ascribed the success of an expedition men superstitiously believed him, and always
in which Sapor's treasures, and several of recommended themselves to his protection
his wives and children were captured; and whenever they engaged in a battle, and they
so closely did he press upon the Persian, that entreated him to receive the souls of such as
he forced him to retreat, and cut off his rear had fallen in war. [The Budha of India, the
in passing the Euphrates. After these ex Goito-Syr of the Scythians (Herod. 4, c. 59.)
ploits, Odenatus assumed the title of king of the Bod-Her of the Van 'als, the Bogh of the
Palmyra, and elevated his wife, the celebrat Slavi, the Odin of the Saxons and Scandina
“d Zenobia, to the rank of queen. Gallie vians, the Wodan of the Germans, the Khoda
nus, the son and colleague of Valerian, en of the Persians, the God of the Britons, de
trusted Odenatus with the chieſ command of note one and the same deity, and are only so
the Roman army in the east. In thisquality many different appellations for the Supreme
ne entered Mesopotamia, defeated Sapor in Being.]
his own country, and laid siege to Ctesiphon. ODoñcER, a king of the Heruli, who de
During the distracted state of the empire un stroyed the western empire of Rome, and
der Gallienus, Odenatus remained faithful called himself king of Italy, A. D. 476.
to him, and kept the eastern section in tran ODRY's E, an ancient people of Thrace, be
quillity. On this account he was created Au tween Abdera and the river Ister. The epi
gustus and partner in the empire by Gallie. thet of Odrysius is often applied to a Thra
nus in the year 264. Zenobia was dignified cian. Ovud. Met. 6, v. 490, l. 13, v. 554.--
at the same time with the title of Augusta. Stat. Ach. 1, v. 184.—Liv. 39, c. 53.
and their children with that of Caesar.] Opyssea, one of Homer's epic poems, in
Odenatus, invested with new power, resolved which he describes in 24 books the adventure
to signalize himself more conspicuously by con of Ulysses on his return from the Trojan war,
quering the northern barbarians: [he ravaged with other material circumstances. The
the territories of Sapor and took Ctesiphon. whole of the action comprehends no more
He marched also against the Goths or Scy than 55 days. It is not so esteemed as the
thians who had invaded Asia, and compelled Iliad of that poet. vid. Homerus. [Dr. Blair
them to make a hasty retreat; but his ex observes, that Longinus's criticism on the
ultation was short, and he perished by the Odyssey is not unfounded: viz. that Homer
dagger of one of his relations whom he had may in this poem be compared to the seºš
slightly offended in a domestic entertainment. sun, whose grandeur still remains withºut the
He died at Emessa, about the 267th year of heat of his meridian beams. It wants the *i-
54t
 (EB OED

gour and sublimity of the Iliad, and yet pos built by a Lacedæmonian colony, whose at
sesses so many beauties as justly to entitle it cestors were governed by CEbalus. Pºrg. G.
to great praise. It is a very amusing poem, 4, v. 125.-Sil. 12, v.451.
and has much greater variety than the Iliad: CEBALUs, a son of Argalus or Cynorias,
its numerous stories are interesting, and its who was king of Laconia. He married Gor
descriptions beautiful. Although it descends gophone, the daughter of Perseus, by what
from the dignity of gods and heroes and war he had Hippocoon, Tyndarus, &c. Pau.3,
like achievements, it nevertheless affords c. 1.-Apollod. 3, c. 10. A son of Teign
more pleasing pictures of ancient manners. and the nymph Sebethis, who reigned in the
The Odyssey, however, has acknowledged neighbourhood of Neapolis in Italy. Pirg.
defects. Many of its scenes fall below the JEn. 7, v. 734.
majesty expected in an epic poem. The last CEBáREs, a groom of Darius son of Hys
twelve books, after Ulysses is landed in Itha taspes. He was the cause of his master's
ca, are in several parts tedious and languid; obtaining the kingdom of Persia by his arti
and, though the discovery which Ulysses fice in making his horse neigh first. (vid. Da
makes of himself to his murse Euryclea, and rius 1st.) Herodot. 3, c.85.-Justin. 1, c. 10.
his interview with Penelope before she knew CECHKLIA, a country of Pelopounesus in
him, are tender and affecting, yet the poet Laconia, with a small town of the same name.
does not seem happy in the discovery of This town was destroyed by Hercules, while
Ulysses to Penelope: she is too cautious Eurytus was king over it, from which cir
and distrustful, and we are disappointed of cumstance it is often called Eurytepolis
the surprise of joy which we expected on A small town of Euboea, where, according to
that high occasion. The authenticity of the some, Eurytas reigned, and not in Pelopon
latter part of the Odyssey has been attacked nesus. Strab. 8,9, and 10.— Virg...BEn. 8, v.
by modern critics: the student is referred to 291.-Ovid. Heroid. 9. Met. 9, v. 136.-So
the remarks under the article Homerus. phoc. in Trach. 74 & Schol.
Knight, in his Prolegomena to Homer, thinks CEcum ENIus, [an ancient Greek commen
he has observed in the Odyssey many words tator on the Scriptures, who is supposed to
and forms of expression which betray an ori have flourished in the 10th century. He was
gin more recent than the Iliad. He ranks in bishop of Tricca, and the author of commen
this number, the use of xenwara instead of taries upon the Acts of the Apostles, time four
at nuara, that of ataxn, and also of Batava teen epistles of St. Paul, and the seven Catho
In the same class is to be placed the expres lic epistles, which contain a concise and per
sion 8vºxivot awass, this plant (the Byblus) spicuous illustration of these parts of the New
being unknown to the author of the Iliad. Testament. Besides his own remarks and
He regards also as more modern forms vavu notes, they consist of a compilation of the
go; in place of waywavos (contracted from va notes and observations of Chrysostom, Cyril
www.spot), Gºa rut instead of Berrsvuot, a) goth; of Alexandria, Gregory Nazianzen, and oth
in place of zygota'tn;, &c.) ers. He is thought to have written a com
Odysséum, a promontory of Sicily at the mentary on the four Gospels, conpiled from
west of Pachymus. the writings of the ancient fathers, which is
QEA, a city of Africa, now Tripoli. [vid. not now extant. The works of CEcumenius
Tripolis.] Plin. 5, c. 4.—Sil. Ital. 3, v. 257. were first published in Greek at Verona, in
Also a place in AEgina. Herodot. 5, c. 83. 1532, and in Greek and Latin at Paris, in
CEAGRUs or (EAGER, the father of Orpheus 1631, in 2 vols. fol. To the second volume
by Calliope. He was king of Thrace, and of the Paris edition is added the commentary
from him Mount Haemus, and also the Hebrus, of Arethas on the book of Revelations.]
one of the rivers of the country, has received GEdipus, a son of Laius king of Thebes
the appellation of CEagrius, though Servius, and Jocasta. As being descended from Venus
in his commentaries, disputes the explanation by his father's side, QEdipus was born to be
of Iºiodorus, by asserting that the CEagrius is exposed to all the dangers and the calamities
a river of Thrace, whose waters supply the which Juno could inflict upon the posterity of
streams of the Hebrus. Ovid. in Ib. 414.— the goddess of beauty. Laius, the father of
-3pollon. 1, arg—Virg. G.4, v. 524.—Ital. 5, (Edipus, was informed by the oracle, as soon
v. 463.--Dwod.—Apollod. 1, c. 3. as he married Jocasta, that he must perish by
CEAx, a son of Nauplius and Clymene. the hands of his son. Such dreadful intelli
He was brother to Palamedes, whom he ac gence awakened his fears, and to prevent the
companied to the Trojan war, and whose fulfilling of the oracle, he resolved never to
death he highly resented on his return to approach Jocasta; but his solemn resolutions
Greece, by raising disturbances in the family were violated in a fit of intoxication. The
of some of the Grecian princes. Dictys. queen became pregnant, and Laius, still intent
Cret—Apollod. 2–Hygin. fab. 117. to stop this evil, ordered his wife to destroy
CEBALLA, the ancient name of Laconia, the child as soon as it came into the world.
which it received from king CEbalus, and The mother had not the courage to obey, yet
thence CEbalides puer is applied to Hyacin she gave the child as soon as born to one ofher
thus as a native of the country, and CEbulius domestics, with orders to expose him on the
sanguis is used to denominate his blood. mountains. The servant was moved with pity,
Paus. 3, c. 1.-Apollod. 3, c. 10.-The but to obey the command of Jocasta, he bored
same name is given to Tarentum, because the ſeet of the child and suspended him with
-*** -
 OED CEN
->

a twig by the heels toa tree on Mount Cithae every difficulty by the most exact inquiries.
ron, where he was soon ſound by one of the His researches were successful, and he was
shepherds of Polybus king of Corinth. The soon proved to be the murderer of his father.
shepherd carried him home ; and Periboea, The melancholy discovery was rendered the
the wife of Polybus, who had no children, more alarming, when CEdipus considered that
educated him as her own child with maternal he had not only murdered his father, but that
tenderness. The accomplishments of the he had committed incest with his mother. In
infant, who was named QEdipus, on account of the excess of his grief he put out his eyes, as
the swelling of his feet (otºia, tumeo, rods;, unworthy to see the light, and banished him
pedes,) soon became the admiration of the age. self from Thebes, or, as some say, was ban
His companions envied his strength and his ished by his two sons. He retired towards
address; and one of them, to mortify his rising Attica, led by his daughter Antigone, and
ambition, told him he was an illegitimatechiid. came near Colonos, where there was a grove
This raised his doubts ; he asked Periboea, sacred to the Furies. He remembered that he
who, out of tenderness, told him that his sus was doomed by the oracle to die in such a
picions were ill founded. Not satisfied with place, and to become the source of prosperity
this, he went to consult the oracle of Delphi, to the country in which his bones were buried.
and was there told not to return home, for if A messenger upon this was sent to Theseus,
he did, he must necessarily be the murderer king of the country, to inform him of the re
of his father, and the husband of his mother. solution of OEdipus. When Theseus arrived,
This answer of the oracle terrified him ; he CEdipus acquainted him, with a prophetic
knew no home but the house of Polybus, voice, that the gods had called him to die in
therefore he resolved not to return to Corinth the place where he stood; and to show the
where such calamities apparently attended truth of this he walked, himself, without the
him. He travelled towards Phocis, and in his assistance of a guide, to the spot where he
journey met in a narrow road Laius on a must expire. Immediately the earth opened
chariot with his arm-bearer. Laius haughtily and QEdipus disappeared. Some suppose that
ordered QEdipus to make way for him. CEdi QEdipus had not children by Jocasta, and that
pus refused, and a contest ensued, in which the mother murdered herself as soon as she
Laius and his arm-bearer were both killed. knew the incest which had been committed.
As GEdipus was ignorant of the quality and His tomb was near the Areopagus in the age
of the rank of the men whom he hadjust killed, of Pausanias. Some of the ancient poets re
he continued his journey, and was attracted present him in hell, as suffering the punish
to Thebes by the fame of the Sphynx. This ment which crimes like his seemed to deserve.
terrible monster, whom Juno had sent to lay According to some, the four children which
waste the country, (vid. Sphynx,) resorted he had were by Euriganea, the daughter of
in the neighbourhood of Thebes, and devoured Periphas, whom he married after the death
all those who attempted to explain, without of Jocasta. Apollod. 3, c. 5.-Hygin. fab. 66,
success, the enigmas which he proposed. The &c.—Eurip. in Phoeniss. &c.—Sophocl. CE
calamity was now become an object of public dip. Tyr. & Col. Antig. &c.—Hesiod. Theog.
concern, and as the successful explanation of an 1.—Homer. 0d. 11, c. 270.-Paus. 9, c. 5, &c.
enigina would end in the death of the Sphynx, Stat. Theb. 8, v. 642.-Senec. in CEdip. Pin
Creon, who at the death of Laius had ascended dar. Olymp. 2.-Diod. 4.—Athen. 6 and 10.
the throne of Thebes, promised his crown and CENE, a small town of Argolis. The people
Jocasta to him who succeeded in the attempt. are called OEneada.
The enigma proposed was this: What animal OEN Eus, a king of Calydon in AEtolia, son
in the morning walks upon four feet, at noon of Parthaon or Portheus, and Euryte. He
upon two, and in the evening upon three? This married Althaea the daughter of Thestius, by
was left for GEdipus to explain; he came to whom he had Clymenus, Meleager, Gorge,
the monster and said, that man, in the morn and Dejanira. After Althaea's death, he mar
ing of life, walks upon his hands and his feet; ried Periboea the daughter of Hipponous, by
when he has attained the years of manhood, whom he had Tydeus. In a general sacrifice
he walks upon his two legs; and in the even which OEneus made to all the gods upon reap
ing, he supports his old age with the assistance ing the rich produce of his fields, he forgot
of a staff. The monster, mortified at the true Diana, and the goddess, to revenge this unpar
explanation, dashed her head against a rock donable neglect, incited his neighbours to take
and perished. (Edipus ascended the throne up arms against him. and besides she sent a
of Thebes, and married Jocasta, by whom he wild boar to lay waste the country of Calydo
had two sons, Polynices and Eteocles, and two nia. The animal was at last killed by Melea
daughters, Ismene and Antigone. Some years ger and the neighbouring princes of Greece,
after the Theban territories were visited with in a eelebrated chase known by the name of
a plague ; and the oracle declared that it the chase of the Calydonian boar. Some time
should cease only when the murderer of king after Meleager died, and GEneus was driven
Laius was banished from Boeotia. As the death from his kingdom by the sons of his brother
of Laius had never been examined, and the Agrius. Diomedes, however,his grandson soon
circuumstances that attended it never known, restored him to his throne: but the continual
this answer of the oracle was of the greatest misfortunes to which he was exposed render
concern to the Thebans; but OEdipus, the ed him melancholy. He exiled himself from
friend of his people, resolved to overcome Calydon, and left his crown to his son-in-law
543
 OEN -- OEN

Andremon. He died as he was going to Ar told to Paris, whom she married before he
golis. His body was buried by the care of was discovered to be the sen of Priam, that
Diomedes, in a town of Argolis, which from his voyage to Greece would be attended
him received the name of OEnoe. It is report with the most serious consequences, and the
ed that OEneus received a visit from Bacchus, total ruin of his country, and that he should
and that he suffered the god to enjoy the fa have recourse to her medicinal knowledge it
vours of Althaea, and to become the father of the hour of death. All these predictions wers
Dejanira, for which Bacchus permitted that fulfilled ; and Paris, when he had received
the wine of which he was the patron should the fatal wound, ordered his body to be car.
be called among the Greeks by the name of ried to OEnone in hopes of being cured by
OEneus (oivº".) Hygin. fab. 129.--Apollod. 1, her assistance. He expired as he came intº
c. 8.-Homer.Il. 9, v. 539-Diod. 4.—Paus. her presence ; and CEnone was so struck st
2, c. 25.—Ovid. Met. 8, v. 510. the sight of his dead body, that she bathed it
OENIADAE, a town of Acarnania, [near the with her tears, and stabbed herself to the
mouth of the Achelous.] Liv. 26, c. 24, 1.38, heart. She was mother of Corythus by Paris,
c. 11. and this son perished by the hand of his fa.
CENIDEs, a patronymic of Meleager, son of ther when he attempted, at the instigation cſ
OEneus. Ovid. JMet. 8, ſab. 10. CEnone, to persuade him to withdraw his aſ
(ENøe, a nymph who married Sicinus the ſection from Helen. Dictys. Cret.—Ovid. de
son of Thoas king of Lemnos. From her the Rem. Amor. v. 457.-Heroid. 5.-Lucan. 9.
island of Sicinus has been called OEnoe. CENöPIA, one of the ancient names of the
Two villages of Attica were also called (Enoe. island AEgina. Ovid. Met. 7, v. 473.
Herodot 5, c. 74—Plin. 4, c. 7. A city of CENopion, a son of Ariadne by Thesets,
Argolis, where OEneus fled when driven from or, according to others, by Bacchus. He mar
Calydon. Paus. 2, c. 25.-A town of Elis ried Helice, by whom he had a daughter call
in the Peloponnesus. Strab.-Apollod. 1, c. 8. ed Hero, or Merope, of whom the giant Ori
—-Paus. 1, &c. on became enamoured. The father, unwil
CENöMäus, a son of Mars by Sterope the ling to give his daughter to such a lover, and
daughter of Atlas. He was king of Pisa in afraid of provoking him by an open refusal,
Elis, and father of Hippodamia by Euarete, evaded his applications, and at last put out
daughter of Acrisius, or Eurythoa, the daugh his eyes when he was intoxicated. Some sup
ter of Danaus. He was informed by the ora pose that this violence was offered to Orion
cle that he should perish by the hands of his after he had dishonoured Merope. GEnopion
son-in-law; therefore ashe could skilfully drive received the island of Chios from Rhadaman
a chariot, he determined to marry his daugh thus, who had conquered most of the island:
ter only to him who could outrun him, on of the AEgean Sea, and his tomb was still
condition that all who entered the list should seen there in the age of Pausanias. Some sup
agree to lay down their life if conquered. pose, and with more probability, that he
Many had already perished when Pelops, son reigned not at Chios, but at AEgina, which
of Tantalus, proposed himself. He previously from him was called OEnopia. Plut. In Thes.
bribed Myrtilus the charioteer of QEnomaus, —Apollod. 1, c. 4.—pollon. Rhod. 3.
by promising him the enjoyment of the favours (ENöTR1, the inhabitants of OEnotri.
of Hippodamia if he proved victorious. Myr CENôtria, a part of Italy which was after
tilus gave his master an old chariot, whose wards called Lucania, [more properly a
axle-tree broke on the course, which was portion of the south-eastern coast.] It receiv
from Pisa to the Corinthian isthmus, and ed this name from OEnotrus the son of Lyca
OEnomaus was killed. Pelops married Hip on, who settled there with a colony of Arca
podamia, and became king of Pisa. As he dians. |.
is incorrect; its name is to be
expired, CEnomaus entreated Pelops to re derived from owoc, “wine,” the early Greeks
venge the perfidy of Myrtilus, which was ex having called it Oenotria, or “the wine-laud.”
ecuted. Those that had been defeated when from the numerous vines which they found
Pelops entered the lists were Marmax, Al. growing there.] The QEnotrians afterwards
cathous, Euryalus, Eurymachus, Capetus, spread themselves into Umbria and as far as
Lasius, Acrias, Chalcodon, Lycurgus, Tri Latium, and the country of the Sabines, ac
colonus, Prias, Aristomachus, AEolius, Eury. cording to some writers. The name of GEno
thrus, and Chronius. Apollod. 2, c. 4.— tria is sometimes applied to Italy. That
Diod. 4.—Paus. 5, c. 17, l. 6, c. 11, &c.— part of Italy where CEnotrus settled was be
.dpollon. Rhod. 1.-Propert. 1, el. 2, v. 20. fore inhabited by the Ausones. Dionys. Hai.
—Ovid. in lb. 367. Art. Am. 2, v. 8.-He 1, c. 11.-Paus. 1, c. 3.-Virg. -En. 1, *.
roid. 8, v. 70. 536, l. 7, v. 85.-1tal. 8, v. 220.
CENoN, a part of Locris on the bay of Co CENotRIDEs, two small islands on the coast
rinth. of Lucania, where some of the Romans were
CENöNA, an ancient name of the island banished by the emperors. They were call
AC&ina. It is also called GEnopia. Herodot. ed Pontia, Pandataria, and AEnaria. [Pon
8, c. 46.-A town of Troas, the birth-place tia is now Ponza ; Pandataria, Vento-tiene;
of the nymph QEnone. Strab. 13. and AEnaria, Ischia.]
CENöNE, a nymph of Mount Ida, daughter CENôtrus, a son of Lycaon and Arcadis.
of the river Cebrenus in Phrygia. As she He passed into Magna Graecia with a colony.
had received the gift of prophecy, she fore and gave the name of CEnotria to that part
544
 OG OL

the country where he settled. [But see extended over Attica. It is supposed that he
marks under the article OEnotria. | Dio was of Egyptian or Phoenician extraction :
s. Hal. 1, c. 11.—Paws. 1. c. 3. but his origin, as well as the age in which he
(ENúsàe, small islands near Chios. Plin. 5, lived, and the duration of his reign, are so
31–Thucyd. 8. Others on the cºast of obscure and unknown, that the epithet of Ogy
e Peloponnesus, near Messenia. Mela, 2, gian is often applied to every thing of dark
17.-Plin. 4, c. 12. antiquity. In the reign of Ogyges there was
CEóNUs, a son of Licymnius, killed at Spar a deluge which so inundated the territories of
, where he accompanied Hercules; and as Attica, that they remained waste for near 200
e hero had promised Licymnius to bring years. This, though it is very uncertain, is
ck his son, he burnt his body, and present supposed to have happened about 1764 years
the ashes to his afflicted father. From this before the Christian era, previous to the de
rcumstance arose a custom of burning the luge of Deucalion. According to some writ
:ad among the Greeks. [Eustathius as ers, it was owing to the overflowing of one of
gns two reasons why the custom of burning the rivers of the country. The reign of Ogy
ºrpses came to be of such general use in ges was also marked by an uncommon ap
reece ; the first is because bodies were pearance in the heavens, and, as it is reported,
lought to be unclean after the soul's depar the planet Venus changed her colour, diame
ire, and therefore were purified by fire; the ter, figure, and her course. [The Parian
*cond reason is, that the soul being separated marbles say nothing of the deluge of Ogyges,
‘om the gross and inactive matter, might be and that famous chronicle begins only with
tliberty to take its flight to the heavenly man the arrival of Cecrops in Greece. According
ons.] Schol. Homer. II. A small river of to Augustine, the deluge happpened under
aconia. Liv. 34, c. 28. Phoroneus the second king of Argos, and he
CERós, an island of Boeotia, formed by the alleges that this was the opinion of Eusebius
\sopus. Herodot. 9, c. 50. and Jerome. Sir Isaac Newton, who has very
GETA, now Bamina, a celebrated mountain much contracted the antiquities of Greece,
*tween Thessaly and Phocis, upon which places the date of this deluge in the year
Hercules burnt himself. Its height has given 1045, before the vulgar era. Banier places
2ccasion to the poets to feign that the sum, this event towards the year 1796 B.C.
noon and stars rose behind it. Mount CEta, agreeably to the opinions of Petavius and
Properly speaking, is a long chain of moun Marsham. In Blair's tables, the reign of
tains which rose from the straits of Thermo. Ogyges in Attica is fixed in the year 1796
Pyle and the gulf of Malia, in a western di B. C. and his death in 1764 B.C. when the
rºction, to Mount Pindus, and from thence to deluge happened. This deluge is said to
the bay of Ambracia. The straits or passes have laid waste the country of Attica for
of Mount (Eta are called the straits of Ther 200 years, till the coming of Cecrops.]
*Pyle from the hot baths and mineral wa Varro de R. R. 3, c. 1–Paus. 9, c. 5.-
º which are in the neighbourhood. [rid. .Aug. de Civ. D. 18, &c.
Thermopylae.] Mela, 2, c. 3–Catull. 66, v. OGYG 1A, a name of one of the gates of
$474pollod. 2, c. 7.-Paus. 10, c. 20, &c.— Thebes in Boeotia. Lucan. 1, v. 675.
Orid. Heroid. 9. Met. 2, v. 216, 1.9, v. 204, An ancient name of Boeotia, from Ogyges who
*~Kłrg. Ecl. 8.—Plin. 25, c. 5.—Seneca reigned there. The island of Calypso, op
in Med—Lucan. 3, &c. A small town at posite the promontory of Lacinium in Magna
*{ºol of Mount (Eta near thermopyla. Graecia, where Ulysses was shipwrecked.
*YLUs, or CETYLUM, a town of Laconia, The situation, and even the existence of Ca
which received its name from CEtylus one of lypso's island is disputed by some writers.
he heroes of Argos. Serapis had a temple [vid. Calypso). Plin. 3, c. 10,–Homer. Od.
there. Paus. 3, 3.25. l, v. 52 and 85, l. 5, v. 254.
Sº, a man whom, though unpolish Oileus, a king of the Locrians. His fa
ºpresents as a character exem ther's name was Odoedocus, and his mother's
ºf wisdom, economy, and moderation. Agrianome. He married Eriope, by whom
Horal. 2, Sat. 2, v.2. he had Ajax, called Oileus from his father, to
*A, an island in the Tyrrhene Sea, discriminate him from Ajax the son of Tela
º * Sorsica, famous for wine, and now
mon. He had also another son, called Medon,
º *onte Christo. Plin. 3, c. 6. by a courtezan called Rhene. Oileus was one
tº." LEx, by Q. and Cn. Ogulnius, of the Argonauts. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 45–
tº.". : the people, A. U. C. 453, [that Apollon. 1.-Hygin, fab. 14 and 18–Homer.
.." * ºf the Pontifices should be in
and that ...' and of the augurs to nine:
Il. 13 and 15.-Apollod. 3, c. 10.
Olbia, a town of Sarmatia at the conflu
latter sh i of the of the
former and five ence of the Hypanis and the Borysthenes,
o;. "bechosen from the plebeians.] about 18 miles from the sea according to
º * celebrated monarch, the most Pliny. It was aſterwards called Borysthenes
º e that reigned in Greece. [vid. and Miletopolis, because peopled by a Mile
ra, or * º, article.] He was son of Ter sian colony, and is now supposed to be Occa
kow. [The site of Olbia does not exactly cor
...;ºne,thesuppose, of Neptune, and
daughter of jº. Herespond with the modern Oczakow. The an
ti
- * Bºotia, which, from him, is some. cient city lay, according to Mannert, on the
**led Ogygia, and hijaj, left bank of the Hypanis, a little above the
5.45
 () L OL

confluence of the two rivers..] Strab. 7.- poet would have undoubtedly spoken of them.
Plin. 4, c. 12-A town of Gallia Narbo as he is in every particular careful to mention
nensis. Mela, 2, c. 5.-The capital of Sar the amusements and diversions of the ancient
dinia. Claudian. Greeks. But they were neglected after them
Orchinium, or OLciNIUM, now Dulcigno, first institution by Hercules, and no notice
a town of Dalmatia, on the Adriatic. Liv. was taken of them according to many writer,
45, c. 26. till Iphitus, in the age of the lawgiver of Spar
OLEKRos, [vid. Antiparos.] ta, renewed them, and instituted the celebra
OLEN, [styled by Pausanias “the Hyper tion with greater solemnity. This reinstitu
borean,” was the head of a sacerdotal colony tion, which happened B. C. 884, forms a cele
which came from the north and established brated epoch in Grecian history, and is the
itself at first in Lycia. Olen afterwards re beginning of the Olympiads. (rid. Olympias.)
tired to Delos, whither he transplanted the They, however, were neglected for sometime
worship of Apollo and Diana, and the birth after the age of ſphitus, till Coroebus, who ob
of which deities, in the country of the Hy tained a victory B. C. 776, reinstituted them
perboreans, he celebrated in his hymns. He to be regularly and constantly celebrated. The
made the Greeks acquainted with Ilythia, a care and superintendance of the games were
goddess of the north, who assisted Latona in intrusted to the people of Elis, till they were
her delivery. The recital of the odes of this excluded by the Pisaeans B.C. 364, after the
ancient poet was accompanied with solemn destruction of Pisa. These obtained great
shows and dances. He flourished long before privileges from this appointment ; they were
the time of Orpheus.] Herodot. 4, c. 35. in danger neither of violence nor war, but they
OléNus, a son of Vulcan, who married were permitted to enjoy their possessions
Lethaea, a beautiful woman, who preferred without molestation, as the games were cele
herself to the goddesses. She and her hus brated within their territories. Only one
band were changed into stones by the deities. person superintended till the 50th Olym
Ovid. Met. 10, v.68.-A famous soothsayer piad, when two were appointed. In the 103d
of Etruria. Plin. 28, c. 2. Olympiad, the number was increased to
OLENUs or OLENUM, a town of Pelopon twelve, according to the number of the tribes
mesus between Patrae and Cyllene. The of Elis. But in the following Olympiad, they
goat Amalthaea, which was made a constella were reduced to eight, and afterwards in
tion by Jupiter, is called Olenia, from its re creased to ten, which number continued till
sidence there. Paus. 7, c. 22.-Ovid. JMet. the reign of Adrian. The presidents were
3.—Strab. 8.—Apollod. 1, c. 8. Another obliged solemnly to swear that they would
in Ætolia. act impartially, and not take any bribes, or
OL1suppo, now Lisbon, a town of ancient discover why they rejected some of the com
Spain on the Tagus, surnamed Felicitas Julia, batants. They generally sat naked, and held
(Plin. 4, c. 22,) and called by some Ulyssip before them the crown which was prepared
po, and said to be founded by Ulysses. [It for the conqueror. There were also certain
was the only Municipium of Roman citizens officers to keep good order and regularity,
in the province, and very probably owed its called axvºras, much the same as the Roman
origin to that nation ; for its having been lictors, of whom the chief was called axwrº
founded by Ulysses is a mere fable, originat xnt. No women were permitted to appear
ing from an accidental coincidence of name. at the celebration of the Olympian games,
Strabo makes no mention of this place. His and whoever dared to trespass this law was
fancied Ulyssea lay in a different quarter, in immediately thrown down from a rock. This,
Baetica, on the mountains east of Malaca.] however, was sometimes neglected; for we find
JMela, 3, c. 1–Solinus, 23. not only women present at the celebration,
OL1th NG1, a town of Lusitania. JMela, 3, but also some among the combatants, and
c. 1. some rewarded with the crown. The pre
Ollius, a river rising in the Alps and parations for these festivals were great. No
falling into the Po, now called the Oglio. person was permitted to enter the lists if be
Plin. 2, c. 103. had not regularly exercised himself ten months
Olympia, (orum,) celebrated games which before the celebration at the public gymna
received their name either from Olympia sium of Elis. No unfair dealings were allow
where they were observed, or from Jupiter ed, and whoever attempted to bribe his ad
Olympius to whom they were dedicated. versary was subjected to a severe fine. No
They were, according to some, instituted by criminals, nor such as were connected with
Jupiter after his victory over the Titans, and impious and guilty persons, were suffered to
first observed by the Idaei Dactyli, B.C. 1453. present themselves as combatants : and even
Some attribute the institution to Pelops, after the father and relations were obliged to swear
he had obtained a victory over (Enomaus and that they would have recourse to no artifice
tnarried Hippodamia; but the more probable, which might decide the victory in favour of
and indeed the more received opinion is, that their friends. The wrestlers were appointed
they were first established by Hercules in ho by lot. Some little balls, superscribed with a
nour of Jupiter Olympius, after a victory ob letter, were thrown into a silver urn, snd
tained over Augeas, B.C. 1222. Straboob such as drew the same letter were obliged to
jects to this opinion, by observing, that if they contend one with the other. He who had an
had been establishedtº in
are
the age of Homer the odd letter remained the last, and he often had
 OL OL
the advantage, as he was to encounter the last was not introduced at the first institution of
who had obtained the superiority over his ad these festivals, but to speak accurately, only
versary. He was called spidgor. In these games the year in which Corſebus obtained the prize.
were exhibited running, leaping, wrestling, This Olympiad, which has always been reck
boxing, and the throwing of the quoit, which oned the first, fell, according to the accurate
was called altogether revºr-9aoy, or quinquer and learned computations of some of the mo
tium. Besides these, there were horse and derns, exactly 776 years before the Christian
chariot races, and also contentions in poetry, era, in the year of the Julian period 3938, and
eloquence, and the fine arts. The only re 23 years before the building of Rome. The
ward that the conqueror obtained was a games were exhibited at the time of the full
crown of olive; which, as some suppose, was moon next after the summer solstice; there
in memory of the labours of Hercules, which fore the Olympiads were of unequal lengths,
were accomplished for the universal good ofbecause the time of the full moon differs 11
mankind, and for which the hero claimed no days every year, and for that reason they
other reward but the consciousness of having sometimes began the next day after the sol
been the friend of humanity. So small and stice, and at other times four weeks after.
triding a reward stimulated courage and vir The computations by Olympiads ceased, as
tue, and was more the source of great honours some suppose, after the 364th, in the year
than the most unbounded treasures. The
440 of the Christian era. It was universally
statues of the conquerors, called Olympioni adopted,not only by the Greeks, but by many
cap, were erected at Olympia, in the sacred of the neighbouring countries, though still
wood of Jupiter. Their return home was that the Pythian games served as an epoch to the
of a warlike conqueror; they were drawn in people of Delphi and to the Boeotians, the
a chariot by four horses, and every where re Nemaean games to the Argives and Arca
ceived with the greatest acclamations. Their dians, and the Isthmian to the Corinthians
entrance into their native city was not through and the inhabitants of the Peloponnesian
the gates, but, to make it more grand and isthmus. To the Olympiads history is much
more solemn, a breach was made in the walls. indebted. They have served to fix the time
Painters and poets were employed in cele of many momentous events, and indeed, be
brating their names; and indeed the victories fore this method of computing time was ob
severally obtained at Olympia are the subjects served, every page of history is mostly fabu
of the most beautiful odes of Pindar. The lous, and filled with obscurity and contradic
combatants were naked; a scarf was original tion, and no true chronological account can
ly tied round their waist, but when it had en be properly established and maintained with
tangled one of the adversaries, and been the certainty. The mode of computation which
cause that he lost the victory, it was laid aside, was used after the suppression of the Olym
and no regard was paid to decency. The piads and of the consular fasti of Rome, was
Olympic games were observed every fifth more useful as it was more universal ; but
year, or, to speak with greater exactness, after while the era of the creation of the world
a revolution of four years, and in the first prevailed in the east, the western nations in
month of the fifth year, and they continued for the 6th century began to adopt with more
five successive days. As they were the most propriety the Christian epoch, which was
ancient and the most solemn of all the festivals propagated in the 8th century, and at last,
of the Greeks, it will not appear wonderful in the 10th, became legal and popular. A
that they drew so many people together, not celebrated woman who was daughter of a
only inhabitants of Greece, but of the neigh king of Epirus, and who married Philip king
bouring islands and countries. Pind. Olymp. of Macedonia, by whom she had Alexander
1 and 2.-Strab. 8-Pans. 5, c. 67, &c.— the Great. Her haughtiness, and more pro
Diod. 1, &c.—Plut. in Thes, Lyc. &c.—JEli bably her infidelity, obliged Philip to repu
an. W. H. 10, v. 1.-Cic. Tusc. 1, c. 46.-Lu diate her, and to marry Cleopatra, the niece
rian. de Gym. Tzetz. in Lycophr.—Aristotle. of king Attalus. Olympias was sensible of
—Stat. Theb. 6.-C. Nep. in Praef-Pirg, this injury, and Alexander showed his disap
G. 3, v. 49.-A town of Elis in Peloponne probation of his father's measures by retiring
sus, where Jupiter had a temple with a cele from the court of his mother. The murder
brated statue 50 cubits high, reckoned one of Philip, which soon followed this disgrace,
of the seven wonders of the world. The and which some have attributed to the in
Olympic games were celebrated in the neigh trigues of Olympias, was productive of the
bourhood. Strab. 3.-Paus. 3, c. 8. greatest extravagancies. The queen paid the
Oily MP1As, a certain space of time which highest honour to her husband's murderer.
elapsed between the celebration of the Olym She gathered his mangled limbs, placed a
pic games. [rid, note prefixed to the Chrono crown of gold on his head, and laid his ashes
logical table.] The Olympic games were ce near those of Philip. The administration of
lebrated after the expiration of four complete Alexander, who had succeeded his father,
years, whence some have said that they were was, in some instances, offensive to Olympias :
observed every fifth year. This period of but when the ambition of her son was con
time was called Olympiad, and became a cele cerned, she did not scruple to declare public
brated era among the Greeks, who computed ly that Alexander was not the son of Philip,
their time by it. The custom of reckoning but that he was the offspring of an enormous
time by the celebration of the Olympic games serpent which had supernaturally introduc
 OL UM

ed itself into her bed. When Alexander pendicular height, and is covered with plea
was dead, Olympias seized the government of sant woods, caves, and grottos. On the top
Macedonia, and, to establish her usurpation, of the mountain, according to the notions of
she cruelly put to death Aridaeus, with his the poets, there was neither wind nor rain,
wife Eurydice, as also Nicanor, the brother of nor clouds, but an eternal spring. [Sonnini
Cassander, with one hundred leading men of has particularly described his ascent to the
Macedon, who were inimical to her interest. summit of this mountain. Near the top he
Such barbarities did not long remain unpun. encountered large quantities of snow, and at
ished; Cassander besieged her in Pydna, last came to a part where the mountain be
where she retired with the remains of her fa came bare of all vegetation, and presented
mily, and she was obliged to surrender after only a cap of snow and ice, on which it was
an obstinate siege. The conqueror ordered impossible to be sustained or to walk. At
her to be accused, and to be put to death. A this time it was the middle of July; the heat
body of 200 soldiers were directed to put the was extreme towards the base of the moun
bloody commands into execution, but the splen tain as well as in the plain, while the masses
dour and majesty of the queen disarmed their of snow near its summit gave no signs cf
courage, and she was at last massacred by melting. The view from the highest acce
those whom she had cruelly deprived of their sible part of Olympus is described as being
children, about 316 years before the Christian very extensive and grand. The mountain
era. Justin. 7, c. 6, 1.9, c. 7.-Plut. in Aler. seemed to touch Pelion and Ossa, and the
—Curt.—Paus. A fountain of Arcadia, vale of Tempe appeared only a narrow gorge,
which flowed for one year and the next was while the Peneus was scarcely perceptible.
dry. Paus. 8, c. 29. There are hardly any quadrupeds to be seen
OLYMPIonóRus, [an Alexandrian philo beyond the half height of Olympus, and
sopher who flourished about the year 430 scarcely do even birds pass this limit.] He
B. C. He is celebrated for his knowledge of mer. Il. 1, &c.—Virg. JEn. 2, 6, &c.—Orld.
the Aristotelian doctrines, and was the mas .Met. —Lucan. 5.—Mela, 2, c. 3.-Strab. 8.
ter of Proclus who attended upon his school —A mountain of Mysia, called the Mysian
before he was 20 years of age. This philo. Olympus.—Another, in Elis.—Another,
sopher is not to be confounded with a Plato in Arcadia. [Another in Galatia.] And
nist of the same name who wrote a commen another, in the island of Cyprus, now Santa
tary upon Plato. He is also to be distinguish Croce. Some suppose the Olympus of Mysia
ed from a Peripatetic, of a still later age, who and of Cilicia to be the same. A town
wrote a commentary on the Meteorology of [and mountain] on the coast of Lycia.
Aristotle. The works of this last were edit OLYNThus, a celebrated town and republic
ed by Aldus, 1550, in fol.] of . the district Chalcidice, north
OLYMPIus, a surname of Jupiter at Olym of the peninsula of Pallene, and at the head
pia, where the god had a celebrated temple of the Sinus Toronaeus or Gulf of Cassandria.
and statue which passed for one of the seven it become famous for its flourishing situation,
wonders of the world. It was the work of and for its being the scene of so many con
Phidias. Paus. 7, c. 2.-A native of Car tests between the Athenians and king Philip,
thage, called also Nemesianus. vid. Neme who destroyed it, and sold the inhabitants for
sianus. slaves. The cause of its inhabitants was
OLYMPUs, [a famous musician, a native of pleaded in the Olynthiac orations of Demos
Mysia, who lived before the Trojan war. He thenes.] Cic. in Perr.—Plut. de Ir. reh. &c.
was the disciple of Marsyas. Plato, Aristo —JMela, 2, c. 2.-Herodot. 1, c. 127.-Curl.
phanes, and Aristotle cite his verses.]—[An 8, c. 9.
other, a native of Phrygia, who lived in the OLYRAs, a river near Thermopylae, which,
time of Midas. Aristoxenus relates that he as the mythologists report, attempted to ex
composed, in the Lydian mode, the air for tinguish the funeral pile on which Hercules
the flute which expressed the funeral sorrows was consumed. Strab. 9.
for the death of Python. To him likewise OMbos, [a city of Egypt a little north of
are ascribed the Cerulean, Minervan, and Syene. Its position is now found in the nams
Spondean modes. Plutarch says that he was of Koum-Ombo, or “the hill of Ombo.” Be
the first who introduced among the Greeks tween the inhabitants of this place and Ten
the knowledge of stringed instruments; and tyra constant hostilities prevailed, the former
that he instituted the custom of celebrating adoring, the latter killing, the crocodile. A
with the flute, hymns to the polycephalic horrible instance of religious fury, which took
nome in honour of the gods. Plato says that place in consequence of their mutual diseord,
his music inflamed his auditors; Aristotle, is the subject of the 15th satire of Juvenal.]
that it exalted the soul ; and Plutarch, that Juv. 15, v. 35.
it surpassed in simplicity all other music.] OMóLE or HomöLE, a mountain of Thes
A famous mountain on the coast of Thes saly. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 675. There were
saly, north of the mouth of the Peneas. The some festivals called Homeleia, which were
ancients supposed that it touched the hea celebrated in Boeotia in honour of Jupiter,
vens with its top; and from that circum surnamed Homoleius.
stance they have placed the residence of the OMophagia, a festival in honour of Bae
gods there, and have made it the court of ju. chus. The word signifies the eating of raw
piter. It is about one mile and a half in per flesh, vid. Dionysia.
548
 ON ON

OMPHälz, a queen of Lydia, daughter o Thessaly flowing into the northern extremity
ſardanus. She married Tmolus, who, at his of the Sinus Pelasgicus, and passing, in a part
leath left her mistress of his kingdom. Om of its course, through the lake Boebeis...] Paus.
Phale had been informed of the great exploits 9, c. 26.
>f Hercules, and wished to see so illustrious ONEsicRitus, a cynic philosopher of Ægi
a hero. Her wish was soon gratified. After na, who went with Alexander into Asia,
he murder of Eurytus, Hercules fell sick, and was sent to the Indian Gymnosophists.
and was ordered to be sold as a slave, that he He wrote an history of the king's life, which
might recover his health and the right use of has been censured for the romantic, exagge
his senses. Mercury was commissioned to rated, and improbable narrative it gives. It
ell him, and Omphale bought him, and re is asserted, that Alexander upon reading it,
ſtored him to liberty. The hero became ena said, that he should be glad to come to life
moured of his mistress, and the queen fa again for some time to see what reception the
voured his passion, and had a son by him, historian's work met with. Plut. in Alex.-
whom some call Agelaus, and others, Lamon. Curt. 9, c. 10.
From this son were descended Gyges and ONEsimus, a Macedonian nobleman treat
Croesus; but this opinion is different from ed with great kindness by the Roman empe
the account which make these Lydian mo rors. He wrote an account of the life of the
narchs spring from Alcaeus, a son of Hercules, emperor Probus and of Carus, with great
by Malis, one of the female servants of Om precision and elegance.
phale. Hercules is represented by the poets [Onion, a city of Egypt, south-west of
as so desperately enamoured of the queen, Heroopolis. It was inhabited by Jews, who
that, to conciliate her esteen, he spins by her had a temple here, which continued from the
side among her women, while she covers her time of Onias, who built it, to that of Vespa
self with the lion's skin, and arms herself sian. Onias was nephew to Menelaus, and
with the club of the hero, and often strikes the rightful successor to the priesthood at Je
him with her sandals for the uncouth manner rusalem ; but being rejected by Antiochus Eu
with which he holds the distaff, &c. Their pator, who made Alcimus high-priest, he fled
fondness was mutual. As they once travel to Egypt and persuaded Ptolemy Philometer
led together, they came to a grotto on Mount to let him build this temple there, about 173
Tmolus, where the queen dressed herself in B.C. which subsisted 243 years.]
the habit of her lover, and obliged him to ap ONoMAcRitus, a soothsayer of Athens.
pear in a female garment. After they had It is generally believed that the Greek poem
supped, they both retired to rest in different on the Argonautic expodition, attributed to
rooms, as a sacrifice on the morrow to Bac Orpheus, was written by Onomacritus. The
chus required. In the night, Faunus, or ra elegant poems of Musæus are also, by some,
ther Pan, who was enamoured of Omphale, supposed to be the production of his pen.
introduced himself into the cave. He went [Mention has been already made of the in
to the bed of the queen, but the lion's skin terpolations of Onomacritus in the article
persuaded him that it was the dress ºf Her Musaeus. The oracles of this latter poet were
cules, and therefore he repaired to the bed of collected by Onomacritus, in compliance with
Hercules, in hopes to find there the object of the orders of Hipparchus; but the poet Lasus
his affection. The female dress of Hercules of Hermione having discovered the fraud
deceived him, and he laid himself down by committed by him in intermingling his own
his side. The hero was awaked, and kick productions among the ancient predictions,
ed the intruder into the middle of the cave. Onomacritus was thereupon driven into ex
The noise awoke Omphale, and Faunus was ile as an impostor by Hipparchus. It ap
discovered lying on the ground, greatly dis pears that from this time it was no longer
appointed and ashamed. Ovid. Fast. 2, v. possible to distinguish what was genuine in
305. &c.—Apollod. 1, c. 9, 1.2, c. 7.-Diod. 4. the poetry of Musæus from what was mere
—Propert. 3, el. 11, v. 17. interpolation.] Herodot. 7, c. 6.-A Lo
OMPHALOs, a place of Crete, sacred to crian, who wrote concerning laws, &c. Aris
Jupiter, on the border of the river Triton. tot. 2. Polit.
It received its name from the umbilical chord ONoMARchus, a Phocian, son of Euthy
(ºw?axº) of Jupiter which fell there soon af. crates, and brother of Philomelus, whom he
ter his birth. Diod. succeeded, as general of his countrymen, in
ONARus, a priest of Bacchus, who is sup the sacred war. After exploits of valour and
posed to have married Ariadne after sheperseverance, he was defeated and slain in
had been abandoned by Theseus. Plut. in Thassaly by Philip of Macedon, who ordered
Thes. his body to be ignominiously hung up for
ONAsimus, a sophist of Athens, who flou the sacrilege offered to the temple of Delphi.
rished in the reign of Constantine. He died 353 B.C. Aristot. Pol. 5, c. 4.-
ONch EMites, a wind which blows from Diod. 16.
Onchesmus, a harbour of Epirus, towards ONophas, one of the seven Persians who
Italy. The word is sometimes spelt Anche conspired against the usurper Smerdis. Cleº
sites and Anchemites. Cic. ad Attic, 7, ep. 2, star.
—Ptolemaeus. onosander, [a Greek author and Platºr
OnchEstus, a town of Boeotia, founded by nic philosopher. Concerning the period in
which he flourished, nothing more * be as
Onchestus, a son of Neptune. [A river of
 OP OP

cºnd than that he lived about the middle]][During the consulship of Opimius the best
of the first century. He was the author of a of the summer was so great as to producess
work of much celebrity, entitled X-rgatmytkºç extraordinary fertility and excellence in all
asyot,being a treatiseon the duties of ageneral. the fruits of the earth throughout Italy
This production is the source, whence all the Hence the Opimian wine became famous tº
works on this subject, in Greek and Latin, a late period. vid. Falernus.] Cre. Pro Sert.
that were subsequently published, derived Plan. & in Pis.—Plut.
their origin. It is still held in estimation by OPIs, a town on the Tigris, afterwards
military men. The best editions are, that called Antiochia. Xenoph...Anah. 2.
of Schwebel, Norimb. 1752. fol. and that of Opitergini, a people near Aquileia, ºr
Coray, Paris, 1822, 8vo. Appended to the the Adriatic. Their chief city is ealled opi
latter are the first elegy of Tyrtaeus and a tergum, now Oderso. Lucan. 4, v.416.
translation of Onosander, both in French. OPPIA LEx, by C. Oppius the tribune, A
Coray writes the name Onesander. The pro U.C. 540. It required that no woman should
fits of his edition were given to the unfortu wear above half an ounce of gold, have party.
nate sufferers of Chios.] coloured garments, be carried in any city
OPALIA, festivals celebrated by the Ro or town, or to any place within a mile's dis
mans in honour of Ops, on the 14th of the ca tance, unless it was to celebrate some sacred
festivals or solemnities. This famous law,
lends of January.
Ophiides, an island on the coast of Ara which was made while Annibal was in Italy,
bia, so called from the great number of ser and while Rome was in distressed circum
pents found there. It belonged to the Egyp stances, created discontent, and, 18 years
tian kings, and was considered valuable for after, the Roman ladies petitioned the assem
the topaz it produced. Diod. 3. bly of the people that it might be repealed
Ophias, a patronymic given to Combe, as Cato opposed it strongly, and made many sa
daughter of Ophius, an unknown person. tirical reflections upon the women for their
Ovid. JMet. 7, v. 382. appearing in publicto solicit votes. The tri
Ophio Neus, was an ancient soothsayer in hune Valerius, who had presented their pe.
the age of Aristodemus. He was boru blind. tition to the assembly, answered the objec
Ophis, a small river of Arcadia which tions of Cato, and his eloquence had such
falls in the Alpheus. an influence on the minds of the people, that
Ophiusa, the ancient name of Rhodes. the law was instantly abrogated with the
—A small island near Crete.—A town unanimous consent of all the comitia, Cato
of Sarmatia. An island near the Baleares, alone excepted. Liv. 33 and 34.—Cir. de
so called from the number of serpents which Orat. 3.
it produced (oque, serpens). It is now called OppräNus, a Greek poet of Anazarbus
Formentera. in Cilicia, in the second century. His father's
Opici, the ancient inhabitants of Campa uame was Agesilaus, and his mother's Zeno
nia, from whose mean occupations the word dota. He wrote some poems celebrated for
Opicus has been used to express disgrace. their elegance and sublimity. Two of his
[According to Festus, Opicus and Oscus were poems are now extant, five books on fishing,
precisely equivalent, and belonged as appel halleuticon, and four on hunting, called cyne
lations to one and the same people. vid. Os geticon. [vid, the end of this article.] The
ci.] Juv. 3, v. 207. emperor Caracalla was so pleased with his
OPILius, a grammarian who flourished poetry that he gave him a piece of gold for
about 94 years before Christ. He wrote a every verse of his cynegeticon; from which
work called Libri Musarum. circumstance the poem received the name of
[OPIMA SpoLIA, spoils taken by a Roman the golden verses of Oppian. The poet died
general from a general of the enemy whom of the plague in the 30th year of his age.
he had slain. They were dedicated and sus His countrymen raised statues to his honour,
pended in the temple of Jupiter Feretrius. and engraved on his tomb, that the gods bad
These spoils were obtained only thrice before hastened to call back Oppian to the flow
the fall of the republic. The first by Romu er of youth, only because he had already ex
lus, who slew Acron, king of the Caeninenses; celled all mankind. [The best edition ºf
the next by A. Cornelius Cossus, who slew his works is that of Schneider, 8vo. Argent
Lar Tolumnius, king of the Veientes, A.U. 1813. It is probable that there were twº
C. 318; and the third by M. Claudius Mar poets of this name; one of Corycus or Ana
cellus, who slew Viridomârus, a king of the zarbus in Cilicia, and the other of Apames
Gauls, A. U.C. 530.] in Syria; and that the first'flourished towards
L. Opimius, a Roman who made himself the end of the second century, the other at
consul in opposition to the interest and efforts the beginning of the third. The Cilician
of the Gracchi. He showed himself a most will be the author of the poem on fishing,
inveterate enemy to C. Gracchus and his ad the Syrian of that on hunting. Athenæus
herents, and behaved, during his consulship, makes mention of Oppian as a writer who
like adictator. [Caius Gracchus perished by lived a short time before him; he calls him a
means of the consul Opimius, who slaughter Cilician. A passage of the poem on fishing
ed a great number of the plebeians on that indicates the same origin. As to the author
occasion.] He was accused of bribery, and of the poem on hunting, he tell us in two
banished. He died of want at Dyrrachium, places, that his natal city was situate in Sy
 OH OR

ria, on the river Orontes. The former of it will not appear wonderful that so many
these poems is much superior to the other, places were sacred to oracular purposes. The
both in the instructive nature of its details, small province of Boeotia could once boast of
and in the purity and elegance of its style. her 25 oracles, and Peloponnesus of the same
Schneider supposes that the two Oppians number. Not only the chief of the gods gave
were either father and son, or uncle and ne oracles, but, in process of time, heroes were
phew, making them contemporaries.] admitted to enjoy the same privileges; and the
C. Oppius, a friend of Julius Caesar, cele oracles of a Trophonius and an Antinous were
brated for his life of Scipio Africanus, and of soon able to rival the ſame of Apollo and of
Pompey the Great. In the latter, he paid not Jupiter. The most celebrated oracles of an
much regard to historical facts, and took tiquity were those of Dodona, Delphi, Jupiter
every opportunity to defame Pompey, and Ammon, &c. [vid. Dodona, Delphi, Am
extol the character of his patron Caesar. In mon.] The temple of Delphi seemed to claim
the age of Suetonius, he was deemed the a superiority over the other temples; its fame
true author of the Alexandrian, African, and was once more extended, and its riches were
Spanish wars, which some attribute to Cae so great, that not only private persons, but
sar, and others to A. Hirtius. Tacit. Ann. even kings and numerous armies, made it an
12.-Suet. in Caºs. 53. object of plunder and of rapine. The manner
...Ors, (opis,) the daughter of Caelus and of delivering oracles was different. A priest
Terra, the same as the Rhea of the Greek, ess at Delphi, [vid. Pythia] was permitted to
who married Saturn, and became mother of pronounce the oracles of the god, and her de
Jupiter. She was known among the ancients livery of the answers was always attended with
by the different names of Cybele, Bona Dea. acts of apparent madness and desperate fury.
'ſagna Mater, Thya, Tellus, Proserpina, and Not only women, but even doves, were the
even of Juno and Minerva 5 and the worship ministers of the temple of Dodona, and the
which was paid to these apparently several suppliant votary was often startled to hear his
deities was offered merely to one and the questions readily answered by the decayed
same person, mother of the gods. The word trunk, or the spreading branches of a neigh
9p, seems to be derived from Opus; because bouring oak. Ammon conveyed his answers
the goddess, who is the same as the earth, in a plain and open manner; but Amphiarus
gives nothing without labour. Tatius built required many ablutions and preparatory ce
her a temple at Rome. She was generally remonies, and he generally communicated his
represented as a matron, with her right hand oracles to his suppliantsin dreams and visions.
opened, as if offering assistance to the help Sometimes the first words that were heard,
less, and holding a loaf in her left hand. Herafter issuing from the temple, were deemed
testivals were called Opalia, &c. Varro de the answers of the oracles, and sometimes the
L. L. 4.—Duonys. Hai. 2, &c.—Tibull. el. 4. nodding or shaking of the head of the statue,
v. 68–Plin. 19, c. 6. the motion of fishes in a neighbouring lake,
Opratus, one of the fathers whose works or their reluctance in accepting the food which
were edited by Du Pin, fol. Paris, 1700. was offered to them, were as strong and valid
Optimus Maximus, epithets given to Jupi as the most express and the minutest explana
ter to denote his greatness, omnipotence, and tions. The answers were also sometimes given
supreme goodness. [They are usually ex in verse, or written on tablets, but their mean
º:
2, c. 25.
by the capitals O. M.] Cic. de N. D. ing was always obscure, and often the cause of
disaster to such as consulted them. Croesus,
Opus, (opuntis.) [the capital of the Locri when he consulted the oracle of Delphi, was
Opuntii. It was situate near the shores of told that if he crossed the Halys he should
the Opuntius Sinus, opposite to the island of destroy a great empire; he supposed that that
*] Strab. 9.-Mela, 2, c. 3.-Liv. 28, empire was the empire of his enemy; but un
C. ſ. fortunately it was his own. The words of Cre
ORAcúluM, an answer of the gods to the to te, JEcida, Romanos vincere posse, which
questions of men, or the place were those Pyrrhus received when he wished to assist the
answers were given.-Nothing is more famous Tarentines against the Romans, by a favoura
than the ancient oracles of Egypt, Greece, ble interpretation for himself, proved his ruin.
Rome, &c. They were supposed to be the Nero was ordered by the oracle of Delphi
will of the gods themselves, and they were to beware of 73 years; but the pleasing idea
consulted, not only upon every important mat that he should live to that age rendered him
ter, but even in the affairs of private life. To careless, and he was soon convinced of his
make peace or war, to introduce a change of mistake, when Galba, in his 73d year, had the
government, to plant a colony, to enact laws, presumption to dethrone him. It is a ques
to raise an edifice, to marry, were sufficient tion among the learned, whether the oracles
reasons to consult the will of the gods. Man were given by the inspiration of evil spirits,
kind, in consulting them, showed that they or whether they proceeded from the impos
wished to pay implicit obedience to the com. ture of the priests. [vid. the end of this ar
mand of the divinity, and, when they had been ticle.] Imposture, however, and forgery, can
not long flourish, and falsehood becomes its
favoured with an answer, they acted with
more spirit and with more vigour, conscious owndestroyer; and, on the contrary, it is well
that the undertaking had met with the sanction known how much confidence an enlight***
and approbation of heaven. In this, therefore, age, therefore, much more the credulous and
 OR OR

the superstitious, places upon dreams and ro of heathens themselves. Lucan, who wrote
mantic stories. Some have strongly believed his Pharsalia in the reign of Nero, scarcely
that all the oracles of the earth ceased at the thirty years after our Lord's crucifixing,
birth of Christ, but the supposition is false. laments it as one of the greatest misfortunes
It was, indeed, the beginning of their decline, of the age that the Delphic oracle was be
but they remained in repute, and were consult come silent. Juvenal also alludes to its sº
ed, though, perhaps, not so frequently, till the lence. Lucan. Phars. 5, v. 3.-Jur. Sat. 5,
fourth century, when Christianity began to v. 541.]– Homer. Il. Od. 10.-Herodot. I
triumph over paganism. [vid, the end of this and 2–Xenoph, memor.—Strab. 5, 7, &c.—
article.] The oracles often suffered them Paus. 1, &c.—Plut. de defect. orac. de Ages.
selves to be bribed. Alexander did it, but it & de Hor. malign.—Cic. de Div. 1, c. 19.—
is well known that Lysander failed in the at Justin. 24, c. 6.-Liv. 37.--Eluan. W. H. 5.
tempt. Herodotus, who first mentioned the —C. Nep. in Lys-Aristoph. in Equit. A
corruption which often prevailed in the oracu Plut.—Demosth. Phil–Orld...Met. 1.
lar temples of Greece and Egypt has been ORAEA, certain solemn sacrifices of fruits
severely treated for his remarks by the histo offered in the four seasons of the year to ob
rian Plutarch. Demosthenes is also a witness tain mild and temperate weather. They
of the corruption, and he observed, that the were offered to the goddesses who presided
oracles of Greece were servilely subservient to over the seasons, who attended upon the sue,
the will and pleasure of Philip, king of Mace and who received divine worship at Athens.
donia, as he beautifully expresses it by the ORATEs, a river of European Scythia.
word *tarriſsy. If some of the Greeks, and Ovid. ex: Pont. 4, el. 10, v.47. As this river
other European and Asiatic countries, paid so is not now known, Vossius reads Crates, a
much attention to oracles, and were so fully river which is found in Scythia. [Isaac Vos
persuaded of their veracity, and even divinity. sius does not read Crates, but Cales. Bur
many of their leading men and of their philo mann adopts Crates in his edition.] Pai.
sophers were apprised of the deceit, and paid Flacc. 4, v. 719.-Thucyd.4.
no regard to the command cf priests whom ORBILIus PUPillus, a grammarian of
money could corrupt,and interposition silence, Beneventum, who was the first instructor of
The Egyptians showed themselves the most the poet Horace. He came to Rome in the
superstitious of mankind, by their blind ac consulship of Cicero, and there, as a public
quiescence to the imposition of the priests, who teacher, acquired more ſame than money.
Persuaded them that the safety and happiness He was naturally of a severe disposition, of
of their life depended upon the mere motions which his pupils often felt the effects. He
9f an ox, or the tameness of a crocodile. lived almost to his 100th year, and lost his
[Bishop Sherlock, in his discourses concerning memory some time before his death. Suet.
the use and intent of prophecy, expresses his de Illust. Gr. 9.-Horat. 2, ep. 1, v. 71.
opinion that it is impious to disbelieve the ORBöNA, a mischievous goddess at Rome,
heathen oracles, and to deny them to have who, as it was supposed, made children die.
been given out by the devil.; to which asser. Her temple at Rome was near that of the
tion Dr. Middleton, in his “Examination,” gods Lares. Cic. de JNat. D.3, c. 25.-Plan.
&c. replies, that he is guilty of this impiety, 2, c. 7.
and that he thinks himself warranted to pro ORCADFs, islands on the northern coasts of
nounce, from the authority of the best and Britain, now called the Orkneys. They were
wisest heathens, and the evidence of these unknown till Britain was discovered to be an
oracles, as well as from the nature of the island by Agricola. [From the force of the
thing itself, that they were all a mere impos ocean, the form of the Orkney islands, as may
ture, wholly, invented and supported by hu be supposed, is extremely irregular. Their
man craft, without any supernatural aid or size, also, varies greatly, some of them being
interposition whatever. He adds, that Eu mere isolated rocks, incapable of humanhabi
sebius declares that there were 600 writers tation, while others are several miles in circum
among the heathens themselves who had ference. According to the most accuratesur
publicly written against the reality of them. veys they are 67 in number, of which 28 are
Although the primitive fathers constantly af inhabited. The period at which these islands
firmed them to be the real effects of a super. were first known is uncertain; they were
natural power, and given out by the devil. probably discovered by the Carthaginians
yet M. de Fontenelle maintains, that while several centuries before the Christian era.]
they preferred this way of combating the au Tacit. in Agric.—Jur. 2, v. 161.
thority of the oracles, as most commodious to ORCH 1A LEx, by Orchius the tribune, A.
themselves and the state of the controversy U.C. 566. It was enacted to limit the num
between them and the heathens, yet they be ber of guests that were to be admitted at an
lieved them at the same time to be nothing entertainment; and it also euforced, that dur
else but the effects of human fraud and con: ing supper, which was the chief meal among
trivance ; which he has illustrated by the the Romans, the doors of every house shoukº
examples of Clemens of Alexandria, Origen, be left open.
and Eusebius. That the oracles were silenced ORchomºnus or ORCHom KNUM, a town
about the time of our Saviour's advent may of Boeotia, at the west of the lake Copais. It
be proved, says Dr. Leland, from express was anciently called Minyeia, and from that
testimonies, not only of Christians, but even circumstance the inhabitants were often call.
552
 OR OR

ed Minyans of Orchotnenos. There was at Orestes from king Strophius. He was at

Orchomenos a celebrated temple, built by first received with coldness ; and when he
Eteocles son of Cephisus, sacred to the Gra came into the presence of Ægisthus, who
ces, who were from thence called the Orcho wished to inform himself of the particulars,
menian goddesses. The inhabitants founded he murdered him, and soon Clytemnestra
Teos in conjunction with the Ionians, under shared the adulterer's fate. Euripides and
the sons of Codrus. Plin. 4, c. 8.—Herodot. Sophocles mention the same circumstances.
I, c. 146.-Paus. 9, c. 37.— Strah. 9. A Afgisthus was assassinated after Clytemnes
town of Arcadia, at the north of Mantinea. tra, according to Sophocles; and, in Euripi
Homer. Il. 2.-A town of Thessaly, with a des, Orestes is represented as murdering the
river of the same name. Strab.-A son of adulterer while he offers a sacrifice to the
Lycaon, king of Arcadia, who gave his name nymphs. This murder, as the poet men
to a city of Arcadia, &c. Paus. 8. A son tions, irritates the guards who were present,
of Minyas, king of Boeotia, who gave the name but Orestes appeases their fury by telling
of Orchomenians to his subjects. He died them who he is, and immediately he is ac
without issue, and the crown devolved to knowledged king of the country. Afterwards
Clymenus, the son of Presbon, &c. Paus. 9, he stabs his mother, at the instigation of his
c. 36. sister Electra, after he has upbraided her
ORcus, one of the names of the god of hell, for her infidelity and cruelty to her husband.
the same as Pluto, though confounded by Such meditated murders receive the punish
some with Charon. He had a temple at ment which, among the ancients, was always
Rome. The word Orcus is generally used supposed to attend parricide. Orestes is tor
to signify the infernal regions. Horat. 1, od. mented by the Furies, and exiles himself to
29, &c.—Wirg. JEn. 4, v. 502, &c.—Ovid. Argos, where he is still pursued by the
.*ſet. 14, v. 116, &c. -
avengeful goddesses. Apollo himself purifies
ORDovices, the people of North Wales him, and he is acquitted by the unanimous
in Britain, mentioned by Tacit...Ann. 12, c. 53. opinion of the Areopagites, whom Minerva
it was probably owing to the nature of their herself instituted on this occasion, according
country and to the vicinity of Deva, now to the narration of the poet AEschylus, who flat
Chester, where a whole Roman legion was ters the Athenians in his tragical story, by
quartered, that the Romans had so few towns representing them as passing judgment,
and stations among the Ordovices. Medio even upon the gods themselves. According
manium was their capital, and was probably to Pausanias, Orestes was purified of the mur
situated at Maywood, or Meifad, in Mont der, not at Delphi, but at Troezeme, where
gomeryshire.] still was seen a large stone at the entrance of
OrEADEs, nymphs of the mountains (ogor, Diana's temple, upon which the ceremonies
mons,) daughters of Phoroneus and Hecate. of purification had been performed by nine of
Some call them Orestiades, and give them the principal citizens of the place. There was
Jupiter for father. They generally attended also, at Megalopolis in Arcadia, a temple de
upon Diana, and accompanied her in hunting. dicated to the Furies, near which Orestes cut
jºirg. JBn. 1, v. 504.—Homer. Il. 6.-Strab. off one of his fingers with his teeth in a fit of
10.-Ovid. Met. 8, v. 787. insanity. These different traditions are con
OREstie, a people of Epirus. They re futed by Euripides, who says, that Orestes,
ceived their name from Orestes, who fled to after the murder of his mother, consulted the
Epirus when cured of his insanity. Lucan. oracle of Apollo at Delphi, where he was in
3. v. 249. formed that nothing could deliver him from
OR EstEs, a son of Agamemnon aud Cly the persecutions of the Furies, if he did not
temnestra. When his father was cruelly mur bring into Greece Diana's statue, which was
dered by Clytemnestra and AEgisthus, young in the Taurica Chersonesus, and which, as it
Orestes was saved from his mother's dagger is reported by some, had fallen down from
by means of his sister Electra, called Laodicea heaven. This was an arduous enterprise.
by Houmer, and he was privately conveyed to The king of Chersonesus always sacrificed
the house of Strophius, who was king of Pho on the altars of the goddess all such as en
cis, and who had married a sister of Agamem tered the borders of his country. Orestes
non. He was tenderly treated by Strophius, and his friend were both carried before Tho
who educated him with his son Pylades. The as, the king of the place, and they were doom
two young princes soon became acquainted, ed to be sacrificed. Iphigenia was then priest
and, from their familiarity arose the most in ess of Diana's temple, and it was her office
violable attachment and friendship. When to immolate these strangers. The intelligence
Orestes was arrived to years of manhood, he that they were Grecians delayed the prepa
visited Mycenae, and avenged his father's death rations, and Iphigenia was anxious to learn
by assassinating his mother Clytemnestra,and something about a country which had given
her adulterer AEgisthus. The manner in her birth. [vid. Iphigenia.) She even inte
which he committed this murder is variously rested herself in their misfortunes, and offered
reported. According to Æschylus, he was to spare the life of one of them, provided he
commissioned by Apollo to avenge his father, would convey letters to Greece from her
and therefore, he introduced himself, with hand. This was a difficult trial; never was
his friend Pylades, at the court of Mycene, friendship more truly displayed, according to
pretending to bring the news of the death of the words of Ovid, ea Pont. 3, el. 2.
4 A 553
 OR OR
Irejubet Pylades carum moriturus orestem, years after, the Heraclide recovered the F
Hic negat; inque vicem pugnatuterque mori.j}lop , and banished the d dants aſ
At last Pylades gave way to the pressing en Menelaus from the throne of Argos. Orestes
treaties of his friend, and consented to carry died in Arcadia, as some suppose, by the tite
the letters of Iphigenia to Greece. These of a serpent; and the Lacedaemonians, whº
were addressed to Orestes himself, and there had become his subjects at the death of Mere
fore, these circumstances soon led to a total laus, were directed by an oracle to bring his
discovery of the connections of the priestess bones to Sparta. They were, some time aſ
with the man whom she was going to immo ter, discovered at Tegea, and his stature sp
late. Iphigenia was convinced that he was peared to be seven cubits, according to the
her brother Orestes, and, when the causes of traditions mentioned by Herodotus and others.
their journey had been explained, she resolv The friendship of Orestes and of Pylades be
ed, with the two friends, to fly from Cherso came proverbial, and the two friends received
nesus, and to carry away the statue of Diana. divine honours among the Scythians, and were
Their flight was discovered, and Thoas pre worshipped in temples. Paus. 1, 2, 4, &c.-
pared to pursue them; but Minerva interfer Paterc. 1, c. 1 and 3.—Apollod. 1, &c.—Straš.
ed, and told him, that all had been done by 9 and 13.−Ovid. Heroid. 8.-Er. Pont. 3.
the will and approbation of the gods. Some el. 2. Met. 15, in Ib.-Euripid. in Orest.—
suppose that Orestes came to Cappadocia .Andr. &c. Iphig.—Sophocl. in Electr. &c.—
from Chersonesus, and that there he left the JEschyl. in Eum. Agam. &c.—Herodot. 1, c.
statue of Diana at Comana. Others contra 69.-Hygin. fab. 120 and 261.—Piut. in Lºe.
dict this tradition, and, according to Pausa —Dictys. 6, &c.—Pindar. Pyth. 2–Plin-33
nias, the statue of Diana Orthia was the same —Virg. JEn. 3, &c.—Homer. Od. 3, v. 304.
as that which had been carried away from 1.4, v. 530.-Teetz. ad Lycophr. 1374.—A
the Chersonesus. Some also suppose that man sent as ambassador by Attila, king of
Orestes brought it to Aricia, in Italy, where the Huns, to the emperor Theodosius. He
Diana's worship was established. After these was highly honoured at the Roman court, and
celebrated adventures, Orestes ascended the his son Augustulus was the last emperor of
throne of Argos, where he reigned in perfect the western empire. A governor of Egypt
security, and married Hermione, the daugh under the Roman emperors.
ter of Menelaus, and gave his sister to his OREstEUM, a town of Arcadia. It was
friend Pylades. The marriage of Orestes founded by Orestes, a son of Lycaon, and
with Hermione is a matter of dispute among originally called Oresthesium, and afterwards
the ancients. All are agreed that she had Oresteum, from Orestes, the son of Agamem
been promised to the son of Agamemnon, but non, who resided there for some time after
Menelaus had married her to Neoptolemus, the murder of Clytemnestra. Paus. 3, c. 8.
the son of Achilles, who had shown himself.so —Euripid.
truly interested in his cause during the Tro [OREstiAs, the primitive name of Adria
jan war. The marriage of Hermione with nopolis, in Thrace, and which the Byzantine
Neoptolemus displeased Orestes; he remem authors frequently employ in speaking of that
bered that she had been early promised to him, city. The name is derived from the circum
and therefore he resolved to recover her by stance of Orestes having purified himself on
force or artifice. This he effected by causing this spot, after the murder of his mother:
Neoptolemus to be assassinated, or assassinat Three rivers had here their confluence, the
ing him himself. According to Ovid's epistle Hebrus receiving the Ardiscus, or...Arda, onque
of Hermione to Orestes, Hermione had always side, and the Tonsus or Tonza on the other.]
been faithful to her first lover; and even it was On Estin AF, the descendants or subjects of
by her persuasions that Orestes removed her Orestes, the son of Agamemnon. They were
from the house of Neoptolemus. Hermione driven from the Peloponnesus by the Hera
was dissatisfied with the partiality of Neopto clidae, and came to settle in a country which,
lemus for Andromache, and her attachment from them, was called Orestidae, at the south
for Orestes was increased. Euripides, how west of Macedonia. Some suppose that that
ever, and others, speak differently of Her part of Greece originally received its name
mione's attachment to Neoptolemus: she low from Orestes, who fled and built there a city,
ed him so tenderly, that she resolved to mur which gave its founder's name to the whole
der Andromache, who seemed to share, in a province. Thucyd. 2–Lir. 31.
small degree, the affections of her husband. ORETAN1, a people of Spain, whose capi
She was ready to perpetrate the horrid deed tal was Oretum, now Oreto. [They occupied
when Orestes came into Epirus, and she was the eastern part of Estremadura, the middle
easily persuaded by the foreign prince to with section of La Mancha, the eastern extremity
draw herself, in her husband's absence, from of Jaen, and the northern extremity of Gre
a country which seemed to contribute so much nada.] Liv. 21, c. 11, 1.35, c. 7.
to her sorrows. Orestes, the better to se. Orșum, one of the principal towns of Eu
curre the affections of Hermione, assassinated boea. [It was on the coast of Euboea, facing
Neoptolemus, (vid. Neoptolemus,) and retired the entrance of the Sinus Pelasgicus. Its
to his kingdom of Argos. His old age was more ancient name was Histiaea. It is now
crowned with peace and security, and he died Orio.] Lir. 28, c.6.
in the 90th year of his age, leaving his throne ORGA or ORGAs, ariver of Phrygia, ſailing
to his son Tisamenes by Hermione. Three into the Maeander. Strab.-Plin.
554
 OR OR
*:: - ---

ORGEtóRix, one of the chief men of the speaks of the voluntary eunuchs of Christ.
Helvetii, while Caesar was in Gaul. He form [He was afterwards satisfied of his error, and
ed a conspiracy against the Romans, and when publicly confuted in his writings the literal in
accused, he destroyed himself. Cars. terpretation of this text, in such a man
ORGIA, festivals in honour of Bacchus. ner as to show that he condemned himself.
They are the same as the Bacchanalia, Dio During the Decian persecution in the year
2-ysia, &c. which were celebrated by the an 250, he underwent great suffering. From his
cients to commemorate the triumph of Bac own letter, however, it appears that he sur
chus in India. vid. Dionysia. vived this persecution, and afforded argu
ORIBăsus, a celebrated physician [born at ments for consolation to others who might be
Pergamus, or, as some have asserted, at Sar placed in similar circumstances. He died,
dis.] He was greatly esteemed by the em and was buried, at Tyre, in the 70th year
peror Julian, in whose reign he flourished. of his age, A. D. 254.] His works were
He abridged the works of Galen, and of all excellent and numerous, and contained a
the most respectable writers on physic, at the number of homilies, commentaries on the
request of the emperor. [This work was in Holy Scriptures, and different treatises, be
seventy, or, according to Suidas, seventy-two, sides the Hexaplu, so called from its being
books. Of these there remain only the first divided into six columns, the first of which
fifteen, together with two others, which are contained the Hebrew text, the second the
called by Rasarius his translator, the 24th and same text in Greek characters, the third the
25th, and which treat of anatomy.] He ac Greek version of the Septuagint, the fourth
companied Julian into the east, but his skill that of Aquila, the fifth that of Symmachus,
proved ineffectual in attempting to cure the and the sixth Theodosian's Greek version.
fatal wound which his benefactor had receiv This famous work first gave the hint ſor the
ed. [After Julian's death, he became an ob compilation of our Polyglot Bibles. The
ject of persecution, and was sent into banish works of Origen have been learnedly edited
ment among the barbarians, by Valentinian by the Benedictine monks, though the whole
the 2d. His deportment and great profes is not yet completed, in four vols. fol. Paris,
sional skill gained him the respect and vene 1733, 1740, and 1759. The Hexapla was pub
ration of this rude people, among whom he lished in 8vo. at Lips. 1769, by Car. Frid.
was adored as a tutelary god. He was at Bahrdt.
length, however, recalled to court and restor ORíos, a celebrated giant sprung from the
ed to public favour.] The best edition of his urine of Jupiter, Neptune, and Mercury,
works is that of Dundas, 4to. L. Bat. 1745. [vid. the end of this article.] These three
One of Actaeon's dogs, ab og&r, mons, and gods, as they travelled over Boeotia, met
3xiva, scando. Ovid. Met. with great hospitality from Hyrieus, a pea
ORicum or ORicus, a town of Epirus, on sant of the country, who was ignorant of
the Ionian Sea, founded by a colony from Col their dignity and character. They were en
chis according to Pliny. It was called Dar tertained with whatever the cottage afforded,
dania, because Helenus, and Andromache, and, when Hyrieus had discovered that they
natives of Troy or Dardania reigned over the were gods, because Neptune told him to fill
country aſter the Trojan war. It had a ce up Jupiter's cup with wine, after he had serv
Jebrated harbour, and was greatly esteemed ed it before the rest, the old man welcomed
by the Romans on account of its situation, them by the voluntary sacrifice of an ox. Pleas
but it was not well defended. The tree which ed with his piety, the gods promised to grant
produces the turpentine grew there in abun him whatever he required, and the old man,
dance. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 136.—Liv.24, c. 40. who had lately lost his wife, to whom he had
—Plin. 2, c. 39.—Cars. Bell. Civ. 3, c. 1, &c. promised never to marry again, desired them
—Lucan. 3, v. 187. that, as he was childless, they would give him
ORIENs, in ancient geography, is taken for a son without another marriage. The gods con
all the most eastern parts of the world, such sented, and they ordered him to bury in the
as Parthia, India, Assyria, &c. ground the skin of the victim, into which
ORiGEN, a Greek writer, as much cele they had all three made water., Hyri
brated for the easiness of his manner, his hu eus did as they commanded, and when nine
mility, and modesty, as for his learning and months after he dug for the skin, he found
the sublimity of his genius. [He was surnamed in it a beautiful child, whom he called Urion,
.# damantinus, either from his indefatigable ab urind. The name was changed into Orion
application to study, or the incredible firmness by the corruption of one letter, as Ovid says,
with which he endured the persecutions to Perdidit antiquum littera prima sonum: Orion
which his profession of Christianity exposed soon rendered himself celebrated, and Diana
him. Porphyry supposes him to have been took him among her attendants and even be
born of heathen parents, and educated in their came deeply enamoured of him. His gigan
eligious principles; but Eusebius, who wrote tic stature, however, displeased CEnopion,
his life, has shown most conclusively that his king of Chios, whose daughter Hero or Me
parents were Christians, and todk the great rope he demanded in marriage. The king, not
est possible care of his education.] He became to deny him openly, promised to make him his
to rigid a Christian that he made himself son-in-law as soon as he delivered bi: island
ºu eunuch, by following the literal sense of from wild beasts. This task, which CEnopion
* passage in the Greek testament, which deemed impracticable, was soon performed
tº Jo
 OR OR
**===-->it

by Orion, whe eagerly demanded his reward. voluntarily sacrificed themselves for the good
QEnopion, on pretence of complying, intoxi of their country. Their names were Menippe
cated his illustrious guest and put out his and Metioche. They had been carefully
eyes on the sea-shore, where he had laid him educated by Diana, and Venus and Minerva
self down to sleep. Orion, finding himself had made them very rich and valuable pre
blind when he awoke, was conducted by the sents. The deities of hell were struck at the
sound to a neighbouring forge, where he plac patriotism of the two females, and imme
ed one of the workmen on his back, and, by diately two stars were seen to arise from the
his directions, went to a place where the ris earth, which still smoked with the blood, and
ing sun was seen with the greatest advantage. they were placed in the heavens in the form
Here he turned his face towards the lumina of a crown. According to Ovid, their bodies
ry, and, as it is reported, he immediately re were burned by the Thebans, and from their
covered his eye-sight, and hastened to punish ashes arose two persons, whom the gods soon
the perfidious cruelty of QEnopion. It is said after changed into constellations. [Some sup
that Orion was an excellent workman in iron ; pose that the fable respecting Orion was a
and that he fabricated a subterraneous palace copy of the story of Abraham entertaining the
for Vulcan. Aurora, whom Venus had in three angels, who came and ſoretold to him
spired with love, carried him away into the the birth of a son, though his wiſe was super
island of Delos, to enjoy his company with annuated. Others assert that it has a great
greater security: but Diana, who was jeal resemblance to the story of Jacob, especially
ous of this, destroyed Orion with her arrows. as the name of Jacob's staff is given to the
Some say that Orion had provoked Diana's three brightest stars in the constellation of
resentment, by offering violence to Opis, one Orion, and the name of Jacob, which signifies
of her female attendants, or, according to strong against the Lord, (upon account of the
others, because he had attempted the virtue mysterious combat he had with an angel.) may
of the goddess herself. According to Ovid, have given rise to it. Besides, the Arabians
Orion died of the bite of a scorpion, which call the constellation of Orion, .4igebar, or
the earth produced, to punish his vanity in .Algebao, the strong, the giant. The Abbe
boasting that there was not on earth any Fourmont has also argued that this star is the
animal which he could not conquer. Some same with that of the patriarch..] Diod. 4.
say that Orion was the son of Neptune and —Homer. Od. 5, v. 121, 1.11, v. 309.—Pºirs.
Euryale, and that he had received from his JEn. 3, v. 517.—Apollod. 1, c. 4.—Ovid. Met.
father the privilege and power of walking 8 and 13. Fast. 5, &c.—Hygin. fab. 125 and
over the sea without wetting his feet. Others P. 4.2, c. 44, &c.—Propert. 2, el. 13–Virg.
make him son of Terra, like the rest of the .#Cn. 1, &c.—Horat. 2, od. 13, 1.3, od. 4 and
giants. He married a nymph called Sida 27, epod. 10, &c.—Lucan. 1, &c.—Catull.
before his connection with the family of OEno de Beren.—Palephat. 1–Parthen erotic. 20.
pion; but Sida was the cause of her own ORITHYIA, a daughter of Erechtheus,
death, by boasting herself fairer than Juno. king of Athens, by Praxithea. She was court
According to Diodorus, Orion was a celebrat ed and carried away by Borens, king of
ed hunter, superior to the rest of mankind Thrace, as she crossed the Ilissus, and be
by his strength and uncommon stature. He came mother of Cleopatra, Chione, Zetes,
built the port of Zancle, and fortified the and Calais. Apollon. 1.-Apollod. 3, c. 15.
coast of Sicily against the frequent inunda —Orpheus.-Ovid. Met. 6, v. 706. Fast. 5, v.
tions of the sea, by heaping a mound of earth, 204.—Paus. 1, c. 59, 1.5, c. 19.-One of
called Pelorum, on which he built a temple the Amazons, famous for her warlike and in
to the gods of the sea. After death, Orion trepid spirit, Justin. 2, c. 4.
was placed in heaven, where one of the con ORMENus, a king of Thessaly, son of Cer
stellations still bears his name. The constella caphus. He built a town which was called
tion of Orion, placed near the feet of the bull, Ormenium. He was father of Amyntor.
was composed of 17 stars, in the form of a Homer. Il.9, v. 448. -

man holding a sword, which has given occa ORNEA, a town of Argolis, famous for a
sion-to the poets often to speak of Orion's battle fought there between the Lacedæmo
sword. As the constellation of Orion, which nians and Argives. Diod.
rises about the ninth day of March and sets On NITHLE, a wind blowing from the
about the 21st of June, is generally supposed north in the spring, and so called from the
to be accompanied, at its rising, with great appearance of birds (oguşat, aves.) Column.
rains and storms, it has acquired the epithet 11, c. 2.
of aquosus, given it by Virgil. Orion was ORNIthon, a town of Phoenicia, between
buried in the island of Delos, and the monu. Tyre and Sidon.
ment which the people of Tanagra in Boeotia ORöDEs, a prince of Parthia, who murder
showed, as containing the remains of this ed his brother Mithridates, and ascended his
celebrated hero, was nothing but a cenotaph. |throne. He defeated Crassus, the Roman tri
The daughters of Orion distinguished them umvir, and poured melted gold down the
selves as much as their father; and, when the
throat of his fallen enemy, to reproach him
oracle had declared that Boeotia should not be for his avarice and ambition. He followed
delivered from a dreadful pestilence before |the interest of Cassius and Brutus at Philip
two of Jupiter's children were immolated on |pi. It is said, that, when Orodes became old
the altars, they joyfully accepted the offer, and and infirm, his thirty children applied to him.
556
 OR Olć.

and disputed, in his presence, their right to troubles excited by the Priscillianistes, a sect
the succession. Phraates, the eldest of them, of the Gnostics or Manichaeans, caused him to
obtained the crown from his father, and to betake himself to St. Augustine in Africa,
hasten him out of the world, he attempted to who afterwards sent him to St. Jerome. The
poison him. The poison had no effect, and latter prelate was then in Palestine. Orosi
Phraates, still determined on his father's us acted in this country the part of a turbu.
death, strangled him with his own hands, lent man, and embroiled St. Jerome with
about 37 years before the Christian era. Pelagius and John of Jerusalem. From Pa
Orodes had then reigned about 50 years. lestine he returned to Africa. Rome having
Justin. 42, c. 4.—Paterc. 2, c. 30. An been taken by the Visigoths, the Gentiles as .
other king of Parthia, murdered for his cruel |cribed the calamities which afflicted the em
ty. Josephus, 18. Jud.—A son of Artaba pire to the abolition of the religion of their
mus king of Armenia. Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 33. fathers, and the introduction of Christianity.
OROETEs, a Persian governor of Sardis, fa To refute this charge Orosius, at the advice
mous for his cruel murder of Polycrates. He of St. Augustine, composed a history in seven
died B. C. 521. [He was put to death by or books, in which he undertook to show that
der of Darius Hystaspes, on account of va ever since the creation, which he dated back
rious offences committed by him, more parti 5618 years, the habitable world had been the
cularly for having destroyed Mitrobates, go theatre of the greatest calamities. This work
vernor of Dascylium, and his son Cranapes, bears in the manuscripts the title of Hormesta,
and for having put to death a royal messen (or Ormesta) a name of unknown origin.
ger. Historians are not quite agreed about The most probable opinion is, that it has
the name of this man. He is called by some arisen from a mistake made by some old co
Orontes.] Herodot. pyist. The true title no doubt was Pauli
ORomºpow, a lofty mountain in the island Or, mosta mundi, of which the copyist made
of Cos. Theocrat. 7. Pauli Ormesla. This history was translated
ORon TEs, [a river of Syria, rising on the into the Saxon tongue by king Alfred, who
easternside of the range of Libanus, and, after has added some interesting remarks upon
pursuing a northerly course, falling into the the geography of the Slavi and Scandinavi
Mediterranean about six leagues below An ans. Orosius was the author also of a “De
tiochia. It was called Qrontes, according to fence of the Freedom of the Will” against
Strabo, from the persou who first built a Pelagius, and of other works. The best edi
bridge over it, its previous name having beention of the history is that of Havercamp,
Typhon. This name it received from a dra Lugd. B. 1788, 4to.]
gon, which, having been struck with a thun ORosPRDA, [vid. Ortospeda.] Strab. 3.
derbolt, sought in its flight a place of con ORPHEus, a son of CEager, by the muse
cealment by breaking through the surface of Calliope. [vid. next page, line 39.] Some
the earth, from which aperture the river suppose him to be the son of Apollo, to
broke forth, so that, according to this state render his birth more illustrious. He re
ment, it pursued a part of its course at first ceived a lyre from Apollo, or, according to
under ground. This, however, is a mere fa some, from Mercury, upon which he played
ble. Typhon was probably a fanciſul appel with such a masterly hand, that even the
lation given to it by the Greeks, since it is al most rapid rivers ceased to flow, the savage
together different from the Syriac term which beasts of the forest forgot their wildness, and
the natives now apply to it, viz. El-Musi, or, the mountains moved to listen to his song.
“the swift,” and which no doubt was also gi [vid. end of this article.] All mature seem
ven to it by the Syrians of former days, since ed charmed and animated, and the nymphs
from it the Greeks appeared to have formed were his constant companions. Eurydice
their other name for this river, viz. the Axi was the only one who made a deep impres
us. Scylax calls the stream Thapsacus. The sion on the melodious musician, and their
Orontes is a large river in winter, on account nuptials were celebrated. Their happi
of the accession to its waters from the rain ness, however, was short; Aristaeus became
and melted snows, but it is a very small enamoured of Eurydice, and, as she fled
stream in summer.] Dionys. Perieg.—Ovid. from her pursuer, a serpent, that was lurk
Met. 2, v. 248.--Strab. 16.-Paus. 8, c. 20. ing in the grass, bit her foot, and she died
ORöpus, a town of Boeotia, on the borders of the poisoned wound. Her loss was se
of Attica, near the Euripus, which received verely felt by Orpheus, and he resolved
its name from Oropus, a son of Macedon. It to recover her, or perish in the attempt.
was the frequent cause of quarrels between With his lyre in his hand, he entered the
the Boeotians and the Athenians, whence infernal regions, and gained an easy ad
some have called it one of the cities of Atti mission to the palace of Pluto. The king
ca, and was at last confirmed in the possession of hell was charmed with the melody of
of the Athenians by Philip, king of Macedon. his strains, and, according to the beautiful
Amphiaraus had a temple there. Paus. 1, c. expressions of the poets, the wheel of Ixion
34.—Strab. 9. stopped, the stone of Sisyphus stood still,
ORosius, [a priest of Tarraco or Tarra Tantalus forgot his perpetual thirst, and
gona in Catalonia, who flourished in the even the furies relented. Pluto and Proser
beginning of the fifth century. The invasion! pine were moved with his sorrow, and con:
of his country by the barbarians, and the sented to restore him Eurydice, provided
*-*-
557
 OR

regarded as the true author of the theology

to the extremest borders of hell. The condi of the Greeks, as far as it is to be considered
tions were gladly accepted, and Orpheus was of northern original. He abolished human
already in sight of the upper regions of the sacrifices, and instituted an expiation which
air, when he forgot his promises, and turned was to put an end to those family feuds and
back to look at his long-lost Eurydice. He retaliations which characterized the earlier
saw her, but she instantly vanished from his Greeks, as they still do some half-civilized
eyes. He attempted to follow her, but he nations at the present day. That the works
was refused admission; and the only comfort of Orpheus which have reached our time
he could find, was to sooth his grief by the were composed long after his days is proved
sound of his musical instruments, in grottos, not only by historical evidence, but also by
or on the mountains. He totally separated the artificial spirit in which they are written,
himself from the society of mankind ; and and the philosophical reflections with which
the Thracian women, whom he had offended they are accompanied. These works are, 1.
by his coldness to their amorous passion, or, Hymns of Initiation (Textrau), to the number
according to others, by his unnatural grati of 28, in hexameter verse. They are gene
fications and impure indulgences, attacked rally supposed to have been the productions
him while they celebrated the orgies of Bac of Onomacritus. 2. An historical or epic
chus, and after they had torn his body to pie poem on the Expedition of the .4rgonauts,
ces, they threw his head into the Hebrus, (Agyovaviruka) in 1384 verses. 3. A work on
which still articulated the words Eurydice the magical virtues of stones, (II*E* A.3-1. or
Eurydice as it was carried down the stream Albiza,) in 768 hexameters, showing how they
into the AEgean Sea. [vid. Lesbos.] Orpheus may be used as preservatives against poisons,
was one of the Argonauts, of which celebrated and as a means of conciliating the favour of
expedition he wrote a poetical account still the gods. And 4. Fragments of various other
extant. Some maintain that he was killed by a works, among which is placed a poem of 65
thunderbolt. He was buried at Pieria in Mace verses, entitled II'gº ºur way, concerning
donia, according to Apollodorus. The inha Earthquakes, that is, of the prognostics to be
bitants of Dion boasted that his tomb was in derived from this species of phenomena; a
their city, and the people of Mount Libethrus, production sometimes ascribed to the fabu
in Thrace, claimed the same honour; and fur lous Hermes Trismegistus. As late as the
ther observed, that the nightingales which 17th century no one doubted but that the
built their nests near his tomb sang with great different works which bear the name of Or
er melody than all other birds. [vid. Lesbos.] pheus, or at least the greater part of them,
Orpheus, as some report, after death receiv were either the productions of Orpheus him
ed divine honours, the muses gave an honour self, or of Onamacritus, who was regarded as
able burial to his remains, and his lyre be the restorer of these ancient poems. The
came one of the constellations in the heavens. learned Huet was the first, who, believing
[Much of what the Greeks relate concerning that he had discovered in them traces of
Orpheus is to be ascribed to their credulous Christianity, expressed the suspicion that they
vanity and their constant love of the mar might be the work of some pious impostor.
wellous. When Orpheus is said to have In 1751, when Ruhnken published his second
moved both animate and inanimate nature critical Letter, he attacked the opinion of
by the tones of his lyre, nothing more ap Huet, and placed the composition of the
pears in reality to be meant, than that he in works in question in the tenth century before
troduced the first rudiments of civilization the Christian era. Gesner went still farther,
and the arts of social life among a wild and and in his Prolegomena Orphica, which were
savage race of men. The poems of both read in 1759 at the University of Göttingen,
Orpheus and Musæus had reference no doubt and subsequently placed in Hamberger's edi
to the mysteries established by them, and tion of Orpheus published after Gesner's
were not preserved, like the productions of a death, he declared that he had found nothing
later age, in the oral communications of the in these poems which prevented the belief that
uninitiated and profane. It was the veil of they were composed before the period of the
mystery with which these poems were eu Trojan war. He allowed, however, at the same
shrouded which proved the principal cause time, that they might have been retouched
of the numerous falsifications they from time by Onomacritus. Gesner found an opponen:
to time experienced. These alterations and in the celebrated Valckenaer, who believed
interpolated passages were so numerous, that the author of the poems in question to have
even as early as the days of Aristotle and belonged to the Alexandrian school. In 1771,
Plato there existed nothing more which Schneider revived and developed the theory
could be deemed authentic of the poems in of Huet. The same poems in which Ruhn
question. It would be an idle task at the ken had found a diction almost Homeric, and
present day to attempt to pass any opinion |Gener the simple style of remote antiquity.
upon the poetical merits of the former of appeared to the eyes of the German Professor,
these bards, or to form any idea of the nature the work of a later Platonist initiatell into
of the mysteries which he established. His the tenets of Judaism and the mysteries of
life belongs rather to mythology than to his |Christianity. His arguments, deduced en
tory, and to the history of civilization more tirely from the style of these productions,
than to that of literature. Orpheus must be were strengthened by Thunmann (Neuer",
|-- 558
 OR OR
—

dolog. Bibliothek, vol. 4, p. 298.) who disco was a member of one of those sacerdotal co
vered in these poems historical and geogra lonies which professed the religion of Bud
phical errors, such as could only have been da, and who, being driven from their home
committed by a writer subsequent to the age in the northern parts of India and in the
of Ptolemy Euergetes. In 1782 Ruhnken plains of Tartary, by the superior power of
published a new edition of his critical Let the rival sect of Brahma, moved gradually
ter; in which he endeavoured to refute the onwards to the west, dispensing in their
opinion of Schneider, allowing at the same progress the benefits of civilization and the
time that the position assumed by Walckenaer mysteries and tenets of their peculiar faith.
was not an improbable one. The discussion There seems to be a curious analogy be
rested for twenty years, when Schneider, in tween the name of the poet and the old
his edition of the Argonautics published inGreek term ogºor, dark or tawny-coloured, so
1803, defended the theory which he had sup that the appellation of Orpheus may have
ported in his younger days, adding at the been derived by the early Greeks from his
same time, however, some modifications; for dusky Hindoo complexion. The death of
he allowed that the author of the Argonau Eurydice, and the descent of Orpheus to the
tics, although comparatively modern, had shades for the purpose of effecting her resto
appropriated to himself the style and manner ration, appears to be nothing more than an
of the Alexandrian school. Two years af. allegorical allusion to certain events connect
ter, Hermann, in a memoir annexed to his ed with the religious and moral instructions
edition of the Orphica, and subsequently in of the bard. “All that can be said concerning
a separate dissertation, supported with rare the Gods,” observes Strabo, “must be by the
erudition the opinion of Huet, and that exposition of old opinions and fables ; it be
which Schneider had advanced in 1771. His ing the custom of the ancients to wrap up in
arguments are drawn from the style and me enigma and fable their thoughts and dis
tre of the work. Five German critics, courses concerning nature; which are not
Heyne, Voss, Wolf, Huschke, and Koenigs therefore easily explained.” (Strab. 10, p.
mann, have opposed the hypothesis of Schnei 474.) It will not, we hope, be viewed as too
der and Hermann, and declared in favour of bold an assertion to affirm that such a female
Valckenaer's theory. The authority of the as Eurydice never existed. The name Eury
grammarian Draco, who cites the Argonau dice (Evevúix”) appears to be compounded of
tics of Orpheus, having been strongly urged the adverbial form sugu, or perhaps the ad
against Hermann, the latter obtained the work jective svgue, ccmsidered as being of two ter
of Draco, which until then had remained un minations, (Matthiae, G. G. vol. 1. § 120,) and
edited, from the celebrated Bast, and publish the noun ºwn ; and it would seem to be no
ed it at Leipzig in 1812. Draco does in fact thing more than an appellation for that sys
cite the Argonautics, and his authority is tem of just dealing which Orpheus had intro
the more entitled to 'attention, since Her duced among the earlier progenitors of the
mann himself has shown that he lived before Grecian race, and the foundations of which
the time of Apollonius Dyscolus, and conse had been laid broadly and deeply by him in
quently at the beginning of the second cen the minds of his hearers. According to the
tury; whereas, before this, he had been ge statements of ancient mythologists, Aristacus,
nerally assigned to the sixth century. Her the son of Apollo and the nymph Cyrene, be
mann, however, has greatly shaken the au came enamoured of Eurydice the wife of
thority of Draco, and leads us to entertain Orpheus, and pursued her into a wood where
the opinion that we possess only an extract a serpent stung her so that she died. It is
of the work, augmented by interpolations Hyery generally agreed among the expounders
and marginal glosses that have crept into the of mythology at the present day, that most of
text. It is even probable that the very part the individuals who act a conspicuous part
relating to Orpheus was added by Constan in the earlier fables of the Greeks, as sons of
time Lascaris. As regards Orpheus himself, Apollo, are to be regarded as having been of
he is stated by some ancient authorities to Oriental origin; the phrase “son of Apollo”
have abstained from eating offlesh, and to have meaning nothing more than that he to whom
had an abhorrence of eggs, considered as food, it is applied had come from the countries of
from a persuasion that the egg was the prin the east. The name Aristaeus, (Agrotator,)
ciple of all beings. Many other accounts also, conveys the idea of supremacy, and he
are given of him, which would seem to as is styled in fact, by some of the ancient wri
similate his character to that of the anci ters, king of Arcadia; though Thessaly more
ent priests of India, or Brachmani. The properly was his place of residence at the
ancients, however, unable to discover any period of the alleged death of Eurydice.
mode by which he could have obtained his Cicero calls him a son of Bacchus; but as he
knowledge from any other source, pretend is supported in this, apparently by no other
ed that he had visited Egypt, and had there authorities, the only safe conclusion we can
been initiated in the mysteries of Isis and deduce from it is, that Aristacus was attached
Osiris. This, however, appears to be a sup to and disseminated the doctrines and mys
position purely gratuitous on the part of the teries of the rites of Bacchus. The impure
ancient writers, since a careful examination indulgences and the gross immoralities, which
of the subject leads directly to the belief characterized, even in an early age, the cele:
that Orpheus was of Indian origin, that he bration of the Bacchanalian orgies, may well
559
 OR OR

be supposed hostile in their influence to that been advanced, and a proof of his having
purer system of morality and just dealing either been destroyed, or compelled to yield
which had emanated from the instructions of to their power, by the votaries of the system
Orpheus. A contest ensues between the rival of Bacchus.-As regards the being and tr
systems; the followers of the latter are com istence of Orpheus, it has been supposed by
pelled to fly, by the hand of power, to the some that Cicero maintains the contrary. A
recesses of the forest, in order to practise careful examination, however, of the passage
there in security the rites to which they are in question will not seem to confirm this re
sult. The words of Cicero are as follows
attached; but the celebration of the orgies,
the scene of which was invariably laid in “Orpheum poetam docet .Aristoteles nunquan
woods and on mountains, lays open the place fuisse.” (Nat. De. 1, c. 38.) The reference
of their retreat to the followers of Bacchus, is to a passage of Aristotle in the third book
and the system of Orpheus is prostrated. In of his Poetics, which is now lost. Cicero,
the language of poetry, Aristasus (power) however, does not mean to deny the existence
pursues Eurydice (Evgvā'izn, the darling in of Orpheus, but merely quotes Aristotle ſor
stitutions of Orpheus) into the woods, where the purpose of showing that the works com
the serpent (the system of Bacchus) occasions monly ascribed to him were not his produc
her death. It is not pretended that the ser tions. The word poetam is equivalent in the
pent was the peculiar emblem of. Bacchus, text to “composer of the Orphic hymns."
but we have the authority of Justin Martyr which were then circulating under his name,
(Apol. 2, p. 70,) for the remark that it was and in the collocation of the sentence must
symbolical of almost every god, denoting the be placed after ſuisse. The meaning will
general attribute of immortality; and at this then be, “..Aristotle informs us that Orpheus
early period we know of no other mysteries never was the author of the hymns which at
having been prevalent in Greece but those present go by his name.” On this explana
of Orpheus and Bacchus. Orpheus, say the tion, see Gesner in Prolegom.—Harless, Fabr.
poets, lamenting the loss of his beloved Eu Bib. Gr. vol. 1, p. 143.-Kinderrater. An
rydice, descended in quest of her to the shades. merk. zu Cucero.N. D. p.275.-Ast. Grundress
The meaning of which evidently is, that, af. der Phulologie.p.56.-Brucker,in his “History
flicted at the overthrow of the favourite sys of Philosophy” by Enfield, has deduced from
tem which he had promulgated, and the con the Orphic verses and other fragments of Or
sequent gross corruption of the times, he en pheus, the following summary of his doc
deavoured to reclaim men from the sensual trine concerning God and nature. “God
indulgences to which they had become at from all eternity contained within himself
tached, by holding up to their view the terrors the unformed principles ofthe material world.
of future punishment in another world. In and consisted of a compound nature, active
deed, that he was the first who introduced and passive. By the energy of the active
among the Greeks the idea of a Hell is ex principle he sent forth from himself, at the
pressly asserted by ancient authorities. The commencement of a certain finite period,
awful threatenings that were thus unfolded all material and spiritual beings which
to their view, and the blissful enjoyments of partake in different degrees of the divine
an Elysium which were at the same time nature. All beings, proceeding originally
promised to the faithful, succeeded in bring from God, will, after certain purgations.
ing back men for a time to the path of duty; return to him. The universe itself will be
but either the impatience of their instructor destroyed by fire and afterwards renewed.”)
to see his efforts realized, or some inattention The best edition of Orpheus is that of Her
on his part, frustrated all his hopes, and man mann, Lips. 1805, 8vo. Duod.1, &c.—Paus. 1,
kind again relapsed into moral darkness. &c.—Apollod. 1, c. 9, &c.—Cic. de Nat. D. J.
In the fanciful phraseology of the poet, the c. 38.-Apollon. 1.- Virg. JBn. 6, v. 645. G.
doctrine of a future state of punishment, as 4, v. 457, &c.—Hygin. fab. 14, &c.—Ovid.
taught by Orpheus, was converted into his .Met. 10, fab. 1, &c. l. 11, fab. 1.—Plato. Point.
descent to the shades. His endeavour to 10.-Horat. 1, od. 13 and 35.—Orpheus
re-establish by these means the moral sys ORPHicA, a name by which the myste
tem which he had originally promulgated, ries of Orpheus were called, because they
became, to the eye of the earlier bard, an had been introduced in Europe by Orphe
impassioned search, even amid the darkness us.
of the lower world, for the lost object of con ORsippus, a man of Megara, who was pre
jugal affection; and by the tones of the lyre, vented from obtaining a prize at the Olym
which bent even Pluto and Proserpina to his pic games, because his clothes were entangle!
will, appear to be indicated those sweet and as he ran. This circumstance was the cause
moving accents of moral harmony, in which that, for the future, all the combatants were
were described the joys of Elysium, and obliged to appear naked. Paus. 1, c. 44.
whose power would be acknowledged even M. ORTALUs, a grandson of Hortensius,
by those whom the terrors of punishment who was induced to marry by a present from
could not intimidate. The fate of the un Augustus, who wished that ancient family not
happy Orpheus in being torn to pieces by the to be extinguished. Tacit...Ann. 2, c. 37.-
Bacchantes on the banks of the Hebrus, is a Val. JMar. 3, c. 5.—Suet. in Tiber.
direct confirmation of the truth of what has ORTHIA, a surname of Diana at Spart
560
 OS OS

n her sacrifices it was usual for boys to be |lamented the king's death, while others, elat
whipped. (vid. Diamastigosis.) Plut. in Thes. ed at the sudden news of the victory of The
ºc.
seus, crowned the herald with garlands in de
ORTHRus, or Orthos, a dog which belong monstration of their joy. The herald carried
2d to Geryon, from whom and the Chimaera |back the garlands on his staff to the sea
prang the sphynx and the Nemacan lion. He |shore, and after he had waited till Theseus
had two heads, and was sprung from the union had finished his sacrifice, he related the me
»f Echidna and Typhon. He was destroyed lancholy story of the king's death. Upon
>y Hercules. Hesiod. Theog. 310.—Apollod. this, the people ran in crowds to the city,
2, c. 5. showing their grief by cries and lamentations.
[ORtospºda, or ORosPEDA Mons, a chain From that circumstance therefore, at the
5f mountains in Spain, properly speaking a feast of Oschophoria, not the herald but
zontinuation of the range of Idubeda. One his staff is crowned with garlands, and all
part terminates, in the form of a segment of a the people that are present always exclaim
>ircle, on the coast of Murcia and Grenada, exexsw, is is ; the first of which expresses
while two arms are sent off in the direction
haste, and the others a consternation or de
ºf Baetica, one of which pursues nearly a pression ofspirits. The historian further men
western direction, and is called Mons Maria tions, that Theseus, when he went to Crete,
nus, now Sierra Morena; the other runs more did not take with him the usual number
to the south-west, nearer the coast, and is of virgins, but that instead of two of them
called Mons Ilipula, now Sierra Nevada, end he filled up the number with two youths
ing on the coast at Calpe or Gibraltar.] of his acquaintance, whom he made pass
ORTY GIA, a small island of Sicily, within for women, by disguising their dress, and
the bay of Syracuse, which formed once one by using them to the ointments and perfumes
of the four quarters of that great city. It was of women as well as by a long and successful
in this island that the celebrated ſountain
imitation of their voice. The imposition suc
Arethusa arose. [cid. Syracusae.] Virg. JEn. ceeded, their sex was not discovered in Crete,
3, v. 694.—Hom. Od. 15, v. 403. An an and when Theseus had triumphed over the
cient name of the island of Delos. Some sup Minotaur, he, with these two youths, led a
pose that it received this name from Latona, procession with branches in their hands, in the
who fled thither when changed into a quail, same habit which is still used at the celebra
(ogrw: ) by Jupiter, to avoid the pursuits of tion of the Oschophoria. The branches which
Juno. [vid. Delos.] Diana was called Or were carried were in honour of Bacchus or of
ſugia, as being born there; as also Apollo. Ariadne, or because they returned in autumn,
Orid. Met. 1, v. 651–Fast. 5, v. 692.-Virg. when the grapes were ripe. Besides this pro
..ºn. 3, v. 124. cession, there was also a race exhibited, in
Oftus, or Horus, one of the gods of the which only young men, whose parents were
£gyptians, son of Osiris and of lsis. He as both alive, were permitted to engage. It was
sisted his mother in avenging his father, who usual for them to run from the temple of Bac
had been murdered by Typhon. Orus was chus to that of Minerva, which was on the
skilled in medicine, he was acquainted with sea-shore. The place where they stopped
futurity, and he made the good and the hap was called cºxazogucy, because the boughs
piness of his subjects the sole object of his go which they carried in their hands were de
vernment. IIe was the emblem of the sun
posited there. The reward of the conqueror
among the Egyptians, and he was generally was a cup called revtz zracº, five-fold, because
represented as an infant swathed in variegat it contained a mixture of five different things,
ed clothes. In one hand he held a staff wine, honey, cheese, meal, and oil. Plut. in
which terminated in the head of a hawk, in Thes. -

the other a whip with three thongs. Herodot. Osci, a people between Campania and the
2.—Plut. de. Isid. & Os.-Diod. 1. The country of the Volsci, who assisted Turnus
first king of Troezene. Paus, 2, c. 30. against Æneas. Some suppose that they are
Osca, a town of Spain, now Huesca in the same as the Opici, the word Osci being a
Arragon. Liv. 34, c. 10. diminutive or abbreviation of the other.
Oschophoria, a festival observed by the [Festus expressly makes Oscus and Opieus
Athenians. It receives its name aro row ºpet equivalent terms.] The language, the plays,
ºra: º ºxa.ºfrom carrying boughs hung up with and ludicrous expressions of this nation, are
grapes, called coxal. Its original institution often mentioned by the ancients, and from
is thus mentioned by Plut. in Thes. These their indecenct tendency, some suppose the
us, at his return from Crete, forgot to hang word obscenum (quasi oscenum) is derived.
out the white sail by which his father was to Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 14.—Cie. Fam. 7, ep. 1.-
be apprised of his success. This neglect was Lar. 10, c. 20-Strab. 5-Plin. 3. c. 5. –
fatal to AEgeus, who threw himself into the Pirg. JEn. 7, v. 720. -

sea and perished. Theseus no sooner reach Osiris, a great deity of the Egyptians, son
ed the land than he sent a herald to inform of Jupiter and Niobe. [rid.the end of thisar
his father of his safe return, and in the mean ticle.] All the ancients greatly differ in their
time he began to make the sacrifices which opinions concerning this celebrated god, but
he vowed when he first set sail from Crete. they all agree that, as king of Egypt, he tºok
The herald, on his entrance into the city, particular care to civilize his subject to Pºlish
found the people in great agitation. Some their morals, to give them good and salutary
r
4 B 561
 OS OS

laws, and to teach them agriculture. After ed the sacrifices and ceremonial rites. That
he had accomplished a reſorm at home, Osi part of the body of Osiris which had not
ris resolved to go and spread civilization in the been recovered, was treated with more par.
other parts of the earth. He left his kingdom ricular attention by Isis, and she ordered
to the care of his wife Isis, and of her faithful that it should receive honours more solemn,
minister Hermes or Mercury. The command and at the same time more mysterious than
of his troops at home was left to the trust of the other members. (vid. Phallica.) As 0s
Hercules, a warlike officer. In his expedi ris had particularly instructed his subjects
tion Osiris was accompanied by his brother in cultivating the ground, the priest chose
Apollo, and by Anubis, Macedo, and Pan. the ox to represent him, and paid the most
His march was through AEthiopia, where his superstitious veneration to that animal.
army was increased by the addition of the (rid. Apis.) Osiris, according to the opi
Satyrs, a hairy race of monsters, who made nion of some mythologists, is the same as the
dancing and playing on musical instruments sun, and the adoration which is laid by dif
their chief study. He afterwards passed ferent nations to an Anubis, a Bacchus, a
through Arabia and visited the greatest part Dionysius, a Jupiter, a Pan, &c. is the same as
of the kingdoms of Asia and Europe, where that which Osiris received in the Egyptian
he enlightened the minds of men by intro temples. Isis also after death received divine
ducing among them the worship of the gods, honours as well as her husband, and as the ox
and a reverence for the wisdom of a Supreme was the symbol of the sun, or Osiris, so the
Being. At his return home Osiris found the cow was the emblem of the moon, or of Isis.
minds of his subjects roused and agitated. His Nothing can give a clearer idea of the power
brother Typhon had raised seditions, and and greatness of Osiris than this inscription,
endeavoured to make himself popular. Osi which has been found on some ancient mo
ris, whose sentiments were always of the numents : Saturn, the youngest of all the
most pacific mature, endeavoured to con gods, was my father; I am 0siris, who ren
vince his brother of his ill conduct, but ducted a large and numerous army as far as
he fell a sacrifice to the attempt. Typhon the deserts of India, and travelled over the
murdered him in a secret apartment, and greatest part of the world, and visited the
cut his body to pieces, which were divided streams of the lster, and the remote shores of
among the associates of his guilt. Typhon, the ocean, diffusing benevolence to all the in
according to Plutarch, shut up his brother in habitants of the earth. Osiris was generally
a coffer and threw him into the Nile. The represented with a cap on his head like a
inquiries of leis discovered the body of her mitre, with two horns; he held a stick in his
husband on the coasts of Phoenicia, where it left hand, and in his right a whip with three
had been conveyed by the waves, but Typhon thongs. Sometimes he appears with the head
stole it as it was carrying to Memphis, and he of a hawk, as that bird, by its quick and
divided it amongst his companions, as was be piercing eyes, is a proper emblem of the sun,
fore observed. This cruelty incensed Isis; [The Abbé Banier is of opinion that Osiris is
she revenged her husband's death, and with the same with Misraim, the son of Ham, who
her son Orus she defeated Typhon and the peopled Egypt some time after the deluge,
partizans of his conspiracy. She recovered and who after his death was deified; and he
the mangled pieces of her husband's body, the is called by the ancients the son of Jupiter, be
genitals excepted, which the murderer had cause he was the son of Ham or Hammon,
thrown into the sea; and to render him all whom he himself had acknowledged as agod
the honour which his humanity deserved, she Marsham takes Osiris to have been Ham him.
made as many statues of wax as there were self. The learned, in general, allow that
mangled pieces of his body. Each statue con Osiris was one of the first descendants of
tained a piece of the flesh of the dead mo Noah by Ham, and that he governed Egypt.
narch ; and Isis, after she had summoned in whither his father had repaired, and there
her presence one by one, the priests of all the founded a small kingdom a few years after
different deities in her dominions, gave them the dispersion which happened in the time oi
each a statue, intimating, that in doing that Peleg. But Zoéga (De Obeliscis, p. 577,
she had preferred them to all the other com seqq.) has the following theory. He suppose:
munities of Egypt, and she bound them by a that Egypt, at the period when it began to
solemn oath that they would keep secret that be inhabited, received some colonies from
mark of her favour, and endeavour to show Arabia which followed a pastoral mode ºf
their sense of it by establishing a form of life, and others from Ethiopia who were at
worship and paying divine honours to their quainted with the cultivation of the earth
prince. They were further directed to choose The former took up their abode in the via
whatever animals they pleased to represent nity of Pelusium and along a part of the Del.
the person and the divinity of Osiris, and they ta, and extended southwards as far as the
were enjoined to pay the greatest reverence middle of Heptanomis. The Ethiopians, on
to that representative of divinity, and to bu the other hand, founded Thebes and Abydos,
ry it when lead with the greatest solemnity. together with many towns in Thebais and the
To render their establishment more popular, Delta itself, and for many ages waged waſ
each sacerdotal body had a certain portion of with various success against the shepherd
land allotted to them to maintain them, and to race. To this period, in the opinion of Zoºga,
defray the expenses *
562
necessarily attend. the history of Osiris belongs. He makes him
 OS OT

to have been a new-comer from Ethiopia, separated, and are now at a considerable dis
who communicated many useful precepts re tance from the sea. [Ostia was the only port
specting the cultivation of the earth, and of Rome, until the time of Claudius, who
taught many of the arts of civilized life. He built what is now Porto on the opposite bank
was at length entrapped and put to death by of the Tiber. The marshy insula sacra, in
Baby, the king of the shepherds, whom the the middle of the river, once sacred to Apol.
Greeks call Typhon, and afforded occasion lo, divides the ancient harbours, which Cas
by his death to many mournful rites. The siodorus calls the two eyes of Rome. After
Ethiopians finally prevailed over their oppo the building of Claudius's new port on the
nents, founded Memphis, and wrested from right bank of the river, the left stream, on
the shepherd race Heliopolis, and also Pelu which Ostia stands, was quite deserted. The
sium. But as they were divided into many ruins of old Ostia are now in the midst of a
separate communities, and at variance among wilderness, and the sea is nearly two miles
themselves, they were often exposed to the from the ancient port. The cause of this
invasions of the shepherds from the Delta and seems to be owing to the extreme flatuess of
from Arabia: occasionally they were subju the land, which does not allow the Tiber to
gated by them. At length Sesostris or Sethos, carry off the immense quantity of earth and
the son of Amenophis, having driven out the mud its turbid waters bring down; and the
shepherds into Arabia and Syria, carried his more that is deposited, the more sluggishly it
victorious arms even into Palestine, and on flows; and thus the shore rises, the sea re
his return to Egypt was declared king of the cedes, and the marshes extend..] Flor. 1, c.
whole country. He promulgated a code of 4, 1.3, c. 21.-Liv. 1, c. 33.-Mela, 2, c. 4.—
laws, which he pretended to have received Sueton.—Plin.
from Hermes the ancient deity of the Egyp Ostorius ScArūLA, a governor of Britain.
tian priests, and after his death was celebrat He died A. D. 55. [vid. Britannia.] Tacit.
ed in the traditions and sacred hymns of the .1717. 16, c. 23.
Egyptians.] Plut. in Isid. & Os-Herodot. Osy MANDYAs, a magnificent king of Egypt
2, c. 144.—Diod. 1.-Homer. Od. 12, v. 323.
in a remote period.] He was the first mo
–42lian. de Anim. 3.-Lucan. de Deá Syr. march who formed a library. He caused a
—Plin. 8. colossal statue of himself to be erected, on
OsismII, a people of Gaul in Brittany. which was this inscription: “I am Osyman
[Their country is now called Finisterre.] dyas, king of kings; whoever will dispute
Mela, 3, c. 2.-Caes. B. G. 2, c. 34. this title with me, let him surpass my works.”
Oskhof.NE, a country of Mesopotamia, vid. Memnonium.]
which received this name from one of its OtáNEs, a noble Persian, one of the seven
kings called Osrhoes. [rid. Mesopotamia.] who conspired against the usurper Smerdis.
Ossa, a lofty mountain of Thessaly, once It was through him that the usurpation was
the residence of the Centaurs. It was for first discovered. He was afterwards appoint
merly joined to Mount Olympus, but Her ed by Darius over the sea-coast of Asia Minor,
cules, as some report, separated them, and and took Byzantium. Herodot. 3, c. 70, &c.
made between them the celebrated valley of Otho, M. SALvivs, a Roman emperor,
Tempe. This separation of the two moun descended from the ancient kings of Ftruria.
tains was more probably effected by an earth He was one of Nero's favourites, and as such
quake, which happened, as fabulous accounts he was raised to the highest offices of the
represent, about 1885 years before the Chris state, and made governor of Pannouia by the
tian era. Ossa was one of those mountains interest of Seneca, who wished to remove
which the giants, in their wars against the him from Rome, lest Nero's love for Poppaea
gods, heaped up one on the other to scale the should prove his ruin. After Nero's death,
heavens with more facility. Mela, 2, c. 3.— Otho conciliated the favour of Galba, the new
Orid. Met. 1, v. 155, l.2, v. 225, 1.7, v. 224. emperor; but when he did not gain his point,
Fast. 1. v. 307, l. 3, v. 441.-Strab. 9.—Lu and when Galba had refused to adopt him as
can. 1 and 6.-P. irg. G. 1, v. 281. his successor, he resolved to make himself
Ostra, a town built at the mouth of the absolute without any regard to the age or
river Tiber by Ancus Martius, king of Rome, dignity of his friend. The great debts which
about 16 miles distant from Rome. It had a he had contracted encouraged his avarice,
celebrated harbour, and was so pleasantly si and he caused Galba to be assassinated, and
tuated that the Romans generally spent a part he made himself emperor. He was acknow
of the year there as in a country-seat. There ledged by the senate and the Roman people,
was a small tower in the port, like the Pharos but the sudden revolt of Vitellius in Germa
of Alexandria, built upon the wreck of a large ny rendered his situation precarious, and it
ship which had been sunk there, and which was mutually resolved that their respective
contained the obelisks of Egypt with which right to the empire should be decided by
the Roman emperors intended to adorn the arms. Otho obtained three victories over
capital of Italy. In the age of Strabo the his enemies, but in a general engagement
sand and mud deposited by the Tiber had near Brixellum, his forces were defeated, and
choked the harbour, and added much to the he stabbed himself when all hopes of success
size of the small islands which sheltered the were vanished, after a reign of about three
ships
her at the entrance
harbour, of thebecame
called Portus, Ostia and has
river. gradually the 20th
beenonjustly
months, of April,
observed, that A.theD.69. It
last mº"
563
 OT OW

ments of Otho's life were those of a philoso victory, but Othryades, who had been reck
pher. He comforted his soldiers who lament oned among the number of the slain, on ac
ed his fortune, and he expressed his concern count of his wounds, recovered himself and
for their safety, when they earnestly solicited carried some of the spoils, of which he had
to pay him the last friendly offices before he stripped the Argives, into the camp of his
stabbed himself, and he observed that it was countrymen; and after he had raised a trophy,
better that one man should die than that and had written with his own blood “I have
all should be involved in ruin for his ob conquered” on his shield, he killed himself, un
stinacy. His nephew was pale and distress willing to survive the death of his country
ed, fearing the anger and haughtiness of the men. Val. JMar. 3, c. 2.-Plut. Parall.
conqueror; but Otho comforted him, and A patronymic given to Pantheus, the Trojan
observed, that Vitellius would be kind and priest of Apollo, from his father Othryas.
affectionate to the friends and relations Wirg. JEn. 2, v. 319.
of Otho, since Otho was not ashamed to Otheys, a mountain, or rather a chain of
say, that, in the time of their greatest enmity, montains, in Thessaly, the residence of the
the mother of Vitellius had received every Centaurs. Strab. 9.-Herodot. 7, c. 129.-
friendly treatment from his hands. He also Wirg. JEn. 7, v. 675.
burnt the letters which, by falling into the Otus and EPHIALTEs, sons of Neptune.
hands of Vitellius, might provoke his resent vid. Aloides.
ment against those who had favoured the P. OvIDIus NASO, a celebrated Roman
cause of an unfortunate general. These no poet, born at Sulmo on the 20th of March,
ble and humane sentiments in a man who was about 43 B.C. As he was intended for the
the associate of Nero's shameful pleasures, bar, his father sent him early to Rome, and
and who stained his hand in the blood of his removed him to Athens in the sixteenth year
master, have appeared to some wonderful, of his age. The progress of Ovid in the study
and passed for the features of policy, and not of eloquence was great, but the father's ex
of a naturally virtuous and benevolent heart. pectations were frustrated; his son was born
Plut. in vitā.-Suet.—Tacit. 2, Hist. c. 50, a poet, and nothing could deter him from
&c.—Juv. 2, v. 90. Roscius, a tribune, of pursuing his natural inclination, though he
the people, who, in Cicero's consulship, made was often reminded that Homer lived and
a regulation to permit the Roman knights at died in the greatest poverty. Everything he
public spectacles to have the 14 first rows wrote was expressed in poetical numbers, as
after the seats of the senators. [The equites, he himself says, et quod tentabam scribere rer
previous to this, sat promiscuously with the sus erat. A lively genius and a fertile imagi
commons. By this new regulation of Otho's, nation soon gained him admirers; the learned
the commons considered themselves disho became his friends; Virgil, Propertius, Ti
noured, and hissed and insulted Otho when bullus, and Horace, honoured him with their
he appeared in the theatre : the equites, on correspondence; and Augustus patronized
the other hand, received him with loud plau him with the most unbounded liberality.
dits. . The commons repeated their hissings, These favours, however, were but momenta
and the knights their applause, until, at last ry, and the poet was soon after banished to
they came to mutual reproaches, and the Tomos, on the Euxine Sea, by the emperor
whole theatre became a scene of the greatest The true cause of this sudden exile is un
disorder. Cicero, being informed of the dis known. Some attribute it to a shameful amour
turbance, came and summoned the people to with Livia, the wiſe of Augustus, while others
the temple of Bellona, where, partly by his support that it arose from the knowledge
reproofs, and partly by his lenity, he so which Ovid had of the unpardonable incest of
wrought upon them, that they returned to the the emperor with his daughter Julia. These
theatre, loudly testified their approbation of reasons are indeed merely conjectural: the
Otho, and strove with the equites which cause was of a very private and very secret
should show him the most honour. The nature, of which Ovid himself is afraid to
speech delivered on this occasion was aſter. speak, as it arose from error and not from
wards reduced to writing. It is now lost, criminality. It was, however, something im
but having been delivered extempore affords proper in the family and court of Augustus,
a strong example of the persuasive nature of as these lines seem to indicate :
his eloquence. One topic which he touched Cur aliquid ridi 2 Cur noria lumina fºr "
on in this oration, and the only one of which Cur imprudenti cognita eulpa nihiest *
we have any hint from antiquity, was his re Inscius Actaeon ridit sine reste Dianan;
proaching the rioters for their want of taste, Prada fuit canibus non minus ille suis.
in creating a tumult while Roscius was per Again,
forming on the stage.] Horat. ep. 4, v. 10. Inscia quod crimen viderunt lumina plertar,
The father of the Roman emperor Otho Peccatumque oculos est habwisse meum.
was the favourite of Claudius.
Othry KDEs, one of the 300 Spartans who And in another place,
fought against 300 Argives, when those two Perdiderunt cum me duo crimina, carmen ºf
error,
nations disputed their respective right to thy. -

rea. Two Argives, Alcinor and Cronius, -Alternus facticulpa silenda mihiest.
and Othryades survived the battle. The [Tiraboschi (Storia della Letter. Ital. Tom.
Argives went home to carry the news of their 1, p. 201,) has given the subject a very care
584
 OW OX

ful and full examination, and seems to have a fault which is common in his compositions.
proved very satisfactorily that the offence of [These epistles, however, are the most finish
Ovid consisted in his having been an acci ed of the productions of Ovid, and form that
dental witness of some scandalous intrigue on part of his works which has met with the
the part of Julia, in which, however, Au largest number of imitators. The epistle of
gustus was not at all implicated.] In his ban Sappho to Phaon is regarded as a master
ishment, Ovid betrayed his pusillanimity, and piece. Three of the Heroides, viz. Ulysses
however afflicted and distressed his situa to Penelope, Demophoon to Phyllis, and Pa
tion was, yet the flattery and impatience ris to Oenone, are not the productions of
which he showed in his writings are a dis Ovid, nor were they written, apparently, by
grace to his pen, and expose him more to ri any poet of the Augustan age. Some critics
dicule than pity. Though he prostituted his ascribe them to Angelius Sabinus, a Neapo
pen and his time to adulation, yet the emper litan poet of the 15th century.] His three
or proved deaf to all entreaties, and refused books of Amorum, and the same number de
to listen to his most ardent friends at Rome, .Arte Amandi, with the other de Remedio
who wished for the return of the poet. Ovid, Amoris, are written with great elegance, and
who undoubtedly wished for a Brutus to de contain many ſlowery descriptions; but the
liver Rome of her tyrannical Augustus, con doctrine which they hold forth is dangerous,
tinued his flattery even to meanness; and and they are to be read with caution, as they
when the emperor died, he was so mercenary seem to be calculated to corrupt the heart
as to consecrate a temple to the departed ty and sap the foundations of virtue and mora
rant on the shore of the Euxine, where he re lity. His lbis, which is written in imitation
gularly offered frankincense every morning. of a poem of Callimachus of the same name,
Tiberius proved as regardless as his prede is a satirical performance. Besides these,
cessor to the entreaties which were made for there are extant some fragments of other
Ovid, and the poet died in the 7th or 8th year poems, and among these some of a tragedy
of his banishment, in the 59th year of his age, called JMedea. The talents of Ovid as a dra
A. D. 17, and was buried at Tomos. In the matic writer have been disputed, and some
year 1508 of the Christian era, the following have observed, that he who is so often void
epitaph was found at Stain, in the modern of sentiment, was not born to shine as a tra
kingdom of Austria. gedian. Ovid has attempted perhaps too
many sorts of poetry at once. On whatever
Hic situs est vates quem Divi Casaris ira he has written, he has totally exhausted the
./1ugusti patriá cedere jussit humo. subject and left nothing unsaid. He every
Saepe miser voluit patriis occumbre terris, where paints mature with a masterly hand,
Sed frustra! Huncilli fata dedere locum. and gives strength to the most vulgar expres
This, however, is an imposition to render ce sions. It has been judiciously observed, that
lebrated an obscure corner of the world which his poetry, after his banishment from Rome,
never contained the bones of Ovid. The was destitute of that spirit and vivacity which
greatest part of Ovid's poems are remaining. we admire in his other compositions. His
His Metamorphoses in 15 books are extreme Fasti are perhaps the best written of all his
ly curious, on account of the many different poems, and after them we may fairly rank his
mythological facts and traditions which they love verses, his Heroides, and after all his
relate, but they can have no claim to an epic JMetamorphoses, which were not totally finish
poem. In composing this, the poet was more ed when Augustus sent him into banishment.
indebted to the then existing traditions, and His Epistles from Pontus are the language of
to the theogony of the ancients, than to the an abject and pusillanimous flatterer. How
powers of his own imagination. His Fasti ever critics may censure the indelicacy and
were divided into 12 books, the same num the inaccuracies of Ovid, it is to be acknow
ber as the constellations of the zodiac; but ledged that his poetry contains great sweet
of these, six have perished, and the learned ness and elegance, and, like that of Tibullus,
world have reason to lament the loss of a |charms the ear and captivates the mind. Ovid
poem which must have thrown so much light married three wives, but of the last alone
upon the religious rites and ceremonies, fes |. speaks with fondness and affection. . He
tivals and sacrifices, of the ancient Romans, had only one daughter, but by which of his
as we may judge from the six that have sur wives is unknown; and she herself became
vived the ravages of time and barbarity. imother of two children, by two husbands.
His Tristia, which are divided into five |The best editions of Ovid's works are those
books, contain much elegance and softness of of Burman, 4 vols. 4to. Amst. 1727; of L.
expression, as also his Elegies on different Bat. 1670, in 8vo. and of Utrecht, in 12mo.
subjects. [His Tristia, however, are render 4 vols. 1713. Ovid. Trist. 3 and 4, &c.–Pa
ed very fatiguing by the monotony which per terc. 2.-Martial. 3 and 8. -

vades them. The despondency of Ovid and [ox#4, small pointed isles near the Echi:
his exaggerated description of his sufferings nades, now called Curzolari. Their ancient
inspire neither esteem for his character nor name has reference to their form, (ºuat)]
pity for his misfortunes.]... The Heroides are Oxus, [a large river of Bactriana, rising
nervous, spirited, and diffuse, the poetry is in the north-eastern extremity of that coun
try, or rather in the south-eastern part of
excellent, the language varied, but the ex
Pressions are often too wanton and indelicate, |Great Bukharia, and flowing for the greatºr
565
 PA PA

part of its course in a north-west º: ed their name from the bad stench (º) of
it receives numerous tributaries, and falls their bodies and of their clothing, which was
after a course of 1200 miles into the sea of the raw hides of wild beasts, or from the of.
.4ral. The ancient geographers supposed, it ſensive smell of the body of Nessus the ce:-
to fall into the Caspian, being ignorant of the taur, which after death was left to putrifyin
existence of the Sea of Aral to the east of the country without the honours of a burial.
the former. The Oxus is now the Amu, Some derive it with more propriety from the
called by the Arabian geographers Chihon stench of the stagnated water in the neigh.
or Gihon.] | bouring lakes and marshes. [rid. Locri-] Ae
Oxyphic E, a nation of India. [They are cording to a fabulous tradition, they received
supposed to have inhabited the district now || their name from a very different circumstance
called Outsch, near the confluence of the During the reign of a son of Deucalion, a bitch
Acesines and Indus. Perhaps, however, it brought into the world a stick instead of
would be more correct to locate them a little whelps. The stick was planted in the ground
beyond itsjunction with the Hyphasis.) Curt. by the king, and it grew up a large vine and
9, c. 4. | produced grapes, from which the inhabitants
Oxyhynchus, [a city of Egypt, on the ca of the country were called Osole, not from
mal of Moeris. It took its name from a fish očeiv, to smell bad, but from of 9", a branch or
called ºvevyxo; in Greek, or pike, which sprout. The name of Ozolae, on account of
was an object of worship to the Egyptians, its indelicate signification, highly displeased
and had a temple here. Nothing remains of the inhabitants, and they exchanged it soon
this city, in the village called Benese, built for that of Ætolians. [According to some
on its ruins, but some fragments of stone pil authorities, the arrows of Hercules were
lars, and a single column left standing, and |buried in this district by Philoctetes, and a
which appears to have formed part of a por mephitic vapour arose from them, as they
tico of the composite order.] Strab. were tinged with the poison of the Hydra.
OzóLAE or OzóL1, a people who inhabited According to others, the Ozolae continued for
the eastern parts of Ætolia, which were call a long time to dress in the skins of animals,
ed Ozolea. This tract of territory lay at the and hence their persons were rendered offen
north of the bay of Corinth, and extended sive..] Paus. 10, c. 38.—Herodot. 8, c. 32.
about twelve miles northward. They receiv

PA PA
PACATIANUs, Titus Julius, a general of en sands in his age. [The gold found amid
the Roman armies, who proclaimed himself the sands of the Pactolus was derived from
emperor in Gaul, about the latter part of the mines of Mount Tmolus, and when these
Philip's reign. He was soon after defeated, were exhausted the supply of the river
A. D. 249, and put to death, &c. |Ceased. This river, according to Varro and
PAchinus, or Pachynus, now Passaro, a Chrysostom, was the chief source of the
promontory of Sicily, projecting about two wealth of Croesus.] Virg. .42n. 10, v. 142—
miles into the sea, in the form of a peninsula, Strab. 18.-Orid. Met. 11, v. 86.-Herodot.
at the south-east corner of the island, with a 5, c. 110.-Plin, 33, c. 8.
small harbour of the same name. Strab, 6. PacTYAs, a Lydian intrusted with the care
– Mela, 2, c. 7.-Wirg../En.3, v. 699.-Paus. of the treasures of Croesus at Sardes. The
5, c. 25. immense riches which he could command.
PacoRus, the eldest of the thirty sons of corrupted him, and to make himself independ
Orodes, king of Parthia, sent against Cras ent he gathered a large army. He laid siege
sus, whose army he defeated, and whom he to the citadel of Sardes, but the arrival of one
took prisoner. He took Syria from the Ro of the Persian generals soon put him to flight.
mans and supported the republican party of He retired to Cumae and afterwards to Les.
Pompey, and of the murderers of Julius Čae bos, where he was delivered into the hands
sar. He was killed in a battle by Ventidius | of Cyrus. Herodot. 1, c. 154, &c.—Paus.2,
Bassus, B. C. 39, on the same day (9th of c. 35.
June) that Crassus had been defeated. Flor. PAcúvius, M. a native of Brundusium,
4, c. 9.-Horat. 3, od. 6, v. 9.-A king of son of the sister of the poet Ennius who
Parthia, who made a treaty of alliance with distinguished himself by his skill in painting,
the Romans, &c.
and by his poetical talents. [He was one of
PacTöLUs, a celebrated river of Lydia, the first Romans who attained any degree of
rising in Mount Tmolus, and falling into the
Hermus aſter it has watered the city of Sar eminence in painting ; and he particularly
distinguished himself by the picture which
tles. It was in this river that Midas washed he executed for the temple of Hercules in
himself when he turned into gold whatever he the Forum Boiarium.] He wrote satires and
touched; and from that circumstance it ever
after rolled golden sands, and received the tragedies which were represented at Rome,
and of some of which the names are preserv
name of Chrysorrhoas. It is called Tmolus ed, as Peribaea, Hermione, Atalanta, Ilione,
by Pliny. Strabo observes, that it had gold
566
|Teucer, Antiope, &c. Orestes was cousy
 tº A PAE
dered as the best finished performance; the flat country, in the lower part of its course,
style, however, though rough and without great dikes are erected on both sides of the
either purity or elegance, deserved the com river to protect the lands from inudation.
mendation of Cicero and Quintilian, who During its long course it receives a great
perceived strong rays of genius and perfec number of tributaries, its channel being the
tion frequently beaming through the clouds final receptacle of almost every stream which
of the barbarity and ignorance of the times rises on the eastern and southern declivities
[Cicero, though he blames his style, places of the Alps, and the northern declivity of
him on the same level for tragedy as En the Appenines. The mouths of the Po were
nius for epic poetry, or Caecilius for come anciently reckoned seven in number, the
dy ; and he mentions in his treatise De Ora principal one, which was the southernmost,
fore, that his verses were considered by ma called Padusa, and now Po di Primaro. It
ny as highly laboured and adorned. It was was this mouth also to which the appella
in this laboured polish of versification, and tions Eridanus and Spineticum Ostium
skill in the dramatic conduct of the scene, were applied. It sends off a branch from
that the excellence of Pacuvius chiefly con itself near Trigaboli, the modern Ferrara,
sisted. The passages of Horace and Quinti which was anciently styled Volana Ostium,
iian which relate to this poet must have this but is now denominated Po di Ferrara.]
meaning annexed to them, and no other. It was formerly said that it rolled gold dust in
Most other Latin critics, though on the whole its sands, which was carefully searched by
they seem to prefer Attius, allow Pacuvius the inhabitants. The consuls C. Flaminius
to be the more correct writer.] The poet in Nepos and P. Furius Phiſus, were the first
his old age retired to Tarentum, where he Roman generals who crossed it. The Po is fa
died in his 90th year, about 131 years before mous for the death of Phaeton, who, as the
Christ. Of all his compositions about 437 poets mention, was thrown down there by the
scattered lines are preserved in the collec thunderbolts of Jupiter. Ovid. Met. 1, v.258,
tions of Latin poets. [From no one play of &c.—Mela, 2, c. 4.—Lucan. 2, &c.—Virg.
Pacuvius are there more than fifty lines pre JEn.9, v. 680.-Strab. 5.-Plin. 37, c. 2.
served, and these generally very much de PADUsA, the most southern mouth of the
tached. The longest passages which we have Po. It was said to abound in swans, and from
in continuation are a fragment concerning it there was a cut to the town of Ravenna.
Fortune, in the Hermione; the exclamations It is now the Po di Primaro. vid. Padus.]
of Ulysses, while writhing under the agony irg. JEn. 11, v. 455.
of a recent wound in the JNiptra ; and a de PAEAN, a surname of Apollo, derived from
scription of a storm in the Dulorestes.] Cic. the word paan, an hymn which was sung in
de Orat. 2, ad Heren. 2, c. 27.—Horat. 2, ep. his honour, because he had killed the serpent
1, v. 56.-Quintil 10, c. 1. Python, which had given cause to the people
PADINUM, now Bondeno, a town on the to exclaim Io Paean * The exclamation of Io
Po, where it begins to branch into different Paean : was made use of in speaking to the
channels. Plin. 3, c. 15. other gods, as it often was a demonstration of
Papus, [now the Po, the largest river of joy. [Damm derives the term Paean, (IIatar)
Italy, anciently called also Eridanus, an ap from rauw, cessare facio, Apollo being honour
pellation which is frequently used by the Ro ed in hymns, as the divinity who protected
man poets, and almost always by Greek au from and caused evil to cease.] Juv. 6, v.
thors, vid. Eridanus. D'Anville makes 171,-Ovid. Met. 1, v. 533, l. 14, v.720.--Lw
this latter name belong properly to the can. 1, &c.—Strab. 18.
Ostium Spineticum of the Padus. The name PAEMRNI, a people of Belgic Gaul, suppos
Padus is said to have been derived from ed to dwell in the present country at the west
a word in the language of the Gauls, which of Luxemburg. Cars. G. 2, c. 4.
denoted a poplar tree, in consequence of the PAEoN, a celebrated physician during the
great number of those trees growing on its Trojan war. From him physicians are some
banks. Whatever be the derivation of the times called Paeonii, and herbs serviceable in
term Padus, the more ancient name of the medicinal processes, Poconia: herbac. Virg.
river, which was Bodincus, is certainly of JEn. 7, v. 769.-Ovid. Met. 15, v. 535.
Celtic origin, and is said to signify bottomless. PA:0NEs, [a people of Macedonia, who in
The Po rises in Mons Wesulus, now Monte habited the coast of Macedonia and the vici
Piso, near the sources of the Druentia or nity of Mount, Rhodope, according tº Dio
Durance, runs in an easterly direction for Cassius. Herodotus places them on the banks
more than 500 miles, and discharges its wa of the Strymon; and Ptolemy assigns to
ters into the Adriatic, about 30 miles south them the parts of Macedonia towards the
of Portus Venetus, or Venice. It is suffi sources of the Heliacmon.] Paus. 5, c. 1.-
ciently deep to bear boats and barges at 30 Herodot. 5, c. 13, &c. - -

miles from its source, but the navigation PAEóN1A, [a country of Macedonia, deriv
is at all times difficult, and not unfrequently ing its name from Paeon, the son of Endy
hazardous on account of the rapidity of the mion. vid. Paeones.] Lir:42, c. 5i, 1.45, c. 29.
current. Its waters are liable to sudden in Paeonides, a name given to the daughters
crease from the melting of the snows and from of Pierus, who were defeated by the Muses,
heavy falls of rain, the rivers that flow into it because their mother was a native of Paeon".
being almost all mountain-streams; and in the Ovid, Met. 5, ult fab. **
67
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PAEsos, a town of the Hellespont, called also the ship Argo, but also the Argonauts thern
Apasos, situated at the north of Lumpsacus. selves, were ever after distinguished by the
When it was destroyed the inhabitants mi epithet of Pargasaeus. [The place whence
grated to Lampsacus, where they settled. the Argo set sail was rather the port of
They were of Milesian origin. Strab. 13– Aphetae. vid. Aphetae. TheAphetae term Pagasaeus
Homer. Il. 2. refers to the gulf on which was situ.
PAEsrum, a town of Lucania, called also ate more than to the city of Pagasae.] Pliny
Neptunia, and Posidonia by the Greeks, confounds Pagasae with Demetrias, but they
where the soil produced roses which blos. are different, and the latter was peopled by
somed twice a year. The ancient walls of the inhabitants of the former, who preferred
the town, about three miles in extent, are the situation of Demetrias for its conveniences.
still standing, and likewise venerable remains Orid. Met. 7, v. 1, 1.8, v. 349.-Lucan. 2, v.
of temples and porticoes. The Sinus Pºsta: 715, 1.6, v.400.-Mela, 2, c. 3 and 7.-Straš.
nus, on which it stood, is now called the gulf 9.—Propert. 1, el. 20, v.17.-Plin. 4, c. 8
of Salerno. [Paestum was founded by a co Apollon. Rhod. 1, v. 238, &c.
lony from Sybaris, and its original name was PALAE, a town at the south of Corsica, now
Posidonia. It became a very flourishing city St. Bonifaco.
after the overthrow of the parent state, and PALFApólis, a small island on the coast of
its ruins still attest its former magnificence. Spain. Strab.
The Lucanians, however, subsequently dis PALABMon or PALEMON, a sea deity, sou
possessed the Sybarites,and checked the pros of Athamas and Ino. His original name was
perity of Posidonia. Under the Roman do .Melicerta, and he assumed that of Palaemon
minion an effort was made to revive the an after he had been changed into a sea deity
cient city, and a colony was sent to it, but the by Neptune. (vid. Melicerta.)—A noted
attempt never completely succeeded; and grammarian at Rome in the age of Tiberius,
though the Roman poets expatiate with de who made himself ridiculous by his arrogance
light upon its beautiful gardens and scenery, and luxury. Juv. 6, v. 451–Martial. 2, ºp.
the place itself never recovered its former 86. A son of Neptune, who was amongst
importance. Under the Romans the name the Argonauts. Apollod.
first appears to have been changed to Paes PALAppāphos, the ancient town of Paphos
tum. The learned Mazzochi is in error when in Cyprus, near to the new. [rid. Paphos.]
he makes this city of Phoenician origin, and Strab. 14. -

its name Paestum to have been the more an PALAEPHARsilus, the ancient town of
cient of the two, originating from the Phoe Pharsalus in Thessaly. [vid. Pharsalus.]
mician word Posetan or Postan, an appellation, Cars. B. A. 48.
according to him, for Neptune. Nothing can PALFPHRTUs, an ancient Greek philoso
be more fallacious than Phoenician etymolo pher, whose age is unknown, though it can be
gies. The city was plundered in a later age ascertained that he flourished between the
by the Saracens and Normans successively. times of Aristotle and Augustus. He wrote 5
Its ruins, however, are in some respects more books de incredibilibus, of which only the first
perfect than those of any other city in Italy, remains, and in it he endeavours to explain
and equally as magnificent. In their solidity, fabulous and mythological traditions by histo
bordering on heaviness, they seem to form rical facts. The best edition of Palaephatus
an intermediate link between the Egyptian is that of J. Frid. Fischer, in 8vo. Lisp. 1773.
and Etrurian manner. They mark the ear [There were several ancient writers named
lier stages of the Doric. The walls of the Palaephatus, one an Athenian, placed by the
town remain in all their circumference, five poets before the time of Homer; one a native
at least, and in some places twelve, feet high. of Paros, who lived under Artaxerxes Mne
They are formed of solid blocks of stone with mon, and one agrammarian and philosopher,
towers at intervals. The roses of Paestum born at Athens or in Egypt, posterior to Aris
still,according to travellers, support their an totle. The greatest number of authorities
cient frame by their fragrance, and by their are in favour of the latter, as the author of
blossoming twice a year, in May and in J)e- the work de incredibilibus, or rigº are rºl
cember. A stream, called Solofone, flows un PALFP61.1s, a town of Campania, built by
der the walls, and by spreading its waters a Greek colony, where Naples afterwards
over its low borders, and thus producing was erected. [vid. Neapolis.] Lir. 8, c. 28.
pools that corrupt in hot weather, continues, PALAEste, a village of Epirus near Ori.
as in alcient times, to infect the air, and ren cus, where Caesar first landed with his fleet.
der Paestum a dangerous residence in sum Lucan. 5, v. 460.
mer.] Virg. G. 4, v. 119.-Ovid. Met. 15, PALA:stina, [a district of Asia, deriving its
v. 708.-Pont. 2, el. 4, v. 28. name from the Philistei or Philistines who
CAEcinna Pietus, the husband of Arria, inhabited the coast. As it was the promised
(vid. Arria.) inheritance of the seed of Abraham, and
Pägasº, or PAGASA, a town of Magnesia, in the scene of the birth, sufferings, and death
Macedonia, with an harbour and a promon. of our Redeemer, we are accustomed to de
tory of the same name. The ship Argo was signate it by the more religious appellation of
built there, as some suppose, and, according the Holy Land. It was bounded on the north
to Propertius, the Argonauts set sail from that by Phoenicia and Coelesyria, on the east by
From ºrwmance not only
barbour. Arabia Deserta, on the south by Arabia Pe
-ton
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traea, and on the west by the Mediterranean, forged letter was carried by means of Ulysses
called in Scripture the Great Sea. On the before the princes of the Grecian army. Pa
western side of the Jordan were the three lamedes was summoned, and he made the
districts of Judaea in the south, Samaria in the most solemn protestations of innocence, but
middle, and Galilaea in the north. Moses has all was in vain; the money that was discover
described its great fertility, Deut. 8, 7, &c.; ed in his tent served only to corroborate the
and it is said to have exceeded even the cele accusation. He was found guilty by all the
brated land of Egypt in the number of cattle army and stoned to death. Homer is silent
which it bred, and in the quantity and excel about the miserable fate of Palamedes, and
lence of the oil, corn, wine, and various fruits Pausanias mentions that it had been reported
which it yielded. Its fecundity has been ex by some that Ulysses and Diomedes had
tolled even by Julian the Apostate. The vi drowned him in the sea as he was fishing on
sible effects of divine displeasure which this the coast. Philostratus, who mentions the
country has experienced, not only under Ti. tragical story above related, adds that Achil
tus, but much more since that emperor's time les and Ajax buried his body with great pomp
in the inundations of the northern barbarians, on the sea-shore, and that they raised upon it
of the Saracens, of the Crusaders, and the op a small chapel, where sacrifices were regular
pression it now feels under the Turkish yoke, ly offered by the inhabitants of Troas. Pala
are causes more than sufficient to have re medes was a learned man as well as a soldier,
duced the greater part of it to its present state, and, according to some, he completed the al
a mere desert. The Turks moreover neither phabet of Cadmus by the addition of the four
protect the agriculturalist from the incursions letters, 3, £, X, q, during the Trojan war.
of the Arab, nor afford him any encourage. [A fragment of Euripides, preserved by Sto
ment; and yet it is the unanimous testimony bacus, ascribes to Palamedes the honour of
of travellers in regard to this country, that the invention of the vowels. The meaning
where it is cultivated it is extremely fertile. of this evidently is, that he was the first
It produces all sorts of fruit trees; and vines who conceived the idea of employing the
are not wanting, although the Mahometans four signs of aspiration in the Phoenician
do not drink wine.] Herodot. 1, c. 105.- alphabet to express the vowel-sounds. Aris
Sil. It. 3, v. 606.-Strab. 16. totle states that Epicharmus invented the p
PALFstiNUs, an ancient name of the river and 2...] To him also is attributed the in
Strymon. vention of dice and backgammon; and it is
PALFTYRUs, the ancient town of Tyre on said he was the first who regularly ranged
the continent. [vid. Tyrus.] Strab. 16. an army in a line of battle, and who placed
PALAM EDEs, a Grecian chief, son of Nau sentinels round a camp, and excited their vi
plius, king of Euboea by Clymene. He was gilance and attention by giving them a watch
sent by the Greek princes who were going to word. Hygin. fab. 95, 105, &c.—Apollod.
the Trojan war to bring Ulysses to the camp, 2, &c.—Dictys. Cret. 2, c. 15.-Ovid. Met.
who, to withdraw himself from the expedition, 13, v. 56 and 308.-Paus. 1, c. 31.—Manil.
pretended insanity; and the better to impose 4, v. 205.-Philostrat. v. 10, c. 6.—Euripid.
upon his friends, used to harness different ani in Phaniss.-Martial. 13, ep. 75.-Plin. 7,
mals to a plough, and sow salt instead of bar c. 56.
ley into the furrows. The deceit was soon PALATINUs Mons, a celebrated hill, the
perceived by Palamedes; he knew that the re largest of the seven hills on which Rome was
gret to part from his wife Penelope, whom he built. It was upon it that Romulus laid the
had lately married, was the only reason of the first foundation of the capital of Italy, in a
pretended insanity of Ulysses; and to demon quadrangular form, and there also he kept
strate this, Palamedes took Telemachus, whom his court, as well as Tullus Hostilius and Au
Penelope had lately brought into the world, gustus, and all the succeeding emperors; from
and put him before the plough of his father. which circumstance the word Palatium has
Ulysses showed that he was not insane by ever since been applied to the residence of a
turning the plough a different way not to hurt monarch or prince. The Palatine hill re
his child. This having been discovered, Ulys ceived its name from the goddess Pales, or
ses was obliged to attend the Greek princes to from the Palatini, who originally inhabited
the war, but an immortal enmity arose be. the place, or from balare or palare, the bleat
tween Ulysses and Palamedes. The king of ings of sheep, which were frequent there, or
Ithaca resolved to take every opportunity to perhaps from the word palantes, wandering,
distress him ; and when all his expectations because Evander, when he came to settle in
were frustrated, he had the meanness to bribe Italy, gathered all the inhabitants, and made
one of his servants, and to make him dig a them all one society. There were some
hole in his master's tent, and there conceal a ames celebrated in honour of Augustus, and
large sum of money. After this Ulysses called Palatine, because kept on the hill. Dio.
forged a letter in Phrygian characters, which Cuss. 53.—Ital. 12, v. 709.--Liv. 1, c. 7 and
king Priam was supposed to have sent to Pa. 33.—Ovid. Met. 14, v. 822.-Juv. 3, v. 23.-
lamedes. In the letter the Trojan king seem JMartial. 1, ep. 71.—Varro de L. L. 4, c.3.—
ed to entreat Palamedes to deliver into his Cic. in Catull. 1.-Apollo, who was wor:
hands the Grecian army, according to the shipped on the Palatine hill, was also called
conditions which had been previously agreed Palatinus. His temple there had been built,
upon when he received the money. This or rather repaired by Augustus, who had
4 C 569
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enriched it with a library, valuable for the began to build the city. Some call this fes
various collections of Greek and Latin ma tival Parilia, quasi pariendo, because the a
nuscripts which it contained, as also for the crifices were offered to the divinity for the
Sibylline books deposited there. Horat. 1, fecundity of the flocks. Ovid. Met. 14, v.774.
ep. 3, v. 17. Fast. 4, v. 721, &c. l. 6, v. 257-Propert. 4.
PALANTruM, a town of Arcadia. [vid Ro el. 1, v. 19.--Tibull. 2, el. 5, v. 87.
ma.) PKLINüRus, a skilful pilot of the ship c.
PALEs, the goddess of sheepfolds and of AEneas. He fell into the sea in his sleep, and
pastures among the Romans. She was wor: was three days exposed to the tempests and
shipped with great solemnity at Rome, and the waves of the sea, and at last came safe
her festivals, called Palilia, were celebrated to land near Velia, where the cruel inhabit
the very day that Romulus began to lay the ants of the place murdered him to obtain his
foundation of the city of Rome, [21st of clothes. His body was left unburied on the
April.] Virg. G.3, v. 1 and 294.—Ovid. Fast. sea-shore; and as, according to the religion of
4, v. 722, &c.—Paterc. 1, c. 8. the ancient Romans, no person was suffered
PALIBothRA, a city of India, supposed now to cross the Stygian lake before one hundred
to be Patna, or, according to others, Allaha years were elapsed, if his remains had not
bad. Strab. 15. been decently buried, we find Eneas, when
PAlici, or PALiscr, two deities, sons of he visited the infernal regions, speaking to
Jupiter by Thalia, whom AEschylus calls AEt Palinurus, and assuring him, that though his
na, in a tragedy which is now lost, according to bones were deprived of a funeral, yet the
the words of Macrobius. The nymph AEtna, place where his body was exposed should
when pregnant, entreated her lover to remove soon be adorned with a monument, and bear
her from the pursuits of Juno. The god con his name; and accordingly a promontory was
cealed her in the bowels of the earth, and called Palinurus, now Palinuro. Virg. .42n.
when the time of her delivery was come, the 3, v. 513, 1.5, v. 840, &c. l. 6, v. 341.-Orid.
earth opened and brought into the world two de Rem. 577.-JMela, 2, c. 4.—Strab.-Hordt.
children, who received the name of Palici, 3, od. 4, v. 28.
aro row raxty into 3a, because they came again PAL1scöRumi, or PALicon UM STAGNUM, a
into the world from the bowels of the earth. sulphureous pool in Sicily. [rid. Palici.]
These deities were worshipped with great ce PAL1üRus, now Nahil, a river [in the
remonies by the Sicilians, and near their tem north-western part of Marmarica in Aſrica,
ple were two small lakes of sulphureous wa flowing into the Mediterranean.] It had a
ter, which were supposed to have sprang out town of the same name at its mouth. Strab.
of the earth at the same time that they were 17.
born. Near these pools it was usual to take PALLADEs, certain virgins of illustrious
the most solemn oaths, by those who wished parents, who were consecrated to Jupiter by
to decide controversies and quarrels. If any of
the Thebans of Egypt. It was required that
the persons who took the oath prejured them they should prostitute themselves, an infa
selves, they were immediately punished in a mous custom, which was considered as a pu
supernatural manner by the deities of the rification, during which they were publicly
place, and those whose oath was sincere de mourned, and afterwards they were permit
parted unhurt. The Pallici had also an oracle ted to marry. Strab. 17.
which was consulted upon great emergencies, PALL&pium, a celebrated statue of Pallas.
and which rendered the truest and most une It was about three cubits high, and represent
quivocal answers. In a superstitious age, the ed the goddess as sitting and holding a pike
altars of the Palici were stained with the her right hand, and in her left a distaff and a
blood of human sacrifices, but this barbarous spindle. It fell down from heaven near the
custom was soon abolished, and the deities tent of Ilus, as that prince was building the
were satisfied with their usual offerings. citadel of Ilium. Some nevertheless suppose
Pirg, JEn. 9, v. 585.-Ovid. Met. 5, v. 506. that it ſell at Pessinus in Phrygia,or, according
—Diod. 2–Macrob. Saturn, 4, c. 10.-Ital. to others, Dardanus received it as a present
14, v. 219. from his mother Electra. There are some
PAli,1A, a festival celebrated by the Ro authors who maintain that the Palladium was
mans, in honour of the goddess Pales. The made with the bones of Pelops by Abaris;
ceremony consisted in bringing heaps of straw, but Apollodorus seems to say, that it was no
and in leaping over them. No sacrifices were more than a piece of clock-work which mov
offered, but the purifications were made with ed of itself. However discordant the opinions
the smoke of horses’ blood, and with the ash of ancient authors be about this famous sta
es of a calf that had been taken from the bel. tue, it is universally agreed, that on its preser.
ly of his mother after it had been sacrificed, vation depended the safety of Troy. This fa.
and with the ashes of beans. The purifica tality was well known to the Greeks during
tion of the flocks was also made with the the Trojan war, and therefore Ulysses and
smoke of sulphur, of the olive, the pine, the Diomedes determined to steal it away. They
laurel, and the rosemary. Offerings of mild effected their purpose, and if we rely upon the
cheese, boiled wine, and cakes of millet, were authority of some authors, they were direct
afterwards made to the goddess. This festi ed how to carry it away by Helenus, the son
val was observed on the 21st of April, and it of Priam, who proved, in this, unfaithful to
was during the celebration that Romulus first his country, because his brother Deiphobus,
570
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at the death of Paris, had married Helen, of PALLANTIDEs, the 50 sons of Pallas, the
whom he was enamoured. Minerva was dis son of Pandion, and the brother of Ægeus.
pleased with the violence which was offered They were all killed by Theseus, the son of
to her statue, and, according to Virgil, the Pa AEgeus, whom they opposed when he came
ladium itself appeared to have received life to take possession of his father's kingdom.
and motion, and by the flashes which started This opposition they showed in hopes of suc
from its eyes, and its sudden springs from the ceeding to the throne, as AEgeus left no child
earth, it seemed to show the resentment of ren, except Theseus, whose legitimacy was
the goddess. The true Palladium, as some even disputed, as he was born at Troezene.
authors observe, was not carried away from Plut. in Thes.—Paus. 1, c. 22.
Troy by the Greeks, but only one of the sta PALLAs, (adis,) a daughter of Jupiter, the
tues of similar size and shape, which were same as Minerva. The goddess received this
placed near it to deceive whatever sacrile name, either because she killed the giant Pal.
gious persons attempted to steal it. The Pal las, or perhaps from the spear which she
ladium, therefore, as they say, was conveyed seems to brandish in her hands (raxativ.) For
safe from Troy to Italy by Æneas, and it was the functions, power, and character of the god
afterwards preserved by the Romans with the dess, vid. Minerva.
greatest secrecy and veneration, in the tem PALLAs, (antis,) a son of king Evander,
ple of Vesta, a circumstance which none but sent with some troops to assist AFneas. He
the vestal virgins knew. Herodian. 1, c. 14, was killed by Turnus, the king of the Rutuli,
&c.—Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 422, &c. Met. 13, v. after he had made a great slaughter of the
336-Dictys. Cret. 1, c. 5.-Apollod. 3, c. 12. enemy. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 104, &c. One
—Dionys. Hal. 1, &c.—Homer. Il. 10.—Virg. of the giants, son of Tartarus and Terra. He
-En. 2, v. 166, l. 9, v. 151.-Plut. de reb. was killed by Minerva, who covered herself
Rom.–Lucan. 9.-Dares. Phryg—Juv. 3, with his skin, whence, as some suppose, she is
v. 139. called Pallas. Apollod. 3, c. 12.-A freed
PALLAdius, [an eastern prelate and eccle man of Claudius, famous for the power and
siastical writer, a native of Galatia, born the riches he obtained. He advised the em
about A. D. 368. He was made bishop of peror, his master, to marry Agrippina, and to
Hellenopolis in Bithynia. He was ordained adopt her son Nero for his successor. It was
by Chrysostom, to whose party he attached by his means, and those of Agrippina, that the
himself, and, on the banishment of Chrysos death of Claudius was hastened, and that
tom in 404, fell under persecution, and be Nero was raised to the throne. Nero forgot
ing obliged to withdraw from his see, re to whom he was indebted for the crown. He
tired to Italy and took refuge at Rome. Some discarded Pallas, and some time after caused
time after, venturing to return to the east, he him to be put to death, that he might make
was banished to Syene. Having regained his himself master of his great riches, A. D. 61.
liberty, he resigned the see of Hellenopolis, Tacit. 12, Ann. c. 53.
and was appointed to the bishopric of Alex PALLENE, ſa small peninsula of Macedonia,
andria. He is thought to have died A. D. one of the three which form the southern part
431. He wrote the Lausiac history about the of the district of Chalcidice. It was situate be
year 421, which contains the lives of persons tween the Sinus Thermaicus, or Gulf of Salo
who were at that time eminent for their ex niki, and the Sinus Toronaicus, or Gulf of
traordinary austerities in Egypt and Pales Cassandria. It was also called Phlegra, a
time. It was so called from Lausus, a man of name derived from pasya, wre, and having re
the imperial court at Constantinople, to whom ference to a battle and overthrow of the gi
it is inscribed. It is by no means certain whe ants in this place.] It contained five cities,
ther Palladius author of the Lausiac History, the principal of which was called Pallene.
and Palladius author of the life of Chrysos Liv. 31, c. 45, l. 45, c. 30.-Pirg, G.4, v.
tom, were different persons, or one and the 391.-Ovid. Met. 15, v. 357.-A village of
same. Dupin thinks that these were the Attica, where Minerva had a temple, and
productions of the same person; Tillemont where the Pallantides chiefly resided. He
and Fabricius adopt the opposite opinion. rodot. 1, c. 161.-Plut. in Thes.
The best edition of the history is that of PALMARIA, a small island opposite Tarra
Meursius, L. Bat. 1616.]—A Greek phy cina in Latium. Plin. 3, c. 6.
sician, whose treatise on ſevers was edited 8vo. PALMYRA, the capital of Palmyrene, a
L. Bat. 1745. country on the eastern boundaries of Syria,
PALLANTÉUM, a town of Italy, or perhaps now called Theudemor, or Tadmor. It is
more properly a citadel, built by Evander on famous for being the seat of the celebrated
Mount Palatine, from whence its name ori Zenobia and of Odenatus, in the reign of the
ginates. . [vid. Roma.] Virgil, says, it was emperor Aurelian. It is now in ruins, and
called after Pallas, the grandfather of Evan the splendour and magnificence of its porti
der; but Dionysius derives its name from coes, temples, and palaces, are now daily ex
Palantium, a town of Arcadia. Duonys. 1, c. amined by the curious and the learned. [This
31–Virg. AEn. 8, v. 54 and 341. city appears to have been originally built by
PALLANTIA, a town of Spain, now Palen Solomon, and called Tadmor, (1 Kings, ix.18.
cia, on the river Cea. Mela, 2, c. 6. 2 Chron. viii. 4.) Josephus assures us, that
PALLANTIAs, a patronymic of Aurora, as this was the same city which the Greeks and
the giant Pallas. Ovid. Met. 9, fab. 12. Romans afterwards called Palmyra. It is
rºy 1
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still called Tadmor by the Arabs of the coun the south by a part of the Mediterranean,
try. But many circumstances, besides the called the Pamphylian Sea, west by Lycia.
style of the buildings, render it probable that north by Pisidia, and east by Cilicia. [The
the present ruins are not those of the city built
name Pamphylia is said to come from ***,
by Solomon, though neither history nor tra omnus, and quan, trubus, and to have been ap
dition mention the building of any other. Palplied to this tract of country, from the cir
myra was built on a fertile spot in the midstcumstance of many and various tribes of
of a desert. The name Tadmor, as well as Greeks settling here under Amphilochus and
that of Palmyra, had reference to the multi Calchas, after the destruction of Troy.] It
tude of palm trees by which the city was sur abounded with pastures, vines, and olives.
rounded. Its situation was extremely favour Strab. 14.— Mela, 1.— Paus. 7, c. 3.-Piºn.
able for the caravan trade, and it became in 5, c. 26.-Liv. 37, c. 23 and 40.
a short time a rich and powerful city. It PAN, was the god of shepherds, of hunts
seems to have early passed out of the power men, and of all the inhabitants of the country
of the Jewish nation, probably soon after the He was the son of Mercury by Dryope, ae
death of Solomon, and to have been annexed cording to Homer. Some give him Jupiter
to the Persian empire, and afterwards to that and Callisto for parents, others Jupiter and
of the Seleucidae. It sided with the Romans Ybis or Oneis. Lucian, Hyginus, &c. sup
in the reign of Adrian, during the Parthian port that he was the son of Mercury and Pe
war, and was greatly embellished by that nelope, the daughter of Icarius, and that the
prince. After the capture of Zenobia it was god gained the affections of the princess under
given up to the emperor Aurelian, but the the form of a goat, as she tended her father's
inhabitants having revolted on his departure, flocks on Mount Taygetus, before her mar
he returned, destroyed the city, and put near riage with the king of Ithaca. Some authors
ly all to the sword. He afterwards attempt maintain that Penelope became mother of Pan
ed to restore it, but in vain; it gradually during the absence of Ulysses in the Trojan
sank into an obscure town, a trifling fortress, war, and that he was the offspring of all the
and at last a miserable village. With res suitors that frequented the palace of Penelope,
pect to the ruins of this city, they appear to whence he received the name of Pan, which
be of two different and distinct periods: the signifies all or every thing. Pan was a mon
oldest are so far decayed as not to admit of ster in appearance, he had two small horns
admeasurement, and seem to have been re on his head, his complexion was ruddy, his
duced to that state by the hand of time ; the nose flat, and his legs, thighs, tail, and feet,
others appear to have been broken by the were those of a goat. The education of Pan
hand of violence. It is sometimes made a was intrusted to a nymph of Arcadia, called
subject of inquiry, why Palmyra was built in Sinoe, but the nurse, according to Homer,
the midst of deserts 2 The true answer is, terrified at the sight of such a monster, fled
that as soon as the springs of Palmyra were away and left him. He was wrapped up in
discovered by those who traversed the desert, the skin of beasts by his father, and carried
a settlement was made on the spot for the to heaven, where Jupiter and the gods long
purpose of carrying on the trade with India, entertained themselves with the oddity of his
and preserving an intercourse between the appearance. Bacchus was greatly pleased
Mediterranean and Red Sea.] Plin. 6, c. with him, and gave him the name of Pan.
26 and 30. The god of shepherds chiefly resided in Ar
PAM isos, a river of Thessaly, falling into cadia, where the woods and the most rugged
the Peneus. Herodot. 7, c. 129.—Plin. 4, c. mountains were his habitation. He invented
8. Another of Messenia in Peloponnesus. the flute with seven reeds, which he called Sy
PAMMENEs, a learned Grecian, who was runz, in honour of a beautiful nymph of the
preceptor to Brutus. Cic. Brut. 97. Orat. 9. same name, to whom he attempted to offer
PAM philus, a celebrated painter of Ma violence, and was changed into a reed. He
cedonia, in the age of Philip, distinguished was continually employed in deceiving the
above his rivals by a superior knowledge of neighbouring nymphs, and often with success.
literature, and the cultivation of those studies Though deformed in his shape and features,
which taught him to infuse more successfully yet he had the good fortune to captivate Dia
grace and dignity into his pieces. He was na, and of gaining her favour, by transform
founder of the school for painting at Sicyon, ing himself into a beautiful white goat. He
and he made a law which was observed not was also enamoured of a nymph of the moun
only in Sicyon, but all over Greece, that tains, called Echo, by whom he had a son call
none but the children of noble and dignified ed Lynx. He also paid his addresses to Om
persons should be permitted to learn paint phale, queen of Lydia, and it is well known in
ing. Apelles was one of his pupils. Diog. what manner he was received. [cid. Om
PAMPHos, a Greek poet, supposed to have phale.] The worship of Pan was well esta
lived before Hesiod's age. blished, particularly in Arcadia,where he gave
PAMPHYLA, a Greek woman, who wrote a oracles on Mount Lycaeus. His festivals, call
general history in 33 books, in Nero's reign. ed by the Greeks Lycaea, were brought to ſta
This history, so much commended by the an ly by Evander, and they were well known
cients, is lost. at Rome by the name of the Luperealin. [rid
PAMPHY LIA, a province of Asia Minor. Lupercalia.] The worship, and the differ
anciently called Mopsopia, and bounded on ent functions of Pan, are derived from the
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mythology of the ancient Egyptians. This I cure. This word is applied among medical
god was one of the eight great gods of the practitioners to an universal remedy, or one
Egyptians, who ranked before the other 12 that is capable of curing all diseases. The
gods, whom the Romans called Consentes. idea, however, of a panacea is now justly ex
He was worshipped with the greatest solem ploded by enlightened physicians. There
nity all over Egypt. His statues represented were three panaceas held in high value
him as a goat, not because he was really such, among the ancients, the Heraclean, the As
but this was done for mysterious reasons. clepian, and the Chironian; the first is what
He was the emblem of fecundity, and they is termed in English, true all-heal of Hercules,
looked upon him as the principle of all from the root and stem of which is drawn
things. His horns, as some observed, repre by incision the gun, opopanax; the second is a
sented the rays of the sun, and the brightness kind of ferula ; the thirt Doria's woundwort.]
of the heavens was expressed by the vivacity Lucan. 9, v. 918.-Plan. 35, c. 11, &c.
and the ruddiness of his complexion. The PANAEtrus, a stoic philosopher of Rhodes,
star which he wore on his breast was the 138 B. C. He studied at Athens for some
symbol of the firmament, and his hairy legs time, of which he refused to become a citi
and feet denoted the inferior parts of the earth, zen, observing, that a good and modest man
such as the woods and plants. Some sup ought to be satisfied with one country. He
pose that he appeared as a goat because, came to Rome where he reckoned among his
when the gods fled into Egypt in their war pupils Laelius and Scipio the second Africanus.
against the giants, Pan transformed himself in To the latter he was attached by the closest
to a goat, an example which was immediately ties of friendship and familiarity, he attended
followed by all the deities. Pan, according to him in his expeditions and partook of all his
some, is the same as Faunus, and he is the pleasures and amusements. To the interest
chief of all the Satyrs. Plutarch mentions, of their countrymen at Rome the Rhodians
that in the reign of Tiberius, an extraordinary were greatly indebted for their prosperity, and
voice was heard near the Echinades in the the immunities which they for some time en
lonian Sea, which exclaimed that the great joyed. Panaetius wrote a treatise on the duties
Pan was dead. This was readily believed by of man, whose merit can be ascertained from
the emperor, and the astrologers were con the encomiums which Cicero bestows upon it.
sulted, but they were unable to explain the Cic. ºn Offic. de Div. 1. In Acad. 2, c. 2. de
meaning of so supernatural a voice, which JN". D. 2, c. 46.
probably proceeded from the imposition of PANATB ENAEA, festivals in honour of Mi
one of the courtiers who attempted to terrify nerva the patroness of Athens. They were
Tiberius. In Fgypt, in the town of Mendes, first instituted by Erectheus or Orpheus, and
which word also signifies a geat, there was a called Athenaea, but Theseus afterwards re
sacred goat kept with the most ceremonious newed them, and caused them to be celebrat
scanctity. The death of this animal was al ed and observed by all the tribes of Athens,
ways attended with the greatest solemnities, which he had united into one, and from which
and, like that of another Apis, became the reason the festivals received their name. Some
cause of an universal mourning. As Pan suppose that they are the same as the Roman
usually terrified the inhabitants of the neigh Quinquatria, as they are often called by that
bouring country, that kind of fear which often name among the Latins. In the first years of
seizes men, and which is only ideal and imagi the institution, they were observed only dur
nary, has received from him the name of ing one day, but afterwards the time was pro
panic fear. This kind of terror has been ex longed, and the celebration was attended with
emplified not only in individuals, but in nu greater pomp and solemnity. The festivals
merous armies, such as that of Brennus, were two ; the great Panathara (usyaaz,)
which was thrown into the greatest conster which were observed every 5th year, begin
nation at Rome, without any cause or plausi ning on the 22d of the month called Hecatom
ble reason. [Polyaenus makes Pan a general baron, on 7th of July, and the lesser Panathe
of Bacchus, and attributes to him the inven na'a (aux82); which were kept every 3d year,
tion of the order of battle, and of the distribu. or rather annually, beginning on the 21st or
tion of an army into right and left wings or 20th of the month called Thargélion, corres
horns, whence it is said he derived his horns ponding to the 5th or 6th day of the month of
He ascribes to him also the ar' of striking ter way. In the lesser festivals there were three
ror into a ſoe by stratagem and address, games conducted by ten presidents chosen
whence the expression, panic terrors.] Opid. from the ten tribes of Athens, who continued
Fast. 1, v. 396, l. 2, v. 277. JMet. 1. v. 689.— four years in office. On the evening of the first
Virg. G. 1, v. 17. AEn. 8, v. 343. G. 3, v. day there was a race with torches, in which
392–Juv. 2, v. 142. –Paus. 8, c. 30.-Ital. men on foot, and afterwards on horseback,
13, v. 327.-Varro de L. L. 5, c. 3.-Liv. 1, contended. The same was also exhibited in
c. 5-Dionys. Hal. 1.-Herodot. 2, c. 46 and the greater festivals. The second combat
145, &c.—Diod. 1.-Orpheus. Hymn. 10.- was gymnical, and exhibited a trial of strength
Homer. Hymn. in Pan.—Lucian. Dial...Merc. and bodily dexterity. The last was a musi
& Pan.—Apollod. 1, c. 4. cal contention, first instituted by Pericles. In
PANácKA, a goddess, daughter of AEscu the songs they celebrated the generous un
lapius, who presided over health. [The term dertaking of Harmodius and Aristogito", who
is derived from may, every thing, and axsowat, opposed the Pisistratidae, and of Thrasybulus,
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who delivered Athens from its thirty tyrants. but by subterraneous machines, to the tem
Phrynis of Mitylene was the first who ob. ple of Ceres Eleusinia, and from thence to
tained the victory by playing upon the harp. the citadel, where the peplus was placed
There were besides other musical instru upon Minerva's statue, which was laid upon a
ments, on which they played in concert, such bed woven or strewed with flowers, which was
as flutes, &c. The poets contended in four called raakut. Persons of all ages, of every
plays, called from their number 7 ºrgakoyuz. sex and quality, attended the processiºn,
The last of these was a satire. There was which was led by old men and women carry
also at Sunium an imitation of a naval fight. ing olive branches in their hands, from which
Whoever obtained the victory in any of these reason they were called 3xxxnço; tı, bearers
games was rewarded with a vessel of oil, ºf green boughs. Next followed men of full
which he was permitted to dispose of in what ages with shields and spears. They were at
ever manner he pleased, and it was unlawful tended by the untouxot, or foreigners, who car
for any other person to transport that com. ried small boats as a token of their foreign
modity. The conqueror also received a origin, and from that account they were call
crown of the olives which grew in the groves led a zººnºogol, boat-bearers. After, them
of Academus, and were sacred to Minerva, came the women attended by the wives of
and called goguz, from uogor, death, in remem the foreigners called Jägizzogºt, because they
brance of the tragical end of Hallirhotius, the carried water-pots. Next to these came
son of Neptune, who cut his own legs when young men crowned with millet, and singing
he attempted to cut down the olive which had hymns to the goddess, and after them follow
given the victory to Minerva in preference ed select virgins of the noblest families, call
to his father, when these two deities contend ed zavnºgol, basket-bearers, because they car
ed about giving a name to Athens. Some sup ried baskets, in which were certain things
pose that the word is derived from *gor, a necessary for the celebration, with whatever
part, because these olives were given by con utensils were also requisite. These several
tribution by all such as attended at the festivals. necessaries were generally in the possessioa
There was also a dance, called Pyrrhichia, per of the chief manager of the festival, called
formed by young boys in armour, in imitation *ext&tagº, who distributed them when ºc
of Minerva, who thus expressed her triumph casion offered. The virgins were attended
over the vanquished Titans. Gladiators were |by the daughters of the foreigners who car
also introduced whem. Athens became tribu ried umbrellas and little seats, from which
tary to the Romans. During the celebration they were named Jºgnºséºl, seat-carriers.
no person was permitted to appear in dyed The boys, called raiſapatrol, as it may be sup
garments, and if any one transgressed he was posed, led the rear, clothed in coats general
punished according to the discretion of the ly worn at processions. The necessaries for
president of the games. After these things, this and every other festival were prepared
a sumptuous sacrifice was offered, in which in a public hall erected for that purpose, be:
every one of the Athenian boroughs contri tween the Piraean gate and the temple of
buted an ox, and the whole was concluded Ceres. The management and the care
by an entertainment for all the company with of the whole was intrusted to the vºwsºvºs
the flesh that remained from the sacrifice. zºº, or people employed in seeing the rites
In the greater festivals, the same rites and ce. and ceremonies properly observed. It was
remonies were usually observed, but with also usual to set all prisoners at liberty, and
more solemnity and magnificence. Others to present golden crowns to such as had de
were also added, particularly the procession, served well of their country. Some persons
in which Minerva's sacred rivac:, or garment, were also chosen to sing some of Homer's
was carried. This garment was woven by a poems, a custom which was first introduced
select number of virgins, called gyarizal,
by Hipparchus the son of Pisistratus. It was
from grey, work. They were superintended also customary in this festival and every other
by two of the aggnºgot, or young virgins, not
quinquennial festival, to pray for the pros
above seventeen years of age, nor under ele perity of the Plataeans, whose services had
ven, whose garments were white and set off been so conspicuous at the battle of Mars
with ornaments of gold. Minerva's peplus thon. Plut. in Thes.-Paus. Arc. 2.--ER
was of a white colour, without sleeves, and an. W. H. 8, c. 2.-Apollod. 3, c. 14.
embroidered with gold. Upon it were de PANchkEA, PANchéA. or Panchaia, an isl.
scribed the achievements of the goddess, par and of Arabia Felix, where Jupiter Triphy
ticularly her victories over the giants. The lius had a magnificent temple. [According
exploits of Jupiter and the other gods were to Diodorus Siculus, it was inhabited by na
also represented there, and from that circum tives of the country, and also by Indians, Cre
stance men of courage and bravery are said to tans, and Scythians. He relates many parti.
be “tº raraev, worthy to be pourtrayed in enlars of a marvellous nature respecting it.
Minerva's sacred garment. In the procession The chief town was Panara, whose inhabit
of the peplus, the following ceremonies were ants were singularly happy according to Dic
observed. In the ceramicus, without the dorus. There were besides three other town:
city, there was an engine built in the form Hiracia, Dabi, and Oceanis; but the existence
of a ship, upon which Minerva's garment of of such an island
Arabia Felix, iscelebrated
very doubtful.] A part
for the myrrh.
was hung
ducted, notasbya beasts,
sail, and the whole
* some was con
have supposed,
:-
frankincense, and perfumes which it produced
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Pirg. G. 2, v. 139, l. 4, v. 379.-Culer. 87.— ***, more incessantly by showing itself day
Ovid. Met. 1, v. 309, &c.—Diod. 5–Lucret. and might, rather than the sun which never
2, v. 417. appears but in the day-time. It was celebrat
PANda, two deities at Rome, who presided ed aſter the Dionysia, because Bacchus is
one over the openings of roads, and the other sometimes taken for the Sun or Apollo, and
over the openings of towns. Varro de P. R. therefore the brother, or, as some will have
1...1. Gell. 13, c. 22. it, the son of the moon.
PANDARus, a son of Lycaon, who assisted PANDion, a king of Athens, son of Erich
the Trojans in their war against the Greek-. thlon and Pasithea, who succeeded his father
He went to the war without a chariot, and B. C. 1437. [vid, end of this article.] He
therefore he generally fought on foot. He became father of Procne and Philomela,
broke the truce which had been agreed upon Erectheus, and Butes. During his reign
between the Greeks and Trojans, and wound there was such an abundance of corn, wine,
y ed Menelaus and Diomedes, and showed him and oil, that it was publicly reported that
º selſ brave and unusually courageous. He was Bacchus and Minerva had personally visited
* at last killed by Diomedes; and Æneas, who Attica. He waged a successful war against
* then carried him in his chariot, by attempting Labdachus, king of Boeotia, and gave his
º to revenge his death, nearly perished by the daughter Procne in marriage to Tereus, king
r hand of the furious enemy. Dictys. Cret. 2, of Thrace, who had assisted him. The treat
* c. 35.—Homer. Il. 2 and 5.-Hygin. fab. 112. ment which Philomela received from her
º — Pirg, Jºn. 5, v. 495.-Strab. 14.—Servius brother-in-law, Tereus, (vid. Philomela,) was
in loco. A native of Crete punished with the source of infinite grief to Pandion, and
death for being accessary to the theft of Tan he died, through excess of sorrow, after a
talus. What this theft was is unknown. Some, reign of 40 years. There was also another
however, suppose that Tantalus stole the am Pandion, son of Cecrops 2d, by Metiaduca,
brosia and the nectar from the table of the who succeeded to his father, B. C. 130 He
gods to which he had been admitted, or that he was driven from his paternal dominions, and
carried away a dog which watched Jupiter's fled to Pylas, king of Megara, who gave him
temple in Crete, in which crimes Pandarus his daughter Pelia in marriage, and resigned
was concerned, and for which he suffered. his crown to him. Pandion became father of
Pandarus had two daughters, Camiro and four children, called from him Pandionidae,
Clytia, who were also deprived of their mo AEgeus, Pallas, Nisus, and Lycus. The eldest
ther by a sudden death, and left without of these children recovered his father's king
friends or protectors. Venus had compassion dom. Some authors have confounded the
upon them, and she fed them with milk, two Pandions together in such an indiscrimi
honey, and wine. The goddesses were all nate manner, that they seem to have been
equally interested in their welfare. Juno only one and the same person. Many believe
gave them wisdom and beauty, Diana a hand that Philomela and Procne were the daugh
some figure and regular features, and Miner ters, not of Pandion the 1st, but of Pandion
va instructed them in whatever donestic the 2d. [There seems to be some analogy
accomplishments can recommend a wife. We between the name Pandion and the Brahmi
nus wished still to make their happiness more nical system of belief. Among the old dynas
complete ; and when they were come to nu ties of the Hindoos mention is made of a race
bile years the goddess prayed Jupiter to grant of heroes named Pandus, who triumpbed over
them kind and tender husbands. But in her their opponents the Koros; and the latter are
absence the Harpies carried away the virgins therefore denominated, in the sacred songs of
and delivered them to the Eumenides to the East, the race of evil princes. In the
share the punishment which their father suf time even when the Periplus recorded by
fered. Paus. 10, c. 30.-Pindar. Arrian was effected, we find a monarch of the
PANDATARIA, [an island in the Mare Tyr name of Pandion in South Decan, to whose
rhenum, in the Sinus Puteolanus, on the dominions the pearl-fishery belonged; and
coast of Italy. It was the place of banish Ptolemy (7, c. 1, p. 174) makes Modoura the
ment for Julia the daughter of Augustus, and residence of Pandion. It is curious to ob
many others. It is now called Santa Maria.] serve that in the sacred traditions of the East,
PANDEMIA, a surname of Venus, expres a place named Madura or Mathura, on the
sive of her great power over the affections of upper part of the Ganges, is the home of
mankind. Crishnoo, who is celebrated as having been
PANDEMus, one of the surnames of the the friend of the Pandus in Mahabarat.]
god of love among the Egyptians and the Opid. Met. 6, v. 676.-Apollod. 3, c. 15.-
Greeks, who distinguished two Cupids, one of Paus. 1, c. 5.—Hugin. fab. 48.
whom was the vulgar called Pandemus, and PANdora, a celebrated woman, the first
another of a purer and more celestial origin. mortal female that ever lived, according to
Plut. in Erot. the opinion of the poet Hesiod. She was
PANDIA, a festival at Athens established by made with clay by Vulcan, at the request of
Pandion, from whom it received its name, or
Jupiter, who wished to punish the impiety and
because it was observed in honour of Jupiter, artifice of Prometheus, by giving him a wife.
who can ra rzyra divºvity, move and turn all when this woman of clay had been made by
things as he pleases. Some suppose that it the artist, and
in making herreceived life, Venus
presents. all the god
#"Viºd
her
concerned the moon, because it does ray'rsºrs
575
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beauty and the art of pleasing; the Graces hope and the only solace of our race.] Hea.
gave her the power of capti ating; Apollo od. Theog. & Dios.-Apollod. I, c. 7.-Pau.
taught her how to sing; Mercury instructed l, c. 24.—Hygin. 14.
her in eloquence; and Minerva gave her the PAN posia, [a town of Italy, in the territory
most rich and splendid ornaments. From all of the Bruttii, on the western coast. It was
these valuable presents, which she had re founded by the OEnotrians, who made it the
ceived from the gods, the woman was called capital of their territory. It was situate an
Pandora, which intimates that she had re a small mountain, at the foot of which ran a
ceived every necessary gift, ºrzy Jagºw. Jup, mall stream called Acheron..] Alexander,
ter after this gave her a beautiful box, which king of the Molossi, died here. Strab. 6–
she was ordered to present to the man who A town of Epirus. Plin. 4, c. 1.
married her; and by the commission of the PANDRosos, a daughter of Ceerops, king
god, Mercury conducted her to Prometheus of Athens, sister to Aglauros and Herse. She
The artful mortal was sensible of the deceit, was the only one of the sisters who had not
and as he had always distrusted Jupiter, as the fatal curiosity to open a basket which
well as the rest of the gods, since he had stolen Vliuerva had intrusted to their care, [rid.
fire away from the sun to animate his man of Ericthonius, for which sincerity a temple
clay, he sent away Pandora without suffering was raised to her near that of Minerva, and
himself to be captivated by her charms. His a festival instituted in her honour, called
brother Epimetheus was not possessed of the Pandrosia. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 738.--ipollod.
same prudence and sagacity. He married 3.—Paus. 1, &c.
Pandora, and when he opened the box which PANENUs, or PANAEus, a celebrated paint
she presented to him, there issued ſrom it a er, who was for some time engaged in Paiut
multitude of evils and distempers, which dis ing the battle of Marathon. Plin. 35.
persed themselves all over the world, and PANGA:Us, a mountain of Thrace, ancient
which, from that fatal moment, have never ly called Mons Caraminus, and joined to
ceased to afflict the human race. Hope was Mount Rhodope near the sources of the river
the only one who remained at the bottom of Nestus. It was inhabited by four different
the box, and it is she alone who has the won nations. It was on this mountain that Ly
derful power of easing the labours of man, cur: us, the Thracian king, was torn to pieces,
and of rendering his troubles and his sorrows and that Orpheus called the attention of the
less painful in life. [The story of the box wild beasts and of the mountains and woods
brought by Pindora is of a more recent date to listen to his song. It abounded in gold
than that stated by Hesiod. The elder fable and silver mines. Herodot. 5, c. 16, &c. 1.
is as follows: There was a cask or large Lox 7, c. 113.-Purg. G.4, v. 462.—Ovid. Fast.
(ribos) in the house of Epimetheus, which an 3, v. 739.--Thucyd. 2.-Lucan. 1, v. 679, l.
oracle had forbidden to be opened. Pandora. 7, v. 482.
full of curiosity, lifted the fatal lid, and imme PAN ionium, a place on Mount Mycale, sa
diately all evils issued forth and spread them cred to Neptune of Helice. It was in this
selves over the earth. The terrified female place that all the states of lonia assembled,
at length regained sufficient presence of mind either to consult for their own safety and pros
to close the lid, and hope thereupon was alone perity, or to celebrate festivals, or to offer *
secured. There is a curious analogy between sacrifice for the good of all the nation, whence
this more ancient tradition and the account of the name ravanov, all lonia. The deputies of
the fall of our first parents as detailed by the the twelve lonian cities which assembled there
inspired penman. Prometheus, or forethought, were those of Miletus, Myus, Priene, Ephesus.
may denote the purity and wisdom of our Lebedos, Colophon, Clazounenae, Phocaea,
early progenitor before he yielded to tempta Teos, Chios, Samos, and Frythrae. If the
tion; Epimetheus or afterthought is indicative bull offered in sacrifice bellowed, it was ac
of his change of resolution, and his yielding counted an omen of the highest favour, as
to the arguments of Eve ; which the poet ex the sound was particularly acceptable to the
presses by saying, that Epimetheus received god of the sea, as in some manner it resem
Pandora after he had been cautioned by bled the roaring of the waves of the ocean.
Prometheus not to do it. The curiosity of Herodot. 1, c. 148, &c.—Strab. 14.—Mela, i.
Pandora violates the injunction of the ora c. 17.
cle, as our first parent Eve disregarded the Panius [or PANEus, a mountain of Syria,
commands of her Maker. Pandora, more forming part of the chain of Mount Libanus.
over, the author of all human woes, is the it makes part of the northern boundary of
author likewise of their chief and in fact only Palestine, and at the foot of it was situate the
solace ; for she closed the lid of the fatal box town of Paneas, afterwards called Caesarea
before Hope could escape; and this she did. Philippi. Herod, out of gratitude for having
acººrding to Hesiod, in compliance with the been put in possession of Trachonitis by Au
ºil ºf Jove. May not Hope thus secured be gustus, erected a temple to that prince on
that hope and expectation of a Redeemer the mountain. On the partition of the states
which has been traditional from the earliest of Herod among his children, Philip, who
ages of the world? Even so our first parents had the district Trachonitis, gave to the city
commit the fatal sin of disobedience, but from Paneas the name of Caesarea, to which was
the seed of the woman, who was the first to annexed for distinction sake the surname of
offend, was to spring one who should be the Philippi. This did not, however, prevent the
576
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resumption of its primitive denomination, west part of the island, with a good and ca
pronounced Banias, more purely than Belines, pacious harbour. [The ancient name is de
as it is written by the historians of the cru rived from the excellence and capaciousness
sades.]—A place in Coele-Syria, where of the harbour, (rar, $gao; ) and is equiva
Antiochus defeated Scopas B. C. 198. lent to .4ll-Port.] It was the strongest hold
PANNóNIA, a large country of Europe, of the Carthaginians in Sicily, and it was at
bounded on the east by Upper Moesia, south last taken with difficulty by the Romans.
by Dalmatia, west by Noricum, and north JMela, 2, c. 7.-Ital. 14, v. 262—A town of
by the Danube. [It was during the war of the Thracian Chersonesus. A town of
Augustus with the Japydes that the Roman Ionia, near Ephesus, Another in Crete,
arrns penetrated into Pannonia. It became in Macedonia, Achaia, Samos.-
a Roman province under Tiberius. In the —A Messenian who insulted the religion of
time of Antonine, Pannonia was divided intothe Lacedæmonians. vid. Gonippus.
Superior and Inferior, the former answering PANSA, C. Vibius, a Roman consul, who,
to part of Hungary, the latter to Sclavonia.
with A. Hirtius, pursued the murderers of J.
The separation between them was made by Caesar, and was killed in a battle near Mu
the river Arrabo or Raab. The more ancient tina. On his death-bed he advised young Oc
inhabitants of Pannonia were the Scordisci tavius to unite his interest with that of An
and Torisci, who were in their origin Gauls. tony if he wished to revenge the death of Ju
This country was occupied by a semi-barba lius Caesar, and from his friendly advice soon
rous people when Philip, king of Macedon, after rose the celebrated second triumvirate.
conquered it ; they soon afterwards revolt Some suppose that Pansa was put to death by
ed and Alexander re-conquered them. Caesar Octavius himself, or through him, by the phy
gained a settlement in part of it, and in passing sician Glicon, who poured poison into the
to it, crossed what were hence called Alpes wounds of his patient. Pansa and Hirtius
Juliae. It became a Roman province, as has were the two last consuls who enjoyed the
been already mentioned, under Tiberius. It dignity of chief magistrates of Rome with
was afterwards seized by the Goths, and full power. The authority of the consul af
wrested from them by the Huns. The chief terwards dwindled into a shadow. Paterc.
city in Pannonia Superior was Carnuntum, 2, c. 6.—Dio. 46.-Ovid. Trist. 3, el. 5,-
now Altenbourg, a little to the east of. Vin Plut. & Appian.
dobona or Vienna. The chief city in Panno PANTAG YAs, a small river on the eastern
nia Inferior was Sirmium.] Lucan. 3, v. 95, coast of Sicily, which falls into the sea, after
1. 6, v. 220.-Tibull. 4, el. 1, v. 109.—Plin. running a short space in rough cascades over
3.—Dion. Cass. 49.—Strab. 4 and 7.-Jor rugged stones and precipices. Virg. .42n. 3.
nand.—Palere. 2, c. 9.-Suet. Aug. 20. v. 639.-Ital. 14, v. 232.—Ovid. Fast. 4, v.
PANoMphaeus, a surname of Jupiter, either 471.
because he was worshipped by every nation PANTALEoN, a king of Pisa, who presided
on earth, or because he heard the prayers at the Olympic games, B. C. 664, after ex
and the supplications which were addressed cluding the Eleans, who on that account ex
to him, or because the rest of the gods deriv punged the Olympiad from the Fasti, and
ed from him their knowledge of futurity (rat, called it the 2d Amolympiad. They had
onnis, capu voz.) Ovid. Met. 11, v.198.- called for the same reason the 8th the 1st
FMorner. Il. 8. Anolympiad, because the Pisaeans presided.
PANöPE, or PANöPEA, one of the Nereides, An AEtolian chief. Liv. 42, c. 15.
whom sailors generally invoked in storms. PANTANUs LAcus, the lake of Lesina, is
Her name signifies, giving every assistance, situated in Apulia at the mouth of the Fren
or seeing every thing. Hesiod. Theog. 251. to. Liv. 3, c. 12.
—Pºirg. JEn. 5, v. 825. PANTHEA, the wife of Abradates, cele
PANopes, a famous huntsman among the brated for her beauty and conjugal affection.
attendants of Acestes king of Sicily, who was She was taken prisoner by Cyrus, who re
one of those that engaged in the games exhi fused to visit her, not to be ensnared by the
bited by AEneas. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 300. power of her personal charms. She killed
PANöprus, a son of Phocus and Astero herself on the body of her husband who had
dia, who accompanied Amphitryon when he been slain in a battle, &c. [rid. Abradates.]
made war against the Teleboans. He was Xenoph. Cyrop.–Suidas.
father to Epeus who made the celebrated PANTHEoN, [a famous temple of a circular
horse at the siege of Troy. Paus.2, c. 29.— form, built by M. Agrippa, son-in-law of Au
Apollod. 2, c. 4. A town of Phocis, be. gustus, in his third consulship, about 27 A.C.
tween Orchomenos and the Cephisus. Paus. and repaired by Septimius Severus, and Ca
10, c. 4.—Strab. 9. racalla. It was dedicated by Agrippa to
-

PANopolis, the city of Pan, a town of Mars, and Jupiter the avenger, in memory
Egypt, called also Chemnis. Pan had there of the victory obtained by Augustus over
a temple, where he was worshipped with Antony and Cleopatra, as an inscription
great solemnity. Diod, 5.-Strab. 17. upon it indicates even now. “The name, the
PANoptes, a name of Argus, from the form, tradition, or some other cause,” ob
power of his eyes. Apollod. 2. serves a late writer, “has given rise to the po
PANormus, now called Palermo, a town pular belief that it was dedicated to Jupite:
of Sicily, built by the ºnlina. on the north and all the gods of antiquity (rat, ºt). But
4 D * 577
º
 PA PA

of this there is no proof; and it is inconsistent PANThoidEs, a patronymic of Euphorbus,

with the known principles of the Pagan re the son of Panthous. Pythagoras is some
Jigion, which forbade a temple to be dedicat: times called by that name, as he asserted
ed to more than one divinity; and enjoined that he was Euphorbus during the Trojan
that even when vowed to two, as in the case war. Horat. 1, od. 28, v. 10.-Orid. .Me,
of Virtue and Honour, Venus and Rome, lsis 15, v. 161.
and Serapis, &c. a double temple should be PANT1cAPA.U.M, now Kerche, a town ºf
raised, and one altar serve for their common Taurica Chersonesus, built by the Milesiacs,
worship. There was indeed one species of and governed some time by its own laws, and
temple, a Delubrum, which might be devoted aſterwards subdued by the kings of Bosphe
to the worship of several deities at once : rus. It was, according to Strabo, the capital
and thus, though a temple could only be de of the European Bosphorus. Mithridates the
dicated to one god, it might contain small Great died there. Plin.—Strab.
JEdicula, or Chapels, for the worship o PANTickpes, a river of European Scythia,
others. Indeed, the recesses and niches which falls into the Borysthenes, supposed
around the Pantheon are similar in form. to be the Samara of the moderns. Herodeſ
though inferior in magnitude, to the great 4, c. 54.
one, fronting the door where the image of PA PHIA, a surname of Venus because the
Jupiter must have stood, and seem to indi goddess was worshipped at Paphos. An
cate that they were formerly the JFdiculae of ancient name of the island of Cyprus.
pagan gods.” Antiquaries and architects PAPHI.AGóN1A, now Penderachia, a cour
have been of various opinions respecting this try of Asia Minor, [bounded on the north by
edifice, which still remains; some imagine the Euxine, on the south by Galatia, on the
that it was only a vestibule to the baths of west by Bithynia, from which the river Par
Agrippa, but all the ancient authors agree in thenius separates it, and on the east partly
calling it a temple. Others suppose that he by the Euxine, and partly by Pontus, from
merely made the portico, and the temple which last the Halys separates it. The
had been constructed previously by some Paphlagonian cavalry were held in high re
other consul; and they found their opinion pute.] Herodot. 1, c. 72–Strab. 4.—Mels.
upon the difference of the architecture, that —Plin.—Curt. 6, c. 11.—Cir. Rull. 2, c. 2
of the portico being better than the other and 19.
part of the temple. It seems now, however, PAPHos, now Bafo, a famous city of the
to be generally agreed that the body of the island of Cyprus, ſounded, as some suppose.
Rotunda is of earlier erection than the Por about 1184 years before Christ, by Agepenor,
tico, that it was built as an appendage to the at the head of a colony from Arcadia. The
public Baths of Agrippa, and that the porti goddess of beauty was particularly worship.
co was afterwards added in order to convert ped there, and all male animals were offered
it into a temple. The portico is 103 feet long on her altars, which, though 100 in number,
and 61 wide: it was formerly ascended by daily smoked with the profusion of Arabian
five steps, now, however, by only two. It is frankincense. The inhabitants were very ef.
decorated with 16 magnificent pillars, all feminate and lascivious, and the young virgits
made out of one piece of oriental granite. were permitted by the laws of the place to
They are of the Corinthian order. The get a dowery by prostitution. [There were
plates of bronze, which covered the heams of two cities of the name of Paphos: the more
the portico-ceiling, were removed by Urban ancient, which had received Venus when
8th, partly for the construction of the great issuing from the foam of the sea, and the
canopy of St. Peter's, and the rest for the guns one above-mentioned. The former is plac
at the Castle of St. Angelo: the nails alone ed on D'Anville's map south-east of the lat
weighed 9,374 pounds; the total weight of ter, and is called Palae-Paphos.J Strab. 3.
this bronze was more than forty five millions &c.—Plin. 2, c. 96.-Mela, 2, c. 7.-Homer.
of pounds. The diameter of the temple it Od. 8.-Wirg. JEn. 1, v.419, &c. 1, 10, v. 51,
self is 132 feet, and the height from the pave&c.—Horat. 1, od. 30, v. 1.--Tacit. ...?. 3, c.
ment to the summit is the same, and 396 feet 62, H.2, c. 2.
in circumference. The temple receives light Paphus, a son of Pygmalion, by a statue
from one circular opening in the middle of which had been charged into a woman by
the ceiling. The Pantheon is now common Venus. [vid. Pygmalion.] Ovid. Met. 10,
ly called the “Rotunda,” from its circular v. 297.
form. It was given to Boniface 4th by the PAPIA LEx, de peregrinis, by Papius the
emperor Phocas in 609, and was dedicated tribune, A.U.C. 688, which required that all
as a Christian church to the Virgin and the strangers should be driven away from Rome
Holy Martyrs, a quantity of whose relics It was afterwards confirmed and extended by
were placed under the great altar. In 830, the Julian law. Another,called Papia Pº
Gregory 4th dedicated it to all the saints.} pala, because it was enacted by the tribunes,
Plin. 36, c. 15.-Marcell. 16, c. 10. M. Papius Mutilus and Q. Poppaeus Secun
Panthrus, or PANTHus, a Trojan, son of dus, who had received consular power from
Othryas the priest of Apollo... when Troy the consuls for six months. It was called the
was burnt by the Greeks he followed the for. Julian law, after it had been published by or
tune of Æneas, and was killed. Virg.JEn. der of Augustus, who himself was of the Ju
2, v. 429. lian family. vid. Julia ler de Maritandis or
578 º
 PA PA
s dinibus.--Another, to empower the high ship, and aſter he had been proscribed by
priest to choose 20 virgins for the service of Sylla. A consul defeated by the armies of
the goddess Vesta.—Another in the age of the Cinnbri. Maso, a consul who conquer
Augustus. It gave the patron a certain right ed Sardinia and Corsica, and reduced them
to the property of his client, if he had left a into the form of a province. At his return
specified sum of money, or if he had not three to Rome he was refused a triumph, upon
children.
which he introduced a triumphal procession
PAP1ANUs, a man who proclaimed himsel in the Alban Mount, and walked with his
emperor some time after the Gordians. He victorious army, wearing a crown of myrtle
was put to death, ou his head. His example was afterwards
PAPIAs, an early Uhristian writer who first followed generals as were refused a
propagated the doctrine of the Millennium triumph by suchRoman
by the senate. Val. Maz.
There are remaining some historical frag 3, c. 6. The family of the Papirii was
Inents of his.
patrician, and long distinguished for its ser
PAPINIANus, a writer, A. D. 212. vid. vices to the state. It bore the different sur
AEmylius Papinianus. names of Crassus, Cursor, Mugillanus, Maso,
PAPiRius, a patrician, chosen rer sacro Praetextatus, and Palus, of which the three
zum after the expulsion of the Tarquins first branches became the most illustrious.
from Rome. Carbo, a Roman consul who
PAP1RIA LEx, by Papirius Carbo, A. U.
undertook the defence of Opimius who was C. 621. It required that, in passing or reject
accused of condemning and putting to death ing laws in the comtia, the votes should be
a number of citizens on Mount Aventinus given on tablets. Another, by the tribune
without the formalities of a trial. His client
Papirius, which enacted that no person should
was acquitted. Cursor, a man who first consecrate any edifice, place, or thing, with
erected a sun-dial in the temple of Quirinus, out the consent and permission of the peo
at Rome, B.C. 293 ; from which time the ple. Cic. pro domo 50. Another, A. U.
days began to be divided into hours.—A C. 563, to diminish the weight, and increase
dictator who ordered his master of horse to the value of the Roman as.
be put to death because he had fought and Pappus, a philosopher and mathematician
conquered the enemies of the republic with. of Alexandria, in the age of Theodosius the
out his consent. The people interfered, and Great. [Such of his works as are still ex
the dictator pardoned him. Cursor made tant prove that he was profoundly skilled in
war against the Sabines and conquered them, the mathematical sciences: the greater part
and also triumphed over the Samnites. His of his productions are probably lost, among
great severity displeased the people. He which are a Commentary upon Ptolemy's Al
flourished about 320 years before the Christian magest, a description of the rivers of Lybia,
era. Liv. 9, c. 14.——One of his family, sur an Universal Chorography, a Treatise on Mi
named Praetextatus, from an action of his litary engines, a Commentary upon Aristar
whilst he wore the praeterta, a certain gown chus of Sanos, concerning the magnitude and
for young men. His father, of the same name, distance of the sun and moon, &c. Reference
carried him to the senate-house, where affairs is made by Marinus, a disciple of Proclus, to
of the greatest importance were then in de his Mathematical Collections, in eight books,
bate before the senators. The mother of of which the last six and part of the second
young Papirius wished to know what had remain. They were among the manuscripts
passed in the senate; but Papirius, unwilling presented by Sir Henry Saville to the Bodle:
to betray the secrets of that august assembly, ian library at Oxford. They were published
amused his mother by telling her that it had at Bologna in 1660, parts of them have also
been considered whether it would be more appeared in various mathematical works.]
advantageous to the republic to give two wives PARAbystox, a tribunal at Athens where
to one husband, than two husbands to one causes of inferior consequence were tried by
wife. The mother of Papirius was alarmed. 11 judges. Paus. 1, c. 40.
and she communicated the secret to the other PARADisus, a town of Syria or Phoenicia.
Roman matrons, and, on the morrow, they Plin. 5, c. 23.-Svrab. 16.-In the plains
assembled in the senate, petitioning that one of Jericho there was a large palace, with a
woman might have two husbands rather than garden beautifully planted with trees, and
one husband two wives. The senators were called Balsami Paradisus.
astonished at this petition, but young Papirius PARAtkce, or TAcEN1, a people between
unravelled the whole mystery, and from that Media and Persia, where Antigonus was de
time it was made a law among the senators, ſeated by Eumenes. C. Nep. in Eum, 8
that no young man should for the future be Strab. 11 and 16.-Plin. 6, c. 26.
introduced into the senate-house, except Pa PARAEroxium, a town of Egypt at the west
pirius. This law was earefully observed till of Alexandria, where Isis was worshipped,
the age of Augustus, who permitted children [now Al-Baretoun...] The word Paratonius
of all ages to hear the debates of the senators.
is used to signify Egyptian, and is sometimes
.Macrob. Sat.1, c. 6. Carbo, a friend of applied
to Ålexandria, which was, situate in
Cinna and Marius. He raised cabals against the neighbourhood. Strab. 17.-Flor; *...*.
Sylla and Pompey, and was at last put to 11.-Lucan. 3, v.295, 1.10, v.9-0vid. JMet.
death by order of Pompey, after he had ren 9, v. 712..4.2, el. 13, v. 7.
Jered himself odious by a tyrannical consul-' Pancs, powerful goddesses, whº presided
J -
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over the birth and the life of mankind. They ently represented by some authors. Cloth.
were three in number, Clotho, Lachesis, and appears in a variegated robe, and on her head
is a crown of seven stars. She holds a distaf
Atropos, daughters of Nox and Erebus, ac
cording to Hesiod, or of Jupiter and Themis, in her hand reaching from heaven to earth.
according to the same poet in another poem. The robe which Lachesis wore was variegat
Some make them daughters of the sea. Clo ed with a great number of stars, and near her
tho, the youngest of the sisters, presided over were placed a variety of spindles. ºf:
the moment in which we are born. and held a was clothed in black, she held scissors in he:
distaff in her hand; Lachesis spun out all the hand, with clues of thread of different sizes
events and actions of our life: and Atropos, according to the length and shortness of the
the eldest of the three, cut the thread of hu lives whose destinies they seemed to contair
man life with a pair of scissors. Their dif. Hyginus attributes to them the invention ºf
ſerent functions are well expressed in this an these Greek letters, a, A, n, ºr, v, and others
cient verse :
call them the secretaries of heaven, and the
keepers of the archives of eternity. The
Clotho colum retinet, Lachesis net, & Atropas Greeks call the Parcae by the different names
occal.
of wougal, aira, kng, upwagºn, which are ex
The name of the Parcae, according to Varro, is pressive of their power and of their inexora
derived a partu or parturiendo, because they ble decrees. Hesiod. Theog. & scut. Her—
presided over the birth of men, and, by cor. Paus. 1, c. 40, l. 3, c. 11, l. 5, c. 15.-Homer.
Il. 20. Od. 7.-Theocrit. 1.-Callimach. in
ruption, the word parea is formed, from parta
or partus, but, according to Servius, they are Dian.—AElian...Anim. 10.—Pindar. Olymp.
called so by Antiphrasis, quod nemini parcant. 10. Nem. 7.-Eurip. in Iphig.—Plut.defacie
The power of the Parcae was great and exten in orbe Lunce.—Hygin. in præf, fab. & fab
sive. Some suppose that they were subjected 227.-Parro.—Orph. hymn. 58.--Apollon. 1,
to none of the gods but Jupiter; while others &c.—Claudian. de rapt. Pros.-Lycophr. &
support that even Jupiter himself was obedi. Teetz. &c.—Horat. 2, od. 6, &c.—Ovid...Me?.
ent to their commands; and indeed we see the 5, v. 533.-Lucan. 3.-Virg. Eel. 4, .ºn. 5,
father of the gods, in Homer's ſliad, unwilling &c.—Senec. in Herc. Fur.—Stat. Theb. 6.
to see Patroclus perish, yet obliged, by the su. PARENTALIA, a festival annually observed
perior power of the Fates, to abandon him to at Rome in honour of the dead. The friends
his destiny. According to the more received and relations of the deceased assembled on the
opinions, they were the arbiters of the life and occasion, when sacrifices were offered and
death of mankind, and whatever good or evil banquets provided. Æneas first established it.
beſals us in the world immediately proceeds Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 544.
from the Fates or Parcae. Some make them PARIs, a son of Priam, king of Troy, by
ministers of the king of hell, and represent Hecuba, also called .4lerander. He was des
them as sitting at the foot of his throne; others timed, even before his birth, to become the
represent them as placed on radiant thrones, ruin of his country; and when his mother, in
amidst the celestial spheres, clothed in robes the first month of her pregnaney, had dream
spangled with stars, and wearing crowns on ed that she brought forth a torch which
their heads. According to Pausamins, the set fire to her palace, the soothsayers
names of the Parcae were different from those foretold the calamities which might be ex
already mentioned. The most ancient of all, andpected from the imprudence of her future son,
which would end in the destruction of
as the geographer observes, was Venus Urania,
who presided over the birth of men; the se Troy. Priam, to prevent so great and so
cond was Fortune; Ilythia was the third. To alarming an evil, ordered his slave Archelaus
these some add a fourth, Proserpina, who of. to destroy the child at soon as born. The
ten disputes with Atropos the right of cutting slave, either touched with humanity, oriufu
the thread of human life. The worship ofthe enced by Hecuba, did not destroy him, but
Parcae was well established in some cities of was satisfied to expose him on Mount lia,
Greece, and though mankind were well con where the shepherds of the place found him,
vinced that they were inexorable, and that it and educated him as their own son. Some
was impossible to mitigate them.yet they were attribute the preservation of his life, before he
eager to show a proper respect to their divini was found by the shepherds, to the motherly
tenderness of a which
she-bear suckled him.
ty, by raising them temples and statues, they Young Paris, though educated among shep
received the same worship as the Furies, and
their votaries yearly sacrificed to them black herds and peasants, gave early proofs of cour
sheep, during which solemnity the priests age and intrepidity, and from his care in pro
were obliged to wear garlands of flowers. The tecting the flocks of Mount Ida against the ra
Parcae were generally represented as three pacity of the wildbeasts, he obtained the name
old women with chaplets made with wool, of Alexander (helper or defender). He gain.
and interwoven with the flowers of the Nar. ed the esteem of all the shepherds, and his
cissus. They were covered with a white robe graceful countenance and manly deportment
and fillet of the same colour, bound with recommended him to the favour of OEnone, a
chaplets. One ofthem held a distaff, another nymph of Ida, whom he married, and with
the spindle, and the third was armed with whom he lived with the most perfect tender
scissors, with which she cut the thread which ness. Their conjugal peace was soon disturb
her sisters had spun. Their dress is differ. ed. At the marriage of Peleus and Thetis
580
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the goddess of discord, who had not been in a fleet, as if willing to redeem Hesione, his fa
vited to partake of the entertainment, show ther's sister, whom Hercules had carried
ed her displeasure by throwing into the as away and obliged to marry Telamon the son
sembly of the gods, who were at the celebra of Æacus. This was the pretended motive of
tion of the nuptials, a godden apple, on which his voyage, but the causes were far different.
were written the words, Detur pulchriori. Paris recollected that he was to be the hus
All the goddesses claimed it as their own, the band of the fairest of women, and if he had
contention at first became general, but at last been led to form those expectations while he
only three, Juno, Venus, and Minerva, wish was an obscure shepherd of Ida, he had now
ed to dispute their respective right to beauty. every plausible reason to see them realized,
The gods, unwilling to become arbiters in an since he was acknowledged son of the king of
affair of so tender and so delicate a nature, ap Troy. Helen was the fairest woman of the
pointed Paris to adjudge the prize of beauty age, and Venus had promised her to him. On
to the fairest of the goddesses, and indeed the these grounds,therefore, he visited Sparta, the
shepherd seemed properly qualified to decide residence of Helen who had married Mene
so great a contest, as his wisdom was so well laus. He was received with every mark of
established, and his prudence and sagacity so respect, but he abused the hospitality of Me
well known. The goddesses appeared before nelaus, and while the husband was absent in
their judge without any covering or orna Crete, Paris persuaded Helen to elope with
ment, and each tried by promises and en him, and to fly to Asia. Helen consented, and
treaties to gain the attention of Paris, and to Priam received her into his palace without
influence his judgment. Juno promised him difficulty, as his sister was then detained in a
a kingdom; Minerva, military glory; and foreign country, and as he wished to show
Venus, the fairest woman in the world for himself as hostile as possible to the Greeks,
*...*.
v. 118.
as Ovid expresses it. Heroid. 17, This affair was soon productive of serious
consequences. When Menelaus had mar
ried Helen, all her suitors had bound them
*;e cum regnum ; belli daret altera law
em - selves by a solemn oath to protect her per
son, and to defend her from every violence,
Tyndaridis conjuz, Tertia dirit, eris. (vid. Helena,) and therefore the injured hus
Aſter he had heard their several claims and band reminded them of their engagements,
promises, Paris adjudged the prize to Venus, and called upon them to recover Helen. Upon
and gave her the golden apple, to which, per this all Greece took up arms in the cause of
haps, she seemed entitled, as the goddess of Menelaus. [vid, the true account of the cause
beauty. This decision of Paris in favour of of the war in the remarks under Troja.]
Venus, drew upon the judge and his family Agamemnon was chosen general of all the
the resentment of the two other goddesses. combined forces, and a regular war was be
Soon after Priam proposed a contest among gun. (vid. Troja.) Paris, meanwhile, who
his sons and other princes, and promised to had refused Helen to the petitions and em
reward the conqueror with one of the finest bassies of the Greeks, armed himself with
bulls of Mount Ida. His emissaries were sent his brothers and subjects to oppose the ene
to procure the animal, and it was found in my; but the success of the war was neither
the possession of Paris, who reluctantly yield hindered nor accelerated by his means. He
edit up. The shepherd was desirous of ob fought with little courage, and at the very
taining again this favourite animal, and he sight of Menelaus, whom he had so recently
went to Troy and entered the lists of the injured, all his resolution vanished, and he re
combatants. He was received with the great tired from the front of the army, where he
est applause, and obtained the victory over walked before like a conqueror. In a com
his rivals, Nestor, the son of Neleus; Cyc bat with Menelaus, which he undertook at
nus, king of Neptune; Polites, Helenus, and the persuasion of his brother Hector, Paris
Deiphobus, sons of Priam. He also obtained must have perished, had not Venus interfered
a superiority over Hector himself; and the and stolen him from the resentment of his ad
prince, enraged to see himself conquered by versary. He nevertheless wounded, in an
an unknown stranger, pursued him closely, other battle, Machaon, Euryphilus, and Dio
and Paris must have fallen a victim to his medes, and, according to some opinions, he
brother's resentment, had he not fled to the killed with one of his arrows the great Achil
altar of Jupiter. This sacred retreat pre les. (vid. Achilles.) The death of Paris is
served his life, and Cassandra, the daughter differently related, some suppose that he was
of Priam, struck with the similarity of the mortally wounded by one of the arrows of Phi
features of Paris with those of her brothers, loctetes, which had been once in the posses
inquired his birth and his age. From these sion of Hercules, and that when he found
circumstances she soon discovered that he himself languid on account of his wounds, he
was her brother, and as such she introduced ordered himself to be carried to the feet of
him to her father and to his children. Priam (Enone, whom he had basely abandoned, and
acknowledged Paris as his son, forgetful of who, in the years of his obscurity, had fore
the alarming dream which had influenced told him that he would solicit her assistance
him to meditate his death, and all jealousy in his dying moments. He expired before he
ceased among the brothers. Paris did notlong came into the presence of CEnone, and the
suffer himself to remain inactive; he equipped nymph, still mindful of their former loves,
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threw herself upon the body, and stabbed phanes. According to Cebes he was a pat
herself to the heart, after she had plentifully term of virtue. He wrote the doctrine of his
bathed it with her tears. According to some school in verses, of which only a few remain.
authors, Paris did not immediately go to Plato, in the dialogue which he denominated
Troy when he left the Peloponnesus, but he Parmenides, professed to represent his tº
was driven on the coast of Egypt, where Pro nets, but confounded them with his own. Par.
teus, who was king of the country, detained menides maintained that the universe is cle
him, and when he heard of the violence which immoveable, eternal, and of a spherical form:
had been offered to the king of Sparta, he that the earth is spherical, and in the centre,
kept Helen at his court, and permitted Paris being exactly balanced by its distance from
to retire. [vid. Helena.] Dictus. Cret. 1, the heavens, so that there is no cause why it
3 and 4.—Apollod. 3, c. 12.-Homer. Il should move one way rather than another
Ovid. Heroid. 5, 16 and 17.—Quint. Calab. There were, as he supposed, only two sorts ºf
10, v. 290.—Horat. od. 3.-Eurip. in Iphig. philosophy—one founded on reason, and the
—Hygin. ſab. 92 and 273.−Wirg. -ºn. 1, other on the evidence of the senses.) Diog.
&c.-JElian. V. H. 12, c. 42.—Paus. 10, 27 PARMENio, a celebrated general in the
—Cic. de Div.–Lycophr. & Teetz, tr. Lye. armies of Alexander, who enjoyed the king's
A celebrated player at Rome, in the confidence, and was more attached to his per
good graces of the emperor Nero, &c. Ta son as a man than as a monarch. When Da
cit. Ann. 13, c. 19, &c. rius, king of Persia, offered Alexander all the
[PARisi, a British nation lying to the north country which lies at the west of the Eu
of the Coritani, and occupying the district phrates, with his daughter Statira in marriage,
which is called Holderness, or, according to and 10,000 talents of gold, Parmeniotook oc
Camden, the whole East Riding of York casion to observe, that he would without he
shire. They are supposed to have derived sitation accept of these conditions if he were
their name from the two British words, “Paur Alexander, so would I were I Parmento, re
Isa,” which signify low pasture, and which plied the conqueror. This friendship, so true
are descriptive of the situation and uses of and inviolable, was sacrificed to a moment of
their country.] resentment and suspicion; and Alexander,
PARIsn, a people and a city of Celtic Gaul, who had too eagerly listened to a light and
now called Paris, the capital of the kingdom perhaps a false accusation, ordered Parmenie
of France. [vud. Lutetia.] Cars. Bell. G. 6, and his son to be put to death, as if guilty of
c. 3. treason against his person. Parmenio was in
PARisus, a river of Pannonia, falling into the 70th year of his age, B.C. 330. He died
the Danube : [according to Mannert, the in the greatest popularity, and it has been ju
JMus, in the Hungarian part of its course.] diciously observed, that Parmenio obtained
Strab. many victories without Alexander, but
PARIUM, now Camanar, a town of Asia Alexander not one without Parmenio. Curf.
Minor, on the Propoutis, where Archilochus 7, &c.—Plut in Aler.
was born, as some say. Strab. 10.—Plin. 7, PARNAssus, a mountain of Phocis, ancient
c. 2, l. 36, c. 5. ly called Larnassus, from the boat of Deu
PARMA, [a city of Italy, south of the Po, calion (Aagya;) which was carried there in
on the small river Parma. It was founded the universal deluge. It received the name
by the Etrurians, taken by a tribe of Gauls of Parnassus from Parnassus the son of Nep
called the Boii, and at last colonized by the tune by Cleobula. The soil was barren, but
Romans. It is said to have suffered much the vallies and the green woods that covered
from the licentious cruelty of Antony, and its sides rendered it agreeable, and fit for soli
its sufferings on this occasion are pathetically tude and meditation. [Parnassus was remark.
deplored and immortalized by Cicero in his able for its two summits, and hence was call
14th Philippic, the last tribute which he paid ed Biceps. [vid. Lycorea.] One of these
to Rome and to Liberty.] The poet Cassius summits was sacred to Apollo and the Mu
and the critic Macrobius were born there. ses, the other to Bacchus; and the Greeks had
It was made a Roman colony A. U. C. 569. a tradition that whoever slept on the moun
The inhabitants are called Parmenenses and tain became either an inspired poet or mad
Parmani. Cic. Philip. 14.—Liv. 39, c. 55. On the south-east side, about a mile up, was
—Strab. 5.-Horat. 1, ep. 4, v. 3.-Cic. Phil. situate the city of Delphi. Here also was
14, c. 3.-Varro L. L. 7, c. 31.— Martial. 2, the famed Castalian fount. [rid. Delphi..]
ep. 43, v.4, l. 5, ep. 13, v. 8 and 14, v. 155. Parnassus is not so much a rocky mountain as
PARMEN IDEs, [a celebrated Greek phi a vast range of hills, which once formed the
losopher of the Eleatic sect, who flourished western boundary of Phocis, and the line of se
about 500 B.C. He was a native of Elea, paration of the Locri Ozolae, Opuntii,and Epie
possessed a large patrimony, and lived in much nemidii, and is now the limit between the dis
splendour in his earlier years. He was dis trict of Salona and that of Liradia. The ex
tinguished in civil affairs, and is said to have treme summits of Parnassus, the southern one
drawn up for his fellow-citizens some excel of which was formerly called Lycorea, and is
lent laws, to which their magistrates annu now termed Liakura, is considered by Wheel
ally compelled them to swear obedience. He er to be as high as Mount Cenis. They were
i
at length devoted himself to philosophy, and anciently reckoned 60 stadia above Delphi
became the disciple and successor of Xeno by the nearest path. The summits of Par
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**t massus, says Pausanias, are above the clouds, Greece, and took it, and it became a Roman
** and upon them the Thyades celebrate their province in the age of Pompey. Archilochus
It is mad orgies to Bacchus and Apollo. At present was born there. The Parian marbles, per
**: they are the summer retreats of the Albanian haps better known by the appellation of
robbers. In the winter they are covered with Arundelian, were engraved in this island in
snow..]—Strab. 8, 9.-Ovid. Met. 1, v.317,1.2, capital letters, B.C. 264, and as a valuable
v. 221, l. 5, v. 278.-Lucan. 5, v. 71, l. 3, v. chronicle, preserved the most celebrated epo
173.—Lºv. 42, c. 16.—Sil. It. 15, v. 311.- chas of Greece, from the year 1582 B. C.
.Mela, 2, c. 3.-Paus. 10, c. 6.-Propert. 2, el. These valuable pieces of antiquity were pro
23, v. 13, l. 3, el. 11, v. 54.—A son of Nep cured originally by M. de Peiresc, a French
tune, who gave his name to a mountain of man, and afterwards purchased by the earl of
Phocis. Arundel, by whom they were given to the
PARNEs, (etis), [a mountain of Attica, university of Oxford, where they are still to
north of Athens, famous for its vines. On it be seen. Prideaux published an account of
were a statue of Jupiter Parthenius in bronze, |all the inscriptions in 1676. Mela, 2, c. 7.-
another of Jupiter and Semele, and an altar Strab. 5-C. Nep. ºn Milt. & Ale—Virg.
on which the adjacent inhabitants sacrificed •ºn. 1, v. 593. G. 3, v. 34.—Ovid. Met. 3, v.
to the beneficent and rainy Jupiter. The 419, l. 7, v. 466.-Plin. 3, c. 14, l. 36, c. 17.
mountain abounded with bears and wild |–JDiod. 5, and Thucyd. 1.-Herodot. 5, &c.
boars..] Stat. 12. Theb. v. 620. |—Horat. 1, od. 19, v. 6.
PARoPAMisus, [a plovince of India, the PARRHAsia, a town [in the south-west
eastern limit of which, in Alexander's time, part] of Arcadia, founded by Parrhasius the
was the river Cophenes. According to the son of Jupiter. The Arcadians are some
ideas of Ptolemy it lay between the countries times called Parrhasians, and Arcas Parrha
which the moderns name Khorasan and Ca sis, and Carmenta, Evander's mother, Par
bul, answers to the tract between Herat and rhasiadea. Lucan. 2, v.237-Wirg...ſºn. 8, v.
Cabul. This province was separated from 334.—Orid. Met. 8, v. 315. Fast. 1, v. 618.
Bactria by the range of Paropamisus. vid. –Trist. 1, v. 190.-Paus. 8, c. 27.
Imaus.] Strab. 15. PARRHAsius, a famous painter, son of Eve
:
PARöpus, now Calisano, a town at the nor of Ephesus, in the age of Zeuxis, about
north of Sicily, on the shores of the Tyrrhene 415 years before Christ. He was a great mas
Sea. Polyb. 1, c. 24. ter of his profession, and particularly excelled
PARos, a celebrated island among the Cy in strongly expressing the violent passions. He
clades, about seven and a half miles distant was blessed with a great genius and much in
from Naxos, and twenty-eight from Delos. vention, and he was particularly happy in his
According to Pliny, it is half as large as Nax designs. He acquired himself great reputa.
os, that is, about thirty-six or thirty-seven tion by his pieces, but by none more than that
miles in circumference, a measure which some in which he allegorically represented the peo
of the moderms have extended to fifty and ple of Athens, with all the injustice, the cle
*
even eighty miles. It has borne the diffe mency, the fickleness, timidity, the arrogance,
rent names of Pactia, JMinoa, Hiria, Demetri and inconsistency, which so eminently cha
ws, Zacynthus, Cabarnis, and Hyleassa. It re racterized that celebrated nation. He once
ceived the name of Paros, which it still bears, entered the list against Zeuxis, and when they
from Paros a son of Jason, or, as some main had produced their respective pieces, the
tain, of Parrhasius. The island of Paros was birds came to pick with the greatest avidity
rich and powerful, and well known for its ſa the grapes which Zeuxis had painted. Im
mous marble, which was always used by the mediately Parrhasius exhibited his piece, and
best statuaries. The best quarries were those Zeuxis, said, remove your curtain, that we
of Marpesus, a mountain where still caverns, may see the painting. The curtain was the
of the most extraordinary depth, are seen by painting, and Zeuxis acknowledged himself
modern travellers, and admired as the sources conquered by exclaiming, Zeurishas deceived
from whence the Labyrinth of Egypt and the birds, but Parrhasius has deceived Zeuris him
porticoes of Greece received their splendour. self. Parrhasius grew so vain of his art, that
[vid. some valuable remarks on the Parian he clothed himself in purple, and wore a
marble of antiquity, in Clarke's “Travels crown of gold, calling himself the king of
in Greece, Egypt, and the Holy Land,” painters. He was lavish in his own praises,
vol. 2, p. 280.] According to Pliny, the and by his vanity too often exposed himself
quarries were so uncommonly deep, that, in to the ridicule of his enemies. Plut. (m. Thes,
the clearest weather, the workmen were de Poet. aud.—Paus. 1, c. 28.-Plin. 35, v.
obliged to use lamps, from which circum 10.-Horat. 4, od. 8.
stance the Greeks have called the marble PARTHENIAE and PARTHEN 11, a certain
Lychnites, worked by the light of lamps. number of desperate citizens of Sparta. Du
Paros is also famous for the fine cattle which ring the Messenian war, the Spartans were
it produces, and for its partridges and wild absent from their city for the space of ten
pigeons. The capital city was called Paros. years, and it was unlawful for them to return,
It was first peopled by the Phoenicians, and as they had bound themselves by a solemn
afterwards a colony of Cretans settled in it. oath not to revisit Sparta before they had to:
tally subdued Messenia. . This long absence
The Athenians made war against it, beeause alarmed the Lacedemonian women, aº well
it had assisted the Persians in the invasion of
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relief, on the front of the entrance. The sta.

as the magistrates. The Spartans were re; |

minded by their wives, that if they continued tue of the goddess, 26 cubits high, and mad
in their resolution; the state must at lastde: of gold and ivory, passed for one of the maſ
cay for want of citizens; and when they had ter-pieces of Phidias. [The Parthenon we
duly considered this embassy, they empower, of the Doric order, and stood on the highe:
ed all the young men in the army, who had area of the Acropolis. It was 217 feet
come to the war while yet under age, and who inches long, and 98 feet 6inches broad. “L
therefore were not bound by the oath, to re the progress of decay,” observes Mr. Hº
turn to Sparta, and, by a familiar and pro: house, “be as rapid as it has been for more
miscuous intercourse with all the unmarried than a century past, there will, in a few year.
women of the'state, to raise a future genera be not one marble standing upon another a
the site of the Parthenon.” Alaric the Gotº
tion. It was carried into execution, and the
children that sprang from this union were is supposed to have commenced the work c
called Partheniae, or sons of virgins, (ragºs destruction. In 1667 every antiquity tº
,9.) The war with Messenia was sometime which there is now any trace in the Acropolº
after ended, and the Spartans returned victo was in a tolerable state of preservation
rious : but the cold indifference with which All the travellers who visited Athens previous
they looked upon the Partheniae was attended to the siege of Morosini, saw the Acropolis,
with serious consequences. The Partheniae less changed, perhaps, from its ancient state,
knew they had no legitimate fathers, and no than it has been from the condition in whic
inheritance, and that therefore their life de it then stood, in the short period subsequent
pended upon their own exertions. This drove to their time. This great temple might at
them almost to despair. They joined with that period be called entire ; having been
the Helots, whose maintenance was as preca previously a Christian church, it was then a
rious as their own, and it wasmutually agreed mosque, the most beautiful in the world.
to murder all the citizens of Sparta and to The Venetians, who besi the Acropolis
seize their possessions. This massacre was to in 1687, threw a bomb, which demolished the
be done at a general assembly, and the signal roof and did much damage to the fabric.
was the throwing of a cap in the air. The Since then the Turks have made it a quarry,
whole, however, was discovered through the and virtuosi and noble antiquaries have more
diſfidence and apprehensions of the Helots; than rivalled them in the work of havoc and
and when the people had assembled, the Par spoliation. At present only 29 columns re
theniae discovered that all was known, by the main, some of which no longer support their
voice of a crier, who proclaimed that no man entablatures.] Plin. 34.
should throw up his cap. The Partheniae, PARTHENöpæus, a son of Meleager and
though apprehensive of punishment, were Atalanta, or, according to some, of Milanica
not visibly treated with greater severity; and another Atalanta. He was one of the
their calamitous conditions was attentively seven chiefs who accompanied Adrastus the
examined, and the Spartans, afraid of another king of Argos in his expedition against Thebe.
conspiracy and awed by their numbers, per He was killed by Amphidicus. Apollod. 3, c
mitted them to sail for Italy with Phalantus 9.—Paus. 3, c. 12, l. 9, c. 19—A son of
their ringleader at their head. They settled Talaus.
in Magna Græcia, and built Tarentum, about PARTHENöPE, one of the Sirens. [rid. Ne
707 years before Christ. Justin. 3, c. 5.- apolis.]
Strab. 6.-Paus. in Lacon. &c.—Plut. in PARTHIA, a celebrated country of Asia,
•Apoph. [called by the Greeks Parthyaea, and Parthi.
PARTHENIUs, a river of Paphlagonia, ene,) bounded on the west by Media, southby
which, after separating Bithynia, falls into the Carmania, north by Hyrcania, and east by
Euxine Sea near Sesamum. It received its Aria, &c. containing, according to Ptolemy,
name either because the virgin Diana, (rag 25 large cities, the most capital of which was
Biº) bathed herself there, or perhaps it re called Hecatompylos. [In this restricted sense,
ceived it from the purity and mildness of its Parthia must not be confounded with what the
waters. [The Parthenius is now called the ancients called the Parthian empire. Thislast
Partheni.] Herodot. 2, c. 104.—Plin. 6, c. was of vast extent, being bounded on the east
2-A mountain of Arcadia, which was by the Indus, on the west by the Tigris
on the south by the Mare Erythraeum, and
said to abound in tortoises. Here Telephus
had a temple. Atalanta was exposed on its on the north by Caucasus.] Some sup.
top and brought up here. Paus. 8, c. 54.— pose that the present capital of the country
•ºlian. W. H. 13–Apollod. 2, c. 7.-A [Ispahan] is built on the ruins of Hecatompy
Greek writer whose Romance de Amatoriis los. According to some authors, the Par.
#inue has been cdited in 12mo, Basil. thians were Scythians by origin, who made
an invasion on the more southern provinces
Panthénon, a temple of Athens, sacred of Asia, and at last fixed their residence near
to Minerva. It was destroyed by the Per Hyrcania. They long remained unknown
sians, and afterwards rebuilt by Pericles, in a and unnoticed, and became successively tri
*...*gnificent manner, [being enlarged butary to the empire of the Assyrians, Medes,
fifty feet ºn each side.] All the circumstances and Persians. When Alexander invaded
which related to the birth of Minerva were Asia, the Parthians submitted, like the other
beautifully and minutely represented in bass dependent provinces of Persia, and they were
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for some time under the power of Eumenes, two poles before her eyes, because he had,
Antigonus, Seleucus Nicator, and Antiochus, by order of the king, cut off the hand and
till the rapacity and oppression of Agathocles, the head of Cyrus. These cruelties offended
a lieutenant of the latter, roused their spirit Artaxerxes, and he ordered his mother to be
and formented rebellion. Arsaces, a man of confined in Babylon; but they were soon af.
obscure origin, but blessed with great military ter reconciled, and Parysatis regained all her
powers, placed himself at the head of his power and influence till the time of her death.
countrymen, and laid the foundation of the Plut. in Art.—Ctes.
Parthian empire about 250 years before the PAsARGADA, a town of Persia, near Car
Christian era. The Macedonians attempted mania, founded by Cyrus on the very spot
in vain to recover it; a race of active and where he had conquered Astyages. The kings
vigilant princes, who assumed the surname of of Persia were always crowned there, and
.4 rsacides from the founder of their kingdom, the Pasargadas were the noblest families in
increased its power, and rendered it so formi Persia, in the number of which were the
tiable, that, while it possessed 18 kingdoms Achaemenides. [In this city the Magi resided,
between the Caspian and Arabian seas, it and here was the tomb of Cyrus. The ruins
even disputed the empire of the world with are now called Mourg-Aub, and contain the
the Romans, and could never be subdued by remains of an ancient fire-temple, and other
that nation which had seen no people on earth buildings, with sculptures which have exer
unconquered by their arms. It remained a cised the skill of many of the learned, and
kingdom till the reign of Artabanus, who was are well described in the travels of Morier
killed about the year 229 of the Christian era, and of Porter. There is a tomb here called
and from that time it became a province of Meshed Madre-i-Sulieman, or “The tomb of
the newly re-established kingdom of Persia Solomon's mother,” a name given at random
under Artaxerxes. The Parthians were ma by the natives, and which is frequently done
turally strong and warlike, and were esteem in such cases, showing the wide extended
ed the most expert horsemen and archers in fame of Solomon in the east. This tomb is
the world. The peculiar custom of discharg described by Porter, who considers it to have
ing their arrows while they were retiring full been that of Cyrus. The name Pasargadae
speed has been greatly celebrated by the an signifies “an entrenched Persian camp,” and
cients, particularly by the poets, who all ob the original form very probably was Parsa
serve that their flight was more formidable gard, from which the Greeks made Pasarga
than their attacks. This manner of fighting, dae. It is said that a curious resemblance exists
and the wonderful address and dexterity with between the Persian and Icelandic tongues,
which it was performed, gained them many and that Parsa-gard would have precisely the
victories. They were addicted much to drink same meaning in both languages.] Herodot.
ing, and to every manner of lewdness. Strab. 1, c. 125.-Mela, 3, c. 8.
2, c. 6, &c.—Curt. 6, c. 11.—Flor. 3, c. 5.- PAs.IPHAE, a daughter of the Sun and of
Pºrg. G. 3, v. 31, &c. AEn. 7, v. 606.- Perseis, who married Mimos king of Crete.
Ovid. art. am. 1, &c. Fast. 5, v. 580.—Dio. She disgraced herself by her unnatural pas
Cass. 40. —Ptol. 6, c. 5.-Plin. 6, c. 25.- sion for a bull, which, according to some au
APolyb. 5, &c.—Marcellin.—Herodian. 3, &c. thors, she was enabled to gratify by means of
—Lºrcan. 1, v. 230, l. 6, v. 50, l. 10, v. 53.— the artist Daedalus. This celebrated bull had
Justin. 41, c. 1.-Horat. 1, od. 19, v. 11, l. 2, been given to Minos by Neptune, to be offer
od. 13, v. 17. ed on his altars; but as the monarch refused
PARTHY ENE. [vid Parthia.] to sacrifice the animal on account of his beau
PARYADREs, a chain of mountains branch ty, the god revenged his disobedience by in
ing off from the range of Caucasus, and run spiring Pasiphae with an unnatural love for it.
aing to the south-west. On the confines of Cap This fabulous tradition, which is universally
padocia the name is changed to Scordieses: believed by the poets, who observe that the
it here unites with the chain of Antitaurus, Minotaur was the fruit of this infamous com
and both stretch onwards to the west and merce, is refuted by some writers, who sup
south-west through Cappadocia. The high pose that the infidelity of Pasiphae to her
est elevation in this range is Mons Argaeus.] husband was betrayed in her affection for an
PARYsitis, a Persian princess, wife of officer called Taurus; and that Daedalus, by
Darius Ochus, by whom she had Artaxerxes permitting his house to be the asylum of the
Mnemon, and Cyrus the younger. She was two lovers, was looked upon as accessary to
so extremely partial to her younger son, that the gratification of Pasiphae's lust. From the
she committed the greatest cruelties to en amour with Taurus, as it is further remark
courage his ambition, and she supported him ed, the queen became mother of twins, and the
with all her interest in his rebellion against name of Minotaurus arises from the resem
his brother Mnemon. The death of Cyrus blance of the children to the husband and the
at the battle of Cunaxa was revenged with lover of Pasiphae. Minos had four sons by
the greatest barbarity, and Parysatis sacri. Pasiphae, Castreus, Deucalion, Glaucus, and
ficed to her resentment all such as she found Androgeus, and three daughters, Hecate,
concerned in his fall. She also poisoned Sta Ariadne, and Phaedra. [vid. Minotaurus.]
tira, the wife of her son Artaxerxes, and or Plato de Min.—Plut, in Thes.—Apollod. 2, c.
dered one of the eunuchs of the court to be 1.—Virg. JEn. 6, v.24–Hygin, fab.40
flayed alive, and his skin to be stretched on Diod. 4.—Ovid. Heroid. 4, v. 57 and 165.
F. 585
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Pasitigais. [vid. Tigris.] Strab. 15 PATRAE, an ancient town [of Achaïa, west
Plin. 6, c. 20. of Rhium, anciently called Aroe. Diana had
Passkaon, a town of Epirus, where, after there a temple, and a famous statue of gold
sacrificing to Jupiter, the kings swore to go and ivory. [It is now Patras.] Paus. 7.2
worn according to law, and the people to obey 6.—Ovid. Met. 6, v. 417,-Lir. 27, c. 29–
and to defend the country. Plut. in Pyrrh. JMela. 2, c. 3.
—Liv. 45, c. 25 and 33. PATRöcLEs, an officer of the fleet of Se
Passiénus Paulus, a Roman knight, ne leucus and Antiochus. He discovered several
phew to the poet Propertius, whose elegiac countries, and it is said that he wrote a history
compositions he imitated. He likewise andat: of the world. Strab.-Plin. 6, c. 17.
tempted lyric poetry, and with success, PATRocli, a small island on the coast ci
chose for his model the writings of Horace. Attica. Paus. 4, c. 5.
Plin. ep. 6 and 9.—Crispus, a man distin, PATRöclus, one of the Grecian chiefs de
guished as an orator, but more as the husband ring the Trojan war, son of Menoetius by Sthe
of Domitia, and afterwards of Agrippina, nele, whom some call Philomela, or Polymela
Nero's mother, &c. Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 20. The accidental murder of Clysonymus, the
PATALA. [vid. Pattala.] Plin. 2; c. 73– son of Amphidamus, in the time of his youth
Curt. 9, c. 7.--Strab. 15.-Arrian. 6, c. 17. obliged him to fly from Opus where his fa
Pătăra, (oruni,) now Patera, a town of ther reigned. He retired to the court ef Pe.
Lycia, situate on the eastern side of the mouth leus, king of Phthia,hewhere he was kindly re
of the river Xanthus, with a capacious har ceived, and where centracted the most in
bour, a temple, and an oracle of Apollo, sur: timate friendship with Achilles, the monarch's
named Patareus, where was preserved and son. When the Greeks went to the Trojan
shown in the age of Pausanias, a brazen cap war, Patroclus also accompanied them at the
which had been made by the hand of Vulcan, express command of his father, who had vi.
and presented by the god to Telephus. The sited the court of Peleus, and he embarked
god was supposed by some to reside for the with 10 ships from Phthia. He was the con
six winter months at Patara, and the rest of stant companion of Achilles, and lodged in the
the year at Delphi. The city was greatly em same tent; and when his friend refused to ap
bellished by Ptolemy Philadelphus, who at pear in the field of battle, because he had
tempted in vain to change its original name been offended by Agamemnon, Patroclus imi
into that of his wife Arsinoe. Liv. 37, c. 15. tated his example, and by his absence was the
—Strab. 14.—Paus. 9, c. 41.-Horat. 3, od. cause of the overthrow of the Greeks. But
14, v. 64.—Ovid. Met. 1, v. 516.-Mela, 1, at last Nestor prevailed on him to return to
c. 15. the war, and Achilles permitted him to ap
PRTKv1UM, a city of Italy, at the north of pear in his armour. The valour of Patroclus,
the Po, on the shores of the Adriatic, now call together with the terror which the sight of
ed Padua, and once said to be capable of the arms of Achilles inspired, soon routed
sending 20,000 men into the field. It was the victorious armies of the Trojans, and
the birth-place of Livy, from which reason obliged them to fly within their walls for safe.
some writers have denominated Patavinity ty. He would have broken down the walls of
those peculiar expressions and provincial dia the city; but Apollo, who had interested him.
lect which they seem to discover in the his self for the Trojans, placed himself to oppose
torian's style, not strictly agreeable to the him; and Hector, at the instigation of the god.
purity and refined language of the Roman dismounted from his chariot to attack him, as
authors who flourished in or near the Augus he attempted to strip one of the Trojans whom
tan age. [cid. Livius.] Martial. 11, ep. 17, he had slain. The engagement was obstinate,
v. 8.-Quintil 1, c. 5, 56, l. 8, c. 13.−Liv. but at last Patroclus was overpowered by the
10, c. 2, 1.41, c. 27.-Strab. 5.-Mela, 2, c. 4. valour of Hector, and the interposition of
PATERctilus, a Roman, whose daughter Apollo. His arms became the property of the
Sulpicia was pronounced the chastest matron conqueror, and Hector would have severed
at Rome. Plin. 7, c. 35.-Welleius, an his his head from his body had not Ajax and
torian. vid. Welleius. Menelaus intervened. His body was at last
PATIzithrs, one of the Persian Magi, who recovered and carried to the Grecian camp,
raised his brother to the throne because he where Achilles received it with the bitterest
resembled Smerdis, the brother of Cambyses, lamentations. His funeral was observed with
&c. Herodot. 3, c. 61. the greatest solemnity. Achilles sacrificed
PATMos, one of the Cyclades, with a small near the burning pile twelve young Trojans,
town of the same name, situate at the south of besides four of his horses and two of his dag",
Icaria, and measuring 30 miles in circumfer and the whole was concluded by the exhib.
ence, according to Pliny, or only 18 according tion of funeral games, in which the conqueror
to modern travellers. It has a large harbour, were liberally rewarded by Achilles. The
near which are some broken columns, the death of Patroclus, as it is described by Ho
most ancient in that part of Greece. The mer, gave rise to new events; Achilles forgot
Romans, generally banished their culprits his resentment against Agamemnon, and en
there. It is now called Patmos. [This isl tered the field to avenge the fall of his friend,
and is celebrated in ecclesiastical history as and his anger was gratified only by theslaugh
having been the place of St. John's exile.] ter of Hector, who had more powerfully kin
Strab–Plin. 4, c. 12. idled his wrath by appearing at the head of the
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Trojan armies in the armour which had beenfiers from Rome, and after he had sacked 70 ci.
taken from the body of Patroclus. The pa |ties of Epirus, and divided the booty amongst
tronymic of Actorides is often applied to Pa his soldiers, Paulus returned to Italy. He
troclus, because Actor was father to Menoe was received with the usual acclamations, and
tius. Dictys. Cret. 1, &c.—Homer. Il. 9, &c. though some of the seditious soldiers attempt
—Apollod. 3, c. 13.—Hygin. fab. 97 and 275. ed to prevent his triumphal entry into the
—Ovid. Met. 13, v. 273. capitol, yet three days were appointed to ex
Pat Röus, a surname of Jupiter among the hibit the fruits of his victories. Perseus with
Greeks, represented by his statues as having his wretched family adorned the triumph of
three eyes, which some suppose to signify that the conqueror, and as they were dragged
he reigned in three different places, in heaven, through the streets before the chariot of Pau
on earth, and in hell. Paus. 2. lus, they drew tears of compassion from the
PATulcius, a surname of Janus, which people. The riches which the Romans de
he received a pateo because the doors of his rived from this conquest were immense, and
temples were always open in the time of war. the people were freed from all taxes till the
Some suppose that he received it because he consulship of Hirtius and Pansa; but, while
presided over gates, or because the year be every one of the citizens received some bene
gan by the celebration of his festivals. Ovid. fit from the victories of Paulus, the conqueror
Fast. 1, v. 129. himself was poor, and appropriated for his
Paventia, a goddess who presided over own use nothing of the Macedonian treasures
terror at Rome, and who was invoked to pro except the library of Perseus. In the office
tect her votaries from its effects. Aug. in Civ. of censor, to which he was afterwards elect
D.4, c. 11. ed, Paulus behaved with the greatest mode
Paulinus Pom PEIU's, an officer in Nero's ration; and at his death, which happened
reign, who had the command of the German about 168 years before the Christian era, not
armies, and finished the works on the banks only the Romans, but their very enemies con
of the Rhine which Drusus had begun 63 fessed, by their lamentations, the loss which
years before, Tacit. Ann. 13, c. 53.—Sueto they had sustained. He had married Papiria,
nius.-A Roman general, the first who by whom he had two sons, one of which was
crossed Mount Atlas with an army. He wrote adopted by the family of Maximus, and the
a history of this expedition in Africa, which other in that of Scipio Africanus. He had
is lost. Paulinus also distinguished himself in also two daughters, one of whom married a
Britain, &c. He followed the arms of Otho son of Cato, and the other Ælius Tubero. He
against Vitellius. Plin. 5, c. 1. afterwards divorced Papiria; and when his
PAULUs AEMy Lius, a Roman, son of the friends wished to reprobate his conduct in
: Bmylius who fell at Cannae, was celebrated doing so, by observing that she was young and
for his victories, and received the surname of handsome, and that she had made him father
Macedonicus from his conquest of Macedo of a fine family, Paulus replied, that the shoe
nia. In the early part of life he distinguished which he then wore was new and well made,
himself by his uncommon application, and by but that he was obliged to leave it off, though
his fondness for military discipline. His first
no one but hiunself, as he said, knew where it
I appearance in the field was attended with pinched him. He married a second wife by
great success, and the barbarians that had re whom he had two sons, whose sudden death
volted in Spain were reduced with the great exhibited to the Romans in the most engaging
est facility under the power of the Romans. view, their father's philosophy and stoicism.
In his first consulship his arms were directed The elder of these sons died five days before
against the Ligurians whom he totally subject Paulus triumphed over Perseus, and the other
ed. His applications for a second consulship three days after the public procession. This
proved abortive; but when Perseus, the king domestic calamity did not shake the firmness
of Macedonia,had declared war against Rome, of the conquerqr; yet before he retired to a
the abilities of Paulus were remembered, and private station, he harangued the people, and,
he was honoured with the consulship about in mentioning the severity of fortune upon
the 60th year of his age. After this appoint his family, he expressed his wish that every
ment he behaved with uncommon vigour, and evil might be averted from the republic by
soon a general engagement was fought near the sacrifice of the domestic prosperity of an
Pydna. The Romans obtained the victory, individual. Plut. in vitā.-Liv. 43, 44, &c.
and Perseus saw himself deserted by all his —Justin. 33, c. 1, &c. Samosatenus, an
subjects. In two days the conquerer made author in the reign of Gallienus. Maxi
himself master of all Macedonia, and soon af. mus. (vid. Maximus Fabius.) AEgineta,
ter the fugitive monarch was brought into his a Greek physician, whose work was edited
Presence. Paulus did not exult over his fal apud. Ald. fol. 1528. L. Emylius, a con
len enemy; but when he had gently rebuked sul, who, when opposed to Annibal in Italy,
him for his temerity in attacking the Romans, checked the rashness of his colleague Varro,
he addressed himself in a pathetic speech to and recommended an imitation of the conduct
the officers of his army who surrounded him, of the great Fabius, by harassing, and not
and feelingly enlarged on the instability of facing the enemy in the field. His advice was
fortune and the vici situde of all human af. rejected, and the battle of Cannae, so glorious
fairs. When he had finally settled the go to Annibal, and so fatal to Rome, soon follow
Vernment of Macedonia with ten commission ed. Paulus was wounded, but when be might
-
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have escaped from the slaughter, by accept-Îhim at the door of the city, but he was ster
ing a horse generously offered by one of his ped accidentally by the twig of a vine ar:
officers, he disdained to fly, and perished by ſell down. Attalus, Perdiccas, and ºther
the darts of the enemy. Horal. od. 12, v. 38. friends of Philip, who pursued him. imme:-
—Lir. 22, c. 39.-Julius, a Latin poet in ately fell upon him and dispatched him. Sore
the age of Adrian and Antoninus. He support that Pausanias committed this met
wrote some poetical pieces recommended by der at the instigation of Olympias, the wife ºf
A. Gellius. Philip, and of her son Alexander. Diod. 15.
PAvoſt, an emotion of the mind which re —Justan. 9.-Plut. in Apoph. A king a
ceived divine honours among the Romans, and Macedonia, deposed by Amyntas, after -
was considered of a most tremendous power, year's reign. Diod. Another, who attempt
as the ancients swore by her name in the most ed to seize upon the kingdom of Macedonia,
solemn manner. Tullus Hostilius, the third from which he was prevented by Iphicrates
king of Rome, was the first who built her tem the Athenian.—A friend of Alexander the
plos, and raised altars to her honour, as also Great, made governor of Sardis. A ce

to Pallor, the goddess of paleness.Cic. de lebrated orator and historian, who settled at
JYat. D. 3, c. 17. Rome, A. D. 170, where he died in a very ad
PAusAnnAs, a Spartangeneral who greatly vanced age. He wrote an history ºf Greece in
signalized himself at the battle of Plataea ten books, in the Ionic dialect, in which he
against the Persians. The Greeks were very gives, with great precision and geographics
sensible of his services, and they rewarded his knowledge, an account of the situation of its
merit with a tenth of the spoils taken from the different cities, their antiquities, and the seve
Persians. He was afterwards set at the head ral curiosities which they contained. He has
of the Spartan armies, and extended his con also interwoven mythology in bis historica.
quests in Asia; but the haughtiness of his be account, and introduced many fabulous tradiº
haviour created him many enemies, and the tions and superstitious stories. In each book
Athenians soon obtained a superiority in the the author treats of a separate country, such
affairs of Greece. Pausanias was dissatisfied as Attica, Arcadia, Messenia, Elis &c. Some
with his countrymen, and he offered to betray suppose that he gave a similar description of
Greece to the Persians, if he received in mar Phoenicia and Syria. There was another
riage as the reward of his perfidy, the daugh Pausanias, a native of Caesarea in Cappadocia,
ter of their monarch. His intrigues were dis who wrote some declamations, and who is of
covered by means of a youth who was en ten confounded with the historian of that
trusted with his letters to Persia, and who re name. The best edition of Pausanias, is that
fused to go, on the recollection that such as of Khunius, fol. Lips. 1696. . [The edition of
had been employed in that office before had Facius, Lips. 1794-7, in 4 vols. 8vo. is preſer
never returned. The letters were given to red by many to that of Kuhnius. An edition.
the Ephori of Sparta, and the perfidy of Pau. however, is now publishing in Leipsic, by
sanias laid open. He fled for safety to a tem |Siebelis, of which 3 volumes have already ap
ple of Minerva, and as the sanctity of the peared, which promises to be the editiºptimal
place screened him from the violence of his Pausias, a painter of Sicyon, the first who
pursuers, the sacred building was blocked up understood how to apply colours to wood cr
with heaps of stones, the first of which was ivory, by means of fire. He made a beautiful
carried there by the indignant mother of the painting of his mistress Glycere, whom he re
unhappy man. He was starved to death in presented as sitting on the ground, and mak
the temple, and died about 471 years before ing garlands with flowers, and from this cir
the Christian era. There was a festival, and |cumstance the picture, which was bought al
solemn games instituted in his honour, in terwards by Lucullus for two talents, received
which only free-born Spartans contended. the name of Stephanoploeon. Some time after
There was also an oration spoken in his the death of Pausias, the Sicyonians were
praise, in which his actions were celebrated, obliged to part with the pictures they pos.
particularly the battle of Plataea, and the sessed, to deliver themselves from an encrº
defeat of Mardonius. C. Mep. in vità.—Plul mous debt, and M. Scaurus the Roman bought
...Arist. & Them.—Herodot. 9.-A youth them all, in which were those of Pausias, tº
at the court of king Philip. He was grossly adorn the theatre which had been built dur
and unnaturally abused by Attalus, one of ing his edileship. Pausias lived about &
the friends of Philip, and when he complain years before Christ. Plin. 35, c. 11.
ed of the injuries he had received, the king Pausilypus, [a celebrated mountain and
in some measure disregarded his remonstran grotto near the city of Naples. It took tº
ces, and wished them to be forgot. This in name from a villa of Vedius Pollio, erected in
censed. Pausanias, he resolved to revenge the time of Augustus, and called Pausyly.
himself; and when he had heard from his pam, from the effect which its beauty was
master Hermocrates the sophist, that the most supposed to produce in suspending sorrow and
effectual way to render himself illustrious anxiety (ravaa, Avrºv, cessare facturus dela:
was to murder a person who had signalized rem.) This mountain is said to be beautiful
himself by uncommon actions, he stabbed in the extreme, and justly to merit the name
Philip as he entered a public theatre. Af. bestowed upon it. The grotto is nearly a mile
ter this bloody action he attempted to make in length, and is made through the mountain
his escape to his chariot, which waited for 20 feet in breadth and 30 in height. On the
5??
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mountain Vedius Pollio had not only a villa, he left the earth and flew up into heaven, or,
but also a reservoir or pondin which he kept rather, according to Ovid, he fixed his resi.
a number of lampreys, to which he used to dence on Mount Helicon, where, by striking
throw such slaves as had committed a fault. the earth with his foot, he instantly raised a
When he died, he bogueathed, among other fountain, which has been called Hippocrene.
parts of his possessions, his villa to Augustus; He became the favourite of the muses; and be
but this monarch, abhorring a house where ing afterwards tamed by Neptune or Minerva,
so many ill-fated creatures had lost their lives he was given to Bellerophon to conquer the
for very slight faults, caused it to be demo Chimaera. No sooner was this fiery monster
lished, and the finest materials in it to be destroyed than Pegasus threw down his rider
brought to Rome, and with them raised Julia's because he was a mortal, or rather, according
portico. Virgil's tomb is said to be above the to the more received opinion, because he at
entrance of the grotto of Pausilypo. Cluve tempted to fly to heaven. This act of temeri
rius and Addison, however, deny this to be the ty in Bellerophon was punished by Jupiter,
tomb of the poet, vid. Virgilius, where an ac who sent an insect to torment Pegasus, which
count of this sepulchre is given.] Stat. 4. occasioned the melancholy fall of his rider.
Sylt. 4, v. 52.-Plin. 9, c. 53.-Strab. 5.- Pegasus continued his flight up to heaven, and
Senec. ep. 5 and 57. -
was placed among the constellations by Ju
PAx, an allegorical divinity among the an piter. Perseus, according to Ovid, was mount
cients. The Athenians raised her a statue, ed on the horse Pegasus when he destroyed
which represented her as holding Plutus the the sea-monster which was going to devour
god of wealth in her lap, to intimate that Androunache. [Those mythologists who sup
peace gives rise to prosperity and to opulence, pose the Gorgons to have been ships, (vid.
and they were the first who erected an altar Gorgones,) make Pegasus to have been also
to her honour after the victories obtained by a vessel with sails, which Perseus brought to
Timotheus over the Lacedaemonian power, Greece after having used it in rescuing An
though Plutarch asserts it had been done after dromeda. (rid. Gaza.) When Pegasus is
the conquest of Cimon over the Persians. said by the Poets to have sprung from the
she was represented among the Romans with blood of Medusa, they are supposed to mean,
the horn of plenty, and also carrying an olive that Perseus did not carry off the ship so call
branch in her hand. The emperor Vespasian ed until after a severe engagement, in which
built her a celebrated temple at Rome, which much blood was shed. When Pausanias says
was consumed by fire in the reign of Com that Pegasus was broke by Minerva, we may
modus. It was customary for men of learn suppose him to mean that Perseus found oc
ing to assemble in that temple, and even to casion for a great share of prudeuce in man
deposit their writings there, as in a place of aging to advantage a ship with sails, the use
the greatest security. Therefore, when it of which was then unknown to him. The
was burnt, not only books, but also many va fable of Pegasus flying away to heaven, may
luable things, jewels, and immense treasures, allude to Perseus having consecrated the
were lost in the general conflagration. C. prow of the vessel in the temple of Jupiter
-Vep. in Timoth. 2. —Plut. in Cim.—Paus, 9, on Mount Olympus; and, with regard to
c. 16. Mount Parnassus, we may suppose Perseus
PAxos, a small island in the Ionian Sea, to have dedicated there, also, in the temple
|south-west of Corcyra. It is now called Pazo, of Apollo, some other part of the vessel.
and forms one of the lonian islands.] Hesiod. Theog. 282.-Horat. 4, od. 11, v. 20,
PEDAs Us, one of the four horses of Achil Homer. Il. 6, v. 179.-Apollod. 2, c. 3 and 4.
les. As he was not immortal, like the other —Lycophr. 17.—Paus. 12, c. 3 and 4.—Ovid.
three, he was killed by Sarpedon. Id. 16. .Mel. 4, v. 785.-Hygin. fab. 57.
PEdo Albinovanus. (vid. Albinovanus.) PE LA Gox LA, one of the divisions of Ma
PEDUM, a town of Latium, about ten miles cedonia at the north. Liv. 26, c. 25, l. 31, 28.
from Rome, conquered by Camillus. The PELAsgr. [The most ancient traditions
inhabitants were called Pedani. Liv. 2, c. respecting the early population of Greece.
39. l. 8, c. 13 and 14.—Horat. 1, ep. 4, v.2.represent that country as covered, in various
PEgäsides, a name given to the muses parts, by a people named Pelasgi, distin
from the horse Pegasus, or from the fountain guished among the rude aborigines by the
which Pegasus had raised from the ground progress which they appeared to have made
by striking it with his foot. Ovid. Her. 15, in the arts of civilized life. The origin of
v. 27. this singular people is lost amid the obscuri
PEgists, a name given to OEnone by Ovid, ty of fable, and will always remain an enig
(Her. 5,) because she was daughter of the ina. Two theories respecting them have for
fountain (rhyn) Cebrenus. a long time divided the opinions of the learn
PEGäsium STAGNUM, a lake near Ephe ed: we shall state them each in succession,
sus, which arose from the earth when Pega and then give the hypothesis of Mannert,
sus struck it with his foot. which seems preferable to both. According
PEGásus, a winged horse sprung from the to the first of these theories, at a period of
blood of Medusa when Perseus had cut off remote antiquity, some event unknown to
her head. He received his name from his be us, either a convulsion of nature, or intestine
ing born, according to Hesiod, near the divisions, or perhaps merely a superaban
tources (rhyn) of the ocean. As soon as born dance of population, caused many of the
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numerous nations, which had their original barous language, then the people of Attica,
seats in the vicinity of the Caspian and Eux who are descended from them, must, at the
ine seas, to seek new habitations in regions time they changed into Hellenes, hare altered
farther to the west. This migration was, their language.” (Herod. 1, c. 57.) It may
without doubt, successive, and must have he asked what grounds Herodotus had tº
lasted for many centuries. The countries suppose that the Pelasgic was a barbarcº
which extend from the Borysthenes to the tongue 2 Let us hear the historian himself
Propontis appear to have been the point assign the reasons for his opinion. “What
whence this vast multitude from Upper Asia language the Pelasgi used I cannot certainly
diverged in quest of abodes. One portion of affirm ; but if I may form a conjecture from
them, continuing their route to the west, es those Pelasgi who nour exist, and who are
tablished themselves in the Carpathian moun settled at Crestona (this should be Cortona,
tains, now the mountains of Krapak, which as Dionysius of Halicarnassus cites the pas
hence became the cradle of the early popu sage) beyond the Tyrrhenians, but were for
lation of Europe. From this quarter pro merly neighbours to those called at this day
ceeded the tribes which peopled Italy and Dorians, and at that time occupied the coun
Greece, while another stream of emigration, try called Thessaliotis ; and if I may conjec
ascending the course of the Danube, after ture from those Pelasgi who founded Placia
leaving colonies along its northern banks, and Scylace in the Hellespont, and once
passed the Rhine, and then the Pyrenees, and dwelt with the Athenians, and whatever
did not stop until they found a barrier to other cities, which, though really Pelasgian,
their progress in the Atlantic ocean. Another have changed their name ; if, I say, I may be
portion of the nations from Caucasus settled permitted to give my opinion, the Pelasgi
in the fertile plains of Asia Minor, of which spoke a barbarous language.” ib. And a lit
number were the Thynians, Bithynians, tle while after he adds, “for neither do the
Phrygians, and Mysians. Some of them, how Crestoneans use the same language trith any
ever, remained between the Danube and the of their neighbours, nor yet do the people ºf
Dnieper, and are known by the name of Placia, but they both use the same language ;
Cimmerians and Taurians. One of these by which it appears that they have taken
tribes last mentioned were, according to this care to preserve the character of the lan
theory, the Pelasgi. In search of a milder guage they brought with them into those
climate, they moved towards the south, and places. But the Hellenes, as I think, from
established themselves in the mountains of the time they became a people, used the same
Thessaly, and in Boeotia, which countries, language which they now speak.” This is not
more especially the first, hence bore the a mere supposition on the part of the histo
name of Pelasgia long before that of Hellas. rian, but his opinion is drawn evidently
Masters of these countries, they spread them from an actual comparison of the two lan
selves next over what was called in a subse guages, and is merely stated in the language
quent age Peloponnesus, but which at that of modest caution, instead of that bold toue
early period was denominated from them Pe. of expression which he was entitled to as
lasgia. Hence is explained, say the defen sume. Now, if the Pelasgi spoke a different
ders of this theory, a fact which has occa language altogether from the early Hellenic
sioned so much embarrassment to the learn or Grecian race, they must have been of dif
ed, namely, the simultaneous existence of ferent origin, and the theory above mention
two Pelasgias, one to the north of the isth ed falls of course to the ground. According
mus of Corinth, the other in the most south. to the second theory, the Pelasgi were ant
ern part of Greece. The abundant produc tochthones. This would make the Pelopon
tions of the land, and its numerous harbours, nesus, and above all, Argolis, their original
made the Pelasgi from a roving and pastoral, country. The partizans of this theory main
an agricultural and commercial people. Their tain, that in the most remote periods the
vessels carried them to every known land, stream of emigration was constantly directed
and at the period when the light of history from the southern to the northern parts of
becomes clear and distinct, we find settle. Greece, and that, prior to the epoch when
ments of Pelasgi in the isles of the AEgean, the Hellenes began to grow powerful, there
along the Propontis, on the coasts of Asia is no historical evidence of any colony ci
Minor, and even in lt ly in the west. Such Pelasgi having entered the Peloponnesus.
is a brief outline of the first of these theories. This theory is a weak one, as will appear
It is based, as will appear even from a slight from a consideration of the hypothesis of
examination, upon the assumed fact that the Mannert. This last mentioned writer ac
Pelasgi and the early Grecian race were the knowledges that the Pelasgi are mentioned
same. This is contradicted by the positive in history as the first inhabitants of many
testimony of all antiquity. Herodotus, in countries, but adds that a careful examina
whose time settlements of the Pelasgi still tion of the subject will conclusively show
existed along the Propontis, as well as in Ita that they every where met on their arrival
ly, states in express terms that the Pelasg with races of men less civilized than thern
spoke a barbarous language; and to leave the •elves, some still living in forests, others but
reader in no doubt as to the meaning of the just formed into civil societies. In Attica
phrase" barbarous language,” he adds, “ and Ogyges had ſounded a kingdom which ex
if the whole Pelasgian race did speak a bar tended also over a part of Boeotia; he reign
500
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ed over the Hectenes in the latter country, This opinion rests for support upon a passage
and over the Actaeans in the former. An in of Herodotus, (5, c. 58.) who, however, ex
undation, however, which covered the land. presses himself with an air of doubt, adding
destroyed all the inhabitants except those this restriction to his remark, ºr got foxestº,
Who had fled for refuge to the mountains. “ as appears to me.” He is contradicted by
Here their descendants lived for 190 years, Diodorus Siculus, (5, c. 57 and 74.) who states
until the appearance of the Pelasgi. The that many generations before Cadmus the
original inhabitants, being too weak to re Greeks were in possession of characters, and
sist these strangers, assigned them a district used them for public monuments ; but that a
at the foot of Mount Hymettus, from which, deluge destroyed these elements of early
however, they were subsequently expelled. civilization. An old tradition existed among
They retired, after their expulsion to the the Greeks respecting the good fortune
isle of Lemnos. The original inhabitants of which the Pelasgi had of saving this early al
Argolis were the Cynurians; it was among phabet at the time of the deluge of Deucalion,
these that Inachus founded a Pelasgic state. (Eustath. in Odyss. lib. 2, p. 358,) and it is
The Arcadians (to call them by a less an probably in accordance with this same tra
cient name) were a race of Autochthones en dition that Æschylus makes Prometheus say,
tirely uncivilized, until Pelasgus, a grandson “I invented for them the array of letters and
of Inachus, brought among them the first ele fixed the memory, the mother of knowledge
ments of social life. The country where and the soul of life.” (AEsch. Prom. V. v.
the Pelasgi first made their appearance, 469, 470, ed. Blomfield.) Pausanias (1, c. 43.)
according to the Greek writers, was Epi makes mention of an inscription which he
rus, whence they spread into Thessaly. had read at Megara on the most ancient mo
The name Pelasgi was never assumed by nument in all Greece. The date of this mo
them, but was given them by the Greeks. nument was 1678 years before our era: the
They called themselves Raseni, or rather inscription upon it, therefore, was anterior
Tyrseni, (vid. Hetruria). The name Pelasgi to Cadmus, and consequently Pelasgic. But
(II******, more anciently written rivaagyo) a serious difficulty arises at this stage of the
was applied to them in familiar language by enquiry. How came the alphabet, used in
the early Greeks, from the resemblance they after ages by the Greek nation, to bear so
bore to storks and other birds of passage, close a resemblance both in the names, the
when they first became known to the Greeks; order, and the very forms of the letters, to
for it seems that, before they fixed them. the alphabets of the nations that belonged to
selves permanently in Greece, they would the Shemitic race, namely, to those of the Phoe
appear and disappear from the land at almost nicians, the Samaritans, the Jews; or, to speak
stated and regular intervals. Being chased more correctly, to that of the Phoenicians; for
eventually from Thessaly by the power of these and the Jews, until the time of Cyrus,
Deucalion, they retired to Epirus, and from used the same characters? One of two sup
thence betook themselves partly to Asia Mi positions must be the true answer to this
nor and in part to Italy. Their subsequent question. Either the Phoenicians introduc
movements and history are given in the re ed an alphabet into Greece, so far superior
marks under the article Hetruria. All the to the old Pelasgic as to be adopted in its
Pelasgic colonies which established them stead, or the alphabet of Cadmus and that
selves among the early Greeks, brought with of the Pelasgi were identically the same. The
them the elements of civilization and the arts, first supposition will be found extremely dif
and also the use of letters. Whence did they ficult to support. It takes for granted, what
obtain them? “ Profound night,” observes few, if any, will be willing to allow, that there
Mannert, “rests upon this portion of histo existed in those early ages a sufficient degree
ry : a single gleam of light alone pierces the of mental activity and refinement on the part
darkness which involves it. On one side of of the rude inhabitants of Greece, to induce
the Pelasgi, many tribes of Illyrians practised them to discriminate between the compara
navigation, as, for example, the Phaeacians of tive advantages of two rival systems of al
the island of Scheria, afterwards Corcyra. phabetic writing ; and that occasions suffici
At the head of the Adriatic there existed ently numerous presented themselves in those
long-established commercial cities, and arti early days, for testing by actual use the re
ficial canals were seen there at an early pe spective claims to pre-eminence of the Pelas
riod. Everything seems to indicate that at a gic and Phoenician characters. The second
period of remote antiquity the shores of the of these suppositions is undoubtedly the true
Adriatic were inhabited by civilized commu one; to establish which more fully we must
nities.” Such is the theory of Mannert. As go a little into detail. The Pelasgi are ac
regards the origin of the Pelasgi, we will take knowledged by the concurrent voice of all
the liberty to differ from him at the close antiquity to have brought with them into
of these remarks: in the mean time a few Greece a peculiar and distinct system of re
observations will be offered respecting the ligion. They are acknowledged, moreover, to
introduction of letters into Greece by this have been the founders of the theology of the
mysterious people. According to the common Greeks. They established an oracle at Do
opinion, Cadmus the Phoenician was the first dona, they instituted the mysteries of the Ca
who made the Greeks acquainted with the biri, and there is every reason to believe that
art of writing, 1550 years before our era. those of Eleusis were of similar origin. In"
501
 PE HE

word, every thing connected with them tends originally established along the shores of the
strongly to confirm the belief that they were Arabian gulf. They were the shepherd-race
a sacerdotal race, a caste of priests. To those who founded the dynasty of the Hyeses is
who are acquainted with the learned specu Egypt, and from that country they obtaine:
lations of Ritter, (Die Vorhalle Europteischer their alphabet and the germs of civilization
Poelkergeschichten vor Herodotus) it seems We have now traced the Phoenician alphabet
scarcely necessary to state how successfully to Egypt: was it of Egyptian origin 2 N.
he has established, from an examination of one will affirm this who is acquainted with
the scattered fragments of early history, the the early history of Egypt. The Egyptiate
intimate connection which once subsisted be received their rudiments of civilization from
tween the east and west. The earliest mo \leroë in Ethiopia, the seat of a sacerdeta
numents which the geography, the antiqui caste or royal priesthood. Did Merce then
ties, the mythology, the architecture, and also civilize India, or India Meroe 2 For our
the religious systems of the most remote times own parts we should have no hesitation in
afford, clearly indicate that in a very remote assigning the priority to lndia, though the
period colonies of priests from northern lu proofs for that opinion are too numerous to be
dia, with the worship of Budda, spread them here adduced, and too intimately connected
selves over the countries along the Phasis, on with each other to admit of being given only
the Euxine, in Thrace, along the Danube. in part. That there was a strong resemblance
over many parts of western Europe, and even in many respects between the customs of
through the whole of Greece. The Pelasgi Egypt and those of the more remote East no
evidently were a colony or race of this kind, one who has made himself conversant with
and their very name, Rasenior Tyrseni, espe the pages of Herodotus will presume to deny
cially the two last syllables Seni, connect The description which that author gives of
them in a manner with the Sindi, or people the mode of life, the rites and ceremonies, of
of India. As regards the first part of the the priests of Egypt, identify them with the
name Tyrseni, namely, the syllable Tyr, it is Brahmins of India; the festival of lamps
curious to compare with it the remark of Rit. which was celebrated throughout Egypt, pre
ter, who, after a long examination of the sub vails at the present day through the whole of
ject, arrives at the conclusion that the sylla the vast empire of China; and it is stated on
ble Thyr among the nations near the Tanais the best and most indubitable authority that
and Palus Maeotis was a religious appellative. the seapoys in the British over-land army
Such, for example, are the names of the Idan from India, when they beheld in Egypt the
thyrsi, Thyrsageta, Thyssageta, Thyrsi, &c. It ruins of Dendera, prostrated themselves be
affords a subject of inquiry equally curious to fore the remains of the ancient temples, and
compare the remark of the author of the Ety offered up adoration to them, declaring.
mol. Mag. under the word IIsaaeyukov, namely, upon being asked the reason of this strange
that the Pelasgi were so called from the fine conduct, that they saw sculptured before
linen garments which they wore, (3ta ra: a ty then the gods of their country. Ritter, moreo
Jovac ic tºogovv.) with the learned arguments ver, proves conclusively the absolute identity
of Ritter in the work mentioned above, by of many parts of the Phoenician worship, with
which he proves conclusively that the term that of ancient India; and, to return to the
arºvázy was applied in strictness by the Greeks point whence we digressed, it is conceded
to the fine linen of Colchis, and not to that by one of the ablest oriental scholars of mo
of Egypt, and establishes the fact in the dern times, that there exists a direct and
clearest manner that the people of Colchis striking similarity between the Sanscrit and
were a colony from India. Indeed, the very Phoenician characters, although he bends this
name givěay has an evident analogy with the remark towards the confirmation of an oppo
Xuyêot or Iváci, i. e. the ancient inhabitants of site theory from our own. (See Murray's
India. Now, on the supposition that the Pe History of European Languages, rol. 2, p.
lasgi were a colony from India, and brought 392, seqq.) But what are we to think of the
with them into Greece the civilization and tradition respecting Cadmus * That he did
arts of the former country, the question re come to Greece the authority of almost every
specting the Greek alphabet, to which we ancient author testifies. The most ingenious
return, resolves itself into this, whether the mode of solving the difficulty is that adopted
people of India or Phoenicia are to be regard by some of the German scholars, namely,
ed as the inventors of alphabetic writing. that Cadmus merely introduced into Greece
The Phoenicians were a mere nation of mer more convenient and suitable materials for
chants and traders. They had little, if any, writing. The art of preparing skins to serve
occasion for literary pursuits, and they have for the purposes of writing, was unknown to
left but little literature behind them. From the early Greeks, for the flººsexu, of which
a nation who had gone so far as to invent an Herodotus speaks as having been in use be
alphabet we certainly would expect no small fore the invention of paper, seem to have
number of literary memorials. Again, Hug been only skins rudely prepared in the man
(Ecfindung der Buchstabenschrift) shows ner still customary among barbarous nations
clearly that the Phoenician letters are in fact in the time of the historian. Paper made of
only hieroglyphics, and even of Egyptian the papyrus of Egypt, was either not as yet
origin. As to the Phoenicians themselves, invented, or there existed no communication
they were evidently of oArabian descent, and at that time with Egypt by which it could
ºf
 PE PE

e procured. The only materials for writing Sicyon, and gave his name to the ancient in
o the time of Cadmus, appears to have habitants of Peloponnesus.[vid. Pelasgi.]
•een stone and plates of metal. The palm PELEthnonii, an epithet given to the
ree grows so abundantly in Phoenicia, that Lapithae, because they inhabited the town of
rom it the Greeks gave a name to the whole Pelethronium, at the foot of Mount Pelion in
ountry (4.24vian, from Powiś). According to Thessaly: or because one of their number
Pliny (H. N. 13, c. 11,) the Egyptians used bore the name of Pelethronius. It is to them
he palm-leaf for writing previous to the in that mankind is indebted for the invention of
ention of paper or papyrus. If Cadmus then the bit with which they tamed their horses
ºrought into Boeotia the use of writing on with so much dexterity. Virg. G. 3, v. 115.
he palm-leaf, the Greeks, accustomed previ —Ovid. Met. 12, v. 452.-Lucan. 6, v. 387.
usly to trace their characters with great PELEUs, a king of Thessaly, son of Æacus
abour and difficulty on stone and metal, and Endeis, the daughter of Chiron. He mar
would readily abandon this mode of writing ried Thetis, one of the Nereids, and was the
2r the easier and more expeditious one only one among mortals who married an im
at-roduced by the Phoenician stranger. mortal. He was accessary to the death of his
l-ence Cadmus might easily be regarded as brother Phocus, and on that account he was
h-e inventor of alphabetic writing, the diffi obliged to leave his father's dominions. He
ºvalty of procuring proper materials having retired to the court of Eurytus, the son of
o much obstructed its use among the Greeks Actor, who reigned in Phthia, or, according
revious to this period. Hence, too, the let to the less received opinion of Ovid, he fled
ers which they now began to trace on the to Ceyx, king of Trachinia. He was purified
salm-leaf were termed 7 gaawara powuxnia, of his murder by Eurytus, with the usual
ic-t meaning that they were Phoenician, for ceremonies, and the monarch gave him his
haley were in reality Pelasgic, (the letters of daughter Antigone in marriage. Some time
Cadmus and those of the Pelasgi being the after this Peleus and Eurytus went to the
same), but importing merely that they were chase of the Calydonian boar, where the fa
letters traced upon the palm-leaf; and hence ther-in-law was accidently killed by an arrow
finally the Greeks out of gratitude would in which his son-in-law had aimed at the beast.
ime apply the name Phoenicia to a country This unfortunate event obliged him to banish
whence they had obtained so valuable a gift himself from the court of Phthia, and he re
as the palm-tree or bouvić. As regards the tired to Iolchos, where he was purified of the
* general history of the Pelasgi, it remains but murder of Eurytus, by Acastus the king of
to add, that tradition assigns to them various the country. His residence at Iolchos was
*monuments of architecture, and especially short; Astydamin, the wife of Acastus, be
the ancient walls known by the name of Cy came enamoured of him; and when she found
clopian. There are two kinds of these an him insensible to her passionate declaration,
cient walls, the first constructed of rude and she accused him of attempts upon her virtue.
Frregular rocks of stone, joined together with The monarch partially believed the accusa
Sut mortar, the second formed of stones re tions of his wife, but not to violate the laws of
sularly cut and squared: the former are hospitality by putting him instantly to death,
Salled Cyclopian, the latter Pelasgic. Ac he ordered his officers to conduct him to
Sording to the ingenious hypothesis of Hirt, Mount Pelion, on pretence of hunting, and
CGeschichte der Baukunst bey den Allen), the there to tie him to a tree, that he might be
first species of walls were named Cyclopian come the prey of the wild beasts of the place.
because the Pelasgi constructed them by The ordersof Acastus were faithfully obeyed;
rmeans of a caste of miners. When persons but Jupiter, who knew the innocence of his
employed in mining enter the bowels of the grandson Peleus, ordered Vulcan to set him
earth, the lamp which they carry with at liberty. As soon as he had been delivered
them to light them on their way may be re from danger, Peleus assembled his friends to
garded as their only eye, and hence the fable punish the ill treatment which he had received
of the singleeye of the Cyclops. (See another from Acastus. He forcibly took Iolchos, drove
explanation of the fable under the article the king from his possessions, and put to
Cyclopes.) Schoell, in his History of death the wicked Astydamia. After the death
Grecian Literature, vol. 1, p. 8, quotes a of Antigone, Peleus courted Thetis, of whose
passage of Agatharchidas, as preserved by superior charms Jupiter himself became ena
Photius, in which the former describes the moured. His pretensions, however, were
manner in which blocks of marble were rejected, and as he was a mortal, the god
drawn from the quarries of Egypt, and dess fled from him with the greatest abhor
speaks of the workmen carrying a lamp at rence; and the more effectually to evade his
tached to their foreheads to light them as inquiries, she generally assumed the shape of
they proceeded with their work beneath the a bird, or a tree, or of a tygress. Peleus be
a surface of the earth.] came more animated from her refusal, he of.
PELASGIA, or PELAsgiotis, [an ancient fered a sacrifice to the gods, and Proteus
name for Epirus, Thessaly, and also for the informed him, that to obtain Thetis he must
Peloponnesus. vid. Pelasgi.] surprise her while she was asleep in her grot
PELAsgus, a son of Terra, or, according to to near the shores of Thessaly. This advice
others, of Jupiter and Niobe, who reigned in was immediately followed, and Thetis, una
4 F 593
 PE PE

ble to escape from the grasp of Peleus, at last were well founded, and therefore, to diver
consented to marry him. Their nuptials were his attention, he told him that he would
celebrated with the greatest solemnity, and voluntarily resign the crown to him, if he
all the gods attended, and made them each went to Colchis to avenge the death a
the most valuable presents. The goddess of Phryxus, the son of Athamas, whom AEete
discord was the only one of the deities who had cruelly murdered. He further observe.
was not present, and she punished this seem that the expedition would be attended with
ing neglect by throwing an apple into the the greatest glory, and that nothing but the
midst of the assembly of the gods, with the infirmities of old age had prevented him him
inscription of detur pulchriori. [vid. Dis self from vindicating the honour of his cour
cordia.] From the marriage of Peleus and try and the injuries of his family by punish
Thetis was born Achilles, whose education ing the assassin. This so warmly recom
was early intrusted to the Centaur Chiron, mended, was as warmly accepted by the
and afterwards to Phoenix, the son of Amyn young hero, and his intended expedition wº
tor. Achilles went to the Trojan war at the made known all over Greece. [rid. Jason.
head of his father's troops, and Peleus gloried During the absence of Jason in the Argonau
in having a son who was superior to all the tic expedition, Pelias murdered Æson and all
Greeks in valour and intrepidity. The death his family; but, according to the more re
of Achilles was the source of grief to Peleus; ceived opinion of Ovid, AEson was still living
and Thetis, to comfort her husband, promised when the Argonauts returned, and he was
him immortality, and ordered him to retire restored to the vigour of youth by the magic
into the grottos of the island of Leuce, where of Medea. This sudden change in the vigour
he would see and converse with the manes of and the constitution of Æson, astonished a
his son. Peleus had a daughter, called Poly the inhabitants of Iolchos, and the daughters
dora, by Antigone. Homer. Il. 9, v. 482– of Pelias, who had received the patronym
Eurip. in Androm.—Catul. de Mupt. Pel. & of Peliades, expressed their desire to see their
Thet.—Ovid. Heroid. 5, Fast. 2, Met. 11, fab. father's infirmities vanish by the same pow
7 and 8.-Apollod. 3, c. 12.-Paus.2, c. 29– erful arts. Medea, who wished to avenge the
Diod. 4.—Hygin. ſab. 54. injuries which her husband Jason had re
PELIKDEs, the daughters of Pelias. vid. Pelias. ceived from Pelias, raised the desires of the
PELIAs, the twin brother of Peleus, was Peliades, by cutting an old ram to pieces and
son of Neptune by Tyro, the daughter of Sal boiling the flesh in a caldron, and afterwards
moneus. His birth was concealed from the turning it into a fine young lamb. After they
world by his mother, who wished her father to had seen this successful experiment, the Pelis
be ignorant of her incontinence. He was ex des cuttheir father's body to pieces, after they
posed in the woods, but his life was preserved had drawn all the blood from his veins, on the
by shepherds, and he received the name of assurance that Media would replenish them
Pelias, from a spot of the colour of lead in his by her incantations. The limbs were immed:
face. Some time after this adventure, Tyro ately put into a caldron of boiling water, but
married Cretheus, son of Æolus, king of iol. Medea suffered the flesh to be totally con
chos, and became mother of three children, suined, and refused to give the Peliades the
of whom AEson was the eldest. Meantime Pe promised assistance, and the bones of Pelia:
lias visited his mother, and was received in her did not even receive a burial. The Peliades
family, and after the death of Cretheus, he un were four in number, Alcaste, Pisidice, Pe
justly seized the kingdom which belonged to lopea, and Hippothoe, to whom Hyginus
the children of Tyro, by the deceased mo adds Medusa. Their mother's name was
narch. To strengthen himself in his usurpa. Anaxibia, the daughter of Bias, or Philoma
tion, Peliasconsulted the oracle, and when he che, the daughter of Amphion. After this
was told to beware of one of the descendants parricide, the Peliades fled to the court of
of AEolus, who should come to his court with Admetus, where Acastus, the son-in-law of
one foot shod, and the other bare, he privately Pelias, pursued them, and took their protec.
removed the son of Æson, aſter he had pub tor prisoner. The Peliades died and were
licly declared that he was dead. These pre buried in Arcadia. Hygin. ſab. 12, 13 and
cautions proved abortive. Jason, the son of 14.—Orid. Met. 7, ſab. 3 and 4.—Heroid. 12,
AEson, who had been educated by Chiron, re v. 129–Paus. 8, c. 11.-Apollod. 1, c. 9
turned to Iolchos, when arrived to years of Seneca in Med.—Apollon. Arg. 1–Pindº
maturity, and as he had lost one of his shoes Pyth. 4.—Diod. 4. The ship Argo is call
in crossing the river Anaurus, or the Evenus, ed Pelias arbor, built of the trees of Moutº
Pelias immediately perceived that this was Pelion. The spear ofAchilles. rid. Pelior
the person whom he was advised so much PELides, a patronymic of Achilles, and
to dread. His unpopularity prevented him of Pyrrhus, as being descended from Peleu
from acting with violence against a stran Virg...En. 2, v. 264.
ger, whose uncommon dress and command. PELIGN1, a people of Italy, who dwell
ing aspect had raised admiration in his sub near the Sabines and Marsi, and had Corf.
jects. . But his astonishment was excited nium and Sulmo for their chief towns. The *
when, he saw, Jason arrive at his palace, most expert magicians were among the Pe
with his friends and his relations, and bold. ligni, according to Horace. [The Pelign
ly demand the kingdom which he usurped. were immiediately descended from the Sam.
Pellas was conscious that his complaints nites, but owed their first origin to the Sa
59.1
 PE PE

bines. As they inhabited the high moun estes the brother of Atreus. She had a son
tains which formed a part of the Appenines, by her ſather, who had offered her violence in
it is probable that they derived their name a wood without knowing that she was his own
from the primitive term pal, signifying elevat daughter. Some suppose that Thyestes pur
ed. They are said to have constructed a posely committed this incest, as the oracle had
temple to Jupiter Palenus.] Liv. 8, c. 6 and informed him that his wrongs should beaveng
29, l. 9, c. 41.-Ovid. ea Pont. 1, el. 8, v.42. ed, and his brother destroyed, by a son who
—Strab. 5.-Horat. 3, od. 19, v. 8. should be born from him and his daughter.
Pelion and PELIos, [a portion of that long This proved too true. Pelopea afterwards
chain of mountains which lay on the eastern married her uncle Atreus, who kindly receiv
coast of Thessaly, and which extended from ed in his house his wife's illegitimate child,
the peninsula, inclosing towards the south called Ægysthus, because preserved by goats
the greatest part of the country called Mag (alyst) when exposed in the mountains. AEgys
mesia, as far as the mountains which separat thus became his uncle's murderer. [vid.
edit from Macedonia. The portion which £gysthus.] Hygin. fab. 87, &c.—JElian. V.
bore the uame of Pelion commenced at the H. 12-Ovid. in ib. v. 359.-Seneca in Agam.
summit of Rhisus-] In their wars against PELöPEIA, a festival observed by the peo
the gods, the giants, as the poets mention, ple of Elis in honour of Pelops. It was kept
placed Mount Ossa upon Pelion, to scale the in imitation of Hercules who sacrificed to Pe
heavens with more facility. The celebrated lops in a trench, as it was usual when the
spear of Achilles, which none but the hero manes and the inſernal gods were the objects
could wield, had been cut on this mountain, of worship.
and was thence called Pelias. It was a pre PELopidAs, a celebrated general of Thebes,
sent from his preceptor Chiron, who, like the son of Hippoclus. He was descended of an
other Centaurs, had fixed his residence here. illustrious family, and was remarkable for
Ovid. Met. 1, v. 155, l. 13, v. 199.—Mela, 2, his immense possessions, which he bestowed
c. 3–Strab. 9.—P irg. G. 1, v.281, l. 3, v. with great liberality on the poor and necessi
94–Senec. in Herc. & Med. tous. Many were the objects of his generosi
PELLA, [acity of Macedonia, near the top ty; but when Epaminondas had refused to ac
of the Sinus Thermaicus, on the confines of cept his presents, Pelopidas disregarded all
Emathia. It became the capital of the king his wealth, and preferred before it the enjoy
dom when Edessa was annihilated, according ment of his friend's conversation and of his
to Ptolemy, and owed its grandeur to Philip, poverty. From their friendship and inter
and to his son Alexander, who was born there, course the Thebans derived the most consider
and who was hence styled Pellaeus Juvenis able advantages. No sooner had the interest
by the Roman poets. Livy describes it as of Sparta prevailed at Thebes, and the friends
situate on a hill which faced the south-west, of liberty and national independence been
and surrounded with morasses formed by banished from the city, than Pelopidas, who
stagnant waters from the adjacent lakes, so was in the number of the exiles, resolved to
leep as to be impassable either in winter or free his country from foreign slavery. His
n summer. In the morass nearest the city plan was bold and animated, and his delibe
he citadel rose up like an island, being built rations were slow. Meanwhile Epaminondas,
in a mound of earth formed with immense who had been left by the tyrants at Thebes,
abour, so as to be capable of supporting the as being in appearance a worthless and in
wall, and secure against any injury from the significant philosopher, animated the youths
urrounding moisture. At a distance it seem of the city, and at last Pelopidas, with eleven
d to join the city rampart, but it was divided of his associates, entered Thebes, and easily
rom it by a river, which ran between, and massacred the friends of the tyranny, and
ºver which was a bridge of communication. freed the country from foreign masters. Af.
This river was called Ludias, Loedias, and ter this successful enterprise, Pelopidas was
2ydius. Pella became a Roman colony.] unanimously placed at the head of the go
The tomb of the poet Euripides was in the vernment ; and so confident were the The
heighbourhood. The epithet Pellaeus is often bans of his abilities as a general and a magis
Applied to Egypt or Alexandria, because the trate, that they successively re-elected him
Ptolemies, kings of the country, were of Ma 13 times to fill the honourable office of
Cedonian origin. Martial. 13, ep. 85.—Lu governor of Boeotia. Epaminondas shared
can. 5, v. 60, l. 8, v. 475 and 607, l. 9, v.1016 with him the sovereign power, and it was
and 1073, l. 10, v. 55.-Mela, 2, c. 3.-Strab. to their valour and prudence that the The
7-Liv. 42, c. 41. bans were indebted for a celebrated victo
PELLENE, a town of Achaia, in the Pelo ry at the battle of Leuctra. In a war
ponnesus, at the south-west of Sicyon, fa which Thebes carried on against Alexan
uous for its wool. It was built by the giant der, tyrant of Pherae, Pelopidas was appoint
Pallas, or, according to others, by Pellen of ed commander ; but his imprudence in trust
Argos, son of Phorbas, and was the country ing himself unarmed into the enemy's camp
of Proteus the sea god... [It was built round nearly proved fatal to him. He was taken pri
a mountain, and formed a beautiful amphi soner, but Epaminondas restored him to li:
theatre.] Strab. 8-Paus. 7, c. 26.—Liv. berty. The perfidy of Alexander irritated
33, c. 14. him, and he was killed bravely fighting º
PELöPEA, or PELöpia, a daughter of Thy celebrated battle in which his troops obtained
 PE PE

the victory, B.C. 364 years. He received an with attention and were promised support
honourable burial, the Thebans showed their This step was no sooner taken than the Corin
sense for his merit by their lamentations, they |thians appealed to the other Grecian state,
sent a powerful army to revenge his death and particularly to the Lacedaemonians. Ther
in the destruction of the tyrant of Pherae and complaints were accompanied by those of the
his relations, and his children were presented people of Megara and of Ægina, who bitterly
with immense donationsby the cities of Thes inveighed against the cruelty, injustice, undie
solence of the Athenians. This had due
saly. Pelopidas is admired for his valour, as
he never engaged an enemy without obtaining weight with the Lacedæmonians, who had long
the advantage. The impoverished state of beheld with concern and with jealousy the am
Thebes before his birth, and after his fall, bitious power of the Athenians, and they de
plainly demonstrates the superiority of his termined to support the cause of the Corin
genius and of his abilities, and it has been thians. However, before they proceeded to
justly observed that with Pelopidas and Epa hostilities, an embassy was sent to Athens to
minondas the glory and the independence of represent the danger of entering into a war
the Thebans rose and set. Plut. & C. JNep. with the most powerful and flourishirg of aii
the Grecian states. This alarmed the Athe
in vità.-Xenoph. Hist. G-Diod. 15.-Po
lub.
y PELoPown Esi KCUM BELLUM, a celebrated
nians, but when Pericles had eloquently spo
ken of the resources and the actual streprta
war which continued for 27 years between the of the republic, and of the weakness of the
Athenians and the inhabitants of Peloponne allies, the clamours of his enemies were silenc
sus with their respective allies. It is the ed, and the answer which was returned to
most famous and the most interesting of all the Spartans was taken as a declaration of
the wars which happened between the war. The Spartans were supported by al.
inhabitants of Greece ; and for the minute the republics of the Peloponnesus, except Ar
and circumstantial description which we have gos and part of Achaia, besides by the people
of the events and revolutions which mutual of Megara, Boeotia, Phocis, Locris, Leucas
animosity produced, we are indebted more Ambracia, and Anactorium. The Plataeans,
particularly to the correct and authentic writ the Lesbians, Carians, Chians, Messenians
ings of Thucydides and of Xenophon. The Acarnanians, Zacynthians, Corcyreans, Do
circumstances which gave birth to this me rians, and Thracians, were the friends of the
morable war are these. The power of Athens, Athenians, with all the islands except Euboea,
under the prudent and vigorous administra Samos, Melos, and Thera. The first blow
tion of Pericles, was already extended over had already been struck, May 7, B.C. 431,
Greece, and it had procured itself many ad by an attempt of the Boeotians to surprise
mirers and more enemies, when the Corcy Plataea; and therefore Archidamus, king of
reans, who had been planted by a Corinthian Sparta, who had in vain recommended mode
colony, refused to pay to their founders those ration to the allies, entered Attica at the head
marks of respect and reverence which among of an army of 60,000 men, and laid waste the
the Greeks every colony was obliged to pay country by fire and sword. Pericles, who
to its mother country. The Corinthians was at the head of the government, did not
wished to punish that infidelity; and when the attempt to oppose them in the field; but a
people of Epidamnus, a considerable town on fleet of a hundred and fifty ships set sail with
the Adriatic, had been invaded by some of out delay to ravage the coasts of the Pelc
the barbarians of Illyricum, the people of ponnesus. Megara was also depopulated by
Corinth gladly granted to the Epidamnians an army of 20,000 men, and the campaign ci
that assistance which had in vain been solicit the first year of the war was concluded in
ed from the Corcyreans, their founders and celebrating, with the most solemn pomp, the
their patrons. The Corcyreans were offend funerals of such as had nobly fallen in battle.
ed at the interference of Corinth in the affairs The following year was remarkable for a
of their colony; they manned a fleet, and pestilence which raged in Athens, and which
obtained a victory over the Corinthian ves. destroyed the greatest part of the inhabit.
sels which had assisted the Epidamnians. ants. The public calamity was still height
The subsequent conduct of the Corcyreans, ened by the approach of the Peloponnesian
and their insolence to some of the Elians army on the borders of Attica, and by the
who had furnished a few ships to the Corin unsuccessful expedition of the Athenium
thians, provoked the Peloponnesians, and against Epidaurus, and in Thrace. The pe
the discontent became general. Ambas tilence which had carried away so many ºf
sadors were sent by both parties to Athens, the Athenians proved also fatal to Pericle
to claim its protection and to justify these and he died about two years and six months
violent proceedings. The greatest part after the commencement of the Peloponne
of the Athenians heard their various rea. sian war. The following years did not give
sons with moderation and with compassion, rise to decisive events; but the revolt of Les
but the , enterprising ambition of Pericles bos from the alliance of the Athenians was
prevailed, and when the Corcyreans had productive of fresh troubles. Mitylete, the
reminded the people of Athens, that in all capital of the island, was recovered, and the
the states of Peloponnesus they had to inhabitants treated with the greatest cruelty
dread the most malevolent enemies, and the The island of Corcyra became also the seat aſ
most insidious of rivals, they were listened to new seditions,and those citizens who had beer
RQR
 PE PE

carried away prisoners by the Corinthians, federates, by inducing the Persians to espouse
and for political reasons treated with lenity, the cause of his country. But a short time af.
and taught to despise the alliance of Athens, ter, the internal tranquillity of Athens was dis
were no sooner returned home than they turbed, and Alcibiades, by wishing to abolish
raised commotions, and endeavoured to per the democracy, called away the attention of
suade their countrymen to join the Pelopon his ſellow-citizens from the prosecution of a
nesian confederates. This was strongly op war which had already cost them so much
posed; but both parties obtained by turns the blood. This, however, was but momentary ;
superiority, and massacred, with the greatest the Athenians soon after obtained a naval vic
barbarity, all those who obstructed their tory, and the Peloponnesian fleet was defeat
views. Some time after, Demosthenes, the ed by Alcibiades. The Athenians beheld
Athenian general, invaded AEtolia, where his with rapture the success of their arms; but
arms were attended with the greatest success. when their fleet, in the absence of Alcibiades,
He also fortified Pylos in the Peloponnesus, had been defeated and destroyed near Andros
and gained so many advantages over the con by Lysander the Lacedæmonian admiral, they
federates, that they sued for peace, which showed their discontent and mortification by
the insolence of Athens refused. The for. eagerly listening to the accusations which
tune of the war soon after changed, and the were brought against their naval leader, to
Lacedaemonians, under the prudent conduct whom theygratefully had acknowledged them
of Brasidas, made themselves masters of many selves indebted for their former victories. Al
valuable places in Thrace. But this victori cibiades was disgraced in the public assembly,
ous progress was soon stopped by the death and ten commanders were appointed to suc
of their general, and that of Cleon the Athe ceed him in the management of the republic.
nian commander; and the pacific disposition This change of admirals, and the appointment
of Nicias, who was now at the head of of Callicratidas to succeed Lysander, whose
Athens, made overtures of peace and univer office had expired with the revolving year,
sal tranquillity. Plistoanax, the king of the produced new operations. The Athenians
Spartans, wished them to be accepted ; but fitted out a fleet and the two nations decided
the intrigues of the Corinthians prevented their superiority near Arginusae in a naval
the 3iscontinuance of the war, and therefore battle. Callicratidas was killed. and the La
hostilities began anew. But while war was cedaemonians conquered ; but the rejoicings
carried on with various success in different
which the intelligence of this victory occasion
parts of Greece, the Athenians engaged in a ed were soon stopped, when it was known that
new expedition; they yielded to the persua the wrecks of some of the disabled ships of the
sive eloquence of Gorgias of Leontium, and Athenians, and the bodies of the slain, had not
the ambitious views of Alcibiades, and sent a been saved from the sea. The admirals were
fleet of 20 ships to assist the Sicilian states accused in thetumultuous assembly, and im
against the tyrannical power of Syracuse, B. mediately condemned. Their successors in
C. 416. This was warmly opposed by Nicias; office were not so prudent, but they were more
but the eloquence of Alcibiades prevailed, and unfortunate in their operations. Lysander was
a powerful fleet was sent against the capital again placed at the head of the Peloponnesian
of Sicily. These vigorous, though impolitic forces, instead of Eteonicus, who had succeed
measures of the Athenians, were not viewed ed to the command at the death of Callicra
with indifference by the confederates. Syra tidas. The age and the experience of this
cuse, in her distress, implored the assistance general seemed to promise something decisive,
of Corinth, and Gylippus was sent to direct and indeed an opportunity was not long want
her operations, and to defend her against the ing for the display of his military character.
power of her enemies. The events of battles The superiority of the Athenians over that of
were dubious, and though the Athenian army the Peloponnesians rendered the former inso
was animated by the prudence and intrepidity lent, proud,andnegligent; and, when they had
of Nicias, and the more hasty courage of De imprudently forsaken their ships to indulge
mosthenes, yet the good fortune of Syracuse their indolence or pursue their amusements
prevailed; and, after a campaign of two years on the sea-shore at AEgospotamos, Lysander
of bloodshed, the fleets of Athens were totally attacked their fleet, and his victory was coni
ruined, and the few soldiers that survived the plete. Of one hundred and eighty sail, only
destructive siege made prisoners of war. So nine escaped, eight of which fled, under the
fatal a blow threw the people of Attica into command of Conon, to the island of Cyprus,
consternation and despair, and while they and the other carried to Athens the melan
sought for resources at home, they severely choly news of the defeat. The Athenian pri
support abroad; soners were all massacred; and when the
felt themselves
their alienatedofby the intrigues
allies weredeprived of Peloponnesian conquerors had extended their
the enemy, and rebellion was fomented in dominion over the states and communities of
their dependent states and colonies on the Europe and Asia which formerly acknowledg
Asiatic coast. The threatened ruin, however,
ed the power of Athens, they returned home
was timely averted, and Alcibiades, who had
to finish the war by the reduction of the capi
been treated with cruelty by his countrymen, tal of Attica. The siege was carried on with
and who had for some time resided in Sparta vigour and supported with firmness, and the
and directed her military operations, now ex first Athenian who mentioned capitulation to
his countrymen was instantly sacriificed to the-4
erted himself to defeat the designs of the con - -
 PE PE

fury and the indignation of the populace, and morus, which signifies a mulberry tree, which
all the citizens unanimously declared, that is found there in great abundance, [and which
the same moment would terminate their in trees were introduced for the purpose of sup
dependence and their lives. This animated plying the silk-worms with food.] The anc
language, however, was not long continued; ent Peloponnesus was divided into six differee:
the spirit of faction was not yet extinguish provinces, Messenia, Laconia, Elis, Arcadia,
ed at Athens, and it proved, perhaps, more Achaia Propria, and Argolis, to which some
destructive to the public liberty than the ope add Sicyon. These provinces all bordered at
rations and assaults of the Peloponnesian be the sea-shore, except Arcadia. The Pelo
siegers. During four months, negotiations ponnesus was conquered, some time after the
were carried on with the Spartans by the Trojan war, by the Heraclidae or descend
aristocratical part of the Athenians, and at last ants of Hercules, who had been forcibly ex
it was agreed that, to establish the peace, the pelled from it. The inhabitants of this pe
fortifications of the Athenian harbours must be ninsula rendered themselves illustrious, like
demolished,together with the long walls which the rest of the Greeks, by their genius,
joined them to the city; all their ships, ex their fondness for the fine arts, the cultivation
cept 12, were to be surrendered to the ene oflearning, and the profession of arms, but
my: they were to resign every pretension to in nothing more than by a celebrated war
their ancient dominions abroad ; to recall which they carried on against Athens and her
from banishment all the members of the late allies for 27 years, and which from them re
aristocracy; to follow the Spartans in war, ceived the name of the Peloponnesian war.
and in the time of peace, to frame their con [vid. Peloponnesiacum bellum.] The Pelc
stitution according to the will and the pre ponnesus scarce extended 200 miles in length
scriptions of their Peloponnesian conquerors. and 140 in breadth, and about 563 miles in
The terms were accepted, and the enemy circumference. It was separated from Greece
entered the harbour, and took possession of by the narrow isthmus of Corinth, which, as
the city that very day on which the Atheni being only five miles broad, Demetrius, Caº
ans had been accustomed to celebrate thean. sar, Nero, and some others attempted in vain
miversary of the immortal victory which to cut, to make a communication between the
their ancestors had obtained over the Per bay of Corinth and the Saronicus Sinus. [rid.
sians about 76 years before, near the island Corinthi Isthmus.) Strab.8.—Thucyd.—Diod.
of Salamis. The walls and fortifications 12, &c.—Paus. 3, c. 21, l. 8, c. 1.--Mela, 2.
were instantly levelled with the ground; and c. 3.-Plin. 4, c. 6.-Herodot. 8, c. 40.
the conquerors observed, that in the demolis PELopéA MoEN1A, is applied to the cities
tion of Athens, succeeding ages would fix the of Greece, but more particularly to Mycenae
era of Grecian freedom. The day was con and Argos, where the descendants of Pelops
cluded with a festival, and the recitation of reigned. Virg. AEn. 2, v. 193.
one of the tragedies of Euripides, in which PELops, a celebrated prince, son of Tan
the misfortunes of the daughter of Agamem talus king of Phrygia. His mother's name
non, who was reduced to misery, and banished was Euryanassa, or, according to others, Eu
from her father's kingdom, excited a kindred prytone, or Eurystemista, or Diome. He was
sympathy in the bosom of the audience, murdered by his father, who wished to try
who melted into tears at the recollection that the divinity of the gods who had visited Phry
one moment had likewise reduced to misery gia, by placing on their tables the limbs of his
and servitude the capital of Attica, which son. The gods perceived his perfidious cru
was once called the common patroness of elty, and they refused to touch the meat, ex
Greece and the scourge of Persia. This cept Ceres, whom the recent loss of her
memorable event happened about 404 years daughter had rendered melancholy and inat
before the Christian era, and 30 tyrants were tentive. She ate one of the shoulders of Pe
appointed by Lysander over the government lops, and therefore, when Jupiter had com:
of the city. Xen. Graec. Hist.— Plut. in Lys. passion on his fate, and restored him to life, he
Per. Alcib. Yee. & .4ges.— Diod. 11, &c.— placed a shoulder of ivory instead of that
Aristophan.—Thucyd.—Plato.—Arist.—Ly which Ceres had devoured. This shoulder
sias.-Isocrates.—C. Nep. in Lys. Alcib. &c. had an uncommon power, and it could heal
—Cic. in off. 1, 24. by its very touch, every complaint, and re
PELop, NNESUs, a celebrated peninsula move every disorder. Some time after, the
which comprehends the most southern parts kingdom of Tantalus was invaded by Tros,
of Greece. [It was called Peloponnesus from king of Troy, on pretence that he had carried
Itaozo; who or, the island of Pelops who set away his son Ganymedes. [vid. Ganymedes,
tled there, and it would be an island were it and the remarks under that article.] This
not for the isthmus of Corinth which connects rape had been committed by Jupiter him
it with Graecia Propria. It was most an self; the war, nevertheless, was carried op.
ciently called Ægialea, from AEgialeus, Apia and Tantalus, defeated aud ruined, was oblig
from Apis, Pelasgia from the l’elasgi. ed to fly with his son Pelops, and to seek a
rid. Pelasgi.] In its form, it has been ob shelter in Greece. [vid. Troja, and the re
served by the moderns highly to resemble marks under that article, as to the truecause
the leaf of the plane-tree. Its present name of the Trojan war.) Pelops came to Piso,
is Morea, which seems to be derived either where he became one of the suitors of Hip
from the Greek word ºogez, or the Latin podamia, the daughter of king CEnomaus,
 PE PE

and he entered the lists against the father, which they received by one Pelorius, that
who promised his daughter only to him the mountains of Tempe had been sepa
who could outrun him in a chariot race. rated by an earthquake, and that the waters
Pelops was dot terrified at the fate of the of the lake which lay there stagnated, had
13 lovers, who before him had entered the ſound a passage into the Alpheus, and left
course against CEnomaus, and had, accord behind a vast, pleasant, and most delightful
ing to the conditions proposed, been put plain, &c. Athen. 3.
to death when conquered. He previously PELöRus, (r. is-dis, v.ias-iados,) now Cape
bribed Myrtilus, the charioteer of OEnoma Faro, one of the three great promontories of
us, and therefore he easily obtained the vic Sicily, on whose top was erected a tower to
tory. [vid. CEnomaus.] He married direct the sailor on his voyage. It lies near
Hippodamia, and threw headlong into the coast of Italy, and received its name from
the sea Myrtilus, when he claimed the re Pelorus, the pilot of the ship which carried
ward of his perfidy. According to some away Annibal from Italy. This celebrated
authors, Pelops had received some winged general, as it is reported, was carried by the
horses from Neptune, with which he was en tides into the straits of Charybdis; and as he
abled to outrun CEnomaus. When he had was ignorant of the coast, he asked the pi
established himself on the throne of Pisa. lot of his ship the name of the promontory
Hippodamia's possession, he extended his which appeared at a distance. The pilot told
conquests over the neighbouring countries. him it was one of the capes of Sicily, but
and from him the peninsula, of which he was Annibal gave no credit to his information,
one of the monarchs, received the name of and murdered him on the spot on the appre
Peloponnesus. Pelops, after death, received hension that he would betray him into the
divine honours, and he was as much revered hands of the Romans. He was, however,
above all the other heroes of Greece as Ju soon convinced of his error, and found that
piter was above the rest of the gods. He the pilot had spoken with great fidelity; and,
had a temple at Olympia, near that of Jupiter, therefore, to pay honour to his memory, and
where Hercules consecrated to him a small to atone for his cruelty, he gave him a mag
portion of land, and offered to him a sacri nificent funeral, and ordered that the pro
fice. The place where this sacrifice had montory should bear his name, and from that
been offered, was religiously observed, and time it was called Pelorum. Some suppose
the magistrates of the country yearly, on that this account is false, and they observe,
coming into office, made there an offering of that it bore that name before the age of An
a black ram. During the sacrifice, the sooth nibal. Val. Maa. 9, c. 8.—JMela, 2, c. 7.-
sayer was not allowed, as at other times, to Strab. 5.—Virg. AEn. 3, v. 411 and 687.-
have a share of the victim, but he alone who Ovid. Met. 5, v. 350, l. 13, v. 727, l. 15, v.
furnished the wood, was permitted to take 706.
the neck. The wood for sacrifices, it may PELT4:... a town of Phrygia, [south-east of
be observed, was always furnished by some Cotyaeum.]
of the priests, to all such as offered victims, PELÜsium,.. now Tineh, a town of Egypt,
and they received a price equivalent to what situate at the entrance of one of the mouths
they gave. The white poplar was general of the Nile, called from it Pelusian. It is
ly used in the sacrifices made to Jupiter and akout 20 stadia from the sea, and it has re
to Pelops. The children of Pelops by Hip ceived the name of Pelusium from the lakes
podamia were, Pitheus, Troezene, Atreus, and marshes which are in its neighbourhood.
Thyestes, &c. besides some by concubines. [Its name is derived from the Greek term
The time of his death is unknown, though it rnacº, mud. Its Hebrew name Sin, by which
is universally agreed, that he survived some the prophet Ezekiel denominates it, as well as
time Hippodamia. Some suppose that the its Arabian name Thinah, have the same im–
Palladium of the Trojans was made with the port as the Greek.] It was the key of Egypt
bones of Pelops. His descendants were call on the side of Phoenicia, as it was impossible
ed Pelopidae. Pindar, who in his first Olym to enter the Egyptian territories without
pic speaks of Pelops, confutes the traditions passing by Pelusium, and therefore, on that
of his ivory shoulder, and says that Neptune account it was always well fortified and gar
took him up to heaven to become the cup risoned, as it was of such importance for the
bearer to the gods, from which he was ex security of the country. It produced lentils,
pelled, when the impiety of Tantalus wished and was celebrated for the linen stuffs made
to make mankind partake of the nectar and there. It is now in ruins. Mela, 2, c. 9.--
the entertainments of the gods. Some sup Colum. 5, c. 10.—Sil. It. 3, v. 25.-Lucan. 8,
pose that Pelops first instituted the Olympic v. 66, l. 9, v. 83, l, 10. v. 53.-Lw. 44, c. 19,
games in honour of Jupiter, and to comme 1.45, c. 11.—Strab. 17.-Virg. G. 1, v. 228.
morate the victory which he had obtained PENATEs, certain inferior deities among
over OEnomaus. Paus. 5, c. 1, &c.—Apol the Romans, who presided over houses and
lod. 2, c. 5.-Eurip. in Iphig.—Diod. 3.− the domestic affairs of families. They were
Strab. 8.-Mela, 1, c. 18.-Pindar. Od. 1.- called Penates, because they were generally
Pirg, G. 3, v. 7.-Ovid. Met. 6, v.404, &c. placed in the innermost and most secret parts
—Hygin. ſab. 9, 82 and 83. of theashouse,
quod, Ciceroin pentissimä
says, ſedium Pºle,
penitus insident. The
PELoaia, a festival observed by the Thes
salians, in commemoration of the news place where they stood was afterwards call
 PE PE

ed penetralia, and they themselves received Penelope has given rise to the proverb of Pe
the name of Penetrales. It was in the option nelope's web, which is applied to whatever
of every master of a family to choose his Pe labour can never be ended. The return c;
nates, and therefore Jupiter and some of the Ulysses, after an absence oftwenty years, her
superior gods are often invoked as patrons of ever, delivered her from ſears and from her
domestic affairs. According to some, the gods dangerous suitors. Penelope is described by
Penates were divided into four classes; the Homer as a model of ſemale virtue and chas
first comprehended all the celestial, the se tity, but some more modern writers disputs
cond the sea gods, the third the gods of heli, her claims to modesty and continence, and
and the last all such heroes as had received they represent her as the most debauched ani
divine honours after deaths. The statues of the voluptuous of hersex. According to their opi
Penates were generally made with wax, ivo nions, therefore, she liberally gratified the de
ry, silver, or earth, according to the afflu sires of her suitors, in the absence of her hus
ence of the worshipper, and the only offer band, and had a son whom she called Pan, as
ings they received were wine, incense, fruits, if to show that he was the offspring of all her
and sometimes the sacrifice of lambs, sheep, admirers. Some, however, suppose that Pan
goats, &c. In the early ages of Rome, hu was son of Penelope by Mercury, and that he
man sacrifices were offered to them ; but was born before his mother's marriage with
Brutus, who expelled the Tarquins, abolish Ulysses. The god, as it is said, deceived Pe.
ed this unnatural custom. When offerings nelope, under the form of a beautifulgoat, as
were made to them, their statues were she was tending her father's flocks on one of
crowned with garlands, poppies, or garlic, the mountains of Arcadia. After the return
and besides the monthly day that was set of Ulysses, Penelope had a daughter, who was
apart for their worship, their festivals were called Ptoliporthe; but if we believe the
celebrated during the Saturnalia. Some traditions that were long preserved at Man
have confounded the Lares and the Penates, tinea, Ulysses repudiated his wiſe for her in
but they were different. [The Penates were continence during his absence, and Penelope
of divine origin, the Lares of human. Cer fled to Sparta, and afterwards to Mantinea,
tain persons were admitted to the worship of where she died and was buried. After the
the Lares who were not to that of the Pe death of Ulysses, according to Hyginus, she
nates. The Penates were worshipped only married Telegonus,her husband'sson by Circe,
in the innermost parts of the house, the Lares by order of the goddess Minerva. Some say
also in the public roads, in the camp, and that her original name was Arnea, or Amirace,
on sea.] Cic. de Nat. D. 2, c. 27, Ver. 2.- and that she was called Penelope, when some
Dionys. 1. river birds, called Penelopes, had saved her
PENELópe, a celebrated princess of Greece, from the waves of the sea when her fatherhaul
daughter of Icarius, and wife of Ulysses, king exposed her. Icarius had attempted to des
of Ithaca. Her marriage with Ulysses was troy her, because the oracles had told him
celebrated about the same time that Menelaus that his daughter by Periboea would be the
married Helen, and she retired with her hus most dissolute of her sex and a disgrace to
band to Ithaca, against the inclination of her his family. Apollod. 3, c. 10.-Paus. 3, e.
father, who wished to detain her at Sparta, 12.-Homer. Il. & Od.—Ovid. Heroid. 1...Me?
her native country. She soon after became —Aristot. Hist, anim. 8.-Hygin. ſab. 1:7.
mother of Telemachus, and was obliged to —Aristoph. in Avib.—Plin. 37.
part with great reluctance from her husband, PENEus, a river of Thessaly, rising on
whom the Greeks obliged to go to the Trojan Mount Pindus, and falling into the Thermean
war. [vid. Palamedes.] The continuation of gulf, after a wandering course between Mount
hostilities for ten years made her sad and me Ossa and Olympus, through the plains of Tem
lancholy ; but when Ulysses did not return pe. It received its name from Peneus, a son
like the other princes of Greece, at the con of Oceanus and Tethys. The Peneus ancient
clusion of the war, her fears and her anxieties ly inundated the plains of Thessaly, till an
were increased. As she received no intelli. earthquake separated the mountains Ossa and
gence of his situation, she was soon beset by a Olympus, and formed the beautiful vale of
number of importuning suitors, who wished Tempe, where the watersformerly stagnated.
her to believe that her husband was ship From this circumstance, therefore, it obtained
wrecked, and that therefore she ought not the name of Araxes, ab agavara, scindo. (rid.
longer to expect his return, but forget his loss, Deucalion.] Daphne, the daughter of the
and fix her choice and affections on one of her Peneus, according to the ſables of the mytho
numerous admirers. She received their ad logists, was changed into a laurel on the banks
dresses with coldness and disdain ; but as she of this river. This tradition arises from the
was destitute of power, and a prisoner as it quantity of laurels which grew near the Pe
were in their hands, she yet flattered them ueus. . [The Peneus is now called the Sº
with hopes and promises, and declared that lampria. This name is evidently of ancient
she would make choice of one of them, as origin, since, according to Eustathius, the
soon as she had finished a piece of tapestry on river was in his time called Salimprias, a
which she was employed. The work was done name of Greek origin, as, according to
in a dilatory manner, and she baffled their ea Hesychius, waxaacs signifies an opening of
ger expectations, by undoing in the night what gates.) Ovid. Met. 1, v. 452, &c.—Strub. 9.
she had done in the*:::ime. This artifice of Mela, 2, c. 3.-Virg. G.4, v. 317.-Diod.
600
 - PE PE

4. Also a small river of Elis in Pelopon bad his subjects to pay adoration to this new
nesus, better known under the name of god; and when the Theban women had gone
º
.**º
Araxes. Paus. 6, c. 24.—Strab. 8 and 11. out of the city to celebrate the orgies of Bac
PENNINAE ALPEs, a certain part of the chus, Pentheus, apprised of the debauchery
Alps, [now Great St. Bernard. The name which attended the solemnity, ordered the god
º is derived from Pen, a summit. vid. Alpes.] himselſ, who conducted the religious multi
Liv. 21, c. 28. -
tude, to be seized. His orders were obeyed
PENTApolls, a town of India, [placed by with reluctance, but when the doors of the
Manuert in the north-eastern angle of the prison in which Bacchus had been confined,
Sinus Gangeticus, or Bay of Bengal.]— opened of their own accord, Pentheus became
[A name given to Cyrenaica in Africa, from more irritated, and commanded his soldiers to
its five cities.] Plin. 5, c. 5. Also a part destroy the whole band of the bacchanals.
of Palestine, containing the five cities of Ga This, however, not executed, for Bacchus
za, Gath, Ascalon, "Azotus, and Ekron. inspired the monarch with the ardent desire of
[Also a name applied to Doris in Asia Mi seeing the celebration of the orgies. Accord
mor, after Halicarnassus had been excludedingly he hid himself in a wood on Mount Ci
from the Doric confederacy. wid. Doris.] tharon, ſrom whence he could see all the cere
PENTElicus, [a mountain of Attica, where monies unperceived. But here his curiosity
were found quarries of beautiful marble. soon proved fatal, he was descried by the
* Mount Pentelicus,” observes Hobhouse, bacchanals, and they all rushed upon him.
“at this day called Pendele, and sometimes His mother was the first who attacked him,
.Mendele, must be, I should think, one third and her example was instantly followed by
higher than Hymettus, and its height is the her two sisters, Ino and Autonoe, and his
more apparent, as it rises with a peaked sum body was toru to pieces. Euripides introdu
mit into the clouds. The range of Pentelicus ces Bacchus among his priestesses, when
runs from about north-west to south-east, at Pentheus was put to death ; but Ovid, who
no great distance from the eastern shore of relates the whole in the same manner, differs
Attica, overhanging the plain of Marathon, |from the Greek poet only in saying, that not
and mixing imperceptibly, at its northern ex Bacchus himself, but one of his priests, was
tremity, with the hills of Brilessus, now call present. The tree on which the bacchanals
ed, as well as part of Mount Parnes, Ozea.” found Pentheus was cut down by the Corin
The same writer then proceeds to relate an thians, by order of the oracle, and with it
interesting visit to the quarries of Pentelicus. two statues of the god of wine were made,
vid. Hobhouse's Journey, vol. 1, p. 325-7.] and placed in the forum. Hygin. ſab. 184.-
Strab. 9.-Paus. 1, c. 32. Theocrit. 26.-Orid...Met. 3, fab. 7, 8 and 9.-
PENth Esili.A, a queen of the Amazons, Pirg...En. 4, v.469.-Paus. 2,c,5–Apollod.
daughter of Mars, by Otrera, or Orithya. She 3, c. 5.—Euripid. in Bacch.—Senec–Pha
came to assist Priam in the last years of the mis. & Hupp.
“Trojan war, and fought against Achilles, by PENTHylus, a prince of Paphos, who as
whom she was slain. The hero was so struck sisted Xerxes with 12 ships. He was seized
with the beauty of Penthesilea, when he strip by the Greeks, to whom he communicated
ped her of her arms, that he even shed tears many important things concerning the situa
for having too violently sacrificed her to his fu tion of the Persians, &c. Herodot. 7, c. 195.
ry. Thersites laughed at the partiality of the PEPAREThos, a small island of the AEgean
hero, for which ridicule he was instantly kill Sea, on the coast of Macedonia, about 20
ed. Lycophron says, that Achilles slew miles in circumference. It abounded in
'L'hersites because he had put out the eyes of olives, and its wines have always been reck
Penthesilea when she was yet alive. The oned excellent. They were not, however,
scholiast of Lycophron differs from that opi palatable before they were seven years old.
mion, and declares, that it was commonly be Plin. 4, c. 12.-Ovid. Met. 7, v. 470–Lir.
lieved that Achilles offered violence to the 28, c. 5, 1.31, c. 28.
body of Penthesilea when she was dead, and PERA.A, [a name given by the Greeks to
that Thersites was killed because he had re that part of Judea which lay east of Jordan,
proached the hero for this infamous action and between the two lakes. The term is
in the presence of all the Greeks. The death thought to be derived from ºriga'," beyond."
of Thersites so offended Diomedes that he Plin. 5, c. 14.—A part of Caria, opposite to
dragged the body of Penthesilea out of the Bhodes. Lir. 32, c. 33. -

camp, and threw it into the Scamander.
is generally supposed that Achilles was ena
moured of the Amazon before he fought with
her, and that she had by him a son called
Cayster. Dictys. Cret. 3 and 4.—Paus. 10,
c. 31.-Q. Calab. 1.--Virg. JEn. 1, v. 495, l.
1 1. v. 662.-Dares. Phryg—Lycophr. in
Cass. 995, &c.—Hygin. fab. i 12.
PEN THEus, son of Echion and Agave, was
king of Thebes in Boeotia. His refusal to ac
knowledgethe divinity of Bacchus was attend
ed with the most fatal consequences. He for
4 G
It Prhcope, a city which assisted Priam dur
ing the Trojan war. rid. Percºte.
fencore, a town on the Hellespont, be
tween Abydos and Lampascus, near the sea
shore. Artaxerxes gave it to Themistocles,
to maintain his wardrobe. It is sometimes
called Percope. Herodot. 1, c. 117–Hon.
PERD1ccas, the fourth king of Macedonia,
B. C. 729, was descended from Temenus:
fie increased his dominions by conquest: *
in the latter part of his life, he showed his
on Argºus where he601wished to be ***..
-
 PE PE

and told him that as long as the bones of his ed part of the town, on the shores of therint:
descendants and successors on the throne of Scamander. Xerxes mounted to the tººtſ
Macedonia were laid in the same grave, so this citadel when he reviewed his troops in
long would the crown remain in their family. he marched to invade Greece. [vid. Twº
These injunctions were observed till the Herodot. 7, c. 43.-Pirg. -ºn. i., v. 465, i.
time of Alexander, who was buried out of *PERGKMus, now Bergamo, a town of Mł
Macedonia. Herodot. 7 and 8.—Justin. 7, sia, on the banks of the Caycus. It was thea.
c. 2.-Another, king of Macedonia, son of pital of a celebrated empire called the kit;
Alexander. He reigned during the Pelopon dom of Pergamus, which was founded by Ph
nesian war, and ussisted the Lacedæmonians lacterus, an eunuch, whom Lysimachus, aſle
against Athens. He behaved with great the battle of Ipsus, had intrusted with the
eourage on the throne, and died B. C. 413, treasures which he had obtained in the war.
after a long reign of glory and independence, Philaeterus made himself master of the trea:
during which he had subdued some of his sures and of Pergamus in which they were de.
barbarian neighbours.—Another, king of posited, B.C. 283, and laid the foundations tº
Macedonia, who was supported on his throne an empire, over which he himself presided
by Iphicrates the Athenian, against the intru for 20 years. His successors began to reign
sions of Pausanias. He was killed in a war in the following order: His nephew Eume.
nes ascended the throne 263 B.C.; Attalus
against the Illyrians, B. C. 360. Justin. 7, &c.
—One of the friends and favourites of Alex 241; Eumenes the second, 197; Attalus Phi.
ander the Great. At the king's death he ladelphus, 159; Attalus Philomater, 138.
wished to make himself absolute; and the who, B.C. 133, left the Roman people heirs
ring which he had received from the hand of to his kingdom as he had no children. The
the dying Alexander, seemed in some mea. right of the Romans, however, was disputed
sure to favour his pretensions. The better by an usurper, who claimed the empire as
to support his claims to the throne, he mar his own; and Aquilius, the Roman general,
ried Cleopatra, the sister of Alexander, and was obliged to conquer the different cities
strengthened himself by making a league one by one, and to gain their submission by
with Eumenes. His ambitious views were poisoning the waters which were conveyed
easily discovered by Antigonus and the rest to their houses, till the whole was reduced
of the generals of Alexander, who all wished, into the form of a dependent province. Tho
like Perdiccas, to succeed to the kingdom capital of the kingdom of Pergamus was
and honours of the deceased monarch. Anti famous for a library of 200,000 volumes,
pater, Craterus, and Ptolemy, leagued with which had been collected by the different
Antigonus against him, and after much blood monarchs who had reigned there. This no
shed on both sides, Perdiccas was totally ru ble collection was afterwards transported to
ined, and at last assassinated in his tent in Egypt by Cleopatra, with the permission ºf
pt by his own officers, about 321 years Antony, and it adorned and enriched the
before the Christian era. Perdiccas had not Alexandrian library till it was most fatally
the prudence and the address which were ne destroyed by the Saracens, A.D. 642. Parth.
cessary to conciliate the esteem and gain the ment was first invented and made use of at
attachment of his fellow-soldiers; and this Pergamus, to transcribe books, as Ptolemy
impropriety of his conduct alienated the king of Egypt had forbidden the exportation
healts of his friends, and at last proved his of papyrus from his kingdom, in order to
destruction. Plut. in Aler.—Diod. 17 and prevent Eumenes from making a library iſ
#7 ºut 10-C,
. 12.
Nep. Eum.—JElian. V. valuable and as choice as that of Alexan.
dria. From this circumstance parchment
PERDIX, a young Athenian, son of the sis has been called charta pergamena. Galends
ter of Daedalus. He invented the saw, and the physician, and Apollodorus the mytholo
seemed to promise to become a greater artist gist were born there. AEsculapius was the
than had ever been known. His uncle was chief deity of the country. Plin. 5 and 15.
jealous of his rising ſame, and he threw him —Isid. 6, c. 11.—Strab. 13.-Liv. 29, c.11,
down from the top of a tower, and put him to l. 31, c. 46.-Plin. 10, c. 21, 1.13, c. 11
tleath. Perdix was changed into a bird which A son of Neoptolemus and Andromadº,
bears his name. Hygin. fab. 39 and 274.— who, as some suppose, founded Pergamusic
Apollod. 3, c. 15.-Ovid. Met. 8, v. 220, &c. Asia. Paus. 1, c. 11. -

PERENNA. vid. Anna. PERGE, a town of Pamphylia,[on their

PERnnnis, a favourite of the emperor Cestrus, near its mouth,j wherebianabad,
Commodus. He is described by some as a vir magnificent temple, whence her surnameº
tuous and impartial magistrate, while others Pergaea. Apollonius, the geometrician, wº
paint him as a cruel, violent, and oppressive born there. [It is now called Karahim,
tyrant who committed the greatest barbari the Black Castle.] Mela, 1- c. 14-Shº.
ties to enrich himself. He was put to death 14.
*...* to the empire. Herodian. PERGus, a lake of Sicily near Enna, wher:
Dir.*RGA, a town of Pamphylia.
38, c. 57. phylia. tid,
vid. Perge. Proserpine was carried away ºby Pluto. 0nd
5, v. 386,
PRRGKMus, Pergama, (plur.) the cita Pearanper, a tyrant of Corinth ºn ºf
of the city of Troy. #9.3 *:::: is Cypselus. The first years of his gofernment
fºr Trey. It was tº in the most elevat. were mild and popular, but he soon learnttº
302
 PE . PE

become oppressive when he had consulted Pericles 15 years the sole mi

remained for
the tyrant of Sicily about the surest way of nister, and, as it may be said, the absolute so
reigning. He received no other answer but |vereign of a republic which always showed
whatever explanation he wished to take itself so jealous of its liberties, and which
place on the Sicilian tyrant's having, in the distrusted so much the honesty of her ma
presence of his messenger, plucked in a fºld gistrates. In his ministerial capacity Pericles
all the ears of corn which seemed to tower did not enrich himself, but the prosperity of
above the rest. Periander understood the Athens was the object of his administration.
meaning of this answer. He immediately He made war against the Lacedæmonians,
surrounded himself with a numerous guard, and restored the temple of Delphi to the care
and put to death the richest and most power of the Phocians, who had been illegally de
ful citizens of Corinth. He was not only prived of that honourable trust. He obtain
ed a victory over the Sicyonians near Nemaca,
cruel to his subjects, but his family also were
objects of his vengeance. He committed in and waged a deceitful war against the inhabit
cest with his mother, and put to death his ants of Samos at the request of his favourite
wife Melissa, upon false accusation. He also mistress Aspasia. The Peloponnesian war
banished his son Lycophron to the island of was fomented by his ambitious views. (vid.
Corcyra, because the youth pitied and wept Peloponnesiacum bellum.) and when he had
at the miserable end of his mother, and de warmly represented the flourishing state, the
tested the barbarities of his father. Perian opulence, and actual power of his country, the
der died about 585 years before the Christian Athenians did not hesitate a moment to un
era, in his 80th year, and by the meanness of dertake a war against the most powerful re
his flatterers he was reckoned one of the se publics of Greece, a war which continued
ven wise men of Greece. Though he was for 27 years, and which was concluded by
tyrannical, yet he patronized the fine arts; the destruction of their empire and the de
he was fond of peace, and he showed himself molition of their walls. The arms of the
the friend and protector of genius and of Athenians were for some time crowned with
learning. He used to say, that a man ought success; but an unfortunate expedition raised
solemnly to keep his word, but not to hesi clamours against Pericles, and the enraged
tate to break it if ever it clashed with his in populace attributed all their losses to him, and
terest- He said also that not only crimes to make atonement for their ill success, they
ought to be punished, but also every wicked condemned him to pay 50 talents. This loss
and corrupted thought. Diog. in vitá.— of popular favour by republican caprice did
Arist. 5, Polit.—Paus. 2.-A tyrant of not so much affect Pericles as the recent death
Ambr=cia, whom some rank with the seven of all his children; and, when the tide of un
wise mºnen of Greece, and not the tyrant of popularity was passed by, he condescended to
Corinºth. come into the public assembly, and to view
PER IB &A, a daughter of Alcathous, sold with secret pride the contrition of his fellow,
by her father on suspicion that she was citizens, who universally begged his forgive
courted by Telamon, son of Æacus, king of ness for the violence which they had offered
Ægina. She was carried to Cyprus, where to his ministerial character. He was again
Telamora the founder of Salamis married her, restored to all his honours, and, if possible, in
and she became mother of Ajax. She also vested with more power and more authority
married heseus, according to some. She is than before ; but the dreadful pestilence which
also called Eriboea. Paus. 1, c. 17 and 42– had diminished the number of his family
Hygin. #37.-The wife of Polybus, king proved fatal to him, and about 429 years be.
oč Corint h, who educated QEdipus as her own fore Christ, in his 70th year, he fell a sacrifice
child. to that terrible malady which robbed Athens
PERfcLEs, an Athenian of a noble family, of so many of her citizens, Pericles was for
son of Xanthippus and Agariste. He was 40 years at the head of the administration,25
naturally endowed with great powers, which years with others, and 15 alone, and the flou,
he improved by attending the lectures of Da rishing state of the empire during his govern
mon, of Zeno, and of Anaxagoras. Under ment gave occasion to the Athenians publicly
these celebrated masters he became a com to lament his loss, and venerate his memory.
mander, a statesman, and an orator, and gain As he was expiring, and seemingly senseless,
ed the affections of the people by his uncom his friends thatstood around his bed expatiated
mon address and well directed liberality. with warinth on the most glorious actions of
When he took a share in the administration his life, and the victories which he had won,
of public affairs, he rendered himself popular when he suddenly interrupted their tears and
by opposing Cimon, who was the favourite of conversation, by saying, that in mentioning
the nobility, and to remove every obstacle the exploits that he had achieved, and which
which stood in the way of his ambition, he were common to him with all generals, they
lessened the dignity and the power of the had ſorgot to mention a circumstance which
court of the Areopagus, which the people reflected far greater glory upon him as a mi
had been taught for ages to respect and to nister, a general, and above all, as a man. It is,
venerate. He also attacked Cimon, and says he, that not a citizen in Athens has been
caused him to be banished by the ostraeism. obliged to put on mourning on my account.
Thucydides also, who had succeeded Cimon The Athenians were so pleased with his elo:
on his banishment, shared the same fate, and quence that they compared it to thunder and
3
 - PI. • PE

lightning, and, as to another father of thegods, a wall, called Margay ruxor, was built across
they gave him the surname of Olympian. The to the Euxine by the emperor Anastasius
poets, his flatterers, said that the goddess of JMela, 2, c. 2.-Paus. 1, c. 29.-Plin. 4, c. 11.
persuasion, with all her charms and attractions, —Liv. 33, c. 30.
dwelt upon his tongue. When he marched at PERIPATEtici, a sect of philosophers at
the head of the Athenian armies, Pericles ob Athens, disciples to Aristotle. They received
served that he had the command of a free ma this name from the place where they were
tion that were Greeks and citizens of Athens. taught, called Peripaton, in the Lyceum, or
He also declared that not only the hand of a because they received the philosopher's lec
magistrate, but also his eyes and his tongue tures as they walked (regira revºrse.) [Cicerº
should be pure and undefiled. . Yet great and tells us that Plato left two excellent disciples,
venerable as this character may appear, we Xenocrates and Aristotle, who founded two
must not forget the follies of Pericles. His sects which only differed in name, the former
vicious partiality for the celebrated courtezan taking the appellation of Academics, who
Aspasia, subjected him to the ridicule and were those that continued to hold their con
the censure of his fellow-citizens ; but if he ferences in the Academy as Plato had done
triumphed over satire and malevolent re before; the others, followers of Aristotle."
marks, the Athenians had occasion to execrate The Peripatetics acknowledged the dignity of
the memory of a man who by his example human nature, and placed their summum to
corrupted the purity and innocence of their num, not in the pleasures of passive sensation,
morals, and who made licentiousness respec but in the due exercise of the moral and in
table, and the indulgence of every impure tellectual faculties. The habit of this exer
desire the qualification of the soldier as well cise, when guided by reason, constituted the
as of the senator. Pericles lost all his legiti highest excellence of man. The philosophet
mate children by the pestilence, and to call a contended that our own happiness chiefly de
natural son by his own name, he was obliged pends upon ourselves, and though he did not
to repeal a law which he had made against require in his followers that self-command to
spurious children, and which he had enforced which others pretended, yet he allowed a
with great severity. This son, called Peri moderate degree of perturbation, as becoming
cles, became one of the ten generals whol human nature, and he considered a certain
succeeded Alcibiades in the administration of sensibility of passion totally necessary, as by
affairs, and, like his colleagues, he was con resentment we are enabled to repel injuries,
demned to death by the Athenians, after the and the smart which past calamities have in
unfortunate battle of Arginusae. Paus. 1, c. flicted renders us careful to avoid the repeti
25.-Plut, in vilă.-Quintul. 12, c. 9.-Cic. |tion. [Aristotle is said to have borrowed the
de Orat. 3.-JElian. P. H.4, c. 10–Xenoph. greatest and best part of his philosophy from
Hist. G.-Thucyd. his master Plato. Serranus affirms confident
PERicly MENus, one of the twelve sons of ly, and says he is able to demonstrate, that
Neleus, brother to Nestor, killed by Her there is nothing exquisite in any part of Aris
cules. He was one of the Argonauts, and had totle's philosophy, dialectics, ethics, politics,
received from Neptune his grandfather the physics, or metaphysics, but what is ſound in
power of changing himself into whatever Plato; and of this opinion are many ancient
shape he pleased. .4pollod.—Ovid. Met. 12, authors, Clemens, Alexandrinus, &c.] Cºr.
V. 557. .Acad. 2, &c.
PERIEGFTEs Dionysius, a poet. [vid. PERMEssus, a river of Boeotia, rising in
Dionysius.] Mount Helicon, and flowing all round it. It
PERILLA, a daughter of Ovid the poet. received its name from Permessus, the father
She was extremely fond of poetry and litera of a nymph called Aganippe, who also gave
ture. Ovid. Fast. 5, el. 7, v. 1. her name to one of the fountains of Iłelicon.
PERIllus, an ingenious artist at Athens ‘I he river Permessus, as well as the ſountain
who made a brazen bull for Phalaris, tyrant of Aganippe, were sacred to the muses. Strau
Agrigentum. This machine was fabricated 8.-Propert. 2, el. 8.
to put criminals to death by burning thern Pero, or PERoNE, a daughter of Neleus,
alive, and it was such that their cries were king of Pylos, by Chloris. Her beauty drew
like the roaring of a bull. When Perillus many admirers, but she married Bias, son of
gave it Phalaris, the tyrant made the first ex Amythaon, because he had, by the assistance
periment upon the donor, and cruelly put him of his brother Melampus, [tid. Melampus.
to death by lighting a slow fire under the bel and according to her father's desire, reco
ly of the bul). Plin. 34, c. 8.-Ovid. in.Art. vered some oxen which Hercules had stolen
.4m. 1. v. 653, in Ib. 439. away, and she became mother of Talaus.
PERIM FLA, a daughter of Hippodamas, Homer. Od. 11, v. 284.—Propert. 2, el. S. r.
thrown into the sea for receiving the ad 17. –Paws. 4, c. 36. A daughter of C -
dresses of the Acheious. She was changed mon, remarkable for her filial affection
into an islaud in the Ionian Sea, and became When her father had been sent to prison,
one of the Echinades. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 790. where his judges had condemned him to
PERINThus, a town of Thrace, on the starve, she supported his life by giving him
Propontis, anciently surnamed Mygdonica. the milk of her breasts as her own child. Fat.
It was afterwards called Heraclea, in honour |..}lar. 5, c. 4.
-

of Hercules, and now Erekli. Llºrom this citri PEitor, a fountain of Boeotia callel after
*
604
 PE PE
~

* Peroe, a daughter of the Asopus. Paus. 9, they bear to the architectural taste of Egypt.
*** c. 4. This has already been alluded to in the re
-*. PERPENNA, M. a Roman who conquered marks under the article Memnonium, and
Aristonicus in Asia, and took him prisoner. may farther be accounted for by the early
* He died B. C. 130. Another, who joined hostile intercourse between the two coun
* the rebellion of Sertorius, and opposed Pom tries, and their interchange of inhabitants by
*: pey. He was defeated by Metellus, and some captivity. Hence the efforts of Egyptian
time aſter he had the meanness to assassinate workmen would be employed in embellish
Sertorius, whom he had invited to his house. ing Persepolis and other cities of the east.]
*
He fell into the hands of Pompey who or Curt. 5, c. 7.--Dwod. 17, &c.—Arrian.—
:* dered him to be put to death. Plut. in Sert. Plut. in Aler.—Justin. 11, c. 14.
º: —Paterc. 2, c. 30. PERSEs, a son of Perseus and Andromeda.
º: PERPERENE, a place of Phrygia, where, From him the Persians, who were originally
º: as some suppose, Paris adjudged the prize of called Cephenes, received their name. Hero
º beauty to Venus. Strab. 5. dot. 7, c. 61.-A king of Macedonia. vid.
* PERRHAEBIA, a part of Thessaly situate Perseus.
* north of the Peneus. The inhabitants were PERSEUS, a son of Jupiter and Danae, the
º driven from their possessions by the Lapithae, daughter of Acrisius. As Acrisius had con
º: and retired into AEtolia, where part of the fined his daughter in a brazen tower to pre
º country received the name of Perrhaebia. vent her becoming a mother, because he was
º Propert. 2, el. 5, v. 33.—Strab. 9.-Liv. 33, to perish, according to the words of an oracle,
º c. 24, 1.39, c. 34. by the hands of his daughter's son, Perseus
2. PERSAE, the inhabitants of Persia. vid. was no sooner born, [vid. Danae, than he
º: Persia. was thrown into the sea with his mother Da
: PERsieus, a philosopher intimate with An. nae. The hopes of Acrisius were frustrated;
tigonus, by whom he was appointed over the the slender boat which carried Danae and her
g Acrocorinth. He flourished B.C. 274. Diog. son was driven by the winds upon the coasts
º –Laert. in Zenon. of the island of Seriphos, one of the Cyclades,
º PERskphone, a daughter of Jupiter and were they were found by a fisherman called
Ceres, called also Proserpina. [vud. Proser Dictys, and carried to Polydectes, the king of
pina.] the place. They were treated with great hu
PERsépôLis, a celebrated city, the capital manity, and Perseus was intrusted to the care
of the Persian empire. It was laid in ruins by of the priests of Minerva's temple. His ris
Alexander after the conquest of Darius. The ing genius and manly courage, however, soon
º reason of this is unknown. Diodorus says that displeased Polydectes, and the monarch, who
the sight of about 800 Greeks, whom the Per wished to offer violence to Danae, feared the
sians had shamefully mutilated, so irritated resentment of her son. Yet Polydectes re
Alexander, that he resolved to punish the bar solved to remove every obstacle. He invited
barity of the inhabitants of Persepolis and of all his friends to a sumptuous entertainment,
the neighbouring country, by permitting his and it was requisite that all such as came
soldiers to plunder their capital. Others sup should present the monarch with a beautiful
Posse that Alexander set it on fire at the insti horse. Perseus was in the number of the in
3ation of Thais, one of his courtezans, when vited, and more particularly so, as Polydectes
he had passed the day in drinking, and in knew that he could not receive from him the
riot and debauchery. The ruins of Persepo present which he expected from all the rest.
| 13. rhow Estaker, or Shehel-JMinar, still asto Nevertheless, Perseus, who wished not to ap
misłm the modern traveller by their grandeur pear inferior to the others in magnificence,
and magnificence. [Persepolis, according to told the king that as he could not give him a
the best authorities, was not destroyed by horse, he would bring him the head of Medusa,
Ale=ander, for he put a stop to the work of the only one of the Gorgons who was subject
dest ruction almost the very instant after it to mortality. The offer was doubly agreeable
\\\\\ commenced. This is also proved by the to Polydectes, as it would remove Perseus
\Act of Peucestes, the satrap of Persis, having from Seriphos, and, on account of its seeming
ºwen in this very city, only a few years aſ impossibility, the attempt might perhaps end
in his ruin. But the innocence of Perseus was
ter, a splendid feast to the whole army.
Persepolis is mentioned also by subsequent patronized by the gods. Pluto lent him his
writers, and even under the dynasty of Ma helmet, which had the wonderful power of
hometan princes this city, with its name making its bearer invisible : Minerva gave
changed to Islakhar, was their usual place of him her buckler, which was as resplendent
residence. Its destruction was owing to the as glass; and he received from Mercury wings
famatic Arabs, as is shown by M. Langlès, and the talaria, with a short dagger made of
in a memoir contained in his Collection of diamonds, and called herpe. According to
Travels, vol. 3, p. 199. The fullest account some, it was from Vulcan, and not from Mer
of the ruins of Persepolis is to be found in the cury, that he received the herpe, which was
Travels of Sir Robert Ker Porter. The most in form like a scythe. With these arms Per
remarkable part of these ruins is the Shehel seus began his expedition, and traversed the
-Winar, or “Forty Columns.” The general air, conducted by the goddess Minerva. He
impression produced by this part of the ru went to the Graiae, the sisters of the Gor
ins, is said to be the strong resemblance which gons, who, according to the poets, had wings
605
 PE PE

iike the Gorgons, but only one eye and stroyed it. This happy event was attende.
one tooth between them all, of which they with the greatest rejoicings. Perseus raised
made use each in her turn. They were three three altars to Mercury, Jupiter, and Palla.
in number, according to Æschylus and Apol and after he had offered the sacrifice of a cal:
lodorus; or only two, according to Ovid and a bullock, and a heifer, the nuptials were ce
Hesiod. With Pluto's helmet, which render lebrated with the greatest festivity. The
ed him invisible, Perseus was enabled to steal universal joy, however, was soon disturbed
their eye and their tooth while they were Phineus, Andromeda's uncle, entered the
asleep, and he returned them only when they palace with a number of armed men, and at
had informed him where their sisters the Gor tempted to carry away the bride whom he
gons resided. When he had received every had courted and admired long before the ar.
necessary information, Perseus flew to the ha rival of Perseus. The father and mother of
hitation of the Gorgons, which was situate Andromeda interfered, but in vain : a bloody
beyond the western ocean, according to He battle ensued, and Perseus must have faller
siod and Apollodorus; or in Libya, according a victim to the rage of Phineus, had not he
to Ovid and Lucan, or in the deserts of Asiatic deſended himself at last with the same arms
Scythia, according to Æschylus. He found which proved fatal to Atlas. He showed
these monsters asleep, and as he knew that
the Gorgon's head to his adversaries, and
if he fixed his eyes upon them he should be
they were instantly turned to stone, each is
instantly changed into a stone, he continually
the posture and attitude in which he then
looked on his shield, which reflected all the stood. The friends of Cepheus, and such
objects as clearly as the best of glasses. He as supported Perseus, shared not the fate
approached them, and with a courage which of Phineus, as the hero had previously warn
the goddess Minerva supported, he cutoff Me ed them of the power of Medusa's head,
dusa's head with one blow. The noise awoke and of the services which he received from
the two immortal sisters, but Pluto's helmet it. Soon after this memorabje adventure
rendered Perseus invisible, and the attempts Perseus retired to Seriphos, at fthe very
of the Gorgons to revenge Medusa's death moment that his mother Danae fled to the
proved fruitless, the conqueror made his way altar of Minerva to avoid the pursuit of Poly
through the air, and from the blood which dectes, who attempted to offer her violence
dropped from Medusa's head, sprang all those Dictys, who had saved her from the sea, and
innumerable serpents which have ever since who, as some say, was the brother of Poly
infested the sandy deserts of Libya. Chry dectes, defended her against the attempts of
saor also, with his golden eword, sprung from her enemies, and therefore Perseus, sensible
these drops of blood, as well as the horse Pe of his merit and of his humanity, placed him
gasus, which immediately flew through the air on the throne of Seriphos, after he had with
and stopped on Mount Helicon, where he be Medusa's head turned into stones the wicked
came the favourite of the muses. [vid. Gor Polydectes and the officers who were the sº:
gones and Pegasus, where an explanation of sociates of his guilt. He afterwards restored
the fable is given.] Meantime Perseus to Mercury his talaria and his wings; to Fºº
had continued his journey across the de to his helmet, to Vulcan his sword, and to
serts of Libya, but the approach of night Minerva her shield; but as he was thore Per
obliged him to alight in the territories of At ticularly indebted to the goddess of wisdor
las, king of Mauritania. He went to the mo for her assistance and protection, he placed
march's palace, where he hoped to find a kind the Gorgon's head on her shield, or rather
reception, by announcing himself as the son according to the more received opinion, sº
of Jupiter, but in this he was disappointed. her egis. After he had finished these celes
Atlas recollected that, according to an ancient brated exploits, Perseus expressed a wish to
oracle, his gardens were to be robbed oftheir return to his native country, and accordingly
fruit by one of the sons of Jupiter, and there he embarked for the Peloponnesus with his
fore he not only refused Perseus the hospitali mother and Andromeda. When he reached
ty he demanded, but he even offered violence the Peloponnesian coasts he was informed
to his person. Perseus, finding himself inſe that Teutamias, king of Larissa, was then t=
rior to his powerful enemy, showed him Me lebrating funeral games in honour of his tº
dusa's head, and instantly Atlas was changed ther. This intelligence drew him to Laris
into a large mountain which bore the same to signalize himself in throwing the quoit, ºf
name in the deserts of Africa. On the mor which, according to some, he was the inventºr
row Perseus continued his flight, and as he But here he was attended by an evil ſate, and
passed across the territories of Libya, he dis had the misfortune to kill a man with a quº
covered, on the coasts of AEthiopia, the naked which he had thrown in the air. This wº
Andromeda exposed to a sea-monster. He no other than his grandfather Acrisius, whe
was struck at the sight, and offered her fa on the first intelligence that his grandsos had
ther Cepheus to deliver her from instant reached the Peloponnesus, fled from his kits:
death if he obtained her in marriage as a re. dom of Argos to the court of his friend and
ward of his labours. Cepheus consented, and ally tentamias, to prevent the fulfides of
immediately Perseus, raising himself in the the oracle which had obliged him to treat his
air, flew towards the monster, which was ad
daughter with so much barbarity. Sºme
vancing to devour Andromeda, and he plung suppose with Pausanias, that Acrisius bad
ed his dagger in hºt shoulder, and dé. gone to Larissa to be reconciled to his grand
06
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son, whose fame had been spread in every tle was begun, he left the enemy masters of
city of Greece; and Ovid maintains that the the field. From Pydna, Perseus fled to
grandfather was under the strongest obliga. Samothrace, but he was soon discovered in
tions to his son-in-law, as through him The his obscure retreat, and brought into the pre
had received his kingdom, from which he sence of the Roman conqueror, where the
had been forcibly driven by the sons of his meanness of his behaviour exposed him to ri
brother Proetus. This unfortunate murder dicule and not to mercy. He was carried to
greatly depressed the spirits of Perseus; by Rome, and dragged along the streets of the
the death of Acrisius he was entitled to the city to adorn the triumph of the conqueror.
throne of Argos, but he refused to reign His family were also exposed to the sight of
there; and to remove himself from a place the Roman populace, who shed tears on view
which reminded him of the parricide he had ing in their streets, dragged like a slave, a
unfortunately committed, he exchanged his monarch who had once defeated their armies,
kingdom for that of Tirynthus, and the ma and spread alarm all over Italy by the great
ritime coast of Argolis, where Megapenthes, ness of his military preparations, and by his
the son of Proetus, then reigned. When he bold undertakings. Perseus died in prison,
had finally settled in this part of the Pelopon or, according to some, he was put to a shame
º nesus, he determined to lay the foundations ful death the first year of his captivity. He
of a new city, which he made the capital of had two sons, Philip and Alexander, and one
his dominions, and which he called Mycenae, daughter, whose name is not known. Alex
because the pommel of his sword, called by ander, the younger of these, was hired to a
the Greeks myces, had fallen there. The Roman carpenter, and led the greatest part
time of his death is unknown, yet it is univer of his life in obscurity till his ingenuity raised
sally agreed that he received divine honours him to notice. He was afterwards made se
like the rest of the ancient heroes. He had cretary to the senate. Liv. 40, &c.—Justin.
statues at Mycenae and in the island of Seri 33, c. 1, &c.—Plut. in Paulo.—Flor. 2, c. 12.
phos; and the Athenians raised him a temple —Propert. 4, el. 12, v. 39.
in which they consecrated an altar in honour PERs1A, a celebrated kingdom of Asia,
of Dictys, who had treated Danae and her which in its ancient state extended from the
infant son with so much paternal tenderness. Hellespont to the Indus, above 2800 miles,
The Egyptians also paid particular honour and from Pontus to the shores of Arabia
to his memory, and asserted that he often above 2000 miles. [The ancient name of
*PPeared among them wearing shoes two cu Persia was Elam or Elymais, and its inhabit
bits long, which was always interpreted as a ants were denominated Elamites, as the des
ºša of fertility. Perseus had by Andromeda cendants of Elam the son of Shem, and under
Alseus, Sthenelus, Nestor, Electryon, and this appellation they formed about the time
Gorgophone, and after death, according to of Abraham in the 18th or 19th century B.C.
sorºe mythologists, he became a constellation a powerful state. The name of Persia is de
an
y
the heavens. Herodot. 2, c. 91.-Apollod. rived from the oriental term Pares, and, ori
** cº-4, &c.—Paus. 2, c. 16 and 18, 1.3, c. 17, ginating with the province Pars or Fars, it
&c.--Apollon. •Arg. 4, v. 1509.-Ital. 9, v. at length comprehended the whole mighty
12--Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 16, 1.5, fab. 1, &c. empire. The province of Persis or Persia
-E_uean. 9, v. 668.-Hygin. fab. 64.—Hesi. Proper is now Fars.) As a province, Persia
d. Theog. 270, & Scut. Herc.—Pind. Pyth. was but small; and, according to the descrip
i. & Olymp. 3.-Ital. 9.—Athen. 13.-Ho tion of Plotemy, it was bounded on the north.
tra er-. Il. 14.-Tsets. in Lycoph. 17.-A son by Media, west by Susiana, south by the Per
of Nestor and Anaxibia. .Apollod. 1, c. 9. sian Gulf, and east by Carmania. The empire
—A writer who published a treatise on the of Persia, or the Persian monarchy, was first
r epublic of Sparta.-A philosopher, disci founded by Cyrus the Great, about 559 years
ple to Zeno. vid. Persaeus. before the Christian era, and under the suc
PERs Eus, or PERs Es, a son of Philip king ceeding monarchs it became one of the most
º
f Macedonia. He distinguished himself like considerable and powerful kingdoms of the
his father, by his enmity to the Romans, and earth. The kings of Persia began to reign in
when he had made sufficient preparations, the following order: Cyrus, B.C. 559; Cam
he declared war against them. His opera byses, 529; and after the usurpation of Smer
tions, however, were slow and injudicious; dis for 7 months, Darius 521 : Xerxes the
he wanted courage and resolution, and though Great 485: Artabanus 7 months, and Arta
he at first obtained some advantages over xerxes Longimanus 464; Xerxes II. 435:
thhe Roman armies, yet his avarice and his Sogdianus 7 months, 424: Darius II. or No
timidity proved destructive to his cause. thus 423: Artaxerxes II. or Memnon 404:
When Paulus was appointed to the command Artaxerxes III. or Ochus 358: Arses or
of the Roman armies in Macedonia, Per Arogus 337, and Darius III. or Codomanus,
seus showed his inferiority by his impru 335, who was conquered by Alexander the
dent encampments, aud when he had at last Great 331. The destruction of the Persian
yielded to the advice of his officers, who monarchy by the Macedonians was easily ef
econºmmended a general engagement, and fected, and from that time Persia became triº
rawn up his forces near the walls of Pydna, butary to the Greeks. After the death of
3. C- 168, he was the first who ruined his Alexander, when the Macedonian empire":
ºwn sause, and, by flying as soon as the bat divided among the officers of the dece"
607
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conqueror, Seleucus Nicator made himself 15.-Xenoph. Cyrup.–Herodot. 1, c. 125, ºr

master of the Persian provinces, till the revolt —Apollod. 2–JMarcel. 23.
of the Parthians introduced new revolutions in PERsicum MARE, or PERsicus Sixts, a
the east. Persia was partly re-conquered from part of the Indian ocean on the coast ºf
the Greeks, and remained tributary to the Persia and Arabia, now called the gulf a
Parthians for near 500 years. After this the Balgora.
sovereignty was again placed into the hands of PERsis, a province of Persia, bounded tº
the Persians by the revolt of Artaxerxes, a Media, Carmania, Susiana, and the Persia
common soldier, A. D. 229, who became the gulf. It is often taken for Persia itself. [It iſ
ſounder of the second Persian monarchy, what geographers usually term Persia Pro
which proved so inimieal to the power of the ter, and is supposed to have been the orig,
Roman emperors. In their national charac |aal seat of the Persians.]
ter the Persians were warlike, they were Aulus PERsius FLAccus, a Latin poet ºf
early taught to ride, and to handle the bow, Volaterrae. He was of an equestrian fami.
and by the manly exercises of hunting, they and he made himself known by his intimacy
were inured to bear the toils and fatigues of with the most illustrious Romans of the age.
a military life. Their national valour, how The early part of his life was spent in his na
ever, soon degenerated, and their want of tive town, and at the age of twelve he was re
employment at home soon rendered them moved to Rome, where he studied philosophy
unfit for war. In the reign of Xerxes, when under Cornutus, the celebrated stoic. He als
the empire of Persia was in its most flourish reccived the instructions of Palaemon the
ing state, a small number of Greeks were grammarian, and Virginius the rhetorician
enabled repeatedly to repel, for three succes Naturally of a mild disposition, his character
sive days, an almost innumerable army. was unimpeached, his modesty remarkable,
This celebrated action, which happened at and his benevolence universally admired
Thermopylae, shows in a strong light the su He distinguished himself by his satirical hu
periority of the Grecian soldiers over the mour, and made the faults of the orators and
Persians; and the battles that before, and a poets of his age the subjects of his poems. He
short time after, were fought between the did not even spare Nero, and the more effec
two nations at Marathon, Salamis, Plataea, tually to expose the emperor to ridicule, he
and Mycale, are again an incontestible proof introduced into his satires some of his verses.
that these Asiatics had more reliance upon The torva mimalloneis implerunt cornua
their numbers and upon the splendour and bombus, with the three following verses, are
richness of their arms, than upon the valour Nero's, according to some. But though he
and discipline of their troops. Their custom, was so severe upon the vicious and ignorant,
too prevalent among eastern nations, of in he did not forget his friendship for Cornutus,
troducing luxury into the camp, proved also and he showed his regard for his character
in some measure destructive to their military and abilities by making mention of his name
reputation; and the view which the ancients with great propriety in his satires. It was by
give us of the army of Xerxes, of his cooks, the advice of his learned preceptor that he
stage-dancers, concubines, musicians, and corrected one of his poems, in which he had
perfumers, is no very favourable sign of the compared Nero to Midas, and at his repre
sagacity of a monarch, who by his nod could sentation he altered the words .Auricula:
command millions of men to flock to his stand asini Mida rear habet, into -1uriculas drin.
. . ard. In their religion the Persians were very quis non habet 2 Persius died in the 30th
superstitious; theypaid the greatest veneration year of his age, A. D. 62, and left all his
to the sun, the moon, and the stars, and they books, which consisted of seven hundred
offered sacrifices to fire, but the supreme volumes, and a large sum of money, to his
deity was never represented by statues among preceptor; but Cornutus only accepted the
them. They permitted polygamy, and it was books, and returned the money to the sisters
no incest among them to marry a sister or a and friends of the deceased, [Cornutus,
• mother. In their punishments they were ex careful for the reputation of his pupil, advis
tremely severe, even to barbarity. The mo ed the mother of the poet to destroy all the
march always appeared with the greatest productions of his youth, except the Satires,
pomp and dignity ; his person was attended which were in consequence published by
by a guard of 15,000 men, and he had, be Caesius Bassus. They appeared originally
sides, a body of 10,000 chosen horsemen, call as a single work and undivided into parts.
ed immortal. He styled himself, like the rest The grammarians, however, of a later age,
of the eastern monarchs, the king of kings. separated the Satire into five or six detached
as expressive of his greatness and his power. portions. The latter division has been adopt
The Persians were formerly called Cephenes, ed also by modern editors. These Satires are
4charmenians, and Artaci, and they are often preceded by a preface of fourteen verses.
confounded with the Parthians by the ancient The chief defect of Persius is an affected ob
poets. They received the name of Persians scurity of style, which is so great and so
from Perses the son of Perseus and Andro. general that there are few scholars who read
meda, who is supposed to have settled among these performances for the first time, whose
them. Persepolis was the capital of th: progress is not arrested at almost every line,
country. Curt. 4, c. 14, 1.5, c. 3.-Plut. in by some difficulty that presents itself. From
-4 rºar. Aler, &c.–Mela, 1, &c.—Strah, 2. the instance afforded in the line quoted above,
o
--
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uriculas asini, &c. it has been conjectured, of his administration, convinced the senate
d not without some show of reason, that and the people of the prudence and the jus
le of the causes of the great obscurity of tice of their choice. He forbad his name to
arsius is the caution with which he con be inscribed on such places or estates as were
antly conceals his attacks upon Nero. The part of the imperial domain, and exclaim
holiast moreover expressly states, with re ed that they belonged not to him but to the
ard to several verses of the poet, that they public. He melted all the silver statues
ere intended for the emperor. This may he which had been raised to his vicious prede
sufficient apology for Persius, as far as Nero cessor, and he exposed to public sale all his
concerned, but why allow the same ob concubines, his horses, his arms, and all the
urity to pervade the rest of his poems ? instruments of his pleasure and extrava
he Satires of Persius would, in fact, be ab gance. With the money raised from these
lutely unintelligible for us, if we had not he enriched the empire, and was enabled to
elabours of an ancient scholiast, or rather abolish all the taxes which Commodus had
collection of extracts from several scholiasts, laid on the rivers, ports, and highways,
guide us; and even with this aid we are through the empire. This patriotic admi
equently unable to comprehend the mean mistration gained him the affection of the wor
g of the satirist. The conclusion seems thiest and most discerning of his subjects, but
resistible, that much of this obscurity is ow the extravagant and luxurious raised their
g to the peculiar character of the poet's clamours against him; and when Pertinax at
ind, to his affected conciseness, and to the tempted to introduce among the pretorian
low of erudition which he is so fond of ex guards that discipline which was so necessa
biting. Some critics, who condemn the neg ry to preserve the peace and tranquillity of
gent style of Horace, give the preference Rome, the flames of rebellion were kindled,
» Persius as a satirist, on account of the and the minds ofthe soldiers totally alienated.
reater harmony of his hexameters. Melody Pertinax was apprised of this mutiny, but he
f diction, however, cannot compensate for refused to fly at the hour of danger. He
he want of perspicuity; besides, the style of scorned the advice of his friends who wished
Horace, in his satires, is purposely made to him to withdraw from the impending storm,
pproximate to that of familiar life. It must and he unexpectedly appeared before the
ppear surprising, that Persius is so reserved seditious pretorians, and without fear or con
especting the gross vices and immorality of cern, boldly asked them whether they, who
he age in which he lived. The best way of were bound to defend the person of their
ccounting for this, is to ascribe it to the re prince and emperor, were come to betray
ired life led by the youthful poet in the him and to shed his blood. His undaunted
losom of a virtuous family, and his conse assurance and his intrepidity would have had
the desired effect, and the soldiers had al
luent want of experience in the excesses of the
lay. The best edition of the Satires of Per ready begun to retire, when one of the most
ins is that of Koenig, Götting. 1803, 8vo. seditious advanced and darted his javelin at
They are most commonly, however, printed the emperor's breast, exclaiming, the sol
ogether with those of Juvenal.] Martial.— diers send you this. The rest immediately
Quintil, 10, c. 1.-August. de Magist. 9.— followed the example, and Pertinax, muf
Lactant. fling up his head and calling upon Jupiter to
PERTINAx, Publius Helvius, a Roman em avenge his death, remained unmoved, and
peror after the death of Commodus. He was was instantly dispatched. His head was cut
descended from an obscure family, and, like off and carried upon the point of a spear as
his father, who was either a slave, or the son in triumph to the camp. This happened on
of a manumitted slave, he for some time ſol the 28th of March, A. D. 193. Pertinax
lowed the mean employment of drying wood reigned only 87 days, and his death was the
and making charcoal. His indigence, how more universally lamented as it proceeded
eyer, did not prevent him from receiving a ſrom a seditious tumult, and robbed the Ro
man empire of a wise, virtuous, and benevo
liberal education, and indeed he was for some
time employed in teaching a number of pu lent emperor. Dio.—Herodian.—Capitol.
Pils the Greek and the Roman languages in PERTUNDA, a goddess at Rome, who pre
*uria. He left this laborious profession sided over the consummation of marriage. Her
**military life, and by his valour and in statue was generally placed in the bridal
*Pºdity Ene gradually rose to offices of the chamber. Varro opud Aug. Civ. D. 6, c. 9.
PERūsia, now p.". of the most
ighest trust in the army, and was made
*\\y M. Aurelius for his eminent servi ancient and distinguished cities of Etruria,
* We was afterwards intrusted with the situate at the south-eastern extremity of the
ºnment of Moesia, and at last he pre Lacus Thrasymenus, or Lago di Perugia.
W. over the city of Rome as governor. The era of its foundation long preceded that
When Commodus was murdered, Pertinax of Rome, though the precise period cannot
. *Versally selected to succeed to the tion be ascertained with certainty. In conjunc
º throne, and his refusal, and the plea with the other Etrurian states it long
º *še and increasing infirmities, did not resisted the Roman arms, but when reduc
.* his being saluted emperor and Au ed became a powerful and wealthy ally.
**, He acquiesced with reluctance, but it defied the power of Annibal, and flou
hismildness, his economy, and the popularity rished in peace and opulence until the reign
4 H 609
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of Augustus, when it unfortunately engaged whence it has received its name, from ti
in the rebellion of L. Antonius, uncle of the Greek rarea, rupes.] It was for the most per
triumvir. It was taken by Augustus, and also covered with barren sands, but was int--
reduced to ashes in consequence of one of spersed with some fruitful spots. Its capº
the principal citizens communicating fire to was called Petra. [This country contain
his own house, which he designed as a fune the southern Edomites, the Amalekites, tº
ral-pile for himself and family: the fire Cushites, who are improperly called tº
spread to the adjacent buildings, and the Ethiopians, the Hivites, &c. Their descene
whole city was destroyed. Perusia was af. ants are at present known by the gener
terwards rebuilt, and became again flourish name of Arabians; but it is of consequence
ing and opulent. In the Gothic war, it to notice the ancient inhabitants as they are
stood a siege of seven years against the bar mentioned in the text of Scripture.]
barians. Its situation on the summit of a PETREIU's, a Roman soldier who killed h :
mountain rendered it difficult of access.] tribune during the Cimbrian wars because u
Strab. 5.-Lucan. 1, v. 41.-Paterc.2, c. 74. hesitated to attack the enemy. He was re
—Liv. 9, c. 37, l. 10, c. 30 and 37. warded for his valour with a crown of grees
PEscENNius. vid. Niger. Plin. 22, c. 6. A lieutenant of C. Apt
PEssinus, (unlis,) [a city of Galatia, on the nius who defeated the troops of Catiline. He
river Sangarius, and near the western bor took the part of Pompey against Julius Cæ.
ders. It lay west of Gordium.] It is par sar. When Caesar had been victorious in
ticularly famous for a temple and a statue of every part of the world, Petreius, who had
the goddess Cybele, who was from thence retired into Africa, attempted to destroy
called Pessinuntia. [pid. Dindymus.] Strab. himself by fighting with his friend king Julia
12–Paus. 7, c. 17-Lip. 29, c.10 and 14. in single combat. Juba was killed first, and
PETELinus LA cus, a lake near one of the Petreius obliged one of his slaves to run
gates of Rome. Liv. 6, c. 20. him through. Sallust. Catil.—-4ppian
PETEUs, a son of Orneus, and grandson of Coes. 1, Cir.
Erechtheus. He reigned in Attica, and be PETRinum, a town of Campania, [in the
came father of Mnestheus, who went with vicinity of Sinuessa.] Horat. 1, ep. 5, v.5.
the Greeks to the Trojan war. He is repre PETRoconur, the inhabitants of the mo
sented by some of the ancients as a monster, dern town of Perigord in France. Cars. 7.
half a man and half a beast. Apollod. 3, c B. G. c. 75.
10.-Paus. 10, c. 35. PETRöN1A, the wife of Vitellius. Tacit.
PETILIA, now Strongoli, [a small town of Hist. 2, c. 64.
Bruttium north-west of Crotona, near the PETRönius, a governor of Egypt, appoint
coast of the Sinus Tarentinus.] built, or per ed to succeed Gallus. He behaved with
haps only repaired, by Philoctetes, who, after great humanity to the Jews, and made war
his return from the Trojan war, left his coun against Candace, queen of Ethiopia. Stre;
try Meliboea because his subjects had revolt 17. Maximus, a Roman emperor. rid
ed. Mela, 2, c. 4.—Liv. 23, c. 20.-Virg. Maximus. Arbiter, a favourite of the em
JEn. 3, v.402.-Strab. 6. peror Nero, and one of the ministers and as:
PErilius, a praetor who persuaded the sociates of all his pleasures and his debauch
people of Rome to burn the books which had ery. He was naturally fond of pleasure and
been ſound in Numn’s tomb about 400 years effeminate, and he passed his whole nights in
aſter his death. His advice was followed. revels, and his days in sleep. He indulged
Plut. in Num.—A governor of the capitol, himself in all the delights and gaieties of life,
who stole away the treasures intrusted to his but though he was the most voluptuous ofthe
care. He was accused, but, though guilty, he age, yet he moderated his pleasures, and
was acquitted as being the friend of Augus wished to appear curious and refined in luxu
tus. [He obtained, it is said, from this cir ry and extravagance. Whatever he did
cumstance, the surname of Capitolinus. This seemed to be performed with an air of uncon.
part of the story, however, is not correct. cern and negligence, he was affable in hisbe.
Copitolinus was an old cognomen of the gens haviour, and his witticisms and satirical re.
Petilia.] Horat. 1, Sat. 4, v. 94. marks appeared artless and natural. He
PEtosiris, a celebrated astrologer of was appointed proconsul of Bithynia, and at
Egypt. Juv. 6, v. 580. terwards he was rewarded with the consul-
PETRA, the capital town of Arabia Petraea. ship; in both of which honourable employ.
|
Strab. 16. A town of Sicily, near Hybla, ments he behaved with all the dignity whic
whose inhabitants are called Petrini & Pe. became one of the successors of a Brutus ct
treſses. A town of Thrace. Liv. 40, c. a Scipio. With his office he laid down his
22. Another of Pieria in Macedonia. Lir. artificial gravity, and gave himself up to the
39, c. 26.-Cic. in Verr. 1, c. 39.-An ele pursuit of pleasure, the emperor became |
vated place near Dyrrachium. Lucan. 6, v. more attached to him, and seemed fonder ºf
16 and 70--Cars. Civ. 3, c. 40–Another his company, but he did not long enjoy theim.
in Elis. Another near Corinth.
perial favours. Tigellinus, likewise one of
Petkºa, a part of Arabia, which has Sv Nero's favourites, jealous of his fame, accused
via at the east:(Arabis Deserta on the west.) him of conspiring against the emperor's life.
Palestine on the north, and Arabia Felix aſ The accusation was credited, and Petronius
the south. This r"; Arabia was rocky, immediately resolved to withdraw himse'
6 -
 PH PH

rom Nero's punishment by a voluntary Bubastus, on the Pelusiac branch of the

leath. This was performed in a manner al Nile.]
ogether unprecedented, A. D. 66. Petro PHAEA, a celebrated sow which infested the
lius ordered his veins to be opened, but neighbourhood of Cromyon. It was destroy
without the eagerness of terminating his ed by Theseus as he was travelling from
3onies he had them elosed at intervals. Troezene to Athens to make himself known
Some time after hey were opened, and, as to his father. Some supposed that the boar
ſ he wished to die in the same careless and of Calydon sprang from this sow. Phaea, ac
inconcerned manner as he had lived, he pass cording to some authors, was no other than a
'd his time in discoursing with his friends woman who prostituted herself to strangers,
pon trifles, and listened with the greatest whom she murdered and afterwards plun
vidity to love verses, amusing stories, or dered. Plut. in Thés.-Strab. 8.
aughable epigrams. Sometimes he manu PHAEäcia, an island of the Ionian Sea, near
mitted his slaves or punished them with stripes. the coast of Epirus, anciently called Scheria,
a this ludicrous manner he spent his last mo and afterwards Corcyra. [vid. Corcyra.] The
ments, till nature was exhausted, and before inhabitants, called Phaeaces, were a luxurious
le expired he wrote an epistle to the emperor, and dissolute people, from which reason a
n which he described with a masterly hand glutton was generally stigmatized by the epi
his nocturnal extravagances, and the daily im thet of Phaear. When Ulysses was ship
ºurities of his actions. This letter was care wrecked on the coast of Phaeacia, Alcinous
ully sealed, and after he had conveyed it pri was then king of the island, whose gardens
ately to the emperor, Petronius broke his have been greatly celebrated. Horat. 1, ep.
guet, that it might not after his death be 15, v. 24.—Ovid. JMet. 13, v. 719.-Strab. 6
ºme a snare to the innocent. Petronius dis and 7.—Propert. 3, el. 2, v. 13.
*ślished himself by his writings as well as PHAEAx, an inhabitant of the island of Phaea
°y his luxury and voluptuousness. He is the cia. (vid. Phaeacia.)
author § many elegant but obscene composi PhaecAsia, one of the Sporades in the
**till extant, among which is a poem on AEgean. Plin. 4, c. 12.
the civil wars of Pompey and Caesar, superior PHAEdon, an Athenian put to death by the
**ome respects to the Pharsalia of Lucan. 30 tyrants. His daughters, to escape the op
There is also the feast of Tºmalcon, in which pressors and preserve their chastity, threw
* Paints with too much licentiousness the themselves together into a well.—Adisciple
P”ures and the debaucheries of a cor of Socrates. He had been seized by pirates
*P*dºurt and of an extravagant monarch in his younger days, and the philosopher, who
º on the instability of human seemed to discover something uncommon and
*Ta poem on the vanity of dreams— promising in his countenance, bought his li
*her on the education of the Roman berty for a sum of money, and ever after es
...Tº treaties, &c. The best edi teemed him. Phaedon, after the death of So
º ºf Petronius are those of Burman, 4to. crates, returned to Elis, where he founded a
f 1709, and Reinesius, 8vo. 1731. sect of philosophers called Eliac. The name
***, a small island at the mouth of the of Phaedon is affixed to one of the dialogues of
º The inhabitants are called Peu Plato. [vid. Menedemus.] Macrob. Sat.1, c.
11.-Diog. An archon at Athens, when
suit." ** name applied to the land in the Athenians were directed by the oracle to
still aty its
Danube
tion themouth.
two principal armsappella
The ancient of the remove the bones of Theseus to Attica. Plut.
in Thes.
It ..#Peuce
was c ed
with remains
fromin that aofpine
rivan, Piesina.
tree, PHAEDRA, a daughter of Minos and Pasi
From species of tree it abounded. phae, who marrried Theseus, by whom she
º
* island the Peucini, who dwelt in became mother of Acamas and Demophoon.
and adi
find . to it, derived their name. We They had already lived for sometime in con
under º *-appearing in the Lower Empire jugal felicity, when Venus, who hated all the
tiles.] ...” of Picziniges, and Patsina descendants of Apollo, because that god had
4, c. i2. *ab, 7–Lucan. 5, v. 202–Plin. discovered her amours with Mars, inspired
Phaedra with an unconquerable passion for
..º. a Macedonian set over Egypt
*der. He received persia at the
Sene
Hippolytus, the son of Theseus by the ama
zon Hippolyte. This shameful passion Phºe
Şeneral di
-
th ** vision of the Macedonian empire
p at dra long attempted to stifle, but in vain; and
º: "ºath. He behaved with great therefore, in the absence of Theseus, she ad
ãº. º: he had joined himself to dressed Hippolytus with all the impatience of
a desponding lover. Hippolytus rejected her
$º ººm-º:
Argonaut, "island which was visited by the with horror and disdain; but Phaedra, incensed
oft.*
. $ºlden their return from the conquest on account of the reception she had met, re
fleece. solved to punish his coldness and refusal. At
o*...", |*istrict in the southern part the return of Theseus she accused Hippolytus
.."...ºpulia.] Strab. 6–Pliº. 3, of attempts upon her virtue. The credulous
13. "d Mei. 14, W. 513–paus, 10, c. father listened to the accusation, and without
P - hearing the defence of Hippolytus, he banish
º:BA, [*Peucel Tacit. de Germ.46.
, [north-east of
ed him from his kingdom, and implored ºr
a town of tune, who had promised
611
to grant three of his
 PH PH

requests, to punish him in some exemplary 1727; Hoogstraten, 4to. Amst. 1701. Barbºn
manner. As Hippolytus fled from Athens, 12mo. Paris, 1754, [and Tzschucke. Muse:
his horses were suddenly terrified by a huge 1790, 12mo.]
sea-monster which Neptune had sent on the PHAEDYMA, a daughter of Otanes, who fºr
shore. He was dragged through precipices discovered that Smerdis, who had ascenae
and over rocks, and he was trampled under the throne of Persia at the death of Cambº
the feet of his horses, and crushed under the ses, was an impostor. rid. Smerdis, wher:
wheels of his chariot. When the tragical an account is given of the manner in whic
end of Hippolytus was known at Athens, Phae the discovery was made.] Herodot. 3. c. 6.
dra confessed her crime, and hung herself in PH MENARETE, the mother of the philosº
despair, unable to survive one whose death pher Socrates. She was a midwife by prº
her wickedness and guilt had occasioned. The fession.
death of Hippolytus, and the infamous passion PHAENIAs, a peripatetic philosopher, dise
of Phaedra, are the subject of one of the tra ple of Aristotle. He wrote an history of ty
gedies of Euripides and of Seneca. Phaedra rants. Diog. Laert.
was buried at Troezene, where her tomb was PHAENNA, one of the two Graces worship.
still seen in the age of the geographer Pausa ped at Sparta, together with her sister Ciºta.
mias, near the temple of Venus, which she had Lacedaemon first paid thern particular honou
built to render the goddess favourable to her Paus. 9, c. 34.
incestuous passion. There was near her tomb PHAENNIs, a famous prophetess in the age
a myrtle, whose leaves were all full of small of Antiochus. Paus. 10, c. 15.
holes, and it was reported, that Phaedra had PHAEton, a son of the sun, or Phaebus
done this with a hairpin, when the vehemence and Clymene, one of the Oceanides. [red
of her passion had rendered her melancholy remarks below.] He was son of Cephalu
and almost desperate. She was represented and Aurora, according to Hesiod and Pausa
in a painting in Apollo's temple at Delphi as nias, or of Tithonus and Aurora, according
suspended by a cord, and balancing herself in to Apollodorus. He is, however, more gene
the air, while her sister Ariadne stood near to rally acknowledged to be the son of Phaebu
her, and fixed her eyes upon her : a delicate and Clymene. Phaëton was naturally of a
idea, by which the genius of the artistintimat lively disposition, and a handsome figure
ed her melancholy end. Plut. in Thes.— Venus became enamoured of him, and in
Paus. 1, c. 22. l. 2, c. 32.—Diod. 4.—Hygin. trusted him with the care of one of her tenn
fab. 47 and 243.-- Eurip. in Senec. & in Hip ples. This distinguishedfavour of the goddess
pol.—Virg...En. 6, v. 445-Ovid. Heroid. 4. rendered him vain and aspiring ; and when
PHAEDRus, one of the disciples of Socrates. Epaphus, the son of Io, had told him, to
Cic. de JNat. D. 1. An Epicurean philoso check his pride, that he was not the son of
pher. A Thracian who became one of the Phoebus, Phaëton resolved to know his true
freedmen of the emperor Augustus. He origin, and, at the instigation of his mother, he
translated into iambic verses, the fables of visited the palace of the sun. He begged Phæ.
Æsop, in the reign of the emperor Tiberius. bus, that if he really were his father, he would
They are divided into five books, valuable for give him incontestible proofs of his paternal
their precision, purity, elegance, and simpli tenderness, and convince the world of his
city. [The matter of these fables is general legitimacy. Phoebus swore by the Styx, that
ly borrowed from AEsop, but Phaedrus occa he would grant him whatever be required,
sionally intermixes stories or historical pieces and no sooner was the oath uttered, than Phae
of his own. This work appears to have been ton demanded of him to drive his chariot for
little known in his own time, for no extant one day. Phoebus represented the im; roprie
writer of antiquity alludes to it. This cir ty of such a request and the dangers to which
cumstance, together with the assertion of Se it would expose him, but in vain; and, as
neca," that the Romans had not attempted the oath was inviolable, and Phaeton unmov
fables or Æsopean compositions,” might throw ed, the father instructed his son how he was
suspicion on the genuineness of the work, did to proceed in his way through the regions of
not its style and manner refer it to the best the air. His explicit directions were forgot
age of Roman literature.] They remain ten or little attended to ; and no sooner had
ed long buried in oblivion, till they were dis Phaëton received the reins from his father,
covered in the library of St. Remi at Rheims, than he betrayed his ignorance and incapacity
and published by Peter Pithou, a Frenchman, to guide the chariot. The flying horses be:
at the end of the 16th century. [Two manu came sensible of the confusion of their driver,
scripts of Phaedrus are said to exist, both of and immediately departed from the usual
which are not only imperfect, but, being tran track. Phaëton repented too late of his rash
scribed from the same copy very carelessly, ness, and already heaven and earth were
:ate full of errors; hence, few ancient works threatened with an universal conflagration,
have given more trouble and room for critical when Jupiter, who had perceived the disor
conjecture.] Phaedrus was for some time der of the horses of the sun, struck the rider
persecuted by Sejanus, because this corrupt with one of his thunderbolts, and hurled him
minister believed that he was satirized and headlong from heaven into the river Pn. His
abused in the encomiums which the poet every body, consumed with fire, was found by the
where pays to virtue. The best editions of nymphs of the place, and honoured with a
Phaedrus are those of Burman, 4to, Leyd. decent burial. His sisters mourned his ur
61.2
 P||
=s PH PH
tº # is
happy end, and were changedinto poplars by gum which resembles amber, is broughºu,
*
** is .piter. (vid. Phaetontiades.) According from Africa and the East Indies, it would
- - -

*:::::: to the poets, while Phaëton was unskilfully appear, that the forests in which amber was
.." driving the chariot of his father, the blood of produced, could not have existed in the vi
º * the Ethiopians was dried up, and their skins cinity of the Baltic, unless the temperature
.* became black, a colour which is still preserv of the atmosphere in that quarter had been
... of
* **
i. ed the
among thezone.
torrid greatestThe
partterritories
of the inhabitants
of Libya very elevated. Whether the fable of Phaë
ton has reference to a sudden and vast ac
were also parched up, according to the same cession of heat to this already elevated state
tradition, on account of their too great vicini of the climate, or be merely a creation of
* ty to the sun; and ever since, Africa, unable the poet's fancy, is all conjecture; although
to recover her original verdure and fruitful it is rather remarkable that Ovid, in describ
**n mess, has exhibited a sandy country, and un ing the effects of Phaëton's rash act, speaks
*ss cultivated waste. According to those who of the heat being sensibly felt even by the
explain this poetical fable, Phaëton was a northern regions of the earth:
*** Ligurian prince, who studied astronomy, and Tum primum radiis grilidi caluere Triones,
ºr in whose age the neighbourhood of the Po
fºr was visited with uncommon heats. The Et retito frustrà tentarunt acquore tingi.
horses of the sun are called Phaetontis equi, Queque polo posita est glaciali proxima
serpens,
tº either because they were guided by Phaëton,
or from the Greek word (passay,) which ex Frigore pigra priºrs, nec formidabilis ulli:
# presses the splendour and lustre of that lumi Incaluit : sumpsitgue novas fervoribus iras.
* mary. [The fable of Phaëton evidently al This, however, may be, after all, mere poetic
a ludes to some extraordinary heats which pre embellishment. It is difficult to say whether
... wailed in a very remote period, and of which a circumstance mentioned by Herodo us may
only a confused tradition descended to later not have some connection with the present
times. Aristotle states, upon the authority subject of enquiry. The historian states (2,
of some of the ancient writers, that in the c. 142,)that the priests of Egypt informed him
time of Phaëton, there fell from heaven that the sun had four times altered his regular
fiames that consumed several countries; and course, having been twice observed to rise
Eusebius places this deluge of fire in the same where he now sets, and to go down twice
age with that of Deucalion. The name Phae where he now rises. Marsham, in his Chronic.
ton itself, seems in some degree to confirm Canon. JEgyptiac. p. 252, attributes this to
this assertion, since it, or rather what closely the defect of the solar year. Larcher thinks
resembles it, tastav, is frequently applied it one of the extravagant inventions of the
by the ancient poets as an epithet of the sun, priests, in order to show the antiquity of their
in the sense of bright. shining. The most cu nation. Horne, in his “Introduction to the
**** circumstance connected with the story critical study of the Scriptures,” refers it to
ºf Phaëton, is the fact that the name Erida. the narrative in Joshua, ch. 10, 12, and to the
-*, of the river into which he is said to fact related of Hezekiah, in Isaiah, ch. 38.
- We fallen, belongs properly to the Ro To the same effect is the learned dissertation
** a small stream in the north of Europe, of Goguet, (Origin of Laws, vol. 3. Diss. 4.)
raning near Dantzic. (vid. Eridanus.) It should also be stated that Herodotus is not
tae poets fabled that the tears shed by Phaë the ouly ancient writer in whose pages we
yu's sisters were converted into amber; and, find an allusion to this remarkable event.
rhat is very remarkable, there was no aim Plato informs us (Polit. part. 2, vol. 2, p. 272,
er ever found in the vicinity of the Po; ed. Bekker.) that in the time of Atreus, the
thereas the Phoenicians drew their main sup motion of the firmament had changed in such
ly from the shores of the Baltic, and from a manner that the sun and all the stars had
he immediate vicinity of the true Eridanus begun to rise where formerly they had set,
self. Was the scene then of the catastrophe and to set where they had been accustomed
Phaëton laid in so northern a latitude 2 to rise; in a word, the machine of the world
1ere is nothing at all absurd in this suppo was moved in a way contrary to that in which
ora, since an extraordinary heat might it had been before. It is evident from the
ve prevailed for a certain time as well in a several parts of his relation that he speaks of
ºthern as in any other latitude. But the a confused and perplexed, and consequently,
ficulty seems to be, to find physical proofs a very ancient tradition. In his Timaeus,
such a phenomenon having once taken however, he makes the Athenians to have
ice. Perhaps an argument in favour of a first learned it from Solon; which would
ry elevated temperature having once pre see.” to favour the idea that the latter had,
iled in the environs of the Baltic, may be like Herodotus, received it from the priests
awn from the great quantities of amber of Egypt. Pomponius Mela, (l, c.9) speaks
t are found there. The best naturalists of the same tradition, as also Plutarch (De
ard this fossil as a juice which once flow Placit. Phil. Lib. 2, c. 24.— Achilles Tatius,
from a tree, and which, buried in the * De Arat. Phaenom. c. 24.—Solinus (c. 32.)
h by some natural convulsion, would be and many other writers. Astronomers, how
regnated with mineral vapours, and ac ever, insist that the idea of such an interrup
re a certain degree of consistency. As, tion of the regular motion of the earth as
"ever, the copal, the only kind of known this phenomenon would have required, is not
613
 PH PH

for a moment to be entertained ; and that if brilliant a triumph over his unequally-mate
it had taken place it would have left physi ed antagonist, and proved conclusively tº
cal traces behind: besides, the figure of the spuriousness of the epistles of Phalaris.) Cº.
earth shows, they maintain, that its revolu in Verr. 4, ad Attic. 7, ep. 12, de effie. 2–
tions have been uniform since the flood. We Ovid de Art. Am. 1, v. 663.-Juv. 8, v. 81–
leave the present subject with them and the Plin. 34, c. 8.—Diod.
ancients.] Virg. JEn: 5, v. 105-Hesiod. PHALARIUM, a citadel of Syracuse, when
Theog. 985.-Ovid. Met. 1, ſab. 17, 1.2, fab. Phalaris's bull was placed.
1, &c.—Apollon. 4, Arg-Horat. 4, od. 11.- PHALĀRus, a river of Boeotia falling in:
Senec. in Medea.—Apollod.—Hygin. fab. 156. the Cephisus. Paus. 9. c. 34.
PHAErontlides, or PHAETontides, the PHALERow, or PHALERUM, or PHALEEA
sisters of Phaeton who were changed into (orum.) or Phalereus portus, an ancient har
poplars by Jupiter. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 346. bour of Athens, about 25 stadia from the city
vid. Heliades. which, for its situation and smallness, was co:
PHAETūsa, one of the Heliades changed very fit for the reception of many ships
into poplars after the death of their brother [“Phalerum,” says Hobhouse, “is of an el
Phaëton. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 346. liptical form, smaller than Muny.ehia; and the
PHAGES1A, a festival among the Greeks, remains of the piers on each side of the nºr
observed during the celebration of the Diony row mouth are still to be seen. The line ci
sia. It received its name from the good eat its length is from east to west, that of its
ing and living that then universally prevailed, breadth from north to south. On the north
ºxyety. east side of the port the land is high and
PHALAcitin E, a village of the Sabines rocky until you come to the fine sweep of the
where Vespasian was born. Suet. Vesp. 2. bay of Phalerum, perhaps two miles in length,
PHALE, [or FALAE, wooden towers at and terminated on the north-east by a low
Rome, erected in the circus. [These were promontory, once that of Colias. The clay
seven in number, and placed near the spot from this neighbourhood was preferred to any
whence the chariots started. They were other for the use of the potteries.”]—A
either of an oval form, or had oval spheres on place of Thessaly.
their tops, called Ova, which were raised or PH Allica, festivals observed by the Egyp
rather taken down to denote how many rounds tians in honour of Osiris. They receive their
the charioteers had completed, one for each name from ºaxxar, simulaehrum ligneum
round; for they usually ran seven times round membri ririlis. The institution originated in
the course.} Juv. 6, v. 589. this: aſter the murder of Osiris, Isis was un
PHALANtus, a Lacedaemonian, who able to recover among the other limbs the
founded Tarentum in Italy, at the head of the privities of her husband; and therefore, as
Parthenii. His father's name was Aracas. she paid particular honour to every part ci
As he went to Italy he was shipwrecked on his body, she distinguished that which was
the coast, and carried to shore by a dolphin, lost with more honour, and paid it more at
and from that reason there was a dolphin tention. Its representation, called phallu,
placed near his statue in the temple of Apollo was made with wood, and carried during the
at Delphi. [vid. Parthenii.] He received sacred festivals which were instituted in ho
divine honours after death. Justin. 3, c. 4.— nour of Osiris. The people held it in the
Paus. 10, c. 10.-Hurat. 5, od. 6, v. 11.-Sil. greatest veneration, it was looked upon as an
Ital. 11, v. 16. A town and mountain of emblem of fecundity, and the mention of it
the same name in Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 35. among the ancients never conveyed any in
PHKLARIs, a tyrant of Agrigentum, who pure thought or lascivious reflection. The
made use of the most excruciating torments to festivals of the phallus were imitated by the
punish his subjects on the smallest suspicion. Greeks, and introduced into Europe by the
Perillus made him a brazen bull, and when he Athenians, who made the procession of the
had presented it to Phalaris, the tyrant order phallus part of the celebration of the Diony
ed the inventor to be seized, and the first ex sia of the god of wine. Those that carried
periment to be made ou his body. These cru the phallus at the end of a long pole were
elties did not long remain unrevenged; the called phallophori. They generally appear
people of Agrigentum revolted in the tenth ed, among the Greeks, besmeared with the
year of his reign, and put him to death in the dregs of wine, covered with skins of lambs,
same manner as he had tortured Perillus and and wearing on their heads a crown of ivy.
many of his subjects after him, B.C. 552. The Lucian. de Ded Syr.—Plut. de Isid. & Orir
brazen bull of Phalaris was carried by Amilcar —Paus. 1, c 2.
to Carthage; when that city was taken by Phanaeus, a promontory of the island of
Scipio, it was delivered again to the inhabitants Chios, famous for its wines. It was called
of Agrigentum by the Romans. There are after a king of the same name who reigned
now some letters extant written by a certain there. Liv. 36, c. 43.—Pirg, G. 2, v. 98.
Abaris to Phalaris, with their respective an Phantasia, a daughter of Nicarchus of
swers, but they are supposed by some to be Memphis in Egypt. Some have supposed
spurious. [Boyle published an edition of these that she wrote a poem on the Trojan War,
letters at the Oxford press in 1718. It gave and another on the return of Ulysses to Itha.
rise to the celebrated discussion between himca, from which compositions Homer &
and Bentley, in which the latter obtained so the greatest part of his Iliad and Odyssey
614
 PH PH

Haen he visited Memphis where they were continent. It was joined to the Egyptian shore
>posited. with a causeway, by Dexiphanes, B. C. 284,
Hº HAox, a boatman of Mitylene in Lesbos, and upon it was built a celebrated tower, in
e received a small box of ointment from the reign of Ptolemy Soter, and Philadelphus,
exaus, who had presented herself to him in by Sostratus, the son of Dexiphanes. This
he form of an old woman, to be carried over tower, which was called the tower of Pharos,
a to Asia, and as soon as he had rubbed him. and which passed ſor one of the seven wonders
>\f with what the box contained, he became of the world, was built with white marble, and
ne of the most beautiful men of his age. could be seen at the distance of 100 miles.
Iany were captivated with the charms of [It had several stories raised one above ano
haon, and among others, Sappho, the cele ther, adorned with columns, balustrades, and
rated poetess. Phaon gave himself up to galleries of the finest marble and workman
le pleasures of Sappho's company, but, how ship. The architect had contrived to fas
wer, he soon conceived a disdain for her, and ten some mirrors so artificially against
appho, mortified at his coldness, threw her. the upper galleries that one could see
ºlf into the sea. [rid. Leucadia.] Some say in them all the ships that sailed in the sea
hat Phaon was beloved by the goddess of for a great distance.] On the top, fires were
eauty, who concealed him for some time constantly kept to direct sailors in the bay,
mong lettuces. AElian says, that Phaon was which was dangerous and difficult of access.
**.
*illed by a man whose bed he was defiling. The building of this tower cost the Egyptian
Elian. W. H. 12.-Ovid. Heroid. 21. –Palae monarch 800 talents, which are equivalent to
hat. de in. c. 49.--Athen.—Lucian. in Sim. above 165,000l. English, if Attic, or it Alex
* Potºstr. andrian, double that sum. There was this in
PHARAE, ſatown of Achaia,north-west of Tri scription upon it, King Ptolemy to the Gods
aea, on the river Peyrus or Melas.] [Ano the sariours, for the benefit of sailors; but Sos
her in Messenia, on the Sinus Messeniacus, tratus the architect, wishing to claim all the
north-west of Cardamyla. Among other di glory, engraved his own name upon the stones,
vinities worshipped here were Nicomachus and afterwards filled the hollow with mortar,
and Gorgazus, sons of Machaon. They had and wrote the above-mentioned inscription.
both governed this city after the death of their When the mortar had decayed by time, Pto
father. to whom, as well as themselves, was lemy's name disappeared, and the following
attributed the art of healing maladies.] inscription then became visible : Sostratus the
PHA als, a town of Laconia, whose inhabit Cnidian, son of Dexiphanes, to the Gods the
ants are called Pharita. Paus. 3, c. 30. saviours, for the benefit of sailors. The word
PHARMrcüsa, an island of the AEgean Sea, Pharius is often used as Egyptian. [Instead
(south-west from Miletus.] where Julius Cæ. of the noble structure here described, there is
º sar was seized by some pirates. Suet. Caes. now only a kind of irregular castle without
4.
Another, where was shown Circe's ditches or outworks of any strength, the whole
tomb. Strab. being accommodated to the inequality of the
PBARNABAzus, a satrap of Persia, son of ground on which it stands. Out of the midst
* Person of the same name, B. C. 409. He of this clumsy building rises a tower which
**sisted the Lacedaemonians against the Athe serves for a light-house, but which has nothing
*ns, and gained their esteem by his friendly of the beauty and grandeur of the old one.}
behaviour and support. His conduct, how. Lucan. 2, v. 636, l. 3, v. 260, l. 6, v.308, 1.9,
ºr, towards Alcibiades, was of the most per v. 1005, &c.—Ovid...A..4.3, v. 635.-Plin. 4,
ſidious nature, and he did not scruple to be c. 34 and 35, 1.36, c. 13.-Strab. 17.--Mela,
*y to his mortal enemies the man he had 2, c.7.—Plin. 13, c. 11.-Homer. od. 4.—Flac.
*g honoured with his friendship. c. Nep. 2.—Stat. 3, Sylv.2, v. 102.--A watch-tow
tn Alc.—Plut. er near Capreac. An island on the coast of
Phahnacia, [a town of Pontus, in Asia Illyricum, now called Lesina. Mela, 2, c. 7.
Minor. vid. Cerasus.] ——The emperor Claudius ordered a tow
*ARNäces, a son of Mithridates, king of er to be built at the entrance of the port of
£ºtus, who favoured the Romans against his Ostia for the benefit of sailors, and it like
*her. He revolted against Mithridates, and wise bore the name of Pharos, an appellation
*** caused him to be put to death, accord afterwards given to every other edifice which
; to some accounts. In the civil wars of Ju was raised to direct the course of sailors, ei
. Cºar and Pompey, he interested himself ther with lights or by signals. Juv. 11, v.
*...*either of the contending parties, upon 76.-Suet.
. Caesar turned his army against him, PHARsRLUs, now Farsa, a town of Thes
jºred him. It was to express, the saly, [south-west of Larissa, on the river
m: º his operations in conquering Phar Euipeus, which falls into the Apidanus, one of
. *at the victorious Roman made use of the tributaries of the Peneus.] In its neigh
in 2. Sºls, Pent, widi, vici. Flor. 3.--Suet. bourhood is a large plain called Pharsalia,
Pontus' $37.—Patere. 2, c. 55. A king of famous for a battle which was ſought there
181. *ho made war with Eumenes, B. C. between Julius Caesar and Pompey, in which
tiºn of NA king of Cappadocia. A libra the former obtained the victory. In that bat
Pºisºtticus. Cic, ad Att. tle, which was fought on the 12th of May, B.
C. 48, Caesar lost about 200 men, or, accord
anji.S.Ss, a small island in the bay of Alex ing
'*bout seven furlongs distant from the to others, Iw, remº loss was
ºx
 PH PH

15,000, or 25,000, according to others, and at the present day its only merit consiste
24,000 of his army were made prisoners of the various readings and the correctºr
war by the conqueror. Lucan. 1, &c.—Plut. which it affords of the authors cited in it u.
in Pomp, & Caes.—Appian Civ. Caesar. Civ.– in the extracts which it contains from Iº
Sueton. in Caes.—Diod. Cass.--That poem dited grammarians. The best edition is thr
of Lucan, in which he gives an account of the of Bortoli, Venet. 1712. fol. The prerº
civil wars of Caesar and Pompey, bears th: Venice edition of 1538 is also valuable.]
name of Pharsalia. vid. Lucanus. [PHAzANIA, a region of Africa, lying
PHARusii, or PHAURUsti, a people of the south ot Tripolis. It is now Fessan
Africa, beyond Mauritania, [situate per PHEGEus, or Ph.LEGEus, a priest of Bar.
haps, to the east of the Autololes, which lat chus, the father of Alphesiboea, who purifle.
ter people occupied the Atlantic coast o' Afri Alcmaeon of his mother's murder, and gan
ca, opposite to the Insulae Fortunatae.] Me him his daughter in marriage. He was al.
!a, 1, c. 4. terwards put to death by the children a
PHARY Bus, a river of Macedonia falling Alcmaeon by Callirhoe, because he had or
into the AEgeau Sea. It is called by some Ba: iered Alcmaeon to be killed when he bad it.
phyrus. tempted to recover a collar which he had
Phaselis, [a town of Lycia, on the eastern given to his daughter. [vid. Alcmaeon.] Orić
coast, near the confines of Pamphylia, and a JMet. 9, v. 412.
short distance south of Mount Climax. It is PHEMius, a man introduced by Homer 1,
now Fionda. vid. Climax.] Strab. 14.— a musician among Penelope's suitors. Some
Lucan. 8, c. 251.-Cac. agra. 2, c. 19. say that he taught Homer, for which the
PHAsiana, [a district of Armenia Major, grateful poet immortalized his name. Hºmer.
through which the river Phasis or Araxes Od. The word is applied by Ovid, Am.3.
flows; whence the name of the region. The v. 7, indiscriminately to any person who ex
beautiful birds, which we call pheasants, still cels in music.
preserve in their name the traces of this their PHENEus, [a city in the northern part ºf
native country.] Arcadia, at the foot of Mount Cyllene. Near
PHAsias, a patronymic given to Medea, as it was a lake of the same name. Mr. Gell, in
being born near the Phasis. Orid. Met, 7. his Itinerary of Greece, corrects an error it
Phasis, a river of Colchis, rising in the D'Anville's map of that country. The lat
mountains of Armenia, now called Phaos, ter represents the Arcanus as flowing from
and falling into the east of the Euxine. It is the take of Pheneos, whereas, according to
famous for the expedition of the Argonauts, Gell, the Ladon receives the waters of the
who entered it after a long and perilous voy lakes of Orchomenus and Pheneos, and the
age, from which reason all dangerous voyages Aroanus rises at a spot not two hours-ride
have been proverbially intimated by the distant from Psophis. The waters of the lake
words of sailing to the Phocis. There were were said to be unwholesome in the night,
on the banks of the Phasis a great number of and wholesome in the day-time. In the city
large birds, of which, according to some of there was, among other temples, one of Cere
the ancients, the Argonauts brought some to and the mysteries of the goddess were cele.
º
Greece, and which were called on that ac brated here with great solemnity, and in the
count pheasants. The Phasis was reckoned same manner as at Eleusis. Cir. de Nat. D. º
by the ancients one of the largest rivers of 3, c. 22 —Virg...En 8, v. 165–0eld Met.
Asia.-[A river of Armenia Major, the 15, v. 332.
same with the Araxes.] vid. Araxes. Plin. PHERAE, a town of Thessaly, where the
10, c. 48.-Martial. 13, ep. 62.—Strab 11 — tyrant Alexander reigned, whence he was
JMela, 1, c. 19.-Apollod. 1, &c.—Paus. 4, c. called Pheraeus. Strab. 8-Cir. 2, de ºffe.
44—Orpheus. —Orid. in Ib. 321.-Val...Maz.9, c. 13—A
PH Avorinus, [a native of Italy, born near town of Attica. Another of Laconia in
Camerino. His true name was Guarino dePeloponnesus. Liv. 35, c. 30.
Favera, which he changed for Varinus Pha PhERAEus, a surname of Jason, as beings
vorinus. He studied under Politian and native of Pherae.
Lascaris. Lorenzo de Medici made him pre PHEREcRATEs, a comic poet of Athensin
ceptor to his' son John, afterwards Pope Leo the age of Plato and Aristophanes. He is
10th, and gave him the charge of his libra supposed to have written 21 comedies ºf º
ry. He afterwards entered into a monaste which only a few verses remain. He intrº.
ry, and employed the leisure of a retired life duced living characters on the stage, but nº
in the composition of various works. He ver abused the liberty which he had takes,
was finally made Bishop of Nocera in 1514, either by satire or defamation. He invented
and retained this see until his death, which a sort of verse, which from him has beencak
happened in 1537. His principal work is a
Greek Lexicon, compiled from Hesychius,
Suidas, Phrynichus, Harpocration, Eustathius,
ed Pherreration. [The Pherecratic versi
rather the Glyconic, deprived of the finalºk
lable, and consists of a spondee, a choriambus,
.
the Etymologicon Magnum, the lexicon of and a catalectic syllable. The first ſoot was
Philemon, which he has copied nearly entire, sometimes a trochee or an anaprat, rarely an
and various works of grammarians and scho. iambus. When this species of verse has a
liasts. This was certainly a useful work at spondee in the first station, it may then be
the period when it : first published; but scanned as a dactylic trimeter.]
16
 º -

– PH PH
a rººt--—
s = PHEREcVDEs, [a Grecian philosopher, con avenge the murder ºf Arcesilaus, she caused
J.-mporary with Terpander and Thales, who all his assassins to be crucified round the walls
-
->urished about 600 B.C. and was a native
*
of Cyrene, and she cut off the breasts of their
º, the island of Scyros. Some writers sup wives, and hung them up near the bodies of
-, ose that he derived his ideas of philosophy their husbands. It is said that she was de
----- om the sacred books of the Phoenicians, but voured alive by worms, a punishment which,
ess
thers, who have carefully examined into the according to some of the ancients, was inflict
atter, think that he had them from the Gre ed by Providence for her unparalleled cruel
an philosophers. Josephus advances the ties. Polyan. 9.-Herodot. 4, c. 204, &c.
- inion that he studied in Egypt, which is not PHERoN, a king of Egypt, who succeeded
probable, since that country in his time was Sesostris. He was blind, and he recovered
aiversally regarded as the seat of learning. his sight by washing his eyes, according to
... was pretended that he had the power of the directions of the oracle, in the urine of a
... edicting future events, that he foretold the wornan who had never had any unlawful con
struction of a vessel at sea, and the approach nections. He tried his wife first, but she ap
* an earthquake, and that the event in both peared to have been faithless to his bed, and
uses justified the prophecy. He probably she was burnt with all those whose urine
*ad, by a careful observation of those pheno could not restore sight to the king. He mar
lena which usually precede storms and ried the woman whose urine proved benefi
irthquakes, acquired great skill in foretell cial. [Pheron lost his sight as a punishment
* g their approach. He is said to have been for having hurled a javelin into the Nile,
'* le first of the Grecians who wrote concern when that river, being at its extreme height
* g the natue of the gods in prose, since be of 18 cubits, was made impetuously to swell
ºre his time the same subject had been treat by a sudden wind. All the offending females
**i of in verse by Orpheus, Musæus, and above spoken of were collected by the king
thers.) He was acquainted with the periods in a city called Erythrebolos, and destroyed
**f the moon, and foretold eclipses with the with it by fire. The female, through whose
reatest accuracy. The doctrine of the in means he was cured of blindness, was the
** acrtality of the soul was first supported by wife of a gardener. This anecdote proves
* im, as also that of the metempsychosis. [Ac conclusively the great corruption of morals
* ording to Cicero, he was the first philosopher in Egypt, and Larcher judiciously refers to the
**n whose writings the doctrine of the immor precautions taken by Abraham in entering this
* ality of the soul was advanced and inculcat country. (Gen. xii. 11.)] Herodot. 2, c. 111.
**d.] Pythagoras was one of his disciples, re PhidiAs, a celebrated statuary of Athens,
markable for his esteem and his attachment to who died B. C. 432. He made a statue of
his learned master. When Pherecydes lay Minerva at the request of Pericles, which was
dangerously ill in the island of Delos, Pytha placed in the Parthenon. It was made with
goºs hastened to give him every assistance ivory and gold, and measured 39 feet in
in his power, and when all his efforts had height.
[On the convexity of the goddess's
Proved ineffectual, he buried him, and after shield was represented the battle of the
he had paid him the last offices, he retired to Amazons, and on its concave surface the bat
Italy. Some, however, suppose that Phere tle of the gods with the giants; whilst her
cydes threw himself down from a precipice slippers were adorned with the fight of
**e was going to Delphi, or, according to the Centaurs and Lapiſhae. On her breast
others, he fell a sacrifice to the lousy disease, plate was a Medusa's head. The base con
* B. C. 515, in the 85th year of his age. Diog. tained the birth of Pandora, with twenty
-Lactant.—An historian of Leros, sur. figures of the gods. Phidias, was accused of
named the Athenian. He wrote an history of having embezzled a part of the gold employ
Attica, now lost, in the age of Darius Hys ed in adorning this statue, but the artist hav
t
tapes.—A tragic poet. ing originally, by the advice of Pericles, put
fr
Pherephattº, a surname of Proserpine, the gold on with so much skill that it could
* the production of corn. [Riemer, in his easily be taken off and weighed, was en
Greek
German Lexicon, pronounces this ap abled thus to give a triumphant refutation to
pellation to be one, not of Greek but of ſo the charge. The excellence of the work,
-> reign however, and the envy thence arising, was
* the #:igin, and, consequently condemns all
ciful derivations which have deduced the cause of his overthrow.] His great ta
for it th raised
rough the former language.] lents him many enemies, and he was
built º, a son of Cretheus and Tyro, who accused of having carved his own image and
... there in Thessaly, where he reigned. that of Pericles on the shield of the statue of
*rried Clymene, by whom he had Ad the goddess, for which he was banished from
#. and Lycurgus. Apollod.—A son of Athens by the clamorous populace. He re
accou Sº, stoned to death by the Corinthians on tired to Élis, where he determined to revenge
given *Stofthe poisonous clothes which he had the ill treatment he had received from his
Mede to Glauce, Creon's daughter. [vid. countrymen, by making a statue which
Ph ..] Paus. 2, c. 3. should eclipse the ſame of that of Minerva.
rthe, RErima, the wife of Battus, king of Cy He was successful in the attempt; and the
$on's nd mother of Arcesilaus. After her statue he made of Jupiter Olympius was
:S eath, she recovered the kingdom by always reckoned the best of all his pieces,and
of Amasis, king of Egypt, and to has passed for one ºf the wonders of the
 PH
-----

world. The people of Elis were so sensi-litories. This produced a quarrel, and tº
ble bf his merit, and of the honour he had]|Cyreneans supported that the Philaeni hº
done to their city, that they appointed his left Carthage before the appointment, he
descendants to the honourable office of keep-] that therefore they must retire, or be burie
ing clean that magnificent statue, and of pre in the sand. The Philaeni refused, upºn
serving it from injury. Paus. 9, c. 4.—Cic. which they were overpowered by the Cyrt.
de Orat.—Strab. 3.-Quintil 12, c. 10,-][neans, and accordingly buried in the sand
Plut. in Per. - The Carthaginians, to commemorate the ps.
Phidippides, a celebrated courier who triotic deeds of the Philaeni, who had sacri.
ran from Athens to Lacedæmon, about 152 ficed their lives that the extent of their cour
English miles, in two days, to ask of the La try might not be diminished, raised twº
cedaemonians assistance against the Persians. altars on the place where their bodies had
The Athenians raised a temple to his memory. been buried, which were called Philanorum
Herodot. 6, c. 105.-C. Nº p. in Milt. ara by the Romans. These altars were the
PHIDIria, a public entertainment at Spar boundaries of the Carthaginian dominions,
ta, where much frugality was observed, as which on the other side extended as far as
the word (ºtºrua from ****z, parco,) de the columns of Hercules, which is about 2000
notes. Persons of all ages were admitted; miles, or, according to the accurate cbser
the younger frequented it as a school of tem vations of the moderns, only 1420 geograph.
perance and sobriety, where they were cal miles. Sallust. de bell. Jug. 19 and 79.
trained to good manners and useful know —Sil. It. 15, v. 704.
ledge by the example and discourse of the PhilaMMon, [the son of Chryothemis of
elders. Cic. Tus. 5, c. 34.—Paus. 3, c. 10. Crete. He was distinguished for his musical
PHipon, a man who enjoyed the sovereign powers, and was the second person who cº
power at Argos, and is supposed to have in tained a prize at the Pythian games. His
vented scales and measures, and coined sil father was the first who carried off the prise
ver at Ægina. He died B.C. 854. Arist.— at them, and his son Thamyris, the third]
Herodot. 6, c. 127. PHILEMON, a Greek comic poet, contem
PHILA, the eldest daughter of Antipater, porary with Menander. He obtained some
who married Craterus. She afterwards mar poetical prizes over Menander, not so much by
ried Demetrius, and when her husband had the merit of his composition as by the intrigues
lost the kingdom of Macedonia, she poisoned of his friends. Plautus imitated some of bis
herself. Plut. comedies. [The Mercator of Plautus is pro
. PHILADELPHIA, [a city of Lydia, south ſessedly taken from the Eurogs: of Philemon.]
east of Sardis. It was the seat of one of the He lived to his 97th year, and died, as it is
seven churches mentioned in the Book of Re reported, of laughing on seeing an ass eat figs,
velatiens. Philadelphia, together with Sar B. C. 274. [The fragments of Philemon
dis, and ten more of the principal oities of are usually printed together with those of Me
Asia, was overwhelmed by an earthquake in nander. The best of these conjointly is that
the reign of the emperor Tiberius, A. D. 17. of Meineke, Berol. 1823.] His son, who tore
the same name, wrote 54 comedies, of which
This city is now Alah-Shehr. It received its
ancient name from Attalus Philadelphus, brosome few fragments remain, which do nºt
ther of Eumenes.—Another in Cilicia Tra. seem to entitle him to great rank among the
chea, on the river Calycadnus. A capital Greek comic writers. Val. JMaz.9, c. 12
of the Ammonites, situate amid the moun Quintil. 10.-Plut.deira coh.—Strab. 14–
tains of Gilead, near the sources of the Jabook A poor man of Phrygia. . [vid. Baucis.}–
or Jobaccus. Its oriental name was Rabbath An illegitimate son of Priam.
Ammon.] Plin. 5, c. 29. PHILENE, a town of Attica between
PH11. ADELPHUs, a king of Paphlagonia, Athens and Tanagra. Sat. Theb. 4, v. 102.
who followed the interest of M. Antony.— Phil Et ERUs, an eunuch made governor
The surname of one of the Ptolemies, king of of Pergamus by Lysimachus. He quartelled
Egypt, by Antiphrasis because he destroyed with Lysimachus, and made himself master
all his brothers.vid. Ptolemaeus 2d. of Pergamus, where he laid the foundations
PHILAE, a town and island of Egypt above of a kingdom called the kingdom of Pergº
the smaller cataract, but placed opposite Sy. mus, B. C. 283. He reigned there for 30
ene by Plin. 5, c. 9. Isis was worshipped years, and at his death he appointed his nº
there. Lucan. 10, v. 313.-Seneca. 2, Nat. 4, phew Eumenes as his successor. Strab. 13
c. 2.-One of the Sporades. Plin. 4, c. 12. Paus. 1, c. 8.
PhII.ENI, two brothers of Carthage. PhilºtAs, a grammarian and poet of Cº,
When a contest arose between the Cyre in the reign of king Philip, and of his ºn
neans and Carthaginians about the extent of Alexander the Groat. He was made precº
their territories, it was mutually agreed that, tor to Ptelemy Philadelphus. The else
at a stated hour, two men should depart and epigrams which he wrote have been
from each city, and, that wherever they met, greatly commended by the ancient, and
there they should fix the boundaries of their some fragments of them are still preserºlin
country. The Philaeni accordingly departed Athenaeus. He was so small and stoler,
from Carthage, , and met the Cyreneans, according to the improbable acºuſt ºf
when they had advanced far into their
6??
irºi. that he always carried pieces ºf tº tº tº
\º
tº
 PH PH
→--------~~~~~~rºr---- *-*----L------

his pockets to prevent him from being made himself master of a Thracian colony,
wn away by the wind. JElian. W. H. 9, c. to which he gave the name of Philippi, and
—Orid. Fast. 1, el. 5–Propert. 3, el. 1. from which he received the greatest advan
PHILETrus, a faithful steward of Ulysses, tages, on account of the golden mines in the
no with Eumaeus assisted him in destroying neighbourhood. In the midst of his political
e suitors who had not only insulted the prosperity, Philip did not neglect the honour
teen, but wasted the property of the ab of his family. He married Olympias, the
nt monarch. Homer. Od. 20, &c. daughter of Neoptolemus, king of the Molos
Philinus, a native of Agrigentum, whe si, and when some time after he became ſa
ight with Annibal against the Romans. ther of Alexander, the monarch, conscious
a wrote a partial history of the Punic wars. of the inestimable advantages which arise
Nep. in Annib.-Polyb. from the lessons, the example, and the con
Philipper, or PHILippi, certain pieces of versation of a learned and virtuous preceptor,
ney coined in the reign of Philip of Ma wrote a letter with his own hand to the phi
donia, and with his image. Horat. 2, ep. losopher Aristotle, and begged him to re
v. 284–Liv. 34, c. 52, I. 37, c. 59, 1.39, tire from his usual pursuits, and to dedi
5 and 7. cate his whole time to the instruction of the
Philippi, a town of Macedonia, [famous young prince. Every thing seemed now
the conflicts which took place near it be. to conspire to his aggrandizement, and his
'een the republican forces under Brutus torians have observed, that Philip received
d Cassius and those of Antony and Augus in one day the intelligence of three things
* rid. Brutus. This city lay east of Åm which could gratify the most unbounded
ipolis... vid. Datos.] Ovid. Met. 15, v. ambition, and flatter the hopes of the most
14.-Plin. 7, c.45.—Flor. 4, c. 7.—Paterc. aspiring monarch; the birth of a son, an
c. 7, &c.—Appian. 2, Cic. bell.—Plut. in honourable crown at the Olympic games,
*ſon.—Wirg. G. 1, v. 490–Suet. Aug. 3. and a victory over the barbarians at Illy
Philirripes, a comic poet in Alexander's ricum. But all these increased rather than
ge. satiated his ambition; he declared his ini
Philippopolis, [a city of Thrace, on th mical sentiments against the power of Athens
“brus,ſounded by Philip the father of Alex and the independence of all Greece by lay
*der. From its situation among hills, it ac ing siege to Olynthus, a place which, on ac
* the Latin appellation of Trimontium. count of its situation and consequence, would
**", however, preserves traces of its more prove most injurious to the interests of the
ºthame in Philippopoli, or Philiba as Athenians, and most advantageous to the in
he Turks abbreviate it..] Liv. 39, c. 53. trigues and military operations of every Ma
Philirrus ist, son of Argeus, succeeded cedonian Prince. The Athenians, roused by
is father on the throne of Macedonia, and the eloquence of Demosthenes, sent 17 ves
**d 38 years, B.C. 40.-The second sels and 2000 men to the assistance of Olyn
"that name was the fºurth son of Amyntas, thus, but the money of Philip prevailed over
*g of Macedonia. He was sent to Thebes all their efforts. The greatest part of the
**n hostage by his father, where he learnt citizens suffered themselves to be bribed by
* Art of war under Epaminondas, and stu the Macedonian gold, and Olynthus surren
died with the greatest care the manners and dered to the enemy and was instantly reduced
*Pursuits ofthe Greeks. He was recall. to ruins. His successes were as great in
ed to Macedonia, and at the death of his bro
every part of Greece; he was declared head
º *rdiccas, he ascended the throne as of the Amphictyonic council, and was in
º and protector of the youthful years trusted with the care of the sacred temple of
**phew. His ambition, however, soon Apollo at Delphi. If he was recalled to Ma
*ed itself, and he made himself inde cedonia, it was only to add fresh laurels to his
* The valour of a prudent general, crown, by victories over his enemies in Illyri
º: policy of an experienced statesman, cum and Thessaly. By assuming the mask
. to ensure his power. The of a moderator and peace-maker, he gained
an. *ing nations, ridiculing the youth confidence, and in attenupting to protect the
...ience of the new king of Mace Peloponnesians against the encroaching power
. in arms, but Philip soon con of Sparta, he rendered his cause popular, and
em hºm of their error. Unable to meet by ridiculing the insults that were offered to
ed i. : in the field of battle, he suspend his person as he passed through Corinth, he
hisº ury by presents, and soon turned displayed to the world his moderation and
tary to º: Amphipolis, a colony tribu philosophic virtues. In his attempts to make
quered .*.*. Amphipolis was con himself master of Euboea, Philip was unsuc
donia i. #. to the kingdom of Mace cessful; and Phocion, who despised his gold
Jerus. hilip meditated no less than the as well as his meanness, obliged him to evacu
itselfsof **ſa republic which had rendered ate an island whose inhabitants were as in
laſt eve *idable to the rest of Greece, and sensible to the charnas of money as they
Cet of . submission from the prin were unmoved at the horrors of war, and the
* yet imm . His designs, however, were beld efforts of a vigilant enemy. From Eu
thens an . and before he could make boea he turned his arms against the Scythians,
intº e i. * of conquest, the Thracians but the advantages he obtained over this indi
*nº demandedhis attention. He gent nation were inconsiderable, and he again
 PH PH
-->

made Greece an object of plunder and rapine. er of his virtues is disgusted to find ºr
He advanced far into Boeotia, and a general among the most abandoned prostitutes, at:
engagement was fought at Chaeronea. The disgracing himself by the most unnatur
fight was long and bloody, but Philip obtain crimes and lascivious indulgences which ca
ed the victory. His behaviour after the bat make even the most debauched and Jºe
tle reflects great disgrace upon him as a man most profligate to blush. He was murder
and a monarch. In the hour of festivity, and in the 47th year of his age, and the 24th c.
during the entertainment which he had given his reign, about 336 years before the Chrie
to celebrate the trophies he had won, Philip tian era. His reign is become uncommotº
sallied from his camp, and with the inhumani interesting, and his administration a matter
ty of a brute, he insulted the bodies of the instruction. He is the first monarch whese
slain, and exulted over the calamities of the life and actions are described with peculs
prisoners of war. His insolence, however, accuracy and historical faithfulness. Pl.:
was checked when Demades, one of the was the father of Alexander the Great a
Athenian captives, reminded him of his mean of Cleopatra, by Olympias; he had also tº
mess by exclaiming Why do you, O king, act Audaca, an Illyrian, Cyna, who marrie
the part of a Thersites, when you can repre Amyntas the son of Perdiccas, Philip's elee.
semi wilh so much dignity the elevated charac brother; by Niacsipolis, a Thessalian, Nirai
ter of an Agamemnon. The reproof was who married Cassander; by Philinna, a La
felt, Demades received his liberty, and Philip rissean dancer, Aridaeus, who reigned some
Iearned how to gain popularity even among time after Alexander's death ; by Cleopatra.
his fallen enemies, by relieving their wants the niece of Attalus, Caranus and Europa,
and easing their distresses. At the battle of who were both murdered by Olympias; arº.
Chaeronea the independence of Greece was Ptolemy the first, king of Egypt, by Arsinoe,
extinguished; and Philip, unable to find new who in the first month of her pregnancy was
enemies in Europe, formed new enterprises, married to Lagus. Demosth. in Phil. *
and meditated new conquests. He was no Olynth-Justin. 7, &c.—Diod. 16.-Pluſ. It
minated general of the Greeks against the Alex. Dem. & Apoph.-Isocrat. ad Phil—
Persians, and was called upon as well from Curt. 1, &c.—JEschines.--Paus.-Bºothº.
inclination as duty to revenge those injuries &c.—The last king of Macedonia, of that
which Greece had suffered from the invasions name, was son of Demetrius. His infancy, at
of Darius and of Xerxes. But he was stop the death of his father, was protected by Au
ped in the midst of his warlike preparations; tigonus, one of his friends, who ascended the
he was stabbed by Pausanias as he entered throne, and reigned for 12 years with the
the theatre at the celebration of the nuptials of title of independent monarch. When An
his daughter Cleopatra. This murder has tigonus died, Philip recovered his father's
given rise to many reflections upon the oausos throne, though only fifteen years of age.
which produced it, and many who consider and he early distinguished himself by his
the recent repudiation of Olympins and the boldness and his ambitious views. His
resentment of Alexander, are apt to investi cruelty, however, to Aratus, soon displayed
gate the causes of his death in the bosom of his characterin its true light, and to the gratifi.
his family. The ridiculous honours which cation of every vice, and every extravagant
Olympias paid to her husband's murderer, propensity, he had the meanness to sacrifice
strengthened the suspicion, yet Alexander de this faithful and virtuous Athenian. Notsa
clared that he invaded the kingdom of Persia tisfied with the kingdom of Macedonia, Phi
to revenge his father's death upon the Persian lip aspired to become the friend of Annibal,
satraps and princes, by whose immediate in and wished to share with him the spoils which
trigues the assassination had been committed. the distressed and continual loss of the Ro
The character of Philip is that of a sagacious, mans seemed soon to promise. But his ex
artful, prudent, and intriguing monarch ; he pectations were frustrated, the Romans dis
was brave in the field of battle, eloquent and covered his intrigues, and though weakened
dissimulating at home, and he possessed the by the valour and artifice of the Carthaginian,
wonderful art of changing his conduct accord yet they were soon enabled to meet him in
ing to the disposition and caprice of mankind, the field of battle. The consul Laevinus en
without ever altering his purpose, or losing tered without delay the territories of Mace
sight of his ambitious aims. He possessed donia, and after he had obtained a victory
much perseverance, and in the executions of over him near Apollonia and reduced his
his plans he was always vigorous. The hand fleet to ashes, he compelled him to sue for
of an assassin prevented him from achieving peace. This peaceful disposition was not
the boldest and the most extensive of his un permanent, and when the Romans discover
dertakings, and he might have acquired as ed that he had assisted their immortal enemy
many laurels, and conquered as many nations Annibal with men and money, they appointed
as his son Alexander did in the succeeding T. Q. Flaminius to punish his perfidy, and
reign, and the kingdom of Persia might have the violation of the treaty. The Roman cau
been added to the Macedonian empire, per sul, with his usual expedition invaded Mace
haps with greatest moderation, with more donia, and, in a general engagement which
glory, and with more lasting advantages. was ſought near Cynocephalae, the hostile ar
The private character of Philip lies open to iny was totally defeated, and the monarch
censure, and raisesºution.
cy
-
The admir |saved his life with difficulty by flying from
 PH PH

the field of battle. Destitute of resources, reign commemorated the foundation of their
without friends either at home or abroad, city, a solemnity which was observed but once
Philip was obliged to submit to the mercy of every hundred years, and which was cele
the conqueror, and to demand peace by his brated with more pomp and more magnifi
ambassadors. It was granted with difficulty, cence than under the preceding reigns. The
the terms were humiliating, but the pover people were entertained with games and spec
y of Philip obliged him to accept the condi tacles, the theatre of Pompey was successive
tions, however disadvantageous and degrad ly crowded during three days and three nights,
ing to his dignity. In the midst of these pub and 2000 gladiators bled in the circus at once,
lic calamities the peace of his family was dis for the amusement and pleasures of a gazing
urbed; and Perses, the eldest of his sons by populace. His usurpation, however, was
a concubine, raised seditions against his bro short, Philip was defeated by Decius, who
her Demetrius, whose condescension and hu had proclaimed himself emperor in Pannonia,
manity had gained popularity among the Ma and he was assassinated by his own soldiers
:edonians, and who, from his residence at near Verona, in the 45th year of his age, and
Rome, as an hostage, had gained the good the 5th of his reign, A. D.249. His son, who
graces of the senate, and by the modesty and bore the same name, and who had shared with
innocence of his manners, had obtained for him the imperial dignity, was also massacred
giveness from the venerable body for the in the arms of his mother. Young Philip was
hostilities of his father. Philip listened with then in the 12th year of his age, and the Ro
too much avidity to the false accusation of mans lamented in him the loss of rising talents,
Perses; aud when he heard it asserted that of natural humanity, and endearing virtues.
Demetrius wished to rob him of his crown, .Aurel. Victor. Zozim.—A native of Acar
he no longer hesitated to punish with death mania, physician to Alexander the Great.
so unworthy and so ungrateful a son. No When the monarch had been suddenly taken
sooner was Demetrius sacrificed to credulity ill after bathing in the Cydnus, Philip under
than Philip became convinced of his cruelty took to remove the complaint when the rest
and rashness, and to punish the perfidy of Per of the physicians believed that all medical as
ses, he attempted to make Antigonus, an sistance would be ineffectual. But as he was
other son, his successor on the Macedonian preparing his medicine, Alexander received
throne. But he was prevented from execut a letter from Parmenio, in which he was ad
ing his purpose by death, in the 42d year of vised to beware of his physician Philip, as he
his reign, 179 years before the Christian era. had conspired against his life. The monarch
The assassin of Demetrius succeeded his fa was alarmed, and when Philip presented him
ther, and with the same ambition, with the the medicine, he gave him Parmenio's letter
same rashness and oppression, renewed the to peruse, and began to drink the potion. The
war against the Romans till his empire was serenity and composure of Philip's counte
destroyed, and Macedonia became a Roman nance, as he read the letter, removed every
province. Philip has been compared with his suspicion from Alexander's breast, and he
great ancestor of the same name; but though pursued the directions of his physician, and in
they possessed the same virtues, the same a few days recovered. Plut. in Alear.—Curt.
ambition, and were tainted with the same 3.—Arrian. 2. A son of Alexander the
vices, yet the father of Alexander was Great, murdered by order of Olympias.
most sagacious and more intriguing, and A man who pretended to be the son of Per
the son of Demetrius was more suspi seus, that he might lay claim to the kingdom
:ious, more cruel, and more implacable ; of Macedonia. He was called Pseudophilip
and according to the pretended prophecy pus.-A son of Herod the Great, in the
of one of the Sibyls, Macedonia was indebt reign of Augustus. A brother of Alexan
ed to one Philip for her rise and consequence der the Great, called also Aridaeus. vid. Ari
among nations, and under another Philip she daeus.-A freed-man of Pompey the Great.
lamented the loss of her power, her empire. He ſound his master's body deserted on the
and her dignity. Polyb. 16, &c.—Justin. 29, sea-shore, in Egypt, and he gave it a decent
&c.—Plut. in Fan.-Paus. 7, c. 8–Liv. 31, burial, with the assistance of an old Roman
&c.—Vat. Mar.4, c. 8.-Orosius, 4, c. 20.- soldier who had fought under Pompey.
M. Julius, a Roman emperor, of an obscure An officer made master of Parthia after the
family in Arabia, from whence he was sur death of Alexander the Great.—A king of
named Arabian. From the lowest rank in part of Syria, son of Antiochus Gryphus.
the army he gradually rose to the highest of. A son of Antipater in the army of Alexander.
fices, and when he was made general of the —A native of Pamphylia, who wrote a
Pretorian guards he assassinated Gordian to diffuse history from the Creation down to his
make himself emperor. To establish himself own time. It was not much valued. He
with more certainty on the imperial throne, lived in the age of Theodosius 2d.
he left Mesopotamia a prey to the continual PHILiscus, a famous sculptor, whose sta
invasions of the Persians,and hurried to Rome, tues of Latona, Venus, Diana, the Muses, and
where his election was universally approved a naked Apollo, were preserved in the porti
by the senate and the Roman people. Philip co belonging to Octavia. -

rendered his cause popular by his liberality Philistion, a comic poet of Nicaea in the
*nd profusion, and it added much to his splen age of Socrates. Martial. 2, ep.31.
"our and dignity, that the Romans during his Philistus, a musician of Miletus-A
621
 PH PH
-----

Syracusan, who during his banishment from Phil,6cLEs, one of the admirals of the
his native country, wrote an history of Sicily Athenian fleet during the Peloponnesian wº.
in 12 books, which was commended by some, He recommended to his countrymen to tº
though condemned for inaccuracy by Pausa off the right hand of such of the enemy tº
mias. He was afterwards sent against the were taken, that they might be rendered tº
Syracusans by Dionysius the younger, and fit for service. His plan was adopted by tº
he killed himself when overcome by the the 10 admirals except one, but their expe:
enemy, 356 B. C. Plut. in Dion.—Diod. 13. tations were frustrated, and instead of bet: :
Philo, [a learned Jewish writer who flou conquerors, they were totally defeated sº
rished in the first century, and under the AEgospotamos by Lysander, and Philocle,
reign of Caligula. He was of the sacerdotal with3000 of his countrymen, was put to death
and denied the honours of a burial. Plut."
family, and brother to the chief magistrate
of his race at Alexandria, where he was Lys.-A comic poet. Another whº
born. He received his education at his ma wrote tragedies at Athens.
tive place, and distinguished himself by his Philoctetes, son of Poean and Demº
early proficiency in eloquence, philosophy, nassa, was one of the Argonauts according tº
and Scriptural knowledge. He is spoken of Flaccus and Hyginus, and the arm-bearer
by Eusebius as a man copious in speech, rich and particular friend of Hercules. He was
in sentiments, and eminent for his knowledge present at the death of Hercules, and because
of the Holy Scriptures. He was particular he had erected the burning-pile on which the
ly versed in the Platonic philosophy. In A. hero was consumed, he received from himthe
D. 40, he was sent at the head of a depu arrows which had been dipped in the gall of
the hydra, after he had bound himself by a
tation to Rome, to vindicate his country
solemn oath not to betray the place where his
men on account of a tumult at Alexandria.
Caligula, the Roman emperor, refused ashes were deposited. He had no soonerpaid
to receive him. By Eusebius, Jerome, the last offices to Hercules, than he returned
and others, it is said that he came a se to Meliboea where his father reigned. From
cond time to Rome in the reign of Clau thence he visited Sparta, where he became
dius, when he formed an acquaintance with one of the numerous suitors of Helen, and
St. Peter, and cultivated his friendship; and soon after, like the rest of those princes who
Photius affirms that he became a convert had courted the daughters of Tyndarus, and
to the Christian faith and was baptized; but who had bound themselves to protect her
that afterwards, having met with some cause from injury, he was called upon by Menelaus
of offence, from motives of resentment he re to accompany the Greeks to the Trojan war,
nounced his creed. The Rev. J. Jones in his and he immediately set sail from Mellbºa
“ Ecclesiastical Researches” published in with seven ships, and repaired to Aulis, the
1812, and also in the “Supplement” to that general rendezvous of the combined fleet. He
work, labours very ingeniously to prove both was here prevented from joining his country
Philo and Josephus to have been Christian men, and the offensive smell which arose frºm
writers.]. He was so happy in his expres a wound in his foot, obliged the Greeks, atthe
sions, and elegant in his variety, that he has instigation of Ulysses, to remove him from the
been called the Jewish Plato, and the book camp, and he was accordingly carried to the
which he wrote on the sufferings of the Jews island of Lemnos, or, as others say, to Chryse, I
in the reign of Caius, met with such unbound where Phimacus, the son of Dolophion, whi
ed applause in the Roman senate where he ordered to wait upon him. In this solitary re.
read it publicly, that he was permitted to con treat he was suffered to remain for sometime,
secrate it in the public libraries. His works till the Greeks, on the tenth year of the Trº
were divided into three parts, of which the jan war, were informed by the oracle that
first related to the creation of the world, the Troy could not be taken without the arrows
second spoke of sacred history, and in the of Hercules, which were then in the post
third the author made mention of the laws sion of Philoctetes. Upon this Ulysses, ºr
and customs of the Jewish nation. The best companied by Diomedes, or, according tº
edition of Philo is that of Mangey, 2 vols. fol. others, by Pyrrhus, was commissioned by the
London, 1742. A philosopher, who follow rest of the Grecian army to go to Lening,
ed the doctrines of Carneades, B. C. 100.— and to prevail upon Philoctetes to come and
Another philosopher of Athens, tutor to Cice finish the tedious siege. Philoctetes recolled.
ro.—A grammarian in the first century. ed the ill treatment he had received from the
An architect of Byzantium, who flourishGreeks, and particularly from Ulysses, and
therefore he not only refused to go to Trºf.
ed about three centuries before the Christian
era. He built a dock at Athens, where ships but he even persuaded Pyrrhus to conduct
were drawn in safety, and protected from him to Meliboea. As he embarked the mans
storms. Cic. in Orat. 1, c. 14. A Greek of Hercules forbad him to proceed, but in
Christian writer, whose work was edited at mediately to repair to the Grecian camp,
Rome, 4to. 1772. A dialectic philosopher, where he should be cured of his wound, and
260 B.C. put an end to the war. Philoctetes clerº,
PhilochöRus, a man who wrote an histo. and after he had been restored to his fºrmer
ry of Athens health by Æsculapius, or, according tº sºme,
in 17 books, a catalogue of the
archons, two books of Olympiads, &c. He by Machaon, or Podalirus, he destroyed an
died B. C. 222. |immense number of the Trojan enemy, amºng
62º.
-"--
 **-
PH
-

- *hom was Paris the son of Priam, with the melancholy till she prevailed upon herhusband
- arrows of Hercules. When by his valour to go to Athens, and bring her sister to Thrace.
- Troy had been ruined, he set sail from Asia; Tereus obeyed his wife's injunctions, but he
but as he was unwilling to visit his native coun had no sooner obtained Pandion's permission
- try, he came to Italy, where, by the assistance to conduct Philomela to Thrace, than he be
of his Thessalian followers, he was enabled to came enamoured of her, and resolved to gra
build a town in Bruttium, which he called tify his passion. He dismissed the guards,
Petilia. Authors disagree about the causes of whom the suspicions of Pandion had appoint
the wound which Philoctetes received on the ed to watch his conduct, and he offered vio
fo-ot. The most ancient mythologists support lence to Philomela, and afterwards cut off
that it was the bite of the serpent which Juno her tongue that she might not be able to dis
had sent to torment him, because he had at cover his barbarity, and the indignities which
tended Hercules in his last moments, and had she had suffered. He confined her also in a
buried his ashes. According to another opi lonely castle; and after he had taken every
nion, the princes of the Grecian army obliged precaution to prevent a discovery, he return
him to discover where the ashes of Hercules ed to Thrace, and he told Procne that Philo
were deposited, and as he had made an oath mela had died by the way, and that he had
not to mention the place, he only with his foot paid the last offices to her remains. Procne, at
struck the ground where they lay, and by this this sad intelligence, put on mourning for the
means concluded he had not violated his so loss of Philomela; but a year had scarcely
lemn engagement. For this, however, he was elapsed before she was secretly informed that
soon aſter punished, and the fall of one of the her sister was not dead. Philomela, during her
poisoned arrows from his quiver upon the foot captivity, described on a piece of tapestry
which had struck the ground, occasioned so her misfortunes and the brutality of Tereus,
offensive a wound that the Greeks were and privately conveyed it to Procne. She was
>bliged to remove him from their camp. The then going to celebrate the orgies of Bacchus
sufferings and adventures of Philoctetes are when she received it; she disguised her re
the subject of one of the best tragedies of So sentment, and as, during the festivals of the
phocles, Virg. JEn. 3, v.46.—Pindar. Pyth. god of wine, she was permitted to rove about
I.—Dictys. Crel. 1, c. 14.—Senec. in Herc.— the country, she hastened to deliver her sis
Sophocl. Phil.—Quint. Calab 9 and 10– ter Philomela from her confinement, and she
Hygan. fab.26, 97 and 102.—Duod.2 and 4.— concerted with her on the best measures of
Ovid. Met. 13, v. 329, 1.9, v. 234. Trist. 5. punishing the cruelty of Tereus. She mur
ei. 2.-Cic. Tusc. c. 2. —Ptolem. Hoeph. 6. dered her son Itylus, who was in the sixth
PHILocyprus, a prince of Cyprus in the year of his age, and served him up as food be
age of Solon, by whose advice he changed the fore her husband during the festival. Tereus
situation of a city, which in gratitude he call in the midst of his repast called for Itylus, but
ed Soli. Plut. in Sol. Procne immediately informed him, that he
PHILoDEMUs, a poet in the age of Cicero, was then feasting on his flesh, and that instant
who rendered himself known by his lascivious Philomela, by throwing on the table the head
and indelicate verses. Cic. de Finib. 2.-Ho of Itylus, convinced the monarch of the cru
rat. 1, Sat. 2, v. 121. elty of the scene. He drew his sword to pu
PhILolius, a Pythagorean philosopher of mish Procne and Philomela, but as he was go
Crotona, B. C. 374, who first supported the ing to stab them to the heart, he was chang
iiurnal rºmotion of the earth round its axis, and ed into a hoopoe, Philomela into anightingale,
us annual motion round the sun. Cicero in Procne into a swallow, and Itylus into a phea
Acad. 4, c. 39, has ascribed this opinion to the sant. This tragical scene happened at Dau
syracusan philosopher Nicetas, and likewise lis in Phocis; but Pausanias and Strabo, who
to Plato ; and from this passage some sup mention the whole of the story, are silent
pose that Copernicus started the idea of the about the transformation; and the former ob
system which he afterwards established. Di serves that Tereus, after this bloody repast,
og.—Cic- de Orat. 3.—Plut. A lawgiver fled to Megara, where he destroyed himself.
of Thebes. He was a native of Corinth, and The inhabitants of the place raised a mo
of the family of the Bacchiades, &c. Aristot. nument to his memory, where they offered
2, Poleſ. cap. ult. yearly sacrifices and placed small pebbles in
PHILoLö GUs, a freed-man of Cicero. He stead of barley. It was on this monument
etrayed his master to Antony, for which he that the birds called hoopoes were first seen ;
was tortured by Pomponia, the wife of Cice hence the fable of the metamorphosis. Procne
o's brother, and obliged to cut off his own and Philomela died through excess of grief
lesh by piece-meal, and to boil and eat it up. and melancholy, and as the nightingale's and
Pºut. in Cic. &c. swallow's voice is peculiarly plaintive and
PHILoni Hs Rôtus, an archon at Athens in mournful, the poets have embellished the fa
whose age the state was intrusted to Solon, ble, by supposing, that the two unfortunate
when torn by factions. Plut. in Sol. sisters were changed into birds. Apollod. 3,
PHILoM ELA, a daughter of Pandion, king c. 14.—Paus. 1, c. 42. l. 10, c. 4.—Hygin.
of Athens, and sister to Procne, who had mar fab. 45.-Strab. 9.—Ovid. Met. 6, ſab. 9 and
-ied Tereus king of Thrace. Procne sepa 10.-Virg. G.4, v. 15 and 511. A daugh
ated from Philomela, to whom she was par ter of Actor, king of the Myrmidons:
icularly attached, and spent her time in great Philonides, a courier of Alexander, whº
623
 PH PH

ran from Sicyon to Elis, 160 miles in nine the Achaeans, to revenge his death, immediate
hours, and returned the same journey in 15 ly marched to Messenia, where Dinocrate.
hours. Plin. 2, c. 71. to avoid their resentment, killed himself. The
Philonoe, a daughter of Tyndarus, king rest of his murderers were dragged to a
of Sparta, by Leda daughter of Thestius. tomb, where they were sacrificed ; and tº
.Apollod. A daughter of Iobates, king of people of Megalopolis, to show farther the
Lydia, who married Bellerophon. Id. 2. great sense of his merit, ordered a bull to tº
PhilonoME, daughter of Nyctimus, king yearly offered on his tomb, and hymns tº be
of Arcadia, who threw into the Eurymanthus sung in his praise, and his actions to be cele.
two children whom she had by Mars. The brated in a panegyrical oration. He had alsº
children were preserved, and afterwards as statues raised to his memory, which somew
cended their grandfather's throne. Plut. in the Romans attempted to violate and to de
Per.—The second wife of Cycnus, the son stroy, to no purpose, when Mummius took Co
of Neptune. She became enamoured of Ten rinth. Philopoemen has been called by his
mes, her husband's son by his first wiſe Pro countrymen, the last of the Greeks. Plut. r
clea, the daughter of Clytius, and when he re witá.—Justin. 32, c. 4.—Polyb.—A native
fused to gratify her passion, she accused him of Pergamus, who died B. C. 138.
of attempts upon her virtue. Cycnus believ PHILostRitus, a famous sophist, born at
ed the accusation, and ordered Tennes to be Lemnos, or, according to some, at Athen
thrown into the sea, &c. Paus. 10, c. 14. He came to Rome, where he lived under
PHILopktor, a surname of one of the Pto the patronage of Julia, the wife of the em.
lemies, king of Egypt. [vid. Ptolemaeus.] peror Severus, and he was intrusted by
the empress with all the papers which con
PhilopoeMEN, a celebrated general of the
Achaean league, born at Megalopolis. His tained some account or anecdotes of Apol.
father's name was Grangis. His education lonius Tyanaeus, and he was ordered to re
was begun and finished under Cassander, Ecview them, and with them to compile an
demus, and Demophanes, and he early distin.
history. [vid. Apollonius.] The life of Apol.
guished himself in the field of battle, and ap
lonius is written with elegance, but the impre
bable accounts, the fabulous stories, and exag
peared fond of agriculture and a country life.
He proposed himself Epaminondas for a mo gerated details which it gives, render it dis
del, and he was not unsuccessful in imitating
gusting, There is, besides, another treatise
the prudence and the simplicity, the disinte
remaining of his writings, &c. He died A.
D. 244. The best edition of his writings is
restedness and activity ofthis famous Theban.
When Megalopolis was attacked by the Spar that of Olearius, fol. Lips. 1709 His ne
tans, Philopoemen, then in the 30th year ofphew, who lived in the reign of Heliogabalus
wrote an account of sophists.
his age, gave the most decisive proofs of his A philose
valour and intrepidity. He afterwards as pher in the reign of Nero. Another in the
sisted Antigonus, and was present in the faage of Augustus.
mous battle in which the AEtolfans were de Philotas, a son of Parmenio, distinguished
feated. Raised to the rank of chief command in the battles of Alexander, and at last ac
er, he showed his ability to discharge that im cused of conspiring against his life. He was
portant trust, by killing with his own hand tortured, and stoued to death, or, according
Machanidas, the tyrant of Sparta; and if he to some, stuck through with darts by the 1
was defeated in a naval battle by Nabis, he soldiers, B. C. 330. Curt. 6, c. 11.-Plut.—
soon after repaired his losses by taking the .Arrian.
capital of Laconia, B.C. 188, and by abolish PHILötis, a servant-maid at Rome, whº
ing the laws of Lycurgus, which had flourish saved her countrymen from destruction
ed there for such a length of time. Sparta, After the siege of Rome by the Gauls, the
after its conquest, became tributary to the Fidenates assembled an army under the con
Achaeans, and Philopoemen enjoyed the tri mand of Lucius Posthumius, and marched
umph of having reduced to ruins, one of the against the capital, demanding all the wives
greatest and most powerful of the cities of and daughters in the city as the conditions of
Greece. Some time after the Messenians re peace. This extraordinary demand astonish
volted from the Achaean league, and Philopoe ed the senators, and when they refused to
men, who headed the Achaeans, unfortunate comply, Philotis advised them to send all their
ly fell from his horse, and was dragged to the female slaves disguised in matron's slothe
enemy's camp. Dindcrates, the general of and she offered to march herself at the head
the Messenians, treated him with great seve Her advise was followed, and when the
rity; he was thrown into a dungeon, and oblig Fidenates had feasted late in the evening, and
ed to drink a dose of poison. When he re were quite intoxicated and fallen asleep,
ceived the cup from the hand of the execu. Philotis lighted a torch as a signal for her
tioner, Philopoemen asked him how his coun countrymen to attack the enemy. The
trymen had behaved in the field of battle; whole was successful, the Fidenates were con
and when he heard that they had obtained the quered, and the senate, to reward the fidelity
victory, he drank the whole with pleasure, of the female slaves, permitted them to ap
exclaiming that this was comfortable news. pear in the dress of the Roman matrons.
The death of Philopoemen, which happened Plut. in Rom.—Varro de L. L. 5.-Orid. de
about 183 years before the Christian era, in ...Art. Am. 2.
his 70th year, was ºnly lamented, and PHILoxenus, an officer of Alexander
 PH PH

who received Cilicia at the general divisionſ sters by his brothers-in-law, Zetes and Calais,
of the provinces.—A son of Ptolemy, who who pursued them as far as the Strophades.
was given to Pelopidas as a hostage. A He also recovered his sight by means of the
dithyrambic poet of Cythera, who enjoyed Argonauts, whom he had received with great
the favour of Dionysius, tyrant of Sicily, for hospitality, and instructed in the easiest and
some time, till he offended him by seducing speediest way by which they could arrive in
one of his female singers. During his con Colchis. The causes of the blindness of Phineus
finement. Philoxenus composed an alle are a matter of dispute among the ancients,
gorical poem, called Cyclops, in which he some supposing that this was inflicted by Bo
had delineated the character of the tyrant un reas for his cruelty to his grandson, whilst
der the name of Polyphemus, and represent others attribute it to the anger of Neptune,
ed his mistress under the name of Galataea because he had directed the sons of Phryxus
and himself under that of Ulysses The tyrant. how to escape from Colchis to Greece. Many,
who was fond of writing poetry, and of be however, think that it proceeded from his
ing applauded, removed Philoxenus from his having rashly attempted to develope ſuturi
dungeon, but the poet refused to purchase ty, while others assert that Zetes and Calais
liberty, by saying things unworthy of him put out his eyes on account of his cruelty to
self, and applauding the wretched verses of their nephews. The second wife of Phineus
Dionysius, and therefore he was sent to the is called by some Dia, Eurytia, Danae, and
quarries. When he was asked his opinion at Idothea. Phineus was killed by Hercules.
a feast about some verses which Dionysius had Arg. 2.-Apollod. 1, c.9, l. 3, c. 15.-Diod. 4.
just repeated, and which the courtiers had -Hygin. fab. 19.—Orpheus.-Flacc.—The
received with the greatest applause, Philox brother of Cepheus, king of Æthiopia. He
enus gave no answer, but he ordered the was going to marry his niece Andromeda,
guards that surrounded the tyrant's table to when her father Cepheus was obliged to give
take him back to the quarries. Dionysius her up to be devoured by a sea-monster, to
was pleased with his pleasantry and with his
appease the resentment of Neptune. She was,
firmness, and immediately forgave him. however, delivered by Perseus, who married
Philoxenus died at Ephesus, about 380 yearsher by the consent of her parents, for hav
before Christ. Plut. —A celebrated mu ing destroyed the sea-monster. This mar
sician of Ionia.—A painter of Eretria, who riage displeased Phineus; he interrupted the
made for Cassander an excellent represen ceremony, and with a number of attendants
tation of the battle of Alexander with Dari attacked Perseus and his friends. Perseus
us. He was pupil to Nicomachus. Plin. 31, defended himself, and turned into stone Phi
c. 10. neus and his companions, by showing them
Phily RA, one of the Oceanides, who was the Gorgon's head. Apollod. 2, c. 1 and 4.—
met by Saturn in Thrace. The god, to es Ovid. Met. 5, ſab. 1 and 2.-Hygin. fab. 64.
cape from the vigilance of Rhea, changed PHINTIA, a town of Sicily, at the mouth
himself into a horse, to enjoy the company of of the Himera. Cic. in Verr. 2, c. 83.
Philyra, by whom he had a son, half a man PhINTIAs, called also Pithias, Pinthias, and
and half a horse, called Chiron. Philyra was Phythias, a man famous for his unparalleled
so ashamed of giving birth to such a mon friendship for Damon. [vid. Damon.] Cic.
ster, that she entreated the gods to change de Off. 3, c. 10. Tusc. 5, c. 22.-Diod.6.—A
her nature. She was metamorphosed into tyrant of Agrigentum, B.C. 282.
the lindem tree, called by her name among PHINTo, a small island between Sardinia
the Greeks. Hygin. fab. 138. and Corsica, now Figo.
Phili RiDEs, a patronymic of Chiron, the PHLEGETHoN, a river of hell, whose wa
son of Philyra. Ovid. Art. Am.—Virg. G. ters were burning, as the word patytêa, from
3, v. 550. which the name is derived, seems to indicate.
PHINEus, a son of Agenor, king of Phoe. Wirg. AEn. 6. v. 550.-Ovid. Met. 15, v. 532,
nicia, or, according to some, of Neptune, who —Senec. in Hipp.–Sil. 13, v. 564.
became king of Thrace; or, as the greater PhI.Egon, a native ofTralles in Lydia, one
part of the mythologists support, of Bithynia of the emperor Adrian's freedmen. He wrote
He married Cleopatra the daughter of Bo different treatises on the long lived, on won
reas, whom some call Cleobula, by whom he derful things, besides an historical account of
had Plexippus and Pandion. After the Sicily, sixteen books on the Olympiads, an ac
death of Cleopatra, he married Idaea, the count of the principal places in Rome, three
daughter of Dardanus. Idaea, jealous of Cleo books of Fasti, &c. Of these some fragments
patra's children, accused them of attempts remain. His style was not elegant, and he
upon their father's life and crown, or, accord wrote without judgment or precision. His
ing to some, of attempts upon her virtue, and works have been edited by Meursius, 4to. L.
they were immediately condemned by Phi Bat. 1620. One of the horses of the sun.
neus to be deprived of their eyes. This cru The word signifies burning. Orid. Met. 2.
elty was soon after punished by the gods. PHLegra, or PHLEGRAEU's CAMPUs, a
Phineus suddenly became blind, and the Har place of Macedonia, afterwards called Pal
pies were sent by Jupiter to keep him under lene, where the giants attacked the gods and
continual alarm, and to spoil the meats which were defeated by Hercules. The combat was
were placed on his table. He was some time afterwards renewed in Italy, in a place of the
|same name near Cumae. [The territory of
aſter delivered from these dangerous mon
625
 \PH PH

Italy, which is thus denominated, forms a dis (eawat,) sea-calves, which are found in great
trict of Campania, and appears to have ex abundance in the neighbourhood. The inha
perienced in a very great degree the destruc bitants, called Phocael and Phocatenses, were
tive effects of subterraneous fires. Here we expert mariners, and founded many cities in
find Mount Vesuvius, the Solfaterra still different parts of Europe. [They founded a
smoking, as the poets have pretended, from colony also in Corsica, and carried on com
Jupiter's thunder. The Monte Nuovo, which merce even as far as Tartessus. They are
was suddenly thrown up from the bowels of said to have been the first of the Greeks who
the earth on the day of St. Michael's feast, in built ships of war of 50 oars, which they pro
the year 1538, the Monte Barbara, formerly bably imitated from the Carthaginians.]
Mons Gaurus, the grotto of the Sibyl, the They left Ionia when Cyrus attempted to re
moxious and gloomy lakes of Avernus and duee them under his power, and they came,
Acheron, &c. It is not improbable that these after many adventures,into Gaul, where they
objects terrified the Greeks in their first voy founded Massilia, now Marseilles. The town
ages to the coast, and that they were after of Marseilles is often distinguished by the epi
wards embellished and exaggerated by the thet of Phocaica, and its inhabitants called
fancy and fiction of the poets.] Sil. 8, v. 538, Phocaenses. [It seems that the Phocaeans,
1. 9, v. 305–Strab. 5.-Diod. 4 and 5.— being besieged by Harpagus, the general of
Ovid. JMet. 10, v 151, l. 12, v. 378, l. 15, v. Cyrus, put their families and all their effects
532,-Stat. 5, Sylv. 3, v. 196. on board of their fleet, and sailed to the
PHLEGYAE, a people of Thessaly. Some Oenusae insulae, near Chios. The Chians,
authors place them in Boeotia. They received however, to whom these islands belonged,
their name from Phlegyas, the son of Mars, fearing a diminution of their own commerce
with whom they plundered and burned the from such active neighbours, opposed the in
temple of Apollo at Delphi. Few of them tended settlement. The Phocaeans returned
escaped to Phocis, where they settled. Paus. upon this to their native city, overpowered
9, c. 36.-Homer. Il. 13, v. 301.-Strab. 9. the Persian garrison, and having bound them
PHLEGYAs, a son of Mars by Chryse, selves by an oath to abandon their native
daughter of Halmus, was king of the Lapi land, and not to return to it again until a
that in Thessaly. He was father of Ixion and mass of iron, which they sunk, should rise to
Coronis, to whom Apollo offered violence. the surface, sailed away to their colony in
When the father heard that his daughter had Corsica. On the voyage, however, one half
been so wantonly abused, he marched an of the fleet repented of the oath and returned
army against Pelphi, and reduced the temple home to Phoeaea, the rest proceeded on their
of the god to ashes. This was highly resented, course. Having reached Corsica, they
Apollo killed Phlegyas and placed him in settled in Alesia, or Aleria, an old colony of
hell, where a huge stone hangs over his head, theirs, until at length the jealousy and en
and keeps him in continual alarms by its croachments of the Carthaginians and Etru
appearance of falling every moment. Paus. rians compelled them to retire to the coast
9, c. 36.—Apollod. 3, c. 5.—Pind. Pyth. 3– of Gaul, where, they founded Massilia.]
Orid. Met. 3, v. 87.—Servius ad Virg...En. Phocaea was declared independent by Pom
6, v. 618. pey, and under the first emperors of Rome it
Phlias1A, a country of Peloponnesus became one of the most flourishing cities of
near Sicyon, of which Philius was the capi Asia Minor. Liv. 5, c. 34, 1.37, c. 31, 1.33,
tal. c. 39.-Mela, 1, c. 17.-Paus. 7, c. 3.-He
PHLius, (gen. tunits,) a town in Pelopon. rodot. 1, v. 165-Strab. 14.—Horat. epod.
mesus, now Staphlica, in the territory of 16.-Orid. JMet. 6, v. 9.-Plin. 8, c. 4.
Sicyon.—Another in Elis. Another in Phocenses and Phocist, the inhabitants
Argolis, now Drepano. of Phocis in Greece.
Phloeus, a surname of Bacchus, expres Phocilings, a Greek poet and philose
sive of his youth and vigour. Plut. in Symp. pher of Miletus, about 540 years before the
5, qu. 8. * * Christian era. The poetical piece now ex
Phobºtor, one of the sons of Somnus, and tant, called vow8trixey, and attributed to him,
his principal minister. His office was to as is not of his composition, but of another poet
sume the shape of serpents and wild beasts, who lived in the reign of Adrian.
to inspire terror in the minds of men, as his Plioctor, an Athenian celebrated for his
name intimates (388ta). The other two mi virtues, private as well as public. He was
misters of Somnus were Phantasia and Mor educated in the school of Plato and of Xeno
pheus. Ovid JMet. 11, v. 640. crates, and as soon as he appeared among the
Phobos, son of Mars, and god of terror statesmen of Athens, he distinguished himself
among the ancients, was represented with a by his prudence and moderation, his zeal for
lion's head, and sacrifices were offered to him the public good, and his military abilities.
to deprecate his appearance in armies. Plut. He often checked the violent and inconside
ºn erot. rate measures of Demosthenes, and when
Procła, now Fochia, a maritime town of the Athenians seemed eager to make war
Honia in Asia Minor, with two harbours, be against Philip king of Macedonia, Phoeion
tween Cumie and Smyrna, founded by an observed that war should never be underta
Athenian colony. It received its name from ken without the strongest and most certain
Phocus, the leader . the colony, or from expectations of victory and success. When
26
 PH PH

Philip endeavoured to make himself master dignities of the people with uncommon com
of Euboea, Phocion stopped his progress, and posure ; and when one of his friends lament
soon obliged him to relinquish his enterprise. ed his fate, Phocion exclaimed, This is no
During the time of his administration he more than what I expected; this treatment
was always inclined to peace, though he the most illustrious citizens of Athens hate re
never suffered his countrymen to become in ceived before me. He took the cup with the
dolent, and to forget the jealousy and rivalship greatest serenity of mind, and as he drank
of their neighbours. He was 45 times appoint the fatal draught, he prayed for the prosperi
ed governor of Athens, and no greater enco ty of Athens, and bade his friends to tell his
inium can be passed upon his talents as a minis. son Phocus not to remember the indignities
ter and statesman,than that he never solicited which his father had received from the Athe
that high, though dangerous, office. In his ru nians. He died about 318 years before the
ral retreat, or at the head of the Athenian Christian era. His body was deprived of a
armies, he always appeared barefooted and funeral by order of the ungrateful Athe
without a cloak, whence one of his soldiers nians, and if it was at last interred, it was
had occasion to observe, when he saw him by stealth, under a hearth, by the hand of
dressed more warmly than usual during a a woman who placed this inscription over
severe winter, that since Phocion wore This his bones: Keep inviolate, O sacred hearth,
cloak it was a sign of the most inclement the precious remains of a good man, till
weather. If he was the friend of temperance a better day restores them to the monuments
and discipline, he was not a less brilliant ex of their forefathers, when Athens shall be
ample of true heroism. Philip, as well as his delivered of her frenzy, and shall be more
son Alexander, attempted to bribe him, but wise. It has been observed of Phocion, that
to no purpose; and Phocion boasted in being be never appeared elated in prosperity or de
one of the poorest of the Athenians, and in jected in adversity, he never betrayed pusil
deserving the appellation of the Good. It lanimity by a tear or joy by a smile. His
was through him that Greece was saved from countenance was sterm and unpleasant, but he
an impending war, and he advised Alexan never behaved with severity; his expressions
der rather to turn his arms against Persia were mild, and his rebukes gentle. At the
than to shed the blood of the Greeks, who age of 80 he appeared at the head of the
were either his allies or his subjects. Alex Athenian armies like the most active officer,
ander was so sensible of his merit and of his and to his prudence and cool valour in every
integrity, that he sent him 100 talents from period of life his citizens acknowledged them.
the spoils which he had obtained from the selves much indebted. His merits were not
Persians, but Phocion was too great to suffer buried in oblivion; the Athenians repented of
himself to be bribed; and when the con their ingratitude, and honoured his memory
queror had attempted a second time to oblige by raising him statues, and putting to a cruel
him, and to conciliate his favour, by offering death his guilty accusers. Plut. & C. Nºp.
him the government and possession of five in vitā.-Diod. 16.
cities, the Athenian rejected the presents Phocis, a country of Greece, [having the
with the same indifference and with the same Sinus Corinthiacus on the south, Doris and
independent mind. But, not totally to des the Locri Ozolae on the west, Thessaly on the
pise the favours of the monarch, he begged north, and the Locri Epicnemidii and Opun
Alexander to restore to their liberty four tii, together with Boeotia, on the east.] It ori
slaves that were confined in the citadel of ginally extended from the bay of Corinth to
Sardis. Antipater, who succeeded in the go the sea of Euboea, and reached on the north
vernment of Macedonia after the death of as far as Thermopylae, but its boundaries
Alexander, also attempted to corrupt the vir were afterwards more contracted. Phecis
tuous Athenian, but with the same success as received its name from Phocus, a son of
his royal predecessor; and when a friend had Ornytion, who settled there. The inhabit
observed to Phocion, that if he could so re ants were called Phocenses, and from thence
fuse the generous offers of his patrons, yet he the epithet of Phocus was formed. Parnas
\ should consider the good of his children, and sus was the most celebrated of the mountains
accept them for their sake, Phocion calmly of Phocis, and Delphi was the greatest of its
replied, that if his children were like him towns. Phocis is rendered famous for a
they could maintain themselves as well as war which it maintained against some of the
their father had done, but if they behaved Grecian republics, and which has received
otherwise he declared that he was unwilling the name of the Phocian war. This cele.
to leave them any thing which might either brated war originated in the following cir
supply their extravagance or encourage cumstances:—When Philip, king of Macedo
their debaucheries. But virtues like these nia, had by his intrigues and well-concerted
could not long stand against the insolence and policy, fomented divisions in Greece, and dis
fickleness of an Athenian assembly. When turbed the peace of every republic, the
the Piraeus was taken, Phocion was accused Greeks universally became discontented in
of treason, and therefore, to avoid the pub their situation, fickle in their resolutions, and
lic indignation, he fled for safety to Polyper jealous of the prosperity of the neighbouring
chon. Polyperchon sent him back to Athens, states. The Amphictyons, who were the
where he was immediately condemned to supreme rulers of Greece, and who at that
drink the fatal poison. He received the in time were subservient to the views of the
627
 PH PH

Thebans, the inveterate enemies of the Pho protection, and implored him to plead their
cians, showed the same spirit of fickleness, cause before the Amphictyonic council. His
and, like the rest of their countrymen, were feeble intercession was not attended with suc
actuated by the same fears, the same jealousy cess, and the Thebans, the Locrians, and the
and ambition. As the supporters of religion, Thessalians, who then composed the Am
they accused the Phocians of impiety, for phictyonic council, unanimously decreed that
ploughing a small portion of land which be the Phocians should be deprived of the pri
longed to the god of Delphi. They immedi vilege of sending members among the Am
ately commanded that the sacred field should phictyons. Their arms and their horses
be laid waste, and that the Phocians, to ex were to be sold for the benefit of Apollo,
piate their crime, should pay a heavy fine to they were to pay the annual surn of 60,000
the community. The inability of the Pho talents, till the temple of Delphi had been
cians to pay the fine, and that of the Am restored to its ancient splendour and opa
phictyons to enforce their commands by vio lence; their cities were to be dismantled, and
lence, gave rise to new events. The people reduced to distinct villages, which were to
of Phocis were roused by the eloquence and contain no more than sixty houses each, at
the popularity of Philomelus, one of their the distance of a furlong from one another,
countrymen, and when this ambitious ring and all the privileges and the immunities of
leader had liberally contributed the great which they were stripped were to be confer
riches he possessed to the good of his country red on Philip, king of Macedonia, for his
men, they resolved to oppose the Amphicty eminent services in the prosecution of the
onic council by force of arms. He seized the Phocian war. The Macedonians were or—
rich temple of Delphi, and employed the trea dered to put these cruel commands into exe
sures it contained to raise a mercenary army. cution. The Phocians were unable to make
During two years hostilities were carried on resistance, and ten years after they had un
between the Phocians and their enemies, the dertaken the sacred war, they saw their
Thebans and the people of Locris, but no de country laid desolate, their walls demolished,
cisive battles were fought; and it ean only and their cities in ruins, by the wanton jea
be observed, that the Phocian prisoners were lousy of their enemies and the inflexible
always put to an ignominious death, as guilty cruelty of the Macedonian soldiers, B.C. 348.
of the most abominable sacrilege and impiety, They were not, however, long under this
a treatment which was liberally retaliated on disgraceful sentence, their well-known va
such of the army of the Amphictyons as be: lour and courage recommended them to fa
came the captives of the enemy. The defeat, vour, and they gradually regained their influ
however, and death of Philomelus, for a while ence and consequence by the protection of
cheeked their successes; but the deceasedge the Athenians and the favours of Philip.
neral was soon succeeded in the command by Liv. 32, c. 18.-Ovid. 2, .4m. 6, v. 15. Met. 5,
his brother called Onomarchus, his equal in v. 276.-Demosth.-Justin. 8, &c.—Diod.
boldness and ambition, and his superior in ac 16, &c.—Plut. in Dem. Lys. Per. &c.—
tivity and enterprise. Onomarchus rendered Strab. 5.-Paus. 4, c. 5.
his cause popular, the Thessalians joined his Phocus, son of Phocion, was dissolute in
army, and the neighbouring states observed his manners, and unworthy of the virtues of
at least a strict neutrality, if they neither op his great father. He was sent to Lacedae
posed nor favoured his arms. Philip of Ma mon to imbibe there the principles of sobrie
cedonia, who had assisted the Thebans, was ty, of temperance, and frugality. He cruelly
obliged to retire from the field with dishonour, revenged the death of his father, whom the
but a more successful battle was fought near Athenians had put to death. Plut. in Płoc.
Magnesia, and the monarch, by crowning & Apoph. A son of Ornytion, who led a
the head of his soldiers with laurel, and tell colony of Corinthians into Phocis. He cur
ing them that they fought in the cause of Del ed Antiope, a daughter of Nycteus, of insani
phi and heaven, obtained a complete victory. ty, and married her, and by her became fa
Onomarchus was slain, and his body expos ther of Panopeus and Crisus. Paus. 2, c. 4.
ed on a gibbet, 6000 shared his fate, and PHocylides, an ancient poet. [rid. Pho
their bodies were thrown into the sea, as un cilides.]
worthy of funeral honours, and 3000 were PhoebAs, a name applied to the priestess
taken alive. This fatal defeat, however, did of Apollo's temple at Delphi. Lucan. 5, v.
not ruin the Phocians : Phayllus, the only 128, &c.
surviving brother of Philomelus, took the Phoebe, a name given to Diana, or the
command of their armies, and doubling the moon, on account of the brightness of that
pay of his soldiers, he increased his forces luminary. She became, according to Apollo
by the addition of 9000 men from Athens, dorus, mother of Asteria and Latona. [vid.
Lacedæmon, and Achaia. But all this nu Diana.]
Anerous force at last proved ineffectual, the Phoebidas, a Lacedaemonian general, sent
treasures of the temple of Delphi, which by the Ephori to the assistance of the Mace
had long detrayed the expenses of the war, donians against the Thracians. He seized
began to fail, dissensions arose among the
ringleaders of Phocis, and when Philip had the citadel of Thebes; but though he was
disgraced and banished from the Lacedaemo
crossed the straits of Thermopylae, the Pho. nian army for this perfidious measure, yet his
cińns, relying on his generosity, claimed his
|countrymen kept possession of the town. He
–
 TH - PH
died B. C. 377. C. JNep. in Pelop.–Diod. made in their own country, together with
14, &c. curious pieces of art in metals and wood.
PHOEBIGENA, a suruame of Æsculapius. Besides these, however, their foreign com
&c. as being descended from Phoebus. Pirg. merce furnished them with abundant sup
.4En. v. 773. Glies for their inland trade.] Their manu
Phoenus, a name given to Apollo or th facturers acquired such a superiority over
sun. This word expresses the brightne those of other nations, that among the an
and splendour of that luminary (?-166 from cients, whatever was elegant, great, or pleas
***, luceo.] vid. Apollo. “g, either in apparel or domestic utensils,
PHOEMos, a lake of Arcadia. received the epithet of Sidonian. The Phoe
Phoenice, or Phoenicia,[a country of Asia nicians were originally governed by kings.
commonly named by the Jews Canaan, though they were subdued by the Persians, and at
some part of it at least was known to them by terwards by Alexander, and remained tribu
the name of Syrophenice. Phoenicia was some. tary to his successors and the Romans. The
times extended to all the maritime countries invention of letters is attributed to them.
of Syria and Judaea, and Canaan to the Phi [For some remarks upon the Phoenician al
listines and even to the Amalekites. Spe phabet, vid. Palasgi; and for an account of
cially cousidered, however, Phoenicia extend the Phºenician language, vid Carthago.]
ed along the coast of Syria from the river Eleu Herodot. 4, c. 42, l. 5, c. 58.-Homer. Od, 15.
therus and the island Aradus, to Mount Car. —Mela, 1, c. 11; l.2, c. 7–Strab. 16.-Apol
mel, a distance of about 35 geographical lod. 3, c. 1.-Lucret. 2, v. 829.-Plin. 2, c.
miles. The breadth was very limited, the 47, l. 5, c. 12–Curt. 4, c. 2.-Virg. JEn. 1,
ranges of Libanus and Antilibanus forming &c.—Ovid. Met. 12, v. 104, l. 14, v. 345, l. 15,
its utmost barrier to the east. . As to the ety v. 288.
mology of the name, various conjectures PHOEN1c1A. vid. Phoenice.
have been started: the most common one is PHOEN1cusA, now Felicudi, one of the
that which makes it a Greek term, derived AEolian islands.
from ºpolyué, a palm-tree, which were very Phoenissa, a patronymic given to Dido
abundant in this country. Others derive the as a native of Phoenicia. Virg. JEn. 4, v. 529.
name from Phoenix, son of Agenor. Bochart's PHOENIX, son of Amyntor, king of Argos,
opinion is as follows: according to him the by Cleobule, or Hippodamia, was preceptor
people of Phoenicia had in ancient times been to young Achilles. When his father proved
called the children of Anak or Beni-Anak: faithless to his wife, on account of his fond
the beth being softened, Beni-Anak was ness for a concubine called Clytia, Cleobule,
changed into Phenak, in the plural Phena. jealous of her husband, persuaded her son
kim, from which the Greeks formed powuxºr. Phoenix to ingratiate himself into the favours
We learn from Scripture that the spies sent of his father's mistress. Phoenix easily suc
by Moses found in Hebron and its environs a ceeded, but when Amyntor discovered his
peeple called Anakim or Enakim, and that intrigues, he drew a curse upon him, and
these Canaanites were distinguished by their the son was soon after deprived of his sight
stature and strength; of course the other by divine vengeance. According to some,
Canaanites who claimed descent from them Amyntor himself put out the eyes of his son,
were likewise named Anakim. M. l'Abbé which so cruelly provoked him that he me
"Mignot, in his elaborate discussion of this diated the death of his father. Reason and
subject, thinks that it is not necessary to recur piety, however, prevailed over passion; and
to the word Beni, because the Egyptians al Phoenix, not to become a parricide, fled from
ways prefixed the article phe to words, so Argos to the court of Peleus, king of Phthia.
Here he was treated with tenderness, Pe
that instead of Enakim they would read Phe.
nakim or Phonakim, and the Greeks becom leus carried him to Chiron, who restored
ing acquainted in their first maritime expedi him to his eye-sight, and soon after he was
tions on the coast of the country with this inade preceptor to Achilles, his benefactor's
word, formed from it ootniker, and the Latins son. He was also presented with the go
Phoenices.] The Phoenicians were naturally vernment of many cities, and made king of
industrious, and commerce and navigation the Dolopes. He accompanied his pupil to the
were among them in the most flourishing Trojan war, and Achilles was ever grate
state. [They planted colonies on the shores ful for the instructions and precepts which
of the Mediterranean, particularly Carthage, he had received from. Phoenix. After the
Hippo, Marseilles, and Utica, and others on death of Achilles, Phoenix, with others, was
the coast of Spain, both within and without commissioned by the Greeks to return into
the straits of Gibraltar. Their commerce, Greece, to bring to the war young Pyrrhus.
besides extending to all parts of the Palus This commission he performed with success,
Moeotis, Euxine, and Mediterranean, reached and after the fall of Troy, he returned with
even to the British isles, and also the shores Pyrrhus, and died in Thrace. He was buried
of the Baltic Sea. Besides this maritime at Æon, or, according to Strabo, near Tra
commerce, they carried on an extensive in chinia, where a small river in the neighbour
land trade in Syria, Mesopotamia, Assyria, hood received the name of Phoenix. Strab.
Babylonia, Persia, Arabia, and even to Judea. 9.—Hemer. Il. 9, &c. Ovid. in Ib. v. 259.
Their own commodities were the purple of —Apollod. 2, c. 7.-Virg. JEn.2, v. 762.--
Tyre, the glass of Sidon, and the fine linen A son of Agenor, by a nymph who was call
629
 PH PH

ed Telephassa, according to Apollodorus and bal the Great, who was one of his auditor
Moschus, or, according to others, Epimedu exclaimed that he had seen many doting cº
sa, Perimeda, or Agriope. He was, like his men, but never one worse than Phorm:
brothers, Cadmus and Cilix, sent by his father Cur. de JWat. D. 2.-A disciple of Pisº.
in pursuit of his sister Europa, whom Jupiter chosen by the people of Elis to make are:
had carried away under the form of a bull, formation in their government and their jº
and when his inquiries proved unsuccessful, risprudence.
he settled in a country which, according to PhorMis, an Arcadian who acquired gree
some, was from him called Phoenicia. From riches at the court of Gelon and Hiero in S.
him, as some suppose, the Carthaginians were cily. He dedicated a brazen statue of a
called Paºni. Apollod. 3.-Hygin. fab. 178. mare to Jupiter Olympius in Peioponnesus
PHoloe, a mountain of Arcadia, near Pisa. which so much resembled nature, that bor
It received its name from Pholus, the friend ses came near it as if it had been alive
of Hercules, who was buried there. It is Paus. 5, c. 27.
often confounded with another of the same Phoroneus, the god of a river of Pelopon
name in Thessaly, near Mount Othrys. Plin. nesus of the same name. He was son of the
4, c. 6.-Lucan. 3, v. 198, l. 6, v. 388, l. 7, v. river lnachus by Melissa, and he was the se
449.-Ovid. 2. Fast. 2, v. 273. cond king of Argos. He married a nymph
Pholus, one of the Centaurs, son of Sile called Cerdo, or Laodice, by whom he had
mus and Melia, or, according to others, of Ix Apis, from whom Argolis was called Apia,
ion and the cloud. He kindly entertained Her and Niobe, the first woman of whom Jupiter
cules, when he was going against the boar of became enamoured. Phoroneus taught his
Erymanthus, but he refused to give him wine, subjects the utility of laws, and the advan
as that which he had belonged to the rest of tages of a social life, and of friendly inter.
the Centaurs. Hercules, upon this, without course, whence the inhabitants of Argolis are
ceremony, broke the cask and drank the wine. often called Phoronati. Pansanias relates
The smell of the liquor drew the Centaurs that Phoroneus, with the Cephisus, Asterica
from the neighbourhood to the house of Pho and Inachus, were appointed as umpires in a
lus, but Hercules stopped them when they quarrel between Neptune and Juno concern
forcibly entered the habitation of his friend, ing their right of patronizing Argolis. June
and killed the greatest part of them. Pho gained the preference, upon which Neptune
lus gave the dead a decent funeral, but he in a fit of resentment, dried up all the four
mortally wounded himself with one of the rivers whose decision he deemed partial. He
arrows which were poisoned with the venom afterwards restored them to their dignity and
of the hydra, and which he attempted to ex consequence. Phoroneus was the first whº
tract from the body of one of the Centaurs. raised a temple to Juno. He received divide
Hercules, unable to cure him, buried him honours after death. His temple still existed
when dead, and called the mountain where at Argos, under Antoninus the Roman empe
his remains were deposited by the name of ror. Paus. 2, c. 15, &c.—Apollod. 2, c. 1.-
Pholoe. Apollod. 1–Paus. 3.—Virg. G. 2, Hygin. fab. 143.
v. 456. JEn. 8, v. 294.—Diod. 4.—Ital. 1.- PhoróNis, a patronymic of Io, es sister of
Lucan. 3, 6 and 7.—Stat. Theb. 2. Phoroneus. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 625.
Phorb As, a son of Priam and Epithesia, Photinus, an eunuch who was prime mi
killed during the Trojan war by Menelaus nister to Ptolemy, king of Egypt. Whed
The god Somnus borrowed his features when Pompey fled to the court of Ptolemy after
he deceived Palinurus, and threw him into the battle of Pharsalia, Photinus advised his
the sea near the coast of Italy. Virg...En. master not to receive him, but to put him to
3, v. 842. death. His advice was strictly followed.
Phorcus or Phorcys, a sea-deity, son Julius Caesar some time after visited Egypt.
of Pontus and Terra, who married his sister and Photinus raised seditions against him, for
Ceto, by whom he had the Gorgons, the dra which he was put to death. When Caesar
gon that kept the apples of the Hesperides, triumphed over Egypt and Alexandria, the
.
lod.
other monsters. Hesiod. Theogn.—Apol pictures of Photinus, and of some of the
Exyptians, were carried in the procession at
Phon Mao, an Athenian general, whose Rome. Plºtt.
father's name was Asopicus. He impove Photius, a patriarch of Constantinople is
rished himself to maintain and support the dig the 9th century. He was of a noble family,
nity of his army. His debts were some and enjoyed the reputation of being the most
time after paid by the Athenians, who wish learned and accomplished man of his
ed to make him their general, an office which His elevation to the patriarchal office caused
he refused while he had so many debts, ob. a great schism. The emperor Basilius ex
serving that it was unbecoming an officer to pelled him, an act which was confirmed by a
be at the head of an army, when he knew that council summoned for'that purpose, who pre
he was poorer than the meanest of his sol. nounced an anathema as well as a deposition
diers. A peripatetic philosopher of Ephe against him. He was afterwards restored to
sus, who once gave a lecture upon the du favour, but was a second time deposed by Leo
ties of an officer and the military profession. in 886, and confined in a monastery where he
The philosopher himself was ignorant of the died. He wrote Myrobiblon or Bibliotheca,
subject which he tº. upon which Hanni a work containing an abstract and critical
30
 PH -
PH

judguaent of 280 writers in various depart The 4th, was nominated king of Parthia by
ments of literature, of many of whom no his father Orodes, whom he soon after mur
other relic remains. The best edition is that dered, as also his own brothers. He made
printed at Rouen in 1653. He was the au war against M. Antony with great success, and
thor likewise of a work called Nomocanon. obliged him to retire with much loss. Some
or a collection of the canons of the church, time after he was dethroned by the Parthian
Printed with the commentaries of Balsamon nobility, but he soon regained his power, and
at Paris in 1615, and also of a collection of drove away the usurper called Tiridates.
letters printed by Montagu in 1651. But his The usurper claimed the protection of Augus
most valuable work is the Lexicon, which tus, the Roman emperor, and Phraates sent
has only reached us in an imperfect and mu ambassadors to Rome to plead his cause, and
tilated state. The various MSS. of this gain the favour of his powerful judge. He
work in different libraries on the continent was successful in his embassy: he made a trea
of Europe are mere transcripts from each ty of peace and alliance with the Roman em
other, and originally from the valuable one peror,vestored the ensigns and standards which
belonging to the library of Trinity College, the Parthians had taken from Crassus' and
Cambridge, England. This manuscript be Antony, and gave up his four sons with their
longed originally to Gale. Bentley, Ruhn wives as hostages, till his engagements were
Kera, and Burman 2d, have given it celebrity performed. Some suppose that Phraates de
by their quotations. Porson at last under livered his children into the hands of Augus
took to copy and publish it, but his death tus to be confined at Rome, that he might
prevented the execution of this project. reign with greater security, as he knew his
Porson's labours were finally given to the subjects would revolt as soon as they found
world in 1822,in 2 vols 8vo. by Dobree, whose any one of his family inclined to countenance
name, however, does not appear in the work. their rebellion, though at the same time, they
This edition, notwithstanding all that has scorned to support the interest of any usurper
been said of it, is greatly injured by want of who was not of the royal house of the Arsa
typographical accuracy; the addenda and cidae. He was, however, at last murdered
corregenda occupy forty-four pages. Still by one of his concubines, who placed her son
it is better than the edition of Hermann call Phraatices, on the throne. Val. JMar. 7,
which was published at Leipzig in 1808 in c.6.-Justin. 42, c. 5.-Diod. Cas. 51, &c.
2 vols. 4to. Hermann followed two very in —Plut. in Anton. &c.—Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 32.
correct manuscripts. The lexicon of Pho —A prince of Parthia in the reign of Ti
tius is compiled from Harpocration, the berius.-A satrap of Parthia. Tacit. Ann.
scholiasts on Plato, and from lexicons of the 6, c. 42.
Dramatic and Rhetorical writers. There PhRAAticEs, a son of Phraates 4th. He,
are two considerable lacunae : one, from the with his mother, murdered his father, and
word adiazºtro: to travvuot, the other, from took possession of the vacant throne. His
reparat to quatwr.j reign was short; he was deposed by his sub
PHRAATEs, 1st. a king of Parthia, who jects whom he had offended by cruelty, ava
succeeded Arsaces the 3d, called also Phri rice, and oppression.
apatius. He made war against Antiochus, PHRAHATEs, the same as Phraates. tºid.
king of Syria, and was defeated in"three suc Phraates.
cessive battles. He left many children be PhRAoRres, succeeded his father Deioces
hind him, but as they were all too young, and on the throne of Media. He made war
unable to succeed to the throne, he appointed against the neighbouring nations, and conquer
his brother Mithridates king, of whose abili ed the greatest part of Asia. He was de
ties and military prudence he had often been feated and killed in a battle by the Assyrians,
a spectator. Justin. 41, c. 5.-The 2d, suc after a reign of 22 years, B.C. 625. His
ceeded his father Mithridates as king of Par son Cyaxares succeeded him. It is suppos
thia, and made war against the Scythians, ed that the Arphaxad mentioned in Judith is
whom he called to his assistance against An Phraortes. Paus.—Herodot. 1, c. 102.
tiochus king of Syria, and whom he refused [Phaycosis, a more ancient name for
to pay, on the pretence that they came too Cumae in AEolia. According to Strabo, the
late. He was murdered by some Greek early settlers from Locris established them
mercenaries, who had been once his captives, selves for a considerable space of time in the
and who had enlisted in his army, B. C. 129. vicinity of Mount Phrykios. Hence they gave
Justin. 42, c. 1.-Plut. in Pomp.–The to the new state, when they had founded it,
3d. succeeded his father Pacorus on the the name of Phryconis.]
throne of Parthia, and gave one of his daugh PHRixus, a river of Argolis. There was
ters in marriage to Tigranes, the son of Ti also a small town of that name in Elis, built
granes king of Armenia. Soon after he in by the Minya. Herodot. 4, c. 148.
waded the kingdom of Armenia to make his PhRoniMA, a daughter of Etearchus, king
son-in-law sit on the throne of his father. of Crete. She was delivered to a servant to
His expedition was attended with ill suc be thrown into the sea, by order of her fa
cess. He renewed a treaty of alliance which ther, at the instigation of his second wife. The
his father had made with the Romans. At servant was unwilling to murder the child,
but as he was bound by an oath to throw her
his return to Parthia, he was assassinated by into
his sons Orodes and Mithridates. Justin.— the sea, he accordingly let her down into
631
 Ph -
PH

the water by a rope, and took her out again un was printed at Rome in 1517.]—A tragi:
hurt. Phronima was afterwards in the num poet of Athens, disciple to Thespis. He was
ber of the concubines of Polymnestus, by the first who introduced a female character
whom she became mother of Battus, the on the stage. [The characters of female
founder of Cyrene. Herodot. 4, c. 154. were always played by males on the ancier.
PhRygius, a river of Asia Minor, dividing stage : it would have been more correct
Phrygia from Caria, and falling into the Her therefore to have said that Phrynichus wu
mus. Paus. the first who introduced a female mask. La
PhRygia, [a large country of Asia Minor, some of his pieces the chorus very probably
bounded on the north by Bithynia and Gala was composed of female characters thus re
tia, on the west by a part of Mysia, by Lydia, presented. The tragedies of this poet were
and a part of Caria, on the south by Lycia. remarkable for the frequent dances that were
Pisidia, and Isauria, and on the east by Cap intermingled with them. He himself taught
padocia. It received the appellation of Ma the art. Phrynichus composed among others
jor to distinguish it from a part of Mysia a tragedy which Themistocles caused to be
near the Hellespont, which was occupied by represented with great magnificence, and
some Phrygians after the Trojan war, and which bore away the prize. The memory
by them called Phrygia Minor ; whence it of this event was perpetuated by an inscrip
appears that the term Phrygians is applied tion. The tragedy was probably “the Pha
improperly, or else by anticipation, to the nicians,” or “the Persians.” His piece en
Trojans in Virgil.] It received its name titled “ the taking of Miletus” made such an
from the Bryges, a nation of Thrace or impression upon the audience at Athens, that
Macedonia, who came to settle there, and the Athenians actually condemned the poet
from their name, by corruption, arose the to pay a fine for having opened anew so deep
word Phrygia. The most remarkable towns a national wound, and one so dishonourable
were Laodice, Hierapolis, and Synnada. to the Greeks. Suidas, however, attributes
The inventions of the pipe of reeds, and this piece to another Phrynichus, but Bent
of all sorts of needle-work, is attributed to ley has shown that only one poet of the name
the inhabitants, who are represented by some composed tragedies.]—[A comic poet, an
authors as stubborn, but yielding to correc terior to Aristophanes.] Strab. 14.—A co
tion (hence Phryz verberatus melior), as im mic poet.
prudent, effeminate, servile, and voluptuous; PhRYNis, a musician of Mitylene, the first
and to this Virgil seems to allude, JEn. 9, v. who obtained a musical prize at the Panathe
617. The Phrygians, like all other nations. naea at Athens. He added two strings to the
were called barbarians by the Greeks; their lyre, which had always been used with seven
music (Phrygii cantus) was of a grave and by all his predecessors, B.C. 438. It is said
solemn nature, when opposed to the brisker that he was originally a cook at the house of
and more cheerful Lydian airs. Mela, 1, c. Hiero, king of Sicily. A writer in the
19.-Strab. 2, &c.—Ovid. Met. 13, v.429, &c. reign of Commodus, who made a collection
—Cic. 7, ad fam. ep. 16.—Flacc. 27.—Dio. in 36 books, of pharses and sentences from
1, c. 50.-Plin. 8, c. 48.-Horat. 2, od. 9, v. the best Greek authors, &c.
16.-Paus. 5, c. 25.-Herodot. 7, c. 73. PHRYNo, a celebrated general of Athens,
PhRYNE, a celebrated prostitute, who flou who died 3 c. 390.
rished at Athens about 328 years before the PhRYxus, a son of Athamas, king of The
Christian era. She was mistress to Praxite bes, by Nephele. After the repudiation of
les who drew her picture. [vid. Praxiteles.] his mother, he was persecuted with the
This was one of his best pieces, and it was most inveterate fury by his step-mother Ino,
placed in the temple of Apollo at Delphi. It because he was to sit on the throne of Atha
is said that Apelles painted his Venus Ana mas, in preference to the children of a second
dyomene after he had seen Phryne on the wife. He was apprized of Iuo's intentions
sea-shore naked, and with dishevelled hair. upon his life by his mother Nephele, or, ac
Phryne became so rich by the liberality of cording to others, by his preceptor; and the
her lovers, that she offered to rebuild, at her better to make his escape, he secured part of
own expense, Thebes, which Alexander had his father's treasures, and privately left
destroyed, provided this inscription was plac Boeotia with his sister Helle, to go to their
ed on the walls: “Alexander destroyed, and friend and relation AEetes, king of Colchis.
the harlot Phryne restored.” This was re They embarked on board a ship, or, accord
fused. Plin. 34, c. 8. There was also an ing to the ſabulous account of the poets and
other of the same name, who was accused of mythologists, they mounted on the back of a
impiety. When she saw that she was going ram whose fleece was of gold, and roceeded
to be condemned, she unveiled her bosom. on their journey through the air. The height
which so influenced her judges that she was to which they were carried made Helle gid
immediately acquitted. Quintil 2, c. 15. dy, and she ſell into the sea. Phryxus gave
Phry Nichus, [a Greek sophist, a native her a decent burial on the sea-shore, and
of Bithynia, who flourished in the reign of after he had called the place Hellespout
Marcus Antoninus and Commodus. Two from her name, he continued his flight, and
works are attributed to him, viz. Apparatus arrived safe in the kingdom of Æetes, where
Sophisticus, and Lectiones Atticae. There is he offered the ram on the altar of Mars.
extant an *of -
to
the latter, which
The king received him with great tenderness
E. PH Pſ

- d gave him his daughter Chalciope in mar Thrasybulus and the Athenian exiles, who
ge. She had by him Phrontis, Melias, expelled the thirty tyrants after the Pelopon
gos, Cylindrus, whom some call Cytorus, nesian war..] C. Nep. in Thras.
tis, Lorus, and Hellen. Some time after Bhyllis, a daughter of Sithon, or, accord
was murdered by his father-in-law, who ing to others, of Lycurgus, king of Thrace,
vied him the possession of the golden fleece; who hospitably received Demophoon the son
- d Chalciope, to prevent her children from of Theseus, who, at his return from the Tro
aring their father's fate, sent them private jan war, had stopped on her coasts. She be
from Colchis to Boeotia, as nothing was to came enamoured of him, and did not find him
dreaded there from the jealousy or re insensible to her passion. After some months
atment of Ino, who was then dead. The of nutual tenderness and affection, Demo
xle of the flight of Phryxus to Colchis on phoon set sail for Athens, whither his domes
‘am has been explained by some, who ob tic affairs recalled him. He promised faith
ºve, that the ship on which he embarked fully to return as soon as a month was ex
is either called by that name or carried on pired; but either his dislike for Phyllis, or
r prow the figure of that animal. The the irreparable situation of his affairs, ob
ece of gold is explained by recollecting that liged him to violate his engagement, and the
1ryxus carried away immense treasures queen, grown desperate on account of his ab
>m Thebes. Phryxus was placed among sence, hanged herself, or, according to others,
e constellations of heaven after death. threw herself down a precipice into the sea,
he ram which carried him to Asia is said and perished. Her friends raised a tomb over
have been the fruit of Neptune's amour her body, where there grew up certain trees,
ith Theophane, the daughter of Altis. whose leaves,at a particular season of theyear,
his ram had been given to Athamas by the suddenly became wet, as if shedding tears for
lds, to reward his piety and religious life, the death of Phyllis. According to an old
ld Nephele procured it for her children tradition mentioned by Servius, Virgil's com
st as they were going to be sacrificed to the mentator, Phyllis was changed by the gods
alousy of Ino. The murder of Phryxus into an almond-tree, which is called Phylla by
as some time after amply revenged by the the Greeks. Some days after this metamor
reeks. It gave rise to a celebrated expedi phosis, Demophoon re-visited Thrace, and
on which was achieved under Jason and when he heard of the fate of Phyllis, he ran
any of the princes of Greece, and which and clasped the tree, which, though at that
ad for its object the recovery of the golden time stripped of its leaves, suddenly shot forth
eece, and the punishment of the king of and blossomed, as if still sensible of tender
olchis for his cruelty to the son of Athamas. ness and love. The absence of Demo
Miod. 4.—Herodot. 7, c. 197.-Apollon. Arg. phoon from the house of Phyllis has given
-Orphaeus.-Flacc.—Strab.-Apollod. 1, c. rise to a beautiful epistle of Ovid, supposed
—Pizmdar. Pyth. 4.—Hygin. fab. 14, 188, to have been written by the Thracian queen
c.—Cºvid. Heroid. 18, Met. 4.—A small about the fourth month after her lover's de
ver of Argolis. parture. Ovid. Heroid. 2, de Art. Am. 2, v.
PHTERIA, a town of Phthiotis, at the east of 353.Trist. 2, 437.-Hygin. ſab. 59.
ount Othrys in Thessaly, where Achilles Phyllus, a general of Phocis during the
as born, and from which he is often called Phocian or sacred war against the Thebans.
hthius Heros. Horat. 4. 0d. 6, v. 4.— He had assumed the command after the
pid. Met. 13, v. 156.-JMela, 2, c. 3.-Pro death of his brothers Philomelus and Ono
ºrt. 2, el. 14, v. 38.-Cic. Tusc. 1, c. 10. marchus. He is called by some Phayllus.
PHTHIotis, a small province of Thessaly, vid. Phocis.
etween the Pelasgicus Sinus and the Malia Physcion, a famous rock of Boeotia,
is Sinus, Magnesia, and Mount CEta. Paus. which was the residence of the Sphynx, and
}, c. 8. against which the monster destroyed her
Pa YA, a tall and beautiful woman of Atti self when her enigmas were explained by
, whom Pisistratus, when he wished to re CEdipus. Plut.
ablish himself in his tyranny, dressed like Physcon, a surname of one of the Pto
e goddess Minerva, and led to the city on a lemies, kings of Egypt, from the great pro
ariot, making the populace believe that minency of his belly. Athen, 2, c. 23.
e goddess herself came to restore him to Physcos, a town of Caria, opposite
wer. The artifice succeeded. Herodot. Rhodes. Strab. 14.
c. 59.-Polyaen. 1, c. 40. PIA, or PIALIA, festivals instituted in ho
PHY cus, (untis,) a promontory near Cy nour of Adrian, by the emperor Antoninus.
ne, now called Ras-al-sem. Lucan. 9. They were celebrated at Puteoli on the se
PHY Läck, a town of Thessaly, built by cond year of the Olympiads.
y lacus. Protesilaus reigned there, from Pickwi, the inhabitants of Picenum, called
lence he is often called Phylacides. Lucan. also Picentes. Ital. 8, v. 425.-Strab. 5
v. 252.-A town of Arcadia. Paus. 1, JMela, 2, c. 4.
54.—A town of Epirus. Liv. 45, c. 26. Pic ENTIA, the capital of the Picentini.
PHYLE, a well-ſortified village of Attica, at Picentini, a people of Italy, between
ittle distance from Athens... [Phyle was Lucania and Campania on the Tuscan Sea.
uate in the northern part of the Campus They are different from the Piceni or Picen:
ºriasius, and was the fort possessed by tes, who inhabited rºum,
[but descended
-
 PI Pl

from them.] Sil. It. 8, o. 450–Tacit. H. 4, cedonia,[to the west of the Sinus Thermaicus,
c. 62. and bordering on Thessaly, from which the
P1cBNumr, or P1cENUs AGER, a country of epithet of Pierian was applied to the Muses
and to poetical compositions. [According tº
Italy, on the borders of the Adriatic, [south
and east of Umbria.] Liv. 21, c. 6, 1, 22, c. some, the Muses were born here; others sup
9, 1. 27, c. 43.—Sil. 10, v. 313.−Horat. 2, sat. pose that they derived the name of Pieride
3, v. 722.-Mart. 1, ep. 44. from Mount Pierus in this district, which was
Pictæ, or Picti, a people of Scythia, call called after Pierus mentioned below.}–
ed also Agathyrsa. They received this name [The city of Seleucia in Syria was surnamed
from their painting their bodies with different Pieria, because situate at the foot of Mount
colours, to appear more terrible in the eyes of Pierus, which mountain was so called by the
their enemies. A colony of these, according Macedonians after the one in their native
to Servius, Virgil's commentator, emigrated country. Martial. 9, ep. 88, v. 3.-Herut. 4,
to the northern parts of Britain, where they od. 8, v. 20.
still preserved their name and their savage PiéRiDEs, a name given to the Muses,
manners, but they are mentioned only by la either because they were born in Pieria in
ter writers. [This remark of Servius is al Thessaly, or because they were supposed by
together incorrect. To say nothing of the some to be the daughters of Pierus, a king ci
utter impossibility of such a migration, it is Macedonia, who settled in Boeotia. Also
sufficient to observe, that the Scythian race the daughters of Pierus, who challenged the
to whom he alludes were properly called Muses to a trial in music, in which they were
Agathyrsi, and the term picti is merely ap conquered and changed into magpies. It
plied to them by the Latin poets from the cir may perhaps be supposed that the victorious
cumstance of their painting their bodies to Muses assumed the name of the conquered
look more terrible in fight. The Picts were daughters of Pierus, and ordered themselves
a Caledonian race, first mentioned under this to be called Pierides, in the same manner
denomination in a panegyric of Fumenius, A. as Minerva was called Pallas, because she
D. 297. Various derivations have been as had killed the giant Pallas. Orid. Met. 5,
signed for their name. The simplest appears v. 300.
to be, that the original native term was Pei PiéRus, a mountain of Macedonia, sacred
thi, which was latinized into Picti, or “paint to the Muses, who were from thence, as
ed,” and which had in fact the same mean some imagine, called Pierides.—A king of
ing.] Marcell.27, c. 18–Claudian. de Hon. Macedonia, whose nine daughters, called Pie
cons. v. 54.—Plin. 4, c. 12.-Mela, 2, c. 1. rides, challenged the Muses, and were chang
Pictivi, or Pictónks, a people of Gaul, ed into magpies when conquered. (Accord
in the modern country of Poictou. Caes. 7, ing to another account mentioned by Pausa
bell. G. c. 4. nias, Pierus was the father of the Muses. rad.
Picumnus, and PILUMnus, two deities Pieria.] Paus.9, c. 29. A river of Achaia,
at Rome who presided over the auspices that in Peloponnesus.-A town of Thessaly
were required before the celebration of nup Paus. 7, c. 21.-A mountain [of Syria, at
tials. Pilumnus was supposed to patronize the foot of which was built Seleucia.]
children, as his name seems in some manner l'IRTAs, a virtue which denotes veneratica
to iºdicate, quod pellat mala infantia. The for the deity, and love and tenderness to our
manuring of lands was first invented by Pi friends. It received divine honours among
cumnus, from which reason he is called Ster the Romans, and was made one of their gods.
quilinius. Pilumnus is also invoked as the Acilius Glabrio first erected a temple to this
god of bakers and millers, as he is said to have new divinity, on the spot where a woman had
first invented how to grind corn. Turnus fed with her own milk her aged father, who
boasted of being one of his lineal descendants.
had been imprisoned by the order of the se
Wirg. JEn. 9, v. 4.—Warro. nate and deprived of all aliments. Cic. d:
Picus, a king of Latium, son of Saturu, Div. 1.-Val. Mar. 5, c. 4.—Plin. 7, c. 36.
who married Venilia, who is also called Ca Pig Rum MARE, a name applied to the
mens, by whom he had Faunus. He was ten Northern Sea from its being frozen. The
derly loved by the goddess Pomona, and he word Pigra is applied to the Paius Maeotis.
returned a mutual affection. As he was one Ovid. 4, Pont. 10, v. 61.-Plin. 4, c. 13
day hunting in the woods, he was met by Tacit. G. 45.
Circe, who became deeply enamoured of him, Pilum Nus, vid. Picumnus.
and who changed him into a woodpecker, call PIMPLA, a mountain of Macedonia near
ed by the name of picus among the Latins. Thessaly, with a fountain of the same name,
His wife Venilia was so disconsolate when she sacred to the Muses, who on that account are
was informed of his death that she pined often called Pimplete and Pimpleader. He
away. Some suppose that Picus was the son rat. 1, od. 26, v. 9.-Strab. 10.-JMartial. ii.
of Pilumnus, and that he gave out prophecies ep. 11, v. 3.-Stat. 1, Sylv. 4, v.26. Sylt. 2,
to his subjects by means of a favourite wood. v. 36. |
ecker, from which circumstance originated PINāRuus and Poritius, two old men of
the fable of his being metamorphosed into a Arcadia, who came with Evander to Italy.
bird. Virg. -ºn. 7, v.48, 171, &c.—Ovid. They were instructed by Hercules, who visit
.Met. 14, v. 320, &c. ed the court of Evander, how they were to
PIE ſtrº, a smallº: of country in Ma offer sacrifices to his divinity, in the morning
 PI PI

and in the evening, immediately at sun-set. which he received; after his death he was
The morning sacrifice they punctually per honoured with every mark of respect, even
formed, but on the evening Potitius was to adoration. His statue was erected at
obliged to offer the sacrifice alone, as Pinarius Thebes in the public place where the games
neglected to come till after the appointed were exhibited, and six centuries after, it
time. This negligence offended Hercules, was viewed with pleasure and admiration by
and he ordered, that for the future, Pinarius the geographer Pausanias. The honours
and his descendants should preside over the which had been paid to him while alive were
sacrifices, but that Potitius, with his posteri also shared by his posterity; and, at the cele
ty, should wait upon the priests as servants, bration of one of the festivals of the Greeks,
when the sacrifices were annually offered to a portion of the victim which had been offer
him on Mount Aventine. This was religious ed in a sacrifice was reserved for the descend
ly observed till the age of Appius Claudius ants of the poet. Even the most inveterate
who persuaded the Potitii by a large bribe, enemies of the Thebans showed regard for his
to discontinue their sacred office, and to memory, and the Spartans spared the house
have the ceremony performed by slaves in which the prince of lyrics had inhabited
For this negligence, as the Latin authors ob when they destroyed the houses and the walls
serve, the Potitii were deprived of sight, and of Thebes. The same respect was also paid
the family became a little time after totally him by Alexander the Great when Thebes
extinct. Liv. 1, c. 7.—Wirg. JEn. 8, v.269. was reduced to ashes. It is said that Pindar
&c.—Victor. de orig. 8. died at the advanced age of 86, B.C. 435.
PINARus, or Pindus, now Delisou, a river The greatest parts of his works have perish
falling into the sea near Issus, after flowing ed. He had written some hymns to the gods,
between Cilicia and Syria. Dionys. Per. poems in honour of Apollo, dithyrambics to
PIN cum, a town of Moesia Superior, now Bacchus, and odes on several victories ob
Gradisca. tained, at the four greatest festivals of the
PINDARus, a celebrated lyric poet of Greeks, the Olympic, Isthmian, Pythian, and
Thebes. [He was born, according to Boeckh, Nemaean games. Of all these, the odes are the
in the 3d year of the 64th Olympiad, 522 only compositions extant, admired for sub
A. C. This was the most glorious period in limity of sentiments, grandeur of expression,
the history of Greece, and Pindar was accus energy and magnificence of style, boldness of
tomed to regard the circumstance as a great metaphors, harmony of numbers, and ele
favour on the part of the Gods. It was to gance of diction. In these odes, which were
testify his gratitude for this kindness that the repeated with the aid of musical instruments,
poet was in the habit of visiting Delphi at and accompanied by the various inflections
every celebration of the Pythian games, and of the voice, with suitable attitudes and pro
chaunting a paean to Apollo.J He was care per motions of body, the poet has not merely
fully trained from his earliest years to the celebrated the place where the victory was
study of music and poetry, and he was taught won, but has introduced beautiful episodes,
how to compose verses with elegance and and by unfolding the greatness of his heroes,
simplicity, by Myrtis and Corinna. [Lasus the dignity of their characters, and the glory
and Simonides were also his instructors.] of the several republics where they flourished,
When he was young, it is said that a swarm ne has rendered the whole truly beautiful,
of bees settled on his lips, and there left and in the highest degree interesting. Horace
some honey-combs as he reposed on the has not hesitated to call Pindar inimitable;
grass. This was universally explained as a and this panegyric will not perhaps appear too
prognostic of his future greatness and ce offensive, when we recollect that succeeding
lebrity, and indeed he seemed entitled to no critics have agreed in extolling his beauties,
tice when he had conquered Myrtis in a mu his excellence, the fire, animation, and enthu
sical contest. He was not, however, so suc siasm of his genius. He has been censured
cessful against Corinna, who obtained five for his affectation in composing an ode, from
times, while he was competitor, a poetical which the letter S was excluded. The Ly
prize, which, according to some, was adjudg ric effusions of Pindar were various and ex
ed rather to the charms of her person than tensive. He composed IIagºwtai, or songs
to the brilliancy of her genius, or the supe to be chaunted by choirs of virgins; egºval,
riority of her composition. In the public as or pieces of an elegiac cast: "rrogxnuare,
semblies of Greece, where females were not or songs accompanied with music and danc
permitted to contend, Pindar was rewarded ing; rigorodias, or odes in honour of the gods,
with the prize in preference to every other chaunted in religious processions; and nu
competitor; and, as the conquerors at Olym merous others. Of these pieces we have only
pia were the subject of his compositions, the some few fragments left: but there are re
poet was courted by statesmen and princes. maining to us forty-five hymns or “Songs of
His hymns and paeaus were repeated before Victory,” Eravuta gap, ara, composed in ho
the most crowded assemblies in the temples of nour of the conquerors who had borne away
Greece; and the priestess of Delphideclared the prizes at the different games of Greece,
that it was the will of Apollo that Pindar and of the deities to whom these celebrations
should receive the half of all the first fruit of. were respectively consecrated. These Hymns
ferings that were annually heaped on his al or Odes, such as they have reached our times,
tars. This was not the only public honour are divided into four sections or kinds : 1st
6:35
 Pl PI

ºlympic Songs or Hymns, to the number of with honours and presents at the courts of
fourteen : 2nd. Pythian Victories, to the num Hiero and Theron, should have employed
ber of twelve : 3d. Nemean Victories, eleven in his poetic talents in singing the praises of
number; and 4th. Isthmian Victories, amount these monarchs, affords no subject of surprise;
ing to eight. This division, however, is not but the question is often put respecting the
that of the poet himself. In their primitive motive which could have actuated the poet
form, the poems of Pindar contained effusions in devoting his abilities to the immortalizing
of all kinds, paeans, songs of victory, songs for of obscure individuals, who would otherwise
banquets, and pieces of a plaintive mature, have always remained unknown. What
which we might denominate elegies, if the renders this enquiry a more interesting one
usage had not prevailed among the Greeks of for us, is the circumstance of Pindar having
been charged, from certain passaces in his
applying this latter title to a species of poetical
productions confined to a certain and deter odes, with mercenary motives in celebrating
minate rhythm, which, very probably, was certain individuals. To this it may be re
different from that employed by Pindar in his plied that, in some of his odes, Pindar does
plaintive poems. We owe the modern ar in fact name the friend or friends of the vic
rangement to Aristophanes of Byzantium. tor who had incited the poet to the task ; or,
This grammarian selected, out of the general to use his own expressive language, had
collection which has just been mentioned, a “harnassed for the conqueror the chariot of
certain number of pieces that had reference the Muses.” Every conqueror, however,
more or less to victories gained at the seve did not possess friends equally generous: in
ral games of Greece. It did not suffice in the ordinary cases, therefore, it would appear,
eyes of this critie that an ode should celebrate that the magistrates who presided over the
some victory gained in these assemblies, in games were accustomed to establish a com
order to be judged worthy of a place in his petition among such poets as might feel in
selection; for there are fragments remaining of clined to furnish a poem on such a theme,
the poems of Pindar which have direct allu and that Pindar disdained not to take part in
sion to such subjects, and yet were excluded these poetic contests, which were both lucra
by Aristophanes. On the other hand, we tive and honourable. The odes of which
find in the selection made by him, one ode we have been speaking were sung by cho
having no reference to any particular victory, russes composed of men somewhat advanced
namely, the second Pythian, as well as some in life, as well as, on certain occasions, of
others which, though they celebrate high young men trained up to this office. As Pin
deeds of martial prowess, contain no mention dar seems to have taken up the celebrating
whatever of those peculiar exploits of which the victories at the games as a particular pro
the four great national celebrations of the tession, it has been supposed by some, that,
Hellenic race were respectively the theatres. like the tragic poets, he had a chorus m his
The triumph of the conquerors at the public pay whom he transported with him to the
games was celebrated on the same evening different games of Greece. The recitation
that succeeded the contest; and, as it was dif of these odes took place as the procession
ficult, very probably, to find on every such was moving to a temple in order to return
occasion poets possessing a sufficient readiness thanks to the gods; it was one of the last
and fertility of talent to extemporize on these things done at the festival, which immediate
themes, it would seem that the individuals ly after was terminated by a banquet. If
charged with the celebration of these fes some of the odes of Pindar were sung at ban
tivals committed to memory a certain num quets, it was not at the one given on the close
ber of odes which might apply equally well ol the games of which we have just spoken,
to all conquerors. Among the poems of but at that given to the victorious champion
Pindar there are perhaps some that may by his friends and relatives on his return to
be ranked in this class. A second festival his home. This, however, could not have
was prepared for the victor, and one pos happened often, since the odes of Pindar have
sessing most charms for him, because his too solemn a character, and we may add too
family, his friends, his fellow-citizens, and public a one, to allow us to suppose that they
the companions of his earlier days, bore a part were destined for celebrations in private
in it. It was that which awaited him on his abodes. In reading the odes of Pindar we
approach to his native city. Many of the are struck with the grave and serious tone
odes of Pindar were composed for such so which pervades them : oſtentimes they rise
lemnities. There are likewise some odes in to the loftiest aspirations of prayer and en
the selection made by Aristophanes, which thusiastic emotion. Composed, not to be
could only have been written a long time read in the closet, but to be recited, declaim
after the event they celebrate: a circum ed., chaunted before a numerous assembly,
stance which proves that the remembrance they breathe that dignified spirit which be.
of these victories was kept alive by periodic longs to public memorials and national spec
celebrations. In the odes destined for such tacles. The regular alternate succession of
a use, the exploit of the victor is scarcely strophes, antistrophes, and epodes, gives them
mentioned, and the poet indulges in the most somewhat of a majestic character. They far
extended, license by singing the praises of take of the Epicspirit in that the poet, when he
the ancestry of the conqueror, or of the place celebrates the praises of the conqueror, con
which gave him º, That Pindar, loaded nects with his subject the mention of his far.
 Pl, PI

inily, his ancestry, and native land ; their Asia, besieged it for 25 days and took it. Cic.
priucipal character, however, is the lyri" . ºf M. Coelium. ad Fum. 2, ep. 10.
and here most of all the genius of the poei Pin DUs, a mountain or rather a chain of
reigns triumphant. If we examine these uountains between Thessaly, Macedonia,
poems in order to deduce from them the per and Epirus. It was greatly celebrated as be
sonal character of the individual who coin ºg sacred to the Muses and to Apollo. Ovid.
posed them, we are somewhat startled by 'let. 1. v. 570-Strab. 18.-Virg. Ecl. 10.—
circuuistance altogether at variance with tº H. can. 1, v. 674. l. 6, v. 339. – Mela, 2, c. 3.
customs, and we may add, the hypocºisy of ou. —A town of Doris in Greece, called also
own age : we refer to that feeling of pride wit: cyphas. It was watered by a small river of
which Pindar proclaims himself the first of he same “ame which falls into the Cephusus.
poets, and the disdain which he expresses to H rodot. 1, c. 56.
his rivals and those jealous of his fame, com Pion, one of the descendants of Hercules
paring them to crows contending against the who built Pivnia, near the Caycus in My
enthusiasm which wrests from him the avowal |
eagle. This is the frankness of genius. Th. -'a. It is said that smoke issued from his
omb as often as sacrifices were offered to
of his own superiority saves him from the im. Paus. 9, c. 18.
suspicion of vanity. It is the god who in Piłsus, o Pinseºus, [a celebrated and ca
spires him that speaks by the mouth of the Jacious harbour of Athens, at some distance
poet. Pindar is one of the most religious and from it, but joined to it by long walls, called
moral of poets. His respect for the deity is waxg4 ruxs. The southern wall was built by
unbounded ; his gratitude knows no limits. Themistocles, and was 35 stadia long, and 40
Every where he sings the praises of just cubits high : this height was but half of
dealing, of virtue, and friendship. But, on what Themistocles designed. The northern
the other hand, it must be conceded that the was built by Pericles, its height the same as
poet manifests too openly his love of riche the former, its length 40 stadia. Both of
Indeed, he takes no pains whatever to conceal these walls were sufficiently broad on the top
this. He considers no mortal happy unto to admit of two waggons passing each other.
whom the gods have not given an abundance ſhe stones were of an enormous size, joined
of wealth. Much of this, however, is cha together without any cement, but with clamps
racteristic of the age in which he lived, and of iron and lead, which, with their own
must not be exclusively assigned to the poet weight, easily sufficed to unite walls even of
who utters it. As regards the style of Pin so great a height as 40 cubits, (60 feet.) Upon
dar, it is commonly said that he made use of both of the walls a great number of turrets
the Doric dialect. Hermann, however, has were erected, which were turned into dwell
shown that the basis of his diction is the ing-houses, when the Athenians became so
Epic, but that he employs Doric forms as of uumerous that the city was not large enough
ten as they appear more expressive, or are to contain them. The wall which encom
better adapted to the metre which he em passed the Munychia, and joined it to the Pi
ploys. Sometimes he gives the preference toracus, was 60 stadia, and the exterior wall on
Æolic forms, which was his native dialect. the other side of the city was 43 stadia in
Hermann remarks that the verses of Pindari length. Athens had three har ours, of which
abound in hiatus, without there being any the Piraeus was by far the largest. East of
appearance of his having used the Digamma. it was the second one, called Munychia, and
which, in his days, had partially disappeared still farther east the third, called Phalerus,
from the AEolic dialect, and which Alcaeus the least frequented of the three. The en
and Sappho had scarcely em, loyed. After trance of the Piræus, was narrow, being
the example of the ancient poets, he makes contracted by two projecting promontories.
the vowel long which is followed by a mute Within, however, it was very capacious, and
and liquid. The remark of Hermann res contained three large basins or ports, named
pecting the mixture of dialects in Pindar has Cantharos, Aphrodisus, and Zea. The first
been adopted by Boéckh, the latest editor ol was called after an ancient hero, the second
the poet, who observes that the copyists have after Venus, the third from the term zsa,
frequently removed the Doricisms from the signifying bread-corn. The Piraeus is said to
Olympic odes, while they have been preserv have been capable of containing 300 ships.
ed more carefully in the other works of the The walls which joined it to Athens, with all
poet. The best editions of Pindar are, that its fortifications, were totally demolished
of Heyne. Lips. 1817, 3 vols. 8vo. and that when Lysander put an end to the Peloponne
of Boéckh, Lips. 1811-21, 3 vols. 4to. This sian war by the reduction of Attica. They
last is an admirable one. The text has been were rebuilt by Conon, with the money sup
connected by the aid of 37 manuscripts. The plied by the Persian commander Pharnaba
works contains also Boéckh's new system of zus, after the defeat of the Lacedaemonians
Pindaric metre.] Athen.—Quintil. 10, e in the battle off the Arginusae insulae. In
1.—Horat. 4, od. 2. —Elian. V. H. 3.- after days the Piraeus suffered greatly from
Paus. 1, c. 8, 1.9, c. 23. —Val. Maz.9, c. 12 Sylla, who demolished the walls and set fire
—Plut. in Hler.—Curt. I, c. 13. to the armoury and arsenals. It must not be
PIN or NIssus, a town of [Syria, in the unagined, however, that the Piraeus was a
southern part of the district Comagene. It is mere harbour. It was in ſact a city of itself,
now Behesni. Cicero, when proconsul in abounding with temples, porticoes, and other
637.
 PI º PI

magnificent structures. Little, however, re taurs, to celebrate his nuptials. Mars was
mains of its former splendour. According to the only one of the gods who was not invit
Hobhouse, nothing now is left to lead one to ed, and, to punish this neglect, the god of war
suppose that it was ever a large and flourish was determined to raise a quarrel among the
ing port. The ancient Zea is a marsh, and guests and to disturb the festivity of the es
Cantharus of but little depth. The deepest tertainment. Eurythion, captivated with the
water is at the mouth of the ancient Aphro beauty of Hippodamia, and intoxicated with
disus. He adds, that the ships of the ancients wine, attempted to offer violence to the bride,
must have been extremely small if 300 could but he was prevented by Theseus, and im:
be contained within the Piraeus, since he saw mediately killed. This irritated the rest of
an Hydriote merchant vessel, of about 200 the Centaurs, the contest became general
tons, at anchor in the port, which appeared but the valour of Theseus, Pirithous, Heretº
too large for the station, and an English les, and the rest of the Lapithae, triumphed
sloop of war was warned that she would run over their enemies. Many of the Centaurs
aground if she attempted to enter, and was were slain, and the rest saved their lives by
therefore compelled to anchor in the straits flight. . [vid. Lapithus.] The death of Hip
between Salamis and the port once called podamia left Pirithous very disconsolate, and
Phoron. The Piraeus is now called Porto he resolved, with his friend Theseus, who
Leone, from the figure of a stone lion with had likewise lost his wife, never to marry
which it was anciently adorned, and which again, except to a goddess, or one of the
was carried away by the Venetians.] Paus. daughters of the gods. This determination
1, c. 1.-Strab. 9.—C. Nep. in Them.—Flor. occasioned the rape of Hellen by the two
3. c. 5. friends; the lot was drawn, and it fell to the
º PIRENE, a daughter of OEbalus, or, accord share of Theseus to have the beautiful prize.
ing to others, of the Achelous. She had by Pirithous upon this undertook with his friend
Neptune two sons, called Leches and Cen to carry away Proserpine and to marry her.
chrius, who gave their name to two of the They descended into the infernal regions, but
harbours of Corinth. Pirene was so discon Pluto, who was apprized of their machina
solate at the death of her son Cenchrius, who tions to disturb his conjugal peace, stopped
had been killed by Diana, that she pined the two friends and confined them there.
away, and was dissolved by her continual Pirithous was tied to his father's wheel, or, ac
weeping into a ſountain of the same name, cording to Hyginus, he was delivered to the
which was still seen at Corinth in the age of furies to be continually tormented. His pu
Pausanias. The ſountain Pireme was sacred aishment, however, was short, and when
to the Muses, and, according to some, the Hercules visited the kingdom of Pluto, he
horse Pegasus was then drinking some of its obtained from Proserpine the pardon of Pi—
waters when Bellerophon took it to go and rithous, and brought him back to his kingdom
conquer the Chimaera. Paus. 2, c. 3.-Ovid. safe and unhurt. Some suppose that he was
JMet. 2, v.240. torn to pieces by the dog Cerberus. [rid.
Piaithous, a son of Ixion and the cloud. Theseus.] Ovid. Met. 12, fab 4 and 5.-He
or, according to others, of Dia the daughter swd. in Scut. Her.—Homer. Il. 2.-Paur. 5.
of Deioneus. Some make him son of Dia, by c. 10.--Apollod. 1, c. 8, 1.2, c. 5.-Hygin.
Jupiter, who assumed the shape of a horse fab. 14, 79, 55.-Diod. 4.—Plut. in Thes—
whenever he paid his addresses to his mis Horat. 4, od. 7.-Wurg. JEn. 7, v. 394.—
tress. He was king of the Lapithae, and, as .Mart. 7, ep. 23.
an ambitious prince he wished to become ac Pisa, a town of Elis on the Alpheus, found
quainted with Theseus, king of Athens, of ed by Pisus the son of Perieres, and grandson
whose fame and exploits he had heard so of Eolus. Its inhabitants accompanied Nes
many reports. To see him, and at the same tor to the Trojan war, and they enjoyed long
time to be a witness of his valour, he resolv. the privilege of presiding at the Olympic
ed to invade his territories with an army. games which were celebrated near their city.
Theseus immediately met him on the borders This honourable appointment was envied by
of Attica, but at the sight of one another the people of Elis, who made war against the
the two enemies did not begin the engage Piseans, and after many bloody battles took
ment, but, struck withthe appearance of each their city and totally demolished it. [Even
other, they stepped between the hostile ar. after its destruction, however, the district in
mies. Their meeting was like that of the which it had been situate bore the name of
most cordial friends, and Pirithous, by giving Pisatis.] It was at Pisa that QEnomaus
Theseus his hand as a pledge of his sincerity, murdered the suitors of his daughter, and
promised to repair all the damages which that he himself was conquered by Pelope.
his hostilities in Attica might have occa The inhabitants were called Pisari. Some
sioned. From that time, therefore, the have doubted the existence of such a place
two monarchs became the most intimate as Pisa, but this doubt originates from Pisa's
and the most attached of friends, so much having been destroyed in so remote an age
that their friendship, like that of Orestes and The horses of Pisa were famous. The year
Pylades, is become proverbial. Pirithous some in which the Olympic games were celebrat
time after married Hippodamia, and invited ed was often called Pisaeus annus, and the
not only the heroes of his age, but also the victory which was obtained there was called
gods themselves, and his neighbours the Cen. Pisade ramus olive. rid. Olympia. Strab. 8.
-
 PI PI

–0rid. Trist. 2, v. 386, l. 4, el. 10, v. 95.- between Phrygia, Lycia, Pamphylia, Cilicia,
Mela, 2.-Pirg. G. 3, v. 180.-Stat. Theb. 7, and Isauria. It was rich and fertile. The inha.
v. 417,-Paus. 6, c. 22. bitants were called Piside. Cic. de Div. 1, c.
Pisz, a town of Etruria, [at the mouth of 1.—Mela, 1, c. 2.-Strab. 12.-Liv. 37, c. 54
the Arnus,) built by a colony from Pisa in and 55.
the Peloponnesus. The inhabitants were Pisista Atid AE, the descendants of Pisis
called Pisani. Dionysius of Halicarnassus tratus, tyrant of Athens. vid. Pisistratus.
affirms that it existed before the Trojan war, Pisistañtides, a man sent as ambassa
but others support that it was built by a dor to the king of Persia by the Spartans.
colony of Pisaeans who were shipwrecked on Pisistritus, an Athenian, son of Hippo
the coast of Etruria at their return from the crates, who early distinguished himself by his
Trojan war. [According to Strabo, these valour in the field and by his address and elo
Pisaans formed a part of the army of Nes quence at home. After he had rendered him
tor. Some of them were carried to Meta self the favourite of the populace by his libe
pontum ; the majority, however, to the mouth rality and by the intrepidity with which he had
of the Arnus.] Pisae was once a very pow fought their battles, particularly near Salamis,
erful and flourishing city, which conquered he resolved to make himself master of his
the Baleares, together with Sardinia and country. Every thing seemed favourable to
Corsica. . [The power and greatness of Pisa, his views; but Solon alone, who was then at
as a mighty and victorious republic, belong the head of affairs, and who had lately insti
rather to modern history. The 10th, 11th, tuted his celebrated laws, opposed him and
12th, and a great part of the 13th centuries, discovered his duplicity and artful behaviour
formed the era of her national prosperity. before the public assembly. Pisistratus was
Her numerous fleets were triumphant on the not disheartened by the measures of his rela
Mediterranean, and her fame not only eclips tion Solom, but he had recourse to artifice.
ed that of her Grecian parent, but even In returning from his country-house, he cut
rivalled the achievements of all the cities of himself in various places, and after he had ex
Peloponnesus united. The usurpation of do posed his mangled body to the eyes of the po
mestic tyrants, however, first broke the spi pulace, deplored his misfortunes, and accused
rit of her citizens, and next the victories of his enemies of attempts upon his life, because
the Genoese. The intrigues of the Medi he was the friend of the people, the guardian
ci completed her downfal.] The sea on the of the poor, and the reliever of the oppressed.
neighbouring coast was called the bay of Pi He claimed a chosen body of 50 men from the
sie. Virg. JEn. 10. v. 179.—Strab. 5.—Lu populace to defend his person in future from
ran. 2, v. 401,–Liv. 39, c. 2, 1.45, c. 13.− the malevolence and the cruelty of his ene
Plin. 2, c. 103. mies. The unsuspecting people unanimous
Pisan DER, a son of Bellerophon killed by ly granted his request, though Solon opposed
the Solymi.—A son of Antimachus killed it with all his influence; and Pisistratus had
by Agamemnon during the Trojan war. He no sooner received this band, on whose fide
had recourse to entreaties and promises, lity and attachment he could rely, than
but in vain, as the Grecian wished to resent he seized the citadel of Athens and made
the advice of Antimachus, who opposed the himself absolute. The people too late per
restoration of Helen. Homer. Il. 11, v. 123. ceived their credulity; yet, though the ty
–An admiral of the Spartan fleet during rant was popular, two of the citizens, Mega
the Peloponnesian war. He abolished the cles and Lycurgus, conspired against him, and
democracy at Athens, and established the by their means he was forcibly ejected from
aristocratical government of the four hundred the city. His house and all his effects were
tyrants. He was killed in a naval battle by exposed to sale, but there was found in Athens
Conon, the Athenian general, near Cnidus, in only one man who would buy them. The
which the Spartans lost 50 galleys, B.C. 394. private dissensions of the friends of liberty
Diod.—A poet of Rhodes, who composed a proved favourable to the expelled tyrant, and
poem called Heraclea, in which he gave an Megacles, who was jealous of Lycurgus, se
account of all the labours and all the exploits cretly promised to restore Pisistratus to all
of Hercules. He was the first who ever re his rights and privileges in Athens if he
presented his hero armed with a club. Paus. would marry his daughter. Pisistratus con
8, c. 22. sented, and by the assistance of his father
Pisárks, or PIs AE1, the inhabitants of Pisa in-law, he was soon enabled to expel Lycur
in the Peloponnesus. gus and to re-establish himself. By means
Pisa URus, now Foglia, a river of Pice of a woman called Phya, whose shape was
num, with a town called Pisaurum, now Pe. tall, and whose features were noble and com
saro, which became a Roman colony in the manding, he imposed upon the people, and
consulship of Claudius Pulcher. The town created himself adherents even among his
was destroyed by an earthquake in the begin enemies. Phya was conducted through the
ning of thereign of Augustus. Mela, 2, c. 4.— streets of the city, and showing herself sub
Catull. 82.-Plin. 3.--Liv. 39, c.44, 1.41, c. 27. servient to the artifice of Pisistratus, she was
Prseus, a king of Etruria, about 260 announced as Minerva, the goddess of wis
years before the foundation of Rome. Plin. dom and the patroness of Athens, who was
7, c. 26. come down from heaven to re-establish her
Pisini.A, an inland country of Asia Minor, favourite Pisistratus in a power which was
639
 PI PI

sanctioned by the will of heaven, and favour cy, who have been celebrated through every
ed by the affection of the people. In the age for their patriotism, were supported by
midst of his triumph, however, Pisistratus the people, yet Hippias quelled the tumºr
found himself unsupported, and some time aſ by his uncommon firmness and prudence, sº
ter, when he repudiated the daughter of Me for a while preserved that peace in Athese
gacles, he found that not only the citizens, which his father had often been unable tº
but even his very troops, were alineated from command. This was not long to continue
him by the influence, the intrigues, and the Hippias was at last expelled by the united
bribery of his father-in-law. He fled from efforts of the Athenians and of their allies of
Athens where he could no longer maintain Peloponnesus, and he left Attuca when he
his power, aud retired to Euboea. Eleven found himsell, unable to maintain his power
years after, he was drawn irom his obscure and independence. The rest of the family
retreat, by means of his son Hippias, and he of Pisistratus followed him in his banishment.
was a third time received by the people of and after they had refused to accept the i
Athens as their master and sovereign. Upon beral offers of the princes of Thessaly, and
this he sacrificed to his resentinent the the king ol Macedonia, who wished them to
friends of Megacles, but he did not loose settle in their respective territories, the Pists
sight of the public good; and while he sought tratidae retired to Sigaeuin, which their father
the aggrandizement of his family, he did not had in the summit of his power conquered
neglect the dignity and the honour of the and bequeathed to his posterity. After the
Athenian name. He died about 527 years banishment of the Pisistratidae, the Athenians
before the Christian era, after he had enjoy became more than commonly jealous of their
ed the sovereign power at Athens for 33, liberty, aud often sacrificed the most power
years, including the years of his banishulent, ful of their citizens, apprehensive of the in
and he was succeeded by his son Hipparchus. |fluence which popularity and a well-direct
Pisistratus claims our aduration for his jus ed liberality might gain among a fickle and
tice, his liberality, and his moderation. It he 'unsettled populace. The Pisistratidae were
was dreaded and detested as a tyrant, the banished from Athens about 18 years after
Athenians loved and respected his private the death of Pisistratus, B. C. 510. .ºian.
virtues and his patriotism as a fellow-citizen, W. H. 13, c. 14.—Paus. 7, c. 26.-Herodot.
and the opprobrium which generally falls on |i, c. 59, l. 6, c. 103.-Cic. de orat. 3.-Pal.
his head may be attributed not to the severi .Mar. 1, c. 2.- A king of Orchomenos,
ty of his administration, but to the republican who rendered himself odious by his cruelty
principles of the Athenians, who hated and towards the nobles. He was put to death
exclaimed against the moderation and equity by them, and they carried away his body
of the mildest sovereign, while they flatter |from the public assembly, by hiding each
ed the pride and gratified the guilty desires; a piece of his flesh under their garments to
of the most tyrannical of their fellow-sub prevent a discovery ſtom the of
jects. Pisistratus often refused to punish the whom he was a great favourite. Plut. in
insolence of his enemies, and when he had i Par.
one day been violently accused of murder, ra Piso, a celebrated family at Rome which
ther than inflict immediate punishment upon was a branch of the Calpurnian. descended
the man who had criminated him, he went from Calpus the son of Numa. Before the
to the areopagus, and there convinced the death of Augustus, l l of this family had ob
Athenians that the accusatious of his euemics tained the consulship, and many had been ho
were groundless, and that his life was irre uoured with triumphs, on account of their vic
proachable. It is to his labours that we are tories, in the different provinces of the Ro
indebted for the preservation of the poems man empire. Of this family, the most fa
of Ho oer, and he was the first, according mous were—Lucius Calpurnius, who was
to Cicero, who introduced them at Athens tribune or the people about 1.6 years before
in the order in which they now stand. He Christ, and afterwards consul. His frugali
also established a public library at Athens, ty procured him the surname of Frugi, and
and the valuable books which he had dili he gained the greatest honours as an orator,
gently collected, were carried into Persia a lawyer, a statesman, and an historian. He
when Xerxes made himself master of the made a successful campaign in Sicily, and
capital of Attica. Hipparchus and Hippias, rewarded his son, who had behaved with
the sons of Pisistratus, who have received great valour during the war, with a crown
the name of Pushstralidae, rendered them of gold, which weighed twenty pounds. He
selves as powerful as their father, but the composed some annals and harangues, which
flames of liberty were not to be extinguish were lost in the age of Cicero. His style
ed. The Pisistratidae governed with great was obscure and inelegant. Caius, a Ro
moderation, yet the name of tyrant or so man consul, A. U. C. 687, who supported the
vereign was insupportable to the Athenians. consular dignity against the tumults of the
Two of the most respectable of the citizens, tribunes and the clamours of the people. He
called Harmodius and Aristogiton, conspired made a law to restrain the cabals which ge
against them, and Hipparchus was dispatch nerally prevailed at the election of the chief
ed in a public assembly. This murder was magistrates. Cneius, another consul un
not, however, attended with any advantages; der Augustus. He was one of the favourites
and though the two *
4
of the conspira of Tiberius, by whom he was appointed go
s PI PH

vernor of Syria, where he rendered himself ed them - to throw down loaves from the
odious by his cruelty. He was accused of Tarpeian hill where they were besieged, that
having poisoned Germanicus, and when he the enemy might from thence suppose that
saw that he was shunned and despised by they were not in want of provisions, though
his friends, he destroyed himself. A. D. 20. in reality they were near surrendering
Lucius, a governor of Spain, who was through famine. This deceived the Gauls,
assassinated by a peasant as he was travel and they soon after raised the siege. Ovid.
ling through the country. The murderer Fast. 6, v. 350, 394, &c.
was seized and tortured, but he refused to Pistoria, now Pistoja, a town of Etruria,
confess the causes of the murder.—Lucius, at the foot of the Appenines, [north-west of
a private man, accused of having uttered se Florentia, near which] Catiline was defeat
ditious words against the emperor Tiberius. ed. Sallust. Cat. 57.—Plin. 3, c. 4.
He was condemned, but a natural death Pitän E, a town of Æolia in Asia Minor,
saved him from the hands of the executioner. [at the mouth of the river Evenus and north
—Lucius, a governor of Rome for twenty west of Pergamus.] Lucan. 3, v.305.—Strab.
years, an office which he discharged with 13.-Vitruv. 2, C, 3.—Mela, 1, c. 18.-Ovid.
the greatest justice and credit. He was JMet. 7, v. 357.
greatly honoured by the friendship of Augus Pithecusa, a small island on the coast of
tus as well as of his successor, a distinction Etruria, anciently called JEnaria and Ina
he deserved, both as a faithful citizen and a rime, with a town of the same name, on the
man of learning. Some, however, say, that top of a mountain. The frequent earthquakes
Tiberius made him governor of Rome, be to which it was subject obliged the inhabit
cause he had continued drinking with him a ants to leave it. There was a volcano in the
night and twe days, or two days and two middle of the island, which has given occa
nights, according to Pliny. Horace dedicat sion to the ancients to say, that the giant Ty
ed his poem de Arte Poetica, to his two sons, phon was buried there. . [It is in allusion to
who partiality for literature had distinguish this latter circumstance that Virgil calls the
ed them among the rest of the Romans, and island by the name of Inarime. Homer, how
who were fond of cultivating poetry in their ever, makes Typhoeus to lie ºr Aglaoue. The
leisure hours. Plut. in Caes.—Plin. 18, c. name Ænaria evidently alludes to mines of
3.—Cneius, a factious and turbulent youth, metal having been found on the island, such
who conspired against his country with as gold and iron. The poets, however, tell
Catiline. He was among the friends of Ju us that this name was given it from the cir
lius Caesar. Caius, a Roman who was cumstance of Æneas having landed there,
at the head of a celebrated conspiracy against which is a mere fable.] Ovid. Met. 14, v.
the emperor Nero. He had rendered him 90.-Plin. 3, c. 6.—Pindar. Pyth. 1.-
self a favourite of the people by his private Strab. 1.
as well as public virtues, by the generosity of Pitho, called also Suada, the goddess of
his behaviour, his fondness of pleasure with persuasion among the Greeks and Romans,
the voluptuous, and his austerity with the supposed to be the daughter of Mercury and
grave and the reserved. He had been Venus. She was represented with a diadem
marked by some as a proper person to suc on her head, to intimate her influence over
ceed the emperor ; but the discovery of the the hearts of men. One of her arms ap
plot by a freed-man, who was among the pears raised in the attitude of an orator ha
conspirators, soon cut him off with all his rauguing in a public assembly, and with the
partizans. He refused to court the affections other she holds a thunderbolt, and ſetters
of the people, and of the army, when the made with flowers, to signify the powers of
whole had been made public, and, instead of reasoning and the attractions of eloquence.
taking proper measures for his preservation, A caduceus, as a symbol of persuasion, ap
either by proclaiming himself emperor, as pears at her feet, with the writings of De
his friends advised, or by seeking a retreat mosthenes and Cicero, the two most ce
in the distant provinces of the empire, he re. lebrated among the ancients, who understood
tired to his own house, where he opened the how to command the attention of their au
veins of both his arms, and bled to death. – dience, and to rouse and animate their va.
Lucius, a senator who followed the emperor rious passions.
Valerian into Persia. He proclaimed him Pitholéon, an insignificant poet of Rhodes
self emperor after the death of Valerian, but who uningled Greek and Latin in his compo
he was defeated and put to death a few weeks sitions. He wrote some epigrams against J.
after, A. D. 261, by Valens, &c.—A son Caesar, and drew upon himself the ridicule of
in-law of Cicero. A patrician, whose Horace on account of the inelegance of his
daughter married Julius Cæsar. Horat.-- style. Sueton, de cl. Rh.—Horat. 1, sat. 10,
Tacit. Ann. # Hist.—Wal...Maz.—Liv.— v. 21.-JMacrob. 2, sat. 2.
Sueton.—Cic. de offic. &c.—Plut. in Caºs. &c. Pitticus, a native of Mitylene in Lesbos,
Piséxis villa, a place near Baiae in Cam was one of the seven wise men of Greece.
pania, which the emperor Nero often fre His father's name was Cyrradius. With the
quented. Tacit. Ann. 1. assistance of the sons of Alcaeus, he delivered
PIsroR, a surname given to Jupiter by the his country from the oppression of the tyrant
Romans, signifying baker, because when their Melanchrus, and in the war which the Athe
city was taken by the fººl,
4M
the godpersuad nians waged against * he appeared at the
 PI PL

head of his countrymen, and challenged to tomb were seen, for many ages, three seats of
single combat Phrynon, the enemy's general. white marble, on which he sat, with two
As the event of the war seemed to depend other judges, whenever he gave laws to his
upon this combat, Pittacus had recourse to subjects or settled their disputes. Paul. 1
artifice, and when he engaged, he entangled and 2.—Plut. in Thes.—Strab 8.
his adversary in a net, which he had conceal Pitul&N1, a people of Umbria. Tºeir
ed under his shield, and easily dispatched chief town was called Pitulum.
bim. He was amply rewarded for his victo Pitxon Esus, a small island on the coast of
ry, and his countrymen. sensible of his merit, Peloponnesus, near Epidaurus. Plm.
unanimously appointed him governor of their Pitxus (untis,) now Pitchinda, a town ct
city with unlimited authority. In this capa Colchis, [on the Euxine Sea, to the west of
city Pittacus behaved with great moderatiou Dioscurias or Sebastopolis.J Plin. 6, c. 5.
and prudence, and after he had governed Pity UsAE, [or pine islands, a group of smail
his fellow-citizens with the strictest justice, islands in the Mediterranean, off the coast of
and had established and enforced the most Spain, and lying to the south-west of the Ba
salutary laws, he voluntarily resigned the leares. They derived their name from the
sovereign power after he had enjoyed it number of pine-trees (Titwº, pinus,) which
for 10 years, observing that the virtues and grew in them. The largest is Ebusus or
innocence of private life were incompatible Ivica, (vid. Ebusus,) and next to it is Ophiu
with the power and influence of a sovereign. sa, or Formontera.] Mela, 2, c. 7.-Straš.-
His disinterestedness gained him many ad Plin. 3, c. 5.
mirers, and when the Mityleneans wished to Pius, a surname given to the emperor An
reward his public services by presenting him toninus, on account of his piety and virtue.
with an immease tract of territory, he refus —A surname given to a son of Metellus,
ed to accept more land than what should because he interested himself so warmly to
be contained within the distance to which he have his father recalled from banishment.
could throw a javelin. He died in the 82d PLAck NTIA, new called Plaeenaa, an an
year of his age, about 570 years before cient town and colony of Italy, at the conflu
Christ, after he had spent the last ten years enee of the Trebia and Po. [vid. Trebia.)
of his life in literary ease and peaceful retire Liv. 21, c. 25 and 56, l. 37, c. 10.
ment. One of his favourite maxims was PLAcidia, a daughter of Theodosius the
that man ought to provide against misfor Great, sister to Honorius and Arcadius. She
tunes, to avoid them; but that if they ever married Adolphus, king of the Goths, and af
happened, he ought to support them with terwards Constantius, by whom she had Wa
patience and resignation. In prosperity friends lentinian the 3d. She died A. D. 449.
were to be acquired, and in the hour of ad PLANAsia, a small island of the Tyrrhene
versity their faithfulness was to be tried. He Sea. Another, on the coast of Gaul. where
also observed, that in our actions it was im Tiberius ordered Agrippi. the grandson of
prudent to make others acquainted with our Augustus, to be put to death. Tacit...inn. 1,
designs, for if we failed we had exposed our c. 3.-A town on the Rhone.
selves to censure and to ridicule. Many of PLAN cina, a woman celebrated for her
his maxims were inscribed on the walls of intrigues and her crimes, who married Piso,
Apollo's temple at Delphi, to show the world and was accused with him of having murder
how great an opinion the Mityleneans enter ed Germanicus in the reign of Tiberius. She
tained of his abilities as a philosopher, a mo was acquitted either by means of the empress
ralist, and a man. By one of his laws, every Livia, or on account of the partiality of the
ſault committed by a man when intoxicated emperor for her person. She had long sup
deserved double punishment. The titles of ported the spirits of her husband during his
some of his writings are preserved by Laer confinement, but, when she saw herself freed
tius, among which are mentioned elegiac from the accusation, she totally abandoned
verses, some laws in prose addressed to his him to his fate. Subservient in everything to
countrymen, epistles, and moral precepts. the will of Livia, she, at her instigation, be
Diog.—Aristot. Polit.—Plut. in symp.— came guilty of the greatest crimes, to injure
Paus. 10, c. 24.—JElian. V. H.2, &c.—Wal. the character of Agrippina. After the death
.Mar. 6, c. 5. of Agrippina, Plancina was accused of the
PITTHEA, a town near Troezene. Hence most atrocious offences, and, as she knew
the epithet of Pittheus in Ovid. Met. 15, v. she could not elude justice, she put herself to
296. death, A. D. 33. Tacit. Ann. 6. c 26, &c.
Pittheus, a king of Troezene in Argolis, L. PLAN cus MUNATIUs, a Roman who
son of Pelops and Hippodamia. He was uni rendered himself ridiculous by his follies and
versally admired ſor his learning, wisdom, and extravagance. He had been consul, and had
application; he publicly taught in a school at presided over a province in the capacity ci
Troezene, and even composed a book, which governor, but he forgot all his dignity, and
was seen by Pausanias the geographer. He became one of the most servile flatterers of
gave his daughter Æthra in marriage to Cleopatra and Antony. At the court ci the
AEgeus, king of Athens, and he himself took Egyptian queen in Alexandria, he appeared
particular care of the youth and education of in the character of the meanest stage-lancer,
his grandson Theseus. He was buried at and in comedy, he personated Glaucus, and
Troezene, which he had founded, and on his painted his body of a green colour, Jane
6.42
 PL PI, -

ing on a public stage quite naked, only with ber, the same day as the battle of Mycale,
a crown of green reeds on his head, while he 479 B.C. and by it Greece was totally deli
had tied behind his back, the tail of a large vered for ever from the continual alarms to
sea-fish. This exposed him to the public de which she was exposed on account of the
rision, and when Antony had joined the rest Persian invasions, and from that time none
of his friends in censuring him for his unbe of the princes of Persia dared to appear
coming behaviour, he deserted to Octavius, with a hostile force beyond the Hellespont.
who received him with great marks of friend The Plataeans were naturally attached to the
ship and attention. It was he who proposed interest of the Athenians, and they furnished
in the Roman senate that the title of Augus them with a thousand soldiers when Greece
tus should be conferred on his friend Octa was attacked by Datis, the general of Darius.
vius, as expressive of the dignity and the re |Plataea was taken by the Thebans, after a
verence which the greatness of his exploits famous siege, in the beginning of the Pelopon
seemed to claim. Horace has dedicated 1 nesian war, and destroyed by the Spartans,
od. 7 to him; and he certainly deserved the B. C. 427. Alexander rebuilt it, and paid
honour, from the elegance of his letters great encomiums to the inhabitants, on ac
which are still extant, written to Cicero. count of their ancestors, who had so bravely
Plut. in vità Anton. A patrician, proscrib fought against the Persians at the battle of
ed by the second triumvirate. His servants Marathon and under Pausanias. Herodot.
wished to save him from death, but he refus 8, c. 50.—Paus. 9, c. 1,–Plut. in Aler. &c.
ed it, rather than to expose their persons to —C. Nep, &c.—Cic. de offic. 1, c. 18.—Strab.
danger. —Justin.
PLATAEA, an island on the coast of Africa, PLATO, a celebrated philosopher at Athens,
in the Mediterranean. It belonged to the son of Ariston and Parectonia. His original
Cyreneans. Herodot. 4, c. 157. name was Aristocles, and he received that of
PLATA: A, and Æ, (arum.) a town of Boeo Plato from the largeness of his shoulders. As
tia. [Homer writes the name in the singu one of the descendants of Codrus, and as the
lar, Hazrata, but the historians use the plu offspring of a noble, illustrious, and opulent
ral, TIAztzuzu. It was situate near Mount family, Plato was educated with care, his
Cithaeron, a little below the Asopus, and body was formed and invigorated with gym
seems to have derived its name from Platea, nastic exercises, and his mind was cultivated
the daughter of an ancient king of the coun and enlightened by the study of poetry and of
try who had given his own name to the Aso geometry, from which he derived that acute
pus.] This place was celebrated for a battle ness of judgment and warmth of imagination
fought there between Mardonius the con which have stamped his character as the
mander of Xerxes king of Persia, and Pausa most subtle and flowery writer of antiquity.
nias the Lacedaemonian, who commanded [He applied himself with great diligence to
the combined forces of the Greeks. The
the arts of painting and poetry. In the lat
Persian army consisted of 300,000 men, ter he made such proficiency as to produce an
3000 of which scarce escaped with their epic poem, which, however, upou comparing
lives by flight. [We must except, however, it with Homer, he committed to the flames.
40,000 who were commanded by Artabazus, At the age of 20 years he composed a drama
and took no part in the fight, but fled as soon tic piece, which he gave to the performers to
as they saw the main army give way. The be represented upon the theatre; it formed
battle was fought on the part of the Greeks what the ancients termed a Tetralogy, con
by the combined forces of the Lacedaemoni sisting of three separate tragedies and one
ans and Tegaºans, amounting to 53,000 men, comedy. The day before the intended exhi
the Tegaeans being 3000 strong. The Athe bition, however, he happened to attend upon
nians were kept back from the main fight by a discourse of Socrates, and was so captivat
the attack of the confederate Greeks in the ed by the charms of his discourse, as from
service of the king of Persia. They only ar that moment to abandon poetry and apply
rived on the field after the Lacedaemonians himself earnestly to the study of philosophy.]
and Tegaºans had driven the Barbarians to During eight years he continued to be one
their entrenchments. They proved, how of the pupils of Socrates; and, if he was pre
ever, of great service in storming these, a vented by a momentary indisposition from
mode of warfare with which the Spartans attending the philosopher's last moments, yet
were but little accustomed.] In this cele he collected, from the conversation of those
brated conflict, the Greeks lost but few men; that were present, and from his own accurate
91 Spartans, 52 Athenians, and 16 Tegaºans, observations, the minutest and most circum
were the only soldiers found in the number of stantial accounts, which can exhibit, in its
the slain. The plunder which the Greeks truest colours, the concern and sensibility of
obtained in the Persian camp was immense. the pupil, and the firmness, virtues, and mo
Pausanias received the tenth of all the spoils, ral sentiments of the dying philosopher.
on account of his uncommon valour during the [While Plato was a disciple of Socrates, he
engagement, and the rest were rewarded frequently displeased the followers of that
each according to their respective merit. philosopher, and sometimes gave Socrates
This battle was fought on the 22d of Septem himself occasions of complaint, by mixing
643
 PL PL

foreign tenets with those of his master, and was scarcely sufficient in a single instance tº
grafting upon the Socratic system, opinions procure this indulgence. Little regard is
which were taken from some other stock. therefore due to the opinions of those whº
Plato, nevertheless, retained a zealous attach assert that Plato derived his system of phi
ment to Socrates. When the latter was losophy from the Egyptians. Nor is there a
summoned before the Athenian senate, Plato better foundation for supposing, that, during
undertook to plead his cause, but the par his residence in Egypt, Plato became ac
tiality and violence of the judges would not quainted with the doctrine of the Hebrew.
permit him to proceed. After the condem and enriched his system with spoils from
nation he presented his master with money their sacred books. This opinion has, it is
sufficient to redeem his life, which, however, true, been maintained by several Jewish add
Socrates refused to accept. During his im Christian writers ; but it has littie founda
prisonment, Plato attended him, and was tion beyond mere conjecture ; and it is not
present at a conversation which he held with difficult to perceive that it originated in that
his friends concerning the immortality of the injudicious zeal for the honour of revelation,
soul, the substance of which he afterwards which led these writers to make the He
committed to writing in the beautiful dia brew Scriptures, or traditions, the source of
logue entitled Phaedo, not, however, without all Gentile wisdom. When Plato had, in his
interweaving his own opinions and language.] travels, exhausted the philosophical trea
After the death of Socrates, Plato retired sures of distant countries, he returned into
from Athens, and, to acquire that information Italy, to the Pythagorean school at Taren
which the accurate observer can derive in tum, where he endeavoured to improve his
foreign countries, he began to travel over own system by incorporating in it the doc
Greece. He visited Megara, Thebes, and trine of Pythagoras as it was then taught by
Elis, where he met with the kindest recep Archytas, Timaeus, and others Returning
tion from his fellow-disciples, whom the vio home richly stored with knowledge of va
lent death of their master had likewise re rious kinds, Plato settled in Athens, and
moved from Attica. He afterwards visited opened a school in a public grove called the
Magna Graecia, attracted by the fame of the Academy (Akad mºor). Within this place he
Pythagorean philosophy, and by the learn possessed, as a part of his bumble patrimony,
ing, abilities, and reputation of its professors, a small garden, in which he commenced his
Philolaus, Archytas, and Eurytus. [He was system of instruction. How much Plato va
instructed by these philosophers in all the lued mathematical studies, and how necessa
mysteries of the Pythagorean system, the ry a preparation he thought them for higher
subtleties of which he afterwards too freely peculations, appears from the inscription
blended with the simple doctrine of Socra which he placed over the door of his school:
tes. He next visited Theodorus of Cyrene, Ovčut a yiewerg.ºrg: uvura', “Let no one
and became his pupil in mathematical sci who is unacquainted with geometry enter
ence. When he ſound himself sufficiently here.” This new school soon became famous.
instructed in the elements of this branch of and its master was ranked among the most
learning, he determined to study astronomy eminent philosophers. His travels into dis
and other sciences in Egypt.” According to tant countries, where learning and wisdom
some authorities, however, (for the ancient flourished, gave him celebrity among his
wn ters vary in their accounts of the life of Pla brethren of the Socratic sect. None of these
to,) he went first to Egypt and then to Italy. had ventured to institute a school at Athens,
Diogenes Laertius makes him to have visit. except Aristippus ; and he had confined his
ed Cyrene first, to have betaken himself instructions almost entirely to ethical sub
from thence to Italy, and to have visited jects, and had brought himself into some dis
Egypt last. That he might travel with more credit by the freedom of his manners. Pla
safety upon his journey to the last named to's school soon became frequented by per
country he assumed the character of a mer sons of every age, and of the first distinction
chant, and, as a seller of oil, passed through in every department. Even females, disguis
the kingdom of Artaxerxes Mnemon. Where ed in male attire, were often among the num
ever he came, he obtained information from ber of his hearers. Such distinguished re
the Egyptian priests concerning their astro putation naturally produced among the com
nomical observations and calculations. It panions of Plato, formerly the disciples cf
has been asserted that it was in Egypt that Socrates, a spirit of emulation, which scan
Plato acquired his opinions concerning the degeuerated into envy, and loaded him with
origin of the world, and learnt the doctrines detraction and obloquy. It can only be as
of transmigration and the immortality of cribed to mutual jealousy, that Xenophon
the soul . but it is more than probable that and Plato, though they relate the discourses
he learned the latter doctrine from Socrates, of their common master, studiously avoid
and the former from the school of Pythago mentioning one another. In the midst, how
ras. It is not likely that Plato, in the habit ever, of private censures, the public fame of
of a merchant, could have obtained access to Plato daily increased. His political wisdom
the sacred mysteries of Egypt; for, in the was in such high estimation, that several
case of Pythagoras, the Egyptian priests solicited his assistance in new modelling
were so unwilling to communicate their se their respective forms of government. Ap
crets to strangers, that even a royal mandate! plications of this kind from the Arcadians.
frtà
-
PL PL *

and from the Thebans, he rejected, because a constitution naturally strong and healthy,
they refused to adopt the plan of his repub the philosopher lived to an advanced age, and
lic, which required an equal distribution of was often heard to say, when his physicians
property. He gave his advice in the affairs advised him to leave his residence at Athens,
of Elis and other Grecian states, and fur. where the air was impregnated by the pesti
mished a code of laws for Syracuse. Plato lence, that he would not advance one single
was in high estimation with several princes, step to gain the top of Mount Athos, were
particularly Archelaus, king of Macedon, he assured to attain the great longevity which
and Dionysius, tyrant of Sicily. An ac the inhabitants of that moyntain were said to
count of his first visit to the latter prince enjoy above the rest of mankind. Plato died
is given under the article Dion, aud on his birth-day, in the 81st year of his age,
also of Plato's being sold into slavery at about 348 years before the Christian era.
AEgina. The people of AEgina were then His last moments were easy and without pain,
at war with the Athenians; Plato, how and, according to some, he expired in the
ever, remained but a short time in bondage, midst of an entertainment, or, according
Anicerris, a Cyrenaic philosopher, purchas. to Cicero, as he was writing. The works
ed his liberty for 30 mnas, and sent him of Plato are numerous; they are all written
home to Athens. At the pressing instance, in the form of a dialogue, except 13 letters.
however, of the younger Dionysius, who [The dialogues are 35 in number. Plato's
had ascended the throne upon the death success, however, in the use of this mode of
of the elder, Plato paid a second visit to Si writing, was not very striking, as will åppear
cily. His stay, however, was unsatisfactory from almost every dialogue which he has
and brief. A third invitation came some composed. The main question of the dia
time after, but the philosopher, now advanc logue is so long wept in suspense by the mi
ed in life, pleaded his age as an excuse, nute details of induction, and the business of
and finally was only prevailed upon to go the piece meets with so many colloquial in
by the entreaties of the wife and sister of terruptions, that it is not without great dif
Dion, and the urgent solicitations of some Py ficulty that the reader can follow the thread
thagorean philosophers. For a time Plato of the argument, or perceive the general con
possessed the chief influence and authori clusion. The writer's meaning too is fre
ty at the court of Syracuse. But mutual dis quently lost in the obscurity of subtle dis
trust soon followed, and Dionysius at last even tinctions, and sometimes after the Egyptian
placed Plato in confinement, and the philoso manner, concealed beneath the cloak of the
pher was at length only rescued from the ty fable. Cicero, though an enthusiastic ad
rant's power and restored to his country by mirer of Plato, was not insensible of the un
the spirited intercession of his Pythagºrean certainty which, from this cause, hangs upon
friends.] In his dress the philosopher was not his doctrine. “Plato,” says he, “affirms no
ostentatious, his manners were elegant but mo thing, but after producing many arguments,
dest, simple without affectation, and the great and examining a question on every side,
honours which his learning deserved were not leaves it undetermined.”] He speaks always
paid to his appearance. When he came to by the mouth of others, and the philosopher
the Olympian games, Plato resided, during has no where made mention of himself. ex
bration, in a family who were totally cept oncein his dialogue entitled Phaedon, and
sjrangers to him. He ate and drank with another time, in his apology for Socrates.
em, he partook of their innocent pleasures [It is from the writings of Plato, chiefly, that
amusements; but, though he told them we are to form a judgment of his merit as a
ame was Plato, yet he never spoke of philosopher, and of the service which he ren
employment he pursued at Athens, and dered to science. No one can be conversant
Wer introduced the name of that philoso with these without perceiving that his dic
pher whose doctrines he followed, and whose tion always retained a strong tincture of that
death and virtues were favourite topics of poetical spirit which he discovered in his
conversation in every part of Greece. When first productions. This is the principal ground
he returned home he was attended by the of those lofty encomiums which both ancient
family which had so kindly entertained him; and modern critics have passed upon his lan
and, as being a native of Athens, he was de guage, and, particularly of the high estima
sired to show them the great philosopher tion in which it was held by Cicero, who,
whose name he bore: their surprise was treating of the subject of language, says,
great when he told them that he himself was “that if Jupiter were to speak in the Greek
the Plato whom they wished to bebold. In tougue, he would use the language of Plato.”
his diet he was moderate, and i deed, to so The accurate Stagyrite describes it as “a mid
briety and temperance in the use of food, and dle species of diction, between verse and
to the want of those pleasures which enfee prose.” Some of his dialogues are elevated
ble the body and enervate the mind, some by such sublime and glowing conceptions,
have attributed his preservation during the are enriched with such copious diction, and
tremendous pestilence which had raged at flow in so harmonious a rhythm, that they
Athens with so much fury at the beginning may be truly pronounced highly poetical.
of the Peloponnesian war. Plato was never Even in the discussion of abstract subjects,
subject to any long or lingering indisposition, the language of Plato is often clear, simple,
and though change of climate had enfeebled and full of harmony. At other times, how
 PL PL

ever, he becomes turgid and swelling, and hand of a pre-existent creature, god as:
involves himself in obscurities which were man. The world was created by that sex
either the offspring of a lofty fancy, or bor existent cause, from the rude, undigest.
rowed from the Italic school. Several an mass of matter which had existed from 1.
cient critics have noticed these blemishes in eternity, and which had even been auimate
the writings of Plato. The same inequality by an irregular principle of motion. #:
which is so apparent in the style of Plato uppears to have conceived of the Diriº
may also be observed in his conceptions. principle, as distinct, not merely from mate
Whilst he adheres to the school of Socrates, but from the efficient cause, and as eternal
and discourses upon moral topics, he is much containing within itself Ideas, or intelligº
more pleasing than when he loses himself, forms, which, flowing from the ſountain
with Pythagoras, in abstruse speculatious. the Divine essence, have in themselves
The dialogues of Plato, which treat of various real existence, and which, in the formatiºn
subjects, and were written with different of the visible world, were, by the energy &
views, are classed by the ancients under the the efficient cause, united to matter to prº
two heads of didactic and inquisitive. The duce sensible bodies. These ideas Plato de
didactic are subdivided into speculative, (in fines to be the peculiar natures of things, ºr
cluding physical and logical); and practical, essences as such; and asserts that they al.
(comprehending ethical and political). The ways remain the same, without beginning
second class, the inquisitive, is characterized or end. Of matter, Plato maintains its eter.
by terms taken from the athletic art, and nal co-existence with God, and it is surprº
divided into the gymnastic and the agonistic. ing that any one could have so far mis.
The dialogues termed gymnastic were magin taken his meaning as to discover the less
ed to be similar to the erereise, and were sub coincidence between his doctrine and
divided into the Maieutic (as resembling the that of Moses.] The origin of evil could
teaching of the rudiments of the art); and the not be traced under the government of a
peirastic (as represented by a skirmish, or deity, without admitting a stubborn in
trial of proficiency.) The agonistie dialogues, tractability and wildness congenial to mat
supposed to resemble the combat, were either ter, and from these, consequently, could be
endenctic, (as exhibiting specimens of skill); demonstrated the deviations from the lawn
or anatreptic (as presenting the spectacle ºf of nature, and from thence the extravagant
a perfect defeat.) Instead of this whimsical passions and appetites of men. From mate
classification, they may more properly be rials like these were ſormed the four elements,
divided into physical, logical, ethical, and and the beautiful structure of the heavens
political. The writings of Plato were origi and the earth, and into the active, but irra
mally collected by Hermodorus, one of his tional, principle of matter, the divinity infused
pupils.] The speculative mind of Plato was a rational soul. The souls of men were
employed in examining things divine and formed from the remainder of the rational
human, and he attempted to fix and ascer soul of the world, which had previously given
tain, not only the practical doctrine of morals existence to the invisible gods and demons
and politics, but the more subtle and abstruse The philosopher, therefore, supported the
theory of mystical theogony. His philosophy doctrine of ideal forms, and the pre-existence
was unviversally received and adopted and of the human mind, which he considerel as
it has not only governed the opinions of the emanations of the Deity, which can never
speculative part of mankind, but it continuesremain satisfied with objects or things un
worthy of their divine original. Men could
still to influence the reasoning, and to divide
the senti, ents of the moderns. In his sys perceive, with their corporeal senses, the
tems of philosophy, he followed the physics types of immutable things, and the fluctuat
of Heraclitus, the metaphysical opinions of ing objects of the material world; but the
Pythagoras, and the morals of Socrates. [One sudden changes to which these are continual
circumstance it is particularly necessary to ly obnoxious, create innumerable disorders,
remark: that, among other things which and hence arises deception, and, in short, all
Plato received from philosophy, he was the errers and miseries of human life. Yet,
careful to borrow the art of concealing his in whatever situation man may be, he is still
real opinions. His inclination towards this an object of divine concern, and, to recor
kind of concealment appears from the ob mend himself to the favour of the pre-exist
scure language which abounds in his writ ent cause, he must comply with the purpº
ings, and may indeed be learned from his es of his creation, and, by proper care and
own express assertions. “It is a difficult diligence, he can recover those immaculate
thing,” he observes, “to discover the na powers with which he was naturally endow.
ture of the Creator of the universe; and, ed. All science the philosopher made tº
being discovered, it is impossible, and consist in reminiscence, and in recalling the
would even be impious, to expose the dis uature, forms, and proportions, of those per
covery to vulgar understandings.” This lect and immutable essences with which the
concealed method of philosophizing he was human mind had been conversant. From
induced to adopt from a regard to personal observations like these, the summit of felici
safety, and from motives of vanity.] He ty might be attained by removing from the
maintained the existence of two beings, one material, and approaching nearer to the in
self-existent, and the
r: a
other formed by the tellectual world, by curbing and governit:
 PL PL

the passions, which were ever agitated and the material world after a perfect archetype,
inflamed by real or imaginary objects. The which had eternally subsisted in his Reason,
passions were divided into two classes; the aud endued it with a soul. “God,” says he,
first consisted of the irascible passions, which “produced mind, prior in time as well as in
originated in pride or resentment, and were excellence, to the body, that the latter might
seated in the breast: the other, founded on be subject to the former.” “ From that
the love of pleasure, was the concupiscible substauce which is invisible, and always the
part of the soul, seated in the belly and infe same, and from that which is corporeal and
rior parts of the body. These different or divisible, he compounded a third kind of sub
ders induced the philosopher to compare the stance, participating of the nature of both.”
soul to a small republic, of which the reason '#'his substance, which is not eternal, but
ing and judging powers were stationed in produced, and which derives the superior
the head, as in a firm citadel, and of which part of its nature from God, and the inferior
the senses were its guards and servants. By from matter, Plato supposed to be the ani
the irascible part of the soul men asserted mating principle in the universe, pervading
their dignity, repelled injuries, and scorned and adorning all things. This third princi
danger ; and the concupiscible part provided ple in nature is, in the Platonic system, in
the support and the necessities of the body, ferior to the Deity, being derived from that
and, when governed with propriety, it gave Divine Reason which is the seat of the ideal
rise to temperance. Justice was produced by world; herein differing fundamentally from
the regular dominion of reason, and by the the Stoical doctrine of the soul of the world,
submission of the passions; and prudence which supposed the essence of the Divine
arose from the strength, acuteness, and per nature diffused throughout the universe.
fection of the soul, without which all other The doctrine of a two-fold soul of the world,
virtues could not exist. But, amidst all this, the one wrºgzoa wicz, “presiding over the
wisdom was not easily attained; at their cre. world,” the other tykoraiay, “residing in the
ations all minds were not endowed with the world,” is an appendage to the ancient Pla
same excellence, the bodies which they ani tonic system, introduced by the later Plato
mate on earth were not always in harmony nists to accommodate this system to the no
with the divine emanation ; some might be tions adopted by many of the Christian fa
too weak, others too strong, and on the first thers concerning the Divine Nature. It is
years of a man's life depended his future con evident from the preceding account of the
sequence; as an effeminate and licentious doctrine of Plato concerning God and the
education seemed calculated to destroy the soul of the world, that it differs materially
purposes of the divinity, while the contrary from the doctrine of the Trinity afterwards
produced different effects, and tended to cul received into the Christian church. Plato
tivate and improve the reasoning and judging did not suppose three subsistences in one Di
faculty, and to produce wisdom and virtue. vine essence, separate from the visible world;
Plato was the first who supported the im but he taught that the Aoyor, or Reason of
mortality of the soul upon arguments solid God, is the seat of the intelligible world, or
and permanent, deduced from truth and ex of ideas, and that the soul of the world is a
perience. [Plato's arguments in favour of third subordinate nature, compounded of in
the immortality of the soul are not ſounded telligence and matter. In the language of
“on truth and experience,” but are drawn Plato, the universe, being animated by a soul
from the more fanciful parts of his system. which proceeds from God, is the son of God;
For example : In nature all things terminate and several parts of nature, particularly the
in their contraries; the state of sleep ter heavenly bodies, are gods. He probably
minates in that of waking; and the reverse: so conceived many subordinate divinities to have
life ends in death, and death in life. The soul bven produced at the same time with the soul
is a simple indivisible substance, and there of the world, and imagined that the Supreme
fore incapable of dissolution or corruption. Being appointed them to the charge of form
The objects to which it naturally adheres are ing animal bodies, and superintending the
spiritual and incorruptible; therefore its own visible world ; a doctrine which he seems to
nature is so. All our knowledge is acquired have borrowed from the Pythagoreans.] Plato
by the reminiscence of ideas contemplated in did not imagine that the diseases and the
a prior state: as the soul therefore must have death of the body could injure the princi
existed before this life, it is probable that it ple of life and destroy the soul, which, of
will continue to exist after it. Life being itself, was of divine origin, and of an un
the conjunction, of the soul with the body, corrupted and immutable essence, which,
death is nothing more than their separation. though inherent for awhile in matter, could
Whatever is the principle of motion must not lose that power which was the emana
be incapable of destruction. Such is the tion of God. From doctrines like these,
substance of the arguments for the immor the great founder of Platonism concluded
tality of the soul, contained in the celebrated that there might exist in the world a con:-
dialogue entitled Phaedo. It is huppy for munity of men whose passions could be go
mankind that their belief of this important verned with inoderation, and who, from
doctrine rests upon firmer grounds than such knowing the evils and miseries which arise
futile reasonings. It was another doctrine in from ill conduct, might aspire to excellence
the Platonic system that the Deity formed and attain that periº which can be de
 PL PL

rived from the proper exercise of the ra
tional and moral powers. To illustrate this
more fully, the philosopher wrote a book,
well known by the name of the republic of
Plato, in which he explains with acuteness,
judgment, and elegance, the rise and revolu
tion of civil society. [The school of Plato
675. It punished with the interdictio ignisi
aqua all persons who were found guilty ºf
attempts upon the state, or the senators =
magistrates, or such as appeared in Public
armed with an evil design, or such as forcibly
expelled any persons from his legal posse
Sions.

long continued famous, but passed through PLAutrāNUs, Fulvius, an African of

several changes, on account of which it was mean birth, who was banished for his sediti
successively distinguished into the Old, the ous behaviour in the years of his obscurity.
JMiddle, and the New Academy. The Old In his banishment, Plautianus formed an ac
.Academy consisted of those followers of Pla quaintance with Severus, who, some years
to who taught the doctrines of their master after, ascended the imperial throne. This
without mixture or corruption. The most was the beginning of bisprosperity ; Severus
distinguished of these were Speusippus, Xe paid the greatest attention to him, and, if we
mocrates, Polemo, Crates and Crantor. Af. believe some authors, their familiarity and in
ter the death of Crates a new tribe of phi tercourse were carried beyond the bounds ºf
losophers arose, who, on account of certain modesty and propriety. Plautianus shared
innovations in their manner of philosophiz the favours of Severus in obscurity as well as
ing, which in some measure receded from the on the throne. He was invested with as
Platonic system without entirely deserting it, much power as his patron at Rome, and in
have been distinguished by the name of the the provinces, and, indeed, he wanted but the
JMiddle Academy. Under Lacydes the New name of emperor to be his equal. His table
.Academy commenced. He is said to have was served with more delicate meats then
been the founder of a new school, not be that of the emperor; when he walked in
cause he introduced any new doctrine, but the public streets he received the most dis
from his having changed the place of instruc tinguishing honours, and a number of criers
tion and held the school over which he pre ordered the most noble citizens, as well as
sided in the garden of Attalus, still, however, the meanest beggars, to make way for the
within the limits of the Academic grove.— favourite of the emperor, and not to fix their
The works of Plato were first published af. eyes upon him. He was concerned in all
ter the invention of printing, by Aldus Ma the rapine and destruction which was com
nutius, at Venice, in 1513. The editions of mitted through the empire, and he enriched
Ficinus and Serranus are very valuable, but himself with the possessions of those who
their notes and interpretations are to be read had been sacrificed to the emperor's cruelty
with caution ; for Ficinus, having formed his
or avarice. To complete his triumph, and
conceptions of the doctrine of Plato after to make himself still greater, Plautianus
the model of the Alexandrian school, fre married his favourite daughter Plautilia to
quently, in his Arguments, misrepresents the Caracalla, the son of the emperor ; and to
design of his author, and in his version ob eager was the emperor to indulge his inclina
scures the sense of the original; and Serra tions in this, and in every other respect, that
nus, for want of an accurate acquaintance he declared he loved Plautianus so much
with the doctrine of his author, and through that he would even wish to die before him.
the influence of a strong predilection for the The marriage of Caracalla with Plastilla
scholastic system of theology, sometimes gives was attended with serious consequences.
an incorrect and injudicious explanation of The son of Severus had complied with great
the text.—The most useful editions of Plato, reluctance, and, though Plautilla was amiable
next to those mentioned above, are, the Bi in her manners, commanding in aspect, and
pont edition, 12 vols. 8vo. 1788, and that of of a beautiful countenance, yet the young
Bekker, Berol. 1816-18, 10 vols. 8vo. includ prince often threatened to punish herbaughty
ing 2 vols. of various readings, &c. The text and imperious behaviour as soon as he sor
of this last edition is decidedly the best. An ceeded to the throne. Plautilla reported the
edition by Prof. Ast is now publishing in whole to her father, and to save his daughter
Germany, of which 6 vols. have already ap from the vengeance of Caracalha, Plautiates
peared.] Plato. Dial. &c.—Cic. de Qſſic. 1, conspired against the emperor and his sce
de Div. 1, c. 36. de M. D. 2, c. 12. Tus. 1, c. The conspiracy was discovered, and Severº
17.-Plut. in Sol. &c.—Seneca. ep.–Quintul. forgot his attachment to Plautianus, and the
10, c. 1, &c.—AElian. W. H. 2 and 4.—Paus ſavours he had heaped upon him, when be
1, c. 30.-Diog.—A Greek poet, called heard of his perfidy. The wicked minister
the prince of the middle comedy, who flou was immediately put to death, and Plautifa
rished B C. 445. Some fragments remain banished to the island of Lipari, with tºr
of his pieces. brother Plautius, where, seven years after,
PLAutia, Lex. was enacted by M. Plau she was put to death by order of Cararalls,
tius, the tribune, A.U.C 664. It required A. D. 211. Plautilla had two children, a sºu
every tribe annually to choose fifteen persons who died in his childhood, and a daughter
of their body, to serve as judges, making the whom Caracalla murdered in the arms of
honour common to all the three orders, ac her mother. Dion. Cass.
cording to the majority of votes in every tribe.
M. Accius PLAurus, a comic poet, born
-Another, called also Plotia, A. U, C, at Sarsina, in Umbria. [He was called Plan
 PL PL

is from his splay feet, a defect common to to observe, that for 500 years, with all the
il the Umbrians.] Fortune proved unkind disadvantage of obsolete language and dic
him, and, from competence, he was reduc tion, in spite of the change of manners and
d to the meanest poverty, by engaging in a the revolutions of government, he command
ommercial line. To maintain himself, he ed and received that applause which no
ntered into the family of a baker as a com other writer dared to dispute with him. [In
ion servant, and was employed in grinding the time of Varro there were remaining i30
orn. [Many of his plays were written in comedies attributed to Plautus; in this num
lese unfavourable circumstances, and of ber, however, were included many pieces
ourse have not obtained all the perfection composed by another poet of the same name.
which might otherwise have resulted from Varro acknowledges only 21 as genuine.
is increased knowledge of life, and his long Of these last we possess 20. One of them,
ractice in the dramatic art.] He died about the Paenulus, or “young Carthaginian,” con
84 years before the Christian era; and War tains some specimens of the Punic tongue,
9, his learned countryman, wrote this stan which, though very corrupt, are, notwith
a, which deserved to be engraved on his standing, very interesting fragments of anti
ymb: quity.] The best editions of Plautus are
that of Gronovius, 8vo. L. Bat. 1664; that
Postguan morte captus est Plautus, of Barbou, 12mo. in 3 vols. Paris, 1759; that
Comedia luget, scena est deserta ; of Ernesti, 2 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1760; and that
Deinde risus, ludus, jocusque, & numeri
Innumeri simul omnies collacrymárunt. of Glascow, 8 vols. 12mo. 1763. [The fol
lowing editions are also valuable; that of
The plays of Plautus were universally esteem Schmieder, Gotting. 1804, 8vo. and the Tri
d at Rome, and the purity, the energy, and nummus, by Hermann, Lips. 1800, 8vo.]
he elegance of his language, were, by other Varro apud Quintil 10, c. 1.—Cic. de Qſſic.
writers, considered as objects of imitation; l, &c. De Orat. 3, &c.—Horat. 2, ep. 1, v.
ind Varro, whose judgment is great, and ge. 58, 170. de art. poet. 54 and 270–MElia
terally decisive, declares, that if the muses nus, a high-priest who consecrated the capi.
were willingto speak Latin they would speak tol in the reign of Vespasian. Tacit. Hist.
n the language of Plautus. In the Augustan 4, c. 53.
ge, however, when the Roman language be PLE1ADEs, or VERGILIAE, a name given
ame more pure and refined, the comedies of to seven of the daughters of Atlas by Pleione
lautus did not appear free from inaccuracy. of AEthra, one of the Oceanides. They were
The poet, when compared to the more ele placed in the heavens after death, where
:ant expressions of Terence, was censured they formed a constellation called Pleiades,
or his negligence in versification, his low wit, in the neck of the bull in the Zodiac. Their
*xecrable puns, and disgusting obscenities. names were Alcyone, Merope, Maia, Elec
As regards the opinion expressed by Varro, tra, Taygeta, Sterope, and Celeno. They all,
* is necessary to distinguish between the except Merope, who married Sisyphus, king
judgment of philologers and that of critics of Corinth, had some of the immortal gods
and poets. Plautus wrote at a period when for their suitors. On that account, therefore,
* country as yet possessed no written or Merope's star is dim and obscure among the
literary language. Every phrase was drawn rest of her sisters, because she married a
from the living source of conversation. This mortal. The name of the Pleiades is deriv
*ly simplicity seemed pleasing and artless ed from the Greek word ºratºv, to sail, because
* those Romans who lived in an age of ex that constellation shows the time most fa
*ive refinement and cultivation: but this vourable to navigators, which is in the spring.
"PParent merit was rather accidental than The name of Vergiliae they derive from ver,
* effect of poetic art. Making, however, the spring. They are sometimes called At
º allowances for this, there can be no lantides, from their father, or Hesperides,
*bt that Plautus wonderfully improved from the gardens of that name, which be
*refined the Latin language from the rude longed to Atlas. Hygin. fab. 191. P...A. 2, c.
ºn to which it had been moulded by En. 21.-Ovid. Met. 13, v. 293. Fast. 5, v. 106
*] Yet, however censured as to lan and 170.—Hesiod. oper. & dies.—Homer. Od.
*ge or sentiments, Plautus continued to 5.—Horat. 4, od. 14.—Virg. G. 1, v. 138, 1.
*** favourite on the stage. If his expres 4, 233. Seven poets, who, from their num
** were not choice or delicate, it was uni ber, have received the name Pleiades, near
*lly admitted that he was more happy the age of Philadelphus Ptolemy, king of
* other comic writers in his pictures, the Egypt. Their names were Lycophron, The
'ncidents of his plays were more varied, the ocritus, Aratus, Nicander, Apollonius, Phili
* mºre interesting, the characters more cus, and Homerus the younger.
truly displayed, and the catastrophe more PLE1öNE, one of the Oceanides, who mar
ºl . In the reign of the emperor Dio ried Atlas, king of Mauritania, by whom she
*n, his comedies were still acted on the had twelve daughters, and a son called Hyas.
* theatres, and no greater compliment Seven of the daughters were changed into a
*** paid to his abilities as a comic writer,
constellation called Pleiades, and the rest
º *śreater censure can be passed upon into another called Hyades. Ovid, Fast. 5,
**uccessors in dramatic compositions, than v. 84.
4 N 640
 - PL
PL
------
vented him from returning to Misenum. The
Ple:MMYRIUM, now Massa Oliveri, a pro eruption of the volcano increased, and, atlas
montory with a small castle of that uame, in the fire approached the place where the Pº
the bay of Syracuse. Pirg, VEn. v. 693. losopher made his observations. Plinyenia.
PLEumosii, a people of Belgium, the inha voured to fly before it, but, though he wu
ki, nts of modern Tournay. Caes. G. 5, c. 38. supported by two of his servants, he was -
PLExippus, a son of Thestius, brother to ble to escape. He soon fell down suffocate
Althaea, the wife of QEneus. He was killed by the thick vapours that surrounded him
by his nephew Meleager, in hunting the Caly and the insupportable stench of sulphurºa
donian boar. His brother Toxeu share his s d
matter. His body was found three days ºf
fate. (vid. Althaea and Meleager.) ter and decently buried by his uephew, whº
C. PLIN1Us SEcundus, surnamed the El was then at Misenum with the deet. The
der, was born at Verona, of a noble family. memorable event happened in the 79th year
He distinguished himself in the field, and, af of the Christian era ; and the philosopher
ter he had been made one of the augurs at who perished by the eruptions of the fºr
Rome, he was appointed governor of Spain. cano has been called by some the martyr ºf
In his public character he did not neglect the nature. He was then in the 56th year of his
pleasures of literature, the day was employ age. Of the works which he composed monº
ed in the administration of the affairs of his
are extant but his natural history in 37 book.
province and the night was dedicated to It is a work, as Pliny the younger says, ful
study. Every moment of time was precious of erudition, and as varied as nature itself [.
to him ; at his meals one of his servants read treats of the stars, the heavens, wind, rain.
to him books valuable for their information,
minerals, trees, flowers, and plants, be
and from them he immediately made copious hail, ls, birk,
extracts in a memorandum book. Even sides an account of all living anima
ed lf bathi ng, his fishes, and beasts ; a geographical descriptica :
while he dress himse after of every place on the globe, and an history of
attention was called away from surrounding every art and science, of commerce and na
s,
object and he was either emplo yed in listen
vigation, with their rise, progress, and seven
ing to another or in dictating himself. To a improvements. He is happy in his descrip.
mind so earnes tly devot ed to learni ng, no tions as a naturalist, he writes with force and
thing appeared too laborious, no undertaking
too troub lesom e. He deem ed every mome nt energy, and, though many of his ideas and
lost which was not dedicated to study, and,
conjectures are sometimes ill-founded, yet he
possesses that fecundity of imagination, and
from these reasons, he never appeared at vivacity of expression, which are requisite to
Rome but in a chariot, and, wherever he
treat a subject with propriety, and to render
went he was always accompanied by his y e pleasing, stiug, and
amanuensis. He even censured his nephew, an histor of naturctive. His intere style possesses
young er, becau se he had indul ged above all, instru
Pliny the graces of the Augustan age; he has
himself with a walk, and sternly observed not the er y and elegance, nor its simpl;
that he might have employed those moments neith its purit
advan tage. But if his litera ry pur city, but it is rather cramped, obscure, and
to better sometimes unintelligible. Yet for all this he
suits made him forget the public affairs, his has ever been admired and esteemed, and his
prudence, his abilities, and the purity and in lation of ever,
nocence of his character, made him known work may be called a compi
and respected. He was courted and ad thing which us had been written before his age
on the vario subjects which he treats, and
mired by the emperors Titus and Vespasian. a judicious collection from the best treatise
and he received from them all the favours
which a virtuous prince could offer, and an ho whichons had been composed on the various pre
nest subject receive. As he was at Misenum, ducti
of nature. [Notwithstanding all
where he commanded the fleet which was that may he said in its favou the work
r,
must be read with caution, because Phny
then stationed there, Pliny was surprised at often makes his extracts from other with
the sudden appearance of a cloud of dust and itation. This becomes ºr
ashes. He was then ignorant of the cause too much precip
ly necessary where the originals, frºm
which produced it, and he immediately set treme d, r
sail in a small vessel for Mount Vesuvius, which he copie no longe exist, or when
which he at last discovered to have made a Pliny allows his judgment to be warpedº
lous, and often +
dreadful eruption. The sight of a number of prejudice. Pliny is credu
boats that fled from the coast to avoid the ficient on questions of taste. In the meda
of his work, however, he is most ºn
danger might have deterred another, but the part neous. The last five books, in which *
curiosity of Pliny excited him to advance
with more boldness, and, though his vessel treats ºccas.ional of the arts,
ly contains,
was often covered with stones and ashes that many errors The text of this writer swº
t and ºn
were continually thrown up by the mountain. ry corrupt, and still needs an exper els
yet he landed on the coast. The place was tical editor.] Pliny was not asham diº
deserted by the inhabitants, but Pliny remain mentisonof the authors which he quote
them with admiration and whº
ed there during the night, the better to ob. speak
serve the mountain, which, during the obscu
he pays the greatest compliment to their ºb.
rity, appeared to be one continual blaze. He lities, his encomiums show, in the strºngº
was soon disturbed by a dreadful earthquake, light,uousn
and the eontr ary wind on the morrow pre ingen
fººd
the goodness, the sensibility, and tº
ess of his own mind. He had wr |
 PL PL

ten 160 volumes of remarks and annotations ble ; as a subject he was faithful to his
on the various authors which he had read, prince ; and as a magistrate, he was candid,
and so great was the opinion in his contempo open, and compassionate. His native coun
raries, of his erudition and abilities, that a man try shared among the rest his unbounded be
called Lartius Lutinus offered to buy his notes nevolence; and Comum, a town of Insubria,
and observations for the enormous sum of which gave him birth, boasted of his liberali
about 32421. English money. The philoso ty in the valuable and choice library of books
pher, who was himself rich and independent, which he collected there. He also contri
rejected the offer, and his compilations, after buted towards the expenses which attended
his death, came into the hands of his nephew the education of his countrymen, and liberal
Pliny. The best editions of Pliny are that of ly spent part of his estate for the advance
Harduin, 3 vols. fol. Paris, 1723, that of Frant ment of literature, and for the instruction of
zius, 10 vols. 8vo, Lips. 1778, that of Brotier, those whom poverty otherwise deprived of
6 vols. 12mo. Paris, 1779, and the Variorum, the advantages of a public education. He
8vo. in 8 vols. Lips. 1778 to 1789. Tacit. Ann. made his preceptor Quintilian, and the poet
1, c. 69, l. 13, c. 20, 1.15, c. 53.-Plin. ep. &c. Martial, objects of his benevolence, and when
—C. Caecilius Secundus, surnamed the the daughter of the former was married,
wounger, was son of L. Caecilius by the sister Pliny wrote to the father with the greatest
of Pliny the elder. He was adopted by his civility; and while he observed that he was
uncle, whose name he assumed, and whose rich in the possession of learning, though
estates and effects he inherited. He received poor in the goods of fortune, he begged of him
the greatest part of his education under Quin to accept, as a dowery for his beloved daugh
tilian, and at the age of 19 he appeared at the ter, 50,000 sesterces, about 300l. I would
bar, where he distinguished himselſ so much not, continued he, be so moderate, were I not
by his eloquence, that he and Tacitus were assured from your nodesty and disinterested
reckoned the two greatest orators of their ness, that the smallness of the present will ren
age. He did not make his profession an ob der it acceptable. He died in the 52d year of
ject of gain like the rest of the Roman ora his age, A. D. 113. He had written an his
tors, but he refused fees from the rich as well tory of his own times, which is lost. It is
as from the poorest of his clients, and declar said that Tacitus did not begin his history till
ed that he cheerfully employed himself for he had found it impossible to persuade Pliny
the protection of innocence, the relief of the to undertake that laborious task, and indeed
indigent, and the detection of vice. He pub what could not have been expected from the
lished many of his harangues and orations, panegyrist of Trajan, if Tacitus acknow
which have been lost. When Trajan was ledged himself inferior to him in delineating
invested with the imperial purple, Pliny was the character of the times. Some suppose,
created consul by the emperor. This honour but falsely, that Pliny wrote the lives of illus
the consul acknowledged in a celebrated trious men, universally ascribed to Corne
panegyric, which, at the request of the Ro lius Nepos. He also wrote poetry, but his
man senate, and in the name of the whole verses have all perished, and nothing of his
empire, he pronounced on Trajan. [The learned works remain but his panegyric on
“Panegyric” of Pliny is rendered very in the emperor Trajan, and 10 books of letters,
teresting by the numerous facts it contains which he himself collected and prepared for
relative to the emperor Trajan; especially the public from a numerous and respectable
as we do not now possess what Suetonius correspondence. These letters contain many
and Tacitus may have written of this prince, curious and interesting facts; they abound
and since many other histories of his reign with many anecdotes of the generosity and
are likewise lost.] Some time after he pre the humane sentiments of the writer. They
sided over Pontus and Bithynia, in the office. are written with elegance and great purity,
and with the power, of pro-consul, and by and the reader every where discovers that
his humanity and philanthropy the subject affability, that condescension and philanthro
was freed from the burden of partial taxes, py, which so egregiously marked the advo
and the persecution which had been begun cate of the Christians. These letters are
against the Christians of his province was esteemed by some equal to the epistles of
stopped when Pliny solemnly declared to the Cicero. [The most interesting of these let
emperor that the followers of Christ were a ters are, two in which he details the mode
meek and inoffensive sect of men, that their of life pursued by Pliny the elder, and states
morals were pure and innocent, that they the particulars of his death; two others in
were free from all crimes, and that they vo which he gives an account of his villas; and
luntarily bound themselves by the most so that relative to the Christians, in which he
lemn oaths to abstain from vice, and relin communicates to the emperor the result of
quish every sinful pursuit. If he rendered his enquiries respecting them. Semler, a
himself popular in his province, he was not German divine, has attempted to prove this
less respected at Rome. He was there the last a fabrication of Tertullian, but ineffec
friend of the poor, the patron of learning, tually. There is a foolish legend connected
great without arrogance, affable in his beha. with this letter, that Pliny, having met Titus
viour, and an example of good-breeding, so in Crete, was converted by him, and suffer
briety, temperance, and modesty. As a fa. ed martyrdom.] In his panegyric, Pliny's
ther and a husband his character was amia style is florid and brilliant; he has used to
 bH, PL

the greatest advantage the liberties of the he had profited by all the instructions of his
panegyrist, and the eloquence of the cour learned preceptor, he determined to improve
tier. His ideas are new and refined, but his knowledge and to visit the territories
his diction is distinguished by that affecta India and Persia to receive information. He
tion and pomposity which marked the reign accompanied Gordian in his expedition intº
of Trajan. The best editions of Pliny, are the east, but the day which proved fatalº
that of Gesner, [improved by Schaeffer, the emperor nearly terminated the life a
Lips. 1805, in 8vo.] and of Lallemand, 12mo. the philosopher. He saved himself by flight.
Paris apud Barbou, and of the panegyric and the following year he retired to Rome.
separate, that of Schwartz, 4to. 1746, and of where he publicly taught philosophy. He
the epistles, the Variorum, L. Bat. 1669, 8vo. school was frequented by people of ever!
Plin. ep.–Vossius.-Sidonius. sex, age, and quality, by senators as well as
PList ARch Us, son of Leonidas, of the fa plebeians; and so great was the opinian ci
mily of the Eurysthenidae, succeeded to the the public of his honesty and candour, that
Spartan throne at the death of Cleombrotus, many on their death-bed left all their pos.
JHerodot. 9, c. 10. sessions to his care, and intrusted their chil
PList HENEs, a son of Arteus, king of Ar dren to him as a superior being. He was
gos, father of Menelaus and Agamemnon ac the favourite of all the Romans ; and while
cording to Hesiod and others. Homer, how he charmed the populace by the foree of
ever, calls Menelaus and Agamemnon sons of his eloquence, and the senate by his doctrines,
Atreus, though they were in reality the chil the emperor Gallienus courted him, and ad
dren of Plisthenes. The father died very mired the extent of his learning. It is even
young, and the two children were left in said, that the emperor and the empress Sa
the house of their grandfather, who took lonia intended to rebuild a decayed city of
care of them and instructed them. From his Campania, and to appoint the philosopher
attention to them, therefore, it seems proba over it, that there he might experimentally
ble that Atreus was universally acknowledg know, while he presided over a colony of
ed as their protector and father, and thence philosophers, the validity and the use of the
their surname of Atridae. Ovid. Rem. .4m. ideal laws of the republic of Plato. This
v. 778. –Dictys. Cret. 1.-Homer. Il. plan was not executed through the envy and
PLIstinus, a brother of Faustulus the malice of the enemies of Plotinus. The phi
shepherd who saved the life of Romulus and losopher, at last, become helpless and infirm.
Remus. He was killed in a scuffle which returned to Campania, where the liberality
happened between the two brothers. of his friends for awhile maintained him.
PLIstokNAx and PLIstóNAx, son of Pau He died A. D. 270, in the 66th year of his
sanias, was general of the Lacedæmonian age, and as he expired, he declared that he
armies in the Peloponnesian war. He was made his last and most violent efforts to give
banished from his kingdom of Sparta for 19 up what there was most divine in him and in
years, and was afterwards recalled by order the rest of the universe. Amidst the great
of the oracle of Delphi. He reigned 58 years. qualities of the philosopher, we discover
He had succeeded Plistarchus. Thucyd. some ridiculous singularities. Plotinus never
PLOTiNA Pompeia, a Roman lady who permitted his picture to be taken, and he ob
married Trajan while he was yet a private served, that to see a painting of himself in
man. She entered Rome in the procession the following age, was beneath the notice of
with her husband when he was saluted em an enlightened mind. These reasons also in
peror, and distinguished herself by the affa duced him to conceal the day, the hour, and
bility of her behaviour, her humanity, and the place of his birth. He never made use
liberal offices to the poor and friendless. of medicines, and though his body was often
She accompanied Trajan in the east, and at debilitated by abstinence or too much study,
his death she brought back his ashes to he despised to have recourse to a physician,
Rome, and still enjoyed all the honours and and thought that it would degrade the gra
titles of a Roman empress under Adrian, vity of a philosopher. His writings have
who, by her means, had succeeded to the va been collected by his pupil Porphyry. They
cant throne. At her death, A. D. 122, she consist of 54 different treatises divided into
was ranked among the gods, and received di six equal parts, written with great spirit and
vine honours, which, according to the su vivacity; but the reasonings are abstruse,
perstition of the times, she seemed to deserve and the subjects metaphysical. The bes:
from her regard for the good and the pros. edition is that of Picinus, fol. Basil, 1580.
perity of the Roman empire, and for her
private virtues. Dion.
Plotius CRispinus, a Stoic philosopher
and poet, whose verses were very inelegant,
Plotinopolis, a town of Thrace built by and whose disposition was morose, for which
.
the emperor Trajan, and called after Plotina, he has been ridiculed by Horace, and called
the founder's wife. [It was situate upon the ...Aretalogus. Horat. 1, sat. 1. v. 4. Gal
river Hebrus, 22 miles from Trajanopolis
ius, a native of Lugdunum, who taught gram
according to the itinerary of Antonine.]— mar at Rome, and had Cicero among his pu
Another in Dacia. oils. Cuc. de Orat.—Tucca, a friend of
Plotinus, a Platonic philosopher of Ly Horace and of Virgil, who made him his
copolis in Egypt. He was for eleven years a heir. He was selected by Augustus, with
pupil of Ammonius the philosopher, and after Varius, to review the AFueid of Virgil. He
652
 PL PL

rat. 1; sat. 5, v.40—Lucius, a poet in the examines and delineates the different charac.
age of the great Marius, whose exploits he ters with wonderful skill and impartiality.
celebrated in his verses.
He neither misrepresents the virtues nor
PLUsios, a surname of Jupiter at Sparta, tides the foibles of his heroes. He writes
expressive of his power to grant riches. with precision and with fidelity, and though
Paus. 3, c. 19.
his diction is neither pure nor elegant, yet
PLUtARchus, a native of Chaeronea, de there is energy and animation, and in many
scended of a respectable family. His father, descriptions he is inferior to no historian.
whose name is unknown, was distinguished [His ignorance of the Latin tongue, which
for his learning and virtues, and his grandfa he himself avows in his biographies of Cato
ther, called Lamprias, was also as conspicu and Demosthenes, causes him to fall into
ous for his eloquence and the fecundity of his amany errors on the subject of Roman histo
genius. At Athens, under Ammonius, he was ry.] In some of his narrations, however, he
made acquainted with philosophy and mathe is often too circumstantial, his remarks are
matics, and so well established was his charac often injudicious; and when he compares the
ter, that he was appointed by his countrymen, heroes of Greece with those of Rome, the
while yet very young, to go to the Roman pro candid reader can easily imagine which side
consul, in their name,upon an affair of the most of the Adriatic gave the historian birth.
important nature. This commission he execut [ The great fault of Plutarch is a neglect of
ed with honour to himself and with success the order of chronology, so much so that his
for his country. He afterwards travelled in narration oftentimes presents nothing but a
quest of knowledge, and after he had visite.'. confused mass of facts, and the perusal of his
like a philosopher and an historian, the terri Lives not unfrequently leaves only a conſused
tories of Egypt and Greece, he retired to impression on the mind J Some have accus
Rome, where he opened a school. His re ed him of not knowing the genealogy of his
putation made his school frequented. The heroes, and have censured him for his su
emperor Adrian admired his abilities, and perstition; yet for all this, he is the most en
honoured him with the office of consul, and tertaining, the most instructive and interest
appointed him governor of Illyricum. After ing of all the writers of ancient history; and
the death of his imperial benefactor, Plu were a man of true taste and judgment asked
tarch removed from Rome to Chaeronea, what book he wished to save from destruc
where he lived in the greatest tranquillity, tion of all the profane compositions of anti
respected by his ſellow-citizens, and raised quity, he would perhaps without hesitation
to all the honours which his native town reply, the Lives of Plutarch. In his moral
could bestow. In this peaceful and solitary treatises. Plutarch appears in a different cha
retreat, Plutarch closely applied himself to racter, and his misguided philosophy, and er
study, and wrote the greatest part of his roneous doctrines, render some of these infe
works, and particularly his lives. [The work riºr compositions puerile and disgusting.
is entitled Buoi m'apaxanxot, “Parallel Lives.” They, however, contail, many useful lessons
It contains an account of 44 distinguished in and curious facts; and though they are com
dividuals, Greeks and Romans, who are posed without connection, compiled without
compared in such a way, that a Rºman and judgment, and often abound with improbable
a Greek are always put in opposition to one stories, and false reasonings, yet they contain
another. There are, besides these, five other much information and many useful reflec
isolated biographies, while 12 or 14 are lost.] tions. The best editions of Plutarch are that
He died in an advanced age at Chaeronea, of Francſort, 2 vols. fol. 1599; that of Ste
about the 140th year of the Christian era. phens, 6 vols. 8vo. 1572; the Lives by Reiske,
Plutarch had five children by his wife called 12 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1775; and the Moralia,
Timoxena, four sons and one daughter. Two &c. by Wyttenbach. Plut
of the sons and the daughter died when young, Pluto, a son of Saturn and Ops, inherited
and those that survived were called Plutarch his father's kingdom with his brothers Ju
and Lamprias, and the latter did honour to piter and Neptune. [vid. the end of this ar
his father's memory, by giving to the world ticle.] He received as his lot the kingdom of
an accurate catalogue of his writings. In hell, and whatever lies under the earth, and
his private and public character, the historian as such he became the god of the infernal re
of Chaeronea was the friend of discipline. gions, of death and funerals. From his func
He boldly asserted the natural right of man tions, and the place he inhabited, he received
kind, liberty; but he recommended obedience different names. He was called Dis, Hades,
and submissive deference to magistrates, as or Ades, Clyptopolon, Agelastus, Orcus, &c.
uecessary to preserve the peace of society. He As the place of his residence was obscure
supported that the most violent and danger and gloomy, all the goddesses refused to
ous public factions arose too often from pri marry him ; but he determined to obtain by
wate disputes, and from misunderstanding. To force what was denied to his solicitations.
render himself more intelligent, he always car As he once visited the island of Sicily, after a
ried a common place-book with him, and he violent earthquake, he saw Proserpine, the
preserved with the greatest care whatever daughter of Ceres, gathering flowers in the
judicious observations fell in the course of con plains of Enna, with a crowd of female at
versation. The most esteemed of his works tendants. He became enamoured of her,
are his lives of illustrious men, of whom he and immediately carried her away upon his
6
 PL P0

chariot drawn by four horses. To make this ep. 3.-Virg. G.4, v. 502. -Era. 6, v. 373.
retreat more unknown, he opened himself a l. 8, v. 296.-Lucan. 6, v. 715. Horal. 2.
passage through the earth, by striking it with od. 3 and 18.-Senec. in Her. fur.
his trident in the lake of Cyane in Sicily, or, PLutus, son of Jason or Jasius, by Cere,
according to others, on the borders of the the goddess of corn, has been confounded ºn
Cephisus in Attica. Proserpine called upon many of the mythologists with Pluto, thos:
her attendants for help, but in vain, and she plainly distinguished from him as being tº
became the wife of her ravisher, and the god of riches. He was brought up by the
queen of hell. Pluto is generally represent goddess of peace, and, on that account, Pears
ed as holding a trident with two teeth, he has was represented at Athens as holding the god
also keys in his hand, to imitate that whoever of wealth in her lap. The Greeks spoke ºf
enters his kingdom can never return. He is him as of a fickle divinity. They reprereated
looked upon as a hard-hearted and inexorable him as blind, because he distributed riche
god, with a grim and dismal countenance, and indiscriminately . he was lame, because be
for that reason no temples were raised to came slow and gradually; but had wings, tº
his honour as to the rest of the superior intimate that he flew away with more rele
gods. Black victims, and particularly a city than he approached mankind. Lurian.
bull, were the only sacrifices which were in Tim.–Paus. 9, c. 16 and 26.-Hygin. P
offered to him, and their blood was rºot 4.-dristoph. in Plut.—Diod. 5.-Hened
sprinkled on the altars, or received in vessels, Th. 970.-Dionys. Hal. 1, c. 53.
as at other sacrifices, but it was permitted Pluvius, a surname of Jupiter as god of
to run down into the earth, as if it were rain. He was invoked by that name among
to penetrate as far as the realms of the the Romans, whenever the earth was parch
god. The Syracusans yearly sacrificed to ed up by continual heat, and was in went on
him black bulls, near the fountain of Cyane, refreshing showers. He had an altar in the
where, according to the received tradi. temple on the capitol. Tibull. 1, el. 7, v. 26.
tions, he had diappeared with Proserpine. PLYNTERIA, a festival among the Greeks,
Among plants, the cypress, the narcissus in honour of Aglauros, or rather of Minerva,
and the maiden-hair, were sacred to him, who received from the daughter of Cecrops
as also every thing which was deemed inau the name of Aglauros. The word seems to
spicious, particularly the number two. Ac be derived from ravvuv, laware, because, dur.
cording to some of the ancients, Pluto sat ing the solemnity, they undressed the statue
on a throne of sulphur, from which issued of the goddess, and washed it. The day on
the rivers Lethe, Cocytus, Phlegethon, and which it was observed was universally looked
Acheron. The dog Cerberus watched at his upon as unfortunate and inauspicious, and on
feet, the harpies hovered round him, Proser that account, no person was permitted to ap
pine sat on his left, and near to the goddess pear in the temples, as they were purposely
stood the Eumenides, with their heads cover surrounded with ropes. The arrival of Alci
ed with snakes. The Parcae occupied the biades in Athens that day was deemed very
right, and they each held in their hands the unfortunate ; but, however, the success that
symbols of their office, the distaff, the spin ever after attended him, proved it to be other
dle, and the scissors. Pluto is called by wise. It was customary at this festival to
some the father of the Eumenides. Durin. bear in procession a cluster of figs, which in
the war of the gods and the Titans, the Cy timated the progress of civilization among
clops made a helmet, which rendered the the first inhabitants of the earth, as figs serv.
bearer invisible, and gave it to Pluto. Per ed them for food after they had found a dis
seus was armed with it when he conquered like for acorns. Pollur.
the Gorgons. [Banier is of opinion that PNYx, a place of Athens set apart by So
Pluto was reckoned the god of hell because lon for holding assemblies. [It was so called
he lived in a very lone country compared ** to wºrwaysw821 ºr autº reor Bºuxerrer,
with that where Jupiter had fixed his empire * from the crowding together of the people
This country was the extremity of Spain, in it.” The Pnyx was near the citadel. In
where he busily employed himself in working later times the theatre of Bacchus was the
at the gold and silver mines, which abounded usual place for public assemblies.] C. Nº.
near Cadiz, where he fixed his residence. .Att. 3.-Plut. in Thes. & Them.
Hence he obtained the name of Pluto, the god PopALIRavs, a son of Æsculapius and
of riches, and has been sometimes confounded Epione. He was one of the pupils of the
with Plutus. Besides, Pluto's kingdom was Centaur Chiron, and he made himself under
not only low in respect of situation compar him such a master of medicine, that during
ed with Greece, but as Pluto employed la the Trojan war, the Greeks invited him tº
bourers in the mines, who dug into the bow their camp to stop a pestilence which had
els of the earth in search of hidden treasure,
baffled the skill of all their physicians. Some,
he was reckoned king of the lower world.] however, suppose, that he went to the Tre
Hesiod. Theog.—Homer. Il.—Apollod. I, jan war not in the capacity of a physician in
&c.—Hygin fab. 155. P. A. 2.--Orid, JMet. the Grecian army, but as a warrior, attended
5, fab. 6-Paus. 2. c 26.—Orpheus Hymn. by his brother Machaon, in 30 ships with
17, &c.-Cic. de Nat. D. 2, c. 26.—Plato de soldiers from CE.calia, Ithome, and iricts
Rep.-Euripid. in Med. Hippol.—AEschyl. At his return from the Trojan war. Podali.
ºn Pres. Pºn-rºg L. L. 4.—Catull. rius was shipwrecked on the coast of Caris
54
- PQ PO

where he cured of the falling sickness and quence of the academician, and the force of
married a daughter of Damoetas, the king of his arguments, that from that moment he re
the place. He fixed his habitation there, and nounced the dissipated life he had led, and
built two towns, one of which he called Syrna, applie himself totally to the study of philo
by the name of his wife. The Carians, after sophy. He was then in the 30th year of his
his death, built him a temple, and paid him age, and from that time he never drank any
divine honours. Ductys. Cret.— Q. Smyrn.6 other liquor but water ; and after the death
and 9.-Ovid. de Art. Am. 2. Trist. el. 6.- of Xenocrates he succeeded in the school
Paus. 3. where his reformation had been effected. He
PopARces, a son of Iphiclus of Thessaly, died about 270 years before Christ, in an ex
who went to the Trojan war.—The first treme old age. Diog. in vitā.-Horat. 2,
name of Priam. When Troy was taken by sal. 3, v. 254.—Wal. Mar. 6, c. 9.—A son
Hercules, he was redeemed from slavery by of Zeno the rhetorician, made king of Pontus
his sister Hesione, and from thence received by Antony. He attended his patron in his
the name of Priam. [vid. Priamus.] expedition against Parthia. After the battle
PoDARGE, one of the Harpies, mother of of Actium he was received into favour by
two of the horses of Achilles, by the Zephyrs. Augustus, though he had fought in the cause
The word intimates the swiftness of ber feet, of Antony. He was killed some time after
Poe As, the father of Philoctetes. The son by the Barbarians near the Palus Maeotis,
is often called Paeantia prolos on account of against whom he had made war. Strab.
his father. Ovid Met. 13, v.45. – Dion. His son of the same name was
Poecil E, a celebrated portico at Athens, confirmed on his father's throne by the Ro
which received its name from the variº ly man emperors, and the province of Cilicia
(rouxsaac,) of paintings which it contained. It was also added to his kingdom by Claudius.
was there that Zeno kept his school, and A rhetorician at Rome, who wrote a poem
the stoics also received their lectures there, on weights and measures, still extant. He
whence their name (a gaz, a porch.) . The was master to Persius the celebrated satirist,
Poecile was adorned with pictures of gods and died in the age of Nero. A sophist of
and benefactors, and among many others was Laodicea in Asia Minor, in the reign of Adri
that of the siege and sacking of Troy, the an. He was sent to the emperor with an
battle of Theseus against the Amazons, the embassy by his countrymen, which he ex
fight between the Lacedæmonians and Athe ecuted with great success. He was greatly
nians at OEnoe in Argolis, and of Atticus the favoured by Adrian, from whom he obtained
great friend of Athens. The only reward much money. In the 56th year of his age he
which Militiades obtained after the battle of buried himself alive as he laboured with the
Marathon was to have his picture drawn gout. He wrote declamations in Greek.
more conspicuous than that of the rest of PolzMonium, now Patija, a town of Pon
the officers that fought with him, in the re tus, at the east of the mouth of the Thermo
presentation which was made of the engage don. [It is supposed to have derived its an
ment which was hung up in the Poecile, in cient name from the first Polemon, who was
commemoration of that celebrated victory. make king of this country by Mark An
C. Nep. in Milt. & in Attic. 3.-Paus. 1.- touy. The modern name of the place ap
Plin. 35. pears to be derived from the adjacent pro
PosN1, a name given to the Carthaginians. montory of Phadisana.]
It seems to be a corruption of the word Polias, a surname of Minerva, as protec
Phaeni, or Phoenices, as the Carthaginians tress of cities.
were of Phoenician origin. Serv. ad Virg. I, Polich NA, a town of Troas on lda. Hero
v. 302. dot. 6, c. 28.- Another of Crete. Thucyd.
Pogow, a harbour of the Troezenians on 2, c. 85.
the coast of the Peloponnesus. It received Poliei.A, a festival at Thebes in honour of
this name on account of its appearing to come Apollo, who was represented there with grey
forward before the town of Troezene, as the hair, (roaſgr.) contrary to the practice of all
beard (rºyay) does from the chin. Strab. 8. other places. The victim was a bull, but
—Mela, 2. when it happened once that no bull could be
Pola, a city of Istria, founded by the Col found, an ox was taken from the cart and sa
rificed. From that time the sacrifice
chians, and afterwards inade a Roman colony, of la
and called Pietas Julia. [It was made the touring oxen was deemed lawful, though be
eastern limit of Italy in the time of Augu fore it was looked upon as a capital crime.
tus.] Plin. 3, c. 9.-Mela, 2, c. 3.-Stºao. Poliorcét Es, (destroyer of cities,) a sur
1 and 5. ilane given to Demetrius, son of Antigonus.
Plut. in Demet.
PoleMARchus. [rid. Archon.} Polism.A, a town of Troas, on the Simois.
Polémon, a youth of Athens, son of Phi
lostratus. He was much given to debauchery Strab. 13.
and extravagance, and spent the greatest P, ListRitus, an Epicurean philosopher,
part of his life in riot and drunkenness. He born the same day as Hippoclides, with whom
once, when intoxicated, entered the school of he always lived in the greatest intimacy.
Xenocrates while the philosopher was giving They both died at the same hour. Diog
his pupils a lecture upon the effects of intem Wal. Mar. l.
perance, and he was sº struck with the elo polities, a son of Priam and Hecuba, kill
655 -
 PO PO

ed by Pyrrhus in his father's presence. P'urg. 6, c. 9, l. 15, c. 56. Vedius, one of the
JEn. 2, v. 526, &c. His son, who bore the friends of Augustus, who used to feed tº
same name, followed Æneas into Italy, and fishes with human flesh. This cruelty ve
was one of the friends of young Ascanius. Id. discovered when one of his servants broken
5, v. 564. glass in the presence of Augustus who hº
Polla ARGENtAR1A, the wife of the poet been invited to a feast. The master ordere:
Lucan. She assisted her husband in cor the servant to be seized ; but he threw hº
recting the three first books of his Pharsalia. sell at the feet of the emperor, and begge:
Slat. Sylp. 1 and 2. him to interfere, and not to suffer him to be
Pollentia, now Polenza, a town of Ligu devoured by fishes. Upon this the causes a
ria in Italy, [south-east of Alba Pompeia,] his apprehension were examined, and Auge
famous for wool. There was a celebrated tus, astonished at the barbarity of his favoc
battle fought there between the Romans and rite, caused the servant to be dismissed, aſ
Alaric king of the Huns, about the 403d year the fish-ponds to be filled up, and the crystal
of the Christian era, in which the former, ac glasses of Pollio to be broken to pieces. [rid
cording to some, obtained the victory. Mela, Pausilypus.]
2, c. 7.—Plan. 8. c. 48 —Suet. Tib. 37.-Sil. Pollius FELIX, a friend of the poet Sta
8. v. 598. —Cic. 11. Fam. 13. A to vn of tius to whom he dedicated his second Sylva
Majorca [now Pollenza or Pugliansa. This Polluprx, now Final, a town of Genoa
city was built, as is said, with a view of re Pollux, [or IIoxvá svaar, a son of Jupiter
placing a Roman colony, founded in that si by Leda the wife of Tyndarus. He was bro
tuation, and on this account was called Colo ther to Castor. [rid. Castor.] A Greek
nia.] Plin. & Mela.--of Picenum. Liv. writer, who flourished A. D. 136, in the reign
39, c. 44, l 41, c. 27. of Commodus, and died in the 68th year ºf
Polles, a Greek poet, whose writings his age. He was born at Naucratis, and
were so obscure and unintelligible that his taught rhetoric at Athens, and wrote an use
name became proverbial. Suidas. ful book, called Onomasticon, of which the
Pollio, C. Asinius, a Roman consul under best edition is that of Hemsterhusius, 2 vols.
the reign of Augustus, who distinguished him Amst. 1706. [Pollux does not follow the
self as much by his eloquence and writings as Alphabetical order, but has divided his work
by his exploits in the field. He defeated the into nine books, according to the subjects of
Dalmatians, and favoured the cause of Antony which he treats. He treats of antiquities,
against Augustus. He patrouized, with great terms of art, agriculture, hunting, and in fact
liberality, the poet. Virgil and Horace, who almost every subject that can be enumerat
have immortalized him in their writings. He ed.]—[There was another of the same
was the first who raised a public library at name, but much posterior. He probably
Rome, and indeed his example was afterwards flourished about the end of the 4th century,
followed by many of the emperors. In his and was the author of“Chronicon” in Greek,
library were placed the statues of all the which commences at the Creation and comes
learned men of every age, and Varro was the down to the reign of the emperor Valens.
only person who was honoured there during There is an edition published by Hardt, 8vº.
his lifetime. He was with J. Caesar when Lips. 1792. Hardt supposed that this work
he crossed the Rubicon. He was greatly es was just newly discovered ; but the Abbe
teemed by Augustus when he had become one Morelli has proved that this is the same work
of his adherents, after the ruin of Antony. with that entitled, Historia Sacra at arºe
Pollio wrote some tragedies, orations, and an condito ad Valentinianum et Palentern Imp.
history which was divided into 17 books. a Biancono, Bonon. 1779, fol.)
All these compositions are lost, and nothing Pollusca, a town of Latium, formerly the
remains of his writings except a few letters capital of the Volsci. The inhabitants were
to Cicero. He died in the 80th year of his called Pollustini. Liv. 2, c. 39.
age. A. D. 4. He is the person in whose ho Poly ÆNUs, a native of Macedonia, who
nour Virgil has inscribed his fourth eclogue, wrote eight books in Greek of stratagems.
Pollio, as a reconciliation was effected be which he dedicated to the emperors Antoni
tween Augustus and Antony during his con nus and Verus, while they were making war
sulship. The poet, it is supposed by some, against the Parthians. [The work originally
makes mention of a son of the consul born contained 900 examples of warlike strata.
about this time, and is lavish in his excur gems, of which 833 are now remaining.]
sions into futurity, and his predictions of ap He wrote also other books, which have been
proaching prosperity. [Bishop Horsely has lost, among which was an history, with a
proved with great ability that the eclogue description of the city of Thebes. The best
is founded on the old traditions respecting editions of his stratagems is that of Masvi
our Saviour, and that he is the child of whom cius, 8vo. L. Bat. 1756. An orator in the
Virgil, without being aware of it, makes men age of Julius Caesar. He wrotein three books
tion. Horseley's Sermons, vol. 2, p. 1, seqq.] an account of Antony's expedition in Par
—Paterc. 2, c. 6.-Horat. 2, od. 1, Sat.1 !, l. thia, and likewise published orations.—A
1.—Virg. Ecl. 3 and 4.—Val. Mar. 8, c. 13. mathematician, who afterwards followed the
—Quint. 10. Annius, a man accused of tenets of Epicurus, and disregarded geome
sedition before Tiberius, and acquitted. He try as a false and useless study. Cie. in
afterwards conspired against Nero, &c. Tacit. .Acad, quaest, 4.
656
 PO PO

Poly ANus, a mountain of Macedonia, near year of Rome 620, he accompanied Scipio
Pindus. Strab. -
into Spain.] He died in the 82d year of his
Polybius, or Polybus, a king of Corinth, age, about 124 years before Christ, of a
who married Periboea, whom some have wound which he had received by a fall from
called Merope. He was son of Mercury by his horse: , He wrote an universal history in
Chthonophyle, the daughter of Sicyon, king Greek, divided into 40 books. [It was enti
of Sicyon. He permitted his wife, who had tled ‘Izraeta KaBoxtºn, “General History,”
no children, to adopt and educate as her own and embraced a period of 53 years, from the
son, CEdipus, who had been found by his commencement of the second Punic war,
shepherds exposed in the woods. He had a (A. U. C. 555,) to the reduction of Macedo
daughter called Lysianassa, whom he gave in nia into a Roman province, (A.U. C. 587).
marriage to Talaus, son of Bias king of Ar Thirty-eightbooks were devoted to the events
gos. As he had no male child, he left his of this period; while two others precede
kingdom to Adrastus, who had been banished them, and serve as an introduction to the
from his throne, aud who fled to Corinth for work. In these last the historian runs ra
protection. Hygin. fab. 66.—Paus. 2, c. 6. pidly over the interval which had elapsed
–-Apollod. 3, c. 5.—Seneca in CEdip. 812. between the taking of Rome by the Gauls
Polybius, a native of Megalopolis in Ar and the first descent of the Romans in Sicily,
cadia, son of Lycortas. He was early initi and after this enumerates what had occurred
ated in the duties, and made acquainted with up to the commencement of the second Punic
the qualifications of a statesman, by his fa war. His object was to prove that the Ro
ther, who was a strong supporter of the mans did not owe their greatness to a mere
Achaean league, and under Philopoemen he blind fatality; he wished it to be made known
was taught the art of war. [He played a by what steps, and by favour of what events,
distinguished part in the history of his coun they had become masters, in so short a time,
try as ambassador to the Roman generals, of so extensive an empire. His history is of
and as a commander of the Achaean cavalry. a general nature, because he does not confine
At the age of about 15 years he was selected by himself merely to those events which related
his father, one of the chiefs of the Achaean to the Romans, but embraces, at the same
league, to join an embassy to Egypt; which, time, whatever had passed during that peri
however, was not sent. At the age of forty od among every nation of the known world.
years he was carried as a hostage to Rome, Of the forty books which it originally com
and continued there for the space of 17 prehended, time has only spared the first five
years..] He became the friend, the coun entire. Of the rest, as far as the seventeenth,
sellor, and the companion in arms of the we have merely fragments, though of con
younger Africanus. He accompanied him in siderable size. Of the remaining books we
his expeditions, and was present at the taking have nothing left except what is found in
of Carthage and Numantia. In the midst two meagre abridgments which the emperor
of his prosperity, however, he felt the Constantine Porphyrogenitus, in the tenth
distresses of his country, which had been century, caused to be made of the whole
reduced into a Roman province, and, like work. The one of these is entitled “Embas
a true patriot, he relieved its wants, and sies,” or the history of treaties of peace; the
eased its servitude by making use of the other is styled “Virtues and Vices.”. Among
influence which he had acquired by his ac the fragments that remain of Polybius, are
quaintance with the most powerful Romans. from the 17th to the 40th chapters of the
[In order to collect materials for his great sixth book, inclusive, which treat of the Ro
historical work, which he now projected, he man art of war, and have often been publish
travelled into Gaul, Spain, and even travers ed separately under this title. That part of
ed a part of the Atlantic. Scipio gave him the history which is lost embraced the his
access to the registers or records, known by tory of those events of which the historian
the name of libri censuales, which were pre was himself an eye-witness; an irreparable
served in the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, loss for us; though Livy made frequent use
as well as to other historic monuments. On of it..] The history of Polybius is admired
his return to Greece, after the decree of the for its authenticity, and he is, perhaps, the
senate which granted the Achaean hostages only historian among the Greeks who was
permission to return to their homes, he prov: experimentally and professedly acquainted
ed of great service to his countrymen, and with the military operations and the politi
endeavoured, though fruitlessly, to dissuade cal measures of which he makes mention.
them from a war with the Romans. The He has been recommended in every age and
war broke out when he was in Africa, whi country as the best master in the art of war,
ther he had accompanied Scipio, and with and nothing can more effectually prove the
whom he was present at the taking of Car esteem in which he was held among the Ro
thage. He hastened home, but appears to mans, than to mention that Brutus, the mur
have arrived only after the fall of Corinth. derer of Caesar, perused his history with the
Greece having been reduced under the Ro: greatest attention, epitomized it, and often
man power, he traversed the Peloponnesus retired from the field where he had drawn
as commissary, and by his mild and obliging his sword against Octavius and Antony, to
deportment, won the affections of all. Some read the instructive pages which deseribed
years after, he travelled into Egypt; in the the great actions of his aucestory. [The his
- 4O 57
 PO PO

tory of Polybius possesses in one respect, a of a rich but pious lady. Some suppose tº.
peculiar character, distinguishing it from the he was St. John's disciple. He became ties
works of all the historians which had pre of Smyrna, and went to Rome to settleº
ceded him. Not content with relating events festival of Easter, but to no purpose. He tº
in the order in which they had occurred, he condemned to be burnt at Smyrna. A. I
goes back to the causes which produced them; 167. [When he was going to the flames is
he unfolds their attendant circumstances, and pro-consul offered him his life iſ he was
the consequences which they have brought blaspheme Christ, to which the venerat.
with them. He judges the actions of men, prelate answered, eighty and sir years. As
and paints the characters of the principal I served him, and he has ever treated me ºr
actors. In a word, he forms the judgment of kindness, how then can I blaspheme #m.
the reader, and causes him to indulge in re His epistle to the Philippians is simple an º

flections which ought to prepare him for the modest, yet replete with useful precepts sº.
rules for the conduct of life. The best ei
administration of public affairs (rea yaara).
Hence the title of his history, "latoga tion of Polycarp's epistle is that of Ozer |
ºrgayaarinº. The style of Polybius is not 8vo. 1708, being annexed to the works of Ig.
elegant. He wrote after the purity of the natius.
Attic dialect had departed; and introduces, Polycles, a famous athlete, often crew
besides, many Latinisms into his work. Per ed at the four solemn games of the Greek:
haps too, his long sojourning among strangers He had a statue in Jupiter's grove at Olym
had caused him to forget son,e of the nicer pia. Paus. 6, c. 1.
features of his native tongue.] Notwithstand Polycletus, a celebrated statuary of S
ing, however, the faulty nature of his style, cyon, about 232 years before Christ. He was
still every where there is instruction to be universally reckoned the most skilful arts:
found, information to be collected, and cu of his profession among the ancients, and the
rious facts to be obtained; and it reflects not second rank was given to Phidias. One of his
much honour upon Livy for calling the his. pieces, in which he had represented a body.
torian from whom he has copied whole books guard of the king of Persia, was so happily
almost word for word, without gratitude or executed, and so mice and exact in all its
acknowledgment, haudquaquam spernendus proportions, that it was looked upon as a
auctor. Dionysius of Halicarnassus is one most perſect model, and accordingly called
of his most violent accusers; but the his tºe Rule. He was acquainted with architec
torian has rather exposed his ignorance of ture. Paus. 2 and 6.-Quintil 12, c. 10
true criticism than discovered inaccuracy —Another who lived about 30 years after
or inelegance. [Dionysius remarks that no Polycrites, a tyrant of Samos, well know:
man of taste can endure to read the work of for the continual flow of good fortune whic:
Polybius to the end. It is strange that he attended him. He became very powerful
did not take into consideration the highly at and made himself master not only of the
tractive nature of the events, and the spirit neighbouring islands, but also of some cities
with which they are narrated. Besides his on the coast of Asia. He had a fleet of a bur
general history, Polybius wrote “Memoirs dred ships of war, and was so universally
of the life of Philopoemen,” a work on “Tac respected that Amasis, the king of Egypt
tics,” and a letter on “the situation of Laco made a treaty of alliance with him. The
nia.” From a passage of Cicero, moreover, Egyptian monarch, however, terrified by be
(Ep. ad Fam. 5, 12,) it would appear that continued prosperity, advised him to cheque
§s. had written a detached “history of his enjoyments by relinquishing some of his
the Numantine war.”]. The best editions of most favourite objects. Polycrates complied
Polybius are those of Gronovius, 3 vols. 8vo. and threw into a sea a beautiful seal, the mrce
Amst. 1670, of Frnesti, 3 vols. 8vo. 1764, and valuable of his jewels. The voluntary loss c
of Schweighaeuser, 7 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1785. so precious a seal afflicted him for some time
[An eighth volume was added in 1794-5, in but a few days after, he received as a presee:
two parts; the first containing the remainder a large fish, in whose belly the jewel was
of the annotations, and an historical and geo found. Amasis no sooner heard this than he
graphical index; the second part forming a rejected all alliance with the tyrant of Ss.
valuable Lexicon Polybianum. This costly mos, and observed, that sooner or later he
and elaborate edition well deserves to be good fortune would vanish. Some time afºr
ranked as the editio optima. Orellius publish Polycrates visited Magnesia on the Maeander
ed in 1818, from the Leipzig press, the com where he had been invited by Oroetes, the
mentary of AEneas Tacticus, in one vol. 8vo. governor. He was shamefully put to death,
as a supplement to this edition.] Plut. in 522 years before Christ, merely because the
Phil. in Praec.—Liv.30, c. 45.-Paus.8, c. 30. governor wished to terminate the prosperº
PolyhöTEs, one of the giants who made of Polycrates. [Herodotus alleges two re
war against Jupiter. He was killed by Nep sons: one, that Oroetes was induced by the
tune, who crushed him under a part of the reproaches of an acquaintance, the governor
island of Cos, as he was walking across the of Dascylium, who upbraided him for to:
Aegean. Paus. 1, c. 2.-Hygin. in pra...fab. having added Samos to the Persian dominiers
Polybus. vid. Polybius. when it lay so near, and had been seized by:
PolycARPus, a famous Greek writer, private citizen (Polycrates) with the helpe
born at Smyrna, * at the expense but fifteen armed men; the other. that
>
PO PO

messenger from Oroetes had been disrespect into stones Polydectes, with the associates of
ully treated by Polycrates.] The daughter his guilt. The crown of Seriphos was given
»f Polycrates had dissuaded her father from to Dictys who had shown himself so active
;oing to the house of Oroetes, on account of in the cause of innocence. Ovid. Met. 5, v.
the bad dreams which she had, but her ad 242.-Hygin fab. 63, &c.
vice was disregarded. [She dreamt that she PolydóRA, a daughter of Peleus, king of
saw her father aloſt in the air, washed by Ju Thessaly, by Antigone, the daughter of Eu
piter and anointed by the sun. The circum rytion. She married the river Sperchius,
stance of her father being suspended on a by whom she had Mnestheus. Apollod.
cross fulfilled the vision. He was washed One of the Oceanides. Hesiod.-A
by Jupiter, that is, by the rain, and anointed daughter of Meleager king of Calydon, who
by the sun, “which extracted.” says Hero married Protesilaus. She killed herself when
lotus, “the moisture from his body.”] Paus. she heard that her husband was dead. The
8, c. 14.—Strab. 14.—Herodot. 3, c. 39, &c. wife of Protesilaus is more commonly called
A sophist of Athens, who, to engage the Laodamia. . [vid. Protesilaus.] Paus. 4, c.
public attention, wrote a panegyric on Bu 2.—An island of the Propontis near Cyzi
siris and Clytemnestra. Quintil. 2, c. 17. cus.
An ancient statuary. PolydóRus, a son of Alcamenes, king of
Poly DiMAs, a Trojan, son of Antenor by Sparta. He put an end to the war which
Theano, the sister of Hecuba. He married had been carried on during 20 years be
Lycaste, a natural daughter of Priam. He is tween Messenia and his subjects, and dur
accused by some of having betrayed his coun ing his reign the Lacedæmonians planted two
try to the Greeks. Dares. Phryg.—A son colonies, one at Crotona, and the other among
of Panthous, born the same night as Hector. the Locri. He was universally respected. He
He was inferior in valour to none of the Tro was assassinated by a nobleman, called
jans except Hector, and his prudence, the Polemarchus. His son Eurycrates suc
wisdoun of his counsels, and the firmness of his ceeded him 724 years before Christ. He
mind, claimed equal admiration, and proved rodot. 7, c. 204. A celebrated carver
most salutary to his unfortunate and misguid of Rhodes, who with one stone made the fa
ed countrymen. He was at last killed by mous statue of Laocoon and his children.
Ajax, after he had slaughtered a great num Plin. 34, c. 8.-A son of Hippomedon, who
ber of the enemy. Dictys. Cret. 1, &c.—Ho: went with the Epigoni to the second Theban
mor. Il. 12, &c.—A celebrated athlete, son war. Paus. 2.-A son of Cadmus and
of Nicias, who imitated Hercules in what Hermione, who married Nycteis, by whom
ever he did. He killed a lion with his fist, he had Labdacus, the father of Laius. He
and it is said that he could stop a chariot succeeded to the throne of Thebes when his
with his hand in its most rapid course. He father had gone to lllyricum. Apollod. 3.
was one day with some of his friends in a A brother of Jason of Pherae, who killed
cave, when, on a sudden, a large piece of rock his brother, and seized upon his possessions.
came tumbling down, and while all fled Diod. 15.-A son of Priam killed by
away, he attempted to receive the falling Achilles. Another son of Priam by He
fragment in his arms. His prodigious cuba, er, according to others, by Laothoe,
strength, however, was insufficient, and he the daughter of Altes, king of Pedasus. As
was instantly crushed to pieces under the he was young and inexperienced when Troy
rock. Paus. 6, c. 5. was besieged by the Greeks, his father re
Poly DAMNA, a wife of Thonis king of moved him to the court of Polymnestor, king
Egypt. It is said that she gave Helen a cer of Thrace, and also intrusted to the care of
tain powder which had the wonderful power the monarch a large sum of money, and the
of driving away care and melancholy. Homer. greatest part of his treasures, till his coun
Od. 4. v. 228. try was freed from foreign invasion. No
PolrdecTEs, a king of Sparta, of the sooner was the death of Priam known in
family of the Proclidae. He was son of Euno Thrace than Polymnestor made himself mas
mus. Paus. 3, c. 7. A son of Magnes, ter of the riches which were in his possession,
king of the island of Seriphos. He received and, to ensure them the better, he assassinat
with great kindness Danae and her son Per ed young Polydorus, and threw his body into
seus, who had been exposed on the sea by the sea, where it was found by Hecuba. [vid.
Acrisius. (vid. Perseus.) He took particu Hecuba.] According to Virgil the body of
lar care of the education of Perseus; but Polydorus was buried near the shore by
when he became enamoured of Danae, he re his assassin, and there grew on his grave a
moved him from his kingdom, apprehensive of myrtle, whose shoots dropped blood, when
his resentment. Some time after he paid his AEneas, going to Italy, attempted to tear
addresses to Ilanae, and when she rejected them from the tree. [vid. Polymnestor.]
him, he prepared to offer her violence. Da Virg. JEn. 3, v. 21, &c.—Apollod. 3, c. 12.
nae fled to the altar of Minerva for protection, —Ovid. Met. 13, v. 432.-Homer. Il. 20.-
and Dictys, the brother of Polydectes, who Dictys. Cret. 2, c. 18.
had himself saved her from the waves, op PolyGNôtus, a celebrated painter of
posed her ravisher, and armed himself in her Thasos, about 422 years before the Christian
defence. At this critical moment, Perseus era. His father's name was Aglaophon. He
arrived, and with Medusa's head he turned adorned one of the public porticoes of Athens
659
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with his paintings, in which he represent murdered his two children who had acrº
ed the most striking events of the Trojan panied him. According to Euripide. “
war. He particularly excelled in giving grace, Greeks condemned Polymnestor to be batº
liveliness, and expression to his pieces. The ed into a distant island for his perfidy. Hº
Athenians were so pleased with him, that ginus, however, relates the whole different
they offered to reward his labours with and observes, that when Polydorus was ser
whatever he pleased to accept. He declin to Thrace, Ilione, his sister, took him inste.
ed this generous offer, and the Amphictyonic of her son Deiphilus, who was of the size
council, which was composed of the represen age, apprehensive of her husband's cruelt
tatives of the principal cities of Greece, or The monarch was unacquainted with the is:
dered that Polygnotus should be maintained position, he looked upon Polydorus as tº
at the public expense wherever he went. own son, and treated Deiphilus as the brother
Quintil. 12, c. 10.—Plin. 33 and 34.—Plut. of Ilione. After the destruction of Troy, the
in Cim.—Paus. 10, c. 25, &c.—A statua conquerors, who wished the house and far
ry. Plin. 34. ly of Priam to be totally extirpated, offere:
Polyhy MN1A, and PolyMN1A, one of the Electra, the daughter of Agamemnon. tº
Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. Polymnestor, if he would destroy Jilene and
She presided over singing and rhetoric, and Polydorus. The monarch accepted the of r,
was deemed the inventress of harmony. [vid. and immediately dispatched his own son De:-
remarks under the article Musæ]. Hesiod. philus, whom he had been taught to regard
Theog. 75 and 915–Plut. in Symp.—Horal. as Polydorus. Polydorus, who passed as the
1, od. 1. —Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 9 and 53. son of Polymnestor, consulted the oracle al
Polvinius, a physician who brought back ter the murder of Deiphilus, and when he
to life Glaucus, the son of Minos, by applying was informed that his father was dead, his
to his body a certain herb with which he had mother a captive in the hands of the Greeks,
seen a serpent restore lite to another which and his country in ruins, he communicated
was dead. [rid. Glaucus.] Apollod. 3, c. the answer of the god to Ilione, whom he had
3.—Paus. 1, c. 43.-A son of Hercules by always regarded as his mother. Ilione toº:
one of the daughters of Thestius. JApollod. him the measures she had pursued to save
A Corinthian soothsayer, called also Po his life, and upon this he avenged the perfidy
lybius. A dithyrambic poet, painter, and of Polymnestor by putting out his eyes. Es
musician. rip. in Heeub.—Hygin. fab. 109.-Pºrg.
Poly MNESTEs, a Greek poet of Colophon. JEn. 3, v.45, &c.—Orld. Met. 13, v. 430, &c.
Paus. 1, c. 14.—A mative of Thera, father Poly NicEs, a son of QEdipus, king of
of Battus or Aristocles, by Phronima, the Thebes, by Jocasta. He inherited his father's
daughter of Etearchus, king of Oaxus. Hero throne with his brother Flteocles, and it was
dot. 4, c. 150. mutually agreed between the two brothers
Poly MNEstor, a king of the Thracian that they should reign each a year alternate
Chersonesus, who married Iliome the eldest ly. Eteocles first ascended the throne by
of Priam's daughters. When the Greeks be right of seniority; but when the year was ex
sieged Troy, Priam sent the greatest part of pired, he refused to resign the crown to his
his treasures, together with Polydorus, the brother. Polynices, upon this, fled to Argas.
youngest of his sons, to Thrace, where they where he married Argia, the daughter ci
were intrusted to the care of Polymnestor. Adrastus, the king of the country, and levied
The Thracian monarch paid every attention a large army, at the head of which he march
to his brother-in-law; but when he was in ed to Thebes. The command of his army
formed that Priam was dead, he murdered was divided among seven celebrated chiefs,
him to become master of the riches which who were to attack the seven gates of the
were in his possession. At that time, the city of Thebes. The battle was decided by
Greeks were returning victorious from Troy, a single combat between the two brothers,
followed by all the captives, among whom who both killed one another. (vid. Eteocles.)
was Hecuba, the mother of Polydorus. The -Eschyl, sept. ante Theb.-Eurip—Phasis
fleet stopped on the coasts of Thrace, where –Senec. in Theb.-Diod. 4.—Hygin. tab.
one of the female captives discovered on the 68, &c.—Paus. 2, c. 20, 1.9, c. 5.-Apeiad.
shore the body of Polydorus, whom Polym 3, c. 5.
nestor had thrown into the sea. The dread Polype Mon, a famous thief, called alsº
ful intelligence was immediately communi Procrustes, who plundered all the travellers
cated to the mother, and Hecuba, who re about the Cephisus and near Eleusis in At
collected the frightful dream which she had tica. He was killed by Theseus. Ovid calis
had on the preceding night, did not doubt but him father of Procrustes, and Apollois
Polymnestor was the cruel assassin. She re rus of Sinus. (vid. Procrustes.) Paus. 1,
solved to revenge her son's death, and imme c. 38.-Ovid. in Ib. 409.-Diod. 4.—Plut. tº
diately she called out Polymnestor, as if wish Thes.
ing to impart to him a matter of the most im Polyperchen, or Polyspenchos, one of
portant nature. The tyrant was drawn into the officers of Alexander. Antipater at his
the snare, and was no sooner introduced into death appointed him governor of the kingdom
the apartments of the Trojan princess, than of Macedonia, in preference to his own son
the female captives rushed upon him, and put Cassander. Polyperchou, though old, and a
out his eyes with tºpia, while Hecuba man of experience, showed great ignorarcº
 PO PO
>

ºn the administration of the government. He tive of Argos, who married Tlepolemus, son
2ecame cruel not only to the Greeks, or such of Hercules. She followed him to Rhodes
* is opposed his ambitious views, but even to after the murder of his uncle Licymnius, and
the helpless and innocent children and friends when he departed for the Trojan war with
yf Alexander to whom he was indebted for the rest of the Greek princes, she became the
his rise and military reputation. He was sole mistress of the kingdom. After the Tro
killed in a battle 309 B. C. Curt.—Diod. jan war, Helen fled from Peloponnesus to
17, &c.—Justin. 13. Rhodes, where Polyxo reigned. Polyxo de
Polyph EMUs, a celebrated Cyclops, king tained her, and, to punish her as being the
of all the Cyclops in Sicily, and son of Nep cause of a war in which Tlepolemus had
tune and Thoosa, the daughter of Phorcys. perished, she ordered her to be hanged on a
[vid Cyclopes.] He is represented as a mon tree by her female servants, disguised in the
ster of strength, of a tall stature, and one eye habit of Furies. (vid. Helena.) Paus. 5,
in the middle of the forehead. He fed upon c. 19.
human flesh, and kept his flocks on the coasts PolyzELUs, a Greek poet of Rhodes. He
of Sicily, when Ulysses, at his return from the had written a poem on the origin and birth of
Trojan war, was driven there. The Grecian Bacchus, Venus, the Muses, &c. Some of his
prince, with twelve of his companions, visited verses are quoted by Athenaeus. Hygin. P.
the coast, and were seized by the Cyclops, .A. 2, c. 14. -

who confined them in his cave, and daily de PoMETIA, Pometii, and Pom ET1A Suess A,
voured two of them. Ulysses and all his com [a town of Italy and capital of the Volsci. It
panions would have perished had they not in was taken by the Romans in the early part
toxicated the Cyclops, and putout his eye with of the reign of Tarquinius Superbus. From
a firebrand while he was asleep. Polypheimus, the sale of the plunder a sum of 40 talents was
was awakened by the sudden pain, he stop obtained, which was set apart by the king
ped the entrance of his cave, but Ulysses and for the erection of the capitol.] It was total
his surviving companions escaped by means of ly destroyed by the Romans, because it had
the flocks of the Cyclops, as they were led revolted. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 775.-Liv. 2, c.
out to feed on the mountains. Polyphemus 17.
became enamoured of Galataea, but his ad PoMöNA, a nymph at Rome who was sup
dresses were disregarded, and the nymph posed to preside over gardens, and to be the
shunned his presence. The Cyclops was more goddess of all sorts of fruit-trees. She had a
earnest, and when he saw Galataea surrender temple at Rome, and a regular priest, called
herself to the pleasures of Acis, he crushed Flamen Pomonalis, who offered sacrifices to
his rival with a piece of a broken rock. Theo her divinity for the preservation of fruit. She
crit. 1.-Ovid. Met. 13, v. 772.-Homer. Od was generally represented as sitting on a bas
19.-Eurip. in Cyclop.–Hygin. fab. 125. ket full of flowers and fruit, and holding a
PolyspeachoN. vid. Polyperchon. bough in one hand, and apples in the other.
PolyxºnA, a daughter of Priam and He Pomona was particularly delighted with the
cuba, celebrated for her beauty and accom cultivation of the earth, she disdained the toils
plishments. Achilles became enamoured of of the field, and the fatigues of hunting. Many
her, and solicited her hand, and their marriage of the gods of the country endeavoured to gain
would have been consummated, had not Hec her affection, but she received their address
tor, her brother, opposed it. Polyxena, ac es with coldness. Vertumnus was the only
cording to some authors, accompanied her one who, by assuming different shapes, and
father when he went to the tent of Achilles to introducing himself into her company under
redeem the body of his son Hector. Some the form of an old woman, prevailed upon
time after the Grecian hero came into the her to break her vow of celibacy and to mar
temple of Apollo to obtain a sight of the Tro ry him. This deity was unknown among
jan princess, but he was murdered there by the Greeks. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 628, &c.—
Paris ; and Polyxena, who had returned his Festus. de V. sig.
affection, was so afflicted at his death, that PoMPEIA, a daughter of Pompey the Great,
she went and sacrificed herself on his tomb. Julius Caesar's third wife. She was accused
Some, however, suppose, that that sacrifice of incontinence, because Clodius had intro
was not voluntary, but that the manes of duced himself in women's clothes into the
Achilles appeared to the Greeks as they room where she was celebrating the myste
were going to embark, and demanded of them ries of Cybele. Caesar repudiated her upon
the sacrifice of Polyxena. The princess, who this accusation. Plut.—There was a por
was in the number of the captives, was upon ticoat Rome, called Pompeia, much frequent
this dragged to her lover's tomb, and there ed by all orders of people. Ovid. Art. Am.
immolated by Neoptolemus, the son of Achil v. 67. Mart. 11, ep. 48.
les. Ovid. JMet. 13, ſab. 5, &c.—Dictys. Cret. Pompeia LEx, by Pompey the Great, de
3 and 5–Virg. JEn. 3, v. 321.-Catull. ep. ambitu, A.U.C. 701. It ordained that what
65.-Hygin, fab. 90. ever person had been convicted of the crime
Polyxo, a priestess of Apollo's temple in of ambitus, should be pardoned, provided he
Lemnos. She was also nurse to queen Hypsi could impeach two others of the same crime
pyle. It was by her advice that the Lemmian and occasion the condemnation of one of them.
women murdered all their husbands. Apol Another by the same, A. U.C. 701,
ſon, 1–Flacc. 2.-Hygin...fab. 15—A na which forbade the use of Laudatores in trials.
661
 PO PO

or persons who gave a good character of the nished us with many curious and valuate
prisoner then impeached. Another by the remains of antiquity.] Liv. 9, c. 33.-Sº
same, A. U. C. 683. It restored to the tri 6–Mela, 2, c. 4.—Dionys. 1.-Semi
bunes their original power and authority, of Quaest. 4.—Solin. 8.
which they had been deprived by the Corne P MPEiopolis, a town of Cilicia, former
lian law.—Another by the same, A. U. C. ſy called Soli. Mela, 1, c. 13.
701. It shortened the forms of trials, and Q. Pompeius, a consul who carried on wi
enacted that the three first days of a trial against the Numantines, and made a sham,
should be employed in examining witnesses, ful treaty. He is the first of that noble à
and it allowed only one day to the parties to mily of whom mention is made. Flor. 2. e.
make their accusation and defence. The 18 Cneus, a Roman general who made
plaintiff was confined to two hours, and the war against the Marsi. and triumphed ove
defendant to three. This law had for its ob. the Piceni. He declared himself against Cº
ject the riots which happened from the quar na and Marius, and supported the interest tº
rels of Clodius and Milo. Another by the the republic. He was surnamed Strate, be.
same, A. U. C. 698. It required that the cause he squinted. While he was marchia;
judges should be the richest of every century. against Marius, a plague broke out in his
contrary to the usual form. It was, however. army, and raged with such violence, that:
requisite that they should be such as the carried away 11,000 men in a few days. He
Aurelian law prescribed. Another of the was killed by a flash of lightning, and as he
same, A. U. C. 701. Pompey was by this had behaved with cruelty while in power, the
empowered to continue in the government of of people dragged his body through the street,
Rome with an iron hook, and threw it intº
Spain five years longer.
Pompeianus, a Roman knight of Antioch, the Tiber. Palerc. 2.-Plut. in Pomp.–
raised to offices of the greatest trust under Rufus, a Roman consul with Sylla. He was
the emperor Aurelius, whose daughter Lu sent to finish the Marsian war, but the army
cilla he married. He lived in great popula mutinied at the instigation of Pompeius Stra
rity at Rome, and retired from the court when bo, whomhe was to succeed in command,
Commodus succeeded to the imperial crown. and he was assassinated by some of the sol
He ought, according to Julian's opinion, to diers. Appian. Civ. 1. A general, whº
have been chosen and adopted as successor succeeded Metellus in Spain, and was the oc
casion of a war with Numantia. Sextus, a
by M. Aurelius.
PoMPE11 or Pompeium, a town of Cam governor of Spain, who cured himself of the
pania, [about fourteen miles from Naples, on gout by placing himself incorn above the knee.
the road to JVocera,) built, as some suppose. Plin. 22, c. 25. A consul praised for bis
by Hercules, and so called because the hero learning and abilities. Orid. er Pont. 4, ep
there exhibited the long procession (pompa.) 1. A son of The phanes of Mitylene, fa
of the herds of Geryon, which he had ob. mons for his intimacy with Pompey the Great
tained by conquest. It was partly demolished and for his writings. Tacit. Ann. 6.-A
by an earthquake, A. D. 63, and afterwards knight put to death by the emperor Claudius
rebuilt. Sixteen years after it was swallow for his adultery with Messalina, Tarif. 11,
ed up by another earthquake, which accom ...Ann.—Cneus, surnamed Magnus, from the
panied one of the eruptions of Mount Vesu greatness of his exploits, was son of Pom
vius. Herculaneum, in its neighbourhood, peius Strabo, and Lucilla. He early distin
shared the same fate. The people of the guished himself in the field of battle, and
town were then assembled in a theatre, where fought with success and bravery under his
public spectacles were exhibited. [It was father, whose courage and military prudence
probably situate on an arm of the sea, and he imitated. He began his career with great
served as a port for the inland towns. This popularity, the beauty and elegance of his per
inlet of the sea has been filled up by succes son gained him admirers, and by pleading at
sive eruptions, besides that which destroyed the bar, he displayed his eloquence, and re
the town. The opinion generally maintained, ceived the most unbounded applause. In the
that the people of this city were surprised disturbances which agitated Rome, by the
and overwhelmed by the volcanic storm ambition and avarice of Marius and Sylla,
while in the theatre, is not a very probable Pompey followed the interest of the latter,
one. The number of skeletons discovered and by levying three legions for his servicebe
in Pompeii does notexceed 60; and ten times gained his friendship and his protection. Is
this number would be inconsiderable when the 26th year of his age he conquered Ski
compared with the extent and population of ly, which was in the power of Marius and his
the city. Besides, the first agitation and adherents, and in 40 days he regained all the
threatening aspect of the mountain must have territories of Africa which had forsaken the
filled every breast with terror, and banished interest of Sylla. This rapid success aste
all gaiety and amusement. No doubt the nished the Romans, and Sylla, who admiral
previous intimations were of such a nature as and dreaded the rising power of Pompey,
to have fully apprized the inhabitants of their recalled him to Rome. Pompey immediate
danger, and induced the great mass of them ly obeyed, and the dictator, by saluting him
to save themselves by flight. The discovery with the appellation of the Great, showed tº
of Pompeii, (vid. Herculaneum.) after hav. the world what expectations he formed from
ing lain so long buried
662
and unknown, has fur the maturer age of his victorious lieutenant
 PO PO

This sounding title was not sufficient to gra Asia entered Rome like a private citizen.
tify the ambition of Pompey; he demanded a This modest and prudent behaviour gained
-riumph, and when Sylla refuse to grant it, him more friends and adherents than the
he emphatically exclaimed, that the sun shone most unbounded power, aided with profusion
with more ardour at his rising than at his and liberality. He was honoured with a tri
setting. His assurance gained what petitions umph, and the Romans, for three successive
and entreaties could not obtain, and he was days, gazed with astonishment on the riches
the first Roman knight who, without an office and the spoils which their conquest had ac
under the appointment of the senate, march quired in the east, and expressed their rap
ed in triumphal procession through the streets tures at the sight of the different nations,
of Rome. He now appeared, not as a de habits, and treasures, which preceded the
pendent, but as a rival of the dictator, and his conqueror's chariot. But it was not this alone
opposition to his measures totally excluded which gratified the ambition and flattered
him from his will. After the death of Sylla, the pride of the Romans; the advantages of
Pompey supported himself against the re their conquests were more lasting than an
mains of the Marian faction, which were empty show, and when 20,000 talents were
headed by Lepidus. He defeated them, put brought into the public treasury, and when
an end to the war which the revolt of Serto the revenues of the republic were raised from
rius in Spain had occasioned, and obtained a 50 to 85 millions of drachmae, Pompey be
second triumph, though still a private citizen, came more powerful, more flattered, and
about 73 years before the Christian era. He more envied. To strengthen himself, and to
was soon after made consul, and in that office triumph over his enemies, Pompey soon after
he restored the tribunitian power to its origi united his interest with that of Caesar and
nal dignity, and in forty days removed the pi Crassus, and formed the ſirst triumvirate, by
rates from the Mediterraneau, where they had solemnly swearing that their attachment
reigned for many years, and by their conti should be mutual, their cause common, and
nual plunder and audacity, almost destroyed their union permanent. The agreement was
the whole naval power of Rome. While he completed by the marriage of Pompey with
prosecuted the piratical war, and extirpated Julia, the daughter of Caesar, and the pro
these maritime robbers in their obscure re vinces of the republic were arbitrarily divided
treats in Cilicia, Pompey was called to great among the triumvirs. Pompey was allotted
er undertakings, and by the influence of his Africa and the two Spains, while Crassus re
friends at Rome, and of the tribune Mani paired to Syria, to add Parthia to the empire
lius, he was empowered to finish the war of Rome, and Caesar remained satisfied with
against two of the most powerful monarchs the rest, and the continuation of his power as
of Asia, Mithridates king of Pontus, and Ti governor of Gaul for five additional years.
grapes king of Armenia. In this expedition But this powerful confederacy was soon bro
Pompey showed himself no ways inferior to ken ; the sudden death of Julia, and the total
Lucullus, who was then at the head of the defeat of Crassus in Syria, shattered the poli
Roman armies, and who resigned with reluc tical bands which held the jarring interest of
tance an office which would have made him Caesar and Pompey united. Pompey dreaded
the conqueror of Mithridates and the master his father-in-law, and yet he affected to des
of all Asia. His operations against the king pise him ; and by suffering anarchy to pre
of Pontus were bold and vigorous, and in a vail in Rome, he convinced his fellow-citizens
general engagement, the Ronans so totally of the necessity of investing him with dictato
defeated the enemy, that the Asiatic:onarch rial power. But while the conqueror of Mithri
escaped with diffieulty from the field of bat dates was as a sovereign at Rome, the adhe
tle. [vid. Mithridaticum bellum.] Pompey rents of Caesar were not silent. They demand
did not lose sight of the advantages dispatch ed that either the consulship should be given
would ensure; he entered Armenia, received to him, or that he should be continued in the
the submission of king Tigranes, and aſter government of Gaul. This just demand would
he had conquered the Albanians and Ibe perhaps have been granted, but Cato opposed
rians, visited countries which were scarce it, and when Pompey sent for the two legions
known to the Romans, and, like a master of which he had lent to Caesar, the breach be
the world, disposed of kingdoms and pro came more wide, and a civil war inevitable.
vinces, and received homage from 12 crown Caesar was privately preparing to meet his
ed heads at once ; he entered Syria, and enemies, while Pompey remained indolent,
pushed his conquests as far as the Red Sea. and gratified his pride in seeing all Italy cele
Part of Arabia was subdued, Judea became a brate his recovery from an indisposition by
Roman province, and when he had now no universal rejoicings. But he was soon roused
thing to fear from Mithridates, who had from his inactivity, and it was now time to find
voluntarily destroyed himself, Pompey re his friends, if anything could be obtained from
turned to Italy with all the pomp and majes the caprice and the fickleness of a people
ty of an eastern conqueror. The Romans which he had once delighted and amused by
dreaded his approach, they knew his power the exhibition of games and spectacles in a
and his influence among his troops, and they theatre which could contain 20,000 spectators.
feared the return of another tyrannical Sylla. Caesar was now near Rome, he had crossed
Pompey, however, banished their fears, he the Rubicon, which was a declaration of hos
disbanded his army, and the conqueror of tilities, and Pompey, who had once boasted
665
 PO PO

that he could raise legions to his assistance shore, till the humanity of Philip, one a = l
by stamping on the ground with his foot, fled freedmen, and an old soldier who halº
from the city with precipitation, and retired to followed his standard to victory, raise: ;
Bruudusium with the consuls and part of the burning pile, and deposited his ashes unds
senators. His cause, indeed, was popular, he mound of earth. Caesar erected ‘a as
had been invested with discretionary power, ment on his remains, and the emperor Air
the senate had entreated him to protect the two centuries after, when he visited Egº
republic against the usurpation and tyranny ordered it to be repaired at his own expes
of Caesar ; and Cato, by embracing his cause, and paid particular honour to the memory
and appearing in his camp, seemed to indi a great and good man. The character -
cate that he was the friend of the republic Pompey is that of an intriguing and art
and the assertor of Roman liberty and inde general, and the orts probi, and artime inter
pendence. But Caesar was now master of cundo of Sallust, short and laconic as it sº
Rome, and in sixty days all Italy acknewledg appear, is the best and most descriptive Pe
ed his rower, and the conqueror hastened to ture of his character. He wished it to ap
Spain, there to defeat the interest of Pompey, pear that he obtained all his honour and is
and to alienate the hearts of his soldiers. He nity from merit alone, and as the free and
was too successful, and when he had gained unprejudiced favours of the Romans, while
to his cause the western parts of the Roman he secretly claimed them by faction and ir
empire, Caesar crossed italy and arrived in trigue; and he who wished to appear the
Greece, where Pompey had retired, support patron, and an exuuple of true discipliae and
ed by all the powers of the east, the wishes aucient simplicity, was not ashamed publicly
of the republican Romans, and by a numerous to bribe the populace to gain an election, ºr
and well-disciplined army. Though superior to support his favourites. Yet amidst al.
in numbers, he refused to give the enemy bat this dissimulation, which was perhaps but
tle, while Caesar continually harassed him, congenial with the age, we perceive many
and even attacked his camp. Pompey repel other striking features; Pompey was kiri
led him with great success, and he might and clement to the conquered, and generoes
have decided the war if he had continued to to his captives, and he buried at his own ex
pursue the enemy while their confusion was pense Mithridates, with all the pomp and
great, and their escape almost impossible. the solemnity which the greatness of his pow
Want of provisions obliged Caesar to advance er and the extent of his dominions seemed
towards Thessaly : Pompey pursued him, to claim. He was an enemy to flattery; and
and in the plains of Pharsalia the two armies when his character was impeached by the
engaged. The whole was conducted against malevolence of party, he condescended,
the advice and approbation of Pömpey, and though consul, to appear before the censorial
by suffering his troops to wait for the approach tribunal, and to show that his actions and
of the enemy, he deprived his soldiers of that measures were not subversive of the peace
advantage which the army of Caesar obtained and the independence of the people. In his
by running to the charge with spirit, vigour, private character he was as remarkable; he
and animation. The cavalry of Pompey soon lived with great temperance and moderation,
gave way, and the general retired to his camp, and his house was small, and not ostents
overwhelmed with grief and shame. But tiously furnished. He destroyed with great
here there was no safety, the conqueror push prudence the papers which were found IE
ed on every side, and Pompey disguised him the camp of Sertorius, lest mischievous cº
self and fled to the sea-coast, whence he pass rosity should find causes to accuse the inno
ed to Egypt, where he hoped to find a safe cent, and to meditate their destruction.
asylum till better and more favourable mo. With great disinterestedness he refused the
ments returned, in the court of Ptolemy, a presents which princes and monarchs offered
prince whom he had once protected and en to him, and he ordered them to be added to
sured on his throne. When Ptolemy was told the public revenue. He might have seen a
that Pompey claimed his protection, he con better fate, and terminated his days with
sulted his ministers, and had the baseness to more glory, if he had notacted with suchim
betray and to deceive him. A boat was sent prudence when the flames of civil war were
to fetch him on shore, and the Roman general first kindled ; and he reflected with re
left his galley, after an affectionate and tender morse, after the battle of Pharsalia, upon
parting with his wife Cornelia. The Egyp his want of usual sagacity and military prº
tian sailors sat in sullen silence in the boat, dence, in fighting at such a distance iron
and when Pompey disembarked, Achillas and the sea, and in lea, ing the fortified places aſ
, Septimus assassinated him. His wife, who Dyrrachium, to meet in the open plain an
had followed him with her eyes to the shore enemy, without provisions, without friends,
was a spectator of the bloody scene, and has and without resources. The misfortunes
tened away from the bay of Alexandria, not which attended him after the conquest of
to share his miserable fate. He died B. C. 48,
Mithridates, are attributed by Christian wri
in the 58th or 59th year of his age, the day
ters to his impiety in profaning the temple of
after his birth-day. His head was cut off and the Jews, and in entering with the insolence
sent to Caesar, who turned away from it with of a conqueror the Holy of Holies, where
horror, and shed a flood of tears.
The body even the sacred person of the high-priest of
was left for some time naked on the sea. the nation was not admitted but upon the
664
 PO P0

most solemn occasions. His duplicity of beha PöMPELo, [the capital city of the Was
viour in regard to Cicero is deservedly cen cones in Spain: now Pampeluna, the capital
sured, and he should not have violently sa of Navarre.] Plin. 1, c. 3. -

crificed to party and sedition a Roman whom Pompilius NUMA, the second king of
he had ever ſound his firmest friend and Rome. [vid. Numa.] The descendants of
adherent. In his meeting with Lucullus he the monarch were called Pompilius Sanguis,
cannot but be taxed with pride, and he an expression applied by Horace to the Pi
might have paid more deference and more sos. Art. Poet. v. 92.--Andronicus, a
honour to a general who was as able and grammarian of Syria, who opened a school
more entitled than himself to finish the Mith at Rome, and had Cicero and Caesar among
ridatic war. Pompey married four different his pupils. Sueton.
times. His first matrimonial connection was Pom PöNIA, the wife of Q. Cicero, sister to
with Antistia, the daughter of the praetor Pomponius Atticus. She punished with the
Antistius, whom he divorced with great re greatest cruelty Philologus, the slave who
luctance to marry AEmylia, the daughter-in had betrayed her husband to Antony, and she
law of Sylla. AEmylia died in child-bed : ordered him to cut his flesh by piece-meal,
and Pompey's marriage with Julia, the and afterwards to boil it and eat it in her
daughter of Caesar, was a step more of poli presence.
cy than affection. Yet Julia loved Pompey PompõN1Us, the father of Numa, advised
with great tenderness, and her death in child his son to accept the regal dignity which the
bed was the signal of war between her husband Roman ambassadors offered to him.—A ce
and her father. He afterwards married lebrated Roman intimate with Cicero. He
Cornelia, the daughter of Metellus Scipio, was surnamed Atticus, ſrom his long resi
a woman commended for her virtues, beauty, dence at Athens. [vid. Atticus.-Mela,
and accomplishments. Plut. in vità –Flor. a Spaniard, who wrote a book on geography.
4.-Paterc. 2, c. 29.-Dio. Cass.-Lucan.— [rid. Mela.] A Roman, who accused
.Appian.—Cars, bell. Civ.–Cic. Orat. 68, ad Manlius the dictator, of cruelty. He triumph
4ttir. 7, ep. 25, ad fam. 13, ep. 19.—Eutrop. ed over Sardinia, of which he was made go
The two sons of Pompey the Great, vernor. He escaped from Rome and the
called Cneius and Sertus, were masters of a tyranny of the triumvirs, by assuming the
powerful army, when the death of their father habit of a praetor, and by travelling with his
was known. They prepared to oppose the servants disguised in the dress of lictors with
conqueror, but Caesar pursued them with his their fasces.—Secundus, an officer in Ger
usual vigour and success, and at the battle of many in the age of Nero. He was honoured
Munda they were defeated, and Cneius was with a triumph for a victory over the Barba
left among the slain. Sextus fled to Sicily, rians of Germany. He wrote some poems,
where he for some time supported himself; greatly celebrated by the ancients for their
but the murder of Caesar gave rise to new beauty and elegance. They are lost.
events, and if Pompey had been as prudent Pomptin AE. vid. Pontinae.
and as sagacious as his father, he might have Pons Ælius was built by the emperor
become, perhaps, as great and as formidable. Adrian at Rome. It was the second bridge
He treated with the triumvirs as an equal, of Rome in following the current of the Ti
and when Augustus and Antony had the im ber. It is still to be seen, the largest and
prudence to trust themselves without arms most beautiful in Rome. AEmylius, an an
and without attendants in his ship, Pompey, by cient bridge at Rome, originally called Sub
following the advice of his friend Menas, who licius, because built with wood (sublica.) It
wished him to cut off the illustrious persons was raised by Ancus Martius, and dedicated
who were masters of the world, and now in with great pomp and solemnity by the Ro
his power, might have made himself as abso man priests. It was rebuilt with stones by
lute as Caesar; but he refused, and observed AEmylius Lepidus, whose name it assumed.
it was unbecoming the son of Pompey to act It was much injured by the overflowing of
with such duplicity. This friendly meeting of the river, and the emperor Antoninus, who
Pompey with two of the triumvirs was not repaired it, made it all of white marble.
productive of advantages to him, he wished to It was the last of all the bridges of Rome in
have no superior, and hostilities began. Pom following the course of the river, and some
pey was at the head of 350 ships, and appear vestiges of it may still be seen. Anienses
ed so formidable to his enemies, and so confi was built across the river Anio, about three
dent of success in himself, that he called miles from Rome. It was rebuilt by the eu
himself the son of Neptune and the lord of nuch Narses, and called after him when de
the sea. He was, however, soon defeated in stroyed by the Goths.-Cestius was built in
a naval engagement; and of all his nume the reign of Tiberius, by a Roman called Ces.
rous fleet, only 17 sail accompanied his flight tus Gallus, from whom it received its name,
to Asia. Here, for a moment, he raised se and carried back from an island of the Tiber,
ditions, but Antony ordered him to be seiz to which the Fabricius conducted. Aure
ed and put to death about 35 years before lianus was built with marble by the emperor
the Christian era. Plut. in Anton. &c.— Antoninus.--Armonienses was built by Au
Patere. 2, c. 55, &c.—Flor. 4, c. 2, &c. gustus, to join the Flaminian to the Emylian
Trogus, vid. Trogus.--—Sextus Festus. [vid. road.——Bajanus was built at Baiae in the sea
Festus.] by Caligula. It was supported by boats, and
A p
 PO

measured about six miles in length.

Mount Jamiculum. It is still standing.
P0

Jani rise at the foot of the adjacent mounta

cularis received its name from its vicinity to and for want of a sufficient declivity crº
sluggishly over the level space, and some=
|
Milvius was about one mile from Rome. It stagnate
in pools or lose themselves in tº
was built by the censor Ælius Scaurus. It sands. Two rivers princip
ally contriº
was near it that Constantine defeated Max ed to the formation of these marshe
, in
entius.--Fabricius was built by Fabricius,
and carried to an island of the Tiber.
Ufens or Uffente, and the Nymphaeus -
.Ninfo. The flat and swampy tract spreads
Gardius was built by Agrippa. Palatinus, the foot of the Volscian mountains, audcover
near Mount Palatine, was also called Senato ed an extent of 8 miles in breadth and -
rius, because the senators walked over it in
procession when they went to consult the in length, with mud and infection. Aſ
pius Claudius, when employed in carryºr:
Sybilline books. It was begun by M. Fulvi his celebrated road through these marshe
us, and finished in the censorship of L. Mum made the first attempt
to drain them.
Julia
mius, and some remains of it are still visible. Caesar is said to have intende d to divert the
—Trajani was built by Trajan across the course of the Tiber from Ostia, and carry it
Danube, celebrated for its bigness and mag through these marshes to Terracina, but the
nificence.—The emperor built it to assist | plan perished with him, and gave way to the
more expeditiously the provinces against the more moderate but more practicable one ºf
Barbarians, but his successor destroyed it, as Augustus
. This emperor endeavoured
he supposed that it would be rather an in carry off the superfluous waters by opening tºa
ducement for the Barbarians to invade the
canal all along the Via Appia,
empire. It was raised on 20 piers of hewn Appii to the grove of Feronia from Forum
stones, 150 feet from the foundation, 60 feet . It was cº
broad, and 170 feet distant one from the time,tomary to embark on the canal in the night:
as Strabo relates, and Horace pra
Sther; extending in length above a mile. because the vapours that arise from the
[vid. Dacia.] Some of the pillars are still swamps are less noxious in the cool of the
standing, Another was built by Trajan night
than in the heat of the day. This canal
over the Tagus, part of which still remains. still remains, and is called Carata. These
Of temporary bridges, that of Caesar over marshes were neglected after the time of
the Rhine was the most famons .--—The
Augustus, until the reigns of Nerva and Tra
largest single arched bridge known is over jan, the latter of whom drained the country
the river Elaver. [now the Alier] in France, from Treponti and Terracina, and restored
called Pons Veteris Brivatis. The pillars the Appian way, which the neglect of the
stand on two rocks at the distance of 195
marshes in the previous reigns had rendered
feet. The arch is 84 feet high above the wa nearly impassable. During the convulsion
ter.—Suffragiorum was built in the Campus of the following centuries, the marshes were
Martius, and received its name because the
again overflowed, until again drained in the
populace were obliged to pass over it when. reign of Theodoric. They were never, how
ever they delivered their suffrages at the elec ever, completely exhausted of their water
tions of magistrates and officers of the state. until the pontificate of Pius 6th, although
——Tirensis, a bridge of Latium between Ar many preceding popes had made the experi
pinum and Minturnae. Triumphalis was ment. During the French invasion, how
on the way to the capitol, and passed over by ever, the precautions necessary to keep open
those who triumphed. Narniensis joined the canals of communication were neglected,
two mountains near Narnia, built by Augus and the waters again began to stagnate.
tus, of stupendous height, 60 miles from These marshes therefore are again formida
Rome: one arch of it remains, about 100 feet
ble at the present day, and, though contract
high. ed in their limits, still corrupt the atmosphere
PontiA, [an island in the Mare Tyrrhe for many miles around.] Horat. 1, Sat-5, v.
num, off the coast of Campania, and directly 9.—Lucan 3, v. 85.
south of the promontory of Circeii. The Ro Pontius AuridiaNUs, Herennius, a ge
mans established a colony in it. It was to meral of the Samnites, who surrounded the
this island that Tiberius banished Nero the
Roman army under the consuls T. Weturius
eldest son of Germanicus, where he died of and P. Posthumius. As there was no poss
famine and wretchedness, A. D. 31.] Pin. 3, bility of escaping for the Romans, Pontius
c.6.-Pt ol. 3, c. 1. QEnotrid
vid. es. consulted his father what he should do with
Ponticus, a poet of Rome, contemporary an army that were prisoners in his hands.
with Properti us, by whom he is compared to The old man advised him either to let them
Homer. He wrote an account of the Theban
go untouched, or put them all to the sword.
war in heroic verse. Propert. 1, el. 7. Pontius rejected his father's advice, and
[Pontinae PALUDEs, or Pomptin Ae PA spared the lives of the enemy, after he had
#.UDEs, a marshy tract of country in the ter. obliged them to pass under the yoke with the
ritory of the Volsci, deriving its appellation greatest ignominy. He was afterwards can
from the town of Suessa Pometia, in whose quered, and obliged
vicinity it was situate. These ſens are oc in his turn to pass under
the yoke. Fabius Maximu deſeate him,
casioned by the quantity of water carried when he appeared again atsthe head d an
of
into the plain by numberless streams which other army, and he was afterwards shame.
666 - 1
-
PQ PQ

fully put to death by the Romans after he was defeated by them.—A Roman empe
had adorned, the triumph of the conqueror. ror. [vid. Neoptianus.]
Liv. 9, c. 1, &c. PopLicola, one of the first consuls. [vid.
Pontus, a kingdom of Asia Minor, [bound Publicola.]
ed on the north by the Euxine, on the south Popp & SABINA, a celebrated Roman ma
by Cappadocia, on the west by Galatia and tron, daughter of Titus Ollius. She married
Paphlagonia, and on the east by Armenia.) a Roman knight called Rufus Crispinus, by
it was divided into three parts according to whom he had a son. Her personal charms
Ptolemy. Pontus Galaticus, of which Ama and the elegance of her figure captivated
sia was the capital, Pontus Polemoniacus, Otho, who was then one of Nero's favourites.
from its chief town Polemonium, and Pontus He carried her away, and married her ; but
Cuppadocius, of which Trapezus was the ca Nero, who had seen her, and had often heard
pital. This country was originally part of her accomplishments extolled, soon deprived
Cappadocia. Darius Hystaspes bestowed it him of her company, and sent him out of
upon Artabazes, either one of the seven no Italy on pretence of presiding over one of
blemen who murdered the usurper Smerais, the Roman provinces. After he had taken
or one of their descendants. [In the reign of this step, Nero repudiated his wife Octavia,
Ariobarzanes, the Persian yoke was shaken on pretence of barrenness, and married Pop
off, and Pontus became an independent king paea. The sruelty and avarice of the empe
dom.] The kingdom of Pontus was in its ror did not long Permit Poppaea to share the
most flourishing state under Mithridates the imperial dignity, and uhough she had al
Great. When J. Caesar had conquered it, it ready made him father of a son, he began to
became a Roman province, though it was of. despise her, and even to use her with barba
ten governed by monarchs who were tributa rity. She died of a blow which she received
ry to the power of Rome. Under the empe from his foot when many months advanced in
rors a regular governor was always appoint her pregnancy about the 65th year of the
ed over it. Pontus produced castors, whose Christian era. Her funeral was perform
testicles were highly valued among the an ed with great pomp and solemnity, and
cients for their salutary qualities in medicinal statues were raised to her memory. It is
processes. Virg. G. 1, v. 58.-Mela, 1, c. 1 said that she was so anxious to preserve
and 19.-Strab. 12.-Cie. pro Leg.—Man.- her beauty and the elegance of her person,
Appian.—Ptol, 5, c. 6. A part of Mysia that 500 asses were kept on purpose to afford
in Europe on the borders of the Euxine Sea, her milk in which she used daily to bathe.
where Ovid was banished, and from whence Even in her banishment she was attended by
he wrote his four books of epistles de Ponto, 50 of these animals for the same purpose, and
and his six books de Tristibus. Orid. de from their milk she invented a kind of oint
Pont. An ancient deity, father of Phor ment, or pomatum, to preserve beauty, called
cys, Thaumas, Nereus, Eurybia, and Ceto, poppaeanum from her. Plin. 11, c. 41.-
by Terra. He is the same as Oceanus. Dio. 62.—Juv. 6.—Sueton. in Ner. & Oth.—
.4pollod. 1, c. 2. Tacit. 13 and 14.—A beautiful woman at
Pontus Euxinus. [vid. Euxinus.) the court of Nero. She was mother to the
M. Popilius, a consul who was informed, preceding. Tacit. Ann. 11, c. 1, &c.
Populon 1A, or Populon luni, a town of
as he was offering a sacrifice, that a sedition
was raised in the city against the senate. Etruria, [situate on a promontory of the same
Upon this he immediately went to the popu name, below Vetulonii, and opposite the isl
lace in his sacerdotal robes, and quieted the and of Ilva. It was founded by a colony from
multitude with a speech. He lived about the Volaterrae.] It was destroyed in the civil
year of Rome 404. Liv.9, c. 21.- Val. Mar. wars of Sylla. Strab. 5-Wirg. JEn. 10, v.
7, c. 8. Laenas, a Roman ambassador to 172.-JMela, 2, c. 5.-Plin. 3, c. 5.
Antiochus, king of Syria. He was com PortATA, a river of Dacia, now Pruth,
missioned to order the monarch to abstain falling into the Danube a little below Axio
from hostilities against Ptolemy, king of p oli. Porcia, a sister of Cato of Utica, greatly
Egypt, who was an ally of Rome. Antio
chus wished to evade him by his answers, commended by Cicero. A daughter of
but Popilius, with a stick which he had in his Cato of Utica, who married Bibulus, and after
hand, made a circle round him on the sand, his death, Brutus. She was remarkable for
and bade him, in the name of the Roman her prudence, philosophy, courage, and con
senate and people, not to go beyond it before jugal tenderness. She gave herself a heavy
he spoke decisively. This boldness inti wound in the thigh to see with what fortitude
midated Antiochus; he withdrew his garri. she could bear pain ; and when her husband
sons from Egypt, and no longer meditated a asked her the reason of it, she said that she
war against Ptolemy. Val. Mar. 6, c. 4.— wished to try, whether she had courage
Liv. 45, c. 12.-Patere. 1, c. 10.-A tri enough to share not only his bed, but to par
bune of the people who murdered Cicero, to take of his most hidden secrets. Brutus was
whose eloquence he was indebted for his life astonished at her constancy, and no longer
when he was accused of parricide. Plut. detained from her knowledge the conspiracy
-A Roman consul who made war against which he and many other illustrious Roman:
the people of Numantia on pretence that the had formed against J. Caesar. Porcia wished
peace had not been firmly established. He them success, and though she betrayed fea
 P9 PQ

and ſell into a swoon the day that her hus filled the narrative part of his works wº
band was gone to assassinate the dictator, so many extravagant tales, or interest tº
yet she was faithful to her promise, and drop reader in the abstruse subtleties and myº
ped nothing which might affect the situation cal flights of his philosophical writing:
of the conspirators. When Brutus was dead. He applied himself to the study of mag
she refused to survive him, and attempted to which he called a theourgic or divine ope
end her life as a daughter of Cato. Her ration. The books that he wrote wºn
friends attempted to terrify her; but when uumerous, and some of the smaller trº
she saw that every weapon was removed tises are still extant. His most celet-rated
from her reach, she swallowed burning coals work, which is now lost, was against the re
and died, about 42 years before the Chris ligion of Christ, and in this theological cº
tian era. Valerius Maximus says, that she test he appeared so formidable, that most ºf
was acquainted with her husband's conspi the fathers of the church have been emplº
racy against Caesar when she gave herself ed in confuting his arguments, and develºp
the wound. Val. JMar. 3, c. 2, 1.4, c. 6.— |ing the falsehood of his assertions. [The
Plut. in Brut. &c. |treatise. of Porphyry against Christianity
Porcia Lºx, de civitate, by M. Porcius | were supposed to have been written in Siri
the tribune, A.U. C. 453. It ordained that ly. They are said to have been partially de
no magistrate should punish with death, or stroyed by the orders of Constantine. Maay
scourge with rods, a Roman citizen when con of them were extant in the fifth century, and
demned, but permit him to go into exile. were known to Jerome, who made large et
Sallust. in Cat—Liv. 10,–Cic. pro Rab. tracts from them.] He has been universally
M. Poncius LATRo, a celebrated orator called the greatest enemy which the Chris
who killed himself when labouring under a tian religion had. The best edition of his life
quartan ague, A. U. C. 750. Licinius, a of Pythagoras is that of Kuster, 4to. Amºst
Latin poet during the time of the third Punic 1707, of his treatise De abstinentra. that ci
war, commended for the elegance, the grace De Rhoer, Traj. ad Rhen. 8vo. 1767, and
ful ease, and happy wit of his epigrams. De Antro Nympharum, that in 8vo. Traj. **
A Roman senator who joined the conspiracy Rhen. 1765.-A Latin poet in the reign of
of Catiline. A son of Cato of Utica, given Constantine the Great.
much to drinking. Porsenna, or Ponsºna, a king of Etrº
Porten&RAx, one of the 40 Gauls whom ria, who declared war against the Romans
Mithridates ordered to be put to death, and because they refused to restore Tarquin to
to remain unburied for conspiring against his throne and to his royal privileges. He
him. His mistress at Pergamus buried him was at first successful, the Romans were de
against the orders of the monarch. Plut. de feated, and Porsenna would have entered
Pirt. Mul. the gates of Rome, had not Cocles stood at
PorphyRion, a son of Coelus and Terra, the head of a bridge and supported the fury
one of the giants who made war against Ju of the whole Etrurian army, while his com
piter. He was so formidable that Jupiter, to panions behind were cutting off the comma
conquer him, inspired him with love for Ju nication with the opposite shore. This act
no, and while the giant ondeavoured to ob of bravery astonished Porsenna; but when
tain his wishes, he, with the assistance of he had seen Mutius Scaevola enter his camp
Hercules, overpowered him. Horat. 3, od. with an intention to murder him, and when
4-Mart. 13, epº'8.—Apollod. 1, c. 6. he had seen him burn his hand without emo
Poaphy Rius, a Platonic philosopher of tion, to convince him of his fortitude and in
Tyre. . [His original name was Melek, trepidity, he no longer dared to make head
which, in Syriac, signifies king, and hence he against a people so brave and so generous.
was sometimes called king. Afterwards Lon. He made a peace with the Romans, and ne
ginus changed his name to Porphyrius, from ver after supported the claims of Tarquin.
****w;*,the Greekſor purple, a colour usually The generosity of Porsenna's behaviour to
worn by kings and princes.] He studied elo the captives was admired by the Romans.
quence at Athens under Longinus, and af. and to reward his humanity they raised
terwards retired to Rome, where he perfect brazen statue to his honour. Liv. 2, c. 9, &c.
ed himself under Plotinus. Porphyry was —Plut. in Public.—Flor. 1, c. 10.-Hora.
a man of universal information, and accord ep. 16.-Virg. JEn. 8, v. 646.
ing to the testimony of the ancients, he ex Porta CAPENA, a gate at Rome which
celled his contemporaries in the knowledge leads to the Appian road. Ovid. Fast. &r.
of history, mathematics, music, and philoso 192.-Aurelia, a gate at Rome. which re
phy. He expressed his sentiments with ele ceived its name from Aurelius, a consul, whº
gance and with dignity, and while other phi made a road which led to Pisa, all along the
losophers studied obscurity in their language, coast of Etruria. Asinaria led to Megut
his style was remarkable for its simplicity Coelius. It received its name from the fami
and grace. [Had his judgment and integrity ly of the Asinii.-Carmentalis was at the
been equal to his learning he would have de foot of the Capitol, built by Romulus. It was
served a distinguished place among the an afterwards called Seelerata, because the 300
cients. But neither the splendour of his die. Fabii marched through when they went to
tion, nor the variety of his reading, can fight the enemy, and were killed neartberi
*tone for the credulity or dishonesty which ver Cremera.-Janualis was paarthe tem
 PO PO

parnin r ºf Janus—Esquilina was also called one of the most faithful and attached friends
extranºia, Taurica, or Libitinensis, and all cri of Alexander, and never violated the assur
the sºrºcals who were going to be executed gene ances of peace which he had given him.
of hs ºf passed through, as also dead bodies Porus is represented as a man of uncommon
him tº ºch were carried to be burnt on Mount Es stature, great strength, and proportionable
railed, ºxinus-Flaminia, called also Flumen dignity. Plut. in.Aler.—Philostr. 2, c. 10–
he whº, was situate between the capitol and Curt. 8, c. 8, &c.—Claud. Cons. Honor. 4.
and sºunt Quirinalis, and through it the Flami Another king of India in the reign of
duº Fº road passed—Fontinalis led to the Alexander.
...rapus Martius. It received its name Posideum, a promontory and town of Io
... a the great number of fountains that nia, where Neptune had a temple. Strab.
...-e
raft, ſº near it.—Navalis was situate near 14.-A town of Syria below Libanus. Plin.
... place were the ships came from Ostia. 5, c. 20. A town near the Strymon, on
…-Viminalis was near Mount Viminalis. the borders of Macedonia. Plin. 4, c. 10.
ºrigemina, called also Ostientis, led to Posidon, a name of Neptune among the
ºtown of Ostia.--Catularia was near the Greeks.
mentalis Porta, at the foot of Mount Wi Posidonia. [vid. Paestum.]
ºxialis.-Collatina received its name from Posidonium, a town or temple of Nep
...eading to Collatia.-Collina, called also tune, near Caenis in Italy, where the straits
irinalis, Argonensis, and Salaria, was near of Sicily are narrowest, and scarce a mile dis
...irinalis Mons. Annibal rode up to this tant from the opposite shore.
ſ e and threw a spear into the city. It is to Posidonius, a philosopher of Apamea. He
... observed, that at the death of Romulus lived at Rhodes for some time, and after
* re were only three or four gates at Rome, wards came to Rome, where, after cultivat
* † ... the number was increased, and in the ing the friendship of Pompey and Cicero, he
le of Pliny there were 37, when the cir died in his 84th year. [Pompey, on his return
º inference of the walls was 13 miles and from the Mithridatic war, paid a visit to the
0 paces. philosopher at Rhodes for the purpose of at
Portia and Pontius. [vid. Porcia and tending his lectures, and rendered respectful
* reius.J homage to philosophy by ordering his lictors
Pontum wall.A, festivals of Portumnus at to lower their fasces at the gate of Posido
ome, celebrated on the 17th of August, in nius.] He wrote a treatise on the nature of
very solemn and lugubrious manner, on the the gods. [He is said also to have construct
nrders of the Tiber. Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 547. ed a kind of sphere with which he exhibited
-Parro de J. L. 5, c. 3. the apparent motions of the sun, moon, and
Poat omnus, a sea-deity. [vid. Meli planets round the earth. He is thought be
rta.] sides to have written a continuation of the
Pohus, the god of plenty at Rome. He history of Polybius in an elegant and polish
is son of Metis or Prudence. Plato.— edstyle..] Cie. Tusc. 5, c. 37.-Strab. 14.—
king of India, when Alexander invaded [An astronomer and mathematician of Alex
a. The conqueror of Darius ordered him andria. He was the disciple of Zeno, and
some and pay homage to him as a depend contemporary with, or else a short time pos
prince. Porus scorned his commands, terior to, Eratosthenes. He probably flou
! declared he would go and meet him on rished about 260 B.C. He is particularly ce
frontiers of his kingdom sword in hand, lebrated on account of his having employed
immediately he marched a large army himself in endeavouring to ascertain the
he banks of the Hydaspes. The stream measure of the circumference of the earth
he river was rapid; but Alexander by means of the altitude of a fixed star. Ac
red it in the obscurity of the night, and cording to Cleomedes, he concluded that it
ated one of the sons of the Indian mo was 240,000 stadia; but, according to Strabo,
h. Porus himself renewed the battle, he made it 180,000 only. He is the reputed
he valour of the Macedonians prevailed, author of a treatise on military tactics, men
he Indian prince retired covered with tioned in the first chapter of Ælian's work on
ids, on the back of one of his elephants. the same subject. No fragments of his writ
ander sent one of the kings of India to ings remain.]
nd him to surrender, but Porus killed Posthumius Albinus, a man who suf
messenger, exclaiming, is not this the fered himself to be bribed by Jugurtha.
of the wretch who has abandoned his against whom he had been sent with an
ry? and when he at last was prevailed army.—A writer at Rome whom Cato ri
to come before the conqueror, he ap diculed for composing an history in Greek,
red him as an equal. Alexander de and afterwards offering apologies for the in
d of him how he wished to be treated: accuracy and inelegance of his expressions.
king, replied the Indian monarch. —Tubero, a traster of horse to the dicta
magnanimous answer so pleased the tor Æmilius Mamercus. He was himself
onian conqueror, that he not only re made dictator in the war which the Romans
him his dominions, but he increased waged against the Volsci, and he punished
ngdom by the conquest of new pro his son with death for fighting against his
; and Porus, in acknowledgment of orders, A.U. C. 312. Liv. 4, c. 23. Spu
 PO PR

was taken in an ambush by Pontius the touched. There were also here certainga
enemy's general, and obliged to pass under desses called Potniades, on whose altan
the yoke with all his army. He saved his a grove sacred to Ceres and Proserpine, ºn
life by a shameful treaty, and when he re tims were sacrificed. It was also usual -
turned to Rome, he persuaded the Romans a certain season of the year, to cond
not to reckon as valid the engagements he into the grove, young pigs, which wer
had made with the enemy, as it was without found the following year in the grows :
their advice. He was given up to the enemy of Dodona. The mares of Potniae destrº
because he could not perform his engage
ments; but the Samnites refused to receive
ed their master Glaucus, son of Sisyphus.
[rid. Glaucus.) Paus. 9, c. 8. – Pirg G. º.
|
º
him. Aulus, a dictator who defeated the v. 267.-JElian. P. H. 15, c. 25.
Latins and the Volsci. Tubertus, another PRAENEstE, now Palaestrina, a town of La
dictator, who defeated the Æqui and Wolsci. tium, about 21 miles from Rome, built by
—A general who defeated the Sabines, and Telegonus, son of Ulysses and Circe, or,
who was the first who obtained an ovation. according to others, by Caeculus the sº
—A general who conquered the AEqui, and of Vulcan. There was a celebrated ter
who was stoned by the army because he re ple of Fortune there with two famous ims.
fused to divide the promised spoils. Flor. ges, as also an oracle, which was long is
22. –Lucius, a Roman consul, who was great repute. Cic. de Div. 2, c. 41.-P'ºrg.
defeated by the Boii. He was left among the JEn. 7, v. 680.-Horat. 3, od. 4.
slain, and his head was eut off from his body, PRAEton, one of the chief magistrates ci
and carried in triumph by the Barbarians Rome. [The name of Praetor was anciently
into their temples, where they made with the common to all the magistrates. Thus the
skull a sacred vessel to offer libations to their Dictator is called in Livy (3, 55,) Preter
gods. Marcus Crassus Latianus, an officer Maximus. But when the consuls being
proclaimed emperor in Gaul, A. D. 260. He engaged in almost continual wars could nºt
reigned with great popularity, and gained attend to the administration of justice, a ma
the affection of his subjects by his humanity gistrate was created for that purpose, A. U
and moderation. He took his son of the same C. 389, to whom the name of Praetor was
name as a colleague on the throne. They thenceforth appropriated. He was at first
were both assassinated by their soldiers, after created only from among the patricians, as a
a reign of six years. kind of compensation for the consulship
Postu ERTA, a goddess at Rome, who pre being communicated to the plebeians, but
sided over the painful travails of women. afterwards, A. U.C. 419, from the plebeians
Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 633. also..] One of them was totally employed
PotAMIDEs, nymphs who presided over in administering justice among the citizens,
rivers and fountains, as their name (relawoc, whence he was called praetor urbanus ; and
fluvius) implies. the other in all causes which related to fo
Poty Mon, a philosopher of Alexandria in reigners, [and was called praetor perigrinus.]
the age of Augustus. He wrote several trea In the year of Rome 520, two more praetors
tises, and confined himself to the doctrines of were created to assist the consul in the go
no particular sect of philosophers. vernment of the provinces of Sicily and Sar
PotAMos, a town of Attica near Sunium. dinia, which had been lately conquered, and
Strab. 9. two more when Spain was reduced into the
PotidAEA, a town of Macedonia, situate in form of a Roman province, A. U. C. 571.
the peninsula of Pallene. It was founded by [The praetor urbanus and peregrinus, admi
a Corinthian colony, and became tributary nistered justice only in minor or private
to the Athenians, from whom Philip of Ma causes, but in public and important causes
cedonia took it. The conqueror gave it to the people either judged themselves, or ap
the Olynthians to render them more attach pointed persons, one or more, to preside at
ed to his interest. Cassander repaired and the trial. In A. U. C. 604, it was determin
enlarged it, and called it Cassandria, a name ed that the praetor urbanus, and peregrinus,
which it still preserves, and which gave should continue to exercise their usual juris
occasion to Livy to say, that Cassander was dictions; and that the other four praetors
the original founder of that city. Liv. 44, c. should during their magistracy also remain
11.-Demosth. Olynth.-Strab. 7.—Paus. 5, in the city, and preside at public trials: one
c. 23.-Mela, 2, c. 2. at trials for extortion ; another concerning
Potitius. [vid. Pinarius.] bribery; a third concerning crimes commit.
Pot NIAE, a town of Boeotia, where Bacchus ted against the state ; and a fourth about pe
had a temple. The Potnians, having once culation. Still, however, when anything up
murdered the priest of the god, were ordered usual or atrocious happened, the people or
by the oracle, to appease his resentment, senate judged about the matter themselves,
yearly to offer on his altars a young man. or appointed inquisitors to preside at the tri
This unnatural sacrifice was continued for al, as in the case of Clodius for violating the
some years till Bacchus himself substituted mysteries of the Bona Dea, and of Mile for
a goat, from which circumstance he received the murder of Clodius.] Sylla the dictator
the appellation of AEgobolus and -Egophagus. added two more, and Julius Caesar increased
There was here a fountain whose waters the number to 10, and afterwards to 16, and
made horses run mad as soon as they were the second triumvirate to 67. After this their
 PR
---
PR
umbers, fluctuated, being sometimes 18, 16, PRAxilla, a lyric poetess of Sicyon, who
: 12, till, in the decline of the empire, their
ignity decreased and their numbers were re flourished about 492 years before Christ.
Paus. 3, c. 13.
uced to three. In his public capacity the PRAxitkles, a famous sculptor of Magna
raetor urbanus, besides dispensing justice, flourished about 324 years be
resided at the celebration of public festivals, Graecia, who
nd in the absence of the consul assembled tore the Christian era. He chiefly worked
in Parian marble, on account of its beautiful
r prorogued the senate as he pleased. He white
lso exhibited shows to the people, and in the est ness. He carried his art to the great
estivals of the Bona Dea, where no males perfection, and was so happy in copying
nature, that his statues seemed to be animat
were permitted to appear, his wife presided ed. The most famous of his pieces was a
wer the rest of the Roman matrons. Feasts
were announced and proclaimed by him, and Cupid which he gave to Phryne. This cele
brated courtezan, who wished to have the
e had the power to make and repeal laws
best of all the statues of Praxiteles, and who
fit met with the approbation of the senate could
ind people. The questors were subject to; the not depend upon her own judgment in
choice, alarmed the sculptor by telling
him, and in the absence of the consuls, he him his house
Appeared at the head of the armies, and in was on fire. Praxiteles upon
this showed his eagerness to save his Cupid
he city he kept a register of all the freed from
men of Rome, with the reasons for which
the flames above all his other pieces;
but Phryne restrained his fears, and by disco
they had received their freedom. In the pro verin
vinces the praetors, appeared with great tue. The g her artifice, obtained the favourite sta
pomp, six lictors with the fasces walked be sculptor employed his chisel in
ſore them, and when the empire was increas makin g a statue of this beautiful courtezan,
ed by conquests, they divided like the con which was dedicated in the temple of Delphi,
and placed between the statues of Archida
suls their gevernment, and provinces were mus
given them by lot. When the year of their
king of Sparta, and Philip º: Ma
cedon. He also made a statue of Venus, at
praetorship was elapsed, they were called the request
propraetors, if they still continued at the head of the people of Cos, and gave
them
of their province. At Rome the praetors ap ed or their choice of the goddess, either nak
veiled. The former was superior to
peared also with much pomp, two lictors the other in beauty and perfec tion, but the
preceded them, they wore the practerta, or inhab
itants of Cos preferred the latter. The
the white robe with purple borders, they Cnidians, who did not wish to patronize mo
sat in curule chairs, and their tribunal was desty and decorum with
distinguished by a sword and a spear, while as the same eagerness
the people of Cos, bought the naked Ve
they wdministered justice. The tribunal nus, and it was so universally esteemed, that
was called praetorium. When they rode Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, offered the Cni
they appeared on white horses at Rome, as
dians, to pay an enormous debt, under which
a mark of distinction. The praetors cereales, they labou red, if they would give him their
appointed by Julius Caesar, were employed favourite statue . This offer was not accept
in providing corn and provision for the city. ed. The famous Cupid was bought of the
They were on that account often called fru. Thespians by Caius Caesar, and carried to
mentarii.
Rome, but Claudius restored it to them.
PRAETortla, a town of Dacia, now Cron and Nero afterwards obtai
stadt. Another, now Aoust, in Piedmont. ned possession of
it. Paus. 1, c. 40, l. 8, c. 9.-Plin. 7, c. 34
PRActorius, a name ironically applied to and 36.
As. Sempronius Rufus, because he was dis PRELius, a lake in Tuscany, now Castig
appointed in his solicitations for the praetor lione. Cie...Mil. 97.-Plin. 3, c. 5.
ship, as being too dissolute and luxurious in PRExAspes, a Persian who put Smerdis to
his manners. He was the first who had a
death by order of king Cambyses. Herodot.
stork brought to his table. Horal. 2, Sat. 2, 3, c. 30.
v. 50.
PRAsias, a lake between Macedonia and
PR1AMIDEs, a patronymic applied to Pa
being son of Priam. It is also given to
Thrace, where were silver mines. Herodot. ris as Deiph
Hector, obus, and all the other child
5, c. 17.
ren of the Trojan monarch. Ovid. Heroid.
PRATINAs, a Greek poet of Phillius, con —Virg.
temporary with Æschylus. He was the first JEn. 3, v. 295.
PR1AMus, the last king of Troy, was son
among the Greeks who composed satires of Laomedon, by Strymo, called Placia by
which were represented as farces. Of these some. When Hercules took the city of Troy
32 were acted, as also 18 of his tragedies, one [vid. Laomedon,] Priam was in the number
of which only obtained the poetical prize. of his prisoners, but his sister Hesione re
Some of his verses are extant, quoted by deem
ed him from captivity, and he exchang
Athenaeus. Paus. 2, c. 13.
Praxagohas, an Athenian writer, who ed his original name of Podarces for that of
Priam, which signifies bought or ransomed.
Rublished an history of the kings of his own rid. Podarces.]
He was also placed on his
Country. He was then only 19 years old, and
three years after, he wrote the life of Con º:throne by Hercules, and he employ
stantine the Great. He had also written the ed himself with well directed diligence in re
life of Alexander, all now lost. pairing, fortifying, and embellishing the ci
ty of froy. He had marrie b
 Ph. PR

ther's orders, Arisba, whom now he divorced made him invisible. The meeting of Prum.
for Hecuba, the daughter of Jimas, or Cis Achilles was solemn and affecting, theº
seus, a neighbouring prince. He had by He queror paid to the Trojan monarchtatº
cuba 17 children, according to Cicero, or, tion and reverence which was due tobiº
according to Homer, 19; the most celebrat ty, his years, and his misfortunes, and hº
ed of whom are Hector, Paris, Deiphobus, in a suppliant manner addressed the tº
Helenus, Pammon, Polites, Antiphus, Hip whose favours he claimed, and kisse: "
ponous, Troilus, Creusa, Laodice, Polyxena, hands that had robbed him of the grº
and Cassandra. Besides these he had many and the best of his children. Achille "
others by concubines. Their names, accord imoved by his tears and entreaties, herº
ing to Apollodorus, are Melampus, Gorgy ed Hector, and permitted Priam a trºº
thion, Philaemon, Glaucus, Agathon, Evago ºn funeral of his son. Sºl
ras, Hippothous, Chersidamus, Hippodamas, after Troy was betrayed into thehasºsºl
Mestor, Atas, Dorcylus, Dryops, Lycaon. Greeks by Antenor and Æneas, and hº
Astygonus, Bias, Evander, Chromius, Teles upon this resolved to die in the defence”
tas, Melius, Cebrion, Laodocus, Idomeneus, country. He put on his armour and **
Archemachus, Echephron. Hyperion, Ascani. ed to meet the Greeks, but Hecuba ºf "
us Arrhetus, Democoon, DeJoptes, Echemou, tears and entreaties detained him near **
Clovius, AEgioneus, Hyporichus, Lisithous, tar of Jupiter, whither she had fled ſº
Polymedon, Medusa, Lysimache, Medesi tection. While Priam yielded to the Fºr
casta, and Aristodeme. After he had reign of his wife, Polytes, one of his sons, fledº
ed for some time in the greatest prosperity, the altar before Neoptolemus, who ſº
Priam expressed a desire to recover his him with fury. Polytes, wounded undº
sister Hesione, whom Hercules had carried come, fell dead at the feet of his parenº
into Greece, and married to Telamon his the aged father, fired with indignatiº
friend. To carry this plan into execution, ed the most bitter invectives again!"
Priam manned a fleet, of which he gave the Greek, who paid no regard to the sanº
command to his son Paris, with orders to altars and temples, and raising hisº.
bring back Hesione. Paris, to whom the edit upon him. The spear, hurledº
goddess of beauty had promised the fairest feeble hand of Priam, touched the bucº" |
woman in the world, [vid. Paris,j neglected Neoptolemus, and fell on the ground ºl
in some measure his father's injunctions, and irritated the son of Achilles, he seizººl
as if to make reprisals upon the Greeks, he grey hairs of Priam, and, without compº
carried way Helen the wife of Menelaus, or reverence for the sanctity of the plº"
king of Sparta, during the absence of her hus plunged his dagger into his breast. Hº.
band. Priam beheld this with satisfaction, was cut off, and the mutilated body wº
and he countenanced his son by receiving in among the heaps of slain. Dictyº. º:
his palace the wife of the king of Sparta. &c.—Dares. Phryg—Herodot. 3, e º
*This rape kindled the flames of war; all the paus. 10, c. 27.-Homer. Ii.22, &c.—º
suitors of Helen, at the request of Menelaus, in Troad.—Cie. Tuse. 1, c. 35.-Q. sº
[vid. Menelaus,) assembled to revenge the 1.—Wurg. AEn. 2, v. 507, &c.—Herº."
violence offered to his bed, and a fleet, accord 0, v. 14.—Hygin.fab. 110–Q. Caloº"
ing to some, of 140 ships, under the command v. 226. - -

of the 69 chiefs that furnished them, set sail Paripus, a deity among the ancientº"
for Troy. Priam might have averted the presided over gardens, and the part: "º
impending blow by the restoration of Helen; ration in the sexes. [vid.the end ºſthº”.
but this he refused to do, when the ambassa cle.] He was son of Venus by M*.
dors of the Greeks came to him, and he im Adonis; or, according to the more Reeve
mediately raised an army to defend himself. opinion, by Bacchus. Thegoddesº
Troy was soon besieged, frequent skirmishes who was enamoured of Bacchus, weal" * -

took place, in which the success was various, him as he returned victorious ſº.
and the advantages on both sides inconsidera expedition, and by him she had Primp" §:-
ble. The siege was continued for ten succes was born at Lampsacus. Priapua."
sive years, and Priam had the misfortune to formed in all his limbs, pastº.
see the greatest part of his children massacred tals, by means of Juno, who had ".
by the enemy. Hector, the eldest of these, the delivery of Venus, that the modº, in
was the only one upon whom now the Trojans ashamed to have given birth to such” |
looked for protection and support; but he soon ster ordered him to be exposed on º:
*

fell a sacrifice to his own courage, and was tains. His life, however, was rºº
killed by Achilles. Prian severely felthis loss, shepherds, and he receivedthe namº"
and as he loved him with the greatest tender pus propter deformitatem & memº ſilt
ness, he wished to ransom his body which was magnitudinem. He soon became * *.
in the enemy's camp. The gods, according to of the people of Lampsacus, buth" º:
Homer, interested themselves in favour of old pelled by the inhabitants on accoa. vic
Priam. Achilles was prevailed upon by his freedom he took with their wives. and
mother, the goddess Thetis, to restore Hector lence was punished by the son ºf ºed
to Priam, and the kingof Troypassed through when the Lampsacenians had bºº" º
the Grecian camp conducted by Mercury the with a disease in the genitals. Fº
messenger of thesº:ho with his rod had recalled, and temples erected to his "
7o
 PR PR
h
==tivals were also celebrated, and the peo his treatise “De Arte Grammatica” was first
minº is naturally idle and indolent, gave them
published by Aldus, at Venice, in 1476, from
was slºuwes upto every lasciviousness and impurity a MS. ſound in France. It has been re-print
saidto ſºlºing the celebration. His worship was ed frequently, but the best edition is that of
revertºtº introduced in Rome; but tbe Romans Putschius, 1605, among the Grammatici La
an imizatred him more as a god of orchards and tini. A valuable edition appeared also in
an ºur dens than as the patron of licentiousness. 1819, by Krehl, Lips, 2 vols. 8vo. A trans
roun * arrown painted with different colours was lation of the Periegesis of Dionysius into La
it minºaired to him in the spring, and in the sum tin verse is attributed to Priscian, and has
egg is ºf a garland of ears of corn. An ass was been printed with the Oxford edition of that
mutana terally sacrificed to him, because that ani author.]
lººtby its braying awoke the nymph Lotis. PRiscus, SER v Ilius, a dictator at Rome
ºir, whom Priapus was going to offer violence. who defeated the Veientes and the Fidenates.
...nº is generally represented with an human ——A surname of the elder Tarquin king of
iser sº and the ears of a goat; he holds a stick Rome. (vid. Tarquinius.)——Helvidius, a
ºis hand, with which he terrifies birds, as quaestor in Achaia during the reign of Nero,
lºgº a club to drive away thieves, and a scythe remarkable for his independent spirit, &c.
Lºs Prune the trees and cut down corn. He Tacit. Hist. 4, c. 6.—Juvenal. An orator
crowned with the leaves of the vine, and whose dissipated and luxurious manners
º agetimes with laurel, or rocket. The last Horace ridicules, 1 Sat. 7, v. 9.
...these plants is sacred to him, and it is said PRIstis, the name of one of the ships that
... raise the passions and excite love.' Priapus engaged in the naval combat which was ex
"...ºften distinguished by the epithet of phal hibited by AEneas at the anniversary of his
: ...fascinus. Ilyphallus, or ruber, or rubicun father's death. She was commanded by
... ', which are all expressive of his deformity. Mnestheus. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 116.
riapus is supposed by Banier, to have PRiver NUM, now Piperno Vecchii, a town
* en the same with Belphegor, that iſol of of the Volsci in Italy, whose inhabitants were
* quity mentioned by St.Jerome, and his wor called Privernates. It became a Roman co
*"...ip is said to have been brought to Lampsa lony. Lir. 8, c. 10.-Jºurg. -En. 11, v. 540.
*Is, whence it passed into Greece and Italy. —Cic. 1, Div. 43.
*This worship, it is thought, came originally Probus, M. Arelius Severus, a native of
ºn Egypt, agreeably to an observation sane -irmium in Pannonia. His father was origi
ºned by the authority of Herodotus, that the nally a gardener, who by entering the army
rth of a god in any country means only the rose to the rank of a military tribune. His
troduction of his worship into that country. son obtained the same office in the 22d year
ccordingly Priapus was reported to be the of his age, and he distinguished himself so
on of that Bacchus who made the conques' much by his probity, his valour, his intrepi
f India. and who is supposed to have been dity, moderation, and clemency, that at the
le same with Osiris, and Venus his mother death of the emperor Tacitus, he was invest
was the same with Isis. This Egyptian ed with the imperial purple by the voluntary
ueen had introduced, aſter the death of her and uninfluenced choice of his soldiers. His
usband, the ceremony of the Phallus. Such election was universally approved by the Ro
the explanation of Banier. More recent man senate and the people: and Probus,
nquiries, however, into certain parts of the strengthened on his throne by the affection
ligion of modern India, stamp the worship and attachment of his subjects, marched
Priapus as decidedly of Indian origin.] against the enemies of Rome in Gaul and
atull. ep. 19 and 20.--Column. 2, de Cul Germany. Several battles were fought, and
rt.—Horat. 1, sat. 1.-Tibull. 1, el. 1, v. after he had left 400,000 barbarians dead in
—Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 415, 1.6, v. 319–Virg. the field, Probus turned his arms against the
'. 7. v. 33, G. 4, v. 111.—Paus. 9, c. 31. Sarmatians. The same success attended him,
Hygin. fab. 190.-Diod. 1. A town of and after he had quelled and terrified to
a Minor, near Launpsacus, now Caraboa. peace the numerous Barbarians of the north,
pus was the chief deity of the place, and he marched through Syria against the Blem
n him the town received its name, because myes in the neighbourhood of Egypt., The
ad taken refuge there when banished from Biemmyes were defeated with great slaugh
psacus. Strab. 12.-Plin. 5, c. 32.- ter, and the military character of the empe
1, 1, c. 19. An island near Ephesus. ror was so well established, that the king of
!. 5, c. 31. Persia sued for peace by his ambassadors,
treNE, a maritime town of Asia Minor at and attempted to buy the conqueror's favours
oot of Mount Mycale, one of the twelve with the most splendid presents. Probus
endent cities of Ionia. It gave birth to was then feasting upon the most common food
one of the seven wise men of Greece. when the ambassadors were introduced ; but
ld been built by an Athenian colony. without even casting his eyes upon them, he
7, c. 2, 1.8, c. 24.—Strab. 12. said, that if their master did not give proper
scráNus. [an eminent grammarian, born satisfaction to the Romans he would lay his
sarea in Palestine. He went to Con territories desolate, and as naked as the
*ople, where he taught grammar and crown of his head. As he spoke the emperor
ic, with much success about the year took off his cap, and showed the baldness of
He composed various works, of which his head to the ambassadors. His conditions
4 673
 PR Plk

were gladly accepted by the Persian monarch. C. WALER Us PRoculits, a Pries

and Probus retired to Rome to convince his Gaul, intimate with Caesar.
subjects of the greatness of his conquests, and PRoci. Es, a son of Aristodern us and *r
to claim from them the applause which their born at the same birth as Euryatºr
ancestors had given to the conqueror of Ma There were continual dissensious betwº
cedonia or the destroyer of Carthage, as he the two brothers who both sat on the Sºº
passed along the streets of Rome. His triumph throne. [vid. Furysthenes and Lacecar -
lasted several days, and the Roman populace A native of Audros in the AEzear -
were long entertained with shows and com who was crowned at the Olympie gar
bats. But the Roman empire, delivered from Paus. 6, c. 14. Id. 7, c. 4. A Car: *
its enemies, was torn by civil discord, and nian writer, son of Eucrates. He wrº
peace was not re-established till three usurp some historical treatises, of which Pausa-le
ers had been severally defeated. While his has preserved some fragments. Id. 4. c. :
subjects enjoyed tranquillity, Probus encou A tyrant of Epidaurus, put to death, at:
raged the liberal arts, he permitted the inha thrown into the sea. Plut. de orar
bitants of Gaul and Illyricum to plant vines PRoci.i.d e, the descendants of Procº
in their territories, and he himself repaired who sat on the throne of Sparta togethe
70 cities in different parts of the empire with the Eurysthenidae. [vid. Lacedæº
which had been reduced to ruins. He also and Eurysthenes.]
attempted to drain the waters which were Procon Nésus, now Marmora, an islaº
stagnated in the neighbourhood of Sirmium, of the Propontis, at the north-east of CT
by conveying them to the sea by artificial cus; also called Elaphonnesus and Neºn
canals. His urn.ies were employed in this It was famous for its fine marble. [The mar
laborious undertaking ; but as they were ble of this island was of a bluish white, sº
unaccustomed to such toils, they soon muti ly variegated with black ; this colour usual
nied, and fell upon the emperor as he was ly running in small veins, and not una;tº
passing into one of the towns of Illyricum. resembling, in many instances, the contse -
He fled into a tower which he himself had the veins of a human body in the naked sta
built to observe the marshes, but as he was tues. It was also used in the sumpteos
alone and without arms, he was soon over buildings of the Romans.] Plin. 5, c. 52
powered and murdered in the 50th year of Strab. 13.-Mela, 2, c. 7.
his age, after a reign of six years and four Procopius, a celebrated officer of a noble
months, on the second of November, after family in Cilicia, related to the emperor Ju
Christ 282. The news of his death was re lian, with whom he lived in great intimacy
ceived with the greatest consternation; not He was universally admired for his integrity
only his friends, but his very enemies, deplor but he was not destitute of ambition or pride
ed his fate, and even the army, which had After he had signalized himself under Jº
been concerned in his fall, erected a monu lian and his successor, he retired from the
ment over his body, and placed upon it this Roman provinces among the Barbarians =
inscription : Hic Probus imperator, were pro the Thracian Chersonesus, and some time
bus, sutus est, riclor omnium gentium barba aſter he suddenly made his appearance ºr
rarum, victor etham tyrannorum. He was Constantinople, when the emperor Wales.
the preparing in a few days to march against had marched into the east, and he proclause:
the Persians that had revolted, and his victo himself master of the eastern empire. Ha
ries there might have been as great as those usurpation was universally acknowledged
he obtained in the two other quarters of the and his victories were so rapid, that Wales
globe. He was succeeded by Carus, and his would have resigned the imperial purple ha.
family, who had shared his greatness, inime. not his friends intervened. But now fºrture
diately retired from Rome, not to become ob changed, Procopius was defeated in Phrygia
jects either of private or public malice. Zos. and abandoned by his army. His head was
—Prob.-Saturn. AEmilius, a gramma cut off, and carried to Valentinian in Gael
rian in the age of Theodosius. The lives of A. D. 366. Procopius was slain in the 4:
excellent commanders, written by Cornelius year of his age, and he had usurped the title
Nepos, have been falsely attributed to him of emperor for about eight months. .4mrum
by some authors. An oppressive prefect JMarcel. 25 and 26. A Greek historianº
of the pretorian guards in the reign of Va. Caesarea in Palestine, secretary to the cele
lentinian. brated Belisarius, A. D. 534. He wrote the
PRocas, a king of Alba after his father history of the reign of Justinian, and greath
Aventinus. He was father of Amulius and celebrated the hero whose favours and ps.
Numitor. Liv. 1, c. 3.-Ovid. Met. 14, v. tronage he enjoyed. [Procopius himself we
622.--Pirg...En. 6, v. 767. -
employed by Belisarius against the Goths a
PRoch YTA, an island of Campania in the Italy. He was afterwards nominated sess
bay of Puteoli, now Procida. It was situated tor, and about A. D. 562 was appointed pre
near laarima, from which it was said that it fect of Constantinople, a station of which he
had been separated by an earthquake. It re
was deprived subsequently by the
ceived its name, according to Diºnysius, from Justinian.] This history is divided into eight
the nurse of Eneas. P'irg...En. 2, v. 715.- books, two of which give an account of the
.Mela, 2, c. 7,-Dionys. Hal. 1. Persian war, two of the Vandals. and fºur c.
674
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tude, near Sirius, or the dog star, before

wards continued in five books by Agathais till which it generally rises in July. Cicero calls
559. [According to two modern Oriental it driticanis, which is of the same significa
. . scholars, Procopius derived his materials for tion (ºrgo xway.) Horat. 3, od. 29.—Cic. de
an account of Persia and Armenia from the Nat. D. 2, c. 44.
Armenian work of the bishop Puzunt Pos PRodicus, a sophist and rhetorician of
dus, who was born at Constantinople of Greek Cos, about 396 years before Christ. He was
parents, and who wrote a history of Armenia sent as aunbassador by his countrymen to
in 6 books, of which the last 4 have reached Athens, where he publicly taught, and had
us. Prºcopius is the author also of a work, among his pupils Euripides, Socrates, Thera
entitled Anecdota, or secret history, in which menes, and Isocrates. He travelled from
Justinian and his empress Theodora, are re town to town in Greece, to procure admi
presented in a most odious light. Procopius rers and get money. He made his auditors
assigns as a reason for writing this last work, pay to hear him harangue, which has given
that in his history he could not speak of per occasion to some of the ancients to speak of
sons and things as he wished. He was the the orations of Prodicus, for 50 drachmas.
author of a third work “On the edifices erect In his writings, which were numerous, he
ed by the emperor Justinian.” As an eye composed a beautiful episode, in which vir
witness of many of the events which he de tue and pleasure were introduced, as attempt
scribes, Procopius is entitled to great atten ing to make Hercules one of their votaries.
tion. He writes like one free from all the The hero at last yielded to the charms of
prejudices of his age; when, however, he virtue, and rejected pleasure. This has
makes mention of the emperor and his court, been imitated by Lucian. Prodicus was at
he appears entitled only to that degree of last put to death by the Athenians on pre
credit which is due to one who writes under tence that he corrupted the morals of their
the constraint and eye of his prince. The youth. Xenophon. Memor.
works of Procopius were edited in 2 vols. PROErosia, a surname of Ceres. Her fes
folio. Paris, 1662. tivals, celebrated at Athens and Eleusis he
Procaust Es, a famous robber of Attica, fore the sowing of corn, bore the same name.
killed by Theseus, near the Cephisus. He .Meurs. de myst. El.
tied travellers on a bed, and if their length PRGETIDEs, the daughters of Praetus, king
exceeded that of the bed he used to cut it off, of Argolis, were three in number, Lysippe,
but if they were shorter, he had them stretch Iphinoe, and Iphianassa. They became in
ed to make their length equal to it. He is sane for neglecting the worship of Bacchus,
called by some Damastes and Polypemon. or, according to others, for preferring them
Ovid. Heroid. 2, v. 69. Met. 7, v. 43.-Plut. selves to Juno, and they ran about the fields,
in Thes. believing themselves to be cows, and flying
PRoculeius, a Roman knight very inti away not to be harnassed to the plough or to
mate with Augustus. He is celebrated for the chariot. Proetus applied to Melam
his humanity and fraternal kindness to his pus to cure his daughters of their insanity,
brothers Muraena and Scipio, with whom he but he refused to employ him when he de
divided his possessions after they had forfeit. manded the third part of his kingdom as a
ed their estates, and incurred the displeasure reward. This neglect of Proetus was pun
of Augustus for siding with young Pompey. ished, the insanity became contagious, and
He was sent by Augustus to Cleopatra, to the monarch at last promised Melampus two
endeavour to bring her alive into his presence, parts of his kingdom and one of his daugh
but to no purpose. He destroyed himself ters, if he would restore them and the Ar
when labouring under a heavy disease. Ho gian women to their senses. Melampus con
rat. 2, od. 2.-Plut. in Anton.-Plin. 36, c. sented, and after he had wrought the cure,
24. he married the most beautiful of the Proe
PRoctilus JULIUs, a Roman, who, after tides. Some have called them Lysippe, Ip
the death of Romulus, declared that he had ponoe, and Cyrianassa. Apollod. 2, c. 2–
seen him in his appearance more than hu Virg. Ecl. 6, v. 48.—Orid. Met. 15.-Lac
man, and that he had ordered him to bid tant. ad Stat. Theb. 1 and 3.
the Romans to offer him sacrifices under PROEtus, a king of Argos, son of Abas and
the name of Quirinus, and to rest assur Ocalea. He was twin brother to Acrisius,
ed that, Rome was destined by the gods with whom he quarrelled even before their
to become the capital of the world. Plut. birth. This dissention between the two bro
in Rom.—Liv. 1, c. 16.-An African thers increased with their years. After their
in the age of Aurelius. He published a father's death, they both tried to obtain the
book entitled de regionibus, on foreign kingdom of Argos; but the claims of Acri
countries, &c. An officer who pro sius prevailed, and Proetus left Peloponnesus
claimed himself emperor in Gaul, in the and retired to the court of Jobates, king of
reign of Probus. He was soon after defeat Lycia, where he married Stenoboea, called
ed, and exposed on a gibbet. He was very by some Antea or Antiope. He afterwards
debauched and licentious in his manners, returned to Argolis, and by means of his ſa
and had acquired riches by piratical excur ther-in-law, he made himself master of Tiryn
sions. thus. Stenoboea had accompanied her hus
Procyon, a star [of the second magni hand to Greece, and she became by him
67;
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mother of the Proetides, and of a son called the useful arts; he taught them the ce
Megapenthes, who, after his father's death, plants, with their physical power, and r
succeeded on the throne of Tirynthus. (vid. him they received the knowledge of taz
Stenoboea.) Homer. Il. 6, v. 160.-Apollod. horses and different animals, either to zºº
2, c. 2. vate the ground or for the purposes of i
Progne, a daughter of Pandion, king of ury. [Banier supposes the fable of Prº
Athens, by Zeuxippe. She married Tereus theus to be merely a continuation of the tº
king of Thrace, by whom she had a son call tory of the Titans. Prometheus. as he cº
ed Itylus, or Itys. (vid. Philomela.) jectures, was not exempt from the persee:
PRometh Ér Jugumi and ANTRUM, a place tions which harassed the other Titans. *
on the top of Mount Caucasus in Albania. he returned into Scythia, which he durst ºf
PROMETHEus, a son of Iapetus by Cly quit so long as Jupiter lived, that god is sº
mene, one of the Oceanides. [vid, the end| to have bound him to Caucasus. This prince,
of this article.] He was brother to Atlas, |addicted to astrology, frequently retired:-
Menoetius, and Epimetheus, and surpassed Mount Caucasus, as to a kind of observatory,
all mankind in cunning and fraud. He ri where he contemplated the stars, and was a
diculed the gods, and deceived Jupiter him it were preyed upon by continual pianº, ºr
self. He sacrificed two bulls, and filled rather by vexation, on account of the solitary
their skins, one with the flesh and the other and melancholy life which he led. The s
with the bones, and asked the father of the supposed to have given rise to the fate of
gods, which of the two he preferred as an of. the vulture preying upon his vitals. Ba
fering. Jupiter became the dupe of his arti nier farther imagines that Jupiter, bariº
fice, and chose the bones, and from that time ordered all the forges where iron was worked
the priests of the temples were ever after or to be shut, lest the Titans should make use ºf
dered to burn the whole victims on the al it against him, Prometheus, who had retired
tars, the flesh and the bones altogether. To into Scythia, there established good ferre
punish Prometheus and the rest of mankind, Perhaps also, not thinking to find fire in ºra:
Jupiter took fire away from the earth, but the country, he brought some thither in the stalk
son of Iapetus out-witted the father of the of the ferula, in which it may easily be pre
gods. He climbed the heavens by the assist served for several days. As for the two
ance of Minerva, and stole fire from the cha oxen which Prometheus is said to have slain
riot of the sun, which he brought down upon that he might impose upon Jupiter, this part
the earth at the end of a ferula. This pro of the fable is said to be founded upon his
voked Jupiter the more; he ordered Vulcan having been the first who opened victims
to make a woman of clay, and after he had with a view of drawing omens from an in
given her life, he sent her to Prometheus, spection of their entrails. His having form
with a box of the richest and most valuable ed and animated a man refers to his having
presents which he had received from the taught the barbarous people among whom
gods. (vid. Pandora.) Prometheus, who he settled to lead a more civilized life. Sir
suspected Jupiter, took no notice of Pandora Isaac Newton makes Prometheus a nephew
or her box, but he made his brother Epime of Sesostris, and to have been left by him
theus marry her, and the god, now more ir upon Mount Caucasus, with a body of troops,
ritated, ordered Mercury, or Vulcan, accord in order to guard his conquests in this quar
ing to Æschylus, to carry this artful mortal ter. Some make him the same with Noah.
to Mount Caucasus, and there tie him to a an opinion which Bryant adopts. Le Clerc
rock, where, for 30,000 years, a vulture was supposes laim to have been the same with
to feed upon his liver, which was never di Magog. The truth, however, appears to be
minished, though continually devoured. He that Prometheus is in some way connected
was delivered from this painful confinement with the mythology of India, and with the
about thirty years afterwards by Hercules, progress of religion from east to west.) He
who killed the bird of prey. The vulture. siod. Theng. 510 and 550.-.4polled. 1 and
or, accorling to others, the eagle, which de 2.—Paus. 1, c. 30, i. 5, c. 11.—Hygin. ab.
voured the liver of Prometheus, was born 144.—(Eschyl, in Prom.—Wirg. Erl. 6–
from Typhon and Echidna. According to Orid. Met. 1, v. 82.-Horat 1, od. 3–Seneca.
Apollodorus, Prometheus made the first man in Med. 823.
and woman that ever were upon the earth, PROMEThis, and Paoxtethines, a patro
with clay which he animated by means of the nymic applied to the children of Prometheus
fire which he had stolen from heaven. On as to Deucalion, &c. Orid...Met. 10, v. 390.
this account, therefore, the Athenians raised PRn Méthus and DAMAsichtbox, two
him an altar in the grove of Academus, where sons of Codrus, who conducted colonies into
they yearly celebrated games in his honour. Asia Minor. Paus. 1, c. 3.
During these games there was a race, and he PRoNAPipes, an ancient Greek poet who
who carried a burning torch in his hand with was, according to some, preceptor to Homer.
out extinguishing it, obtained the prize. It is said that he first taught the Greeks hºw
Prometheus, as it is universally credited, hau to write from the left to right, contrary to
received the gift of prophecy, and all the the custom of writing from the right to the
gods, and even J upiter himself consulted him left which is still observed by soune of the
as a most infallible oracle. To him mankind |eastern nations. Diod. 3.
are indebted for the invention of many of | PRoNoMus, a Theban who played so skº
676
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PR PR

ally on the flute, that the invention of that verely punished by Venus, whose divinity
in usical instrument is attributed to him. they had despised. They sent their daugh
Baus. 9, c. 12–Athen. 14, c. 7. ters to the sea-shore, where they prostitut d
PRon UBA, a surname of Juno, because she themselves to strangers. The poets have
presided over marriages. Virg. JEn. 4, v feigned that they were changed into stones,
166. on. account of their insensibility to every
PRoPERTIUS (Sextus Aurelius,) a Latin virtuous sentiment. Justin. 18, c. 5.-Ovid.
poet born in Umbria. [Critics do not agree JMet. 10, v. 238. • .

respecting the name of his native city. His PRopontis, a sea which has a communica
pellum, Assisium, Bevagna, and six others, tion with the Euxine by the Thracian Bos
dispute this honour.] His father was a Ro phorus, and with the AEgean by the Helles
man knight, whom Augustus proscribed Le pont, now called the Sea of Marmora. It is
cause he had followed the interest of Antony. about [90 miles long, and received its name
He came to Rome, where his genius and poe from its lying in front of or before the Pontus
tical talents soon recommended him to the Euxinus. Its modern name is derived from
notice of the great and powerful. Mecacnas, that of the island Proconnessus. It is called
Gallus, and Virgil, became his friends, and also the While Sea. The ancient name al
Augustus his patron. Mecaenas wished him łudes to its heing in front of the Pontus Eux
to attempt an epic poem, of which he propos inus, (ºrgo-ſlowtor).] Mela, I, c. 19.—Strab.
ed the emperor for the hero; but Propertius 2.—Ovid. 1. Trist. 9, v. 29.—Propert. 3, el.
refused, observing that his abilities were un 22.
equal to the task. He died about 19 years PRosen PINA, a daughter of Ceres by Ju
before Christ, in the 40th year of his age piter, called by the Greeks Persephone. [The
His works consist of four books of elegies, name, according to some, is a corruption from
which are written with so much spirit, viva Ilaga tºwn; others, however, derive it from
city, and energy, that many authors call him proserpo, and make Proserpina the goddess
the prince of the elegiac poets among the La who presides over the blade of corn when it
tims. His poetry, though elegant, is not free has sprouted forth from the earth: cum seges
from faults, and the many lascivious expres proserpserit ) She was so beautiful, that the
sions which he uses, deservedly expose him father of the gods himself became enamoured
to censure. Cynthia, who is the heroine of of her, and deceived her by changing him
all his elegies, was a Roman lady, whose real self into a serpent, and ſolding her in his
name was Hostia, or Hostilia, of whom the wreaths. Proserpine made Sicily the place
poet was deeply enamoured. [When Pro of her residence, and delighted herself with
pertius abandons the elegiac tone for the di. the beautiful views, the flowery meadows,
dactic he sometimes raises himself to a dig and limpid streams, which surrounded the
nified elevation. In general, however, he is plains of Enna. In this solitary retreat, as
too fond of a display of erudition. Had he she amused herself with her female atten
not imitated so closely the poems of Calli dauts in gathering flowers, Pluto carried her
machus and Philetas, but trusted more to his away into the infernal regions, of which she
own powers, it is probable that he would became the queen. [rid. Pluto..] Ceres was
have excelled Tibullus, to whom he is deci so disconsolate at the loss of her daughter,
dedly superior in the vividness of his colour. that she travelled all over the world, but her
ings and in the force of his expressions. One inquiries were in vain, and she never could
peculiarity distinguishes the versification of have discovered whither she had been car
Propertius from that of all the other Latin ried, had not she found the girdle of Proser
poets: his pentameters often terminate in pine on the surface of the waters of the foun
a polysyllable, while those of Tibullus and tain Cyane, near which the ravisher had
Ovid end almost always in a word of two opened himself a passage to his kingdom by
syllables, forming at one time an iambus, a striking the earth with his trident. Ceres soon
another a pyrrhic. Critics are not agreed learned from the nymph Arethusa that her
whether this is the result of accident or de Haughter had been carried away by Pluto,
sign on the part of Propertius. It is certain, and immediately she repaired to Jupiter, and
however, that the plan pursued by Tibullo demanded of him to punish the ravisher.
and Ovid is far more conducive to harmony.] Jupiter in vain attempted to persuade the
The best edition is that of Santenius, 4to. mother that Pluto was not unworthy of her
Traj. ad Rh. 1780, and, when published to daughter, and when she saw that she was in
gether with Catullus and Tibullus, those of flexible for the restitution of Proserpine, he
Graevius, 8vo. Utr. 1680, and of Vulpius, 4 said that she might return on earth, if she
vols. Patavii, 1737, 1749, 1755, and the edi had not taken any aliments in the internal
tion of Barbou, 12mo Paris, 1754. [Two regions. Her return, however, was impossi
very good editions of Propertius separately ble. Proserpine, as she walked in the Ely
have since appeared ; that of Barthius, Lips. sian fields, had eaten seven of the seeds
1777, 8vo. and that of Lachmann, Lips. 1816. of a pomegranate, and Ascalaphus was the
8vo. Orid. Trust. 2, v. 465, l. 4, el. 10, v. only one who saw it, and for his discovery
53, de Art. .4m. 3, v. 333.-Martial. 8, ep. the goddess instantly turned him into an owl.
73, l. 14, ep. 189.-Quintil. 10, c. 1.-Plin. Jupiter, to appease the resentment of Ceres,
5, ep. 1.9, ep. 22. - and sooth her grief, permitted that Proser
PROPº rid Es, some women of Cyprus, se pine should remain six months with Pluto in
677
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the infernal regions, and that she should PRotest LA1 TURRIs, the mont-Trº
spend the rest of the year with her mother Protesilaus, on the Hellespont. Pºin. .
on earth. As queen of hell and wife of Plu 11.-Mela, 2, c. 2.
to, Proserpine presided over the death of PRørºsii.Rcs, a king of part of The
mankind, and, according to the opinion of the son of Iphiclus, originally called Iolaus.gº
ancients, no one could die if the goddess son of Phylacus, and brother to Alciº
herself, or Atropos her minister, did not cut the mother of Jason. He married Laodiz. !
a lock of hair from the head. From this the daughter of Acastus, and scºme time:
superstitious belief, it was usual to cut off ter he departed with the rest of the Gre
some of the hair of the deceased, and to strew for the Trojan war with 40 sail. He wrº
it at the door of the house as an offering first of the Greeks who set foot on the T--
for Proserpine. The Sicilians were very jan shore, and as such he was doomed tº º
particular in their worship to Proserpine, oracle to perish, therefore he was kille: *
and as they believed that the fountain Cy soon as he had leaped from his ship, by tº
ane had risen from the earth at the very neas or Hector. Homer has not mentºr.
place where Pluto had opened himself a pas. the person who killed him. His wife Laº
sage, they annually sacrificed there a bull, of mia destroyed herself when she heard as tº
which they suffered the blood to run into the death. [vid. Laodamia..] Protesila as tº
water. Proserpine was universally wor received the patronymic of Phytarties, entºr
shipped by the ancients, and she was known because he was descended from Phylaeº, c.
by the different names of Core, Theogamia, because he was a native of Phylace. He wº
Labitina, Hecate, Juno inferna, Anthespho buried on the Trojan shore, and, accordics
ria. Cotylo, Deons, Libera, &c Plut. in Luc. to Pliny, there were near his tomb cers .
—Parts. 8, c. 37, l. 9, c. 31.-Ovid. Met. 5, trees which grew to an extraordinary here
fab. 6. Fast. 4, v. 417.—Virg. .42n. 4, v. 698. which, as soon as they could be discovere
l. 6, v. 138.-Strab. 7.-Diod. 5.-Cic. in and seen from Troy, immediately withere. |
Perr. 4.—Hygin. fab. 146.-Hesiod. Theog. and afterwards grew up again to their fºr
—Apollod. 1, c. 3.-Orpheus. Hymn. 28.— mer height, and suffered the same vicissite:
Claudian. de Rapt. Pros. Homer. Il. 2, v. 205.-Ovid. ..Me?. 12, fab. 1
PRosper, one of the fathers who died A —Heroid. 13, v.17–Propert. 1, el. 19–
D. 466, [Prosper was merely a layman, but Hygin. fab. 103, &c.
was possessed of much learning and eloquence. Proteus, a sea-deity, son of Oceanus ar.
He was a native of Gaul, and the ſriend of Tethys, or, according to some, of Neptune
St. Augustine. In the year 440 he was made and Phoenice. He had received the gift ot
secretary to Pope Leo 1st, and became the prophecy from Neptune because he had tend
principal combatant against the Pelagians in ed the monsters of the sea, and from he
Italy.] His works have been edited by Man knowledge of futurity mankind received the
geant, fol. Paris, 1711. greatest services. He usually resided in the
PRotAGóRAs, a Greek philosopher of Carpathian Sea, and, like the rest of the god
Abdera in Thrace, who was originally a por he reposed himself on the sea-shore, where
ter. He became one of the disciples of De such as wished to consult him generally
mocritus, when that philosopher had seen resorted. He was difficult of access, and
him carrying ſaggots on his head, poised in a when consulted he refused to give answer,
proper equilibrium. [Democritus was struck by immediately assuming different shapes, and
also with the neatness with which the ſaggots if not properly secured in fetters, eluding the
were packed, and pleased with his general grasp in the form of a tiger, or a lion, or dis
manner. He therefore bade Protagoras ſol appearing in a flame of fire, a whirwind, or
low him, saying that he would present him a rushing stream. Aristacus and Menelaus
with a greater and better object for the exer. were in the number of those who consulted
cise of his talents.] He soon rendered him him, as also Hercules. Some suppose that he
self ridiculous by his doctrines, and in a book
was originally king of Egypt, known among
which he published, he denied the existence his subjects by the name of Cetes, and they
of a Supreme Being. This doctrine he sup. assert that he had two sons, Telegonus an:
ported by observing, that his doubts arose Polygonus, who were both killed by Hercule
from the weakness of the human understand He had also some daughters, among what
ing, and from the shortness of human life. were Cabira, Eidothea, and Rhetia. [A:
This book was publicly burnt at Athens, and cording to Diodorus Siculus, he was king: |
the philosopher banished from the city as a Fgypt, and after the manner of the Egº
worthless and contemptible being. Protago. tian monarchs, sometimes used a lion, sº
ras visited, from Athens, different islands in sometimes a bull for his crest. He issul
the Mediterranean, and died in Sicily in a ve to have reigned 240 years after Moses, as
ry advanced age, about 400 years before the been distinguished for his knowledge of as
Christian era. He generally reasoned by di tronomy..] Homer. Od. 4, v. 360.-Orid. Mºt
lemmas, and always left the mind in suspense 8, ſab. 10...4m. el 12, v. 36.—Hesiod. Theºg,
about all the questions which he proposed. v. 243.-Virg. G. 4, v. 387–Hygun-fat.
Some suppose that he was drowned. Diog. 118.-Herodot. 2, c. 112.-Diod. I.
9.—Plut. in Protag. PRotoGENEs, a painter of Rhodes whº
Photel Columnæ, a place in the remot flourished about 328 years before Christ. He
est parts f Egypt. º:
78
.42n: 11, v. 262. was originally so poor that he painted ship
 PR PR

o maintain himself. His countrymen were |He is even decidedly inſerior to Claudian and
gnorant of his ingenuity before Apelles came |Ausonius.] The best editions are the Del
9 Rhodes and offered to buy all his pieces. phin, 4to. Paris, 1687; that of Cellarius,
This opened the eyes of the Rhodians, they 12mo. Halae, 1703; and that of Parma, 2
9ecame sensible of the merit of their coun vols. 4to. 1788.
ryman, and liberally rewarded him. Proto PRusA, a town of Bithynia, [at the foot of
genes was employed for seven years in finish Mount Olympus, in the district Olympena.]
ng a picture of Jalysus, a celebrated hunts. It is now Bursa.] It was built by king Pru
man, supposed to have been the son of Apol sias, from whom it received its name. [vid.
19, and the founder of Rhodes. During all Cios.] Strab. 12.-Plin. 10, ep. 16.
this time the painter lived only upon lupines PRusias, a king of Bithynia, who flourish
and water, thinking that such aliments would ed 221 B.C.—Another, surnamed Venator,
leave him greater flights of fancy; but all who made an alliance with the Romans when
this did not seem to make him more success they waged war with Antiochus, king of Sy
ful in the perfection of his picture. He was ria. He gave a kind reception to Annibal,
to represent in the piece a dog panting, and and by his advice he made war against Eu
with froth at his mouth, but this he never menes, king of Pergamus, and deteated him.
could do with satisfaction to himself; and Eumenes, who was an ally of Rome as well
when all his labours seemed to be without as Prusias, complained before the Romans of
success, he threw his sponge upon the piece the hostilities of the king of Bithynia. Q. Fla
in a fit of anger. Chance alone brought to minius was sent from Rome to settle the dis
perfection what the utmost labours of art putes of the two monarchs, and he was no
could not do ; the fall of the sponge upon the sooner arrived in Bithynia, than Prusias, to
picture represented the froth of the mouth gain his favour, prepared to deliver to him,
of the dog in the most perfect and natural at his request, the celebrated Carthaginian
manner, and the piece was universally ad to whom he was indebted for all the advan
mired. Protogenes was very exact in his tages he had obtained over Eumenes; but
representations, and copied nature with the Annibal prevented it by a voluntary death.
Prusias was obliged by the Roman ambassa
greatest nicety, but this was blamed as a fault
by his friend Apelles. When Demetrius be dor to make a restitution of the provinces
he had conquered, and by his meanness he
sieged Rhodes, he refused to set fire to a part
of the city which might have made him mas continued to enjoy the favours of the Romans.
ter of the whole, because he knew that Pro When some time after he visited the capital
togenes was then working in that quarter. of Italy, he appeared in the habit of a manu
When the town was taken, the painter was mitted slave, calling himself the freed-man
found closely employed in a garden in finish of the Romans; and when he was introduced
ing a picture; and when the conqueror asked into the senate-house, he saluted the senators
him why he showed not more concern at by the name of visible deities, of saviours, and
the general calamity, he replied that Deme deliverers. Such abject behaviour rendered
trius made war against the Rhodians and him contemptible not only in the eyes of the
not against the fine arts. Paus. I, c. 3. – Romans, but of his subjects; and when he re
Plin. 35, c. 10.—Blian. W. H. 12.-Juv. 3, turned home the Bithynians revolted, and
v. 120–Plut. in Dem.—One of Caligula's placed his son Nicomedes on the throne.
favourites, famous for his cruelty and extra The banished monarch fled to Nicomedia,
vagance. where he was assassinated near the altar of
PRox{Nus, [a Boeotian, one of the com Jupiter, about 149 years before Christ. Some
manders of the Greek forces in the army of say that his son became his murderer. Pru
Cyrus the younger. He was put to death sias, according to Polybius, was the meanest
with his fellow-commanders by Artaxerxes. of monarchs, without honesty, without mo
Proxenus was the one who induced Xenophon rals, virtue, or principle ; he was cruel and
to join in the expedition of Cyrus, and after cowardly, intemperate and voluptuous, and
the death of Proxenus, Xenophon was chosen an enemy to all learning. He was naturally
to supply his place.] deformed, and he often appeared in public in
PRUDENtius (Aurelius Clemens,) a Latin the habit of a woman to render his deformi
poet who flourished A. D. 392, and was suc ties more visible. Polyb.—Lir.—Justin. 31,
cessively a soldier, an advocate, and a judge. &c.—C. Nep. in Anib.-Plut. in Flam. &c.
[He was born at Calagurris (Calahorra), or, PRYTANEs, certain magistrates at Athens
according to a less probable opinion, at Cae who presided over the senate, and had the
saraugusta (Saragossa.) At the age of 50 privilege of assembling it when they pleased,
years he abandoned the world to pass the festivals excepted. They generally met in a
remainder of his days in devotion. It was at large hall, called prytaneum, where they gave
this period that he composed the works which audiences, offered sacrifices, and feasted to
have come down to us...] His poems are nu gether with all those who had rendered signal
merous, and all theological, devoid of the service to their country. The prytanes
elegance and purity of the Augustan age, and were elected from the seuators which were
yet greatly valued. [Prudentius is some in number 500, fifty of which were chosen
times styled “the first Christian poet;” a title, from each tribe. When they were elected,
however, which means but little. In no case the name of the 10 tribes of Athens were
can he be compared with the classic writers. thrown into one vessel, and into another were
-
 PS PS

placed nine black beans and a white one. in the Phoenician language, and tº
The tribe whose name was drawn with the circumstance, therefore, it was univerº
white bean, presided the first, and the rest concluded that the language of Phruth"
in the order in which they were drawn. They of greater antiquity. [This is a very tº
presided for 35 days, as the year was divided ish story. The word uttered by the diº
into 10 parts; but it is unknown what tribe was Bek, with the Greek termination tº
presided the rest of those days which were comes Bekos. The children learned tº
supernumerary. When the number of tribes the cry of the goats, who suckled them. H.
was increased to 12, each of the prytanes rodot. 2, c. 28, &c.–Polyan. 8–Stral. !.
presided one full month.—Some of the prin. A son of Gordius, brother to Penuk.
cipal magistrates of Corinth were also called who held the tyranny at Corinth for tº:
prytanes. years, B. C. 584. Aristot. Polit. 5, c.11
PsAMáthE, one of the Nereides, mother of PsAM mis, or PsAMMUThis, a knºw
Phocus by AEacus, king of Egina. Apollod. 3, Egypt, B. C. 376.
c. 12.-Ovid. Met. 11, v. 398.-Flacc. v. 364. Psaph is, a town on the confines of Ata
PsAMM ENITUs, succeeded his father Ama. and Boeotia. There was there an ºrded
sis on the throne of Egypt. Cambyses made Amphiaraus.
war against him, and as he knew that the Psapho, a Libyan who taught a numerº
Egyptians paid the greatest veneration to cats, birds which he kept to say Psapha is tº
the Persian monarch placed some of these and afterwards gave them their liberty. The
animals at the head of his army; and the ene birds did not forget the words which they had
my, unable to defend themselves, and unwil been taught, and the Africans paid divideº
ling to kill those objects of adoration, were nours to Psapho. AElian. -

easily conquered. [Polyaenus refers this to Psophis, a town of Arcadia near the jitº.
the taking of Pelusium.] Psammenitus was tion of the Erymanthus and Arºund
twice beaten at Pelusium and in Memphis, It was called at first Erymanthus, and after
and became one of the prisoners of Cambyses, wards Phegia. Stat. Th. 4, v. 296–Paw
who treated him with great humanity. Psam 3, c. 24.—Ovid. Met. 5, v. 607.-A riºtt
menitus, however, raised seditions against the and town of Elis.
Persian monarch, and attempted to make the Psyche, a nymph whom Cupid married
Egyptians rebel, for which he was put to and carried into a place of bliss, where be
death by drinking bull's blood. He had reign long enjoyed her company. Venus put hº
ed about six months. He flourished about to death because she had robbed the world
525 years beſore the Christian era. Herodoi. of her son; but Jupiter, at the request ºf
3, c. 10, &c. Cupid, granted immortality to Psyche. The
PsAMMItichus, a king of Egypt. He was word signifies the soul, and this personia:
one of the 12 princes who shared the king tion of Psyche, first mentioned by Apulet"
dom among themselves ; but as he was more is posterior to the Augustan age, thoughºut
popular than the rest, he was banished from it is connected with ancient mytholºgy. Fºr
his dominions, and retired into the marshes che is generally represented with the way
near the sea-shore. A descent of some of the of a butterfly to imitate the lightness tº
Greeks upon Egypt proved favourable to his soul, of which the butterfly is the ºut".
cause; he joined the enemy, and defeated the and on that account, among the autº"
11 princes who had expelled him from the when a man had just expired, a butteºr
country. He rewarded the Greeks by whose peared fluttering above as iſ rising frºntº
valour he had recovered Egypt, he allotted ſmouth of the deceased. -

them some territory on the sea-coast, patron Psych Rus, a river of Thrace. Whº
ized the liberal arts, and encouraged com sheep drauk of its waters they were all tº
merce among his subjects. He made useless ways to bring forth black lambs. Anº.
inquiries to find the sources of the Nile, and Psylli, a people of Libya near thesiº,
he stopped by bribes and money, a large ar. very expert in curing the venomous” t
my of Scythians who were marching against serpents, which had no fatal effect º
him. He died 617 years before the Christian them. [They were destroyed by the Nasr
cra, and was buried in Minerva’s temple at mones, a neighbouring people. Itº.”
Sais. During his reign there was a contem prºbable that the Nasamones circulated tº
ille story respecting the destruction of ºt
tion among some of the neighbouring nations Psylli, which Herodotus relatº, without,
about the antiquity of their language. Psam
metichus took a part in the contest. He con however, giving credit to it. He tale"
fined two young children and fed them with a south wind had dried up all the “”
milk; the shepherd to whose care they were of the Psylli, and that the who is cº"
intrusted, was ordered never to speak to far as the syrtes, was destitutº “"“”
them, but to watch diligently their articula They resolved, accordingly, af" " publk
tions. After some time the shepherd observ º:
consultation, to make an expedº”
the south wind, but having rea ched the
ed, that whenever he entered the place of
their confinement they repeatedly exclaimed serts, the south wind ºhºº.
Beccos, and he gave information of this to the neath the sands.) Strab. 17.—D**** !
monarch. Psammetichus made inquiries, —Lucan. 9, v. 894, 937.-Herodºlº"
and ſound that the word Beccos signified bread —Paus, 9, c. 28. -

8
 _* PT PT

**teleum, a town of Thessaly on the bor lic expense, were employed in philosophical
* *s of Brotia. Lucan. 6, v. 852–Liv. 35, researches, and in the advancement of science
kihitº 3. and the liberal arts. Ptolemy died in the 84th
‘tradiº 'rerelius, a son of Taphios, presented year of his age, after a reign of 39 years, about
The ºth immortality by Neptune, provided he 284 years before Christ. He was succeeded
* - it on his head a yellow lock. His daugh by his son Ptolemy Philadelphus, who had
* Tº cut it off, and he died. He reigned at been his partner on the throne the last ten
ſite ºf phos in Argos, &c. Apollod. 2, c. 4. years of his reign. Ptolemy Lagus has
º, tº "teria, [a district of Paphlagonia, near been commended for his abilities not only
ºf Gwº ope, where Cyrus defeated Croesus. as a sovereign, but as a writer, and among
the mºroſ.E.M.A.U.M, a certain place at Athens the many valuable compositions which have
4 + ficated to exercise and study. Cic. 5, de In. been lost, we are to lament an history of
ºr Hurºrolºrs 1st, surnamed Lagus, a king Alexander the Great, by the king of Egypt,
'. Egypt,son of Arsinoe, who, when pregnant greatly admired and valued for elegance
agº.g.: Philip of Macedonia, married Lagus, a and authenticity. All his successors were
In ºn of mean extraction. [vid. Lagus.j Pto called Ptolemies from him. Paus. 10, c. 7.—
ty was educated in the court of the king Justin. 13, &c –Polyb. 2.-Arrian.—Curt.
tºlacedonia, he became one of the friends —Plut. in Alex.-The 2d, son of Ptole
slassociates of Alexander, and, when that my the first, succeeded his father on the
:: narch invaded Asia, the son of Arsinoe at Egyptian throne, and was called Philadel
ided him as one of his generals. During phus by Antiphrases, because he killed two
tº expedition he behaved with uncommon of his brothers. He showed himself worthy
gºlour; he killed one of the Indian monarchs in every respect to succeed his great father,
… single combat, and it was to his prudence and conscious of the advantages which arise
... d courage that Alexander was indebted from an alliance with powerful nations, he
:*the reduction of the rock Aornus. After sent ambassadors to Italy to solicit the friend
. . e.conqueror's death, in the general division ship of the Romans, whose name and military
... the Macedonian empire, Ptolemy obtained reputation had become universally known
his share the government of Egypt, with for the victories which they had just obtain
… lya, and part of the neighbouring territories ed over Pyrrhus and the Tarentines. His
Arabia. In this appointment the governor ambassadors were received with marks of
ºn gained the esteem of the people by acts the greatest attention, and immediately after
f kindness, by benevolence and clemency ; four Roman senators came to Alexandria,
ad though he did not assume the title of inde where they gained the admiration of the mo
endent monarch till 19 years after, yet he narch and of his subjects, and by refusing the
falso firmly established that the attempts of crowns of gold and rich presents which were
ºrdiccas to drive him away from his posses offered to them, convinced the world of the
ions proved abortive : and Ptolemy, after the virtue and of the disinterestedness of their
murder of his rival by Grecian soldiers, nation. But while Ptolemy strengthened him
night have added the kingdom of Macedo. self by alliances with foreign powers, the in
lia to his Egyptian territories. He made ternal peace of his kingdom was disturbed by
Jimself master of Coelesyria, Phoenicia, and the revolt of Magas his brother, king of Cy
he neighbouring coast of Syria, and when he rene. The sedition, however, was stopped,
had reduced Jerusalem, he carried above though kindled by Antiochus king of Syria,
00,000 prisoners to Egypt, to people the ex and the death of the rebellious prince re-es
2nsive city of Alexandria, which became tablished peace for some time in the family
he capital of his dominions. After he had of Philadelphus. Antiºchus the Syrian king
indered these prisoners the most attached married Berenice the daughter of Ptolemy,
ld faithful of his subjects by his libera and the father, though old and infirm, con
y and the grant of privileges, Ptolemy ducted his daughter to her husband's king
sumed the title of king of Egypt, and dom, and assisted at the nuptials. Philadel
ºn after reduced Cyprus under his pow phus died in the 64th year of his age, 246
He made war with success against De years before the Christian era. He left two
trius and Antigonus, who disputed his sons and a daughter, by Arsinoe the daughter
ht to the provinces of Syria; and from the of Lysimachus. He had afterwards married
stance he gave to the people of Rhodes his sister Arsinoe whom he loved with un
inst their cornmon enemies, he received common tenderness, and to whose memory
name of Soter. While he extended his he began to erect a celebrated monument,
minions Ptolemy was not negligent of the (vid. Dinocrates.) During the whole of his
ºntages of his people. The bay of Alexan reign Philadelphus was employed in exciting
being dangerous of access, he built a tow industry, and in encouraging the liberal arts
conduct the sailors in the obscurity of the and useful knowledge among his subjects.
t, [tid. Pharos, J and that his subjects The inhabitants of the adjacent countries
it be acquainted with literature, he laid were allured by promises and presents to in
oundation of a library, which under the crease the number of the Egyptian subjects,
eding reigns became the most celebrated and Ptolemy could boast of reigning over
a world. He also established in the capi 33,339 well peopled cities. He gave every
his dominions a society called museum, possible encouragement to commerce, and by
lich the members,
4.
Fauna
at the pub keeping two powerful fleets, one in the Medi
681
 PT PT

terranean and the other in the Red Sea, he by valour, prudence, and reputation. He
made Egypt the mart of the world. His ar said that he deposited 15 talents in the has
my consisted of 200,000 foot, 40,000 horse, of the Athenians to be permitted to tratº
besides 300 elephants and 2000 armed chari the original manuscripts of Æschylus, ºr
ots. With justice therefore he has been call pides, and Sophocles, and that he foºta
ed the richest of all the princes and monarchs the pledge. Plut. in Cleom. &c.—Polº :-
of his age ; and indeed the remark is not Justin. 29, &c. The 4th, succeeded e
false when it is observed, that at his death he father Evergetes on the throne of Egyptu
left in his treasury 750,000 Egyptian talents, received the surname of Philopater by tº
a sum equivalent to two hundred millions phrasis, because, according to some bºr
sterling. His palace was the asylum of learn ans, he destroyed his father by poison. Helº
ed men, whom he admired and patronized. gan his reign with acts of the greates aw
He paid particular attention to Euclid, The ty, and he successively sacrificed to hism.
ocritus, Callimachus, and Lycophron, and by rice his own father, his wife, his sister, it
increasing the library which his father had his brother. He received the name of T.
founded, he showed his taste for learning, phon from his extravagance and debsº
and his wish to encourage genius. This cele ry, and that of Gallus because he spºº
brated library at his death contained 200,000 in the streets of Alexandria like one ºf tº
volumes of the best and choicest books, and bacchanals, and with all the gestures aſ tº
it was afterwards increased to 700,000 vo priests of Cybele. In the midst of his fa.
lumes. Part of it was burnt by the flames of sures, Philopater was called to war again:
Caesar's fleet when he set it on fire to save Antiochus king of Syria, aud at the head ºf
himself, a circumstance, however, not men powerful army he soon invaded his enesſ.
tioned by the general, and the whole was territories, and might have added his hiº
again magnificently repaired by Cleopatra, dom of Syria to Egypt, if he had mº:
who added to the Egyptian library that of the prudent use of the victories which attºº
kings of Pergamus. It is said that the Old his arms. In his return he visited Jerusalt.
Testament was translated into Greek during but the Jews prevented him forcibly from *
his reign, a translation which has been called tering their temple, for which insolence toº
Septuagint, because translated by the labours majesty the monarch determined to extinſ”
of 70 different persons. Eutrop.–Justin. 17, the whole nation. He ordered an immer”
c. 2, &c. —Liv.–Plut.—Theocrit.—Athen. number of Jews to be exposed in a plain, and
12–Plin. 13, c. 12.—Dio. 42.— Gellius. 6. trodden under the feet of elephants, but by *
c. 17. The 3d, succeeded his father Phi supernatural instinct, the generous *
ladelphus on the Egyptian throne. He ear turned their fury not on those that balº
ly engaged in a war against Antiochus The devoted to death, but upon the Egyptº
us, for his unkindness to Berenice the Egyp tators. This circumstance terrified Philº
tian king's sister, whom he had married with ter, and he behaved with more than tº
the consent of Philadelphus. With the most kindness to a nation which he had whº
rapid success he conquered Syria and Silicia, devoted to destruction. In the latter Pº"
and advanced as far as [Bactriana and the his
war reign, the Romans,
with Carthage whom a lº
had weakened.” at the
confines of India;] but a sedition at home
stopped his progress, and he returned to same time roused to superior activity ºf
Egypt loaded with the spoils of conquered ed, for political reasons, the treaty of law
mations. Among the immense riches which which had been made with the Egypt**.
he brought he had above 2500 statues of the narchs. Philopater at last, weake”
Egyptian gods, which Cambyses had carried enervated by intemperance and continual
away into Persia when he conquered Fgypt. bauchery, died in the 37th year ºf his º
These were restored to the temples, and the after a reign of 17 years, 204 years tºº.
Egyptians called their sovereign Evergetes, Christian era. His death was immº
in acknowledgment of his attention, benefi followed by the murder of the compº”
cence, and religious zeal for the gods of his his voluptuousness and extravagº.
country. The last years of Ptolemy's reign their carcasses were dragged with lºgº.
were passed in peace, if we except the re est ignominy through the street ºf *
fusal of the Jews to pay the tribute of 20 sil dria. Polyb.—Justin. 30, &c.—Phº
ver talents which their ancestors had always Orn. The 5th, succeeded his fath" Pºlº
paid to the Egyptian monarchs. He also in ater as king of Egypt, though only"
terested himself in the affairs of Greece, and Ath year of his age. During the ſº
assisted Cleomenes, the Spartan king, against his minority he was under the ſtºº.
the leaders of the Achaean league; but he had Sosicius and of Aristomenes, by whº,
the mortification to see his ally defeated, and dent administration Antiochus * º:
even a fugitive in Egypt. Evergetes died sessed of the provinces of Coelofy” at:
221 years before Christ, after a reign of 25 lestine, which he had conquerº
years, and, like his two illustrious predeces. The Romans also renewed their all.
sors, he was the patron of learning, and in him after their victories over A.
deed he is the last of the Lagides who gain.
ed popularity among his subjects by clemen the conclusion of the second .
This flattering embassy induced º
gy, moderation, and humanity, and who to offer the care of the patroº ºt
commanded respect even from his enemies, young monarch to the Romans, Pº' "
682
 --- º PT PT
priºr
e jºsº it was confirmed in his honourable office, called his brother Physcon, and made him
nº-d by making a treaty of alliance with the partner on the throne, and concerted with
ºr ple of Achaia, he convinced the Egyp him how to repel their common enemy.
Sºrºs, as that he was qualified to wield the scep This union of interest in the two royal brå
Palae, and to govern the nation. But now that thers incensed Antiochus; he entered Egypt
*—ºlemy had reached his 14th year, according with a large army, but the Romans checked
ºtsº the laws and customs of Egypt, the years his progress and obliged him to retire. No
º, his minority had expired. He received sooner were they delivered from the impend
* - surname of Epiphanes, or illustrious, and ing war,than Philometor and Physcon, whom
º, is crowned at Alexandria with the greatest the fear of danger had united, began with
ºr emnity, and the faithful Aristomenes re mutual jealousy to oppose each other's views.
ºned into his hands an empire which he had Physcon was at last banished by the superior
Le ºverned with honour to himself and with power of his brother, and as he could find no
i.e. dit to his sovereign. Young Ptolemy was support in Egypt he immediately repaired to
ºr sooner delivered from the shackles of a Rome. To excite more effectually the com
ºš. than he betrayed the same vices passion of the Romans, and to gain their as
a hich had characterized his father, the coun sistance, he appeared in the meanest dress,
... is of Aristomenes were despised, and the and took his residence in the most obscure
. ...inister who for ten years had governed the corner of the city. He received an audience
... ngºlom, with equity and moderation, was from the senate, and the Romans settled the
crificed to the caprice of the sovereign, dispute between the two royal brothers by ma
º: ho abhorred him for the salutary advice king them independent of one another, and giv
* hich his own vicious inclinations did not ing the government of Libya and Cyrene to
º: Brmit him to follow. His cruelties raised Physcon, and confirming Philometor in the
ditions among his subjects, but these were possession of Egypt and the island of Cyprus.
wice quelled by the prudence and the mo These terms of accommodation were gladly
eration of one Polycrates, the most faithful accepted, but Physcon soon claimed the do
ºf his corrupt ministers. In the midst of his minion of Cyprus, and in this he was sup
stravagance, Epiphanes did not forget his ported by the Romans, who wished to aggran
Iliance with the Romans; above all others lize themselves by the diminution of the
e showed himself eager to cultivate friend Egyptian power. Philometor refused to deli
hip with a nation from whom he could de ver up the island of Cyprus, and to call away
ive so many advantages, and during their his brother's a tention he fomented the seeds
war against Antiochus, he offered to assist of rebellion in Cyrene. But the death of Phi
hem with money against a monarch, whose
lometor, 145 years before the Christian era,
laughter Cleopatra he had married, but left Physcon master of Egypt and all the
whom he hated on account of the seditions dependent provinces. Philometor has been
he raised in the very heart of Egypt. Af commended by some historians for his cle
ºr a reign of 24 years, 180 years before mency and moderation. Diod.—Liv.–Polyb.
Christ, Ptolemy was poisoned by his minis The 7th Ptolemy, surnamed Physcon,
ters, whom he had threatened to rob of on account of the prominence of his belly, as
their possessions to carry on a war against cended the throne of Egypt after the death of
Seleucus king of Syria. Liv. 35, c. 13, &c.
his brother Philometor, and, as he had reign
-Justin, &c. The 6th, succeeded his fa ed for some time conjointly with him, (vid.
ther Epiphanes on the Egyptian throne, and Ptolemaeus 6th.) his succession was approv
received the surname of Philometor, on ac ed, though the wife and the son of the de
count of his hatred against his mother Cleo ceased monarch laid claim to the crown.
patra. He was in the 6th year of his age Cleopatra was supported in her claims by the
when he ascended the throne, and during his Jews, and it was at last agreed that Physcon
minority the kingdom was governed by his should marry the queen, and that her son
mother, and at her death by an eunuch who should succeed on the throne at his death.
was one of his favourites. He made war against The nuptials were accordingly celebrated, but
Antiochus Epiphanes king of Syria, to reco on that very day the tyrant murdered Cleo
er the provinces of Palestine and Coelosy patra's son in her arms. He ordered himself
ia, which were part of the Egyptian domi to be called Evergetes, but the Alexandrians
ious, and after several successes he fell into refused to do it, and stigmatized him with the
le hands of the enemy, who detained him in appellation of Kakergetes, or evil-doer, a sur
nfinement. During the captivity of Phi name which he deserved by his tyranny and
netor, the Egyptians raised to the throne oppression. A series of barbarity rendered
s younger brother Ptolemy Evergetes, or him odious, but as no one attempted to rid
myscon, also son of Epiphanes; but he was Egypt of bis tyranny, the Alexandrians aban
sooner established in his power than An doned their habitations, and fled from a place
chus turned his arms against Egypt, drove which continually streamed with the blood of
- usurper, and restored Philometor to all their massacred fellow-citizens. If their mi
rights and privileges as king of Egypt. gration proved fatal to the commerce and
is artful behaviour of Antiochus was soon prosperity of Alexandria, it was of the most
mprehended by Philometor, and when he essential service to the countries where they
v that Pelusium, the key of Egypt, had re retired; and the numbers of Egyptians that
ined in the hands of his Syrian ally, he re sought a safer **
Greece and Asia,
t;
 PT PT -

introduced among the inhabitants of those

countries the different professions that were nions. Some of the citics of Egypt tº
practised with success in the capital of Egypt. to acknowledge him as their sovereign -
physcon endeavoured to re-people the city Thebes, for its obstimacy. was cle: tº tº
which his cruelty had laid desolate; but the ed for three successive years, at fºr
fear of sharing the fate of the former inhabit powerful and populous city it was tºsº.
ants, prevailed more than the promise of to ruins. In the latter part of his re
riches, rights, and immunities. The king at Lathyrus was called upon to assist the
last, disgusted with Cleopatra, repudiated her, mans with a navy for the couquest of A =
and married her daughter by Philometor, but Lucullus, who had been sent it cº
called also Cleopatra. He still continued to the wanted supply, though received s.
exercise the greatest cruelty upon his sub kingly honours, was dismissed with tº
jects, but the prudence and vigilance of his and unsatisfactory answers, and the mºtº
ministers kept the people in tranquility, till refused to part with troops which he ºr
all Egypt revolted when the king had basely uecessary to preserve the peace of hsi :
murdered all the young men of Alexandria. dom. Lathyrus died 81 years befrt º
Without friends or support in Egypt he fled Christian era, after a reign of 36 years sº
to Cyprus, and Cleopatra, the divorced queen, the death of his father Physcon, eers:
ascended the throne. In his banishment which he had passed with his mother ſº
Physcon dreaded lest the Alexandrians patra on the Egyptian throne, eigh's
should also place the crown on the head of in Cyprus, and seven after his nºte
his son by his sister Cleopatra, who was then death. He was succeeded by his tº
governor of Cyrene, and under these appre daughter Cleopatra, whom Alexander, tº
hensions he sent for the young prince, called son of Ptolemy Alexander, by mºre t
Memphitis, to Cyprus, and murdered him as the dictator Sylla soºn after married tº
soon as he reached the shore. To make the murdered. Joseph. Hist.—Justin. Cº-Fº
barbarity more complete, he sent the limbs in Luc.—Appian. in Mithrid.—The ºt
of Memphitis to Cleopatra, and they were rud. Alexander Ptolemy 1st; for the ſº.
received as the queen was going to celebrate Ptolemy, rid. Alexander Ptolemy ºd; fºr tº:
her birth-day. Soon after this he invaded 11th, vid. Alexander Ptolemy 31–Tº
Egypt with an army, and obtained a victory 12th, the illegitimate son of Lathyrus, ascend.
over the forces of Cleopatra, who, being left ed the throne of Egypt at the death of Alex
without friends or assistance, fled to her el ander 3d. He received the surname of -ſu
dest daughter Cleopatra, who had married letes, because he played skilfully on the flute.
Demetrius king ofSyria. This decisive blow His rise showed great marks of prudence an
restored Physcon to his throne, where he circumspection, and as his predecessorby he
continued to reign for some time, hated by will had left the kingdom of Egypt to th:
his subjects and feared by his enemies. He Romans, Auletes knew that he could ſº
died at Alexandria in the 67th year of his be firmly established on his throne withe:
age, after a reign of 29 years, about 116 years the approbation of the Roman senate B.
before Christ. Some authors have extolled was successful in his applications, and Cas:
Physcon for his fondness of literature; they | who was then consul, and in want of muctſ,
have observed, that from his extensive know established his succession, and granted his
ledge he was called the philologist, and tha the alliance of the Romans, after he had re
he wrote a comment upon Homer, beside ceived the enormous sum of about a millic:
an history in 23 books, admired for its ele and 162,500l. sterling. But these measure
gance, and often quoted by succeeding au rendered him unpopular at home, and whe
thors whose pen was employed on the sam he had suffered the Romans quietly to take
subject. Diod.—Justin. 38, &c.—,4th, ". possession of Cyprus, the Egyptians revºked,
2.—Porphyr. The 8th, surnamed Lathu. and Auletes was obliged to fly from he king:
rus, from an excrescence like a pea on the dom, and seek protection amous the mº'
nose, succeeded his father Physcon as king of powerful of his allies. His complaints were
Egypt. He had no sooner ascended the heard at Rome, at first with indifference, it
throne, than his mother Cleopatra, who reign. the murder of 100 noblemen of Alexanſm,
ed conjointly with him, expelled him to Cy. whom the Egyptians had sent to justiff its
prus, and placed the crown on the head of his proceedings before the Rouan senate, tº
brother Ptolemy Alexander, her favourite dered him unpopular and suspected. Fº
son. Lathyrus, banished from Egypt, be pey, however, supported his cause, audiº |
came king of Cyprus, and soon aſter he ap senators decreed to re-establish Aulete a
peared at the head of a large army, to make his throne; but as they proceeded slowlyn
war against Alexander Jannaeus, king of Ju. the execution of their plans, the menard
dea, through whose assistance and intrigue retired from Rome to Ephesus, where he
he had been expelled by Cleopatra. The lay concealed for some time in the tempº
3ewish monarch was conquered, and 50,000 Diana. During his absence from Alexatiº,
of his men were left on the field of battle. his daughter Berenice had made heritishº
Lathyrus, after he had exercised the greates lute, and established herselſ on the threby
cruelty upon the Jews, and made vain at a marriage with Archelaus, a priest i Bè.
tempts to recover the kingdom of Egypt, re lona's temple at Comana, but she wu ºn
*ired to Cyprus till the death of his brother, driven from Egypt, when Gabinius, attº
684 -
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- PT PT

lead of a Roman army, approached to replace Auletes. Cleopatra, at the death of her
Auletes on his throne. Auletes was no soon brother, became sole mistress of Egypt; but
ºr restored to power, than he sacrificed to his as the Egyptians were no friends to female
ambition his daughter Berenice, and behav government, Caesar obliged her to marry her
!d with the greatest ingratitude and perfi! wounger brother Ptolemy, who was then in
o Rabirius, a Roman who had supplied him he eleventh year of his age. Appian. Civ.–
with money when expelled from his kingdom. Cars. in Aler.—Strab. 17.—Joseph. Ant.—
Auletes died four years after his restoration 1910.-Plut. in Ant. &c.—Sueton. in Cats.
bout 51 years befere the Christian era. H ——Apion, king of Cyrene was the illegiti
eft two sons and two daughters, and by his mate son of Ptolemy Physcon. After a
will ordered the eldest of his sons to marr ign of 20 years he died ; and as he had no
he eldest of his sisters, and to ascend wit, hildren, he made the Romans heirs of his
ner the vacant throne. As these childre tº minions. The Romans presented his sub
were young, the dying monarch recommen!- iºcts with their independence. Liv. 70.-
2d them to the protection and paternal car, Ceraunus, a son of Ptolemy Soter, by Eury
2f the Romans, and accordingly Pompev the dice the daughter of Antipater. Unable to
Great was appointed by the senate to be succeed to the throne of Egypt, Ceraunus
their patron and guardian. Their reign was fled to the court of Seleucus, where he was
as turbulent as that of their predecessors, and received with friendly marks of attention.
it is remarkable for no uncommon events, Seleucus was then king of Macedonia, an
only we may observe that the young queen empire which he had lately acquired by the
was the Cleopatra who soon after became so death of Lysimachus in a battle in Phrygia,
celebrated as being the mistress of J. Caesar, but his reign was short, and Ceraunus per
the wife of M. Antony, and the last of the fidiously murdered him and ascended his
Egyptian monarchs of the family of Lagus. throne 289 B. C. The murderer, however,
Cic. pro Rabir.—Strab. 17.-Dion. 39–4p could not be firmly established in Macedonia,
pian. de Civ.––The 13th, surnamed Diony as long as Arsinoe the widow, and the child
sius or Bacchus, ascended the throne of ren of Lysimachus were alive, and entitled to
Egypt conjointly with his sister Cleopatra, claim his kingdom as the lawful possession of
whom he had married according to the di their father. To remove these obstacles,
rections of his father Auletes. He was un Ceraunus made offers of marriage to Arsl
der the care and protection of Pompey the noe who was his own sister. The queen at
*
Great, [vid Ptolemaeus 12th, but the first refused, but the protestations and solemn
wickedness and a varice of his ministers soon romises of the usurper at last prevailed
: induced him to reign independent. He was upon her to consent The nuptials, however,
then in the 13th year of his age, when his were no sooner celebrated, than Ceraunus
guardian, after the fatal battle of Pharsalia, murdered the two young princes, and con
came to the shores of Egypt, and claimed his firmed his usurpation by rapine and cruelty.
protection. He refused to grant the requir But now three powerful princes claimed the
ed assistance, and by the advice of his minis kingdom of lacedonia as their own, Antio
ters he basely murdered Pompey after he chus, the son of Seleucus; Antigonus, the
had brought him to shore under the mask of son of Demetrius; and Pyrrhus, the king of
friendship and cordiality. To curry the fa Epirus. These enemies, however, were soon
vour of the conqueror of Pharsalia. Ptolemy removed; Ceraunus conquered Anti-onus in
cut off the head of Pompey, but Caesar turn the field of battle, and stopped the hostilities
ed with indignation from such perſity, and of his two other rivals by promises and
when he arrived at Alexandria he found the money. He did not long remain inactive, a
king of Egypt as faithless to his cause as to barbarian army of Gauls claimed a tribute
that of his fallen enemy. Cacsar sat as judge from him, and the monarch immediately
to hear the various claims of the brother and arched to meet them in the field. The
sister to the throne ; and, to satisfy the peo bºttle was long and bloody. The Macedo
ple, he ordered the will of Auletes to be read, nians might have obtained the victory if Ce
and confirmed Ptolemy and Cleopatra in the raunus had shown more prudence. He was
possession of Egypt, and appointed the two thrown down from his elephant, and taken
younger children masters of the island of Cy prisoner by the enemy, who immediately tore
prus. This fair and candid decision might his body to pieces. Ptolemy had been king of
have left no room for dissatisfaction, but Pto Macedonia only 18 months. Justin. 24, &c.
lemy was governed by cruel and avaricious ––Paus. 10, c 10. An illegitimate son of
ministers, and therefore he refused to ac Ptolemy Lathyrus, king of Cyprus, of which
knowledge Caesar as a judge or a mediator he was tyrannically dispossessed by the Ro
The Roman enforced his authority by mans. Cato was at the head of the forces
arms, and three victories were obtained over which were sent against Ptolemy by the se
the Egyptian forces. Ptolemy, who had been ºate, and the Roman general proposed to the
for some time a prisoner in the hands of monarch to r tire from the throne, and to
Caesar, now headed his armies, but a defeat ass the rest of his days in the obscure office
was fatal, and as he attempted to save his of high-priest in the temple of Venus at Pa
life by flight, he was drowned in the Nile phos. The offer was rejected with the indig
about 46 years before Christ, and three nation which it merited, and the monarch
years and eight months after the death of poisoned himself at the * of the ene
685
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my. The treasures found in the island versally believed and adopted tiſſi the
amounted to the enormous sum of 1,356,250l. century, when it was confuted and reje--
*

sterling, which were carried to Rome by the by Copernicus. [By order of the ki z
conquerors. Plut. in Cat.—Val. Mar. 9.- Arabia, in 827, this work was translate: -
Flor. 3. A son of Pyrrhus king of Epirus, Arabic, in which language it was styled 4
by Antigone, the daughter of Berenice. He magest, and from the Arabic it was tran==
was left governor of Epirus when Pyr. ed into Latin, about the year 1230. 1 a
rhus went to Italy to assist the Taren Greek text was first printed at Bar” –
tines against the Romans, where he pre 1538.) His geography is valued for its lear:
sided with great prudence and modera ing, and the very useful information whics:
tion. He was killed, bravely fighting, in gives. [In this he tells us that he follows e
the expedition which Pyrrhus undertook geography of Marinus of Tyre, but with ---
against Sparta and Argos. An eunuch, by merous additions and corrections. Ptole=}
whose friendly assistance Mithridates the has the merit of carrying into full executº
Great saved his life after a battle with Lu. and practice the invention of Hipparchus, is
cullus.—A king of Epirus, who died very designating the situation of places by int-tue
young as he was marching an army against and longitude, after it had lain dorman: fºr
the AEtolians who had seized a part of his more than 250 years; and though. for war:
dominions. Justin. 28.——A king of Chal of observations, it is far from being perfer:
cidice in Syria, about 30 years before Christ. yet his work has been found very useful tº
He opposed Pompey when he invaded Syria, modern geographers.] Besides his syste
but he was defeated in the attempt, and the and his geography, Ptolemy wrote other
conqueror spared his life only upon receiving books, [such as “Recensio Chronologica.”
1000 talents. Joseph. Ant. 13. A ne “De judiciis Astrorum,” “Elementa Hara.
phew of Antigonus, who commanded an army nica,” &c.] The best edition of Ptolemy's
in the Peloponnesus. He revolted from his geography is that of Bertius, fol. Amst 16:3.
uncle to Cassander, and some time after he and that of his treatise de Judiciis .1strolºgi
attempted to bribe the soldiers of Ptolemy cis by Camerar, 4to. 1530, and of the Harmº
Lagus, king of Egypt, who had invited him nica, 4to. Wallis, Oxon. 1683.
to his camp. He was seized and imprisoned PtoleMåls, a town of Thebais in Egypt,
for this treachery, and the Egyptian monarch called after the Ptolemies, who beautified it.
at last ordered him to drink hemlock. A There was also another city of the same name
son of Seleucus, killed in the celebrated bat in the territories of Cyrene. It was situate
tle which was ſought at Issus between Da on the sea-coast, and, according to some, it
rius and Alexander the Great. A son of was the same as Barce. [rid. Barce.) A
Juba, made king of Mauritania. He was city of Palestine, called also Aeo. It tº
son of Cleopatra Selene, the daughter of M. Ace.] Mela, 1, c. 8, l. 3, c. 8.-Plin. 2, c.
Antony and the celebrated Cleopatra. He 73.—Strab. 14, &c.
was put to death by Caius Caligula. Dio. PublicoLA, a name given to Publius Wa
—Tacut. Ann. 11. A Jew, famous for his lerius, on account of his great popularity.
cruelty and avarice. He was for some time rid. Valerius. Plut. in Pub.-Lir. 2, c. 8.
governor of Jericho, about 135 years before Plin. 30, c. 15.
Christ. A powerful Jew during the trou PUBLILIA Lex, was made by Publilies
bles which disturbed the peace of Judea, in Philo, the dictator, A. U. C. 445. It permit
the reign of Augustus.-A son of Antony ted one of the censors to be elected from the
by Cleopatra, surnamed Philadelphus by his plebeians, since one of the constals was cho
father, and made master of Phoenicia, Syria, sen from that body. Liv. 8, c. 12—Ar
and all the territories of Asia Minor, which other by which it was ordained that all laws
were situated between the Ægean and the should be previously approved by the sena
Fuphrates. Plut. in Anton. Claudius, a tors before they were proposed by the Peo
celebrated geographer, astronomer, and ma ple.
thematician in the reign of Adrian and An Publius SYRus, a Syrian mimic poet,
toninus. He was a native of Alexandria, or, who flourished about 44 years before Christ.
according to others, of Pelusium, and on ac He was originally a slave sold to a Roman
count of his great learning he received the patrician, called Domitius, who brought him
name of most wise, and most divine among up with great attention, and gave him his
the Greeks. [He has always been regarded freedom when of age. He gained the esteem
as the prince of astronomers among the an. of the most powerful at Rome, and reckoned
cients, and in his works he has left us a com J. Caesar among his patrons. Caesar gave
plete body of the science. He corrected him the prize over Laberius. (rid. Labe.
Hipparchus's catalogue of the fixed stars, rius.) [The mimes of Syrus were distin
and formed tables by which the motions of guished for the moral sentences which they
the sun, moon, and planets might be calcu contained. The actors of this kind of dra
lated and regulated. He digested the obser matic composition were accustomed to store
vations of the ancients into a system entitled, their men.ories with moral precepts, of which
Mººn. Furtafiº, or Great Construction.] they made use as occasion offered. The an
In this he has adopted and exhibited the an: cients speak of the mimes of Cyrus as wor
cient system of the world, placing the earth thy of a place among the finest productions
in the centre of the universe, a doctrine uni of Roman literature. There only remain of
688
H PU PU

hem, however, 152 moral sentences which plored the assistance of Carthage, others call
had been extracted for the purpose just al ed upon the Romans for protection. With
uded to. Some of the manuscripts are en out hesitation or delay, the Carthaginians
itled “the Sentences of Publius Syrus and entered Messana, and the Romans also has
ºf Seneca;” this is owing no doubt to Sene tened to give the Mamertini that aid which
º a's having preserved some of them by his had been claimed from them with as much
uotations. The sentences of Syrus are re. eagerness as from the Carthaginians. At the
markable for the knowledge of life which approach of the Roman troops, the Mamer
hey display, and for the simple and modest tini, who had implored their assistance, took
one in which they are expressed. The lat up arms, and forced the Carthaginians to
est edition is that of Tzschucke, in the “Auc evacuate Messana. Fresh forces were poured
ºlores Latini Minores,” Lips. 1790.] in on every side, and though Carthage seemed
Publius, a praenomen common among the superior in arms and in resources, yet the
Romans. A praetor who conquered Palae valour and intrepidity of the Romans daily
ºpolis. He was only a plebeian, and though appeared more formidable, and Hiero, the
neither consul nor dictator, he obtained a tri Syracusan king, who hitherto embraced the
umph in spite of the opposition of the sena interest of the Carthaginians, became the
- tors. He was the first who was honoured most faithful ally of the republic. From a
--with a triumph during the praetorship.–A private quarrel the war became general.
Roman consul who defeated the Latins, and The Romans obtained a victory in Sicily, but
- was made dictator. as their enemies were masters at sea, the ad
PUDicitia, a goddess, who, as her name vantages they gained were small and incon
implies, presided over chastity. She had two siderable. To make themselves equal to
e.
temples at Rome. Festus. de V. sig.—Liv. their adversaries, they aspired to the domi
10, c. 7. nion of the sea, and in sixty days timber was
º
Pulch ERIA, a daughter of the emperor cut down, and a fleet of 120 gallies complete
Theodosius the Great, famous for her piety, ly manned and provisioned. The successes
moderation, and virtues. A daughter of they met with at sea were trivial, and little
Arcadius, who held the government of the advantage could be gained over an enemy
Roman empire for many years. She was that were sailors by actual practice and long
mother of Valentinian. Her piety, and her experience. Duilius at last obtained a victo
a private as well as public virtues have been ry, and he was the first Roman who ever re
universally admired. She died A. D. 452, ceived a triumph after a naval battle. The
and was interred at Ravenna, where her defeat off the AEgates insulae led the Car
tomb is still to be seen.—A sister of The G thaginians to sue for peace, and the Ro
dosius who reigned absolute for some time in mans, whom an unsuccessful descent upon
the Ronan empire. Africa, under Regulus, (vid. Regulus,) had
Pulchrum, a promontory near Carthage, rendered diffident, listened to the proposal,
now Rasafran. [vid. Emporiae..] Liv. 29, and the Punic war was concluded B. C. 241,
c. 27. on the following terms:—The Carthaginians
PUNicum BELLUM. The first Punic war pledged themselves to pay to the Romans,
was undertaken by the Romans against Car within twenty years, the sum of 3000 Euboic
thage, B.C. 264. The ambition of Rome was talents, they promised to release all the Roman
the origin of this war. For upwards of 240 captives without ransom, to evacuate Sicily
years, the two nations had beheld with secret and the other islands in the Mediterranean,
jealousy each other's power, but they had to. and not to molest Hiero, king of Syracuse,
tally eradicated every cause of contention by or his allies. After this treaty, the Cartha
settling, in three different treaties, the boun ginians, who had lost the dominion of Sardi
daries of their respective territories, the num nia and Sicily, made new conquests in Spain,
ber of their aliies, and how far one nation and soon began to repair their losses by in
might sail into the Mediterreanean without dustry and labour. They planted colonies,
giving offence to the other. Sicily, an island and secretly prepared to revenge themselves
of the highest consequence to the Carthagini upon their powerful rivals. The Romans
ans as a commercial nation, was the seat of were not insensible of their successes in Spain,
the first dissentions. The Mamertini, a body and, to stop their progress towards Italy,
of Italian mercenaries, were appointed by the they made a stipulation with the Carthagi
king of Syracuse to guard the town of Mes ºians, by which they were not permitted to
sana, but this tumultuous tribe, instead of cross the Iberus, or to molest the cities of
protecting the citizens, basely massacred their allies the Saguntines. This was for
them, and seized their possessions. This act some time observed, but when Annibal suc
of cruelty raised the indignation of all the ceeded to the command of the Carthaginian
Sicilians, and Hiero, king of Syracuse, who armies in Spain, he spurned the boundaries
had employed them, prepared to punish their which the jealousy of Rome had set to his
perfidy; and the Mamertini, besieged in arms, and he immediately formed the siege
Messana, and without friends or resources, of Saguntum. The Romans were appriz
resolved to throw themselves for protection ed of the hostilities which had been begun
into the hands of the first power that could against their allies, but Saguntum was in
relieve them. They were, however, divid the hands of the active enemy before they
ed in their sentiments, and while some im had taken any steps to oppose him. Com
637
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plaints were carried to Carthage, and war and hazardous enterprize, but though F
was determined on by the influence of Anni opposed it, it was universaliy approve tº
bal in the Carthaginian senate. Without the Romansenate, and young Sicipio was a
delay or diffidence, B. C. 218, Annibal powered to sail to Africa. The conquest
marched a numerous army [vid. Annibal] the young Roman were as rapid in Afrira -
towards Italy, resolved to carry on the was in Spain, and the Carthagidians, apprehee:
to the gates of Rome. He crossed the Alps for the ſate of their capital, recalled Ariºs
and the Appenines with uncommon celeri. from Italy, and preferred their safety at brº
ty, and the Roman consuls who were sta. to the maintaining of a long and experºr
tioned to stop his progress, were severally war in another quarter of the globe. Art a
defeated. The battles of Ticinus, Trebia, received their orders with indignation. E.
and Thrasymenus, threw Rome into the with tears in his eyes he left Italy, where *
greatest apprehensions, but the prudence 16 years he had known no superior m >
and the dilatory measures of the dictator field of battle. At his arrival in Africa. the
Fabius soon taught them to hope for better Carthaginian general soon collected a lar:
times. Yet the conduct of Fabius was unu. army, and met his exulting adversary in tº
versally censured as cowardice, and the two plains of Zama. The battle was locz tº
consuls who succeeded him in the command, bloody, and though one nation fought forgº
by pursuing a different plan of operations, ry, and the other for the dearer sake of H
soon brought on a decisive action at Cannae. berty, the Romans obtained the victory, sº
in which 45,000 Romans were left in the field Annibal, who had sworn eternal enmity to
of battle. This bloody victory caused so the gods of Rome, fled from Carthage after
much consternation at Rome, that some au he had advised his countrymen to accept the
thors have declared that if Annibal had im - terms of the conqueror. This battle on Zarz
mediately marched from the plains of Can was decisive, the Carthaginians sued fºr
nae to the city, he would have met with no peace, which the haughty conquerors gracted
resistance, but would have terminated a long with difficulty. The conditions were these :
and dangerous war with glory to himself Carthage was permitted to hold all the pos
and the most inestimable advantages to his sessions which she had in Africa before the
country. This celebrated victory at Cannae war, and to be governed by her own laws and
left the conqueror master of two camps, and institutions. She was ordered to make resti
of an immense booty; and the cities which tution of all the ships and other effects which
had hitherto observed a neutrality no sooner had been taken in violation of a truce that had
saw the defeat of the Romans, than they ea been agreed upon by both nations She was
gerly embraced the interest of Carthage. The to surrender the whole of her fleet, except to
news of this victory was carried to Carthage gallies ; she was to release and deliver up all
by Mago, and the Carthaginians refused to the captives, deserters, or fugitives, taken or
believe it till three bushels of golden rings received during the war; to indemnify Ma
were spread before them, which had been sinissa for all the losses which he had sustaie
taken from the Roman knights in the field of ed; to deliver up all her elephants, and for
battle. After this Annibal called his brother the future never more to tame or break any
Asdrubal from Spain with a large reinforce more of these animals. She was not tornake
ment ; but the march of Asdrubal was inter war upon any nation whatever without the
cepted by the Romans, his army was defeated, consent of the Romans, and she was to reira
and himself slain. Affairs now had taken a burse the Romans, to pay the sum of 10,000
different turn, and Marcellus, who had the talents, at the rate of 200 talents a year for
command of the Roman legions in Italy, soon fifty years, and she was to give up host-ge
taught his countrymen that Annibal was not from the noblest families for the performance
invincible in the field. In different parts of of these several articles; and, till the ratifica
the world the Romans were making very tion of the treaty, to supply the Roman for
rapid conquests, and if the sudden arrival of ces with money and provisions. These hu
a Carthaginian army in Italy at first raised miliating conditions were accepted 201 B.C.
fears and apprehensions, they were soon en. and immediatºly 100 Roman captives were
abled to dispute with their enemies for the released, five hundred gallies were delivered
sovereignty of Spain, and the dominion of the and burnt on the spot, but the immediate ex
sea. Annibal no longer appeared formidable action of 200 talents was more severely felt,
in Italy; if he conquered towns in Campania and many of the Carthaginian seuators burg
or Magna Graecia, he remained master of into tears. During the 50 years which follow
them only while his army hovered in the ed the conclusion of the second Punic war, the
neighbourhood, and if he marched toward Carthaginians were employed in repairing
Rome, the alarm he occasioned was but mo their losses by unwearied application and in
mentary : the Romans were prepared to op. dustry ; but they found still in the Romans a
pose him, and his retreat therefore the more jealous rival, and a haughty conqueror, and
dishonourable. The conquests of young Sci In Masinissa, the ally of Rome, an intriguing
pio in Spain had now raised the expectations and ambitious monarch. The king oi Nami
of the Romans, and he had no sooner returned dia made himself master of one of their pro
to Rome than he proposed to remove Aunibal vinces; but as they were unable to make
from the capital of Italy by carrying the war war without the consent of Rome, the Car
to the gates of Carthage. This was a bold thaginians sought relief by embassies, and
683
--> PU: PU'
wardon, tº

!!! was made continual complaints in the Roman se was heard with horror and indignation; the
lautuºlate of the tyranny and oppression of Masi Romans were fixed and inexorable, and Car
Joaº itsa, Commissioners were appointed to ex thage was filled with tears and lamentations.
* Rºnºmine the cause of their complaints; but as But the spirit of liberty and independence
ºr Masinissa was the ally of Rome, the interest was not yet extinguished in the capital of Af
tolls ºfthe Carthaginians was neglected, and what rica, and the Carthaginians determined to sa
Lingºver seemed to depress their republic was crifice their lives for the protection of their
greeable to the Romans. Cato, who was in gods, the tombs of their forefathers, and the
- , ſhe number of the commissioners, examined place which had given them birth. Before
ºr ſhe capital of Africa with a jealous eye; he the Roman army approached the city, pre
mºtºr aw it with concern, rising as it were from parations to support a siege were made, and
ºr its ruins; and when he returned to Rome he the ramparts of Carthage were covered with
, iſ declared in full senate, that the peace of Italy stones, to compensate for the weapons and
... would never be established while Carthage instruments of war which they had ignorant
... was in being. The senators, however, were ly betrayed to the duplicity of their enemies.
º º not guided by his opinion, and the delenda est Asdrubal, whom the despair of his country
... Carthago of Cato did not prevent the Ro men had banished on account of the unsuccess
... nº from acting with, moderation. But ful expedition against Masinissa, was imme
... while the senate were debating about the ex diately recalled ; and in the moment of dan
º, ºnce of Carthage, and while they consider ger Carthage seemed to have possesséd more
º it as a dependent power, and not as an ally, spirit and more vigour than when Annibal
* the wrong
º and
s
ºf Africa
Masinissa were his
continued without redress,
depredations. was victorious at the gates of Rome. The
town was blocked up by the Romans, and a
º . Upon this the Carthaginians resolved to do to regular siege begun. Two years were spent
* their cause that justice which the Romans had in useless operations, and Carthage seemed
denied them; they entered the field against still able to rise from its ruins, to dispute for
º the Numidians, but they were defeated in a the empire of the world, when Scipio, the
* bloody battle by Masinissa who was then 90 descendant of the great Scipio who finished
* years old- In this bold measure they had the second Punic war, was sent to conduct
"broken the peace; and as their late defeat had the siege. The vigour of his operations soon
rendered them desperate, they hastened with baffled the efforts and the bold resistance of
* |pºssible speed to the capital of Italy to jus
the besieged; the communications which they
tily their proceedings, and to implore the for. had with the land were cut off, and the city,
* giveness of the Roman senate. The news of which was twenty miles in circumference,
* Masinissa's victory had already reached Italy, was completely surrounded on all sides by
and immediately some forces were sent to the enemy. Despair and famine now raged
2
Sicily, and from thence ordered to pass into in the city, and Scipio gained access to the
º:
Aſtica. The ambassadors of Carthage re city walls, were the battlements were low
£eived evasive and unsatisfactory answers and unguarded. His entrance into the streets
from the senate ; and when they saw the was disputed with uncommon fury, the
Romans landed at Utica, they resolved to houses as he advanced were set on fire to
Purchase peace by the most submissive terms stop his progress; but when a body of 50,000
which even the most abject slaves could offer. persons of either sex had claimed quarter,
he Romans acted with the deepest policy. the rest of the inhabitants were disheartened,
to declaration of war had been made, though and such as disdained to be prisoners of war
hostilities appeared inevitable ; and in an perished in the flames which gradually de
*wer to the submissive offers of Carthage stroyed their habitations, 147 B.C. after a
the consuls replied that, to prevent every continuation of hostilities for three years.
“ause of quarrel, the Carthaginians must deli During 17 days Carthage was in flames; and
wer into their hands 300 hostages, all children the soldiers were permitted to redeem from
ºſsenators, and of the most noble and respec the fire whatever possession they could. But
table famiiies. The demand was great and while others profited from the destruction of
*larming, but it was no sooner granted than Carthage, the philosophic general, struck by
he Romans made another demand, and the the melancholy aspect of the scene, repeated
-arthaginians were told that peace could not two lines from Homer, which contained a
ºntinue if they refused to deliver up all their prophecy concerning the fall of Troy. He
tips, their arms, engines of war, with all was asked by the historian Polybius, to what
*eir naval and military stores. The Car he then applied his prediction? To my coun
*ginians complied, and immediately 40,000 try, replied Scipio, for her too I dread the ri
ºts of armour, 20,000 large engines of war, cissitude of human affairs, and in her turn
ºth a plentiful store of ammunitions and mis she may exhibit another flaming Carthage.
° weapons were surrendered. After this This remarkable event happened about the
Plicity had succeeded, the Romans laid year of Rome 606. The news of this victory
ºn the final resolutions of the senate, and caused the greatest rejoicings at Rome; and
* Carthaginians were then told that, to immediately commissioners were appointed
'id hostilities, they must leave their ancient by the Roman senate, not only to raze the
'itations and retire into the inland parts of walls of Carthage, but even to demolish and,
"ca, and found another city, at thedistancs burn the very materials with which they were
ot less than ten mº from the sea. This made: and in a few
4S
**
city which haſ
 PU PY
-
---
- ---

been once the seat of commerce, the model of lured the most opulent Romans to its vici
magnificence, the common store of the wealth ty.] It is now called Pozzuoli. and cont
of nations, and one of the most powerful instead of its ancient magnificence, not nº
states of the world, left behind no traces of than 10,000 inhabitants. Sil. 13. v. Sº
its spleniour, its power, or even of its exist Strab. 5-Warro L. L. 4. c. 5--Cºe-Pi—
ence. Polyb.—Orosius-Appian. de Punic. 8, c. 3, fam. 15, ep. 5-Mela, 2, c. 4.-P-
&c.—Flor. —Plut. in Cat. &c.—Strab–Liv. 8, c. 7.
epit.—Diod. Puticulae, a place [on the Esquiline he
PupièNus, Marcus Claudius Maximus, a without the gate,) where the inearest et tº
man of an obscure family, who raised him Roman populace were buried. : It was s :
self by his merit to the highest offices in the called because the dead bodies were depost
Roman armies, and gradually became a præ ed in graves or pits, (in puteis).] Part of r
tor, consul, prefect of Rome, and a governor was converted into a garden by Mieczna
of the provinces. His father was a black who received it as a present from Aurº
smith. " After the death of the Gordians, tus. [rid. Esquiliae..] Horat. 1, Sct tº
Pupienus was elected with Balbinus to the 8.—Varro L. L. 4, c. 5.
imperial throne, and to rid the world of the PYANEpsiA, an Athenian festival celebrº
usurpation and tyranny of the Maximini, he ed in honour of Theseus and his companions
immediately marched against these tyrants; who, after their return from Crete, werees
but he was soon informed that they had been tertained with all manner of fruits. and Paº
sacrificed to the fury and resentment of their ticularly pulse. From this circumstance the
own soldiers, and therefore he retired to Pyanepsia was ever after commemorated by
Rome to enjoy the tranquillity which his the boiling of pulse, are rew tº *****
merit claimed. He soon after prepared to Some, however, suppose, that it was observed
make war against the Persians, who insulted in commemoration of the Heraclide, who
the majesty of Rome, but in this he was pre were entertained with pulse by the Athenians.
vented, and massacred A. D. 236, by the Pynna, a town of Macedonia, originally
F. guards. Balbinus shared his fate. called Citron, situate [at the junction of the
upienus is sounetimes called Maximus. In AEsom and Leucos, north of the mouth of the
his private character he appeared always Aliacmon, on the shore of the Sinus Ther
grave and serious, he was the constant maicus.) It was in this city that Cassander
friend of Justice, moderation, and clemency, massacred Olympias the mother of Alexan
and no greater encomium can be passed upon der the Great, his wife Roxane, and his son
his virtues, than to say that he was invested Alexander. Pydna is famous for a battle
with the purple without soliciting for it, and which was fought there on the 22d of June,
that the Roman senate said that they had se B. C. 168, between the Romans under Paulus
lected him from thousands, because they and king Philip, in which the latter was can
knew no person more worthy or better qua quered, and Macedonia soon after reduced
lified to support the dignity of an emperor. into the form of a Roman province. Justus.
Puppius, a tragic poet in the age of J. 14, c.6.-Flor—Plut. in Paul.—Lir.44, tº
Caesar. His tragedies were so pathetic, that Pygmaer, a nation of dwarfs in the er
when they were represented on the Roman tremest parts of India, or, according to others,
stage the audience melted into tears, from of AEthiopia. [vid. the end of this article.]
which circumstance Horace calls them la Some authors affirm, that they were no mare
crymosa, 1 ep. 1, v. 67. than one foot high, and that they built their
Pukpun ARIAE, two islands of the Atlantic houses with egg shells. Aristotle says that
on the African coast, now Lancarola and For they lived in holes under the earth, and that
tuventura. . [vid. Fortunate Insulae.) Plin. they came out in the harvest time with
6, c. 31, 1.35, c. 6. hatchets to cut down the corn as if to fell a
Putzoli, a maritime town of Campania, ſorest. They went on goats and lambs of
between Baiae and Naples, founded by a co proportionable stature to themselves, tomake
lony from Cumae. It was originally called war against certain birds, whom some all
Dicaearchea, [from the just administration ofcranes, which came there yearly from Sey
its government, dualz, agx”,J and afterwards thia to plunder them. They were originally
Puleoli, from the great number of wells that governed by Gerana, a princess, who was
were in the neighbourhood. It was much changed into a crane for boasting hersed
frequented by the Romans, on account of its ſairer than Juno. Orid, Jºſef. 6, v. 90–H-
mineral waters and hot baths, and near it Ci mer. Il. 3.-Strab. 8.--Arist. ..?nin. 8, c. 13.
cero had a villa called Puteolanum. [The —Juv. 13, v. 186.-Plin. 4, &c.—Meia. 3. c.
Romans made it the emporium of the com 8—Suet. in Aug. 83.—Philostr. leon.º. r
merce of the east ; and indeed its situation as 22, mentions that Hercules once fell asleepin
a sea-port is unrivalled. It stands on a point the deserts of Africa, after he had conquered
that juts out a little into the sea, nearly . Antaeus, and that he was suddenly awakened
the centre of a fine bay, called from it Puteola by an attack which had been made upon his
no or Puzzolano. It is easy to guess what the body by an army of these Liliputians, who
auimation and splendour of Puteoli must discharged their arrows with great ſary upon
have been at the time when the riches of the his arms and legs. The hero, pleased with
east
* were poured
climate, intobeautiful
baths, and its bosom, and when their courage, wrapped the greatest number
situational. of them in the skin of the Nemaean licm, and
600
| PY PY
===

* carried them to Eurystheus. [Aristotle lo Albaniae, were the most famous in Asia, and
*cates the Pygmies on the banks of the Nile, Thermopylae in Greece. The Pylae Cilicia:
*and as the cranes make their appearance were above Adana, in the range of Taurus,
** there about the month of November, the on the frontiers of Cappadocia; the Pylae
time in which the waters subside, and devour Syriae, were on the frontiers of Syria and
the coºown on the lands, the wholefable of Cilicia, and were formed by Mount Amanus
the Pygmies may be explained by supposing and the sea. For an account of the Pylae
them to have been none other than the Egyp Caspiae vid. Capiae Pylae; and for the Pylae
tians, and the term Pygmy not to refer to any Caucasiae vid. Caucasus.]
diminutiveness of size, but to the razu; or PYLAGöRAE, a name given to the Amphic
* cubits of the Nile's rise.] tyonic council, because they always assem
º Pygmillion, a king of Tyre, son of Belus, bled at Pylae, near the temple of Delphi.
** and brother to the celebrated Dido, who PyLAs, a king of Megara. He had the
* founded Carthage. At the death of his father misfortune accidentally to kill his uncle Bias,
* he ascended the vacant throne, and soon be for which he fled away, leaving his kingdom
came odious by his cruelty and avarice. He to Pandion his son-in-law, who had been dri
sacrificed every thing to the gratification of * from Athens. Apollod. 3, c. 15.-Paus.
tº his predominant passions, and he did not even , c. 39.
* spare the life of Sichaeus, Dido's husband, be Pylos, now JYavaria, a town of Messe
tº cause he was the most powerful and opulent nia, situate on the western coast of the Pelo
4; of all the Phoenicians. This murder he com |ponnesus, [off which, to the north-west, lay]
ºsmitted in a temple, of which Sichaeus was the |the island Sphacteria in the Ionian Sea. It
tº priest ; but, instead of obtaining the riches was built by Pylus, at the head of a colony
a which he desired, Pygmalion was shunned by from Megara. The founder was dispossess
tº his subjects, and Dido, to avoid further acts ed of it by Neleus, and fled into Elis, where
tº ofcruelty, fled away with her husband's trea he dwelt in a small town which he also called
a sure, and a large colony to the coast of Afri Pylos. A town of Elis, [south-east of the
: ca, where she ſounded a city. Pygmalion city of Elis.] Another town of Elis, called
died in the 56th year of his age, and in the Triphyluaca, from Triphylia, a province of
47th of his reign. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 347, &c. Elis, where it was situate, [north of the
-Justin. 18, c. 5.-Apollod. 3, Ital. 1. Anigrus.) These three cities which bore
A celebrated statuary of the island of Cyprus. the name of Pylos, disputed their respective
The debauchery of the females of Amathus, right to the honour of having given birth to the
, to which he was a witness, created in him celebrated Nestor son of Neleus. The Py
such an aversion for the fair sex, that he re los, which is situate near the city of Elis,
solved never to marry. The affection which seems to win the palm, as it had in its neigh
he had denied to the other sex he liberally bourhood a small village called Gerenus, and
bestowed upon the works of his own hands. a river called Gerem, of which Homer makes
He became enamoured of a beautiful statue mention. Pindar, however, calls Nestor king
of marble which he had made, and at his of Messenia, and therefore gives the prefer
earnest request and prayers, according to the ence to the first mentioned of these three ci
mythologists, the goddess of beauty changed ties. Apollod. 1, c. 19, l. 3, c. 15.-Paus. 1,
the favourite statue into a woman, whom c. 39.—Strab. 9.-Homer. Il. 2, Od. 3.
the artist married, and by whom he had a son PyRA, part of Mount CEta, on which the
called Paphus, who founded the city of that body of Hercules was burnt. Liv. 36, c. 3.
name in Cyprus. Ovid. Met. 10, fab. 9. PyRAcMon, one of Vulcan's workmen in
PyLiDEs, a son of Strophius, king of the forges of Mount AEtna. The name is de
Phocis, by one of the sisters of Agamemnon. rived from two Greek words which signify
He was educated together with his cousin Jire and an anvil, [arve, anaay..]
Orestes, with whom he formed the most in [PYRAMinks, famous monuments of Egypt,
violable friendship, and whom he assisted to of massive masonry, which, from a square
revenge the murder of Agamemnon, by as base, rise diaminishing to a point or vertex
sassinating Clytemnestra and AEgisthus. He when viewed ſrom below. Some derive the
also accompanied him to Taurica Chersone word from rvece, wheat, and agaw, I collect,
sus, and for his services Orestes rewarded pretending that the first pyramids were built
him, by giving him his sister Electra in mar by Joseph for granaries. This derivation,
riage. Pylades had by her two sons, Medon however, is perſectly idle, as is also the idea
and Strophius. The friendship of Orestes of their being intended for granaries: they
and Pylades became proverbial. [vid. Ores are of too solid a construction, and contain
tes.] Eurip. in Iphig–JEschyl. in Ag, &c. too little internal room to answersuch a pur
-Paus. 1, c. 28. A celebrated Greek pose. Others deduce it from rug, fire, be
musician, in the age of Philopoemen. Plut. cause these structures end in a point like a
in Phil.-A mimic in the reign of Augus flame. Wilkins derives it from two Coptic
tus, banished, and afterwards recalled. words, pouro," a king,” and mist," a ri
PyLE. The word Pyle, which signifies whence pyramis; and - ---

gates, was often applied by the Greeks to were thus calle

any straits or passages which opened a com to preservº
*unication between one country and ano º
ther. [The Pyla, Ciliciae, Syriae, Caspiae or
 PY PY

The pyramids commence immediately south above the level of the Nile. The**
of Cairo, but on the opposite side of the chamber, 353 feet by 173, and 18+ high, ºi
Nile, and extend in an uninterrupted range, contains a sarcophagus. Herodotus erreds
for many miles in a southerly direction pa supposing that the water of the Nile res.
rallel with the banks of the river. The ever surround the tomb of Cheops. In ºn
height of the first, which is ascribed to pyramids which have been opened. the prº
€heops, is 477 feet, that is, forty feet higher cipal passage preserves the same incliniatus
than St. Peter's at Rome, and 133 feet higher of 26° to the horizon, being directed to the
than St. Paul's in London. The length of polar star. Belzoni, after some acute obe
the base is 720 feet. The following are the vations on the appearances connected wie
dimensions of the second pyramid: The base the second pyramid, or that of Chepbreae,
684 feet ; the central line down the front succeeded in opening it. The stones whº
from the apex to the base, 568; the perpen had constituted the coating, (by which tº
dicular, 456; coating from the top to where sides of most of the pyramids, which new
it ends, 140. These dimensions being consi. rise in steps, had been formed into plain and
derably greater than those usually assigned smooth surfaces,) lay in a state of compse
even to the first or largest pyramid, are to be and ponderous rubbish, presenting a fºrms.
accounted for by their being taken (by Bel dable obstruction ; but somewhat locser it
zoni) from the base as cleared from sand and the centre of the front, showing traces a
rubbish, while the measurements of the first operations for exploring it, in an age Pete
pyramid given by others, only applied to it rior to the erection. On the east side of the
as measured from the level of the surrounding pyramid he discovered the foundation ºf a
sand. The antiquity of these erections, and large temple, connected with a portico sp
the purpose for which they were formed, pearing above ground, which had indece.
have furnished matter for much ingenious him to explore that part. Between this and
conjecture and dispute, in the absence of the pyramid, from which it was 50 feet dis
certain information. It has been supposed tant, a way was cleared through rubbish 40
that they were intended for scientific pur feet in height, and a pavement was found at
oses, such as that of establishing the proper the bottom, which issupposed to extend quitº
ength of the cubit, of which they contain in round the pyramid; but there was no ap
breadth and height a certain number of mul pearance of any entrance. On the north
tiples. They were, at all events, constructed side, notwithstanding the same general ap
on scientific principles, and give evidence of pearance presented itself after the rubbish
a certain progress in astronomy; for their was cleared away, one of the stones, though
sides are accurately adapted to the four car nicely adapted to its place, was observed tº
dinal points. Whether they were applied to be louse; and when it was removed, a hollow
sepulchral uses, and intended as sepulchral passage was found evidently forced by sºme
monuments, had been doubted ; but the former enterprising explorer, and rendered
doubts have in a great measure been dispell dangerous by the rubbish which fell from the
ed by the recent discoveries made by means roof; it was therefore abandoned. Reasºt
of laborious excavations. The drifting sand ing by analogy from the entrance of the first
had, in the course of ages, collected around pyramid, which is to the east of the centre
their base to a considerable height, and had on the north side, he explored in that situs.
raised the general surface of the country tion, and found at a distance of 30 feet the
above the level which it possessed when they true entrance. After incredible perseverates
were constructed. The entrance to the cham and labour, he found numerous passages, all
bers had also been, in the finishing, shut up cut out of the solid rock, and a chamber 45
with large stones, and built round so as to be feet 3 inches by 16 feet 3, and 23 feet six
uniform with the rest of the exterior. The inches high. It contained a sarcophagus in a
largest, called the Pyramid of Cheops, had corner, surrounded by large blocks of granite.
been opened, and some chambers discovered When opened, after great labour, this was
in it, but not so low as the base, till Mr. found to contain bones, which mouldered
Davison, British Consul at Algiers, explored down when touched, and, from specimens aſ:
it in 1763, when accompanying Mr. Wortley terwards examined, turned out to be the
Montague to Egypt. He discovered a room bones of an ox. Human bones were alsº
before unknown, and descended the three found in the same place. An Arabic inscrip.
successive wells to a depth of 155 feet. Cap tion, made with charcoal, was on the will
tain Caviglia, master of a merchant vessel, signifying that “the place had been opened
has lately pursued the principal oblique pas. by Mohammed Ahmed, lapicide, attended
sage 200 feet farther down than any other by the master Othman, and the king Alj
former explorer, and found it communicate Mohammed,” supposed to be the Ottomas
with the bottom of the well. This circum emperor, Mahomet I, in the beginning ºf
stance, creating a circulation of air, he pro the 15th century. It was observed, that the
seeded 28 feet farther, aud found a spacious rock surrounding the pyramids, on the nºrth
nº ºbut qual height, and west sides, was on a level with the upper
part of the chamber. It is evidently cut
away all round, and the stones taken from it
were most probably applied to the erectice
of the pyramid. There are many Places in
!
~
PY Py
~,

º:
- the neighbourhood where the rock has been years; of which Joseph ruled seventy years,
evidently quarried, so that there is no foun nor was it till long after his death that a “new
dation for the opinion formerly common, and king arose who knew not Joseph.” If we
given by Herodotus, that the stones had been allow about 40 years for the extent of the
brought from the east side of the Nile, which generation which succeeded Joseph, added to
is only probable as applied to the granite his seventy, there remains about 105 years to
brought from Syene. The operations of the Exodus. According to Herodotus (2, c.
º
º
Belzoni have thrown light on the manner in 124, seq.) Egypt, until the reign of Rhamp
which the pyramids were constructed, as sinitus, was remarkable for its abundance and
º well as the purposes for which they were excellent laws. Cheops, who succeeded this
intended. That they were meant for se prince, degenerated into extreme profligacy
pulchres can hardly admit of a doubt. Their of conduct. He barred the avenues to every
obliquity is so adjusted as to make the north temple, and forbade the Egyptians from of.
side coincide with the obliquity of the sun's fering sacrifices. He next proceeded to
rays at the summer solstice. The Egyptians nake them labour servilely for himself by
connected astronomy with their religious building the first pyramid. Cheops reigned
ceremonies and their funerals, for zodiacs are 50 years. His brother Chephrenes succeed
found even in their tombs. It is remarkable ed, and adopted a similar course; he reigned
that no hieroglyphical inscriptions are found 56 years. Thus, for the space of 106 years,
in or about the pyramids as in the other were the Egyptians exposed to every species
tombs, a circumstance which is supposed to of oppression and calamity: not having dur
indicate the period of their construction to ing all this period permission even to wor
have been prior to the invention of that ship in their temples. The Egyptians had so
mode of writing, though some think that the strong an aversion to the memory of these
variation may be accounted for by a differ two monarchs, that they would never men
ence in the usages of different places and tion their names, but always attributed their
ages. Belzoni, however, says that he found pyramids to one Philitis, a shepherd who kept
some hieroglyphics on one of the blocks form his cattle in those parts. We have here
ing a mausoleum to the west of the first very plain traces of a government by a ſo
pyramid. The first pyramid seems never to reign family; and of a worship contrary to
have been coated, as there is not the slightest that which had been previously established
mark of any covering. The second pyramid in Fgypt, as appears in the prohibition of sa
showed that the coating had been executed crifices. In its continuance moreover of 106
from the summit downward, as it appeared years, it coincides with the bondage of the
that it had not in this instance been finished Israelites. There appears to be something
to the bottom. A very curious enquiry now mysterious concealed under the name and
remains as to the labourers employed in erect mention of the shepherd Philitis. It is clear
ing these stupendous structures. On the sup that the Egyptians did not call the kings, by
position that they were native Egyptians, whose orders the pyramids were built, by
Voltaire has ſounded an argument in proof of this name, in the hearing of Herodotus, since
the slavery of that people; but that they they referred them to their kings Cheops and
were really natives is a point which admits Chephrenes. It would seem, moreover,
of considerable doubt. The uniform practice that the shepherd Philitis had formerly, and
of the ancient Oriental nations seems to have at other times, customarily, fed his cattle
been, to employ captive foreigners in erect. elsewhere. The following then may be re
ing laborious and painful works, and Diodo garded as the meaning of the passage inques
rus (lib. 1, c. 2) expressly asserts this of the tion: they attributed the labour of construct
Egyptian Sesostris. Is it improbable to sup ing the pyramids to a shepherd who came
pose that, one at least, if not all, of the from Philistia, but who at that time fed his
structures in question were the work of cattle in the land of Egypt. Implying, that
the Israelites 2 Bondage is expressly attri. they more readily told the appellation of the
buted to them in the sacred writings, and workman (the sons of Israel, the shepherd,
that the Israelites did not make brick only, Gen. 47, 5,) employed in the building, than
but performed other labours, may be in of the kings by whose commands they were
ferred from Exodus, ix. 8, 10. Moses took built. They seem to have pursued the same
“ashes of the furnace,” no doubt that which course in the days of Diodorus, who remarks,
was tendered him by his people. So Psalm (lib. 1, c. 2,) “They admit that these works
81, v. 6, “I removed his shoulder from are superior to all which are seen in Egypt,
the burden, and his hands were delivered not only by the immensity of their mass, and
from the mortar-basket,” not pots, as in our by their prodigious cost, but still more by
translation; and with this rendering agree the beauty of their construction; and the
the Septuagint, Vulgate, Symmachus, and workmen, who have rendered them so per
*thers. Added to this we have the positive ſect, are much more estimable than the kings
festimony of Josephus that the Israelites were who paid their cost: for the former have
employed on the Pyramids. The space of hereby given a proof of their genius and skill,
time allotted for the erection of these im whereas the kings contributed only the rich
mense masses coincides with what is usually es left them by their ancestors or extorted
*igned to the slavery of the Israelites. Is from their subjects. They say the first was
** is understood to have been in Egypt 215 erected by Armaus, the second by fin
693
 PY PY

mosis, the third by Inaron.” In the common an honest and virtuous man. In a tre
Greek text we read Awaaac for the second “On Providence,” by Synesius, the celer.
name, but the best critics decide in favour of ed bishop of Cyrene, is a passage which tº
Aºuartz. If we make a slight change also cides with, and is illustrative of, Herola
in the first name, and, instead of Armaeus He says, “the father of Osiris and Tºu
(Agazios), read Aramaeus (Agaºztoc), the was at the same time a king, a pries, su
result will be a curious one. On comparing philosopher. The Egyptian histories is
the names a Mousis, and in Aron, with the rank him among the gods; for the Egypnº
Hebrew description of Moses and Aaron, we are disposed to believe, that many dirus
find that the proper appellation is the same, reigned in their country in succession, tº
as near as pronunciation by natives of diffe it was governed by men, and before the
rent countries could bring it: a Mousis or ha kings were reckoned in a genealogical are
..Mousis, is hu Mouseh in Hebrew ; and in by Peiron after Petrom.” There is anet.
...Aron or him. Aron, is written hu Aaron, dent analogy between the term Peirº a
which certainly, when two vowels came to Piromis, and Pharaoh, which last stal
gether, took a consonant between them, be be admitted as a title implying dignity, hº
ing spoken as if written hun Aaron. This our, elevation, and may be equivalent low
testimony, therefore, agrees with the supposi title of “Highness.” As a farther prºſe
tion that the lsraelites were employed on the the intimate connection between the religº
pyramids: first under the appellation of the systems of Egypt and India, it may bertº
Syrian, or Aramaean (the very title given to ed. that when Wilford described the gºal
Jacob, Deut. 26, c. 5, “An Aramite ready to Egyptian pyramid to several very leanº
perish, &c.”), and afterwards under the Brahmins, they declared it at once tº hat:
names of the two most famous leaders of that been a temple; and one ofthem askediſtia.
nation, Moses and Aaron. To those conver not a communication undergroundwalk ºn
sant with the Oriental disquisitions of Wil rer Cali 2 when Wilford answered thatsº
ford, it seems hardly necessary to state how passage was mentioned as having else.”
striking a coincidence he establishes between that a well was at the present day to be *
the ancient history of Egypt and the account they unanimously agreed that it was a Piº
given of the dynasties and customs of that appropriated to the worship of Padma“,
country as drawn from the Hindoo Puranas. and that the supposed tomb was a trous".
We are left under a strong impression, if we which, on certain festivals, her priest wº
are not actually convinced, after their peru. to fill with the sacred water andlotos flowers
sal, that there must have been a period when There are also, it seems, pyramids nºw *
a Hindoo dynasty reigned by right of con Benares, though on a small scale, with sub
quest in Egypt, and established in it the reli terranean passages under them which art
gion of Brahma. Why may not the “new said to extend many miles. But them.”
king who knew not Joseph" have been a ſo markable circumstance in relation toº."
reign invader 2 Indeed, on what rational cient systems of worship in Egypt and *
ground can he be supposed to have been a and the intimate union which subº".
prince of the former dynasty, and to have tween them, is the fact of a Sphinſ' "
proved so soon forgetful of so great a nation and a column with an unknown insen!”
al.deliverance: Does not, moreover, the con having been discovered early in the Pº
duct of Cheops and Chephrenes in closing the century on the banks of the Hypans" º
temples of Egypt show their desire to esta ban, in digging amid the ruins of an”
blish a new system of worship? This idea and unknown city. We have already aluk
receives no little degree of confirmation from ed, in some former articles, to tº argu.
the ingenious conjecture of Lacroze, (Hist. ments of Ritter, in which he so alsº
Christ, des Indes. p. 429,) respecting the ety demonstrates, out of the mere ſmº"
mology of the word pyramid. He derives it ancient historians, the gradual adº
from the Sanscrit term Biroumas, and traces enlightened priesthood from Indiº, "
an analogy between Brahma (Birma) and the vast regions of Scythia, by the ºt
the Egyptian word Piromi. Lacroze observes sea, and even into Greece and the “”
that Brama, which the Indians of Malabar of the west. The remains of ancient”
pronounce Biroumas, signifies the same as forgotten communities, which evº..”.
Piromis (an honest and virtuous man, He present day attract the attention of the .
rod. 2, c. 144,) and that Piramia, in the lan veiler in southern Russia, by the *
guage of Ceylon, means a man. Herodotus ſhe jenisei, as well as those on the *
states in the passage just cited, that the priests and in other parts, are all so many."
of Egypt kept in a spacious building large tions of early civilization and nº.
images of wood, representing all their pre This refinement proceeded frºm "...
ceding high-priests, arranged in genealogical from India. It flowed also in * * º
order; every high-priest placing his image channel, from the same great ".
there during his life. They mentioned to wards Egypt and Phoenicia; for it ud
Hecataeus, the historian, when they were ing of remembrance, that the chanº"
showing this edifice to him, that each of the scribed on the column just mentiº a
images, he saw represented a piromis, begot having been compared with the Greek
ten by another piromis. The word piromis, man, Tartar, Arabic, Persian, T.:
adds Herodotus, signifies
694
in their language Chinese letters, and found to bear”
f
s PY PY
º
"lance whatever with any of them, were dis the appointed place, but the sudden arrival
'vered to have a manifest and close similarity of a lioness frightened her away; and as she
ºth the characters observed by Denon on se fled into a neighbouring cave she dropped
ºral of the mummies of Egypt.—On the sup her veil, which the lioness found and be
ºsition that the Egyptians who persecuted smeared with blood. Pyramus soon arrived,
"rael were different from that Egyptian race he found Thisbe's veil all bloody, and con
º *nder which Jacob went down into that land, cluding that she had been torn to pieces by
* at is, were a race who had come in and the wild beasts of the place, he stabbed him
**ho held the country by conquest, we ob self with his sword. Thisbe, when her fears
*in several important illustrations of holy were vanished, returned from the cave, and
**rit. Of these, the one most deserving of at the sight of the dying Pyramus, she ſell
ttention is the following: If the persecutors upon the sword which still reeked with his
* f Israel in Egypt were of the same foreign blood. This tragical scene happened under
**ace which had overrun Canaan, as we have a white mulberry tree, which, as the poets
-trong historical facts to warrant us in be mention, was stained with the blood of lovers,
'*eving, them that seemingly causeless and un and ever after bore fruit of the colour of blood.
**rovoked cruelty which appears in command Ovid. Met. 4, v. 55, &c.—Hygin. ſab. 243.
aga total expulsion or extermination of them A river of Cilicia, rising in Mount Tau
rom Canaan, is completely explained. 1st. rus and falling into the Pamphylian Sea.
“Because they were a foreign race, and had no Cic. 3, fam. 11–Dionys. Perieg.
ºight to the country they possessed, whereas PyRENAE1, a mountain, or a long ridge of
the lsraelites were a branch of the great fami high mountains, which separate Gaul from
tº y of Shem, and as such possessed a just claim Spain, and extend from the Atlantic to the
**o the land in question, being allied by blood Miediterranean Sea. [The range is about
*o the old inhabitants. 2d. Because the 29.4 miles in length. These mountains are
Israelites were retaliating upon them the steep, of difficult access, and only passable
cruelties they had exercised on them in Egypt, at five plces. 1st. From Languedoc to
as well as the barbarities they had inflicted Catalonia. 2d. From Comminge into Arra
upon the old Canaanites, the kindred, in fact, gon. 2d. at Taraffa. 4th. At Maya and Pam
ºn of the people of Israel. 3d. Because the re pluna in Nararre, and 5th. At Sebastian in
... ligion which these conquerors had establish Biscay, which is the easiest of all.] They
ned in Canaan was of all most impure and li received their name from Pyrene the daugh
in centious, and needed signal punishment. ter of Bebrycius, (vid. Pyrene) or from the
Hence we may explain why the Jews allow fire (rve) which once raged there for several
- ed many of the ancient inhabitants or old days. This fire was originally kindled by
... Canaanites, particularly in the coast of Tyre shepherds, and so intense was the heat which
, and Sidon, to remain unmolested ; for they it occasioned, that all the silver mines of the
... were ordered merely to extirpate the stranger mountains were melted, and ran down in
; race that had settled in the land : and hence large rivulets. This account is deemed fa
º, too we may be able to understand the mean bulous by Strabo and others. [Both etymo
... ing of Deut. 22, c. 7, “Thou shalt not ab logies are equally bad..] Diod, 5–Strab. 3.
º hor an Egyptian, a genuine Egyptian, but his —Mela, 2, c. 6.-Ital. 3, v. 415–Liv. 21, c.
children may enter into the congregation of 60.—Plut. 4, c. 20.
a the Lord, in the third generation :” whereas PyRENAEus, a king of Thrace, who during
... a Hamite's descent was not overlooked un a shower of rain, gave shelter in his house
º der ten generations. We have said nothing to the nine muses, and attempted to offer
in the course of these remarks respecting the them violence. The goddesses upon this took
theory of Jablonski, (Voc. AEgypt, p. 346) to their wings and flew away. Pyrenaeus,
... who supposes the Israelites to have been that who attempted to follow them, as if he had
shepherd race which ruled for a time over wings, threw himself down from the top of a
Egypt, and Moses to have been one of the tower, and was killed. Orid. Met. 5, v.274.
princes of this race, who closed the temples PyRENE, a daughter of Bebrycius, king of
of Egypt, and was the same with the shep the southern parts of Spain. Hercules offer
herd Philitis. These pages are no place for ed violence to her before he went to attack
the dreams of the irreligious. The student Geryon. [To avoid the fury of her father,
is referred to Creuzer's Commentationes He she fled to the northern part of the country,
* rodoter, rol. 1, p. 190, seq.] and passed the remainder of her days on the
*PYRAMus, a youth of Babylon, who be inountains, called from her Pyrenaei. vid.
came enamoured ofThisbe, a beautiful virgiu Pyrenaei.]
who dwelt in the neighbourhood. The flame PyRootel Es, a celebrated engraver on
was mutual, and the two lovers, whom their gems, in the age of Alexander the Great.
parents forbad to marry, regularly received He had the exclusive privilege of engraving
º each other's addresses through the chink of the conqueror, as Lysippus was the only
a wall which separated their houses. After sculptor who was permitted to make statues
the most solemn vows of sincerity, they both of him. Plin. 37, c. 1. -

agreed to elude the vigilance of their friends, PYRópes, a son of Cilix, said to be the
and to meet one another at the tomb of Ni first discovered
whothe and applied to human
º nus, under a white mulberry tree, without purposes fire concealed in flints. Plin.
º the walls of Babylon. Thisbe came first to 7, c. 56.
605
 PY FY

PyRRhA, a daughter of Epimetheus and he did not hurry himself out of the wº
Pandora, who married Deucalion, the son of because, said he, there is no difference bete :
Prometheus, who reigned in Thessaly. In life and death. When he walked in -
her age all mankind were destroyed by a de streets he never looked behind or nº
luge, and she alone, with her husband, escap from the road for a chariot, even in its sº
ed from the general destruction, by saving rapid course; and, indeed, as some actº
themselves in a boat which Deucalion had remark, this indifference for his safety tº
made by his father's advice. When the wa exposed him to the greatest and mate
ters had retired from the surface of the earth, minent dangers, from which he was nº
Pyrrha, with her husband, went to the ora by the interference of his friends who ſolº
cle of Themis, where they were directed, to ed him. [These statements respecting tº
repair the loss of mankind, to throw stones ridiculous extreme to which Pyrrho carre.
behind their backs. They obeyed, and the this scepticism, must be regarded as re
stones which Pyrrha threw were changed in calumnies of the dogmatists, if we pay ºf
to women, and those of Deucalion into men. attention to the respect with which her
Uvid. Deucalion.] Pyrrha became mother of mentioned by ancient authors, or give as:
Amphictyon, Hellen, and Protogenea, by credit to the general history of his life.] He
Deucalion. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 350, &c.—Hy flourished B.C. 304, and died at the advanced
gin. fab. 153.-Apollon. Rhod. 3, v. 1085. age of 90. He left no writings behind him
—A promontory of Phthiotis, [on the Si His countrymen were so partial to him, the
nus Pelasgicus. According to Strabo there they raised statues to his memory, and ex
were two islands in front of it, called Deuca exempted all the philosophers of Elis frºm
lion and Pyrrha.]—A town of Lesbos. taxes... [He was also invested by them with
PYRRhich A, a kind of dance said to be in the office of high-priest.
Pyrrho seems tº
vented and introduced into Greece by Pyr have been indebted for his scepticism tº the
rhus the son of Achilles. The dancers were early acquaintance he formed with the atº
generally armed. Plin. 7, c. 56. mic system of Democritus.] Diog. 9–C:
PYRRHid:E, a patronymic given to the suc de Orat. 3, c. 17-Aul. Gel. 11, c. 5.-Pau.
Gessors of Neoptolemus in Epirus. 6, c. 24.
Pyaaho, a philosopher of Elea, disciple to PYR RHus, a son of Achilles and Deidamia,
Anaxarchus, and originally a painter. [He the daughter of king Lycomedes, who re
abandoned his profession in early life, and be. ceived this name from the flame-colour of his
came successively a disciple of Byson and of hair. He was also called Neoptolemus, or
Anaxarchus. He accompanied the latter, in new warrior, because he came to the Trojan
the train of Alexander, into India. Here he war in the last year of the celebrated siege ºf
conversed with the Brachmans and Gymno the capital of Troas. [vid. Neoptolemus.'
sophists, imbibing from their doctrine what A king of Epirus, descended from Achi
ever might seem favourable to his natural les, by the side of his mother, and frºm
disposition towards doubting; a disposition Hercules by that of his father, and son &
which was cherished by his master, who had AEacides and Phthia. He was saved when
formerly been a disciple of a sceptical philoso an infant, by the fidelity of his servants, frºm
pher, Metrodorus of Chios.] He was in the pursuits of the enemies of his father, whº
continual suspense of judgment, he doubt had been banished from his kingdom, and be
ed of every thing, never made any conclu was carried to the court of Glautias, king a
sions, and when he had carefully examined Illyricum, who educated him with great ten
a subject, and investigated all its parts, he derness. Cassander, king of Macedonia,
concluded by still doubting of its evidence. wished to dispatch him, as he had so much
This manner of doubting in the philosopher to dread from him; but Glautias not only
has been called Pyrrhonism, and his disci refused to deliver him up into the bands of
ples have received the appellation of sceptics, his enemy, but he even went with an army,
inquisitors, examiners, &c. He pretended to and placed him on the throne of Epirus,
have acquired an uncommon dominion over though only 12 years of age. About fire
opinion and passions. The former of these years after, the absence of Pyrrhus, to attend
virtues he called atarazia, and the latter me the nuptials of one of the daughters of Glan
triopathia; and so far did he carry his want tias, raised new commotions. The monarch |
of common feeling and sympathy, that he was expelled from his throne by Neoptºle
passed with unconcern near a ditch in which mus, who had usurped it after the death ºf |
his master Anaxarchus had fallen, and where AEacides; and being still without resource,
he nearly perished. He was once in a storm, he applied to his brother-in-law Demetrim
and when all hopes were vanished, and de. for assistance. He accompanied Demetries
struction certain, the philosopher remained at the battle of Ipsus, and ſought there with
unconcerned; and while the rest of the crew all the prudence and intrepidity of an expe
were lost in lamentations, he plainly told rienced general. He afterwards passed into
them to look at a pig which was then feeding Egypt, where, by his marriage with Antigone
himself on board the vessel, exclaiming This the daughter of Berenice, he soon obtained a
is a true model for a wise man. As he showed sufficient force to attempt the recovery of his
so much indifference in every thing, and de throne. He was successful in the undertak
clared that life and death were the same ing, but, to remove all causes of quarrel, he
thing, some of his ºple asked him, why took the usurper to share with him the roy
 *Y PY

vity, and some time after he put him to death been defeated by 20,000 of the enemy, under
under pretence that he had attempted to Curius, he left Italy with precipitation, B. C.
joison him. In the subsequent years of his 274, ashamed of the enterprize, and mortified
‘eign, Pyrrhus engaged in the quarrels which by the victories which had been obtained
listurbed the peace of the Macedonian mo over one of the descendants of Achilles. In
narchy, he marched against Demetrius, and Epirus he began to repair his military cha
gave the Macedonian soldiers fresh proofs of racter, by attacking Antigonus who was then
is valour and activity. By dissimulation he on the Macedonian throne. He gained some
ingratiated himself in the minds of his ene advantages over his enemy, and was at last
my's subjects, and when Demetrius laboured restored to the throne of Macedonia. He aſ
under a momentary illness, Pyrrhus made an terwards marched against Sparta, at the re
attempt upon the crown of Macedonia, which, quest of Cleonymus, but when all his vigo
if not then successful, soon after rendered him rous operations were insufficient to take the
master of the kingdom. This he shared with capital of Laconia, he retired to Argos, where
Lysimachus for seven months, till the jealousy the treachery of Aristeus invited him. The
of the Macedonians, and the ambition of his Argives desired him to retire, and not to in
colleague, obliged him to retire. Pyrrhus terfere in the affairs of their republic, which
was meditating new conquests, when the were confounded by the ambition of two of
Tarentines invited him to Italy to assist them their nobles. He complied with their wishes,
against the encroaching power of Rome. He but in the night he marched his forces into
gladly accepted the invitation, but his passage the town, and might have made himself mas
across the Adriatic proved nearly fatal, and he ter of the place had he not retarded his pro
reached the shores of Italy after the loss of gress by entering it with his elephants. The
the greatest part of his troops in a storm. combat that ensued was obstinate and bloody,
At his entrance into Tarentum, B.C. 280, he and the monarch, to fight with more bold
began to reform the manners of the inhabit ness, and to encounter dangers with more fa
ants, and, by introducing the strictest disci cility, exchanged his dress. He was attack
pline among their troops, to accustom them ed by one of the enemy, but as he was going
to bear fatigue and to despise dangers. In to run him through in his own defence, the
the first battle which he fought with the Ro mother of the Argive, who saw her son's
mans he obtained the victory, but for this he danger from the top of a house, threw down
was more particularly indebted to his ele a tile, and brought Pyrrhus to the ground.
phants, whose bulk and uncommon appear. His head was cut off, and carried to Antigo
ance astonished the Romans, and terrified nus, who gave his remains a magnificent fu
their cavalry. The number of the slain was aeral, and presented his ashes to his son He
equal on both sides, and the conqueror said lenus, 272 years before the Christian era.
that such another victory would totally ruin Pyrrhus has been deservedly commended for
him. He also sent Cineas, his chief minister, his talents as a general ; and not only his
to Rome, and though victorious, he sued for friends but his enemies have been warm in
peace. These offers of peace were refused, extolling him ; and Annibal declared, that for
and when Pyrrhus questioned Cineas about experience and sagacity the king of Epirus
the manners and the character of the Ro: was the first of commanders. He had cho
mans, the sagacious minister replied that sen Alexander the Great for a model, and
their senate was a venerable assembly of in every thing he wished not only to imitate
kings, and that to fight against them was to but to surpass him. In the art of war none
attack another Hydra. A second battle was were superior to him, he not only made it his
fought near Asculum, but the slaughter was study as a general, but he even wrote many
so great, and the valour so conspicuous on books on encampments, and the different
both sides, that the Romans and their ene ways of training up an army, and whatever
mies reciprocally claimed the victory as he did was by principle and rule. His un
their own. , Pyrrhus still continued the war common understanding and his penetration
in favour of the Tarentines, when he was are also admired; but the general is severe
invited into Sicily by the inhabitants, who la ly censured, who has no sooner conquered a
boured under the yoke of Carthage, and the country than he looks for other victories,
cruelty of their own petty tyrants. His fond without regarding, or securing what he had
ness of novelty soon determined him to quit already obtained, by measures and regula
Italy. He left a garrison at Tarentum, and tions honourable to himself, and advantage
crossed over to Sicily, where he obtained two ous to his subjects. The Romans passed
victories over the Carthaginians, and took great encomiums upon him, and Pyrrhus was
many of their towns. He was for a while no less struck with their magnanimity and
sºccessful, and formed the project of invading valour; so much indeed, that he exclaimed,
Africa, but soon his popularity vanished, his that if he had soldiers like the Romans, or
troops became insolent, and he behaved with if the Romans had him for a general, he
haughtiness and showed himself oppressive, would leave no corner of the earth unseen,
so that his return to Italy was deemed a and no nation unconquered. Pyrrhus marri
fortunate event for all Sicily. He had no ed many wives, and all for political reasons;
sooner arrived at Tarentum than he renewed besides Antigone he had Lanassa the daugh
hostilities with the Romans with great acri. ter of Agathocles, as also a daughter of Autº
mony, but when his army of 80,000 men had ſeom king bf Pºulº. His children, as his
4 T 69
 PY PY
*-

biographer observes, derived a warlike spi thagoras received his doctrine of nuare
rit from their father, and when he was from the Phoenicians; for their knowledges
asked by one to which of them he should numbers extended no farther than to º
leave the kingdom of Epirus, he replied, to practical science of arithmetic. In Erºſ
him who has the sharpest sword. JElian Pythagoras was introduced, by the recº
Hist. An. 10.—Plut. in vitā. —Justin. 17, &c. mendation of Polycrates, tyrant of Samºs.
—Liv. 13 and 14.—Horat. 3, od. 6. Amasis, king of Egypt, a great patron of Jean
PYTHAGöRAs, a celebrated philosopher, ed men, particularly those of Greece, that is
born at Samos. [Great uncertainty exists as might the more easily obtain access to *
to the year when this philosopher was born. colleges of the priests. The king birtee
Some, as for example, La Nauze, and Freret. could scarcely, with all his anthority, prºva
make it to have been the first year of the 43d upon the priests to admit a straaser tº the
Olympiad. Bentley is in favour of the 4th knowledge of their sacred mysteries. The
year of the same Olympiad, Meiners con college of Heliopolis, to whom the kins's E
tends for the 2d of the 49th, Dodwell for the structions were sent, referred Pythagoras in
4th of the 52d. There is a difference of 63 the college of Memphis, as of greater anti
years between the extremes of these dates. quity; from Memphis he was disinissed. ---
Some authors assert that all which can be der the same pretence, to Thebes. The The
stated with any degree of certainty is, that ban priests, not daring to reject the rºyal
75 or 85 years of the life of Pythagoras (for mandate, yet loth to comply with it, prescrib
even the duration of his life is a subject of ed Pythagoras many severe and troubles-e
controversy) fall within the 142 years that preliminary ceremonies, among which was
elapsed between A. C. 608 and A. C. 466. that of circumcision, hoping thereby to de
Wisconti gives the preference to Eusebius, courage him from prosecuting his desig=
who, in fixing the death of Pythagoras in the Pythagoras, however, executed all their in
496th A. C. expresses his doubts respecting junctions with such wonderſul patience and
the advanced age to which the philosopher perseverance, that he obtained their entire
is said to have attained.] His father wine confidence, and was instructed in their most
sarchus was a person of distinction, and, there recondite doctrines. He passed twenty-two
fore, the son received that education which years in Egypt. During this time he made
was most calculated to enlighten his mind and himself perfectly master of the three kinds
invigorate his body. Like his contemporaries. of writing which were used in that country,
he was early made acquainted with poetry the epistolary, the hieroglyphic, and the
and music; eloquence and astronomy became symbolical ; and, having obtained access to
his private studies, and in gymnastic exercises their most learned men, in every celebrated col
he often bore off the palm for strength and lege of priests, he became intimately conver
dexterity. He first made himself known in sant with their ancient records, and gained at
Greece, at the Olympic games, where he ob accurate knowledge of their doctrine cor
tained, in the 18th year of his age, the prize cerning the origin of things, with their as
for wrestling; and, after he had been admired tronomy and geometry, and, in short, with
for the elegance and the dignity of his person, Egyptian learning in its whole extent. Many
and the brilliancy of his understanding, he re writers who flourished after the commence
tired into the east. In Egypt and Chaldaea he ment of the Christian era, both Pagan and
gained the confidence of the priests, and learn Christian, have related that Pythagoras.ir
ed from them the artful policy, and the symbo mediately after he left Egypt, visited the
lic writings, by which they governed the prin Persian and Chaldaean Magi, and travelled
ces as well as the people, and, after he had so far into the east as to converse with the
spent many years in gathering all the infor Indian Gymnosophists. The occasion of this
mation which could be collected from ancient journey is thus related by Iamblicus: “Aſ
tradition concerning the nature of the gods ter spending twenty-two years in Egypt, he
and the immortality of the soul, Pythagoras was conveyed by the victorious army of Cam
re-visited his native island. [Much is said by byses, among a numerous train of captives to
Iamblicus and other later biographers, of Py. Babylon, where he made himself perfectly
thagoras's early journey into lonia, and his acquainted with the learning and philosophy
visits to Thales and Anaximander; but we of the east; and, after the expiration of 1:
find no ancient record of his journey, nor any years, when he was in the 60th year of his age,
traces of its effects on his doctrine, which dif he returned to Samos.” Cicero, Eusebius.
ſers essentially from that of the Ionic school. Lactantius, and Valerius Maximus, though
On his way to Egypt, Iamblicus asserts that they say nothing of the captivity, agree that
he visited Phoenicia, and conversed with the he visited the Persian Magi. Some have
descendants of Mochus, and other priests even maintained that in this journey he attend.
of that country, and was initiated into their ed upon the instructions of the celebrated
peculiar mysteries. And it may seem not Zoroaster, while others, who have placed the
entirely improbable that he might wish to be life of Zoroaster in an earlier period than
farther acquainted with the Phoenician philos.- that of Pythagoras, have asserted that the
phy, of which he had doubtless heard a gene atter conversed with certain Jewish priests,
ral report from his father and other merchants who were at that time in captivity at Baby
who traded to that coast. But it is certainly lon, and by this means became intimately
a fibtion of the Alexandrian school that Py. acquainted with the Jewish laws and cus
698
 PY

º toms. After all, however, there is great celebrated philosopher among impostors,
reason to suspect the truth of the whole nar proved successful, and procured him a great
rative of Pythagoras's journey into the east; multitude of followers. At last, however,
* for the relation is encumbered with in extri whether the Samians began to detect his
cable chronological difficulties. The whole frauds, or to be apprehensive of his increasing
proof of the reality of this expedition rests popularity, or whether Pythagoras wished
either upon the evidence of certain Alexan to escape the tyranny of the governor Syloson,
drian Platonists, who were desirous of exalt the brother of Polycrates, he suddenly left
ing as much as possible the reputation of Samos, and passing over into Italy, attempted
those ancient philosophers to whom they to open his school among the colonies of
looked back as the first oracles of wisdom, or Magna Graecia. It appears probable, that
upon that of certain Jewish and Christian when Pythagoras arrived in this country, in
writers, who were willing to credit every order to obtain credit with the populace,
* tale which might seem to render it probable he pretended to possess the power of
* that the Pythagorean doctrine was derived working miracles, and practised many arts
from the Oriental philosophers, and ultimate of imposture.] At the city of Crotona he
ly from the Hebrew Scriptures. It seems, ounded a sect which has received the name
therefore, on the whole, most reasonable to of the Italian, and he soon saw himself sur
look upon the story of his eastern journey as rounded by a great number of pupils, which
a mere fiction, and to conclude that Pytha the recommendation of his mental, as well
goras never passed over from Egypt to the as his personal accomplishments had procur
* east, but returned thence immediately to ed. His shill in music and medicine, and
: Samos. Pythagoras, on his return to his his knowledge of mathematics and of natu
native island, was desirous that his fellow ral philosophy, gained him friends and admi
citizens should reap the benefit of his travels rers, and amidst the voluptuousness that
and studies; and, for this purpose, attempted prevailed among the inhabitants of Crotona,
to institute a school for their instruction in the Samian sage found his instructions re
the elements of science, but chose to adopt spected and his approbation courted: the
the Egyptian mode of teaching, and commu most debauched and effeminate were pleased
nicate his doctrines under a symbolical ſorm. with the elegance and the graceful delivery
His attempt was unsuccessful. He then visit of the philosopher, who boldly upbraided
ed in succession Delos, Crete, Sparta, Elis, them for their vices, and called them to more
(being present at the Olympic games cele virtuous and manly pursuits. These animated
brated in the latter district), and finally harangues were attended with rapid success,
Phlius, in Achaia, the residence of Leon, and a reformation soon took place in the mo
king of the Phliasians. Here he first assum rals and the lives of the people of Crotona.
ed the appellation of philosopher. Cicero [It is asserted, that in Crotona there were
ascribes the invention of this term to Pytha not less than 600 persons, (some say 2000)
goras. It seems, according to this writer, who were prevailed on to submit to the strict
that Leon, charmed with the ingenuity and discipline which he required, and to throw
eloquence with which he discoursed on vari their effects into a common stock for the be
ous topics, asked him in what art he princi nefit of the whole fraternity.] The females
pally excelled: to which Pythagoras replied were exhorted to become modest, and they
that he did not profess himself master of any left off their gaudy ornaments; the youths
art, but that he was a philosopher. Leon, were called away from their pursuits of plea
struck with the novelty of the term, asked sure, and instantly they forgot their intempe
Pythagoras who were philosophers, and rance, and paid to their parents that submis
wherein they differed from other men Py sive attention and deference which the pre
cepts of Pythagoras required. As to the old,
thagoras replied, that, as in the public games,
whilst some are contending for glory, and they were directed no longer to spend their
others are buying and selling in pursuit of time in amassing money, but to improve their
gain, there is always a third class who attendunderstanding, and to seek that peace and
merely as spectators; so, in human life, those comforts of mind which frugality, be
amidst the various characters of men, there nevolence, and philanthropy alone can pro
is a select number, who, despising all other duce. The sober and religious behaviour
pursuits, assiduously apply themselves to the of the philosopher strongly recommended
study of nature, and the search after wisdom; the necessity and importance of these pre
these, added Pythagoras, are the persons cepts. [Pythagoras did not confine the in
whom I denominate philosophers. On his re fluence of his philosophy to Crotona. He
turn to Samos, he made a second attempt to taught his doctrine in many other cities of
institute among his countrymen a school of Magna Graecia with so much energy and eſ
philosophy. He not only opened a public ſect, that he established a large and extensive
place of instruction, but also provided him. interest through the country, and obtained
self with a secret cave, into which he retired from his followers a degree of respect little
with his intimate friends and professed dis short of adoration.] Pythagoras was admir
ciples, and here, not without a wonderful ed for his venerable aspect, his voice was
parade of mystery, gave them daily instruction harmonious, his eloquence persuasive, and
in the more abstruse parts of philosophy. the reputation he had acquired by his dis
These arts, which unquestionably rank this tant travels, and by being crowned at the
600
 PY PY

Olympic games, was great and important. limits of their sect. Pythagoras, like .
He regularly frequented the temples of the other philosophers, had his eroteric, or ſº
gods, and paid his devotion to the divinity at lic, and his esoteric, or private, doctrines. 7.
an early hour ; he lived upon the purest and restraint which he put upon the words aſ
most innocent food, he clothed himself like pupils, by enjoining silence for so long a t
the priests of the Egyptian gods, and by his was certainly in one point of view - a wr
continual purifications and regular offerings, judicious expedient, as it restrained irre
he seemed to be superior to the rest of man tinent curiosity, and prevented every ice
kind in sanctity. These artful measures venience of contradiction. Accordingly wº
united to render him an object not only of find, that his disciples si'enced all -

, -
reverence, but of imitation. [His whole and refuted all objections, by appealing
manner of life confirms the opinion. that authority. Avro; “ta, ipse durat, decide.
one of his chief objects was to impose upon every dispute. Nor was this preparater
the credulity of an ignorant and superstitious discipline deemed sufficiently severe. wº
people. Clothed in a long white robe, with out adding, during the years of initiaticº, i.
a flowing beard, and, as some relate, with a entire prohibition of seeing their master.or
golden crown on his head, he preserved hearing his lectures, except from behird a
among the people, and in the presence of his curtain. And even this privilege was ta.
disciples, a commanding gravity and majes great to be commonly allowed ; for in the
ty of aspect. He made use of music to pro stage of tuition they were usually instructed
mote the tranquillity of his mind, frequently by some inferior preceptor, who barely rear
singing for this purpose hymns of Thales, ed the doctrine of Pythagoras, without assº
Hesiod, and Homer. He had such an entire ing the reasonings or demonstrations ºr
command over himself that he was never which they were ſounded, and required the
seen to express, in his countenance, grief, joy, obedient pupil to receive them as unques
or anger. He refrained from animal food, tionable truths, upon their master's word
and confined himself to a frugal vegetable Those who had sufficient perseverance to pass
diet. By this artificial demeanour, Pytha these several steps of probation, were at last
goras passed himself off upon the vulgar as admitted among the Esoteracs, and allowed
a being of an order superior to the common to see and hear Pythagoras behind the cur
condition of humanity, and persuaded them tain. But if it happened that any one,
that he had received his doctrine from hea through impatience of such rigid discipline,
ven.] To set himself at a greater distance chose to withdraw from the society before
from his pupils, a number of years was the expiration of the term of trial, he was
required to try their various dispositions; dismissed with a share of the common stock.
the most talkative were not permitted to the double of that which he had advanced;
speak in the presence of their master before a tomb was erected for him as for a dead
they had been his auditors for five years, and man; and he was to be as much forgotten
those who possessed a natural taciturnity by the brethren as if he had been actually
were allowed to speak after a probation of dead. It was the peculiar privilege of the
two years. #. any one could be admit Esoterics, to receive a full explanation of the
ted into this fraternity, Pythagoras examin whole doctrine of Pythagoras; which to others
ed his features and external appearance; en was delivered in brief precepts and dogmas,
quired in what manner he had been accus under the concealment of symbols. They
tomed to behave towards his parents and were also permitted to take minutes of their
friends; remarked his manner of conversing, master's lectures, in writing, and to propºse
laughing, and keeping silence ; and observ questions and offer remarks upon every sub
ed what passions he was most inclined to in ject of discourse. These disciples were par
dulge, with what kind of company he chose ticularly distinguished by the appellation of
to associate, how he passed his leisure mo the Pythagoreans; they were also called the
ments, and what incidents appeared to excite Mathematicians, from the studies upon which
in him the strongest emotions of joy or sor they entered immediately after their initia
row. From these and other circumstances, tion. After they had nuade a sufficient pre
Pythagoras formed an accurate judgment of gress in geometrical science, they were cº
the qualifications of the candidate; and he ducted to the study of nature, the investigs
admitted no one into his society till he was tion ofprimary principles, and the knowledge
fully persuaded of his capacity of becoming a of God. Those who pursued these sublime
true philosopher. Upon the first probation speculations were called Theorists; and such
ary admission the fortitude and self-command as more particularly devoted themselves tº
of the candidate was put to the trial by a Theology were styled wsgaaruzzi. Religious.
long course of severe abstinence and rigorous Others, according to their respective abilities
exercise. The injunction of silence has al. and inclinations, were engaged in the study
ready been alluded to. This silence, or ºxº of morals, economics, and policy; and were
favºua, as it was termed, is not to be confound. afterwards employed in managing the affairs
ed with that sacred reserve with which all of the fraternity, or sent into the cities of
the disciples of Pythagoras were bound, upon Greece, to instruct them in the principles of
oath, to receive the doctrines of their mas government, or assist them in the institution
ter, that they might, from no inducement of laws.] The Samian philosopher was the
whatsoever, suffer then to pass beyond the first who supported the doctrine of metem
f
 H PY PY

| tier tº: Lºiſ,

or Iranimigration of the soul into According to some writers, the Pythagorean
... ." bodies, and those notions he seemed
Monad denotes the active principle in na
is º o have imbibed among the priests of Egypt. ture, or God; the Duad, the passive princi
º, "" the solitary retreats of the Brachmans. ple, or matter ; the Triad, the world formed
***More strenuously to support his chimerical 'y the union of the two former ; and the
*** ystem, he declared he recollected the diſ Tetractys, the perfection of nature. Eve
"*** erent bodies his soul had animated before ry attempt, however, to unfold the nature
**"...hat of the son of Mnesarchus. He remem of this last mysterious number, has hi
**2ered to have been Æthalides, the son of therto been unsuccessful. Next to numbers,
** Mercury, to have assisted the Greeks during music had the chief place in the preparato
***he Trºjan war in the character of Euphor y exercises of the Pythagorean school, by
****, [vid Euphorbus) to have been Hermo. tueans of which the mind was to be raised
***imus, afterwards a fisherman, and last of all
ite, ºr * Pythagoras. [The doctrine of the metemp. arove the dominion of passion, and inured
to contemplation. Pythagoras considered
**fchosis was the cause of the Pythagoreans music not only as an art to be judged of by
** abstaining from animal food, and of the ex the ear, but as a science to be reduced to
*** clusion of animal sacrifices from their reli mathematical principles and proportions.
** gious ceremonies. This doctrine Pythagoras The musical chords are said to have been
*** wery probably learned in Egypt. Nor is discovered by him in the following manner:
*there any sufficient reason for understanding As he was one day reflecting on this subject,
*it, as some have done, symbolically. The happening to pass by a smith's forge, where
ºprecept prohibiting the use of beans was pro several men were successively striking with
bably rather diaetetic, than physical or moral: their hammers a piece of heated iron upon
it is, however, one of those mysteries which an anvil, he remarked that all the sounds
**the ancient Pythagoreans never disclosed, produced by their strokes were harmonious
**and which modern ingenuity has in vain at except one. The sounds, which he observed
**tempted to discover.] In his theological to be chords, were the octave, the fifth, and
** system Pythagoras supported that the uni the third; but that sound which he perceived
verse was created from a shapeless heap of to lie between the third and the fifth he found
passive matter by the hands of a powerful to be discordant. Going into the workshop,
being, who himself was the mover and soul he observed that the diversity of sounds arose,
of the world, and of whose substance the souls not from the forms of the hammers, nor from
of man Hind were a portion. He considered the force with which they were struck, nor
numbers as the principles of every thing, and from the position of the iron, but merely
perceived in the universe, regularity, corres from the difference of weight in the ham
pondence, beauty, proportion, and harmony. mers. Taking, therefore, the exact weight of
as intentionally produced by the Creator. the several hammers, he went home, and sus
{The most probable explanation of the Py. pended four strings of the same substance,
thagorean doctrine of numbers is, that they length, and thickness, and twisted in the
were used as symbolical or emblematical re same degree, and hung a weight at the low
resentations of the first principles and forms er end of each, respectively, equal to the
f nature , and particularly of those eternal weight of the hammers; upon striking the
ad imm La table essences, to which Plato af. strings,he ſound that the musical chords of the
rwards gave the appellation of Ideas. Not strings corresponded with those of the ham
ing able, or not choosing, to explain in mers. Hence, it is said, that he proceeded
1ple latinguage the abstract notions of prin to form a musical scale, and to construct
»les and forms, Pythagoras seems to have stringed instruments. His scale was, after
ide use of numbers as geometricians make his death, engraved on brass, and preserved
of diagrams, to assist the conceptions of in the temple of Juno at Samos. Pythago
olars. More particularly, conceiving some ras conceived that the celestial spheres in
logy between numbers and the intelligent which the planets move, striking upon the
ns which subsist in the Divine Mind, he ether through which they pass, must pro
He the former a symbol of the latter. As duce a sound, and that this sound must vary,
abers proceed from unity, or the Monad, according to the diversity of their magni
simple root, whence they branch out in tude, velocity, and relative distance. Tak
various combinations, and assume new ing it for granted that every thing respecting
xerties in their progress, so he conceived the heavenly bodies is adjusted with perfect
different forms of nature to recede, at dif regularity, he farther imagined, that all the
it distances, from their common source, circumstances necessary to render the sounds
pure and simple essence of Deity, and produced by their motions harmonious, were
'ery degree of distance to assume certain fixed in such exact proportions, that the most .
erties in some measure analogous to perfect harmony was produced by their revo
* of numbers ; and hence he concluded lutions. This fanciful doctrine respecting the
the origin of things, their emanation music of the spheres gave rise to the names
the first being, and their subsequent which Pythagoras applied to musical tones.
ession through various orders, if not The last note in the musical octave he called
'e of s- perfectly clear explanation, Hypale (ºratº), because he supposed the
*oºſes, er, be illustrated by symbols sphere of Saturn, the highest planet, to give
*mbla aces borrowed from numbers, the deepest tone, and the highest note he
701
 PY PY

called Neate (rearn), ſrom the sphere of the telligence of everything which happenedi
moon, which, being the lowest or nearest the ing his absence. After a certain numbers
earth, he imagined produced the shrillest months he again re-appeared on the earth wº
sound. In like manner of the rest. It was a grim and ghastly countenance, and declar
said of Pythagoras by his followers, who he in the assembly of the people, that he was tº
sitated at no assertion, however improbable, turned from hell. From similar exaggeratic
which might seem to exalt their master's it has been asserted that he appeared at the
fame, thathe was the only mortal so far favour Olympic games with a golden thigh, and tº
ed by the gods as to have been permitted to lue could write in letters of blood whatever he
hear the celestial music of the spheres.] pleased on a looking-glass, and that, by setting
In his doctrines of morality, he perceived in it opposite to the moon, when full, all the cº
the human mind, propensities common to us racters which were on the glass became legi
with the brute creation; but besides these, and ble on the moon's disc. They also support
the pasions of avarice and ambition, he disco that, by some magical words, he tamed a bear
vered the noble seeds of virtue, and supported stopped the flight of an eagle, and appeared
that the most ample and perfect gratification on the same day and at the same instant in the
was to be found in the enjoyment of moral cities of Crotona and Metapontum, &c. The
and intellectual pleasure. The thoughts of the time and the place of the death of this great
past he considered as always present to us, philosopher are unknown; yet many suppºse
and he believed that no enjoyment could be that he died at Metapontum about 497 years
had where the mind was disturbed by con before Christ. [Pythagoras, it seems, es:
sciousness of guilt or fears about futurity. content with instructing his select disciples
This opinion induced the philosopher to re in the speculative doctrines of philosophy,
commend to his followers a particular mode discovered on many occasions a strong pre
of education. The tender years of the Py pensity towards political innovations. Not
thagoreans were employed in continual la only at Crotona, but at Metapontum, Rhe
bour, in study, in exercise, and repose; and gium, Agrigentum, and many other places,
the philosopher maintained his well known he obtained great influence over the people
and important maxim, that many things, es: and employed it in urging them to a stress
pecially love, are best learned late. In a ous assertion of their rights against the en
more advanced age, the adult was desired to croachments of their tyrannical governors.
behave with caution, spirit, and patriotism, These attempts, together with the singuian
and to remember that the community and ties of the school, excited a general spirit ol
civil society demanded his exertions, and jealousy, and raised a powerful opposition
that the good of the public, and not his own against him. At the head of this opposition
private enjoyments, were the ends of his cre was Cylo, a man of wealth and distinction at
ation. From lessons like these, the Pytha Crotona, who had been refused admission
goreans were strictly enjoined to call to mind. into the Pythagorean school, and whose tem
and carefully to review the actions, not only per was too haughty to brook such an indi:-
of the present, but of the preceding days. In nity. A large body of Pythagoreans havin;
their acts of devotion, they early repaired to assembled at the house of Milo, one of their
the most solitary places of the mountains, chief friends, the opposite party surrounded
and after they had examined their private the house and set it on fire. About forty
and public conduct, and conversed with them persons perished in the flames. Archyppus
selves, they joined in the company of their and Lysis, two natives of Tarentum, aloce
friends, and early refreshed the body with escaped. Pythagoras, being present in Cro
light and frugal aliments. Their conversa tona when this fatal attack was made upon
tion was of the most innocent nature; poli his school, and incapable of resisting the tor
tical or philosophic subjects were discuss rent of jealousy and enmity which rushed
ed with propriety, but without warmth; and, upon him, was obliged to retire to Metapon
after the conduct of the following day was tum. Here he found himself still surround
regulated, the evening was spent with the ed by enemies, and was obliged to take re
same religious ceremony as the morning, in a fuge in the temple of the Muses. Here, Lot
strict and impartial self-examination. From being able to obtain from his friends the ce
such regularity nothing but the most salutary cessary supply of food, he perished of hut
consequences could arise, and it will not ap ger. This is the most probable account ºf
pear wonderful that the disciples of Pythago the manner of his death. According to the
ras were so much respected and admired as Chronicon of Eusebius, he died in the 3d year
legislators, and imitated for their constancy, of the 68th Olympiad, aged, according to the
friendship, and humanity. The authors that most correct accounts, about 80 years. Af
lived in, and after the age of Alexander, have ter his death his disciples paid a superstitious
rather tarnished than brightened the glory regard to his memory. They erected statues
of the founder of the Pythagorean school, and in honour of him, converted his house in Cro
they have obscured his fame by attributing tona into a temple of Ceres, and appealed to
to him actions which were dissonant with him as a divinity, swearing by his name.]
his character as a man and a moralist. To Succeeding ages likewise acknowledged his
give more weight to his exhortations, as some merits; and when the Romans, A.U. C. 411,
writers mention, Pythagoras retired into a sub were commanded by the oracle of Delphi, to
terraneous cave, where his mother sent him in erect a statue to the bravest and wisest ct
702
- PY PY
the Greeks, the distinguished honour was not a portion of the entire work. Eratos.
conferred on Alcibiades and Pythagoras. Py thenes grounded his system in a great degree
thagoras had a daughter called Damo. There on the observations made by Pytheas.] Sirab.
is now extant a poetical composition ascrib 2, &c.—Plin. 37. An Athenian rhetori
ed to the philosopher, and called the golden cian, in the age of Demosthenes, who distin
terses of Pythagoras, which contain the guished himself by his intrigues, rapacity, and
greatest part of his doctrines and moral pre his opposition to the measures of Demos
cepts: but many support that it is a supposi thenes, of whom he observed, that his ora
titious composition. [Perhaps they are to tions smelt of the lamp. Pytheas joined An
be ascribed to Epicharmus or Empedocles. tipater after the death of Alexander the
They may be considered as containing a brief Great. His orations were devoid of elegance,
sumnuary of his popular doctrines.] Pytha harsh, unconnected, and diffuse, and from this
goras distinguished himself also by his dis circumstance he has not been ranked among
coveries in geometry, astronomy, and mathe the orators of Athens. JElian. V. H. 7, c.
matics, and it is to him that the world is in 7. --Plut. in Dem. & Polit.pr.
debted for the demonstration of the 47th pro Pytheus, a Lydian, famous for his riches
position of the first book of Euclid's ele in the age of Xerxes. He kindly entertain
ments, about the square of the hypothenuse. ed the monarch and all his army, when he was
It is said, that he was so elated after making marching on his expedition against Greece,
the discovery, that he made an offering of and offered him to defray the expenses of the
a hecatomb to the gods; but the sacrifice whole war. Xerxes thanked him with much
was undoubtedly of small oxen, made with gratitude, and promised to give him what
wax, as the philosopher was ever an ene ever he should require. Pytheus asked him
my to shedding the blood of all animals. to dismiss his son from the expedition: upon
His system of the universe, in which he plac which the monarch ordered the young man to
ed the sun in the centre, and all the planets be cut in two, and one half of the body to be
moving inelliptical orbits round it, was deem placed on the right hand of the way, and the
ed ehimerical and improbable, till the deep other on the leſt, that his army might march
inquiries and the philosophy of the 16th cen hetween them. Plut.de mul. virt.—Herodot.
tury proved it, by the most accurate cal Pythia, the priestess of Apollo at Del
culations, to be true and incontestible. [He phi. She delivered the answer of the god to
appears to have learned this system in Egypt.] such as came to consult the oracle, and was
Diogenes, Porphyry, lamblicus, and others supposed to be suddenly inspired by the sul
have written an account of his life, but with phureous vapours which issued from the hole
more erudition, perhaps, than veracity. Cie of a subterraneous cavity within the temple,
de JNat. D. 1, c. 5. Tusc. 4, c. 1.- Diog. &c. over which she sat on a three-legged stool,
8.—Hygin. fab. 112.--Ovid. Met. 15, v. 60, called a tripod. In the stool was a small
&c.—Plato.—Plin. 34, c. 6.—Gell. 9.-lam aperture, through which the vapour was ex
blic.—Porphyr.—Plut. A soothsayer at haled by the priestess, and, at this divine
Babylon, who foretold the death of Alexan inspiration, her eyes suddenly sparkled, her
der, and of Hephæstion, by consulting the hair stood on end, and a shivering ran over
entrails of victims. all her body. In this convulsive state she
PYTHEAs, a native of Massilia, famous for spoke the oracles of the god, often with loud
his knowledge of astronomy, mathematics, howlings and cries, and her articulations were
philosophy, and geography. He also distin taken down by the priest, and set in order.
guished himself by his travels, and, with a Sometimes the spirit of inspiration was more
mind that wished to seek information in every gentle, and not always violent; yet Plutarch
corner of the earth, he advanced far into the mentions one of the priestesses who was
northern seas, and discovered the island thrown into such an excessive fury, that not
of Thule, and entered that sea which only those that consulted the oracle, but also
is now called the Baltic. His discoveries the priests that conducted her to the sacred
in astronomy and geography were ingeni tripod, and attended her during the inspira
ous ; indeed, modern navigators have found tion, were terrified and forsook the temple ;
it expedient to justify and accede to his con and so violent was the fit, that she continu
clusions. He was the first who established ed for some days in the most agonizing situa
a distinction of climate by the length of days tion, and at last died. The Pythia, before she
and nights. He wrote different treatises in placed herself on the tripod, used to wash
Greek, which have been lost, though some of her whole body, and particularly her hair, in
them were extant in the beginning of the fifth the waters of the fountain Castalis, at the foot
century. Pytheas lived, according to some, of Mount Parnassus. She also shook a lau
in the age of Aristotle. [All that remains rel tree that grew near the place, and some
of the writings of Pytheas consists of some, times ate the leaves with which she crown
detached fragments in Strabo, Pliny, and a ed herself. The priestess was originally a
few other writers. Marcianus, the scholiast virgin, but the institution was changed when
on Apollonius Rhodius, and Geminus Rho Echechrates, a Thessalian, had offered vio
dius, quote merely the titles of his works. lence to one of them, and none but women
According to the two first, he wrote a Peri who were above the age of fifty were per
plus and Periodus of the earth, and, according mitted to enter upon that sacred office. They
to the last; a book on the Ocean, if this be always appeared drº in the garments of
i tº
 Py PY

virgins to intimate their purity and modesty, tion for the fight; sareºga, the first atte
and they were solemnly bound to observe the x arazºxswau oz. taking breath and collertº:
strictest laws of temperance and chastity, courage; ta wºol xz Jakºrvasi, the initiº
that neither phantastical dresses nor lascivi sarcasms of the god orer his ranquished tº
ous behaviour might briug the office, the re my; ovgºyyar, in imitation of the hisses of +
ligion, or the sanctity of the place into con serpent ; just as he expired under the blºw
tempt. There was originally but one Pythia, of Apollo. A dance was also introduced: an
besides subordinate priests, and afterwards in the 8th Olympiad, the Amphictyons, whº
two were chosen, and sometimes more. The presided over the games, increased the tur
most celebrated of all these is Phemonoe, ber of musical instruments by the additics:
who is supposed by some to have been the a flute, but, as it was more peculiarly used:
first who gave oracles at Delphi. The ora funeral songs and lamentations, it was sea
cles were always delivered in hexameter rejected as unfit for merriment, and the ſes--
verses, a custom which was some time after vals which represented the triumph of Ape
discontinued. The Pythia was consulted only lo over the conquered serpent. The Remins
one month in the year, about the spring. It according to some, introduced them into ther |
was always required that those who consult city, and called them Apollinares ludi. Pau.
ed the oracle should make large presents to 10, c. 13 and 37.-Strab. 9.-Orid. Met. 1,
Apollo, and from thence arose the opulence, v. 447.-Plin. 7.-Lir. 25.
splendour, and the magnificence of that cele Pythias, a Pythagorean philosopher, is
brated temple of Delphi. Sacrifices also timate with Damon. (rid. Phinthas.)—A
were offered to the divinity, and if the omens road which led from Thessaly to Tempe.
proved unfavourable, the priestess refused to JElian.
give an answer. There were generally five Pythius, a Syracusan, who defrauded Cº
priests who assisted at the offering of the sa nius, a Roman knight, to whom he had sold
crifices, and there was also another who at his gardens, &c. Cic. de Off. 3, c. 14.—A
tended the Pythia, and assisted her in receiv surname of Apollo, which he had received
ing the oracle. (vid. Delphi, Oraculum.] for his having conquered the serpent Python.
Paus. 10, c. 5.-Diod. 16.-Strab. 6 and 9. or because he was worshipped at Delphi;
—Justin. 24, c. 5.—Plut. de orat. def-Eu called also Pytho. Macrob. 1, sat. 17.—Prº
rip. in Ion.—Chrysost.—Games celebrated pert. 2, el. 23, v. 16.
in honour of Apollo near the temple of Del Pytho, the ancient name of the town of
phi. They were first instituted, according Delphi, which it received ar: rºw rvész Szu,
to the more received opinion, by Apollo him because the serpent which Apollo killed rat
self, in commemoration of the victory which ted there. It was also called Parnassia Nape
he had obtained over the serpent Python, (vid. Delphi.)
from which they received their name; though Pythocles, an Athenian descended frota
others maintain that they were first esta Aratus. Pt is said, that on his account, and
blished by Agamemnon, or Diomedes, or by for his instruction, Plutarch wrote the life of
Amphictyon, or lastly, by the council of the Aratus.
Amphictyons, B. C. 1263. They were ori Python, a native of Byzantium, in the age
ginally celebrated once in nine years, but aſ of Philip of Macedonia. He was a great fa
terwards every fifth year, on the second year vourite of the monarch, who sent him tº
of every Olympiad, according to the number Thebes, when that city, at the instigation of
of the Parnassian nymphs who congratulated Demosthenes, was going to take arms against I
Apollo after his victory. The gods them Philip. Plut. in Dem.—Diod. A cele
selves were originally among the combatants, brated serpent, sprung from the mud and
and, according to some authors, the first prizes stagnated waters which remained on the sur
were won by Pollux, in boxing; Castor, in face of the earth atter the deluge of Deuca
horse-racing : Hercules, in the pancratium; lion. Some, however, suppose that it was
Zethus, in fighting with the armour; Calais, produced from the earth by Juno, and sºrt
in running; Telamon, in wrestling ; and Pe by the goddess to persecute Latona, who was
leus, in throwing the quoit. These illustri then pregnant by Jupiter. Latona escapel
ous conquerors were rewarded by Apollo his fury by means of her lover, who changed
himself, who was present, with crowns and her into a quail during the remaining mouths
laurel. Some, however, observe that it was of her pregnancy, and afterwards restored
nothing but a musical contention, in which her to her original shape in the island of De
he who sung best the praises of Apollo ob. los, where she gave birth to Apollo and Dº
tained the prize, which was presents of gold ana. Apollo, as soon as he was born, at
and silver, which was afterwards exchang tacked the monster and killed him with his
ed for a garland of the palm tree, or of beech arrows, and in commemoration of the victory
leaves. It is said that Hesiod was refused which he had obtained, he instituted the ce
admission to these games, because he was lebrated Pythian games. [Strabo says, that
not able to play upon the harp, which was Python was no other than a famous villain,
required of all such as entered the lists. The whom Apollo destroyed. Dickinson, in his
songs which were sung were called rvSixo. “Delphi Phoenicizantes,” maintains the Py
vowel, the Pythian modes, divided into five thon of the Greeks to be the Typhon of the
parts, which contained a fight and victory Phoenicians; and the Typhon of the Phoeni
of Apollo over Prº# avakpagur, the prepa
t
cians to be the Og of Scripture, while he
-- QU QU
will have Apollo, who slew it, to have been PxThonissa, a name given to the priest
*oshua. In truth, however, the slaying of ess of Apollo's temple at Delphi. She is
Python by Apollo seems to be symbolical of more generally called Pythia. (vid. Pythia.)
>ne system of religion, probably that of the The word Pythanissa was commonly applied
Gun, supplanting another and more ancient | to women who attempted to explain futuri
ºne. J Strab. 3.-Paus. 2, c. 7, 1, 10, c. 6.— | ty.
! ſugºrº--Ovid. Met. 1, v. 438, &c.—Lucan. Pytna, a part of Mount Ida.
3, v. 134.

QU QU
QUADI, an ancient nation of Germany. When the Romans were masters of all Italy,
near the country of the Marcomanni, on the four more were created, A.U. C. 498, to at
borders of the Danube, in modern Moravia. tend the pro-consuls and pro-praetors in their
They rendered themselves celebrated by provinces, and to collect all the taxes and
their opposition to the Romans, by whom customs which each particular district owed
they were often defeated, though not totally to the republic. They were called Provin
subdued. . [The original seat of the Quadi ciades. Sylla the dictator created 20 quaes
seems to have been on the eastern banks of tors, and J. Caesar 40, to fill up the vacant
the Danube towards the Theis, as far as the seats in the senate; from whence it is evident
settlements of the Getae. The incursions of that the quaestors ranked as senators in the
the Jazyges and the Getae compelled them to senate. The quaestors were always appointed
migrate to the west.] Tacit. in Germ.42 and by the senate at Rome, and if any person was
43. .4 n. 2, c. 63. appointed to the quaetorship without their
QUADRATUs, a surname given to Mer permission he was only called Proquaestor.
cury, because some of his statues were The quaestores urbani were apparently of
square. The number 4, according to Plu more consequence than the rest, the treasury
tarch, was sacred to Mercury, because he was intrusted to their care, they kept an ac
was born on the 4th day of the month. Plut. count of all receipts and disbursements, and
in Sympos. 9. the Roman eagles or ensigns were always in
QuArt IFRons, or QuADRICEPs, a sur their possession when the armies were noton
name of Janus, because he was represented an expedition. They required every general
with four heads. He had a temple on the before he triumphed to tell them, upon his
Tarpeian rock, raised by L. Catulus. oath, that he had given a just account of the
QUAEstóREs, two officers at Rome, first number of the slain on both sides, and that
created A. U. C. 269. [There are two opi he had been saluted imperator by the soldiers,
mions respecting the origin of the Quaestorian a title which every commander generally re
office. According to the first, the institution ceived from his army after he had obtaineda
of Quaestors seems to have been nearly as victory, and which was afterwards confirmed
ancient as the city itself. They were first and approved by the senate. The city quaes
appointed by the kings, according to Tacitus, tors had also the care of the ambassadors,
and then by the consuls to the year 307, they lodged and received them. [They took
when they began to be elected by the people care also of the funerals of those who were
at the Comitia Tributa. Others say that two buried at the public expense. Augustus
quaestors were chosen by the people from took from them the charge of the treasury,
among the patricians, soon after the expul and gave it to the praetors, or to those who
sion of the Tarquins, to take care of the had been praetors, but Claudius restored it to
treasury, according to a law passed by Wa the quaestors. Afterwards praefects of the
lerius Poplicola.] They received their name, treasury seem to have been appointed. Au
a quarrendo, because they collected the re gustus, as a compensation for depriving them
venues of the state, and had the total ma of the care of the treasury, allowed the
nagement of the public treasury. The quaestors the charge of the public records,
quastorship was the first office which could which the aediles had formerly exercised.
be had in the state. It was requisite that He introduced also a kind of quaestors, called
the candidates should be 24 or 25 years of Quastores Candidati, who used to carry the
age, or, according to some, 27. [The authority messages of the emperor to the senate, and
of Dio Cassius favours 25 years of age as the who were called Candidati, because they
time for first enjoying this office, and that of Po sued for higher preferment, which by the in
lybius, 27 years. In Cicero's time, however, terest of the emperor they were sure to ob
it appears to have been 31.] In the year tain. Constantine instituted a new kind of
332 U. C. two more were added to the questors, called Quastores Palatii, who were
others, to attend the consuls, to take care of much the same with what we call Chancel
the pay of the armies abroad, and sell the lors.] The tent of the quaestor in the camp
plunder and booty which had been acquired was called quastorium. It stood near that
by conquest. These were called Peregrini, of the general. Varro de L. L. 4.—Liv. 4,
º whilst the others, whose employment was in c. 43.-Duo. 43.
the city, received the name of Urbani, Quzhauerui.isus, anamegiventoſ.ſount
705
AU
 &U QU - -

cºm, at Rome, from the oaks which grewllric at Rome, and was the first who obtn=
there. Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 65. - a salary from the state as being a 7->
quieris FANum, a temple without the teacher. After he had remained twº
walls of the city of Rome. Quies was the years in this laborious employment and •
goddess of rest. Her temple was situate tained the merited applause of the most tºº
near the Colline gate. Liv. 4, c. 4.—-dugust. trious Romans, not only as a preceptºr, b.
de Civ. D. 4, c. 16. as a pleader at the bar, Quintilian, tº e
Quincti A PRAt A. vid. Quintia. -
permission of the emperor Domitian, retrº
Quinctius T, a Roman consul who gained to enjoy the fruits of his labours and it fºr
some victories over the AEqui and the Volsci, In his retirement he assiduously dedicate.
and obtained a triumph for subduing Pre his time to the study of literature, add wrº
neste.—A Roman celebrated for his fru a treatise on the causes of the corrupt.-- =
gality. [vid. Cincinnatus.]—Hirpiuus vid. eloquence. [vud. Tacitus, where some re
Hirpinus. -
marks will be offered in favour of the orizº:
Quindecimviri, an order of priests whom which ascribes this treatise to Tacitus, as:
Tarquin the Proud appointed to take care ºf not to Quintilian.] Some time after, sº tº |
the Sibylline books. They were originally pressing solicitations of his friends, he wre:-
two, but afterwards the number was increas his institutiones oratoriar, the most perfeº an
ed to ten, to whom Sylla added five more, complete system of oratory extant. It is
whence their name. [vid. Decemviri and divided into 12 books, in which the autz
Duumviri..] explains from observations, as well as re
Quinau at RIA, a festival in honour of Mi experience, what can constitute a good ---
nerva at Rome, which continued during five perfect orator, and in this he not only re
days. The beginning of the celebration was tions the pursuits and the employments c the
the 18th of March. The first day sacrifices rhetorician, but he also speaks of his edits
and oblations were presented, but, however, tion, and begins with the attention which
without the effusion of blood. On the second. ought to be shown him even in the crº-e
third, and fourth days, shows of gladiators [In this work Quintilian states the results ri
were exhibited, and on the fifth day there long experience and deep reflection. He give:
was a solemn procession through the streets signal proofs in it of an excellent judgment.
of the city. On the days of the celebration, of a refined critical spirit, of a pure taste,
scholars obtained holidays, and it was usual and of extensive and varied reading. The
for them to offer prayers to Minerva for work is preferable to all that we have frc=
learning and wisdom, which the goddess pa |Cicero respecting the theory of eloquence
tronized; and on their return to school, they |Quintilian has profited by the preeepts of the
presented their master with a gift which has great master, but he does not stop where the
received the name of Minerval. They were |other stops: he adds to his labours the cº
much the same as the Panathenaea of the servations which a long course of practiºn
Greeks. Plays were also acted, and disputa experience had suggested. He has forme
tions were held on subjects of literature. his style upon that of Cicero, and he write
They received their name from the five days with an elegance which would entitle hm.
which were devoted for their celebration. to a rank by the side of the purest models &
QUIN aurNNALEs LUD1, games celebrated the Augustan age, if certain obscure expre
by the Chians in honour of Homer every sions, and some specimens of affected phra
fifth year. There were also some games |seology did not betray the writer of a late
anong the Romans which bore this name. age. His tenth book, where he speaks of the
They are the same as the Actian games. Greek and Roman authors of the higher
vid. Actia. class, is one of the most instructive, and ci
QUINTIA PRATA, a place on the borders great importance in relation to the history of
of the Tiber near Rome, which had been ancient literature.] He was appointed pre
cultivated by the great Cincinnatus. Liv. 3, ceptor to the two young princes whom De
C, 26. mitian destined for his successors on the
Quint111ANUs, Marcus Fabius, a celebrat throne, but the pleasure which the rhetoriein
ed rhetorician, born about the year 42 of received from the favours and the attentº
the Christian era, in the reign of the empe of the emperor, and from the success whº
ror Claudius. [He is supposed to have been his writings met in the world,was embittered
descended from a family originally Spanish, by the loss of his wife and of his two some
but that his father or grandfather had settled It is said that Quintilian was poor in his re
at Rome. The place of his birth is not tirement, and that his indigence was relieved
clearly ascertained, but it seems certain that by the liberality of his pupil, Piny the
he was educated at the capital, where he younger. He died A. D. 95. His instituters
studied rhetoric under Domitius Aſer, a ce were discovered in the 1415th year of tes
lebrated orator. The opinion of some that |Christian era, in an old tower of a monaster
he was born at Calaguris in Spain, is entitled at St. Gal, by Pog:io Bracciolini, a native a
to little if any credit. Some have styled Florence. [A second manuscript was disco.
him Quinctilianus, and this orthography was vered by Arretinus in Italy, but in a verſ
first adopted by Gibson. All the manuscripts, defective state.] The best editions of Quis
however, and the best editions give the form tilian are those of Gesner, 4to. Gotting. 1738
Quintilianus.] He :* a school of rheto of L. Bat, 8vo, cum notis variorum, 1585; a
 – QU Qū
, a.º. nº
nº...bson, 4to, Oxon. 1693; that of Rollin, re historian, we cannot deny his claim to being
ºf ºl.blished in 8vo, London, 1792; [and that of considered an amusing and interesting writer.
slatºr alding, Lips. 1798-1816, 4 vols. 8vo.] His diction is pure and elegant. Some of
ºn. Quintilius, M. Aurelius Claudius, a his harangues are master-pieces of their
... ºther of Claudius who proclaimed himself kind. He is rich in beautiful descriptions.
, , ... peror, and 17 days after destroyed himself His style is too ornamented, and sometimes
! the ºzº opening his veins in a bath, when he declamatory: oftener, however, he happily
irgi's ºr ard that Aurelian was marching against imitates his model Livy.) Freinshemius has
m, about the 270th year of the Christian written a supplement to Curtius, in which
3.
.e :::::: -
he seems to have made some very satisfacto
-

tº re. QUINtus Curtius Rufus, a Latin histo ry amends for the loss which the history has
n, who flourished, as some suppose, either suffered, by a learned collection of facts and *

ring the reign of Claudius, A. D. 54, or circumstances from all the different authors
der that of Vespasian, A. D. 69. [No am who have employed their pen in writing an
* * *nt writer makes mention of him ; the first account of Alexander and of his Asiatic
* *ho speak of him are John of Salisbury and conquests. Some suppose that the historian
* erre de Blois, who lived in the 12th centu is the same with that Curtius Rufus who
* . Curtius himself furnishes no informa lived in the age of Claudius, under whom he
:** in respecting his own condition and origin, was made consul. This Rufus was born of an
*: we except oue passage in which he speaks obscure family, and he attended a Roman
*"an event which happened in his times. quaestor in Africa, when he was met at Adru
tº e mentions this event, however, in such metum by a woman above the human shape,
'**'scure terms, that the commentators are all as he was walking under the porticoes in the
***, variance respecting the period when he middle of the day. This extraordinary cha
***urished. Some even carry him back to racter addressed the indigent Roman, and
rº- ie age of Augustus, while others place him told him that the day would come in which
tº low down as Constantine the Great, and he should govern Africa with consular power.
ren the first Theodosius.] He has rendered This strange prophecy animated Rufus; he
e' imself known by the history of the reign of repaired to Rome, where he gained the fa
iſ lexander the Great. This history was vours of the emperor, obtained consular
ºr ivided into 10 books, of which the two first, honours, and at last retired as pro-consul to
he end of the fifth, and the beginning of the Africa, where he died. The best editions of
ixth are lost. [This work is rather to be Curtius are those of Elzevir, 8vo. Amst. 1673:
ermed a romance than an historical compo of Snakenburgh, 4to. L. Bat. 1724; and of
ition. It is the production of a rhetorician Barbou, 12mo, Paris, 1757, [The edition of
who sacrifices truth to the desire of brillian Snakenburgh is decidedly the best.] Tacit.
y of expression, and to a love of the marvel Ann. 11, c. 23, &c.
ous. The harangues which he puts into QuiriNALIA, festivals in honour of Romu
he mouths of his heroes are mere scholastic lus surnamed Quirinus, celebrated on the
leclamations, without any regard to the 13th of the calends of March.
sharacters of those who are to utter them. QuiriNAlis, a hill at Rome, originally
As a critical historian, Quintus Curtius is called Agonius, and aſterwards Collinus.
tery far below mediocrity. He is only su The name of Quirinalis it obtained from the
erficially acquainted with the good histori inhabitants of Cures, who settled there under
as of Alexander, and appears to have given their king Tatius. It was also called Caba
le preference to those Greek writers who linus, from two marble statues of horses, one
ad distorted by fable the true history of the of which was the work of Phidias, and the
acedonian monarch, such as Clitarchus other of Praxiteles. Liv. 1, c. 44.—Ovid.
d Hegesippus. His compilation is made Fast. 375. Met. 14, v. 845.-One of the
thout any judgment; he gives himself no gates of Rome near Mount Quirinalis.
buble to reconcile the contradictions which QUIRINUs, a surname of Romulus when
ist among the authors whom he follows, nor he had been made a god by his superstitious
es he at all concern himself about testing subjects. [The name is derived either from
e truth of their marratives. It would seem Quiris, a Sabine term for a spear, or from
ºreover that his knowledge of Greek was Cures, a Sabine city.] Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 475.
ry slight. So ignorant is he of the milita —Sulpitius, a Roman consul born at La
art, that it is difficult to understand his ac nuvium. Though descended of an obscure
ints of battles and sieges; and oftentimes family, he was raised to the greatest honours
s but too apparent that he does not under by Augustus. He was appointed governor
ad himself what he copies mechanically of Syria, and was afterwards made preceptor
n others. In geography and astronomy to Caius, the grandson of the emperor. He
gnorance is equally great. He confounds married Emilia Lepida, the grand-daughter
ant Taurus with Caucasus, and makes the of Sylla and Pompey, but some time after
pian and Hyrcanian Seas two different he shamefully repudiated her. He died A.
ts of water. He observes no chronologi D. 22. Tacit. Ann. 3, &c.
ºrders and does not mention either the Qurkites, a name given to the Roman ci
or the seasons in which the events of tizens either because they admitted into their
* he treats took place. If, however, city the Sabines, who inhabited the town of
tus Curtius be refused the mame of an Cures, and who on that account were called
70
 RA RE

Quirites, [or
a spear.]
from Quiris, a Sabine term for Even some of the emperors appeased a *-
After this union, the two nations tion by calling their rebellious soldiers by *
were indiscriminately and promiscuously degrading appellation of Quirites. Iſa º
called by that name. It is, however, to be way Caesar quelled a mutiny of the lºs - |
observed that the word was confined to Rome, gion.] Sueton. Crs. 70.--Lampred. 53
and not used in the armies, as we find some Lucan. 5, v. 558.-Horat. 4, od. 14.
of the generals applying it only tº such ºf Varro de L. L. 4.—Lir. 1, c. 13–0-
Fast. 2, v. 479.
their soldiers as they dismissed or disgraced.

RA RE

RABIRIUS, C. a Roman knight who lent to others, of Sabines. [In the time of Strate
an immense sum of money to Ptolemy Au it was situate in the midst of a Inarsh, arºl at
letes, king of Egypt. The monarch after: tached to the continent, but in process of u=
wards not only refused to repay him, but the Po accumulated mud and sand, so the
even confined him, and endangered his life. the land was raised and the sea removed tº *
Rabirius escaped from Egypt with difficulty, greater distance. Honorius made thers tº
but at his return to Rome, he was accused by the place of his residence both before and a
the senate of having lent money to an Afri ter Alaric had captured and burnt Raº
can prince, for unlawful purposes. He was When Odoacer made a conquest of Italy ºr
ably defended by Cicero, and escaped with resided at Ravenna, and sustained here -
difficulty. Cic. pro Rab.—A Latin poet in siege of three years, at the terminatiºs &
the age of Augustus, who wrote, besides sa which he was taken and slain by Theodºrº |
tires and epigrams, a poem on the victory This latter monarch fixed the seat of his er
which the emperor had gained over Antony pire here, and greatly adorned and embellet
at Actium.—[Another, accused and con ed the place. Here also resided the exiſts
demned before the Decemviri for having slain or governor appointed by the emperor of the
in a sedition, 36 years before, A Saturninus. east when Italy was in possession of the Lom
He appealed to the people, and was defended bards.] It is now fallen from its forms
by Cicero, but escaped only by Metellus grandeur, and is a wretched town, situate
taking down the standard from the Janicu at the distance of about three miles from the
lum, and thus dissolving the assembly.] sea, and surrounded with swamps and marsh
RAMNEs, or RHAMNENSEs, one of the es. [In the time of the Romans it was seat
three centuries instituted by Romulus. Af. ed on a kind of bay. The mud thrown uſ
ter the Roman people had been divided into by the tide has formed a tract of land, whic
three tribes, the monarch elected out of each is cultivated, and on which the city itself has
100 young men of the best and noblest fami been enlarged towards the sea. The air s
lies, with which he formed three companies insalubrious, but has been somewhat amend
of horse. One of them was called Rhamnen ed by conveying along the sides of the city
ses or Ramnes, either from the tribe of which
the rivers Mentone and Ronco, which carry
it was chosen, or from Romulus. Another off the foetid water from the marshy grounds.]
was called Tatienses or Titienses, from Ti Strab. 5.-Suet. in Aug. 9.-Plin. 36, c. 1:
tus Tatius, and the third Luceres, (either —Mela, 2, c. 4.—Martial. 3, ep. 93, v. S. &.
from Lucumo, an Etrurian, or from lucus, the RAURáci, a people of Gaul, whose this:
grove which Romulus made an asylum. The town is now August on the Rhine. Ces. G
Rhammenses consisted of Romans, and inha l, c. 5.
bited the Palatine hill, the Tatienses of Sa REATE, a pleasant town [in the country a
bines, and dwelt on the Capitoline tº ; the the Sabines, on the river Velinus, a branch c.
Luceres were composed of all the foreigners the Nar. It was built, as some suppose, be
who came successively to Rome, after the fore the Trojan war. Cybele was the chie.
union with the Sabines. This arrangement, deity of the place. It was famous for its
however, was subsequently altered. vid. asses. Strab. 5-Dionys. Hal. 1.-Parra de
Equites. Varro de L. L. 4, c. 9.—Liv. 1, c. R. R. 1.-Lir. 25, c. 7, 1. 26, c. 11, I. 28, :
13.−Horat. de Art, poet. 340.—Plut. in Rom. 45.—Cic. Cat. JY. D. 2, c. 2.
RAvenna, a town of Italy on the Adriatic, REDICULUs, a deity whose name is dent
which became celebrated under the Roman ed from the word redire, (to return.) The
emperors, and first under Augustus, for its ca Romans raised a temple to the imagicar |
pacious though artificial harbour, which could deity on the spot where Annibal had retired
contain 250 ships, and for being for some time when he approached Rome, as if to besiege
the seat of the western empire. It was diffi it. Festus. de V. sig.
|

cult of access by land, as it stood on a small REDONES, a nation among the Amoria,
peninsula; and so ill supplied with water, now the people of Rennes and St. Matatz,
that it sold at a higher price than wine, ac in Britanny. Coes. B. G. 2, c. 41.
cording to Martial. The emperors kept one REGILLE, or REGILLUM, a town in the
of their fleets there, and the other at Mise country of the Sabines in Italy, about 20 miles
num, on the other side of Italy. It was found from Rome, celebrated for a battle which
ed by a colony of Tºlim,
703
or, according was fought there, A.U. C. 258, between
 RE RH

24,000 Romans, and 40,000 Etrurians, who 1, c. 13–Pal. Maa. 1, c. 1, 1.9, c. 2.-Liv.
were headed by the Tarquins. The Ro ep. 16. Memmius, a Roman made gover
mans obtained the victory, and scarce 10,000 nor of Greece by Caligula. While Regulus
of the enemy escaped from the field of bat was in his province, the emperor wished
tle. Castor and Pollux, according to some to bring the celebrated statue of Jupiter
accounts, were seem motinted on white horses. Olympus, by Phidias, to Rome; but this
and fighting at the head of the Roman army. was supernaturally prevented, and, accord
Liv. 2, c. 16.-Dionys. Hal. 5.—Plut. in ing to ancient authors, the ship which was
Cor.—Wal Mar. 1.-Fior. 1.-Suet. Tib. 1. to convey it was destroyed by lightning,
REGILLIANUs. Q. NoN1Us, a Dacian who |and the workmen who attempted to remove
entered the Roman armies, and was raised the statue, were terrified away by sudden
to the greatest honours under Valerian. He noises. Dio. Cass.-A man who condemn
was elected emperor by the populace, who ed Sejanus. Roscius, a man who held the
were dissatisfied with Gallienus, and was soon consulship but ſor one day, in the reign of
after murdered by his soldiers, A. D. 262. Vitellius.
REGILLUs, a small lake of Latium, whose REM1, a nation of Gaul, whose principal
waters fall into the Anio, at the east of Rome. town, Duricortorium, is now Rheims. Plin.
The dictator Posthumius defeated the Latin 5, c. 17.-Caes. B. G. 2, c. 5.
army near it. Liv. 2, c. 19. REMMIA LEx de judiciis, was enacted to
REGIUM LEPIDUM, a town of Modena, punish all calumniators. The letter K was
now Regio, at the south of the Po. Plin. marked on their forehead. This law was
3, c. 15.-Cic. 12, fam. 5, 1. 13, ep. 7. abolished by Constantine the Great. Cie.pro
M. Attilius REGULUs, a consul during Roº.
the first Pumic war. He reduced Brundust REMULUs Sylvius, a king of Alba, des
um, and in his second consulship he took 64 troyed by lightning on account of his impie
and sunk 30 gallies of the Carthaginian fleet, ty. Ovid. Trust. 4, v. 50.
on the coast of Sicily. Afterwards he landed REMURIA, festivals established at Rome by
in Africa, and so rapid was his success, that Romulus, to appease the manes of his bro
in a short time he defeated three generals, ther Remus. They were afterwards called
and made himself master of about 200 places Lemuria, and celebrated yearly.
of consequence on the coast. The Cartha REMUs, the brother of Romulus, was ex
ginians sued for peace, but the conqueror re posed together with him, by the cruelty of
fused to grant it, and soon after he was de his grandfather. In the contest which hap
feated in a battle by Xanthippus, and 30,000 pened between the two brothers about build
of his men were left on the field of battle, and ing a city, Romulus obtaised the preference,
15,000 taken prisoners. Regulus was in and Remus, for ridiculing the rising walls,
the number of the captives, and he was car was put to death by his brother's orders, or
ried in triumph to Carthage. He was after by Romulus himself. [vid. Romulus.] The
wards sent by the enemy to Rome, to pro Romans were afflicted with a plague after
pose an accommodation and an exchange this murder, upon which the oracle was con
of prisoners; and if his commission was un sulted, and the manes of Remus appeased by
successful he was bound by the most solemn the institution of the Remuria. Ovid.-
oaths to return to Carthage without delay. One of the auxiliaries of Turnus against Æne
When he came to Rome, Regulus dissuaded as. Purg. JEn.9, v. 330.
his countrymen from accepting the terms REs ENA, [or Theodosiopolis, now Ras-vin,
which the enemy proposed, and when his or A in-verdah, a town of Mesopotamia on
opinion had had due influence on the senate, the banks of the Chaboras.] It was famous
Regulus retired to Carthage agreeable to his for the defeat of Sapor by Gordian.
engagements. The Carthaginians were told RHA, a large river, now the Volga, of Rus
that their offers of peace had been rejected sia. [The name Rha appears to be an ap
at Rome by the means of Regulus, and there pellative term, having affinity with Rhea or
fore they prepared to punish him with the Rºka, which, in the Sarmatian or Sclavonian
greatest severity. His eye-brows were cut, language, signifies “a river ;" and from the
and he was exposed for some days to the Russian denomination of Velika Reka, or
excessive heat of the meridian sun, and af • Great River,” appears to be formed the
terwards confined in a barrel, whose sides name of Volga. In the Byzantine and other
were every where filled with large iron writers of the middle ages, this stream is
spikes, till he died in the greatest agºnies. called Atel or Etel, a term, in many northern
His sufferings were heard at Rome, and the languages, signifying great or illustrious.
senate permitted his widow to inflict what The approximation of the Tanais to this
ever punishment she pleased on some of the river, before it changes its course to the
most illustrious captives of Carthage, who Palus Maeotis, is the occasion of the erro
were in their hands. She confined them also neous opinion of some authors, that it is on
in presses filled with sharp iron points, and ly an emanation of the Rha taking a different
was so exquisite in her cruelty, that the se route.]
Rate at last interfered, and stopped the bar. RHAcius, a Cretan prince, the first of that
harity of her punishments. Regulus died nation who entered Ionia with a colony. He
about 251 years before Christ. Sii. 6, v.319. seized Claros, of which he became the sove:
-Flor. 2, c. 3.-Horat. 2, od. 5.-Cic, de Off. reign. He marriºus, the daughter of
i vr
 RH RH -

Tiresias, who had been seized on his coasts. robbed by the artifice of the architect, w=
Paus. 7, c. 3. had left a stone in the wall easily movear
Rhacótis, an ancient name of Alexandria. so as to admit a plunderer. Herodot. --
the capital of Egypt. Strab.-Paus. 5, c. 21. 121, &c.
RhADAMANThus, a son of Jupiter and RhAMses, or RAMises, a powerful kiº:
Europa. He was born in Crete, which he of Egypt, who, with an army of 700ſº
abandoned about the 30th year of his age men, conquered Æthiopia, Libya. Persia, and
He passed into some of the Cyclades, where other eastern nations. In his reign, accord
he reigned with so much justice and imparti ing to Pliny, Troy was taken. Some autºn
ality, that the ancients have said he became consider him to be the same as Sesostris. Tº
one of the judges of hell, and that he was em cit. Ann. 2, c. 60.-Plin. 36, c. 8.
ployed in the infernal regions in obliging the RhARos, or RHARIUM, a plain of Attics.
dead to confess their crimes, and in punishing where corn was first sown by Triptolerº
them for their offences. Rhadamanthus It received its name from the sower's father,
who was called Rharos. Paus. 1, c. 14 and &
reigned not only over some of the Cyclades,
but over many of the Greek cities of Asia RhEA, a daughter of Coelus and Terra,
Paus.8, c. 53.-Ovid. Met. 9, v.435.-Diod who married Saturn, by whom she had Wei
5.—Plato.—Homer. Il. 4, v. 564.—Virg, JEn. ta, Ceres, Juno, Pluto, Neptune, &c. Her
6, v. 566. husband, however, devoured them all as soºn
RHADAM1stUs, a son of Pharmasmanes, king as born, as he had succeeded to the thrºne
of Iberia. He married Zenobia, the daugh with the solemn promise that he would raise
ter of his uncle Mithridates, king of Armenia, no male children, or, according to others, tº
and some time after put him to death. He cause he had been informed by an oracle, that
was put to death by his father for his cruelties, one of his sons would dethrone him. To stºp
about the year 52 of the Christian era. Tacit. the cruelty of her husband, Rhea consulted
.4nn. 13, c. 37. her parents, and was advised to impose upon
RHAET1, or RAET1, an ancient and warlike him, or perhaps, to fly into Crete. Accord
nation of Etruria. They were driven from inely, when she brought forth, the child was
their native country by the Gauls, and went immediately concealed, and Saturn devoured
to settle on the other side of the Alps. vid. up a 'stone which his wife had given him as
Rhaetia. Plin. 3, c. 10.-Justin. 20, c. 5. her own child. The fears of Saturn were soon
RhAºtiA, [a country of Europe, which oc proved to be well-founded. A year after, the
cupied a part of the Alps, and was situate to child, whose name was Jupiter, became so
the north of Italy and east of Helvetia. It is strong and powerful, that he drove his father
not easy to ascertain its limits to the north, from his throne. Rhea has been contounded
but we may say that it was bounded in that by the mythologists with some of the other
quarter by Windelicia, and in general that it goddesses, and many have supposed that she
corresponded to the country of the Grisons, was the same divinity that received adoration
and to the cantons of Uri, Glaris, &c. as far under the various names of Bona Dea, Cybe
as the Lake of Constance: it extended also le, Dindymene, Magna mater, Ceres, Vesta.
over the Tyrol. This country was called 1 itaca, and Terra, Tellus and Ops. [rid. Cy
western Illyricum, and was subjected to the bele, Ceres, Vesta, &c.) Rhea, after the ex
Romans by Drusus, in the reign of Augustus.
Soon afterwards Vindelicia was reduced by pulsion of her husband from bis throne, fel
Tiberius, so that the Roman possessions ex lowed him to Italy, where he established a
tended to the Danube. This double conquest kingdom. Her benevolence in this part of
formed a province called Rhaetia, compre Europe was so great, that the golden age of
hending Vindelicia, without obliterating al Saturn is often called the age of Rhea. Hesiod.
together the distinction. But in the multi Theog.—Orpheus, in Hymn.-Homer, is
plication that Dioclesian, and some other em .Eschyl. Prom.–Euripid. Bacc. & Elect
perors after him, made of the provinces. Grid. Fast. 4, v. 197.-Apollod. 1, c. 1, &c.
Rhaetia was divided into two, under the —Sylvia, the mother of Romulus and Re
names of Prima and Secunda : a circum mus. She is also called Ilia. vid. Ilia.
PHEDöNEs. vid. Redones.
stance which caused Rhaetia Proper and Vin
delicia to re-assume their primitive distinc. Rüegium, now Rheggio, a town of Italy,
of the Bruttii, opposite Mess
tions.] Pirg, G. 2, v. 96.—Strab. 4.—Plin. in the countrywhere
º 20, 1.14, c. 2, &c.—Horat. 4, Od. 4 and na in Sicily, a colony of Messenians
14. under Alcidamidas settled, B.C. 723. It was
RHAMNUs, a town of Attica, famous for a originally called Rhegium, and afterward
temple of Amphiaraus, and a statue of the Rhegium Julium, to distinguish it from Rhe
goddess Nemesis, who was from thence call gum Lepudi, a town of Cisalpine Gaul. Some
ed. Rhamnusia. [vid. Nemesis.) Paus. 1.- suppose that it received its name from the
Plin. 36. Greek word ºvu, to break, because it is si
Rhamnusia, a name of Nemesis. vid. tuate on the straits of Carybdis, which were
Rhamnus. formed when the island of Sicily was broken
RHAMrstnirus, an opulent king of Egypt and separated by an earthquake from the
who succeeded Proteus. He built a large continent of Italy. [After Rhegium had fal
tower with stones at Memphis, where his len under the power of the Romans, a legion
placed there in garrison, encouraged by the
riches were deposited, and of which he was example of the Mamertines, revolted A. l.
710
 RH RH

T. C. 472, and took possession of the city. After ration, and were supposed by the ancient
... they had held it for ten years, it was besieged Germans to have some peculiar virtue, as
and taken by the Romans, and those who es: they threw their children into it, either to
caped the destruction of the siege, to the num try the fidelity of the mothers or to brace
ber of about 300, were carried to Rome, and invigorate their limbs. If the child
- where they were scourged and beheaded.] swam on the surface, the mother was acquit
This town has always been subject to great led of suspicion, but if itsunk to the bottom,
earthquakes, by which it has often been its origin was deemed illegitimate. Ovid.
destroyed. The neighbourhood is remarka JMet 2, v. 258.-Strab. 4.—Mela, 2, c. 3, 1.
ble for its great fertility, and for its delightful
5, c. 2–Casar. de bell. G.4, c. 10.-Tacit.
views. Sil. 13, v. 94.—Cic. pro Arch. 3– Ann. 2, c. 6.-Virg. JEn. 8, v. 727-[A &
Ovid. Met. 14, v. 5 and 48.-Justin. 4, c. 1.- small river of Italy, rising in the Appenines
Mela, 2, c. 4.—Strab. 6. and falling into the most southern channel of
RhEMI. vid. Remi. the Po. In a little island formed by the
RhENE, a small island of the AEgean, about Rhenus about two miles from Bononia, Oc
200 yards from Delos, 18 miles in circumfer tavius, Antony, and Lepidus met and formed
ºnce; [vid. Delos.] The inhabitants of De the second Triumvirate. It is now the Reno.]
º los always buried their dead there, and their Sil. Ital. 8, v. 600,—Plin. 4, c. 16, l. 16, c.
women also retired there during their labour, 36.-Caes. B. G. &c.
as their own island was consecrated to Apol Rhesus, a king of Thrace, son of the Stry
* los where Latona had brought forth, and mon and Terpsichore, or, according to others,
where no dead bodies were to be inhumed. of Eioneus by Euterpe. After many warlike
Strabo says, that it was uninhabited, though exploits and conquests in Europe, he march
it was once as populous and flourishing as the ed to the assistance of Priam, king of Troy,
rest of the Cyclades. Polycrates conquered against the Greeks. He was expected with
it, and consecrated it to Apollo, after he had great impatience, as an ancient oracle had de
tied it to Delos by means of a long chain. clared that Troy should never be taken if
Rhenes was sometimes called the small De. the horses of Rhesus drank the waters of the
loº, and the island of Delos the great Delos. Xanthus, and fed upon the grass of the Tro
Thucyd. 3.-Strab. 10.—Mela, 2, c. 7. jam plains. This oracle was well known to
RH ENI, a people on the borders of the the Greeks, and therefore two of their best
Rhine. generals, Diomedes and Ulysses, were com
- RhENus, [a celebrated river of Europe, missioned by the rest to intercept the Thra
rising in the Lepontine Alps, a little to the cian prince. The Greeks entered his camp
east of Mount St. Gothard, in the county of in the night, slew him, and carried away his
Grisons. It passes through Lacus Briganti horses to their camp. Homer. Il. 10-Dictys.
nus, or the Lake of Constance, and afterwards Cret. 2.-Apollod. 1, c. 3.-Virg. JEn. 1, v.
through Lacus Acronius, or the Lake of Zell, 473.−Ovid. JMet. 13, v. 98.
and continues to run nearly west until it RhrANus, a Greek poet of Thrace, origi
reaches Basilia, or Basle. Here it takes a nally a slave. He wrote an account of the
northern direction, and becomes the boundary war between Sparta and Messenia, which
between Gallia and Germania, and afterwards continued for twenty years, as also an history
between the latter and Belgium. At Schenck, of the principal revolutions and events which
or Schenken Schans the Rhenus sends off its had taken place in Thessaly. Of this poeti
left-hand branch, the Vahalis or Waal, which cal composition, nothing but a few verses are
flows west and joins the Mosa or Meuse. extant. He flourished about 200 years be
After parting with that of the Vahalis, the fore the Christian era. Paus. 4, c. 6.
Rhenus flows on a few miles farther to the Rh1MotăcLes, a king of Thrace, who
north, and then divides into two streams, of revolted from Antony to Augustus. He
which the one to the right hand had the name boasted of his attachment to the emperor's
of Flevo, or Flevus, or Flevum, now the person at an entertainment, upon which Au
Yssal, and the other that of Helium, now the gustus said, proditionem amo, proditores vero
Leck. The latter joins the Meuse above odi.
Rotterdam The Yssal was originally uncon. Rh1NocolòRA, a town on the borders of
nected with the Rhine, but was joined to it Palestine and Egypt. [It derived its name,
by the canal of Drusus. Before it reached according to Strabo, from the circumstance
the sea it traversed a small lake called Flevo. of offenders being sent thither as to a place of
which, by the increase of waters it received exile, after having been first deprived of
through the Yssal from the Rhine, became in their noses, (;w, nasus, and noava,) a custom
time expanded, and forms now the Zuyder Zee. said to have been practised by one of the
vid. Flevo. The whole course of the Rhine £thiopian invaders of Egypt. , Diodorus
is 600 miles.] Virgil has called it bicornis, Siculus says that this town was destitute of
because it divides itself into two streams. all the conveniences of life, that its water was
The river Rhine was a long time a barrier bitter and noxious, and that it was surround
between the Romans and the Germans, and ed with salt marshes. It was in the vicinity
on that account its banks were covered with of this place that the Israelites were nou
strong castles. J. Caesar was the first Roman rished with quails.] Liv. 45, c. 11.
who crossed it to invade Germany. The Rhion a promontory of Achaia, opposite
waters of that river were held in great vene to Antirrhium in ** at the mouth of the
11
 RH RH

Corinthiangulf, called also the Dardanelles vant with Æsop, at the court of a kit: *.
of Lepanto. The strait between Naupactum Samos. She was carried to Egypt by Mrs.
and Patrae bore also the same name. The thus, and her liberty was at last bought
tomb of Hesiod was at the top of the pro Charaxes of Mitylene, the brother of Ss:-
montory. Liv. 27, c. 30, 1.38, c. 7.-Plin. 4, pho, who was enamoured of her, and *.
c. 2–Paws. 7, c. 22. married her. She sold her favours at War
cratis, where she collected so much mºose
Rhiphael, large mountains at the north of
Scythia, where, as some suppose, the Gor that, to render her name immortal, she crº
gons had fixed their residence. The name secrated a number of spits in the temple *
of Riphaean was applied to any cold moun Apollo at Delphi; or, according to other
tain in a northern country, and indeed these erected one of the pyramids of Egypt. EL:-
mountains seem to have existed only in the says, that as Rhodope was one day baths:
imagination of the poets, though some, make herself, an eagle carried away one of her sº
the Tanais rise there. [What are celebrated dals, and dropped it near Psammetichus, kis:
in antiquity by the name of Riphaei Montes of Egypt, at Memphis. The monarch was
do not exist near the sources of the Tanais as struck with the beauty of the sandal, strict
Ptolemy represents. If he marks a chain of inquiry was made to find the owner, as:
mountains more to the north, actual observa Rhodope, when discovered, married Psar
tion affords nothing corresponding: except it metichus. Herodot. 2, c. 134, &c.—Orº
be the chain which separates Russia from Si Heroid. 15.-JElian. W. H. c. 33. [Perez
beria.] Plin. 4, c. 12.—Lucan. 3, v. 272, 1. mus, in his notes on AElian, says that there
3, v. 282, l. 4, v. 418.-Virg. G. 1, v. 240, l. were two of this name; one a courtezan, who
4, v. 518. afterwards became the wife of Psammet
Rerum. vid. Rhion. chus; the other, the fellow-slave of Esop,
Rhoda, now Roses, a sea-port town of who lived in the time of Amasis; but Lar
Spain. Liv. 34, c. 8. cher satisfactorily shows that Perizonius is
RHopinus, [or Rhone, a large and rapid mistaken.]
river of Europe, rising among the Lepontine RHódópe, a high mountain of Thrace.
Alps, not more than two leagues south of the [forming in a great degree its western boun
sources of the Rhine. It passes through the dary.j Rhodope, according to the poets,
Lacus Lemanus, or Lake of Geneva, five was the wife of Haemus, king of Thrace, who
leagues below which it disappears between was changed into this mountain, because she
two rocks for a considerable way, rises again, preferred herself to Juno in beauty. Grid.
flows with great rapidity in a southern direc Met. 6, v.87, &c.—Pirg. Eel. 8, G.3. v. 351
tion, and discharges itself by three mouths —Mela, 2, c. 2.-Strab. 7.-Ital. 2, v. 73–
into the Sinus Gallicus, or Gulf of Lyons, in Senec. in Here. Oet.
the Mediterranean. The largest of these Rhopopfius, is used in the same signifi
mouths was, in the days of Pliny, called Mas. cation as Thracian, because Rhodope was a
silioticum, the other two were much less, and mountain of that country. Ovid -1.-1. 3, 7
had the cemmon name of Libyca, although 321.—Heroid. 2.- Pirg. G.4, c. 461.
each was also known by a distinct appella Rhodunia, the top of Mount CEta. Lir.
tion. Hispaniense Ostium denoted the west 36, c. 16.
ern or the one next to Hispania, and Meta. RHonus, a celebrated island in the Carpa
pinum, that in the middle. The course of thian Sea, at the south of Caria, from which
the Rhone is about 400 miles, during which it it is distant about 20 miles. [Pliny makes it
falls 5400 feet. In Strabo's time it was navi 125 miles in circuit, but Isidorus only 103.
gable some distance up ; but its mouths are According to Sonnini, it is much longer than it
now so full of rocks, brought down from the is broad, its greatest length, in a direction
mountains by its impetuous current, that no from N to S, being about 12 leagues, and its
ship can enter them. The upward naviga breadth 6; while its circumference is com
tion in smaller vessels, can only, on account monly estimated at 44 leagues. Its ferm is
of the rapid current, be performed by draught nearly triangular, whence it obtained the
or steam. This river is largest in summer, name of Trinacria. It was also knewn by the
and is at its greatest height soon after the several names of Ophiusa, Asteria, Ethrea,
longest day. This is most probably occa Cerymbia, Poessa, Atabyria, Marcia, Oloes
sioned by the heat of the sun melting part of sa, Stadia, Telchinis, Pelagia, and Rhodas.
the snow on the Alps during the summer The last has prevailed with a slight change
months. For some remarks on the origin of in latter ages, and the etymology has been
the name Rhodanus, vid. Eridanus.] Mela, sought in the Greek feder, signifying a rose,
2, c. 5, 1.3, c. 3.-Ovid. JMet. 2, v.258.-Sin with which flower the isle abounded. In car
3, v.477.-Marcell. 15, &c.—Cºsar. Bell, G. firmation of this etymology it has been alleg
1, c. 1.-Plin. 3, c. 4.—Strab. 4.—Lucan. 1, ed, that several Rhodian coins are still extant.
v. 433, l. 6, v. 475. exhibiting on the one side the sun, and on the
Rhonºgynk, a daughterof Phraates, king other a rose. Diodorus Siculus deduces the
of Parthia, who married Demetrius when name from Rhoda, the daughter of Apollo
he was in banishment at her father's court. and Venus. Others, however, have preferred
Polyten. 8. the etymology of Bochart, who, availing him
Rhönörr, or RHopóPrs, a celebrated self of one of its ancient names, Ophiusa ºr
courtezan of Greece, who was fellow-ser. Suake-Island, given to it on account of the
712
s RII RO

numerous serpents it contained when first inha earthen ware. [It lay north-west of Antio
bited, says that the Phoenicians also called it chia. When Pliny speaks of it as laying near
“Snake-Island,” which in their language was the Syrian pass, he must be understood as
Gesirat-Rhod. From this last word, which speaking of the southern pass, not the northern
signifies a snake, the Greeks, he thinks, form one on the confines of Syria.] Cic. 6, Att, 1.
ed the name Rhodos.] Its principal cities RhoxALĀN1, a people at the north of the
were Rhodes, founded about 408 years before Palus Maeotis. Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 79.2
the Christian era, Lindus, Camisus, Jalysus. RHoxãNA, or RoxANA, a mistress of Al
Rhodes was famous for the siege which it sup exander, daughter of a Persian satrap. viii.
ported against Demetrius, and for a celebrat Roxana.
ed statue of Apollo. (vid. Colossus.) The Rhut EN1 and RUTHEN1, a people of Gaul,
Rhodians were originally governed by kings, [in Aquitania, on the river Tarnis, or Tarne.]
and were independent, but this government Rhyndicus, a large river of Mysia, in
was at last exchanged for a democracy and Asia Minor. [It separates Mysia from Bithy
an aristocracy. They were naturally given nia, and is often confounded by modern tra
up to commerce, and during many ages they vellers with the Granicus, which lies farther
were the most powerful nation by sea. Their west.] Plin. 5, c. 32.
authority was respected, and their laws were RHYNThon, a dramatic writer of Syracuse,
so universally approved, that every country who flourished at Tarentum, where he wrote
made use of them to decide disputes concern 38 plays. Authors are divided with respect
ing maritime affairs, and they were at last to the merit of his compositions and the abili
adopted by other commercial nations, and in ties of the writer.
troduced into the Roman codes, from whence Rigonulum, a village of Germany, now
they have been extracted to form the basis of Rigol, near Cologne. Tacit. H. 4, c. 71.
the maritime regulations of modern Europe. RirhāE1. vid. Rhiphaei.
When Alexander made himself master of RipHEus, a Trojan who joined AEneas the
Asia, the Rhodians lost their independence, night that Troy was reduced to ashes, and
but they soon after asserted their natural pri was at last killed after making a great car
vileges under his cruel successors, and con nage of the Greeks. He is commended for
tinued to hold that influence among nations to his love of justice and equity. Virg...En. 2,
which their maritime power and consequence v. 339 and 426.
entitled them. They assisted Pompey against Robigo, or RuBigo, a goddess at Rome,
Caesar, and were defeated by Cassius, and be particularly worshipped by husbandmen, as
came dependent upon the Romans. [In the she presided over corn. Her festivals, called
reign of Vespasian, Rhodes along with the Robigalia, were celebrated on the 25th of
other isles, was reduced to a Roman province, April, and incense was offered to her, as also
styled the “the province of the islands.” In the entrails of a sheep and of a dog. She
a later age it ſell into the hands of the knights was intreated to preserve the corn from
of St. John, who were afterwards, A. D. 1523, blights. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 911.-Virg. G. 1,
upon the conquest of the island by Soliman, v. 151.-Varro de L. L. 5, de R. R. 1, c. 1.
compelled to retire to Malta. Rhodes was RoDUMNA, now Roanne, a town of the
anciently very fertile, and needs even now but AEdui, on the Loire.
little cultivation to become very productive.] Roma, a city of Italy, the capital of the
Strab. 5–Homer. Il. 2.-Mela, 2, c. 7.- Roman empire ; situate on the banks of the
Diod. 5.-Plin. 2, c. 62 and 87, l. 5, c. 31.- river Tiber, at the distance of about 16 miles
Flor. 2, c. 7.-Pindar. Olymp. 7-Lucan. 8, from the sea. [vid. column 8, line 36, of
v. 248.-Cic. pro Man. leg. in Brut.13.-Liv. this article.] The name of its founder, and
27, c. 30, 1.31, c. 2. the manner of its foundation, are not pre
Rhoebus, a horse of Mezentius, whom his cisely known. Romulus, however, is uni
master addressed with the determination to versally supposed to have laid the foundations
conquer or to die, when he saw his son Lau of that celebrated city, on the 21st of April,
sus brought lifeless from the battle. This according to Varro, in the year 3961 of the
beautiful address is copied from Homer, Julian teriod, 3251 years after the creation of
where likewise Achilles addresses his horses. the world, 753 before the birth of Christ,
Virg. JEn. 10, v. 861. and 431 years after the Trojan war, and in
Rhoecus, one of the Centaurs, who at the 4th year of the 6th Olympiad. In its
tempted to offer violence to Atalanta. He original state, Rome was but a small castle
was killed at the nuptials of Pirithous by on the summit of Mount Palatine ; and the
Bacchus. Orid. Met. 12, v. 301–Virg. G. founder, to give his followers the appearance
2.—One of the giants, killed by Bacchus, of a nation, or a barbarian horde, was ob
under the form of a lion, in the war which liged to erect a standard as a common asy
these sons of the earth waged against Jupiter lum for every criminal, debtor, or murderer,
and the gods. Horat. 2, Od. 19, v. 23. who fled from their native country to avoid
RhoºtéUM, or RHQEtus, a promontory of the punishment which attended them. From
Troas, [on the sloping side of which] the such an assemblage a numerous body was
body of Ajax was buried. [The tumulus still soon collected, and before the death of the
remains.] Ovid. Met. 11, v. 197, 4 Fast. v. founder, the Romans had covered with their
279.-Pirg, JEn. 6, v. 505, l. 12, v. 456. habitations, the Palatine, Capitoline, Aven
Rhosus, a town of Syria, celebrated for its tine, Esquiline hills, with Mount Cºelius, and
7 13
 RO RO
ºr

Quirinalis. After many successful wars trate to the dependence of a fellow-cit

against the neighbouring states, the views of Yet these attempts for the attainment of :
Romulus were directed to regulate a nation ry often ſail of success, and though the
naturally fierce, warlike, and uncivilized. mans could once boast that every indiviº
The people were divided into classes, the in in their armies could discharge with fire.
terests of the whole were linked in a common and honour the superior offices of magrº
chain, and the labours of the subject, as well and consul, there are to be found in their -
as those of his patron, tended to the same nals many years marked by overthrows.
end, the aggrandizement of the state. Un disgraced by the ill conduct. the oppress
der the successors of Romulus, the power and the wantonness of their generals. r
of Rome was increased, and the boundaries Consul.) To the ſame which their cocº-e
of her dominions extended; while one was and daily successes had gained abroad. -
employed in regulating the forms of worship, Romans were not a little indebted for ite
and in inculcating in the minds of his sub gradual rise to superiority ; and to this =-
jects a reverence for the deity, the other was ne added the policy of the Census, which ex
engaged in enforcing discipline among the ry fifth year told them their actual strea:
army, and raising the consequence of the and how many citizens were able to bear ar
soldiers in the government of the state, and And indeed it was no small sati-faction a
a third made the object of his administration people who were continually Inaking war, i.
consist in adorning his capital, in beautifying see, that in spite of all the losses which tre
the edifices, and in fortifying it with towers might sustain in the field, the increase e: i.
and walls. During 244 years, the Romans inhabitants of the city was prodigious, ari
were governed by kings, but the tyranny, the most incredible: and had Romulus lived ai:-
oppression, and the violence of the last of the battle of Actium, he would have tº
these monarchs, and of his family, became so persuaded with difficulty that above four =
atrocious, that a revolution was effected in lions of inhabitants were contained with:
the state, and the democratical government those walls, which in the most flourishing ſº
was established. The monarchical govern. riod of his reign could scarce muster at are:
ment existed under seven princes, who began of 3000 infantry, and 300 horse. But whe
to reign in the following order: Romulus, B. Rome had flourished under the consular gº
C. 753; and after one year's interregnum, vernment for about 120 years, and had be:
Numa, 715; Tullus Hostilius, 672; Ancus held with pleasure the conquests of her cit:
Martius, 640; Tarquin Priscus, 616; Servius zens over the neighbouring states and cities
Tullius, 578; and Tarquin the Proud, 534; which, according to a Roman historian, she
expelled 25 years after, B. C. 509; and this was ashamed to recollect in the summit of he
regal administration has been properly deno power, an irruption of the barbarians of Ga
minated the infancy of the Roman empire rendered her very existence precarious, at
After the expulsion of the Tarquins from the her name was nearly extinguished. The wº
throne, the Romans became more sensible of lour of an injured individual, (rid. Camilies,
their consequence; with their liberty they saved it from destruction, yet not before -
acquired a spirit of faction, and they became buildings and temples were reduced to aste
so jealous of their independence, that the This celebrated event, which gave the appe.
first of their consuls who had been the most lation of another founder of Rome to Caº
zealous and animated in the assertion of their lus, has been looked upon as a glorious eras
freedom, was banished from the city because the Romans. The huts and cottages white
he bore the name, and was of the family of Romulus had erected, and all his successor
the tyrants; and another, to stop their suspi repaired, were totally consumed, and whº
cions, was obliged to pull down his house, the city arose again from its ruins, the street
whose stateliness and magnificence above the were enlarged, convenience as well as order
rest seemed incompatible with the duties was observed, taste and regularity were ecº
and the rank of a private citizen. They sulted, and the poverty, ignorance, and rus
knew more effectually their power when ticity of the Romans seemed to be extingust
they had fought with success against Porsen ed with their old habitations. But no scote
na, the king of Etruria, and some of the were they freed from the fears of their tarts
neighbouring states, who supported the claim rian invaders, than they turned their amº
of the tyrant, and attempted to replace him against those states which refused to acknew
on his throne by force of arms. A govern ledge their superiority, or yield their inje
ment which is intrusted into the hands of pendenee. Their wars with Pyrrhus azi
two of the most distinguished of its mem the Tarentines displayed their character as
bers, for the limited space of one year, can different view ; if they before had fought tº
not but give rise to great men, glorious ex freedom and independence, they now drew
ploits, and tremendous seditions. The gene their sword for glory ; and here we may see
ral who is placed at the head of an army dur them conquered in the field, and yet refuss
ng a campaign must be active and diligent to grant that peace for which their corque
when he knows that his power is terminated ror himself had sued. . The advantages they
with the year, and if he has a becoming am. gained from their battles with Pyrrhus were
bition, he will distinguish his consulship by many. The Roman name became known:
some uncommon act of valour, before he des Greece, Sicily, and Africa, and in losing cº
.cgnds from the lºng of an absolute magis. gaining a victory the Romans were easts
 RQ

* examine the manoeuvres, observe the dis |lodged in the hands of a factious and ambi
**** line, and contemplate the order and the
|tious citizen becomes too dangerous. The
** campments of those soldiers whose friends greatest oppression and tyranny took place of
** dancestors had accompanied Alexander subordination and obedience; and from those
--e Great in the conquest of Asia. Italy be causes proceeded the unparalleled slaughter
ºw-me subjected to the Romans at the end of and effusion of blood under a Sylla or a Ma
**-e war with the Tarentines, and that period rius. It has been justly observed, that the
** time has been called the second age, or first Romans eonquered their enemies by va
- e adolescence of the Roman empire. Af. lour, tempérance, and fortitude; their mode
ºr this memorable era they tried their ration also and their justice was well known
tº ength not only with distant nations, but among their neighbours, and not only private
** so upon a new element; and in the long possessions, but even mighty kingdoms and
ars which they waged against Carthage, empires, were left in their power, to be dis
ey acquired territory and obtained the tributed among a family, or to be ensured in
ºvereignty of the sea; and though Annibal |the hand of a successor. They were also
ºr sixteen years kept them in continual chosen umpires to decide quarrels, but in this
ºf arms, hovered round their gates, and de honourable office they consulted their own in
- royed their armies almost before their walls, terest; they artfully supported the weaker
†-- at they were destined to conquer, [vid. Pu side, that the more powerful might be reduc
icum bellum, and soon to add the kingdom ed, and gradually become their prey. Un
f Macedonia [vid. Macedonicum bellum, der J. Caesar and Pompey, the rage of civil
nd the provinces of Asia [vid. Mithridati war was carried to unprecedented excess; it
um bellum, to their empire. But while was not merely to avenge a private injury,
ºre consider the Romans as a nation subdu but it was a contest for the sovereignty; and
ng their neighbours by war, their manners, though each of the adversaries wore the
heir counsels, and their pursuits are not to mask of pretended sincerity, and professed
e forgotten. To be warriors was their pro himself to be the supporter of the republic,
assion; their assemblies in the Campus Mar. uot less than the abolition of freedom and the
ins were a meeting of armed men, and very public liberty was the aim. What Julius
roperly denominated an army. Yet while began, his adopted son achieved, the ancient
heir conquests were so extensive abroad, we spirit of national independence was extin
ind them torn by factions at home; and so £uished at Rome, and after the battle of Ac
ar was the resentment of the poorer citizens tium, the Romans seemed unable to govern
arried, that we see the enemy at the gates themselves without the assistance of a chief,
of the city, while all are unwilling to take who, under the title of imperator, an appel
up arms and to unite in the defence of their lation given to every commander by his army
common liberty. The senators and nobles after some signal victory, reigned with as
were ambitious of power, and endeavoured much power and as much sovereignty as an
to retain in their hands that influence which other Tarquin. Under their emperors the
had been exercised with so much success and Romans lived a luxurious and indolent life,
uch cruelty by their monarchs. This was they had long forgot to appear in the field,
he continual occasion of tumults and se and their wars were left to be waged by mer
ition. The people were jealous of their li cenary troops, who fought without spirit or
erty. The oppression of the nobles irritat animosity, and who were ever ready to yield
d them, and the stripes to which they were to him who bought their allegiance and fide
o often exposed without mercy, was often lity with the greatest sums of money. Their
oductive of revolutions. The plebeians, leaders themselves were not the most prudent
ough originally the poorest and most con or the most humane, the power which they
mptible of citizens of an indigent nation, had acquired by bribery was indeed preca
lose food in the first ages of the empire rious, and among a people where not only
as only bread and salt, whose drink was the highest offices of the state, but even the
iter, soon gained rights aud privileges by imperial purple itself, are exposed to sale,
air opposition. Though really slaves, they there cannot be expected much happiness
came powerful in the state; one conces or tranquillity in the palace of the empe
n from the patricians produced another, ror. The reigns of the successors of Au
1 when their independence was boldly as gustus were distinguished by variety; one
ted by their tribunes, they were admitted of them the most abandoned and most pro
share in the highest offices of the state, and fligate of men, whom his own vices and ex
laws which forbad the intermarriage of travagance hurried out of the world, while
beian and patrician families were repeal his successor, perhaps the most clement, just,
and the meanest peasant could by valour and popular of princes, was sacrificed in the
fortitude be raised to the dignity of dic midst of his guards and attendants by the
ºr and consul. It was not till these privi dagger of some offended favourite or disap
s were obtained by the people from the pointed eunuch. Few indeed were the em
te, that Rome began to enjoy internal perors of Rome whºse days were not short
:e and tranquillity, her battles were then ened by poison or the sword of an assassin.
ht with more vigour, her soldiers were If one for some time had the imprudence to
* animated, and her sovereignty was more trust himself in the midst of a multitude, at
ersally established. But supreme power! last to perish by his own credulity, the other
7 1-5
 RO HO

cousulted his safety, but with no better suc Romans partial to elegant refinement an: -
cess, in the innumerable chambers of his pa namental equipage. Though Cato be: *
lace, and changed every day, to elude disco spised philosophy, [vid. Carneades.] and * *
very, the place of his retirement. After they clared that war was the only profession of E
had been governed by a race of princes re countrymen, the Romans, by their intereº- ſ
markable for the variety of their characters, with the Greeks, soon became fond of liter: |
the Roman possessions were divided into two ture; and though they had once banished =
distinct empires, by the enterprizing Constan sophists of Athens from their city, yet the
tine, A. D.328. Constantinople became the beheld with rapture their settlement are:
seat of the eastern empire, and Rome remain them, in the principal towns of Italy, are !
ed in possession of the western emperors, and the conquest of Achaia. They soon after be
continued to be the capital of their dominions. gan to imitate their polished captives, and -
In the year 800 of the Christian era, Rome cultivate poetry with success. From the re
indeed
with Italy was delivered by Charlemagne, lour of their neroes and conquerors,
subjects were offered to the re
the then emperor of the west, into the hands thé sublimestpoets;
of the Pope, who still continues to hold the so nius of their but of the little that re
mains to celebrate the early victories s
vereignty, and to maintain his independence
under the name of the Ecclesiastical States. Rome, nothing can be compared to the re
The original poverty of the Romans has of bler effusions of the Augustan age. Virgil
has done so much for the Latin name that
ten been disguised by their poets and histori of his cost
ans, who wished it to appear, that a nation the splendour and the triumphs
who were masters of the world, had had bet try are forgotten for a while, when we are
ter beginning than to be a race of shepherds transported with admiration of the majesty &
and robbers. Yet it was to this simplicity his numbers, the elegant delicacy of his ex
they were indebted for their successes. Their pressions, and the fire of his muse; and the
houses were originally destitute of every or applauses given to the lyric powers of He
nament, they were made with unequal boards race, the softness of Tibullus, the vivacity ºf
and covered with mud, and these served them Ovid,and to the superior compositions ofother
rather as a shelter against the inclemency of respectable poets shall be unceasing so long
the seasons than for relaxation and ease. Till as the name of Rome excites our reverence
the age of Pyrrhus they despised riches, and and our praises, and so long as genius, virtue,
many salutary laws were enacted to restrain and abilities are honoured amongst mankind.
luxury and to punish indolence. They ob Though they originally rejected with horror
served great temperance in their meals: a law which proposed the building of a pub
young men were not permitted to drink wine lic theatre, and the exhibition of plays, like
till they had attained their 30th year, and it the Greeks, yet the Romans soon proved fi
was totally forbidden to women. Their na vourable to the compositions of their country
tional spirit was supported by policy; the men. Livius was the first dramatic writera
triumphal procession of a conqueror along consequence at Rome, whose plays began tº
be exhibited A. U. C. 514. After him Næ
the streets amidst the applause of thousands,
was well calculated to promote emulation, vius and Ennius wrote for the stage; and
and the number of gladiators which were re in a more polished period, Plautus. Te
gularly introduced, not only in public games rence, Caecilius and Afranius, claimed the
and spectacles, but also at private meetings, public attention, and gained the most ur
served to cherish their fondness for war, bounded applause. Satire did not make its
whilst it steeled their hearts against the calls appearance at Rome till 100 years after the
of compassion, and when they couldgaze with introduction of comedy, and so celebrated was
pleasure upon wretches whom they forcibly Lucilius in this kind of writing, that he was
obliged to murder one another, they were not called the inventor of it. In historical writ
inactive in the destruction of those whom they ing the progress of the Romans was slow.
considered as inveterate foes or formidable and for many years they employed the
rivals in the field. In their punishments, ci pen of foreigners to compile their annals.
vil as well as military, the Romans were till the superior abilities of a Livy were trade
strict and rigorous; a deserter was severely known. In their worship and sacrifices the
whipped and sold as a slave, and the degra Romans were uncommonly superstitious, tº
dation from the rank of a soldier and dignity will of the gods was consulted on every cº
of a citizen was the most ignominious stigma casion, and no general marched to an expe- |
which could be fixed upon a seditious muti. dition without the previous assurance frº
meer. The transmarine victories of the Ro the augurs, that the omens were propition
mans proved at last the ruin of their inno and his success almost indubitable. Their
<ence and bravery. They grew fond of the sanctuaries were numerous, they raised ahn
luxury of the Asiatics; and, conquered by the not only to the gods, who, as they supposed
vićcs and indolence of those nations whom presided over their city, but also to the de
they had subdued, they became as effeminate ties of conquered nations, as well as to the
end as dissolute as their captives. Marcellus different passions and virtues. There were
was the first who introduced a taste for the no less than 420 temples at Rome, crowd
fine arts among his countrymen. The spoils ed with statues; the priests were nume
*ndoftreasures
Jer
that were obtained in the plun rous, and each divinity had a particula:
Syracuse and Corinth, rendered the college of sacerdotal servants. Their war.
ſ RO RO

are declared in the most awful and solemn cause of its being built) after her name.
arzaner, and prayers were always offered in Among the tarious accounts of historians,”
e temples for the prosperity of Rome, when continues Plutarch, “it is said that Roma
defeat had been sustained, or a victory won. was the daughter of Italus and Leucaria; or
he power of fathers over their children was of Telephus the son of Hercules, and married
wry extensive, and indeed unlimited; they to AEneas; or of Ascanius the son of AEneas,
... uld sell them or put then to death at plea. and that she gave name to the city: others
ire, without the forms of trial, or the inter assert that Romanus, the son of Ulysses and
rence of the civil magistrates. Many of their Uirce, built it; or Romus, the son of AEma
1cient families were celebrated for the great thion, whom Diomede sent from Troy; or
en which they had produced, but the vigo Romus, king of the Latins, after he had expell
jus and interested part they took in the go ed the Tuscans. Even they who declare that
ernment of the republic exposed them often the city had its name from Romulus, are far
* , danger; and some have observed that the from agreeing about his extraction: for some
tomans sunk into indolence and luxury when state that he was the son of AEneas and Dexi
he Cornelii, the Fabii, the AEmylii, the Mar thea, and was brought an infant into Italy with
elli, &c. who had so often supported their his brother Remus ; that all the other vessels
pirit and led them to vittory, had been ex were lost by the violence of the flood, except
inguished in the bloody wars of Marius and that containing the children, which being
ºf the two triumvirates. When Rome was carried gently to the shore where the bank
2ecome powerful, she was distinguished from was level, they were saved beyond expecta
5ther cities by the flattery of her neighbours tion, and the place from them called Roma.
and citizens, a form of worship was establish Some will have it that Roma, daughter of the
ed to her as a deity, and temples were raised Trojan woman who was married to Latinus,
in her honour, not only in the city but in the the son of Telemachus, was the mother of
provinces. The goddess Roma was repre Romulus. Others say that Æmilia, the
sented like Minerva, all armed, and sitting on daughter of Æneas and Lavinia, had him by
a rock, holding a pike in her hand, with her Mars; and others again make Romulus and
head covered with a helmet, and a trophy at Remus sons of Priapus, by a maid-servant of
her feet. Liv. 1, &c.—Calo. de R. R.—Virg. Tarchetius, king of the Albans.”—Thus far
AEn. G. & Ecl.—Horat. 2, sat. 6, &c.—Flor. Plutarch. From the passage which has here
1, c. 1, &c.—Paterc.—Tacit. Ann. & Hist.— been cited, two conclusions are evidently to
Tibull. 3.-Lucan.—Plut. in Rom. Num, &c. Rome be deduced: first, that the true origin of
was to the ancients themselves a fertile
—Gac. de Nat. D. 1, &c.—Plin. 7, &c.—Jus
'in. 43.—Varro dº L. L.2.—Val. Mar. 1, &c. theme of controversy; and, secondly, that
—Martial. 12, ep. 8. [The origin commonly from the very number of these varying state
assigned to the city of Rome appears to rest ments, as well as their great discrepancy, the
in no better foundation than mere fabulous city of Rome must have been of very early
radition . The uncertainty which prevailed origin: so early, in fact, as to have been almost
in this subject, even in ancient times, is lost amid the darkness of fable. But whence
:learly evinced by the numerous and varying do we obtain the commonly received ac
accounts of the origin of that city which are count?—We derive it from Fabius–Pictor,
mentioned by Plutarch in the introduction to who copied it from an obscure Greek author,
his life of Romulus. The words of the bi Diocles the Peparethian; and from this taint
ed source have flowed all the stories concern
grapher are as follows: “From whom, and
or what cause, the city of Rome obtained ing Mars, the Vestal, the Wolf, Romulus and
hat name, historians are not agreed. Some Remus. Of J)iocles we know nothing. Plu
ay that the Pelasgi, after they had overrun tarch merely names him as the author whom
treat part of the globe, and conquered many Fabius was in the habit of following in most
nations, settled there; and gave their city the things. He adds that there were different
name of Rome on account of their strength ways of relating even the commonly received
"Patan) in war. Others inform us that when account of Diocles, and then proceeds to give
Troy was taken, some of the Trojans, having its general outlines. The question here na
turally presents itself, as to the degree of
escaped and gained their ships, put to sea, credit
and, being driven by the winds upon the which is to be attached to the histori
coast of Tuscany, came to an anchor in the cal productions of Fabius Pictor. For ºf, as
river Tiber: that here, their wives being Plutarch informs us, Fabius was in the habit
much fatigued and no longer able to bear the of following in most things the authority of
hardships of the sea, one of them, superior to Diocles, we may form a pretty satisfactory
the rest in birth and prudence, named Roma, idea of the latter writer from the accounts
which have come down to us respecting the
roposed that they should burn the fleet :
hat this being effected, the men were at first qualifications and writings of the former. The
reader will find under the article Fabius, a
auch exasperated; but afterwards, through
2cessity, fixed their seat on the Palatine more detailed account of the historian than
11, and in a short time found things suc our present limits will allow us to give. It
ed beyonºs their expectatione; for the coun. will be sufficient here to mention that, accord:
y was goºd and the people hospitable: that ing to Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Fabius had
erefore, *esides other honours paid to Ro no better authority for the great proportion
a, they cºalled the city (as she was the of events which preceded his own age than
 RO RO

vulgar tradition. He probably found, that That acute and profound scholar gives =
if he had confined himself to what was certain his opinion that the whole story respects
in these early times, his history would have Romulus and Remus having been sacre
been dry, insipid, and incomplete. This may by a wolf, took its rise from the name A
have induced him to adopt the fables which having been derived by some from the a- |
the Greek historians had vented concerning Latin word ruma or rumi, which is equitº
the ºrigin of Rome, and to insert whatever lent in force to the later form marrinia. =
he ſound in the family traditions of the day, signifies “the breast or pap.” Thus, sº
however contradictory or uncertain. Dio rance of the true origin of the name gave re
nysius has also given many examples of his to fanciful conjectures, and these conjecture
improbable narrations—his inconsistencies— in process of time became matters of sove
his negligence in investigating the truth of history.—Thus nuch for the commonly re
what he relates as facts—and his inaccuracy ceived account of the origin of the imperil
in chronology. He remarks, moreover, that city. We propose now to offer one of a cº-
ferent, and, we hope, more satisfactºry, eta
|
“so negligent had he been, and so little had
he regarded ascertaining the truth of what racter: one which will trace the foundatiºn
he relates, that all not founded upon hearsay of Rome to a period long prior to the sap
was taken from the Greek writers, who had posed era of Romulus ; and which, advar
little opportunity of being info, med of Roman ing still farther, will show that Rona was
affairs, and had supplied their deficiency in not the true or Latin name of the city.—
real knowledge by the invention of fables.” Among the cities of the Pelasgi, in the lard
This is the same Fabius, who, in the few un once possessed by the Siculi, that is, in is:
connected fragments that remain of his An tium, mention is frequently made of one de
nals, tells us of a person who had a message nominated Saturnia. This city, thus known
brought him by a swallow; and of a party by the name of Saturnia, is no other than
of loup-garous, who, after being transformed Rome itself. The following authorities will,
into wolves, recovered their own figures, it is conceived, sufficiently establish the point.
and, what is more, got back their cast-off Thus, Pliny, (3, c. 5,) observes, “Saturnia,
clothes, provided they had abstained for nine where Rome now stands.” So Aurelius Vic
years from preying upon human flesh . So tor (c. 3.) “Saturnia, built on one ºf the Aris
low, indeed, even among the Romans them. of Rome, was the residence of Saturn.” And
selves, had the character of Fabius ſor his Justin (43, c. 1) “ The mountain on tràuch
torical fidelity fallen, that Polybius apolozizes he (Saturn) dwelt was called Saturnºus, en
on one occasion for quoting Fabius as an au ºrhich now stands the Roman capitol ; Saturn
thority. “It will perhaps be asked,” says he, being as it were displaced by Jore.” In like
“how I came to make mention ºf Fabius : It is manner Ovid, (Fast. 6, v. 383.) makes Jaco
not that I think his narration probable enough say, “Rome was formerly called Saturnia, ºſ
to deserve credit: what he writes is so absurd, ter my father.” See also Varro, L. L 4. c.
and has so little the appearance of truth, that 7. Saturnia itself is recognized as a very ar
the reader will easily remark, without my taking cient city in the following passage of Diocy
notice of it, the littl, reliance which is to be sius of Halicarnassus, (.4nt. Rom. 1, c. 20, :
placed on that author, whose inconsistency is “The Pelasgi together with the Aborigines.
palpable of itself.” Polybius also accuses inhabited many cities, partly dwelt in previ
him of gross partiality to his own nation in ously by the Siculi, partly founded by then
the account of the Punic war; and in parti selves; such as Caere, which was at that time
cular charges him with falsehood in his state called Agylla, Pisa, Saturnia, Alsium, and
ment of the causes of the second contest with some others.”—But by whom was Saturnia
the Carthaginians. It cannot but excite a built Was it of Pelasgic origin or founded
good-humoured smile to see so many persons by the ancient Siculi:-The following an
contending that the early history of Rome, thority will furnish a satisfactory answer.
as we have received it through the common Dionysius (1, c. 73.) quotes an old historian
channel, is decidedly genuine, and that any named Antiochus of Syracuse, (whom he
attempt to establish the opposite opinion be styles at the same time “no common or re
trays a spirit of sceptical incredulity deserv cent writer,”) to the following effect: “Anti
ing of severe reprehension, when the very chus of Syracuse says that when Morges
historian on whose authority their whole su reigned in Italy there came to him from
perstructure depends is none other than Fa Rome, an exile named Suculus.” This pas
bius Pictor . This same character for histori sage is deserving of very close consideration.
cal accuracy must fairly be assigned to Dio In the first place, as Morges, according to the
cles the Peparethian ; for if Fabius followed same writer, succeeded Italus, and as the
him in most things (ey tour raturrot: ºrnasaov very name of this latter prince carries us
bugs), and if Fabius be proved from his very back at once to the earliest periods of Italian
narrative to have been a visionary, fabulous. history, we find the name Rome applied to a
and incorrect writer, his prototype Diocles city which must of consequence have been
must have been equally if not more so. As one of the oldest in the land. In the next
regards the fable of the wolf and the early lace, it is evident that Antiochus relates 1
preservation of Romulus and Remus, the ex. fact not based upon his own individual know
planation given by Heyne (Ereurs. 4, ad ledge, but upon an old and established tradi
./En. 7) is both ** and satisfactory. tion ; for Antiochus brought down his his
 _RG) RO

ory of Sicilian affairs to the 98th Olympiad, they both receive considerable support ſrom
hat is, to the 388th year before the Christian ancient authorities. The Pelasgi had alrea
ra, a period when neither he himself, nor any dy, on their very first irruption into Latium,
ther Grecian writer knew aught of Rome, founded a city called Pallantium in the ter
iven by report, as a city actually in exist ritory of Reate, whose ancient situation
ince ; since only two years previous (B. C. Dionysius of Halicarnassus endeavours to
390) it had been burned by the Gauls, and point out. The name Pallantium was sub
t was not until more than a century after sequently transferred by these same Pelasgi
wards that the Romans became known to to the city of Rome, after they had become
the Sicilian Greeks by the capture of Taren masters of it by the expulsion of the Siculi.
tum. It would seem then that Rome (Roma) Varro speaks in very expre-s terms on this
was the most ancient name, that it was dis subject (L. L. 4, c. 8.) “The inhabitants of
placed for a time by Saturnia, and was after the territory of Reate, named Palatini, settled
wards resumed. Saturnia was a religious on the Roman Palatium.” A passage of Festus,
appellation: the Saturnus of the Italians be moreover, (v. Sacrani) is fully to the point:
ing, in fact, identical with the Kronos of the “The Sacrani, natives of Reate, (i.e. the terri
Pelasgi. The name Roma, on the other hand, tory) drove the Ligures and Siculi from Septi
appears to be derived from Rumon, the an montio (i.e. Rome).” After reading this pas
cient appellation of the river Tiber, accord sage there surely can be no doubt remaining
ing to Servius (ad JEn. 8, v. 90.) The in our minds as to the early existence of the
term Rumon, as applied to a river, is more city of Rome, as well as of its occupation by a
over strictly in unison with the principle band of Pelasgiand Aborigines. It is curious,
of analogy that pervades in similar cases moreover, to compare the name Sacrani
both the Celtic and Grecian tongues; as, for (which evidently means “sacred, or conse
×ample, Rha, Rho, Rhu, Rhiu, Rhiw, Rhen, crated, to some deity”) with the acknowledg
ºw, foot).-We will now enter more fully ed fact of the Pelasgi being a sacerdotal caste
nto the consideration of our subject, and en or order; as well as with the circumstance
leavour to find other additional grounds for of there being a class of priests at Ardea,
he support of the opinion which we are ad called Sacrani, who worshipped Cybele, a
'ocating. To the same region of Italy where goddess whose worship is most clearly traced
Saturn had erected on the Capitoline moun from the East. On the supposition then that
ain the city of Saturnia, and opposite to Evander was the leader of the Pelasgi, we
whom Janus had also established his resi are enabled to clear up the old tradition of
ence on the Janiculum, came, according to his having introduced into Italy the use of
Dionysius (1, c. 31), an individual named letters, and the knowledge of various arts;
vander, who was received in a friendly for we have endeavoured to show in a pre
launer by the reigning monarch Faunus. vious article (vid. Pelasgi) that the Greeks
'wo ships were sufficient to carry him and also were indebted to the Pelasgi for an ac
is followers, and a mountain was assigned quaintance with written characters, and with
in as the place of his abode, where he built many of the arts of civilized life. And
small city, and called it Pallantium from hence, too, may we satisfactorily remove the
s native city in Arcadia. This name be difficulty which confronts our theory respect
me gradually corrupted into Palatium, ing Evander, in the pages of Pliny (7, c. 56)
hile the mountain took the appellation of when he ascribes the introduction of letters
ons Palatinus.—Thus ſar Dionysius. Now, into Italy to the Pelasgic race. If Evander were
at a mere stranger, with but a handful of an Arcadian Greek, and at a time too when
llowers, should be received in so friendly the Pelasgi were far superior to the Greeks
manner by the Pelasgi and Aborigines, as in knowledge and refinement, how could he
be allowed to settle in their immediate vi be the instructor of the latter, especially in
lity, and in a place too which was in a so important and essential a particular : To
er age, as Dionysius inforins us, the very those who are not unwilling to indulge in ety
art of Rome, is scarcely entitled to belief. mological speculations, the fable respecting
Il less is it to be credited that he wrested Hercules, Cacus, and Evander, will appear
ettlement there by force. If then we are to somewhat confirmatory of the theory which
ain this old tradition respecting Evander has been advanced. The names of Evander
1 his followers, (and we have nothing what and Cacus (in Greek. Evard got and Kaxes.)
r which can authorize the rejection of it.) seem to be nothing more than appellations in
are are but two ways in which the whole tended to characterize the individuals to
be explained. Either Evander was the whom they are applied: thus, Evander, the
der of those very Pelasgi, who, uniting leader of the Pelasgi, the head and chief of
h the Aborigines, drove out the Siculi this division of that great sacerdotal caste,
m Latium, and received for his portion and consequently, to apply a modern term,
city of Rome with its adjacent territºry; the high-priest of the order, is the Good Man
he was a wandering Pelasgus, driven from (Evarăgoº), and Cacus, his opponent, is the
assaly by the arm. of the Hellenes, and Bad Man (Kazoº). Hercules destroys Ca
r many unsuccessful attempts elsewhere, cus; that is, the Religion of the Sun, or
iced to come to Italy in quest of an some other Oriental system of belief, (vid.
je it becomes extremely difficult to Ritter's Vorhalle, p. 343. seq.) professed
ide between these two hypotheses, since by the Pelasgi, was * to supplant some
19
 RO RO

rude and probably cruel form of worship fast diminishing ; the enterprize succee
which had been followed by the Siculi; and The conqueror became king of the acre:
as Evander was high-priest of the one, city, and increased its inhabitants by there
so Cacus, whoever he was, may be regarded ber of his followers. The Pelasgi remaste.
as the head of the other. The second hypo but they no longer enjoyed their former Paº
thesis stated above, namely, that Evander er. Whether two brothers or only a sº;
was a wandering Pelasgus who had come to individual conducted the enterprize, where
Italy in quest of an abode, and had been hos they were previously named Romulus and he
pitably received by those of his nation who mus (i.e. Romus), or, what is far mºre Pº
were already established there, receives in its bable, received these appellations from tº
turn an air of great probability, from the conquered city, is a point on which we carrº
concurrent testimony of all the ancient wri decide. That its most ancient name. howevr
ters as to his having come to Italy by sea, as was Valentia, and that Evander translated tº
well as from the circumstance so explicitly into the corresponding Greek form Paº, e
stated, that he arrived in two ships with his Solinus asserts, can be credited by poor.
band of followers. If now we turn our at From the theory thus established mar:
tention for a moment to the fact mentioned important inferences may be drawn whº
in a previous article (vid. Hetruria), that af. will tend to throw light on certain obscur:
ter the Hellenes had driven the Pelasgi from parts of early Roman History. 1. We ceas
Thessaly, a portion of the latter retired into to wonder at the successful resistance whº
Epirus, while another part sailed to the west Rome, apparently in her very infaney, cfie
ern coast of Asia Minor, where Homer ed to her powerful neighbours ; for evena:
speaks of them as the allies of the Trojans ; this early period, the city must be regarde:
if, in addition to this, we call to mind what is as of remote and ancient origin. 2. We at
stated in the same ar'icle, that both divisions derstand very clearly why Tuscan troop
eventually settled in Italy, and laid the foun formed one of the wings of the army of Re
dation of the Etrurian confederacy; and if, mulus ; for there is very strong probability
finally, we take into consideration what Plu that they were in reality the old Tyrrhenua
tarch tells us in his life of Romulus, (though or Pelasgic inhabitants, and that Caeles Wi
he assigns no authority for it,) that Romus, benna, their leader, was in truth the Lucuro,
king of the Latins, drove out of the city the or Ruler, of Rome at the time of its capture
Tyrrheni, who had come from Thessaly to by Romulus. The grounds on which this pre
Lydia, and from Lydia to Italy, the balance bability rests for support are, the fact of one
preponderates considerably in favour of this of the hills of Rome having been assigned as
second hypothesis. ... Perhaps, however, they an abode to Vibenna and his followers: of
may both be reconciled together by suppos one of the three earliest tribes (and the very
ing that those of the Pelasgi who had come one which comprehended all those of the in
habitants who were not followers of Rome
from the upper part of Italy, had changed
the name of ancient Rome to that of Palati lus nor Sabines) being called Luceres, after
um, and that Evander came to, and was re Lucumo, his old Etrurian title of magistracy;
ceived among, them. It is most probable and, what is strongest of all, because his fel
that Evander was one of the 1eaders of the lowers did not leave the city on his death,
Pelasgi from the coast of Asia, and bore a but continued to dwell therein, and, accord
part in the founding of the Etrurian re ing to Varro (L. L. 4, c. 8,) were compelled
public. As to the assertion of Dionysius eventually to remove from the hill to the
that Evander was an Arcadian, it involves plain, because their original situation on the
no contradiction at all to what has just been Coelian mount was too strongly ſortifted, and
advanced, for Dionysius is one of those who they themselves were suspected of disaffectiºn
derive the origin of the Pelasgi from the to the state. 3. We perceive also the mean
province of Arcadia. Others make him an ing of the Etrurian writer Volumnius, quot
Argive, but then they confound Argos Pelas ed by Varro, (L. L. 4, c. 9,) when be states
gicum, the head of the Pelasgic confederacy that the three appellations for the early Re
in Thessaly, with Argos in the Peloponne. man tribes, Ramnes and Tatienses, as well as
sus-Thus much for the origin of Rome. Luceres, are all Etrurian terms: the preper.
The question now arises as to the actual ex derating language in Rome at the time of tº
istence of Romulus. In order to answer capture being Tyrrhenian or Etrurian. 4.
this satisfactorily we must go a little into de We can comprehend the close union and is:
tercourse which subsisted at a later perio
|
tail. In the district of Latium, there were,
exclusive of Rome, many cities of the Abori between the Romans and Etrurians, Rezº
gines or Latins, who had settled in this part being, in fact, an Etrurian city. 5. The sº
9f the country together with the Pelásgi. count no longer appears exaggerated of R
Of these Alba Longa was the most powerful. mulus having only 3000 foot and 300 horse
Through internal dissensions, and from the when he founded Rome, and of their being
operation of other causes, the Pelasgi had 46,000 foot and 1000 horse at the pened cſ
lost in most places out of Etruria their ori his death ; the former means the ſorces which
ginal ascendancy. A leader from Alba Lon accompanied him on his enterprize against
ga, with a band of voluntary followers, con the ancient city, the latter were the combin
ducted an enterprize against Rome, where ed strength of his followers and the ancier
the power of the rººf
20
was in like manner inhabitants. 6. We see, too, what to many
 t RO RO

...} appeared altogether inexplicable, how in the form of government which they had
*** Roman kings, during their continual adopted. The Etrurian confederacy was
**rs, were yet able to cherish at home the composed indeed of twelve independent
**te for building, which never can exist cities, yet the government was by no means
* 'long a rude and early community: how it in the hands of the people: it was the patri
**s, that, even at this remote period, the mony of an hereditary caste, who were at
***oacae, the Circus Maximus, the Capitol, once invested with the military power, and
**d other public constructions were under. charged with the sacerdotal functions. This
**ten and accomplished. These stupendous strange form of government threw the whole
**uctures, altogether beyond the resources of power into the hands of the higher classes,
* *ºme if she is to be considered as an infant who were, no doubt, the immediate descen
hi Prºte at the time of their execution, were, in dants of the Pelasgi, and subjected to their
, the work of the Etrurian part of the controul the whole mass of the lower orders,
*pulation of Rome: the old inhabitants who very probably were sprung from the
ºre employed on them, in order that amid early Aborigines. Now, reasoning by analo
***ployments of such kind their attention gy, we must allow this very same form of
ºf it ight be called off from public affairs. These government to have prevailed in Etrurian
ºf ºorks were executed by them in the Etru Rome before its conquest by Romulus.
gian taste, of massive architecture, and the This arrangement would throw into the
tº loacae still in part remain, a monument of hands of the upper classes the chief power,
cºste remote existence of Rome. 7. We dis and give them the absolute controul of re
cºver the reason of the most distinguished of ligious affairs; and, on his capture of the city,
tº le Roman youth being sent to the principal Romulus would leave them in full possession
gºtrurian cities for the purposes of education: of the latter as a matter almost of necessity,
tº was done in fact from motives of state po while from motives of policy he would allow
cy, in order that amid the tumult of almost them to retain a small portion of the former.
ºncessant wars, they might still keep alive Hence the origin of the Roman nobility.
ºr chat spark of early knowledge and refine Many circumstances combine to strengthen
a ment which had distinguished Rome from what has just been advanced. The nobility
he very outset, and which marks her not as had for a long time in Rome the sole custody
he receptacle of a horde of banditti, but as of religious affairs, and from their order all
in ancient and civilized city, falling by right the priests were for a long series of years
of conquest inio the hands of a military constantly chosen. Every patrician gens,
shieftain. 8. We are enabled to discover and each individual patrician family, had
many of the secret springs which impelled certain sacred rites peculiar to itself, which
the complicated and apparently discordant went by inheritance in the same manner
machin -ery of the Roman government. The as effects, and which the heir war bound to
ald inhabitants being much farther advanced perform. Even in a later age, when the pow
in civilization than their conquerors, would er of the popular branch had become almost
naturally, even after the fall of the city, be paramount, the senate still assumed to them
respected by the victors for their superior selves the guardianship and controul of all re
mprovement, and the most distinguished of ligious affairs. In this way, too, is to be ex
hem would be called, from inotives of poli plained the relation of patron and client,
y, to some slight participation in the affairs which in the earlier days of the Roman
f the government. Accordingly we find government was observed with so much
hat almost one of the first acts of Romulus formality and rigour. It was an artful ar
as the institution of a senate, whose limited rangement on the part of a sacerdotal order;
umber freed him from any apprehensions of and may be regarded as analogous to, and
eir combining to overthrow his power, while no doubt derived from, the institution of
eir confirmation of his decrees, in case castes in India. Its object was to keep the
should be needed, would have great lower orders in complete dependence upon
2ight with the old population of the city. the higher, and to effect this end the terrors
he impolitic neglect which Romulus subse of religion were powerfully annexed: it was
ently displayed towards this order ended in deemed unlawful for patrons and clients to
s destruction. That such indeed was his accuse, or bear witness against, each other;
e, and that the senate were privy to the and whoever was found to have acted other
ole affair, admits of no doubt when we wise, might be slain with impunity as a vie
to mind the monstrous falsehood assert tim devoted to Pluto and the infernal gods.
by the senator Proculus Julius for the A regular system of castes seems thus to have
rpose of freeing that body from the suspi prevailed in Rome both before, and a long
n of having taken the life of the king. period after, its conquest by Romulus. The
er all that has been said, we hazard little possession of superior knowledge formed a
ºny thing in asserting, that the early Ro: powerful instrument in accomplishing such a
a nobility were the descendants of a sacred result, but the most effectual means undoubt
acerdot sal caste. That the Pelasgi were edly were the entire engrossing, on the part
an order has been frequently asserted, of the patricians, of every thing connected
we trust satisfactorily established, in pre with the rites and ceremonies of religion.
's articles. The Etrurians, descendants The accessions that were constantly mak
le Pelasgi, prº this singular feature ing to the numbers of * -
the inhabitants by
 RO RO

the influx of strangers and conquered tribes, on their guard against mentiouing it. le tº
would gradually weaken this hereditary, themselves might suffer what they had sº
and, as it were, patriarchal influence of put in practice against their enemies, an:=
the patrician order, by introducing a race their tutelary deity might be evoked.” "
of men sprung, in a great measure, from the testimony of Macrobius may be air.
the Aborigines of the country, and equal that of Pliny (3, c. 5), “Rome, whese a
ly averse to the sacerdotal sway and the name it is forbidden by the secret cerer tº:
hereditary prerogatives of the nobility. As of religion to divulge.” Now, in the sanctº
soon as the body of the Roman commons be of Vesta was preserved the Paladstºn, - tº
gan to assume this chequered and diversified fated pledge of Roman dominion” Cº.
character, that instant dissensions arose be pignus imperii Romani. Lir. 26, c. :"
tween the two orders of the state. The no May we not then suppose Pallas or Mºrrº
bility tried every method to extend their to have been the true tutelary deity of Rett,
ancient influence and power over the more and the real or Latin name of the city to have
|
recent portion of the inhabitants, and the heen Pallantium ? This would bring us ºf
latter as strenuously contended for exemption to the ancient name imposed by the Heats.
from their controul. The first indications of That the Palladium was the statue of Fal
this independent spirit on the part of the ple will clearly appear from numerous arenes:
beians showed themselves during the inter authorities. A few may be here cited. The
regnum which preceded the reign of Numa, Eustathius remarks, “The statues of Falsº
when the patricians made so powerful an ef. are called by the ancients Palladia.” S.
fort to regain their former ascendancy; and Apollodorus, “This (the Palladium) . .
it is worthy of observation how politic the from heaven, and was delivered up to kir
conduct of the higher orders was, in unani llus. Its size was three cubits; it was is the
mously recommending Numa to fill the va attitude of one advancing, holding in the
cant throne, and how fully that monarch, who right hand an uplifted spear, in the le:: *
there is every reason to believe had been spindle and distaff.” There are also regais
educated in Etruria, seconded the views of ing ancient coins, on which Æneas is repre
the nobility, in multiplying and confining ex sented bearing on his shoulders his parez:
clusively to that order the ceremonies and Anchises, and in his right hand a small image
observances of religion. After the expulsion of Pallas. Lucan uses very express terms:
of Tarquin, the struggle for mastery was re “And Pallas seen by no one of men, theme
newed ; and a preconcerted plan seems to morable pledge in the secret shrine.” The
have been set on foot by the patricians of in same poet, in speaking of the chief Vestal,
volving the lower orders in their debt, and says, “to whom alone it is allowed to bebold
of wresting from them, by means of the influ the Trojan Minerva.” It is curious to ob
ence which they would thus acquire, what serve, moreover, that the Palladium and the
open violence could never have obtained. worship of fire are always connected together,
The plan, however, failed. The secession to which would seem to make the belief re
the Sacred Mount shows that the commons specting the Palladium, of Pelasgic or Orie
had now learned to put their own machinery tal origin.
in operation against their oppressors; and “Sed nos immensum spatiis conferinus equr
in this way also are we to explain the re Etjam tempus equum fumantia solvere calis."
markable fact of the Comitia Tributa, where
the people had the majority, not requiring, Români, the inhabitants of Rome. rid.
like the other Comitia, the previous taking Roma.
of auspices; for the people had become aware Roměla, a name given to the fig-tree sº
that such a preliminary step would have en der which Romulus and Remus were found
abled the patricians to put off any assembly Orid. 2, Fast. v. 412.
at pleasure by falsifying the omens.—But our Romulidae, a patronymic given to the Re
limits forbid any farther comments on this man people from Romulus their first kits.
interesting subject. The only point that re and the founder of their city. Pºrg...En 3.
mains for our consideration is the one men v. 638.
tioned in the early part of these remarks, RoMüLus, a son of Mars and Ilia, grandsº
namely, with regard to the true or Latin of Numitor king of Alba, was born at the same
name of the Roman city. Macrobius (3, c. birth with Remus. [vid. preceding remarks:
9,) informs us, that the Romans, when they These two children were thrown into the T
besieged a city and thought themselves sure ber by order of Amulius, who usurped tº
of taking it, used solemnly to call out the crown of his brother Numitor; but they were
tutelary gods of the place, either because preserved, and according to Florus, the river
they thought that the place could not other stopped its course, and a she-wolf came as
wise be taken, or because they regarded it as fed them with her milk till they were feat
inpious to hold the gods in captivity. “On by Faustulus, one of the king's shepherds.
this account,” he adds, “the Romans them who educated them as his own children.
selves have willed that both the deity under When they knew their real origin, the twice,
whose protection Rome is, as well as the La called Romulus and Remus, put Amuhas tº
tin name of the city, remain secret and undi death, and restored the crown to their grand
vulged. The name of the city is unknown father Numitor. They afterwards under
even to the most learned; the Romans being took to build a city, and to determine whics
722
 RO RO

of the two brothers should have the manage terest were induced to preserve the peace of
ment of it they had recourse to omens and the state, and to promote the public good.
the flight of birds. Remus went to Mount Some time after Romulus disappeared as he
Aventine, and Romulus to Mount Palatine. was giving instructions to the senators, and
Remus saw first a flight of six vultures, and the eclipse of the sun, which happened at that
soon after, Romulus, twelve; and therefore, time, was favourable to the rumour which as
as his number was greater, he began to lay serted that the king had been taken up to
the ſoundations of the city, hoping that it heaven, 714 B.C. after a reign of 39 years.
would become a warlike and powerful na This was further confirmed by J. Proculus,
tion, as the birds from which he had receiv one of the senators, who solemnly declared,
ed the omen were fond of prey and slaughter. that as he returned from Alba, he had seen
Romulus marked with a ſurrow the place Romulus in a form above human, and that he
where he wished to erect the walls; but their had directed him to tell the Romans to pay
slenderness was ridiculed by Remus, who him divine honours under the name of Qui
leaped over them with the greatest contempt. rinus, and to assure them that their city was
This irritated Romulus, and Remus was im doomed one day to become the capital of the
mediately put to death, either by the hand of world. This report was immediately credit
his brother or one of the workmen. When ed, and the more so, as the senators dreaded
the walls were built, the city was without in the resentment of the people, who suspected
habitants; but Romulus, by making an asy them of having offered him violence. A tem
lum of a sacred grove, soon collected a mul ple was raised to him, and a regular priest,
titude of fugitives, foreigners, and criminals, called Flamen Quirinalis, was appointed to
whom he received as his lawful subjects. Yet, offer him sacrifices. Romulus was ranked
however numerous these might be, they were by the Romans among the 12 great gods, and
despised by the neighbouring inhabitants, and it is not to be wondered that he received such
none were willing to form matrimonial con distinguished honours, when the Romans con
nections with them. But Romulus obtained sidered him as the founder of their city and
by force what was denied to his petitions. empire, and the son of the god of war. He is
The Romans celebrated games in honour of generally represented like his father, so
the god Consus, and forcibly carried away all much that it is difficult to distinguish them.
the females who had assembled there to he The fable of the two children of Rhea Sylvia
spectators ofthese unusual exhibitions. These being nourished by a she-wolf arose from
violent measures offended the neighbouring Lupa, Faustulus's wife, having brought them
nations; they made war against the ravishers up. (vid. Acca.) Dionys. Hal. 1 and 2. —
with various success, till at last they entered Liv. 1, c. 4, &c.—Justin. 43, c. 1 and 2.-
Rome, which had been betrayed to them by Flor. 1, c. 1.—Plut. in Romul.—Val. Maz. 3,
one of the stolen virgins. A violent engage. c. 2, 1.5, c. 3–Plin. 15, c. 18, &c.—Virg.
ment was begun in the middle of the Roman JEn. 2, v. 342, 605.- Ovid. Met. 14, v. 616
forum; but the Sabines were conquered, or, and 845. Fast. 4, &c.—Horat. 3, od. 3.-Juv.
according to Ovid, the two enemies laid down 18, v. 272.
their arms when the women had rushed be Romulus Sylvius, or ALLADIUs,"a king
tween the two armies, and by their tears and of Alba.-Memyllus Augustulus, the last
entreaties raised compassion in the bosoms of of the emperors of the western empire of
their parents and husbands. The Sabines Rome. His country was conquered A. D.
left their original possessions, and came to 476, by the Heruli, under Odoacer, who as
live in Rome, where Tatius, their king, shared sumed the name of king of Italy.
the sovereign power with Romulus. The in Romus, a son of Hºneas, by Lavinia. Some
troduction of the Sabines into the city of Rome suppose that he was the ſounder of Rome.
was attended with the most salutary conse [vid, remarks under the article Roma. 4
quences, and the Romans, by pursuing this —A son of AEmathion sent by Diomedes to
plan, and admitting the conquered nations Italy, and also supposed by some to be the
among their citizens, rendered themselves founder of Rome.
more powerful and more formidable. Af Roscia LEx de theatris, by L. Roscius
terwards Romulus divided the lands which he Otho, the tribune, A. U. C. 685. It required
had obtained by conquest; one part was re that none should sit in the first 14 seats of the
served for religious uses, to maintain the theatre, if they were not in possession of 400
priests, to erect temples, and to consecratesestertia, which was the fortune required to
be a Roman knight. (vid. Otho.)
altars; the other was appropriated for the ex
penses of the state; and the third part was RoscIANUM, the port of Thurii, now
equally distributed among his subjects, who Rossano. -

were divided into three classes or tribes. The Q. Roscius, a Roman actor, [from his
most aged and experienced, to the number of surname Gallus supposed to have been a
100, were also chosen, whom the monarch native of Gaul, north of the Po, although
might consult in matters of the highest im educated in the vicinity of Lanuvium and
portance, and from their age they were called Aricia.] He was so celebrated on the
senators, and from their authority patres. stage, that every comedian of excellence and
The whole body of the people was also dis merit has received his name. [Cicero, in
tinguished by the uame of patricians and ple his work on divination, makes his brother
beians, patron and client, who by mutual in Quintus say that the young Roscius was found
723
 RO IRU

one night in his cradle, enveloped in the Darius, or, according to others, of one of tº
folds of two serpents; that his father having satraps. Curt. 8, c. 4, 1. 10, c. 6--Pºwa
consulted the auspices respecting this prodigy, .Aler.—A wiſe of Mithridates the Gre:
they told him that his child would attain un who poisoned herself. t
to great celebrity. Quintus adds that a cer. RoxolāN1, a people of European Serº
tain Praxiteles had represented this in sculp. tia, who proved very active and rebellious r
ture, and that the poet Archias had celebrated the reign of the Roman emperors.
it in song..] His eyes were naturally dis Rube.As promontorium, the north capes:
torted, and he always appeared on the stage the north of Scandinavia.
with a mask, but the Romans obliged him to Rubi, now Ruro, a town of Apulia, frº
act his characters without, and they over which the epithet Rubeus is derived, applies
looked the deformities of his face that they to bramble bushes which grew there. The .
might the better hear his elegant pronuncia inhabitants were called Rubittni. Ha-at. 1,
tion, and be delighted with the sweetness of Sat. 5, v. 94.—Virg. G. 1, v.266.
his voice. He was accused on suspicion of Rubicon, [a small stream of Italy, failing
dishonourable practices; but Cicero under into the Adriatic a little to the north of An
took his defence, and cleared him of the ma minum, and forming in part the northern
levolent aspersions of his enemies, in an ele boundary of Italia Propria. It was on this
gant oration still extant. [Valerius Maxi last account that it was forbidden the Roºst
mus (8, c. 7,) states, that Roscius studied generals to pass the Rubicon with an armed
with the greatest care the most trifling ges force, under the most dreadſul imprecations:
ture which he was to make in public, and Ci for in violating this injunction they would
cero relates, that though the house of this enter on the immediate territory of the Re
comedian was a kind of school where good public, and would be in effect declaring war
actors were formed, yet Roscius declared upon their country. Caesar crossed the
that he never had a pupil with whom he was stream with his army at the commencement
completely satisfied. If Plutarch be correct. of the civil war, and harangued his troops
ly informed, Cicero himself studied under at Ariminum. When Augustus subsequent
this great actor; he was certainly his friend ly included Gallia Cisalpina within the limits
and admirer. Macrobius (Sat. 2, c. 10,) in of Italy, the Rubicon sank in importance:
forms us that Cicero and Roscius sometimes and in modern times it is difficult to ascer
tried which of the two could express a tain the position of the true stream. D'An
thought more forcibly, the one by his words, ville makes it correspond with a current
or the other by his gestures, and that these which, formed of three brooks, is called at
exercises gave Roscius so high an opinion of its mouth Fiumesino. A formal papal de
his art that he wrote a work, in which he cree, however, issued in 1756, decided in fa
made a comparison between it and eloquence. vour of the Lusa ; but popular tradition de
The same author mentions that Sylla, the signates the Pisatello as the true stream. and
dictator, to testify his admiration, sent the this river best suits the account we have of
actor a gold ring, a symbol of equestrian the situation of the Rubicon.] Lucan. 1. v.
rank. His daily profits were 1000 denarii 185 and 213.-Strab. 5.-Suet. in Caes. 32
(nearly one hundred and eighty dollars.) Plin. 3, c. 15
According to Pliny his annual gains were RubićNus LAPPA, a tragic poet in the
about twenty thousand dollars of our cur. age of Juvenal, conspicuous as much for his
rency. Roscius died about 62 B.C. for, in great genius as his poverty. Jur. 7, v. 73.
Cicero's defence of Archias, which was de Rubigo, a goddess. vid. Robigo.
livered A. U. 693, the death of Roscius is al Rubo, the Dwina, which falls into the Bal
luded to as a recent event.] Horat. 2, ep. 1 tic at Riga.
—Quintil.—Cic. pro Ros. de orat. 3, de Div. Rub Rius, a friend of Vitellius.
1, &c.—Tutc. 3, &c.—Plut. in Cic. Sex RUBRUM MARE, (th Red Sea.) ſº Ara
tus, a rich citizen of Ameria, murdered in bicus Sinus and Erythraeum mare.
the dictatorship of Sylla. His son of the RUDIAE, a town of Calabria near Bruade
same name, was accused of the murder, and sium, built by a Greek colony, and famous
eloquently defended by Cicero in an oration for giving birth to the poet Ennius. Cur. Fr.
still extant, A.U. C. 673. Cic. pro S. Ros. ..Arch. 10.—Ital, 12, v. 396.-Mela, 2, c. 4.
cio. Amer.—Otho, a tribune, who made a Rufus CRispinus, an officer of the pre
law to discriminate the knights from the torian guards under Claudius. He was bas
common people at public spectacles. ished by Agrippina for his attachment to Bri.
Rosi E CAMPUs, or Rosi A, a beautiful tannicus and Octavius, the sons of Messal
plain in the country of the Sabines, near the na, and put himself to death. His wife Pop
iake Velinum. Parro R. R. 1, c. 7.-Pirg. paea Sabina, by whom he had a son called
-En. 7, v. 712.—Cic. 4. Att 15. Rufinus Crispinus, afterwards married Nerº.
RotoMAgus, a town of Gaul, now Rouen. Tarit. 12.--Hist. c. 42, l 16, c. 17.
Roxana, a Persian woman taken prisoner RUFullus, a Roman ridiculed by Horace,
by Alexander. The conqueror became ena Sat. 2, v. 27, for his effeminacy.
imoured of her and married her. She behav. Rufinus, [a minister of state to the en
*d with great cruelty after Alexander's perors Theodosius and Arcadius, and a
ºath, and she was at last put to death by native of Gaul. He was naturally vindictive
*Cºssander's order. She was daughter of and cruel, and is supposed to have stimulate
724
 SA SA

Theodosius to the dreadful massacre of Thes clamations and praises of the people; and
salonica Aſter the death of this monarch, when some of his friends wished him to be
he succeeded to absolute authority over the recalled home by means of a civil war, he
eastern empire, in the reign of Arcadius. He severely reprimanded them, and said, that he
soon, however, fell beneath the power of Sti wished rather to see his country blush at his
licho, general under Honorius in the western exile, than to plunge it into distress by his
empire, and was put to death by the army. return. He was the first who taught the Ro
He is said to have aspired to the supreme au man soldiers the principles of fencing, and by
thority.] thus mixing dexterity with valour, rendered
Rufkiu M, a towu of Samnium, now Ru their attacks more certain, and more irresis
to. Liv. 8, c. 25. tible. During his banishment he employed
Rufus, a Latin historian. [rid. Quintius.] his time in study, and wrote an history of
One of the ancestors of Sylla, degraded Rome in Greek, and an account of his own
from the rank of a senator because tel, life in Latin, ties: es many other works. Ovid.
pounds weight of gold was found in his house. Fast. 6, v. 563.- veneca de Benef-Cic. in
-A poet of Ephesus in the reign of Tra Brut. de Orat. 1, c. 53.— Val. Max. 2, c. 3,
jan. He wrote six books on simples, now l. 6, c. 4.—Paterc. 2, c. 9. A Roman pro
lost. Sempronius. vid. Praetorius. consul, who is supposed to have encouraged
ti Rugia, now Rugen, an island of the Bal Mithridates to murder all the Romans who
C. were in his provinces. Claud. Numantia
Rug 11, a nation of Germany. Tacit. de nus, a poet of Gaul, in the reign of Honorius.
Germ. 43. According to some, he wrote a poem on
RUPiLius, an officer surnamed Rez. He Mount AEtna. He wrote also an itinerary,
was proscribed by Augustus, and fled to Bru published by Burunan in the Poetae Latini
tus. Horat. 1, sat. 7, v. 1.-A writer, minores, L. Bat. 4to. 1731.
whose treatises de figuris sententiarum, &c. Rùtúli, a people of Latium, known as
were edited by Runken, 8vo. L. Bat. 1786. well as the Latins, by the name of Aborigi
Rusticus, L. Jun. ARULENUs, a man put nºs. When Æneas came to Italy, Turnus
to death by Domitian. He was the friend was their king, and they supported him in
and preceptor of Pliny the younger, who the war which he waged against this foreign
praised his abilities; and he is likewise com prince. The capital of their dominions was
mended by Tacitus, 16, H. c. 26. Plin. 1, railed Ardea. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 883. JMet.
ep 14.—Suet, in Dom. 14, v. 455, &c.—Virg. JEn. 7, &c.—Plun, 3,
RUTEN1, a people of Gaul, now Rupergne. - 5.
in Guienne. Coes. B. G. RÚtüP1AE, a sea-port town on the southern
P. Rutilius Rufus, Roman consul in coasts of Britain, abounding in excellent oys
the age of Sylla, celebrated for his virtu s ters, whence the epithet of Rutupinus. Some
and writings. He refused to comply wit, suppose that it is the modern town of Dover,
the requests of his friends because they . but others Richborough or Sandwich [Hors
unjust. When Syila had banished him from ley is for Richborough : D’Anville for Sand
Rome he retired to Smyrna, amidst the ac wich.] Lucan. 6, v. 67.-Juv. 4, v. 141.

SA SA
SABA, a town of Arabia, [near the coast dern Savona. Sil. 8, v. 461.-Strab. 4.—
of the Sinus Arabicus.) famous for frankin A town of Assyria.
cense, myrrh, and aromatic plants. The in SAbAthA, a town of Arabia, now Sanaa.
habitants were called Sabaei. Strab. 16.- SAbAti Ni, a people of Samnium, living on
Diod. 3 –Virg. G. 1, v. 57...En. 1, v. 420. the banks of the Sabatus, a river which falls
SARAchus, or SABA cow, a king of Æthi into the Vulturnus. Lir. 26, ... 33.
opia, who invaded Egypt and reigned there, SABAzius, a surname of Bacchus, as also
after the expulsion of king Amasis. After a of Jupiter. Cic. de N. D. 3, c. 23.-Arnob.4.
reign of 50 years he was terrified by a dream || SAb Elli, a people of ltaly, descended from
and retired into his own kingdom. [Diodo the Sabines, or, according to some, from the
rus Siculus states that after the departure of Samnites. They inhabited that part of the
Sabacus there was an anarchy of two years, country which lies between the Satines and
which was succeeded by the reign of 12 kings, the Marsi. Hence t e epithet of Sabellicus.
who at their joint expense constructed the Horat 3, od. 6. – V. g. G. 3, v. 255.
labyrinth.) H rodot. 2, c. 137, &c. SABELLUs, a La! in poet in the reign of
Sabaei, [a people of Arabia Felix. Anoth Dom it an and Nerva.
er maine, viz. that of the Homeritae, (thought Julia SABINA, a Roman matron, who mar
to be derived from Hamiar, the maine of a red Adrian by means of Plotina the wife of
sovereign, and which signifies the red king,) Trajan. She is celebrated for her private as
appears in a later age confounded with that well as public virtues. Adrian treated her
of the Sabaeans.] vid. Saba. with the greatest asperity, though he had re
SABATA, a town of Liguria, with a safe and ceived from her the imperial purple; and the
beautiful harbour, supposed to be the mo empress was se * 25
of his unkindness, that
 SA 'SA

she boasted in his presence that she had dis with Ovid. He wrote some epistles and e
dained to make him a father lest his childrengies, in the number of which were ment !
should become more odious or more tyran ed an epistle from AEneas to Dido, from E:
nical than he himself was. The behaviour polytus to Phaedra, from Jason to Hipepts f
of Sabina at last so exasperated Adrian that from Demophoon to Phyllis, from Pers
he poisoned her, or, according to some, oblig CEnone, and from Ulysses to Penelope; i.
ed her to destroy herself. The emperor at three last of which, though said to be he
that time laboured under a mortal disease, composition, are spurious. Ovid. .4s.2 e.
and therefore he was the more encouraged 18, v. 27.—A man from whom the Sabre
to sacrifice Sabina to his resentment, that received their name. He received its
she might not survive him. Divine honours honours after death, and was one of tes
were paid to her memory. She died after deities whom AEneas invoked when he ente
she had been married 38 years to Adrian, A. ed Italy. He was supposed to be of Lac
D. 138. daemonian origin. Virg. JBn. 7, v. 171—
SABIN1, an ancient people of Italy, reckon Julius, an officer, who proclaimed biase:
ed among the Aborigines, or those inhabitants emperor in the beginning of Vespasias'
whose origin was not known. [Strabo is one reign. He was soon after defeated in a tat
of those who regard the Sabines as Autoc tle; and to escape from the conqueror he hº
thones, or of aboriginal extraction. In the himself in a subterraneous cave, with twº
district where the Sabines were aſterwards faithful domestics, where he continued un
settled, the Aborigines, according to Diony seen for nine successive years. His wife ſcued
sius of Halicarnassus, (2, p. 112.) had esta out his retreat, and spent her time with his.
blished themselves in very early times. An till her frequent visits to the cave diseovered
other proof is to be found in the language of the place of his concealment. He was drag
the Sabine race, which was in its principal ged before Vespasian, and by his orders pº
features identical with that spoken by the to death, though his friends interested then
Aborigines in Latium. On the ground of an selves in his cause, and his wife endeavoure:
affinity between these two nations, we per to raise the emperor's pity, by showing him
ceive in an instant why the Sabines were the twins whom she had brought forth =
invited to Rome in the days of Romulus to their subterraneous retreat. Titius, a Re
attend the celebration of the games. And man senator shamefully accused and cod
again, unless the Sabines and the Latins un demned by Sejanus. His body, after execs
der Romulus spoke the same language, how tion, was dragged through the streets ci
could they possibly unite in the same city 2) Rome, and treated with the greatest indusni
The possessions of the Sabines were situated ties. His dog constantly followed the body,
in the neighbourhood of Rome, between the and when it was thrown into the Tiber, the
river Nar and the Anio, and bounded on the faithful animal plunged in aſter it and was
north by the Appenines, and Umbria, south drowned. Plin. 8, c. 40. Poppaeus, a Re
by Latium, east by the Marsi, and Etruria on man consul who presided above 24 years
the west. The greatest part of the contigu over Moesia, and obtained a triumph fºr his
ous nations were descended from them, such victories over the Barbarians. He was a
as the Umbrians, the Campanians, the Sa great favourite of Augustus and of Tiberius.
belli, the Osci, Samnites, Hernici, AEqui, Mar. Tacit. Ann. Flavius, a brother of Vespa
si, Brutii, &c. The Sabines are celebrated sian, killed by the populace. He was well
in ancient history as being the first who took known for his fidelity to Vitellius. He coal
up arms against the Romans to avenge the manded in the Ronan armies 35 years, and
rape of their females at a spectacle where was governor of Rome for 12. A Roman
they had been invited. After some engage who attempted to plunder the temple of the
ments, the greatest part of the Sabines left Jews.
their ancient possessions, and migrated to SAbis, now Sambre, a river of Belgie Gael,
Rome, where they settled with their new al falling into the Maese at Namur. Cºs. 2, c.
lies. They were at last totally subdued, about 16 and 18.
the year of Rome 273, and ranked as Roman SABRATA, a maritime town of Tripolis in
citizens. Their chief cities were Cures, Fi. Africa, south-east of Syrtis Minor. It is now
denae, Reate, Crustumerium, Corniculum, Sabart or Old Tripoli..] Ital. 3, v. 256–
Nonentum, Collatia, &c. The character of Plin. 5, c. 4.
the nation for chastity, for purity of morals, SABRINA, the Severn in England.
and for the knowledge of herbs and incanta SAbus, one of the ancient kings of the Ss.
tions was very great. Horat. 17, ep. 28.- bines; the same as Sabinus. vid. Sabinus.
Cic. Vat. 15.-Plan. 3, c. 12.-Liv. 1, c. 9 SacăDAs, a musician and poet of Arge,
and 18–Dionys. 2, c. 51.-Strab. 5.—Flor. who obtained three several times the prise
1, c. 1, 1. 3, c. 18.—Ital. 8, v. 424.—Orid. !. c.the14.Pythian games. Plut. de mus.—Pame.
.Met. 14, v. 775 and 797. Am. 1, v. 101, 13,
8, v. 61.-Juv. 10, v. 197." SA ca, a people of Scythia, who inhabited
SABIN1ANUs, a general who revolted in the country that lies at the east of Bactriana
Africa, in the reign of Gordian, and was de and Sogdiana, and towards the north of
feated soon after, A. D. 240.-A general Mount Imaus, [now Saketa.] The name ef
of the eastern empire, &c. Sacre was given in general to all the Scythi
Sabinus Aulus, a Latin poet intimate ans by the Persians. [The term Saez signs
726
 - SA SA -
--- ---

fies “dogs.” It was applied by the Persians being the cause of the second Punic war, and
to the Scythians on account of the latter fol for the attachment of its inhabitants to the
lowing a different religious creed from their interests of Rome. Hannibal took it after a
own. The Scythian religion seems to have siege of four months; and the inhabitants, not
been derived from the worship of Budda in to fall into the enemy's hands, burnt them
India.] They had no towns, according to selves with their houses, and with all their
some writers, but lived in tents. Ptol. 6, c. effects. The conqueror afterwards rebuilt
13.-Herodot. 3, c. 93, 1.7, c. 63.—Plin. 6, c. it, and placed a garrison there with all the
17. –Salin. 62. noblemen whom he etained as hostages from
SACER Mons, a mountain near Rome. rid. the several neighbouring nations of Spain.
Mons Sacer. [It was wrested from the Carthaginians by
SAcER portus, or SAcR1 Pontus, a place Scipio, and being greatly favoured by the
of Italy, near Praeneste, famous for a battle Romans became a flourishing city. At some
that was fought there between Sylla and period, not mentioned in history, it was re
Marius, in which the former obtained the duced to ruins. Some remains of it are still
victory. Paterc. 2, c. 26.-Lucan. 2, v. 134. to be seen under the name of JMurpiedro, a
SAcRA v1A, a celebrated street at Rome, corruption of Muri Veteres.] Flor. 2, c. 6.
where a treaty of peace and alliance was made —Liv. 21, c. 2, 7, 9.-Sil. 1, v.271.-Lucans.
between Romulus and Tatius. It led from 3, v. 250.-Strab. 3.-Mela, 2, c. 6.
the amphitheatre to the capitol, by the tem SAIs, a town in the Delta of Egypt, situ
ple of the goddess of peace and the temple of ate between the Canopic and Sebennytic
Caesar. The triumphal processions passed months of the Nile, anciently the capital
through it to go to the capitol. Horat. 4, od. of Lower Egypt. Osiris was buried near
2, l. 1, sat. 9.-Liv. 2, c. 13.—Cic. Planc. 7. the town of Sais. The inhabitants were call
4tt. 4, ep.3. *
ed Saita. [This place is by some supposed
SA chATA Léx, ºnlitaris, A. U. C. 411, by to be the Sin of the Scriptures, but it is obvi
the dictator Valerius Corvus, as some sup ously recognized in Sall. There are still con
pose, enacted that the name of no soldier siderable remains on this spot. Minerva was
which had been entered on the muster roll
worshipped at Sais with great solemnity.]
should be struck out but by his consent, and Strab. 17.-Herodot. 2, c. 17, &c.
that no person who had been a military tri SALAMIN1A, a name given to a ship at
bune should execute the office of ductor or Athens which was employed by the republic
dinum.
in conveying the officers of state to their diſ.
SACRUM BELLUM, a name given to the ferent administrations abroad, &c. A
wars carried on concerning the temple of name given to the island of Cyprus, on ac
Delphi. The first began B. C. 448, and in it count of Salamis, one of its capital cities.
the Athenians and Lacedaemonians were aux SALĀMus, a daughter of the river Asopus,
iliaries on opposite sides. The second war by Methrone. Neptune became enamoured
began 357 B.C. and finished nine years after of her, and carried her to an island of the
by Philip of Macedonia, who destroyed all the AEgean, which afterwards bore her name,
cities of the Phocians. [vid. Phocis.]— and where she gave birth to a son called
Promontorium, a promontory of Spain, now Cenchreus. Diod. 4.
Cape St. P'incent, called by Strabo the most SALĀMis, SALAMINs, or SALAMINA, now
westerly part of the earth. [It was called Colouri, an island on the Saronicus Sinus,
Sacrum, because the ancients believed this to [now the gulf of Engia,] on the southern
be the place where the Sun at his setting coast of Attica, opposite Eleusis, at the dis
plunged his chariot into the sea.] tance of about a league, with a town and
SADYAtEs, one of the Mermnadae, who harbour of the same name. It is about 50
reigned in Lydia 12 years after his father Gy. miles in circumference. It was originally
ges. He made war against the Milesians for peopled by a colony of Ionians, and after
six years. Herodot. 1, c. 16, &c. wards by some of the Greeks from the ad
SAEtibis, a town of Spain, [on a little ri jacent islands and countries. It is celebrat
ver which falls into the Sucro. It was famed ed for a battle which was fought there be
for its fine linen, and is now Xativa.] Sil. 3, tween the fleets of the Greeks and that of the
v. 373. Persians, when Xerxes invaded Attica. The
SAGANA, a woman acquainted with magic enemy’s ships amounted to above 2000, and
and enchantments. Horat. epod. 5, v. 25. those of the Peloponnesians to about 300
SAGAR1s. [vid. Sangaris J sail. In this engagement, which was fought
SAGRA, a small river of Italy in the coun on the 20th of October, B. C. 480, the
try of the Brutii. [vid. Locri.] Cic. Nat. D. Greeks lost 40 ships, and the Persians about
2, c. 2.-Strab. 6. 200, besides an immense number which were
SAGUNtum, or SAGUNtus, a town of His taken, with all they contained. [The isl
pania.Tarraconensis, [north of Valentia,] and of Salamis was anciently called Cycria,
about one mile from the sea-shore. It had from Cychraeus, the name of its first king,
been founded by a colony of Zacynthians, and and also Pityusa from the number of pines
by some of the Rutuli of Ardea. Saguntum found there. Strabo gives it the appellation
is celebrated for the clay in its neighbourhood, of Scirias from an ancient hero of that name.
with which cups, pocula Saguntina, were It was called Salamine, from the nymph Sa
made, but more particularly it is famous as lamis mentioned above..] It is said that Xer
727
 SA SA

xes attempted to join it to the continent. ºneylia, B. c.709. Grid. Ancyle) 1,

Teucer and Ajax, who went to the Troja were twelve in number. [Their chief we
war, were natives of Salamis. Strab. 2. alled Praesul, who seems to have gone is
Herodot. 8, c. 56, &c.—Plut. & C. Nep. -- most in the procession; their principal sº f
Them. &c.—Diod. 4.—Wal. JMar. 5, c. 4.— -ician males; and he who admitted new tº
Paus. 1, c. 35, &c.—Mela, 2, c. 7.-Lucan. er-, magister.]. Their uumber was are
5, v. 109.—Sil. 14, v. 283. wards doubled by Tullus Hostilius, after as
Silk Mis, or SALĀMINA, a town at the eas: had obtained a victory over the Fidenates. -
of the island of Cyprus. It was built by onsequence of a vow which he had made
Teucer, who gave it the uame of the island ºlars. The Salii were all of patrician fºr
Salamis, from which he had been banished tes, and the office was very honourable. Tº
about 1270 years before the Christian era: first of March was the day on which the Si
and from this circumstance the epithets of iii observed their festivals in honour of Man
ambigua and of altera were applied to it, as They were generally dressed in a short sear
the mother country was also called rera, for let tunic, of which only the edges were sees
the sake of distinction. His descendants they wore a large purple-coloured belt ałes:
continued masters of the town for above 800 the waist, which was fastened with bras
years. It was destroyed by an earthquake. nuckles, They had on their heads rºund
and rebuilt in the 4th century, and called bonnets with two corners stauding up, and
Constantia. (It was depopulated about th: they wore in their right hand a small rod, and
end of the 7th century; but the name of in their left a small buckler, Ione of the At
Constansa remains annexed to its ruins.] culia, or shields of Mars. Lucan says that
Strab. 9.-Herodot. 8, c. 94, &c.—Horat. 1. it hung from the neck.] In the oºº-ervatiºn
od. 7, v. 21.—Paterc. 1, c. 1.-Lucan. 3, v. of their solemnity they first offered seen
183. fices, and afterwards went through the street
SãLAP1A, or SALĀp1AE, now Salpe, a town lancing in measured motions, sometimes an
of Apulia, [a short distance west of the Au together, or at other times separately, while
fidus. Its situation was marshy and insalu musical instruments were laying before
brious. It was a post of consequence, and them. They placed their body in different
was eagerly contended for by the Romans attitudes, and struck with their rods the
and Carthaginians during the second Punic shields which they held in their hands. They
war..] Lucan. 5, v. 377.-Val. Mar. 3, c. 8. also sung hymns in honour of the gods, par
–Plin. 3, c. 11. ticularly of Mars, Juno, Venus, and Miner
SALARIA, a street and gate at Rome which va, and they were accompanied in the chorus
led towards the country of the Sabines. It by a certain number of virgins, habited like
received the name of Salaria, because salt. themselves, and called Salie. [We bawe in
(sal,) was generally conveyed to Rome that Varro a few fragments of the Salian hymns,
way. Mart. 4. ep. 64. A bridge called which even in the time of that writer were
Salarius, was built four miles from Rome scarcely intelligible. Thus, for example,
through the Salarian gate on the river Anio.
SALAssi, [a people of Gallia Transpada “ Divum exta cante, Divum Deo ruppºrt
cante.”
*
na, more northerly than the Taurini, in a fine
valley watered by the Duria Major.] They i. e. Deorum erta canite, Deorum Deo (Jame)
cut off 10,000 Romans under Appius Clau suppliciter cante ; and also the following:
dius, A. U. C. 610, and were soon after de * — ornata
feated, and at last totally subdued and sold as dapatilia comussejanº custones
slaves by Augustus. [A colony of Praeto duonus ceruses divius janusque tent."
rians was established in this territory in the
reign of Augustus, which took the name of . e. Omnia dapalia comedisse Jawi Curion*
Augusta Praetoria, now Mousta.] Liv.21, c. Bonus creator Divius Janusque rena.] The
38.—Plin. 3, c. 17.-Strab. 4. Salii instituted by Nuna, were called Paia.
SALElus, a poet of great merit in the tuni, in contradistinction from the others, be:
age of Domitian, yet pinched by poverty. cause they lived on Mount Palatine, and aſ
though born of illustrious parents, and dis fered their sacrifices there. Those that were
tinguished by purity of manners and integri added by Tullus were called Collini, Agº
ty of mind. Jur. 7, c. 80.-Quint. 10, c. 1 males, or Quirinales, irom a mountain of the
SALENtini, a people of Italy, |. Japygia. same name, where they had fixed their re
dence. Their name seems to have been de
on the south-western side of the heel.] Ital.
8, v. 579.-Virg. JEn 3. v. 400.-Varro de rived a saliendo, or sallando, because, during
R. R. 1, c. 24.—Strab. 5-Mela, 2, c. 4. their festivals, it was particularly requisite
SALERNUM, now Salerno, a town of the that they should leap and dance. Their
Picentini, on the shores of the Tyrrhene Sea, feasts and entertainments were uncommonly
south of Campania, and famous for a medical rich and sumptuous, whence dapes saiadrºsis
school in the lower ages. Plin. 13, c. 3– proverbially applied to such re; asts as are
Liv. 34, c. 45.-Lucan. 2, v.425.—Patere. most splendid and costly. It was usual
1, c. 15.-Hovat. 1, ep. 15. among the Romans, when they declared war,
SALII, a college of priests at Rome, insti for the Salii to shake their shields with great
tuted in honour of Mars, and appointed by violence, as if to call upon the god Marate
Numa to take care of the sacred shields cali. come to their assistance. Liv. 1, c. 20
*>
 SA SA
rro de L. L. 4, c. 15.-Ovid. Fast. 3, v. pular tradition, which confounded Catiline
'-Dionys. 3.—Flor. 1, c. 2, &c.—Virg. with Sallust. The historian was, however,
n. 8, v. 285. A nation of Germany who certainly accused by the Numidians, but ac
aded Gaul, and were conquered by the quitted by Caesar. At his return to Rome he
peror Julian. Amm. Mar. 17. built himself a magnificent house, and bought
2mispus SAllustics, a Latin historian, gardens. These afterwards became the pro
u at Amiternum, in the country of the perty of his grand-nephew, and subsequently
bines. He received his education at of the emperors. They were on the Quirinal
ºne, and made himself known as a hill, and the spot still retains the name of
blic magistrate in the office of quaestor. the gardens of Sallust.] He marrid Terentia,
* licentiousness and the depravity of his the divorced wife of Cicero, and from this cir
inners, however, did not escape the cen cumstance, according to some, arose an im
'e of the age, and Sallust was degraded mortal hatred between the historian and the
m the dignity ofa senator, B. C. 50. His orator. Sallust died in the 51st year of his
our with Fausta, the daughter of Sylla, age, 35 years before the Christian era. As
s a strong proof of his debauchery; and a writer he is peculiarly distinguished. He
o, the husband, who discovered the adul had composed a history of Rome, but nothing
ºr in his house, revenged the violence of. remains of it except a few fragments. [His
id to his bed, by beating him with stripes, Roman history was divided into six books.
selling him his liberty at a high price. It commenced with the death of Sylla, and
his circumstance is related by Aulus Gel ended at the conspiracy of Catiline. It was
(Moct. Att. 17, c. 18,) on the authority preceded by two discourses, one of which
arro. It seems, however, rather extra gave an account of the government and man
nary that the intrigue of a senator with ners of Rome from its origin to the period of
male of so abandoned a character, could the civil wars, the other contained a brief re
*ar deserving of so severe a punishment cital of the troubles between Marius and
period of such general corruption. It is Sylla.] His only compositions extant are
more probable that Sallust was sacrificed his history of Catiline's conspiracy, and of
irty motives. Sallust being tribune of the wars of Jugurtha king of Numidia. In
ommons the year that Milo was tried, these celebrated works the author is greatly
also a partizan of Caesar's, found means commended for his elegance, and the vigour
1strate the schemes of Cicero and the re and animation of his sentences; he every
can party, by effecting Milo's condem where displays a wonderful knowledge of the
n. The censor Appius Claudius Pul human heart, and paints with a masterly
desirous of gaining the friendship of Ci hand the causes that gave rise to the great
which he deemed of importance to his events which he relates. No one was better
sts, seems to have degraded Sallust from acquainted with the vices that prevailed in
aatorian rank from no other than party the capital of Italy, and no one seems to have
erations. Sallust, no doubt, was infect been more severe against the follies of the
h the vices of the age, but he certain age, and the ſailings of which he himself was
s not seem to have been that monster guilty in the eyes of the world. His descrip
ravity which his enemies represented tions are elegantly correct, and his harangues
be. Would an abandoned profligate are nervous and animated, and well suit
as he has done in praise of virtue and ing the character and the different pursuits
rder * Such effrontery would be almost of the great men in whose mouth they are
ible. Sallust, after his disgrace, retir placed. The historian, however, is blamed
2 Gaul to Caesar, and the latter, be for tedious and insipid exordiums, which of.
3 shortly after master of the republic, ten disgust the reader without improving
2d Sallust to his senatorian rank, and him; his affectation of old and obsolete words
m appointed in succession quaestor and and phrases is also censured, and particular
He accompanied his patron into ly his unwarrantable partiality in some of
and was left there by Caesar as gover his narrations. Though faithful in every
Yumidia. Sallust has been accused of other respect, he has not painted the charac
Y and extortion while holding this pro ter of Cicero with all the fidelity and accu
This charge is founded upon a pas racy which the reader claims from the his.
io Cassius, who says that he was torian ; and in passing in silence over many
he spoiler than the governor of Nu actions which reflect the greatest honour on
but it is difficult to reconcile this the first husband of Terentia, the rival of Ci
at with the principles openly profess cero has disgraced himself, and rendered his
Allust in his writings, and to conceive compositions less authentic. There are two
sman stained with crime could have orations, or epistles to Caesar, concerning the
affected such rigour of principles, regulation of the state, attributed to him, as
disgusting, and exciting the marked also an oration against Cicero, whose authen
ersion of his contemporaries. It is ticity some of the moderns have disputed.
in probable that Dio Cassius details [It appears, from a passage of Avienus, that
one of the numerous slanders put in he wrote also a geographical work “on the
on by the enemies of Sallust. A re Euxine Sea,” now lost.] The best edition
or has even gone so far as to advance of Sallust [is that of Cortius, Lips. 1724,
othesis that P; only followed a po 4to.] Quintil 10, º-se:
º
de Gramria
 SA SA

Cors.-Martial. 14, ep. 191.-A [grand SALöME, a queen of Judaea This tº

nephew of the historian, by whom he was was common to some of the princesses tº a
adopted. He imitated the moderation of family of Herod, &c.
Maecenas, and remained satisfied with the SALöNA, or SALONAE, a town of Dalais- |
dignity of a Roman knight, when he could about 10 miles distant from the coast as as
have made himself powerful by the favours Adriatic, taken and destroyed by Poiſie, we
of Augustus and Tiberius. He was very ef. on that account, called his son Satorinº - .
feminato and luxurious. Horace dedicated honour of the victory. [It was rebukº .
2, od. 2, to him. Tacit. Ann. 1.-Plin. 34. Tiberius, who sent hither a Roman cº
—Secundus Promotus, a native of Gaul and made it the capital of Illyricua.” –
very intimate with the emperor Julian. He was the native place of the emperor ºr
is remarkable for his integrity, and the clesian, and he retired there to enjoy Pear
soundness of his counsels. Julian made him aud tranquillity, after he had abdicated as
prefect of Gaul.—There is also another imperial purple, and built a stately Paia's
Sallust, called Secundus, whom some have im [about six or seven miles ſtom the city. --
properly confounded with Promotus. Se ruins of which were still seen in the 1: ...
cundus was also one of Julian's favourites, and century. [Out of the ruins of this magnº
was made by him prefect of the east He cent structure, which with its grounds cess:
conciliated the good graces of the Romans ed an extent of between nine and ten E-3-
by the purity of his morals, his fondness for lish acres, arose the village of Aspalait
discipline, and his religious principles. After and long afterwards the provincial tow: *
the death of the emperor Jovian, he was uni Spalatro.] Lucan. 4, v. 404.—Car. E.
versally named by the officers of the Roman Civ. 9.—JMela, 2, c. 3.
empire to succeed on the imperial throne ; SALoN in A, a celebrated matron who ra.
but he refused this great though dangerous ried the emperor Gallienus, and distingtº
honour, and pleaded infirmities of body and ed herself by her private as well as peace
old age. The Romans wished upon this to virtues. She was a patroness of all the fis
invest his son with the imperial purple, but arts, and to her clemency, mildness, and tº
Secundus opposed it, and observed that he nevolence, Rome was indebted some tº
was too young to support the dignity. for its peace and prosperity. She accompa
SALMAcis, a fountain of Caria, near Ha nied her husband in some of his expeditical,
licarnassus, which rendered effeminate all and often called him away from the pursue
those who drank of its waters. It was there of pleasure to make war against the enemies
that Hermaphroditus changed his sex, though of Rome. She was put to death by the
he still retained the characteristics of his own. hands of the conspirators, who also assassi
Ovid. Mct. 4, v. 285, l. 15, v. 319.-Hygin. nated her husband and family, about the
fab. 271.—Festus. de V. fig. the year 268 of the Christian era.
SALMANTICA, a town of Spain, nown Sala SALoNinus, a son of Asinius Polluo. He
ºnarica.
received his name from the conquest of Sa
SALMöNE, a town of Elis in Peloponnesus, lone by his father. Some suppose that he is
with a ſountain from which the Enipeus the hero of Virgil's fourth eclogue, in which
takes its source, and falls into the Alpheus the return of the golden age is so warmly
about 40 stadia from Olympia, which, on ac and beautifully antiºpated. P. Licinius
count of that, is called Salmonis. Ovid. 3. Cornelius, a son of Gallienus, by Salotics
..lmor, el. 6, v. 43.−A promontory at the sent into Gaul, there to be taught the srt ºf
east of Crete. Dionys. 5. war. He remained there some time, till the
SALMoneus, a king of Elis, son of AEolus usurper Posthumius arose, and proclaimed
and Enarette, who married Alcidice, by whom himself emperor. Saloninus was upon the
he had Tyro. He wished to be called a god, Jelivered up to his enemy, and put to death
and to receive divine honours from his sub in the 10th year of his age.
jects ; therefore, to imitate the thunder, he SALv1AN, one of the fathers of the 5th
used to drive his chariot over a brazenbridge, century, of whose works the best edition a
and darted burning torches on every side, as the 12mo. Paris, 1684.
if to imitate the lightning. This impiety pro SALvius, a flute-player, saluted king by
voked Jupiter. Salmoneus was struck with a the rebellious slaves of Sicily in the age ºf
thunderbolt, and placed in the infernal re Marius. He maintained for some time was
gions near his brother Sisyphus. Homer. against the Romans.
Od. 11, v. 235–Apollod. I, c. 9.—Hygin. SALus, the goddess of health at Roze,
fab. 60.-Diod. 4.—Virg. JEn. 6, v. 585. worshipped by the Greeks under the name
JALMöNis, a name given to Olympia. of Hygieia. Liv. 9 and 10.
vid. Salmone.—The patronymic of Tyro, SA1.Yes, a people of Gaul, [extending frºm
* of Salmoneus.
v. 4-3.
Ovid. .4m. 3, el. 6, the Rhone, along the southern bank ºf the
Druentia or Durance, almost to the Alps,
Sálmydessus. [vid. Halmydessus.] They were powerful opponents to the Greek,
SALo, now Xalon, a river in Spain, falling of Massilia. Liv. 5, c. 34 and 35, 1. 21, c. ºf
into the Iberus. Mart. 10, ep. 20. SAMARA, a river of Gaul, now called the
SALOPURUM, now Soleure, a town of the Somme, which falls into the British channel
Helvetii, near Abbeville.
739
 SA SA

5AMARIA, [a city and country of Palestine, The fertility of Samos was anciently prover.
*nous in sacred history. The district of bial, and the possession of it was much
º naria lay to the north of Judaea. The ori. sought after. It was famed also for a salu
"" a of the Samaritan nation was as follows : brious climate, a pure air, and abundance of
tº the reign of Rehoboam a division was water. Athenæus states that the fig-trees,
** ade of the people of Israel into two dis. apple-trees, and vines, bore fruit twice a
** set kingdoms. One of these kingdoms, call. year; Pliny takes notice of its pomegranates.
º ! Judah, consisted of such as adhered to This island also abounded with a great varie
** ehoboam and the house of David, com ty of game, as it still does at the present day:
* * *ising the two tribes of Judah and Benja it contains some iron mines, emery-stone, and
*in; the other ten tribes retained the ancient plenty of ochre.] It was first in the possession
** ame of Israelites under Jeroboam. The of the Leleges, and afterwards of the Ionians.
*pital of the state of these latter was Sama The people of Samos were at first governed
a, which was also the name of their coun by kings, and afterwards the form of their
*** y. The Samaritans and the people of Ju government became democratical and oligar
***a were lasting and bitter enemies. The chical. Samos was in its most flourishing si
ºrmer deviated in several respects from the tuation under Polycrates, who had made him
trictness of the Mosaic law; though after self absolute there. The Samians assisted
**wards the religion of the two nations became the Greeks against the Persians when Xer
more closely assimilated; and, in the time of xes invaded Europe, and were reduced under
Alexander, the Samaritans obtained leave of the power of Athens, after a revolt by Peri
hat conqueror to build a temple on Mount cles, B.C. 441. They were afterwards sub
Serizim, near the city of Samaria, in imita dued by Eumenes, king of Pergamus, and
ion of the temple at Jerusalem, where they were restored to their ancient liberty by Au
practised the same forms of worship. Among gustus. Under Vespasian, Samos became a
the people of Judaea, the name of Samaritan Roman province. Juno was held in the great
was a term of bitter reproach, and disgrace est veneration there, her temple was uncom
ful in a high degree. The city of Samaria monly magnificent, and it was even said that
was situate on Mount Sameron, and was the goddess had been born there under a wil
the residence of the kings of Israel, from low-tree on the banks of the Imbrasus. [The
Omri its founder to the overthrow of the magnificent temple erected here in honour of
kingdom. It was razed to the ground by the goddess is now totally annihilated, and the
Hyrcanus, but rebuilt by Herod, who coni greatest part of the ancient splendour of the
pleted the work begun by Gabinius, pro-con island is lost.] Mela, 2, c. 7.—Paus, 7, c. 2
sul of Syria. Herod called it Sebaste in and 4.— Plut. in Per.—Plin. 5, c. 31.—Virg.
honour of Augustus.] JEn. 1, v. 20.—Thucyd.—The islands of
SAMA Rob Riva, a town of Gaul, now .1mi Samothrace and Cephallenia were also known
ºns, in Picardy. [Its name indicates that by the name of Samos. [Cephallenia was
t was a place of passage over the river Sa called the steep Samos.]
tara, the word brira signifying in Celtic, “a SAMositA, a town of Syria, [and capital
ridge.”T of Commagene, on the right bank of the Eu
SAME , [a place on the eastern shore of phrates. It was the residence of Antiochus
ephalienia, which appears to have given an when Pompey granted to him this province,
acient name of Samos to the whole island.] and which his successors enjoyed until the
ºrg. AE n. 3, v. 271. reign of Tiberius, when it became a Roman
SAMNITEs, a people of Italy, who inhabit province. Lucian was born at Samosata.]
e country [between Apulia on the east, SAMothſtäcE, or SAMoth Răcia, [now
d Latium and Campania on the west, Samanaraki or Mandraki,j an island in the
life on the north they reached to the A.gean Sea, opposite the mouth of the He
nfines of the Marsi, and to the south brus, on the coast of Thrace, from which it
»se of Lucania.] They distinguished is distant about 32 miles. It was known by
emselves by their implarable hatred against the ancient names of Leucosia, Melitis, Elec
Romans in the first ages of that em tria, Leucania, and Dardana, [because, ac
e, till they were at last totally extirpated. cording to Pliny, Dardanus retired to it..] It
C. 272, after a war of 71 years. Liv. 7, &c. was afterwards called Samos, and distinguish
ºr. I. c. 16, &c. l. 3, c. 18.-Strab. 5.-Lu ed from the Samos which lies on the coast of
v. 2. — Eutrop. 2. Ionia, by the epithet of Thracian, or by the
SAMIN 1 JM, a part of Italy inhabited by the name of Samothrace. It is about 38 miles in
mnites. vid. Samnites. circumference, according to Pliny, or only 20
SAM or sum, [a promontory of Crete, at according to modern travellers. The origin
eastern extremity, now Salmone.] of the first inhabitants of Samothrace is un
SAM os, an island in the Ægean Sea, on the known. Some, however, suppose that they
st of Asia Minor, from which it is divided were Thracians, and that the place was af
a narrow strait, with a capital of the same terwards peopled by the colonies of the Pe
le, built B. C. 986. It is about 87 miles in lasgians, Samians, and Phoenicians: Samo
umferekace, and is famous for the birth of thrace is famous for a deluge which inundat
hagoras- It has been anciently called ed the country, and reached the very top of
thentº, Janathemusa, Stephane, JMelam the highest mountains. This inundation,
lus, -ºº-ehemus, Cuparissia, and Dryusa. which happened before the age of the Argo
73f -
 SA SA

ander he made himself master of a

nauts, was owing to the sudden overflow of
the waters of the Euxine, which the ancients the country which was in the hands ºf >
considered merely as a lake. The Samothra leucus. Justin. 15, c. 4.
cians were very religious, [but celebrated SANgāRius, or SANGAR1s. [a river * ſ
particularly for the worship of the Cabiri;] Asia Minor, rising in Galatia. on the confo
and as all mysteries were supposed to have of Phrygia, and after a considerable eer
taken their origin there, the island received falling into the Euxine. It is now the Sea
the surname of sacred, and was a safe and in ria.] The daughter of the Sangarius tees:
violable asylum to all fugitives and criminals. pregnant of Altes only from gathering tº
The island was originally governed by kings, boughs of an almond-tree on the barks ºf the
but afterwards the government became de river. Hecuba, according to some, wº
mocratical. It enjoyed all the rights and imdaughter of this river. Some of the Pºe
munities under the Romans till the reign of call it Sagaris. Ovid. er Pour. 4, ei. 10
—Claudian. in Eutrop. 2.-Paur. 7, c. 17.
Vespasian, who reduced it, with the rest of the
islands in the AEgean, into the form of a pro SANNY Rion, a tragic poet of Ather
vince. Plin. 4, c. 12.-Strab. 10–Hernd. He composed many dramatic pieces, or
7, c. 108, &c.—Virg. JEn. 7, v. 208.-Mela, of which was called Io, and another Damas
2, c. 7.-Paus. 7, c. 4.—Flor. 2, c. 12. ...Athen. 9.
SANA, a town of Mount Athos, near which SAntón Es, and SANTöN.E., now Sri
Xerxes began to make a channel to convey tonge, a people with a town of the sarº
the sea. [It lay opposite to Acanthus. vid. name in Gaul. Lucan. 1, v. 422–Martie.
Acanthus and Athos.] 3, ep. 96.
SAN choN1ATHoN, a Phoenician historian SAPIs, now Savio, a river of Gallis Ceſs
born at Berytus, or, according to others, at dana, falling into the Adriatic. Lucan. :: *
Tyre. He flourished a ſew years before the 406.
Trojan war, and wrote, in the language of SAP'on, a king of Persia, who succeeded
his country, an history in nine books, in which his father Artaxerxes about the 238th year
he amply treated of the theology and antiqui of the Christian era. Naturally fierce and
ties of Phoenicia and the neighbouring places. ambitious, Sapor wished to increase his ſº
It was compiled from the various records ternal dominions by conquest: and as their
found in cities, and the annals which were dolence of the enmperors of Rome seemed fa
usually kept in the temples of the gods among vourable to his views, he laid waste the prº
the ancients. This history was translated in Riº of Mesopotamia, Syria, and Cilicia :
to Greek by Philo, a native of Byblus, who and he might have become master of all Asia.
lived in the reign of the emperor Adrian. if Odematus had not stopped his progress
[Some few fragments of this Greek translation If Gordian attempted to repel him, his ef
are extant in Porphyry “de Abstinentin.” forts were weak, and Philip, who succeeded
Dodwell, in an express treatise, has laboured him on the imperial throne, bought the peace
to show that Sanchoniathon never existed, of Sapor with money. Valerian, who we
and Dupin has attempted to destroy entirely | afterwards invested with the purple, marth
the credit of the supposed fragments; but |ed against the Persian monarch, but he was
other learned men consider them as au defeated and taken prisoner Oderatus tº
thentic. According to Snidas, Sanchoniathon sooner heard that the Roman emperor was a
wrote a treatise on the religious institutions of captive in the hands of Sapor than he attempº
the Phoenicians, another on the physiology ed to release him by force of arms. The
of Hermes, and a third on the Egyptian forces of Persia were cut to pieces, the wire
theology.] -
and the treasures of the monarch ſell into the
Sáncus, SANGUs, or SANctus, a deity of hands of the conqueror, and Odenatus pere
the Sabines introduced among the gods of trated, with little opposition, into the very
Rome under the name of Dius Fidius. [The heart of the kingdom. Sapor, soon after the
same as Hercules.] According to some, defeat, was assassinated by his subjects. A
Sancus was father to Sabus or Sabinus, the D. 293, after a reign of 32 years. He was
first king of the Sabines. Ital 8, v. 421.- succeeded by his son called Hormisles
º de L. L. 4, c. 10.-Ovid. Fast. 6, v. JMarcellin, &c.—The 2d of that name sº
ceeded his father Hormisdas the 3d on tº
SANDALIOtis, a name given to Sardinia throne of Persia. He was as great as his sº
º Plin. 3, !cestor of the same name: and by undertº
its resemblance to a sandal.
C. l. ing a war against the Romans, he attempte:
SANPRocotrus, an Indian of a mean ori. to enlarge his dominions and to add the prº
gin. His impertinence to Alexander was the vinces on the west of the Euphrates tº his
beginning of his greatness; the conqueror or empire. His victories alarmed the Roma: |
dered him to be seized, but Sandrocottus fled emperors, and Julian would have pertº
*Way, and at last dropped down overwhelm seized him in the capital of his dominions, d
ed with fatigue. As he slept on the ground a he had not received a mortal wound. Jovian,
* “ame to him and gently licked the sweat who succeeded Julian, made peace with Sa
from his face. This uncommon tameness of por; but the monarch, always restless and
the animal appeared supernatural to Sandro. indefatigable, renewed hostilities, invaded Ar
cottus, and raised his ambition. He aspired menia, and defeated the emperor Walez:
**the monarchy, and after the death of Alex. Sapor died A. D. 380, after a reign of Tº
732
|
 SA SA

years, in which he had often been the sport lation by which the tribes from Mecca to the
of fortune. He was succeeded by Artax Euphrates were confounded by the Greeks
erxes, and Artaxerxes by Sapor the third, a and Latins. Concerning the etymology of the
prince who died after a reign of five years, A name various opinions have been advanced.
12. 389, in the age of Theodosius the Great. Many derive it from an Arabic term Sher
-Marcellin, &c. kin, which signifies an oriental situation.]
Sappho, a female celebrated for her SARASA, a fortified place of Mesopotamia,
beauty, her poetical talents, and her amorous ou the Tigris. Strab.
disposition, was born in the island of Lesbos, SARävus, now the Soar, a river of Belgium
about 600 years before Christ. Her father's falling into the oselle.
name, according to Herodotus, was Scaman. SARDANAPālus the 40th and last king
drouymus, or, according to others, Symon, or of Assyria, celebrated for his luxury and
Semus, or Etarchus, and her mother's name voluptuousness. The greatest part of his
was Cleis. [This is incorrect : she was "ime was spent in the company of his eunuchs,
married to Cercolas, and the offspring of tha and the mouarch generally appeared in the
union was a daughter named Cleis He nids' of his concubines disguised in the habit
tender passions were so violent, that some of a female, and spinning wool for his amuse
have represented her attachments with three ment. This effeminacy irritated his officers;
of her female companions, Telesiphe, Atthis. Belesis and Arsaces conspired against him,
and Megara, as criminal. [This is equally and collected a numerous force to dethrone
incorrect: Sappho had united around her a him. Sardanapalus quitted his voluptuous
number of young females, whom she instruct ness for a while, and appeared at the head
ed in music and poetry; and they in turn of his armies. The rebels were defeated in
revered her as their benefactress. This in three successive battles, but at last Sarda a
stitution, however, was made a pretext for palus was beaten and besieged in the city of
the gross calumnies which have tarnished Ninus, for two years. When he despaired
her reputation.] She conceived such a pas of success, he burned himself in his palace,
ston for Phaon, a youth of Mitylene, that up with his eunuchs, concubines, and all his
on his refusal to gratify her desires, she treasures, and the empire of Assyria was
threw herself into the sea from Mount Leucas. divided among the conspirators. This fa
She is represented by Ovid as very far from mous event happened B. C. 820, according to
handsome, and as she was probably no longer Eusebius; though Justin and others, with
woung when she became enamoured of less probability, place it 80 years earlier. [vid.
Phaon, his neglect of her is not at all to be Anchiale.] Herodot. 2, c. 150–Diod. 2–
wondered at. She had composed nine books Strab. 14.—Cic. Tusc. 5, c. 35.
in lyric verses, besides epigrams, elegies, &c SARp1, the inhabitants of Sardinia. vid.
Of all these compositions nothing now re Sardinia.
mains but two pieces, whose uncommon SARDrs. rid. Sardis.
sweetness and elegance show how meritorious SARDINIA, the greatest island in the Me
ly the praises of the ancients have been be diterranean after Sicily, at the south of Corsi
stowed upon a poetess who for the sublimity ca. [It is about 140 miles in length from N.
of her genius was called the tenth Muse. to S. and 60 in its medial breadth from E. to
[Besides these two pieces, there remain some W.] It was originally callel, Sandaliotis or
fragments quoted by the scholiast and others. Ichnusa, from its resembling the human foot,
What remains of the poetry of Sappho is (x,&Y and it received the name of Sardinia
generally published with the odes cf Anacre from Sardus, a son of Hercules, who settled
on. Plutarch compares the inspiration of there with a colony which he had brought
her verses to that of the Pythoness. The with him from Libya. [Others make even
fragments that remain of the compositions of the name Sardinia refer to its peculiar shape,
Sappho confirm this decision, and completely and derive it from the Oriental term Saad or
justify the admiration of antiquity. Diony Sarad, denoting the traces of a foot. [Other
sius of Halicarnassus has preserved her colonies, under Aristaeus, Norax, and lolas,
beautiful “Ode to Venus;” a second ode, also settled there. [Some make colonies of
still more beautiful, is quoted by Longinus. Trojans to have settled in it after the ruin of
Independent of these there only remain some their country; and to have been afterwards
epigrams and detached verses. The most cri driven to the mountains by the Greeks who
tical edition is that of Bloomfield, in the came hither.] It was first held by the Phoe
Museum Criticum, Vol. 1.] Her composi nicians. After them the Carthaginians were
tious were all extant in the age of Horace. long masters of it, and were dispossessed by
The Lesbians were so sensible of the meri the Romans in the first Punic war, A. U. C.
of Sappho, that after her death they paid her 521. (Corsica was also subdued in thefollow
divine honours, and raised her temples and ing year, and both islands became subject to
altars, and stamped their money with he the same praetor.] Some call it with Sicily,
image. The Sapphic verse was invent one of the granaries of Rome. The air was
cd by her. Orid. Heroid. 15. Trist. 2, very unwholesome, though the soil was fertile
v. 365.—Horat. 2, Od. 13.-Herodot. 2, c. in corn, in wine, and oil. ".
air is still un
135–Slat. 5. Sylv. 3, v. 155.-JElian. V. wholesome on account of the morasses and
H. 12, c. 18 and 29.-Plin. 22, c. 8. the high mountains on the north side; which
San AcKN1, ſor Saracens, a general appel obstruct the course of the wind.] Neither
733
 SA SA

wolves nor serpents are found in Sardinia, boundaries, towards the west European º
nor any poisonous herb, except one, [a spe matia, towards the east Scythia, and towara
cies of ranunculus,) which, when eaten, con the south and south-east, Colehis, Iberis, 1
tracts the nerves, and is attended with a pa bania, and the Caspian Sea.] The force
roxysm of laughter, the forerunner of death; contained the modern kingdoms of Rºme
hence risus Sardonicus, or Sardous. [Sardi Poland, Lithuania, and Little Tartary: as
nia at the present day is rich in minerals. the latter, Great Tartary, Circasria. and tie
Several silver mines are worked ; the lead neighbouring country. The Sarmatianswer.
mines, however, are the most productive ; a savage uncivilized nation, often confounds
those of Iglesias yielding from 50 to 80 pounds with the Scythians, naturally warlike, and
in the hundred-weight.] Cic. Fan. 7, c. 25. famous for painting their bodies to appear
—Servius ad Virg. 7, ecl. 4.—Tacit. Ann. more terrible in the field of battle. The
2, c. 85.-Mela, 3, c. 7.-Strab. 2 and 5.- were well known for their lewdness, and they
Cic. pro Manil. ad Q. frat. 2, ep.3.−Plin. 3, passed among the Greeks and Latins by the
c. 7.—Paus. 10, c. 17.—Varro de R. R.—|| name of Barbarians. In the time of the
P'al. Mar. 7, c.6. | emperors they became very powerful, they
SARDicA. ſº metropolis of Dacia Medi-| disturbed the peace of Rome by their fre
terranean. It was situate a considerable dis-ſ quent incursions; till, at last, increased by
tance to the north-west of Philippopolis, on the savage hordes of Scythia, under the
the confines of Paeonia. The Bulgarians barbarous names of Huns, Vandals, Goths,
changed the name to Triaditza, The vesti Alans, &c. they successfully invaded and
ges of it are contiguous to Sophia.} ruined the empire in the 3d and 4th centuries
SARDIs, or SARDEs, now Sart, a town of of the Christian era. They generally lived
Asia Minor, the capital of the kingdom of on the mountains, without any habitation ex
Lydia, situate at the foot of Mount Tmolus, cept their chariots, whence they have been
on the banks of the Pactolus. [The citadel called Hamazobii; they lived upon plunder.
was placed on a craggy mountain south-east |and fed upon milk mixed with the bloºd e.
of the town, and on account of its situation was horses. Strab. 7, &c.— Mela, 2, c. 4.—Died
deemed impregnable. Sardis was an ancient 2.—Flor. 4, c. 12.-Lucan. 1, &c.—Jur. :
city, posterior, however, to the siege of Troy. —Ovid. Trist. 2, &c.
According to Herodotus it was seized by the SARMAticum MARE, a name given to the
Cimmerians who were driven from their Euxine Sea because on the coast of Sarmatia.
country by the Scythian Nomades, in the Ovid. 4, ea. Pont. ep. 10, v. 38.
reign of Ardys, who ascended the throne SARNus, a river of Picenum, dividing it
680 B.C. It was wrested from them by from Campania, and falling into the Tuscan
Alyattes 2d, who began to reign 619 years B. Sea. Stat. 1, Sylv.2, v.265.-Virg...En 7,
U. It became subject to Cyrus 584 B.C. v. 738.-Strab. 5.
who gained a victory over Croesus in the plain SARow, a king of Troezene, unusually fond
before the city. In the year 214 B.C. An of hunting. He was drowned in the ses.
tiochus the Great made himself master of where he had swam for some miles in pur
Sardis, and held it for 25 years. It was the suit of a stag. He was made a sea-god by
place of his retreat after the battle of Mag Neptune, and divine honours were paid to
nesia. After his departure from the city to him by the Troezenians. It was customary
join Seleucus his son, it surrendered to the for sailors to offer him sacrifices before ther
Romans.] It was destroyed by an earth embarked. That part of the sea where he
quake in the reign of Tiberius, who ordered was drowned was called Saronicºts Sinus, ºn
it to be rebuilt. It was burnt by the Athe the coast of Achaia, near the isthmus of Co
nians B. C. 504, which became the cause of rinth. Saron built a temple to Diana at Trr
the invasion of Attica by Darius. Plut. in zene, and instituted festivals to her boneur,
Jºller.—Ovid. Met. 11, v. 137, 152, &c.—Strab. called from himself Saronia. Patºs. 2, c. 30.
13.-Herodot. 1, c. 7, &c. —Hela, 2, c. 3.-Strab. 8.
SARDonks, the people of Roussilon in SARonicus Sinus, now the Gulf ºf En
France, at the foot of the Pyrenees. Plin. nia, a bay of the AEgean Sea, lying at the
3, c. 4. {south-west of Attica, and north-east of Ar
SARnus, a son of Hercules, who led a co golis, and commencing between the promos
lony to Sardinia, and gave it his name. tories of Sunium and Scylleum.] Some sup.
SAREPHTA, a town of Phoenicia between pose that this part of the sea received its
Tyre and Sidon, now Sarfand. name from Saron, who was drowned there.
SARMATAE, or SAURomátā, the inhabitants or from a small river which discharged itself
of Sarmatia. vid. Sarmatia. on the coast, or from a small harbour of the
SARMATIA, an extensive country at the same name. This bay is about 62 miles a
north of Europe and Asia, divided into Euro circumference, 23 miles in its broadest, and
pean and Asiatie. The European was bounded 25 in its longest part, according to modern
by the ocean on the north, Germany and the calculation.
Vistula on the west, [and extended to the SARPEdon, a son of Jupiter by Europs,
Euxine on the east, being parted from Asia the daughter of Agenor. He banished him
and Asiatic Sarmatia by the Cimmerian Bos self from Crete, after he had in vain at
porus, Palus Maeotis, and Tanais. Asiatic tempted to make himself king in preference
Sarmatia had towards the north unknown to his elder brother Minos, and he retired to
734
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s

caria where he built the town of Miletus. a victory obtained over the Sabines; while
He went to the Trojan war to assist Priam others support, that Janus first instituted
against the Greeks, where he was attended them in gratitude to Saturn, from whom he
by his friend and companion Glaucus. He had learnt agriculture. Others suppose, that
was at last killed by Patroclus, after he had they were first celebrated in the year of
made a great slaughter of the enemy, and his Rome 257, after a victory obtained over the
body by order of Jupiter, was conveyed to Latins by the dictator Posthumius. The Sa
Lycia by Apollo, where his friends and rela turnalia were originally celebrated only for
tions paid him funeral honours, and raised a one day, but afterwards the solemnity con
monument to perpetuate his valour. Accord tinued for 3, [and afterwards, by order of Ca
ing to some mythologists, the brother of king ligula, for 5 days.] The celebration was re
Minos, and the prince who assisted Priam, markable for the liberty which universally
were two different persons. This last was prevailed. The slaves were permitted to ri
king of Lycia, and son of Jupiter, by Laoda dicule their masters, and to speak with free
mia, the daughter of Bellerophon, and lived dom upon every subject. It was usual for
about a hundred years after the age of the friends to make presents one to another, all
son of Europa. Apollod. 3, c. 1–Herodot. animosity ceased, no criminals were execut
1, c. 173.--Strab. 12.—Homer. Il. 16.-A ed, schools were shut, war was never declar
son of Neptune, killed by Hercules for his ed, but all was mirth, riot, and debauchery.
barbarous treatment of strangers. A town In the sacrifices the priests made their effer
of Cilicia, famous for a temple sacred to ings with their heads uncovered, a custom
Apollo and Diana.-Also a promontory of which was never observed at any other festi
the same name in Cilicia, beyond which An vals. Senec. ep. 18.-Calo. de R. R. 57.-
tiochus was not permitted to sail by a treaty Sueton. in Vesp. 19.—Cic. ad Attic. 5, ep. 20.
of peace which he had made with the Ro SATURNIA, a name given to Italy, because
mans. Liv. 38, c. 38.-JMela, 1, c. 13. Saturn had reigned there during the golden
SARRA, a town of Phoenicia, the same as age. Virg. G. 2, v. 173.−A name given
Tyre. It receives this name from a small to Juno, as being the daughter of Saturn.
shell-fish of the same name, which was Virg. G. 2, v. 173, JEn. 3, v. 380. An an
found in the neighbourhood, and with whose cient town of Italy, supposed to be built by
blood garments were dyed. Hence came the Saturn on the Tarpeian rock. Virg. JEn. 8,
epithet of sarranus, so often applied to Ty v. 358.
rian colours, as well as to the inhabitants of SATURNINUs, P. Sempronius, a general
the colonies of the Tyrians, particularly Car of Valerian, proclaimed emperor in Egypt
thage. [The names Sar, Sur, Tyr, would by his troops after he had rendered himself
seem rather to have some analogy with one celebrated by his victories over the Barba
one of the Oriental names of the Sun.] Sil. rians. His integrity, his complaisance, and
6, v. 662, 1.45, v. 205.-Virg. G. 2, v. 506. affability, had gained him the affection of the
—Festus. de V. sig. people, but his fondness of ancient discipline
SARRAstEs, a people of Campania on the provoked his soldiers, who wantonly mur
Sarnus, who assisted Turnus against Æneas. dered him in the 43d year of his age, A.
Virg. JEn. 7, v. 738. D. 262.-Sextus Junius, a Gaul, intimate
SARsix A, an ancient town of Umbria, with Aurelian. The emperor esteemed him
where the poet Plautus was born. The in greatly, not only for his private virtues, but
habitants are called Sarsinates. Martial. 9, for his abilities as a general, and for the
ep. 59.-Plin. 3, c. 14.—Ital. 8, v. 462. victories which he had obtained in differ
SAsoN, an island at the entrance of the ent parts of the empire. He was salut
Adriatic Sea, lying between Brundusium and ed emperor at Alexandria, and compell
Aulon on the coast of Greece. It was bar ed by the clamorous army to accept of the
rea and inhospitable. Strab. 6.-Lucan. 2, purple, which he rejected with disdain and
v. 627, and 5, v. 650.-Sil. It. 7, v. 480. horror. Probus, who was then emperor,
SAT icula, and SAticulus, a town near marched his forces against him, and besieged
Capua. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 729.-Liv. 9, c. 21. him in Apamea, where he destroyed himself
1. 23, c. 39. when unable to make head against his pow
SATúRA, a lake of Latium, forming part erful adversary Appuleius, a tribune of
of the Pontine lakes. Sil. 8, v. 382–Virg. the people, who raised a sedition at Rome,
JEn. 7, v. 801. intimidated the senate, and tyrannized for
SATUREIUM, or SATUREUM, a town of Ca three years. Meeting at last with opposition,
labria, near Tarentum, with famous pastures, he seized the capitol, but being induced by
and horses, whence the epithet of satu the hopes of a reconciliation to trust himself
reianus in Horat. 1, Sal. 6. amidst the people, he was suddenly torn to
SATURNKLIA, festivals in honour of Saturn pieces. His sedition has received the name
celebrated the 17th of December. They of Apuleiana in the Roman annals. Flor.
were instituted long before the foundation of ompeius, a writer in the reign of Tra
Rome, in commemoration of the freedom and jan. He was greatly esteemed by Pliny, who
equality which prevailed on earth in the gold speaks of him with great warmth and ap
en reign of Saturn. Some however suppose, probation, as an historian, a poet, and an ora
that the Saturnalia were first observed at tor. Pliny always consulted the opinion of Sa
Rome in the reign of Tullus Hostilius, after turninus before he published his composition*
- 735
 SA SA

SAturnius, a name given to Jupiter, Plu. lution of the year. In his left hand he hº º
to, and Neptune, as being the sons of Saturn. a child, which he raises up as if instantly:
Situ RNus, a son of Coelus, or Uranus, by devour it. Tatius, king of the Sabites tº
Terra, called also Titea. Thea, or Titheia. built a temple to Saturn on the Capitº
[vid, the end of this article.] He was natu hill, a second was afterwards added by T
raily artful, and by means of his mother, he lus Hostilius, and a third by the first coºsa |
revenged himself on his father, whose cruel On his statues were generally hung feden
ty to his children, had provoked the anger of n commemoration of the chains he had wºn
Thea. The mother armed her son with a when imprisoned by Jupiter. From thºse
scythe, which was fabricated with the metals cumstan, e all slaves that obtained their lº
drawn from her bowels, and as Coelus wa herty generally dedicated their fetters to his
going to unite himself to Thea, Saturn muti During the celebration of the Saturnala
lated him, and for ever prevented him from the chains were taken from the statues to a
increasing the number of his children, whom timate the freedom and the independence
he treated with unkindness and confined in which mankind enjoyed during the gaides
the infernal regions. After this the sons of age. One of his temples at Rome was ap
Coelus were restored to liberty, and Saturn propriated for the public treasury, and it was
obtained his father's kingdom by the consent there also that the names of foreign amba
of his brother, provided he did not bring up sadors were enrolled. LBochart consider
any male children. Pursuant to this agree Saturn to have been the same with Noah
ment, Saturn always devoured his sons as According to others, Saturn was the sº
soon as born, because, as some observe, he with Time, the Greek words which statiſfs
dreaded from them a retaliation of his unkind Saturn and Time, differing only in one let
ness to his father, till his wife Rhea, unwil. ter, (“gover, Saturnus, xgºver, tempus;) anda
ling to see her children perish, concealed from this account Saturn is represented as devºur.
her husband the birth of Jupiter, Neptune, ing his children and casting them up again,
and Plºto, and instead of the children, she as time devours and consumes all thing
gave him large stones, which he immediately which it has produced, which at length re
swallowed without perceiving the deceit. Ti vive again and are as it were renewed: ºr
tan was some time after informed that Sa ekse, days, months, and years, are the child
turn had concealed his male children, there ren of time which he constaetly devours
fore he made war against him, dethroned and and produces anew. So some derive the
imprisoned him with Rhea: and Jupiter, who Latin name from saturare, because, as Cice
was secretly educated in Crete, was no soon ro says, saturatur annis ques pre derorat,
er grown up, than he flew to deliver his fa he is satisfied with the years which be
ther, and to replace him on his throne. Sa devours. vid. Remarks under the article
turn, unmindful of his son's kindness, conspir. Jupiter.] Hesiod. Theog.—-Apollod. 1, c
ed against him, when he heard that he rais. 1.—Virg. JEn. 8, v. 319.-Paus. 8, c. 8–
ed cabals against him, but Jupiter banished Tibull, el. 3, v. 35.—Homer. Ii.--Orid. Fºur
him from his throne, and the father fled for 4, v. 197.-Met. I, v. 123.
safety into Italy, where the country retained SAtúRumi, a town ofCalabria, where stuf,
the name of Latium, as being the place of his of all kinds were dyed in different ecleer
concealment (lateo.) Janus, who was then with great success. Virg. G. 2, v. 197, L4.
king of Italy, received Saturn with marks of v. 335.
attention, he made him his partner on the SārīR1, demi gods of the country whose
throne; and the king of heaven employed origin is unknown. [vud. the end of this ar.
himself in civilizing the barbarous manners of ticle.] They are represented like men, but
the people of Italy, and in teaching them with the feet and the legs of goats, shortharts
agriculture and the useful and liberal arts. on the head, and the whole body cºvered
His reign there was so mild and popular, so with thick hair. They chiefly attended spee
beneficent and virtuous, that mankind have Bacchus, and rendered themselves known is
called it the golden age, to intimate hap his orgies by their riot and lasciviousness
piness and tranquillity which the earth then The first fruits of every thing were gets
enjoyed. Saturn was father of Chiron the rally offered to them. The Romans prons.
centaur by Philyra, whom he had changed cuously called them Fauni, Panes, and Sº
into a mare, to avoid the importunities of rani. It is said that a Satyr was brought tº
Rhea. The worship of Saturn was not so Sylla, as that general returned from the
solemn or so universal as that of Jupiter. I saly. The monster had been surprised asles:
was usual to offer human victims on his al tº a cave; but his voice was inarticula:
tars, but this barbarous custom was abolish when brought into the presence of the Rs.
ed by Hercules, who substituted small ima man general, and Sylla was so disgusted win.
ges of clay. In the sacrifices of Saturn, the it; that he ordered it to be instantly remºst
priest always performed the ceremony with ed. The monster answered in every degree
his head uncovered, which was unusual at the description which the poets and painter,
other solemnities. The god is generally re. have given of the Satyrs. [The names.
presented as an old man, bent through age is commonly derived from ex8s, indicative ºf |
and infinity. He holds a scythe in his right their lasciviousness. Bochart, however, de
hand, with a serpent which biſes its own tail, rives the term Satyr from the Hebrew Srir.
which is an aueng time and of the revo which signifies a devil under the share ºf s
36
 – SC SC

roat. The introduction of Satyrs into the ScAEvöLA. vid. Mutius.

»oetical world was probably owing to large ScALĀbis, [a city of Lusitania, on the Ta
nonkeys seen in the woods, which nearly re gus. It is now St. Irene, corrupted into
embled men. These had frequently terrifi Santarem.]
‘d the shepherds and pursued the shepherd ScALuis, or ScALDIUM, a river of Belgium,
‘sses, and perhaps some of the priests of Bac now called The Scheld, and dividing the mo
hus and the shepherds may occasionally dern country of the Netherlands from Hol
have arrayed themselves in goat-skins, and land. Caes. G. 6, v. 33.—Pons, a town on
:ounterfeited the appearance of Satyrs to se the same river, now called Conde. Caps.
luce the innocent shepherdesses.) Paus. 1, ScAMANDER, or ScAMAND Ros, a celebrat
-- 33.-Plut. in Syll.—Wirg. Ecl. 5, v. 13.— ed river of Troas, [rising, according to Stra
2 vid. Heroid. 4, v. 171. bo, in the highest part of Mount Ida, in the
SATYRus, a king of Bosphorus, who reign same hill with the Granicus and Esepus, and
d 14 years, &c. His father's name was falling into the sea at Sigaeum. Every thing
partacus. Diod. 20.—A Greek actor who tends to show that it is the same with the
astructed Demosthenes, and taught him how modern JMendere, as Wood, Rennel, and
9 have a good and strong delivery.—A others maintain. The JMendere is 40 miles
thodian sent by his countrymen to Rome, long, 300 feet broad, deep in the time of
when Eumenes had accused some of the allies flood, but nearly dry in the time of summer.
ºf intention to favour the interests of Macedo Dr. Clarke successfully combats the opinionſ
hia against the republic.—An architect of those who make the Scamander to have
who, together with Peteus, is said to have arisen from the springs of Bounabarshy,
Planned and built the celebrated tomb which and traces the source of the river to the
Artemisia erected to the memory of Mauso highest mountain in the chain of Ida, now
tis, and which became one of the wonders of called Kasdaghy.] It receives the Simois in
he world. The honour of building it is as its course, and towards its mouth it is very
cribed to others. muddy, and flows through marshes. [Be
SAUFEIU's TRogus Appius, a Roman, who tween the Scamander and Simois, Homer's
lied on his return from the bath upon taking Troy is supposed to have stood.] This river,
mead, &c. Plin. 7, c. 53. according to Homer, was called Xanthus by
SAvo, or SAvonA, a town with a small ri the gods, and Scamander by men. The wa
ver of the same name in Campania. Stat. 4. ters of the Scamander had the singular pro
—Plin. 3, c. 5. perty of giving a beautiful colour to the
SAu Rom KTAE, called Sarmatae by the La hair or the wool of such animals as bathed
tins. vid. Sarmatia. in them ; and from this circumstance the
SAurus, a famous robber of Elis, killed by three goddesses, Minerva, Juno, and Venus,
Hercules. Paus. 6, c. 21. bathed there before they appeared before Pa
SAvus, a river of Pannonia, rising in No ris to obtain the golden apple. "[The name
ricum, and falling into the Danube, after flow Xanthus, yellow, was given to the Scamander
ing through Pannonia, in [a south-eastern di from the peculiar colour of its waters, a
rection. It is now the Save ; at its mouth name which is still very applicable to the
stands Belgrade, the ancient Singidunum.] JMendere, the yellow colour of whose waters.
Claudius de Stil. 2. has repeatedly attracted the attention of mo
Saxones, a people of Germany, near the dern travellers..] It was usual among all
Chersonesus Cimbrica. [The first ancient the virgins of Troas to bathe in the Sca
writer who seems to have mentioned the mander when they were arrived to mubile
Saxones is Ptolemy, who speaks of them as oc years, and to offer to the god their virginity in
supying the neck of the Cimbric Chersonese, these words, A42s acv, 2.xxaawúgs, rºy ragºt.
>r modern Jutland, and three small islands at vuay. [This custom was discontinued on ac
the mouth of the Elbe. They afterwards be count of an Athenian, named Cimon, having
came a powerful and extensive nation, and assumed the disguise of a river-god, and vio
distinguished themselves by their naval force. lated a noble virgin, at that time betrothed.]
In the year 449, Hengist and Horsa made a The god of the Scamander had a regular
descent on the British coasts, and other chief priest, and sacrifices offered to him. Some
tains followed successively. The Angli made suppose that the river received its name from
their appearance in the island about a cem Scamander, the son of Corybas. JElian.
tury after the invasion of Hengist. vid. An .1nim. 8, c. 21.-Strab. 1 and 13.-Plan. 5,
gli..] Ptolem. 3, 11.—Claud. 1. Eulr. v. 392. c. 30.—JMela, 1, c. 18.-Homer. Il. 5.—Plut.
ScAEA, one of the gates of Troy, where the —Esghin, ep. 10.-A son of Corybas and
tomb of Laomedon was seen. [It received Demodice, who brought a colony from Crete
its name from a nator, sinsler, as it was on the into Phrygia, and settled at the foot of Mount
left side of the city, facing the sea and the Ida, where he introduced the festivals of Cy
Grecian camp.] Homer. Il.—Sil. 13, v. 73. bele, and the dances of the Corybantes. He
ScAEwA, a soldier in Caesar's army, who some time after lost the use of his senses, and
behaved with great courage at Dyrrachi threw himself into the river Xanthus, which
um. Lucan. 6, v. 144. Memor, a Latin ever after bore his name. His son-in-law
t in the reign of Titus and Domitian.— Teucer succeeded him in the government of
A friend of Horace, to whom the poet ad the colony. He had two daughters, Thymº
dressed 1, ep. 17. He was a Roman knight. and Callirrhoe; Apollod. 3, & 12-Dºo?, 4.
 SC SC

ScAMANDRIA, a town on the Scamander. ed more fatal to the manners and the st
Plin. 4, c. 30. city of the Romans than the proscript=
ScANDINAvia, a name given by the an and wars of Sylla had done to the ºbsº
cients to that tract of territory which contains ants of the city. Scaurus married M
the modern kingdoms of Norway, Sweden, Cuc. in Brut.—Val...Mar. 4, c. 4.—Pºrt 2
Denmark, Lapland, Finland, &c. supposed c. 7, 1.36, c. 2. A Roman of cotsºa
by them to consist of a number of islands. dignity. When the Cimbri invaded tº
Plin. 4, c. 13. the son of Scaurus behaved with gre-tº
ScANTIA Sylva, a wood of Campania, the ardice, upon which the father sternly cº-r |
property of the Roman people. Cie. ed him never to appear again in the tre+e
ScANTILLA, the wife of Didius Julianus. battle. The severity of this command re
It was by her advice that her husband bought dered young Scaurus melancholy. and he
the empire which was exposed to sale at the plunged a sword into his own heart to irº.
death of Pertinax. himself from farther ignominy—Aurel
ScANTINIA LEx. vid. Scatinia. a Roman consul taken prisoner by the Gene
ScAtEsyle, a town of Thrace, near Ab He was put to a cruel death because he wº
dera, abounding in silver and gold mines, be the king of the enemy not to cross the A
longing to Thucydides, [in right of his wife, J to invade Italy, which was universaily deer
who is supposed there to have written his ed unconquerable.—M. A. milius, a mails
history of the Peloponnesian war. [Lucre the reign of Tiberius, accused of ade:rry
tius calls the place Scaptesula; the more cor with Livia, and put to death. He was ºr
rect form is Scaptahyla, from vaarta, fodio, eloquent orator, but very lascivious and de
and Jan, sylva.] Lucret. 6, v. 810.-Plut. bauched in his morals. Terentics, a 14
ºn Cim. tin grammarian. He had been precepter=
SeaRDn, a ridge of mountains of Macedo the emperor Adrian. .4. Gellius. 11, c. 15.
nia, which separate it from Illyricum. Lin. Scelºn Atus, a plain at Rome near the
43, c. 20. Colline gate, where the vestals were buried
ScATINIA LEx de pudicitid, by C. Scati alive, when convicted of adultery. Lºr, t.
mius Aricinus, the tribune, was enacted against c. 15. —One of the gates of Rome was called
those who kept catamites, and such as pros Seelerata, because the 300 Fabii, who were
tituted themselves to any vile or unnatural killed at the river Crimera, had passed
service. The penalty was originally a fine, through it when they went to attack the ene
but it was afterwards made a capital crime my. It was before named Carmeniañs
under Augustus. [It is sometimes called Scan. There was also a street at Rome, iermerly
tinia Lex; not, however, from one Scanti called Cyprius, which received the name &
nius, who, according to Valerius Maximus, the Sceleratus views, because there Tullia er
was the first person condemned under it, but dered her postillion to drive her chariet ove
probably from the name of the individual who the body of her father, king Servius. Lºri,
proposed the law, Scantinius, and not Scati c. 48.—Ovid. Ib. 365.
nius. ScrºnA, a river of Ireland, now the Shº
ScAURUs, (M. Hºmilius,) a Roman consul non. Orosius. 1, c. 2.
who distinguished himself by his eloquence at Scrxit AE, Arabians who live in tent.
the bar. and by his successes in Spain, in the Plin. 5, c. 11.
capacity of commander. He was sent against Scrpsis, a town of Troas, where the were
Jugurtha, and some time after accused of suf. of Theophratus and Aristotle were long co
fering himself to be bribed by the Numidian cealed under ground and damaged by the
prince.' [According to Sallust, this nobleman wet, &c. [rid. Aristoteles.] Strat. 10.
tarnished the lustre of his splendid talents by SchEDIA, a small village of Egypt, with a
avarice and other degrading passions; while dock-yard, between the western mouths ºf
Cicero, on the contrary, speaks of him in the the Nile and Alexandria. Straš.
highest terms in various parts of his writings. SchERIA, an ancient name of Corcyra.
Sallust's known dislike to the nobility may Paus. 2, c. 5.-Plin. 4, c. 12.
account in some degree for this discrepancy SciastEs, a surname of Apollo at Leer
Scaurus wrote a work in three books, record daemon, from the village Scias, wherebeve
ing the principal occurrences and transactions particularly worshipped. Lycoph. 562–
of his own life, which Cicero commends, and Teetzes, loco.
considers equal to Xenophon's Life of Cy Sciàthos, an island in the AF's ean Sea, ºr
rus.] Scaurus conquered the Ligurians, posite Mount Pelion, on the coast of Thes
and in his censorship he built the ºilvial ly, [now Sciatho.] Val. Flace. 2.
bridge at Rome, and began to pave the Scillus, [a town of Elis, in the district ºf
road, which from him was called the Emy Triphylia on the small river Chalois.] tº
lian. . He was originally very poor. His Xenophon.
son, of the same name, made himself known SciNis, a cruel robber who tied men to the
by, the large theatre he built during his boughs of trees which he had forcibly brough:
edileship. This theatre, which could con together, and which he afterwards undeer
tain 30,000 spectators, was supported by ened, so that their limbs were torn in ºn tº
360 cºlumns of marble, 38 feet in height, stant from their body. Orid, Met. 7, v
and adorned with 3000 brazen statues. This 440
*lebrated edifice, according to Pliny, prov. Sciriidae, a name applied to the two sº
 SC SC

s, who obtained the surname of Africanus and by his firmness and example, he obliged
in the conquest of Carthage. Pirg, .42n. them to swear eternal fidelity to Rome, and
"... 843. to put to immediate death the first man
$curio, a celebrated family at Rome, who who attempted to retire from his country.
aimed the greatest honours in the republic. In his 21st year, Scipio was made an edile,
e name seems to be derived from Scipio, an honourable office, which was never given
ich signifies a stick, because one of the fa but to such as had reached their 27th year.
ly had conducted his blind father, and had Some time after, the Romans were alarmed
in to him as a stick. The Scipios were a by the intelligence that the commanders of
anch of the Cornelian family. The most their forces in Spain, Publius and Cneius Sci
1strious were P. Corn, a man made master pio, had been slaughtered, and immediately
horse by Camillus, &c. A Roman dic young Scipio was appointed to avenge the
ot. L. Cornel. a consul, A.U. C. 454, death of his father, and of his uncle, and to
no defeated the Fltrurians near Volaterrae. vindicate the military honour of the republic.
—Another consul A. U. C. 493.−Cn. It was soon known how able he was to be at
rnamed Asina, was consul A. U. C. 492 and the head of an army; the various nations of
8. He was conquered in his first consul Spain were conquered, and in four years the
ip in a naval battle, and lost 17 ships. The Carthaginians were banished from that part
llowing year he took Aleria in Corsica, and of the continent, the whole province be
feated Hanno, the Carthaginian general, in came tributary to Rome; New Carthage
irdinia. He also took 200 of the enemy's submitted in one day, and in a battle 54,000 of
ips, and the city of Panormus in Sicily. the enemy were left dead on the field. After
e was father to Publius and Cneius Scipio. these signal victories, Scipio was recalled to
ublius, in the begining of the second Punic Rome, which still trembled at the continual
ar, was sent with an army to Spain to op alarms of Annibal, who was at her gates.
ose Annibal ; but when he heard that his The conqueror of the Carthaginians in Spain
nemy had passed over into Italy, he attempt. was looked upon a proper general to encoun
1 by quick marches and secret eyolu ter Annibal in Italy; but Scipio opposed the
ons to stop his progress. He was conquer measures which his countrymen wished to
ū by Annibal near the Ticinus, where he pursue, and he declared in the senate that if
early lost his life, had not his son, who was Annibal was to be conquered he must be con
fterwards surnamed Africanus, courageously quered in Africa. These bold measures were
lefended him. He again passed into Spain, immediately adopted, though opposed by the
where he obtained some memorable victories eloquence, age, and experience of the great
»ver the Carthaginians, and the inhabitants of Fabius, and Scipio was empowered to con
he country. His brother Cneius shared the duct the war on the coasts of Africa. With
upreme command with him, but their great the dignity of consul he embarked for Car
confideuce proved their ruin. They separat thage. Success attended his arms, his con
el their armies, and soon after Publius was quests were here as rapid as in Spain; the
furiously attacked by the two Asdrubals and Carthaginian armies were routed, the camp
Mago who commanded the Carthaginian ar of the crafty Asdrubal was set on fire dur
mies. The forces of Publius were too few to ing the night, and his troops totally defeated
resist with success the three Carthaginian in a drawn battle. These repeated losses
generals. The Romans were cut to pieces, alarmed Carthage; Annibal, who was vic
and their commander was left on the field of torious at the gates of Rome, was instantly
battle. No sooner had the enemy obtained recalled to defend the walls of his country,
this victory than they immediately marched and the two greatest generals of the age met
to meet Cneius Scipio, whom the revolt of each other in the field. Terms of accom
30000Celtiberians had weakened and alarm. modation were proposed; but in the parley
*}, . The general, who was already apprized which the two commanders had together
of his brother's death, secured an eminence, nothing satisfactory was offered, and while
where he was soon surrounded on ail sides. the one enlarged on the vicissitudes of human
After desperate acts of valour he was left affairs, the other wished to dictate like a con
Among the slain, or, according to some, he fled queror, and recominend the decision of the
into a tower where he was burnt with some controversy to the sword. This celebrated
ºſhis friends by the victorious enemy. Liv.21 battle was fought near Zama, and both ge
y
&c.—Polyb. 4–Flor. 2, c. 6, &c — Eutrop. nerals displayed their military knowledge in
** 8, &c.—Publius Cornelius, surnamed drawing up their armies and in choosing their
Africanus, was son of Publius Scipio who ground. Their courage and intrepidity Were
Was killed in Spain. He first distinguished not less conspicuous in charging the enemy;
himself at the battle of Ticinus, where he a thousand acts of valour were performed on
*wed his father's life by deeds of unexpected both sides, and though the Carthaginians
Vºlour and boldness. The battle of Cannae, fºught in their own defence, and the Romans
º Proyed so fatal to the Roman arms, for fame and glory, yet the conqueror of Italy
weal ofdisheartening Scipio, raised his ex was vanquished. About 20,000 Carthagi
... and he no sooner heard that some nians were slain, and the same number made
prisoners of war, B.C.202. Only 3000 of
d º *perate countrymen wished to aban
*ly, and to fly from the insolence the Romans were killed. This battle was
of the decisive; the Carthaginians sued for Peace,
*ror, than, with his sword in his hand,
 SČ SO.

which Scipio at last granted on the most se |Roine. They were accordingly inhere
were and humiliating terms. The conquer at Liternum, where his wife Ærnitia. -
or, after this returned to Rome, where he daughter of Paulus AEmilius, who fell a.º.
was received with the most unbounded ap battle of Cannae, raised a mausoleum ºr
plause, honoured with a triumph, and digni tomb, and placed upon it his statue. *
fied with the appellation of Africanus. Here that of the poet Ennius, who had been a
he enjoyed for some time the tranquillity companion of his peace and of his retireer
and the honours which his exploits merited, If Scipio was robbed during his life-times:
but in him also, as in other great men, for honours which belonged to him as a cºnq=
tune showed herself inconstant. Scipio of. or of Africa, he was not forgotten when dea
fended the populace in wishing to distinguishThe Romans viewed his character with " '
the senators from the rest of the people at verence; with raptures they read of his wº
the public exhibitions, and when he can like actions, and Africanus was regarded -
vassed for the consulship for two of his the following ages as a pattern of virtue. a
friends, he had the mortification to see his of innocence, courage, and liberality. As a
application slighted, and the honours which general, the fame and the greatness ot *
he claimed bestowed on a man of no cha conquests explain his character, and indee
racter, and recommended by neither abilities we hear that Annibal declared himself its
nor meritorious actions. He retired from rior to no genera) that ever lived except A
Rome, no longer to be the spectator of the in exander the Great, and Pyrrhus king ºf Lº
gratitude of his countrymen, and in the ca rus; and when Scipio asked him what n=-
pacity of lieutenant he accompanied his bro he would claim if he had conquered him tº
ther against Antiochus king of Syria. In this Carthaginian general answered. If I had cº
expedition his arms were atteuded with usual quered you, Scipio, I would call myself free
success, and the Asiatic monarch submitted er than the conqueror of Darius and the **
to the conditions which the conquerors dic of the Tarentines. As an instance of Scipiº
tated. At his return to Rome, Africanus continence, ancient authors have faithful"
found the malevolence of his enemies still recorded that the conqueror of Spain refuse
unabated. Cato, his inveterate rival, raised to see a beautiful princess that had falleniz
scditions against him, and the Petillii, two to his hands after the taking of New Carthage
tribunes of the people, accused the conquer and that he not only restored her inviolate tº
or of Annibal of extortion in the provinces her parents, but also added immense pre
of Asia, and of living in an indolent and lux sents for the person to whom she was be
urious manner. Scipio condescended to an trothed. It was to the artful complaisance
swer to the accusation of his calumniators: of Africanus that the Romans owed their alli
the first day was spent in hearing the differ ance with Masinissa, king of Numidia, and
ent charges, but when he again appeared on also that with king Syphax. The friendshi;
the second day of his trial, the accused in of Scipio and Laelius is well known. Pay:
terrupted his judges, and exclaimed, Tri 6.—Plut.—Flor. 2, c. 6.-Cir. in Brut. &c.—
bunes and fellow-citizens, on this day, this Eutrop.–Lucius Cornelius, surnamed 4.
very day, did I conquer Annibal and the Car sialicus, accompanied his brother Africanº
thaginians: come therefore with me, Romans, in his expeditions in Spain and Africa. Be
let us go to the capitol, and there return our was rewarded with the consulship A. U.C.
thanks to the immortal gods for the victories562, for his services to the state, and he was
which have attended our arms. These words empowered to attack Antiochus king of St.
had the desired effect, the tribes and all the
ria, who had declared war against the Re
assembly followed Scipio, the court was de mans. Lucius was accompanied in this cam
serted, and the tribunes were left alone in paign by his brother Africanus; and by his
the seat of judgment. Yet when this memo own valour, and the advice of the conquere:
rable day was past and forgotten, Africanus of Annibal, he soon routed the enemy, and in
was a third time summoned to appear; but a battle near the city of Sardis he killed
he had fled before the impending storm, and 50,000 foot and 4000 horse. Peace was soon
retired to his country-house at Liternum. after settled by the submission of Antiochus,
The accusation was therefore stopped, and and the conqueror, at his return home, co
the accusers silenced, when one of the tri tained a triumph, and the surname of Asutº
bunes, formerly distinguished for his male cus. He did not, however, long enjoy he
volence against Scipio, rose to defend him. prosperity; Cato, after the death of Afrº
and declared in the assembly, that it reflect nus, turned his fury against Asiaticus, and the
•d the highest disgrace on the Roman people, two Petillii, his devoted favourites, presented
that the conqueror of Annibal should be. a petition to the people, in which they prey
come the sport of the populace, and be ex ed that an enquiry might be made to know
posed to the malice and envy of disappointed what money had been received from Ante
ambition. Some time after Scipio died in chus and his allies. The petition was instant
the place of his retreat, about 184 years be ly received, and Asiaticus, charged to have
£ore Christ, in the 48th year of his age; and suffered himself to be corrupted by Antiochus,
so great an aversion did he express, as he was summoned to appear before the tribunal
expired, for the depravity of the Romans of Terentius Culeo, who was on this occasion
and the ingratitude of their senators, that created praetor. The judge, who was an in
He erdered his bones º to be conveyed to veterate enemy to the family of the Scipiº,
"...in
~ SC SC

soon found Asiaticus, with his two lieutenants siege of Intercatia. He passed into Africa
and his quaestor, guilty of having received, the to demand a reinforcement from king Masi
first 6000 pounds weight of gold, and 489 missa, the ally of Rome, and he was the spec
pounds weight of silver, and the others near tator of a long and bloody battle which was
ly an equal sum, from the monarch against ſought between that monarch and the Car
whom, in the name of the Roman people, they thaginians, and which soon produced the
were enjoined to make war. Immediately third Punic war. Some time after AEmilia
they were condemned to pay large fines; but nus was made edile, and next appointed con
while the others gave security, Scipio declar sul, though under the age required for that
ed that he had accounted to the public for all important office. The surname which he had
the money which he had brought from Asia, received from his grandfather he was doom
and therefore that he was innocent. For this ed lawfully to claim as his own. He was em
obstinacy Scipio was dragged to prison, but powered to finish the war with Carthage, and
his cousin Nasica pleaded his cause before the as he was permitted by the senate to choose
people, and the praetor instantly ordered the his colleagues, he took with him his friend
goods of the prisoner to be seized and confis Laelius, whose father of the same name had
cated. The sentence was executed, but the formerly enjoyed the confidence and shared
effects of Scipio were insufficient to pay the the victories of the first Africanus. The siege
fine, and it was the greatest justification of of Carthage was already begun, but the ope
his innocence, that whatever was found in his rations of the Romans were not continued with
house had never been in the possession of vigour. Scipio had no sooner appeared before
Antiochus or his subjects. This, however, the walls of the enemy than every communi
did not totally liberate him, he was reduced cation with the land was cut off, and that
to poverty, and refused to accept the offers of they might not have the command of the sea,
his friends and of his clients. Some time af a stupendous mole was thrown across the
ter he was appointed to settle the disputes harbour with immense labour and expense.
between Eumenes and Seleucus, and at his This, which might have disheartened the
return the Romans, ashamed of their severity most active enemy, rendered the Carthagi
towards him, rewarded his merit with such nians more eager in the cause of freedom and
uncommon liberality, that Asiaticus was en independence; all the inhabitants, without
abled to celebrate games in honour of his vic distinction of rank, age, or sex, employed
tory over Antiochus, for ten successive days, themselves without cessation to dig another
at his own expense. Liv. 38, c. 55, &c.— harbour, and to build and equip another fleet.
Eutrop. 4.—Nasica was son of Cneus Sci. In a short time, in spite of the vigilance and
pio, and cousin to Scipio Africanus. He was activity of AEmilianus, the Romans were as
refused the consulship, though supported by tonished to see another harbour formed, and
the interest and the fame of the conqueror of 50 gallies suddenly issuing under sail, ready
Annibal; but he afterwards obtained it, and for the engagement. This unexpected fleet,
in that honourable office conquered the Boii by immediately attacking the Roman ships,
and gained a triumph. He was also success might have gained the victory, but the delay
ful in an expedition which he undertook in of the Carthaginians proved fatal to their
Spain. When the statue of Cybele was cause, and the enemy had sufficient time to
brought to Rome from Phrygia, the Roman prepare themselves. Scipio soon got pos
senate delegated one of their body, who was session of a small eminence in the harbour,
the most remarkable for the purity of his and, by the success of his subsequent opera
manners and the innocence of his life, to go tions, he broke open one of the gates of the
and meet the goddess in the harbour of Ostia. city, and entered the streets, where he made
Nasica was the object of their choice, and as his way by fire and sword. The surrender
such he was enjoined to bring the statue of of above 50,000 men was followed by the re
the goddess to Rome with the greatest pomp duction of the citadel, and the total submis
and solemnity. Nasica also distinguished sion of Carthage B. C. 147. The captive city
himself by the active part he took in confut was set on fire, and though Scipio was ob
ing the accusations laid against the two Sci liged to demolish its very walls to obey the
pios, Africanus and Asiatucus. There was orders of the Romans, yet he wept bitterly
also another of the same name who distin over the melancholy and tragical scene; and,
guished himself by his enmity against the in bewailing the miseries of Carthage, he ex
Gracchi, to whom he was nearly related. pressed his fears lest Rome in her turn, in
Paterc. 2, c. 1, &c.—Flor. 2, c. 15.-Lir. 29, some future age, should exhibit such a dread
c. 14, &c. Publ. Æmilianus, son of Pau. ful conflagration. The return of AEmilianus
lus, the conqueror of Perseus, was adopted to Rome was that of another conqueror of
by the son of Scipio Africanus. He received Annibal, and like him he was honoured with
the same surname as his grandfather, and a magnificent triumph, and received the sur
was called Africanus the younger on account name of Africanus. He was not long left in
of his victories over Carthage. AEmilianus the enjoyment of his glory before he was
first appeared in the Roman armies under called to obtain fresh honours. He was
his father, and afterwards distinguished him. chosen consula second time, and appointed to
self as a legionary tribune in the Spanish pro finish the war which the Romans had hitherto
vinces, where he killed a Spaniard of gigantic carried on without success or vigorous exer
stature, and obtained a mural crown at the tions against Numantia. The fall of Numan
741
 SC SC

tia was more noble than that of the capital of tations. The second Africanus has often tº
Africa, and the conqueror of Carthage ob. compared to the first of that name = tº
tained the victory only when the enemy had seemed to be equally great and equalix =
been consumed by famine or by self-destruc torious, and the Romans were unable tº i=-
tion, B.C. 133. From his conquests in Spain, tinguish which of the two was entitled * >
AEmilianus was honoured with a second tri greater share of their regard and admir-tº-1
umph, and with the surname of Numantinus. Æmilianus, like his grandfather, was f* *
Yet his popularity was short, and, by tell of literature, and he saved from the farmies -
ing the people that the murder of their fa Carthage many valuable compositions, wris
vourite, his brother-in-law Gracchus, was ten by Phoenician and Punic authors. En tº
lawful, since he was turbulent and inimical to inidst of his greatness he died poor, and he
the peace of the republic, Scipio incurred the nephew, Q. Fabius Maximus, who inherite
displeasure of the tribunes, and was received his estate, scarce found in his house thirty
with hisses. His authority for a moment quell two pounds weight of silver, and two ared a
ed their sedition, when he reproached them half of gold. His liberality to his brºth
for their cowardice, and exclaimed, Factious and to his sister deserves the greatest crº
wretches, do you think that your elamours can mendations, and indeed no higher encomi-ma
intimidate me ; me whom the fury of your ene can be passed upon his character, private =
mies never daunted 2 Is this the gratitude well as public, than the words of his rival
that you owe to my father Paulus, who con Metellus, who told his sons, at the death ºf
quered Macedonia, and to me 7 Without Scipio, to go and attend the funeral of the
my family you were slaves. Is this the re greatest man that ever lived or should live in
spect you once to your delirerers 2 Is this Rome. Liv. 44, &c.—Cie. de Senec. Grº
your affection 2 This firmness silenced the in Brut. &c.—Polyb.—.Appian.—Pater a
murmurs of the assembly, and some time aſ c. 12, &c.—Flor. A son of the first Afri
ter Scipio retired from the clamours of Rome canus, taken captive by Antiochus, king ºf
to Caieta, where, with his friend Laelius, he Syria, and restored to his father witheut a
passed the rest of his time in innocent plea ransom. He adopted as his son young Emi
sures and amusement: in diversions which lianus, the son of Paulus AEmilius, who was
had pleased them when children; and the two afterwards surnamed Africanus. Like his
greatest men that ruled the state, were often father Scipio, he distinguished himself by his
seen on the sea-shore picking up light pet. fondness for literature and his valour in the
bles, and throwing them on the smooth sur. Rouman armies. Metellus, the father-in
face of the waters. Though fond of retire law of Pompey, appointed commander in
ment and literary ease, yet Scipio often inte. Macedonia. He was present at the battle ct
rested himself in the affairs of the state. His Pharsalia, and afterwards retired to Africa
enemies accused him of aspiring to the dic with Cato. He was defeated by Caesar at
tatorship, and the clamours were most loud Thapsus. Plut.—Salutio, a mean person
against him when he had opposed the Sem in Caesar's army in Africa. The general ap
pronian law, and declared himself the pa. pointed him his chief commander, either to
tron of the inhabitants of the provinces of ſta ridicule him, or because there was an ancient
ly. This active part of Scipio was seen with oracle that declared that the Scipios would
pleasure by the friends of the republic, and ever be victorious in Africa. Pitºt. I..
not only the senate, but also the citizens, the Cornelius, a consul who opposed Syria. He
Latins, and the neighbouring states conducted was at last deserted by his army, and pre
their illustrious friend and patron to his house. scribed.
it seemed also the universal wish that the Scina, an annual solemnity observed at
troubles might be quieted by the election of Athens in honour of Minerva, or, accord
Scipio to the dictatorship, and many presum ſing to others, of Ceres and Proserpine. It
ed that that honour would be on the morrow received its name either from Sciras, a small
conferred upon him. In this, however, the town of Attica, or from a native of Eleusis,
expectations of Rome were frustrated, Sci |called Scirus.
pio was found dead in his bed to the astonish Scin ADIUM, a promontory of Attica on
ment of the world ; and those who inquired the Saronicus Sinus.
for the causes of this sudden death, perceived SciRAs, a name of £gina. Minerva was
violent marks on his neck, and concluded that also called Sciras. Strab. 9.
he had been strangled, B. C. 128. This as SciRoN, a celebrated thief in Attica, who
sassination, as it was then generally believed, plundered the inhabitants of the country, and
was committed by the triumvirs Papirius threw them down from the highest rocks
Carbo, C. Gracchus, and Fulvius Flaccus, into the sea, after he had obliged them to
who supported the Sempronian law, and by wait upon him and to wash his feet. The
his wife Sempronia, who is charged with seus attacked him, and treated him as he
having introduced the murderers into his treated travellers. According to Ovid, the
room. No inquiries were made after the earth as well as the sea refused to receive
authors of his death; Gracchus was the fa the bones of Sciron, which remained for some
vourite of the mob, and the only atonement time suspended in the air, till they were
which the populace made for the death of changed into large rocks called Seironia Sara,
Seipio was to attend his funeral, and to show situate between Megara and Corinth. There
ir concern by their cries and loud lamen. was a road near them which bore the name
742
s SC SC
º

of Sciron, naturally small and narrow, but The best edition of Scribonius is that of Pa
afterwards enlarged by the emperor Adrian. tav. 4to. 1655.
Some suppose that luo threw herself into Scuitenna, a river of Gallia Cispadana,
the sea from one of these rocks. Sciron had fallng into the Po, now called Panaro. Lir.
married the daughter of Cychreus, a king of 41, c. 12 and 18.-Plim. 3, c. 16.
Salamis. He was brother-in-law to Tela Scy LAcium, a town of the Brutii, built
mon the son of Æacus. Ovid. 7. Met. v. by Mnestheus at the head of an Athenian
144. Heroid. 2, v. 69.-Strab. 9.—Mela, 2. colony, [situate on the Sinus Scyllacius,
c. 13-Plin. 2, c. 47.-Diod. 4.—Hygin. south-west of Crotona. It now called Squal
fab. 38.-Propert. 3, el. 14, v. 12.—Paus. 1. taci.] As Virgil has applied the epithet Na
c. 44-Seneca. .N. Q. 5, c. 17. rifragum to Scylacium, some suppose that ei
Scoor A, a town of Illyricum, where Gen ther the poet was mistaken in his knowledge
tius resided... [It stood at the opening of the of the place, because there are no apparent
lake Labealis, and is now called Scutari or dangers to navigation there, or that he con
Iscodar. Liv. 43, c. 20. ſounds this place with a promontory of the
Scombrus, a mountain of Thrace near same name on the Tuscan Sea. Servius ex
Rhodope. plains this passage by supposing that the
Scopas, an architect and sculptor of Ephe houses of the place were originally built with
sus, for some time employed in making the the shipwrecked vessels of Ulysses's fleet,
mausoleum which Artemisia raised to her (a most puerile explanation :) [Heyne con
husband, and which was reckoned one of the siders the appellation navifragum to have
seven wonders of the world. One of his sta been applied by Virgil to Scylacium, either
tues of Venus was among the antiquities with in allusion to the rocky and dangerous shore
which Rome was adorned. Scopas lived in its vicinity, or to the frequent storms
about 430 years before Christ. Paus. 1, c. which prevailed in this quarter and near the
43, &c.—Horat. 4, Od. 8-Virg. 9, c. 9.— adjacent promontories of Cocintum and the
Plin. 34, c. 8, 1.36, c. 5. Japyges. The idea of a promontory called
Scofidisci and ScorpiscAE, a people of Scylacium he condemns.] Virg...En. 3, v.
Pannonia and Thrace, well known during the 553.-Strab. 6.
reign of the Roman emperors for their bar Scy Lax, [a celebrated geographer and
barity and uncivilized manners. They were mathematician of Caryander in Caria. He
fond of drinking human blood, and they ge. is noticed by Herodotus, in a passage where
nerally sacrificed their captive enemies to the latter speaks of various discoveries made
their gods. [The Seordisci were a Celtic in Asia by Darius, son of Hystaspes, and tells
race, who migrated to this quarter from their of Scylax of Caryander being sent by that
original settlements in Gaul. They pene monarch along with others to ascertain where
trated far into Mysia, and were probably the the Indus entered the sea. He makes then
same with the Celts or Gauls whom Alexan to have reached the Indus, sailed down the
der encountered in his expedition towards river to the sea, and then continuing their
the Ister.] Liv. 41, c. 19.--Strab. 7.-Flor. voyage on the sea towards the west, to have
3, c. 4. reached in the thirtieth month the place
Scoti, the ancient inhabitants of Scotland, from which the Phoenician king despatched
mentioned as different from the Picts. [It is the Phoenicians to circumnavigate Africa.
generally conceded that the earliest inhabit Suidas gives a very brief account of Scylax,
ants of Caledonia were a colony of the Cel. in which he has evidently comfounded diffe
te, who are allowed by most writers to have rent persons of the same name. “Scylax of
been the first possessors of western Europe. Caryander, a mathematician and musician,
Respecting the era of their arrival in North wrote a periplus of the coast beyond the pil
Britain, and the route by which they reach lars of Hercules, a book respecting the He
ed the country, nothing is known. At the raclidae, a description of the circuit of the
period of Agricola's invasion, their descend. earth, and an answer to Polybius's History.”
ants appear to have been divided into twen The periplus, which still remains, bearing
ty different clans, usually mentioned, how the name of Scylax, is a brief survey of the
ever, in the Latin writers by the general countries along the shores of the Mediter
name of Caledonians.] Claudian. de Hon. ranean and Euxine, together with part of
3, cons. v. 54. the western coast of Africa, surveyed by
Scribonia, a daughter of Scribonius, who Hanno, as far as the island of Cerne. It
married Augustus after he had divorced Clau concludes with an account of the passages
dia. He had by her a daughter, the cele across the sea, from Greece to Asia, and an
brated Julia. Scribonia was some time after enumeration of twenty important islands, in
repudiated, that Augustus might marry Li the order of their magnitude. A question
via. She had been narried twice before she has been raised whether the periplus remain
became the wife of the emperor. Sueton. in ing is the work of the ancient Scylax or of
Aug. 62. some latter writer. The probability is that
Scribonius, a man who made himself it is the composition of a later age than that
master of the kingdom of Bosphorus.—A in which the aneient Scylas flourished. This
Physician in the age of Augustus and Tibe periplus has reached us in a corrupted state.
rins.—A man who wrote annals, A. D. 22. The best edition is that of Gronovius, L. Bat:
743
 SC SC

1677, 4to..] Herodot. 4, c. 44.—Strab.-A which had been shipwrecked in the Per
river of Cappadocia. ships near Pelium. It is said that he sº
Scy LLA, a daughter of Nisus, king of Me dive 80 stadia under the water. Herada--
gara, who became enamoured of Minos, as that c. 8.-Paus. 10, c. 19.
monarch besieged her father's capital. To Scy LLIS and DuPoENUs, statuaries a
make him sensible of her passion, she inform Crete before the age of Cyrus, king of Per
ed him that she would deliver Megaru into sia. They were said to be sons and pe
his hands if he promised to marry her. Minos pils of Daedalus, and they established a
consented, and as the prosperity of Megara school at Sicyon, where they taught tº
depended on a golden hair which was on the principles of their profession. Paus--Piº
head of Nisus, Scylla cut it off as her father 36, c. 4.
was asleep, and from that moment the sallies Scy Lükus, a monarch who left £0 sºrt
of the Megareans were unsuccessful, and the He called them to his bed-side as he expire.
enemy easily became masters of the place. and by enjoining them to break a bundle a
Scylla was disappointed in her expectations, sticks tied together, and afterwards sers
and Minos treated her with such coutempt and rately, he convinced them, that when altº
ridicule that she threw herself from a tower gether firmly united their power would be
into the sea, or, according to other accounts, insuperable, but ifever disunited, they would
she was changed into a lark by the gods, and fall an easy prey to their enemies. Piuſ &
her father into a hawk. Ovid. Trist. 2, v. arr.
393.-Paus.2, c.34.—Propert.3, el. 19, v.21. Scyrias, a name applied to Deidamia is
&
—Hygin. fab. 198.-Virg. G. 1, v. 405, &c. a native of Scyros. Ovid. .4.1, v. 682.
—A daughter of Typhon, or, as some say, of Scy Ros, a rocky and barren island in the
Phorcys, who was greatly loved by Glaucus, Ægean, at the distance of about 28 miles north
one of the deities of the sea. Scylla scorned east from Euboea, sixty miles in circumfe
the addresses of Glaucus, and the god, to rence. It was originally in the possession ºf
render her more propitious, applied to Circe, the Pelasgians and Carians. Achiiles retired
whose knowledge of herbs and incantations there not to go to the Trojan war, and became
was universally admired. Circe no sooner father of Neoptolemus by Deidamia, the
saw him than she became enamoured of him, daughter of king Lycomedes. Scyros was
and instead of giving him the required assist conquered by the Athenians under Cimon.
ance, she attempted to make him forget Homer. Od. 10, v. 508.-Orid. Met. 7, v.464.
Scylla, but in vain. To punish her rival. l. 13, v. 156.—Paus. 1, c. 7-Straš.9.
Circe poured the juice of some poisonous ScythAE, the inhabitants of Scythia tºd.
herbs into the waters of the fountain where Scythia.
Scylla bathed, and no sooner had the nymph Scythrs, or Scyth A, a son of Jupiter by
touched the place, than she found every part a daughter of Tellus. Half his body was that
of her body below the waist changed into of a man, the rest that of a serpent. He be
frighful monsters like dogs, which never came king of a country which he called Sºy
ceased barking. The rest of her body as thia. Diod. 2.
sumed an equally hideous form. She found Scythia, [a general name given by the an
herself supported by twelve feet, and she cient Greeks and Romans to a large portion
had six different heads, each with three rows of Asia, and divided by them into Scythia in
of teeth. This sudden metamorphosis so tra and extra Imaum, that is, on either side of
terrified her, that she threw herself into that Mount Imaus. According to Mannert, the
part of the sea which separates the coast of former division was bounded on the west by
Italy and Sicily, where she was changed into the Rha and Asiatic Sarmatia, on the north by
rocks, which continued to bear her name, and unknown countries, on the east by a part of
which were universally deemed by the an the chain of Imaus, and on the south by the
cients as very dangerous to sailors, as well as country of the Sacae, by Sogdiana, Margana,
the whirlpool of Charybdis on the coast of and the Caspian. Scythiaertra Imaum was
Sicily. During a tempest the waves are bounded on the north by unknown countries,
described by modern navigators as roaring on the west by Imaus, on the south by the
dreadfully when driven in the rough and un mountains which form the northern boundary
even cavities of the rock. [vid. Charybdis. of India extra Gangem, and on the east by
where an explanation is given of the wonders Serica. The Scythians have been considered
of Scylla and Charybdis.] Homer. Od. 12, by some writers as the same people with theGo
v. 85.—Ovid. Met. 14, v. 66, &c.—Paus. 2, merians,and as being the descendants of Gomer,
c. 34.—Hygin. ſab. 199. Some authors, as the eldest son of Japhet. Their name is derit.
Propert. 4, el. 4, v. 39, and Virg. JEcl. 6, v. ed by some from the Teutonic, SchetenorSchº
74, with Ovid. Fast. 4, v.500, have confound. en, “to shoot,” in which art this nation were
ed the daughter of Typhon with the daugh very expert; hence the name of Scythiana:
ter of Nisus. Virg. JEn. 2, v.424, &c. archer. Sir W. Jones, however, observes, that
Scrºllieum, a promontory of Peloponne Scythian was a name given them by other,
sus on the coast of Argolis, [opposite to the
not one which they used themselves.] The
Attic promontory of Sunium. It is now Scythians were divided into several nations &
Cape Skylleo.] tribes, they had no cities, but continually
Scyllias, a celebrated swimmer who en changed their habitations. They inured them.
riched himself by 744
diving after the goods selves to bear labour and fatigue; they de
 SE SE

sed money, and lived upon milk, and cover as, or, according to some, by Crinisus. vid.
themselves with the skins of their cattle. AEgesta.
he virtues seemed to flourish among them, SEGETIA, a divinity at Rome, invoked by
id that philosophy and moderation which the husbandmen that the harvest might be
her nations wished to acquire by study, plentiful. Aug. de Cir. D. 4, c. 8.-Macrob.
emed natural to them. Some authors, how 1, c. 16.—Plin. 18, c. 2.
‘er, represent them as a savage and barba SEGNI, a people with a town of the same
us people, who fed upon human flesh, who name in Belgic Gaul. [A small town, called
ºarsk the blood of their enemies, and used the Signei, points out the place where they once
rtails of travellers as vessels in their sacri inhabited.] Cats. B. G. 6.
>es to their gods. The Scythians made seve Segobrig A, a town of Spain near Sagun
l irruptions upon the more southern provin tum. [It is now Segorbe.] Plin. 3, c. 3.
as of Asia, especially B.C. 624, when they SEgoNTIA, or SEGUNTIA, a town of Hispa
imained in possession of Asia Minor for 28 nia Tarraconensis. [Livy calls it Seguntia
ears. and we find them at different periods Celtiberorum ; it was probably the modern
<tending their conquests in Europe, and pe Siguenza in New Castile.] Liv. 34, c. 10.
etrating as far as Egypt. Their govern SEGovIA, a town of Spain, of great power
went was monarchical, and the deference in the age of the Caesars. [It was in the far
'hich they paid to their sovereigns was unpa thest part of the territory of the Arevaci, to
alleled. When the king died, his body was wards the south-west, and retains its ancient
arried through every province, where it was name.]
eceived in solemn procession, and afterwards SEGUNtium, a town of Britain, supposed
uried. In the first centuries after Christ to be Caernarvon in Wales. Caes. G. 5, c. 21.
hey invaded the Román empire with the Sar SEGusiàxi, a people of Gaul on the Loire,
matians. vid. Sarmatia. Herodot. 1, c. 4, &c. [near its source..] Cars. G. 1, c. 10.—Plin.
-Strab. 7.-Diod. 2.-Val. Max. 5, c. 4.— 4, c. 18.
'ustin. 2, c. 1, &c.—Ovid. Met. 1, v. 64, l. 2, 3SEGusro, a town of Piedmont on the Du
rias. Plin. 3, c. 17.
Scrt HINUs, a Greek poet of Teos in Ionia,AELIUS SEJANUs, a native of Wulsinii
who wrote iambics. Diog, in Horac.—Athen. in Tuscany, who distinguished himself in
the court of Tiberius. His father's name
Scºrthopolis, [a city of Judaea, belonging was Seius Strabo, a Roman knight, 'com
..o the half tribe of Manasseh, on the west of mander of the praetorian guards. His mo
ind near to, the Jordan. Its Hebrew name ther was descended from the Junian family.
was Bethshan. It was called Scythopolis or Sejanus first gained the favours of Caius
the city of the Scythians, as the Septuagint
Caesar, the grandson of Augustus, but after
has it - (Judges, 1, 27,) from its having been wards he attached himself to the interest
taken possession of by a body of Scythians" in and the views of Tiberius, who then sat on
their invasion of Ásia Minor and Syria.] the imperial throne. The emperor, who was
Strab– 16.—Plin. 5, c. 18. naturally of a suspicious temper, was free and
SeºastE. [vid. Samaria.]—The name open with Sejanus, and while he distrusted
Was cºommon to several cities, as it was in ho others, he communicated his greatest secrets
"our of Augustus. [Sebaste (Xegarth, scil. to this fawning favourite. Sejanus improv
*****) is the Greek form for JAugusta, scil. ed this confidence, and when he had found
urbs. It that he possessed the esteem of Tiberius, he
Sºsenwyrus, a town of the Delta in Egypt. next endeavoured to become the favourite of
*_branch Nile which Plin.5,
iºnºi the soldiers and the darling of the senate. As
theSebennytic.
*been calledºfthe c. 10.
commander of the praetorian guards he was
; Sºbětus, a small river of Campania, fall the second man in Rome, and in that import
*šu to the bay of Naples, whence the epithet ant office he made use of insinuations and
*betº-is given to one of the nymphs who
fre every mean artifice to make himself beloved
ºnted its borders and became mother of and revered. His affability and condescen
*al us by Telon. Wirg...En 7, v. 734. sion gained him the hearts of the commonsol
sº º fºr.
or a diers, and by appointing his own favourites
of
- : 1supposed to have been the same and adherents to places of trust and honour,
- "...si.Edstani.] Ital. 3, v.372. all the officers and centurions of the army be
º wº. Nº [a nation of Gaul on the south came devoted to his interest. The views of
º *f the Rhodamus, to the east of Lacus Sejanus in this were well known; yet, to ad
* I jºbs. They opposed Hannibal near the vance with more success, he attempted to
i.i.ºmmit of the Alps when, he crºssed gain the affection of the senators. In this he
met with no opposition. A man who has the
;
* capitR ty mountains
was invadecivitas
tocalled
afterwards Italy.Seduno
Their
disposal of places of honour and dignity, and
Out n Sew Sion. They appear to have sent who has the command of the public money,
a miles Suerous colonies, in quest, no doubt, of cannot but be a favourite of those who are in
name `Sr climate. Hence we find tribes of this need of his assistance. It is even said, that
*N \, various places.]. Caes. Bell. G. 3. Sejanus gained to his views all the wives of
*\ \sm, [a German nation on the north the senators, by a private and most secret
SR-Nº. # the Rhenus.] promise of marriage to each of them, when:
NS Esta, town of * founded by Æne ever he had made himself independent and
6 .745
 SE SE

sovereign of Rome. Yet, however success pressed with misfortunes. -ful. Getire
ful with the best and noblest families in the c. 9.
empire, Sejanus had to combat numbers in SELEucKNA, or SELEUCIS, a county
the house of the emperor; but these seeming Syria, in Asia. vid. Seleucis. -

obstacles were soon removed. All the chil SELEvcia, [a famous city of Asia, bºr
dren and grand-children of Tiberius were Seleucus, one of Alexander’s generals an
sacrificed to the ambition of the favourite un situate on the western bank of the Tºrº
der various pretenees; and Drusus, the son of about 45 miles north of ancient Babylºn
the emperor, by striking Sejanus, made his was the capital of the Macedonian congae
destruction sure and inevitable. Livia, the in Upper Asia, and is said to have been tº
wife of Drusus, was gained by Sejanus, and first and principal cause of the destructiºn a
though the mother of many children, she was Babylon. Pliny reports that the intenties -
prevailed upon to assist her adulterer in the Seleucus was to raise, in opposition to Babº a
murder of her husband, and she consented to lon, a Greek city with the privilege of be-,
marry him when Drusus was dead. No free. Many ages after the fall cf the Mars
sooner was Drusus poisoned than Sejanus donian empire, Seleucia retained the secure
openly declared his wish to marry Livia: characteristics of a Grecian colony, arts, e.
This was strongly opposed by Tiberius; and litary virtue, and the love of freedom. Fº
|
the emperor, by recommending Germanicus population consisted of 600,000 citizens, gº
to the senators for his successor, rendered Se verned by a senate of 300 nobles. The ris
janus bold and determined. He was more ur. of Ctesiphon, however, in its immediate vs.
gent in his demands; and when he could not cinity, proved injurious to Seleucia; but r
gain the consent of the emperor, he persuad received its death-blow from the Roman,
ed him to retire to solitude from the noise A. D. 165, in the reign of Marcus Aurel
of Rome and the troubles of the government. Antoninus. The Roman generals were re
Tiberius, naturally fond of ease and luxury, ceived as friends by the Greek colony, and
yielded to his representations, and retired attacked as enemies the seat of the Parthian
to Campania, leaving Sejanus at the head of kings at Ctesiphou, and yet both eities expe
the empire. This was highly gratifying to rienced the same treatment. The sack at
the favourite, and he was now without a mas conflagration of Seleucia, with the massacre
ter. Prudence and moderation might have of 300,000 of the inhabitants, tarnished the
made him what he wished to be, but Sejanus glory of the Roman armies, though it was al
offended the whole empire when he declar leged in their favour that the inhabitants ci
ed that he was emperor of Rome, and Tibe Seleucia had first violated their faith. rid.
rius only the dependent prince of the island of Ctesiphon.]—[A city of Syria on the sea
Capreae, where he had retired. Tiberius was coast, near the mouth of the Orontes, and
upon this fully convinced of the designs of south-west of Antioch. It was called Pieria
Sejanus, and when he had been informed that from Mount Pierus in its vicinity, in order tº
his favourite had the meanness and audaci distinguish it from other cities of the same
name, of which there were nine, founded by
ty to ridicule him by introducing him on the
stage, the emperor ordered him to be accused Seleucus. Browne identifies Seleucia with
before the senate. Sejanus was deserted by Suadea, the port of Antioch, about ſourbºn
all his pretended friends as soon as by for journey distant from it. It is now in a te;
tune; and the man who aspired to the em lected state and useless for commerce.}–
pire, and who called himself the favourite of [A city of Cilicia Trachea, on the Calyak
the people, the darling of the praetorian nus. It is sometimes, for distinction sake, terº
guards, and the companion of Tiberius, was ed Trachea. [Its modern name is Seietith.
seized without resistance, and the same day Flor. 3, c. 11.-Plut. in Denn.-Mela, 1, c.
strangled in prison, A. D. 31. His remains 12.--Strab. 11 and 15.—Plin. 6, c. 26.
were exposed to the fury and insolence of SEleucidae, a surname given to those
the populace, and afterwards thrown into monarchs who sat on the throne of Syria,
the Tiber. His children and all his relations which was founded by Seleucus the son ºf
were involved in his ruin, and Tiberius sa Antiochus, from whom the word is derived.
crificed to his resentment and suspicions all The era of the Seleucidae begins with the
those who were even connected with Se taking of Babylon by Seleucus, B.C. 3it.
janus, or had shared his favours and enjoyed and ends at the conquest of Syria by Pompey,
his confidence. Tacil. 3, Ann, &c.—Dio. 58 B. C. 65. The order in which these mº
—Suet. in Tib. narchs reigned is shown in the account ºf
CN. SEIUs, a Roman who had a famous Syria. vid. Syria.
horse, of large size and uncommon beauty. SELEucis, a division of Syria, which re
He was put to death by Antony, and it was ceived its name from Seleucus, the founder of
observed, that whoever obtained possession of the Syrian empire after the death of Alexan
his horse, which was supposed to be of the der the Great. It was also called Tetrapahi,
same race as the horses of Diomedes destroy. from the four cities it contained, called also
ed by Hercules, and which was called Sejanus sister cities; Seleucia called after Seleccº,
equus, became unfortunate, and lost all his Antioch called after his father, Laodicea after
property, with every member of his family. his mother, and Apamea after his wife.
Hence arose the proverb, ille homo habet Se Strab. 16.
j\num equwmr, ºppº46 to such as were op SELEucus 1st, one of the captains of Alex
 SE SE
-er the Great, surnamed JWicator, or Vic reignedin the house of the Seleucidae, between
to zes, was son of Antiochus. After the the two brothers Seleucus and Antiochus;
s:’s death, he received Babylon as his pro and after he had been a prisoner for some
<e ; but his ambitious views, and his at time in Parthia, he died of a fall from his
apt to destroy Eumenes as he passed horse, B.C. 226, after a reign of 20 years.
ough his territories, rendered him so un Seleucus had received the surname of Pogon,
>ular that he fled for safety to the court of from his long beard, and that of Callinicus,
friend Ptolemy king of Egypt. He was ironically to express his very unfortunate
•n after enabled to recover Babylon, which reign. He had married Laodice, the sister
vºtigonus had seized in his absence, and he of one of his generals, by whom he had two
>reased his dominions by the immediate sons, Seleucus and Antiochus, and a daugh
nquest of Media, and some of the neigh ter whom he gave in marriage to Mithridates
wiring provinces. When he had strength king of Pontus. Strab. 16.—Justin. 27.—
ed himself in his empire, Seleucus imitated Appian. de Syr.—The 3d, succeeded his
e example of the rest of the generals of lather Seleucus 2d, on the throne of Syria, and
lexander, and assumed the title of inde received the surname of Ceraunus, by an
2ndent monarch. He afterwards made war tiphrasis, as he was a very weak, timid, and
gainst Antigonus, with the united forces of irresolute monarch. He was murdered by
\olemy, Cassander, and Lysimachus; and two of his officers, after a reign of three years,
fter this monarch had been conquered and B.C. 223, and his brother Antiochus, though
ain, his territories were divided among his only 15 years old, ascended the throne, and
ictorious enemies. When Seleucus became rendered himself so celebrated that he ac
haster of Syria, he built a city there, which quired the name of Great. Appian.
•e called Antioch in honour of his father, The 4th, succeeded his father Antiochus the
* made it the capital of his dominions. Great on the throne of Syria. He was sur
He also made war against Demetrius and named Philopator, or, according to Josephus,
Hysimachus, though he had originally mar. Soter. His empire had been weakened by
fied Stratonice, the daughter of the former, the Romans when he became monarch, and
and had lived in the closest friendship with the yearly tribute of a thousand talents to
the latter. Seleucus was at last murdered these victorious enemies concurred in lessen
*y one of his servants called Ptolemy Cerau ing his power and consequence among na
nus; a man on whom he bestowed the great tions. Seleucus was poisoned after a reign
**t favours, and whom he had distinguished of 12 years, B. C. 175. His son Demetrius
*y acts of the most unbounded confidence. had been sent to Rome, there to receive his
According to Arrian, Seleucus was the great ducation, and he became a prince of great
*st and most powerful of the prinees who abilities. Strab. 16.—Justin. 32.—Appvan.
*nherited the Macedonian empire after the —The 5th, succeeded his father Demetri
9eath of Alexander. His benevolence has us Nicator on the throne of Syria, in the 20th
tº commended; and it has been observed, year of his age. He was put to death in the
*at he conquered not to enslave nations, but first year of his reign, by Cleopatra his mo
* make them more happy. He founded no ther, who had also sacrificed her husband to
less than 34 cities in different parts of his em her ambition. He is not reckoned by many
** which he peopled with Greek colonies, historians in the number of the Syrian mo
****, national industry, learning, religion, narchs.--The 6th, one of the Seleucidae,
***pirit, were communicated to the indolent son of Antiochus Gryphus, killed his uncle
: *xurious inhabitants of Asia. Seleucus Antiochus Cyzicenus, who wished to obtain
º sreat benefactor to the Greeks, he re the crown of Syria. He was some time
which to the Athenians the library and statues after banished from his kingdom by An
cit Xerxes had carried away from their tiochus Pius, son of Cyzicenus, and fled to
i.". *hen he invaded Greece, and among Cilicia, where he was burnt in a palace by
ton sº those of Harmodius and Aristogi the inhabitants, B. C. 93. Appian.-Jo
th. C eleucus was murdered 280 years before seph.—A prince of Syria, to whom the
ristian era, in the 32d year of his reign, Egyptians offered the crown of which they
and tha •e 78th, or, according to others, the 73d had robbed Auletes. Seleucus, accepted it,
* eſ his age, as he was going to conquer but he soon disgusted his subjects, and re
*Sºulonia, where he intended to finish his ceived the surname of Cybiosaetes, or, Scul
*Y*\m peace and tranquillity in that province lion, for his meanness and avarice. He was
A. he was born. He was succeeded by at last murdered by Berenice, whom he had
married.
ſ".”“Shus Soter. Justin. 13, c. 4, 1.15, c. 4, Selge, [the largest and most powerful
17. "Se 3, &c.—Plut. in Den-Plin. 6...c.
2d, s zu.8, c. 51.-Joseph...Ant. 12. –The of the cities of Pisidia, situate north of the
A º ^umed Callinicus, succeeded his father Eurymedon. It is said by some of the an
attem,Sb.
"Aus Theus on the throne of Syria.
- y He cient writers to have been founded by a La
-

of E **te, to make war against Ptolemy, king cedaemonian colony. The probability, how
violº sº, but his fleet was shipwrecked in a ever, is, that this was a mere supposition,
querº storm, and his armies soon after con grounded upon the valour of the inhabitants,
º Whis Arsaces,
enemy. anHeofficer
was atwho
last taken since, independent of the difficulty of esta
himse's made blishing a colony in an inland and mountain
Nº.: by the dissensions which ous country, amid rude and savage tribes, we
7
 SE SE
*—

find Arrian expressly styling the inhabitants whatever she required, he came to herº.
of Selga Barbarians, when making mention attended by the clouds, the lightnitz. =
of an embassy sent by them to Alexander. thunderbolts. The mortal nature ºf Sºre
In a later age, however, we find the people could not endure so much majesty, sale
of Selga laying open claim to the honour of was instantly consumed with fire. Thee
a Spartan origin, and even adding to their however, of which she was pregnant, tº
medals the name of Lacedaemon.] saved from the flames by Mercury, or, a
SELINuns, or SELinus, (untis,) a [large cording to others, by Dirce, one of the symp.
and flourishing city of Sicily, founded by a of the Achelous, and Jupiter placed him a
colony from Hybla. It was situate on the his thigh the rest of the time which he ºr
southern shore of the western part of the is to have been in his mother's womb. T.
land, south-west from Lilybaeum. Virgil child was called Bacchus, or Dionysius. *
styles it palmosa, from the number of palm mele immediately aſter death was bacºn.
trees which grew in its vicinity. It was de with immortality under the name of Thyas
stroyed by the Carthaginians; a great num Some, however, suppose that she remaineiº
ber of the inhabitants being at the same time the infernal regions till Bacchns her scº wº
massacred and the remainder carried into permitted to bring her back. There were:
captivity. The city derived its name from the temple of Diana, at Troezene, two alsº
|
the river Selinus adjacent to it, which was so raised to the infernal gods, one of which ru
called from the quantity of parsley (asaway) over an aperture, through which, as Fams.
which grew on its banks.] The marks of nias reports, Bacchus returned from hell was
its ancient consequence are visible in the ve his mother. Semele was particularly wº
nerable ruins now found in its neighbourhood. shipped at Brasiae in Laconia, where, acror!
[Near the ruins of the city are to be seen ing to a certain tradition, she had been drir.
the remains of the Thermae Selinuntiae, or en by the winds with her son, after Cajº
warm baths of Selinus, at a place called Sci had exposed her on the sea, on account ºf
acca.] Virg. JEn. 3, v. 705.-Paus. 5, c. 6. her incontinent amour with Jupiter. The
——Another in Achaia. Another in Sici mother of Bacchus, though she received; I
ly.——A river and town of Cilicia [Trachea, vine honours, had no temples; she had a ºf
near the confines of Pamphylia. The town statue in a temple of Ceres, at Thebes, i.
was situate at the mouth of the river. Here Boeotia. Paus, 3, c. 24, 1.9, c. 5–Heiled
the emperor Trajan died.] Lir. 33, c. 20. Theog. Homer. Il. 14, v. 323–Orpheus.
—Strab. 14.—Two small rivers near Dia Hymn.-Eurip. in Bacch.—Apolled. 3. c. 4.
na's temple at Ephesus. Plin. 5, c. 29. —Ovid. Met. 3, v. 254. Fast 3, v. 715.- I -
A lake at the entrance of the Cayster. Strab. Diod. 3 and 4. *
14. SEMiRăMis, a celebrated queen of As7.
SELLASIA, [a town of Laconia, north-east ria, daughter of the goddess Derceto, by *
of Sparta, and commanding one of the princi young Assyrian. She was exposed in a dº | C.
pal passes into the country. It was situate sert, but her life was preserved by dove fºr
on the OEnus. A famous battle was fought one whole year, till Simmas, one of the thrº
in its vicinity, between the combined forces herds of Ninus, found her and brought her
of the Achaeans and Macedonians, command up as his own child. Semiramis, when grºwn
ed by Antigonus, and the Spartans under up, married Menones, the governor of Ninº.
Cleomenes. The latter were entirely de veh, and accompanied him to the siege ºf
feated. The town of Sellasia was destroyed Bactra, where, by her advice and pruder
by Aratus.) Plut. directions, she hastened the king's operatra,
SELLEis, a river of Peloponnesus falling and took the city. Those eminent service,
into the lonian Sea. Homer. Il. but chiefly her uncommon beauty, enland
SELYMBR1A, a town of Thrace, on the her to Ninus. The monarch asked her ºf
Propontis. It lay to the east of Perinthus, her husband, and offered him instead, hu
and is now called Selibria.] Liv. 39, c. 39. daughter Sosana; but Menones, who tendº
SEMELE, a daughter of Cadmus by Her loved Semiramis, refused, and when Num
mione, the daughter of Mars and Venus. She had added threats to entreaties, he hug
was tenderly beloved by Jupiter; but Juno, himself. No sooner was Menones deadlin
who was always jealous of her husband’s Semiramis, who was of an aspiring soul, nº
amours, and who hated the house of Cad. ried Ninus, by whom she had a son calº *
mus because they were related to the goddess Ninyas. Ninus was so fond of Seminmº
of beauty, determined to punish the success that at her request he resigned the crown tº
ful rival. She borrowed the girdle of Ate, her, and commanded her to be proclaime! Al
which contained every wickedness, deceit, queen and sole empress of Assyria.
and perfidy, and in the form of Beroe, Se this, however, he had cause to repent: *.
mele's nurse, she visited the house of Jupi. miramis put him to death, the better to *
ter's mistress. Semele listened with atten tablish herself on the throne, and when”
tion to the artful admonitions of the false Be had no enemies to fear at home, she began”
toe, and was at last persuaded to entreat her repair the capital of her empire, audby *
lover to come to her arms with the same ma means Babylon became the most superb
jesty as he approached Juno. This rash re magnificent city in the world. She viºla
quest was heard with horror by Jupiter; but every part of her dominions, and leſteº
as he had sworn by the Styx to grant Semele
748 °
!where immortal monuments of her greatmº
 SE SE

ad benevolence. To render the roads passa SEMPRoN1A, a sister of the Gracchi, who
e, and communication easy, she hollowed is accused of having assisted the triumvirs
ountains and filled up vallies, and water Carbo, Gracchus, and Flaccus, to murder
as conveyed at a great expense by large her husband Scipio Africanus the younger.
ld convenient aqueducts to barren deserts SEMPRöNIA LEx de magistralibus, by C.
ld unfruitful plains. She was not less dis. Sempronius Gracchus, the tribune, A. U. C.
agaished as a warrior, many of the neigh 630, ordained that no person who had been
»uring nations were conquered; and when legally deprived of a magistracy for misde
emiram is was once told, as she was dressing meanors, should be capable of bearing an of
*r hair, that Babylon had revolted, she left fice again. This law was afterwards repeal
*r toilette with precipitation, and though ed by the author. Another, de civitate, by
aly half dressed, she refused to have the the same, A.U. C. 630. It ordained that no
ºst of her head adorned before the sedition capital judgment should be passed over a
as quelled, and tranquillity re-established. Roman citizen without the concurrence and
emiramis has been accused of licentiousness, authority of the senate. There were also
ad some authors have observed, that she some other regulations included in this law.
'gularly called the strongest and stoutest Another, de comitiis, by the same, A.U.
ten in her army to her arms, and afterwards C. 635. It ordained that in giving their votes,
ut them to death that they might not be the centuries should be chosen by lot, and not
ving witnesses of her incontinence. Her pas give it according to the order of their classes.
on for her son was also unnatural, and it was Another, de comitiis, by the same, the
his criminal propensity which induced Ni same year, which granted to the Latin allies
yas to destroy his mother with his own of Rome the privilege of giving their votes
ands. Some say that Semiramis was chang at elections as if they were Roman citizens.
d into a dove after death, and received im Another, de provinciis, by the same, A.
aortal honours in Assyria. It is supposed U.C. 630. It enacted that the senators should
hat she lived about 1965 years before the be proposed to the consuls, to be divided by
Shristian era, and that she died in the 62d lot, and that the tribunes should be deprived
'ear of her age, and the 25th of her reign. of the power of interposing against a decree
Jany fabulous reports have been propagated of the senate.—Another, Agraria prima,
bout Semiramis, and some have declared by T. Sempronius Gracchus the tribune, A.
hat for some time she disguised herself and U.C. 620. It confirmed the lex: Agraria Li
Yassed for her son Ninyas. Val. Mar. 9, c. cinia, and enacted that all such as were in
3.—Herodot. 1, c. 184.—Diod. 2–Mela, 1, possession of more lands than that law al
2. 3.-Strab. 5.-Paterc. 1, c. 6.—Justin. 1, lowed, should immediately resign them to be
3.1, &c.—Propert. 3, el. 11, v. 21.—Plut. de divided among the poorer citizens. Three
Fort. &c.—Ovid. Amor. 1, el. 5, v. 11.—Met. commissioners were appointed to put this law
3, v. 58.—Marcell. 14, c. 6. into execution, and its consequences were so
SEMNóNEs, [called by Strabo Xsarayk, by violent, as it was directly made against the
Ptolemy Xaworst, by Velleius Paterculus Se nobles and senators, that it cost the author his
nones, and by Tacitus Semnones. They life.—-- Another, called Agraria altera, by
were a German nation, located by Patercu the same. It required that all the ready mo
lus in the vicinity of the Albis or Elbe, and, ney which was found in the treasury of At
according to Ptolemy's account, would seem talus king of Pergamus, who had left the Ro
to have inhabited what is now Brandenburg. mans his heirs, should be divided among the
They originally formed a part of the king poorer citizens of Rome, to supply them with
dom of Maroboduus, but afterwards separat the various instruments requisite in husband
ed from it along with Langobardi. Mannert ry, and that the lands of that monarch should
is of opinion, that the name of Semnones was be divided among the people.—Another,
given by the German tribes, not to a single frumentaria, by C. Sempronius Gracchus. It
nation, but to all the nations in the vicinity of required that a certain quantity of corn
the Elbe, from whom the more southern should be distributed among the people, so
Germans were descended. The Semnones much to every individual, for which it was
must not be confounded with the Senones, a required that they should only pay the tri
Celtic race who settled on the coast of Um fling sum of a semissis and a triens. Ane
bria. vid. Senones.] ther, de usură, by M. Sempronius the tri
SEMöNEs, inferior deities of Rome, that bune, A. U. C. 560. It ordained that in lend
were not in the number of the 15 great gods. ing money to the Latins, and the allies of
Among these were Faunus, the Satyrs, Pria. Rome, the Roman law should be observed as
pus, Vertumnus, Janus, Pan, Silenus, and all well as anºng the citizens.—Another, de
such illustrious heroes as had received divinejudicibus, by the tribune C. Sempronius
honours after death. The word seems to be Gracchus. It required that the right of judg
the same as semi homines, because they were ing, which had been assigned to the Senatorian
inferior to the supreme gods, and superior to order by Romulus, should be transferred from
men. Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 213. them to the Roman knights.--Another, mi
SEMosancius, one of the gods of the Ro litaris, by the same, A.U. C. 630. It enact
mans among the Indigetes, or such as were ed that the soldiers should be clothed at the
born and educated in their country. public expense, without any diminution of
749
 SE

their usual pay. It also ordered that no per ti. [These conscripti were chose= into the -
son should be obliged to serve in the army nate by Brutus. Their name indicates
before the age of 17. they were written or enrolled together with :
SEMPRönius (A. AtRAtinus,) a senator old senators, who alone were properly style
who opposed the Agrarian law, which was patres. Hence the custom ofsummoning tra
proposed by the consul Cassius, soon after senate those who were patres, and those wº
the election of the tribunes.—L. Atratinus, were conscripti. Hence, also, the name Pe
consul, A. U. C. 311. He was one of the conscripti, (sc.et.) was afterwards usually tº
first censors with his colleague in the consul plied to all the senators. The number
ship, Papirius.—A legionary tribune, who 300 continued with small variation to tº
led away from Cannae the remaining part of time of Sylla, who increased it, but how sº
the soldiers who had not been killed by the my he added is uncertain. It appears tº
Carthaginians. He was afterwards consul, there were at least above 400. In the tre
and fought in the field against Annibal with of Julius Caesar, the number of senators was
great success. He was killed in Spain.—— increased to 900, and after his death to 1.000.
Tiberius Longus, a Roman consul defeated but many worthless persons having obtaire
by the Carthaginians in an engagement which admittance into the senate during the cit *
he had begun against the approbation of his wars, Augustus reduced the number to 5.x,
colleague C. Scipio. He afterwards obtained The place of a senator was always bestowed
victories over Hanno and the Gauls. Ti upon merit; the monarchs had the privilege
berius Gracchus, a consul, who defeated the of choosing the members, and after the expe
Carthaginians and the Campanians. He was sion of the Tarquins it was one of the rights
afterwards betrayed by Fulvius, a Lucanian, of the consuls, till the election of the censºrs
into the hands of the Carthaginians, and was who from their office seemed most capable tº
killed, after he had made a long and bloody making choice of men whose characters were
resistance against the enemy. Hannibal irreproachable, whose morals were pure, and
showed great honour to his remains; a fune relations honpurable. There was a dictatº
ral pile was raised at the head of the camp, chosen to fill up the number of the seaste.
and the enemy’s cavalry walked round it in after the battle of Cannae. Ouly particula:
solemn procession.—The father of the families were admitted into the senate, an:
Gracchi. [vid. Gracchus.]—An emperor. when the plebeians were permitted to share
[vid. Saturninus.] the honours of the state, it was then requir
SENA, or [SENAGALLIca, now Senigaglia,] ed that they should be born of free citizens;
a town of Umbria in Italy, on the Adriatic, [no one could be admitted into the senate
built by the Senones, after they had made an who had exercised a low trade, or whose fa
irruption into Italy, A. U. C. 396 ; and on ther had been a slave. Appius Claudius first
that account called Gallica. There was al disgraced the senate by electing into it the
so a small river in the neighbourhood which sons of freedmen; but this election was not
bore the name of Sena. C. JNep. in Catone. deemed of any value, and the next consuls
—Sil. 3, v.454.—Liv. 27, c. 46.-Cic. Brut. called the senate according to the old roll.
18. Freedmen, however, were admitted towari's
SENATUs, the chief council of the state the end of the republic; and, in Caesar's time,
among the Romans. The members of this not only his officers, but even his mercerary
body, called senators on account of their age, soldiers, were admitted. The proper seas
and patres on account of their authority, were torial age was probably not below thirty; i.
of the greatest consequence in the republic. cannot, however, be ascertained with cer
The senate was first instituted by Romulus, to tainty.] The candidate must have probably
govern the city, and to preside over the af. passed through the inferior offices of quas
fairs of the state during his absence. This tor, tribune of the people, praetor, and con
was continued by his successors; but Tarquin sul. Some, however, suppose that the sena
the second disdained to consult them, and by tors whom Romulus chose were all climen;
having his own counsel chosen from his fa yet his successors neglected this, and often
vourites, and men who were totally devoted men who were below the age of 30 were al
to his interest, he diminished the authority mitted by courtesy into the senate. The
and the consequence of the senators, and iignity of a senator could not be supportel
slighted the concurrence of the people. The without the possession of 800,000 sesterces, or
senators whom Romulus created, were an about7000l. English money, and thereforesuch
hundred, to whom afterwards were added the as squandered away their money, and whose
same number when the Sabines had migrat. fortune was reduced below this sum, were ge.
ed to Rome. [This is rather doubtful, since nerally struck out of the list of senators. This
Livy expressly states that there were only regulation was not made in the first ages of
100 senators at the death of Romulus, and the republic, when the Romans boasted of
that their number was increased by Tullus their poverty. [Augustus raised the senatorial
Hostilius, after the destruction of Alba. Tar. fortune to 1,200,000 sesterces, and supplied
quinius Priscus added 100 more.] After the the deficiency to those who had not that sum.]
expulsion of the last Tarquin, whose tyranny The senators were not permitted to be of any
had thinned the patricians as well as the trade or profession. They were distinguish
plebeians, 164 new senators were chosen to ed from the rest of the people by their Jress;
complete the 300; º were called conscrip they wore the laticlave, [a white tunic, or
* …)
 SE SE

raistcoat, with an oblong broad stripe of pur nated their ambassadors, distributed the pub.
le, like a ribband, sewed to it. It was broad, lic money, and in short, had the management
distinguish it from the equites who of every thing political or civil in the repub
"ore a narrow one,) half boots of a black lic, except the creating of magistrates, the
olour, with a crescent or silver buckle enacting of laws, and the declarations of war
, the form of a C, [indicative of the or peace, which were confined to the assem
ncient number of the senate, one hun blies of the people. Rank was always re
red, (Centum).] They had the sole right garded in their meetings; the chief magis
f feasting publicly in the capitol in ce trates of the states, such as the consuls, the
emonial habits; they sat in curule chairs, pretors, and censors, sat first, after these the
nd, at the representation of plays and pub inferior magistrates, such as the ediles and
ic spectacles, they were honoured with questors, and last of all, those that then exer
articular seats, [called Orchestra; next the cised no office in the state. [The order of
tage in the theatre, and next the areaa in rank in asking opinions was as follows, Con
he amphitheatre. In the games of the Cir sulares, Praetorii, JEdilutii, Tribunitii, and
sus they sat promiscuously with the people Quastorii. He whose name was first enter
until the emperor Claudius assigned them ed on the Censor'sbooks was called Princeps
seculiar seats there also..] Whenever they Senatüs, which title used to be given to the
ravelled abroad, even on their own business, person who of those alive had been censor
hey were maintained at the public expense, first ; but after the year of the city 544, to
and always found provisions for themselves him whom the censors thought most worthy,
and their attendants ready prepared on the This individual was usually asked his opinion
road; a privilege that was generally termed first, unless a consul elect chanced to be pre
free legation. On public festivals they wore sent, to whom that privilege was always ex
the praetexta, or long white robe with purple tended.] In the age of Caesar, he was per
borders. The right of assembling the se mitted to speak first till the end of the year,
nate belonged only to the monarchs; and on whom the consul had originally conferred
after the expulsion of the Tarquins, to the that honour. Under the emperors the same
consuls, [and in their absence by the prae rules were observed, but the consuls were
tors, the dictator, master of the horse, and generally consulted before all others. When
tribunes of the people; but no magistrate any public matter was introduced into the
could exercise this privilege except in the senate, which was always called referre ad
absence of a superior officer, the tribunes senatum, any senator whose opinion was ask
excepted. The time of meeting was gene ed, was permitted to speak upon it as long as
rally three times a month on the calends, he pleased, and on that account it was often
mones, and ides. Under Augustus they were usual for the senators to protract their speech
not assembled on the nones, [and in the sick es till it was too late to determine. When
ly mouths of September and October, only a the question was put, they passed to the side
hosen number chosen by lot attended. This of that speaker whose opinion they approved,
as done for the ostensible purpose of di and a majority of votes was easily collected,
inishing the weight of their duties, but in without the trouble of counting the numbers.
eality to lessen the power of the senators.] This mode of proceeding was called pedibus
ºit was requisite that the place where they in alicujus sententiam tre, and therefore on
assembled should have been previously that account, the senators who had not the
' consecrated by the augurs. This was ge privilege of speaking, but only the right of
merally in the temple of Concord, of Jupi giving a silent vote, such as bore some curule
ter Capitolinus, Apollo, Castor and Pollux, honours, and on that account were permitted
&c. or in the Curiae, called Hostilia, Julia to sit in the senate, but not to deliberate,
Pompeia, &c. When audience was given were denominated pedarii senatores. [Ac
to foreign ambassadors, the senators assem cording to others, the pedarii senatores were
bled without the walls of the city, either they who, because they had not borne any
in the temples of Bellona or of Apollo; curule office, came to the senate on foot.
and the same ceremony as to their meeting This, however, is opposed by a passage in
was also observed when they transacted Pliny, W. H. 7, c. 43.] After the majority
business with their generals, as the ambassa had been known, the matter was determined,
dors of foreign nations; and the command. and a senatüs-consullum was immediately
ers of armies, while in commission, were written by the clerks of the house, at the
not permitted to appear within the walls of feet of the chief magistrates, and it was sign
the city. To render their decrees valid and ed by all the principal members of the house.
authentic, a certain number of members was [It is more correct to say that the names of
requisite, and such as were absent without these senators who had been most strenuous
some proper cause were fined. In the in favour of the bill were subscribed to it,
reign of Augustus, 400 senators were requi they staying to see it made out. If any per
site to make a senate. Nothing was transact son interceded, the decision of the senate was
ed before sun-rise, or after sun-set. In their styled senatus auctoritas; so also, if the senate
office the senators were the guardians of re was held at an improper time or place, or if
ligion, they disposed of the provinces as they all the usual formalities were not observed.
pleased, they prorogued the assemblies of the But when no mention is made of intercession
people, they appointed thanksgivings, nomi-' or informality, Auctoritas senatüs is the same
75ſ
 SE SE

as senatüs consultum. They are also some tions of which he made a collection #w tºº
timesjoined, senatās consulli auctoritas, which most celebrated orators of the age, aris
was the usual inscription of the decrees of that circumstance, and for distinctiºn, tº
the senate, and marked with the initial let tained the appellation of declamator. i.
ters S. C. A.] The tribunes of the people, Corduba and went to Rome, where best
by the word veto, could stop the debates, and came a Roman knight. His son L. Arial
the decrees of the assembled senate, as also Seneca, who was born about six year lés
any one who was of equal authority with Christ, was early distinguished by his tº
him who had proposed the matter. The se ordinary talents. He was taught eloquºis
natiºs consulta were left in the custody of the by his father, and received lessons in Phila
consuls, who could suppress or preserve them : phy from the best and most celebrated tº
but about the year of Rome 304, they were of the age. As one of the followers cite
always deposited in the temple of Ceres, and Pythagorean doctrines, Seneca observe tº
afterwards in the treasury, by the ediles of most reserved abstinence, and in hurt.
the people. The degradation of the senators never eat the flesh of animals; but tº a
was made by the censor, by omitting their abandoned at the representation of his flir,
names when he called over the list of the se. when Tiberius threatened to punish sº
nate. This was called praeterer. A senator Jews and Egyptians, who abstained fºur
could be again introduced into the senate if tain meats. In the character of a ſkie,
he could repair his character or fortune, Seneca appeared with great advanta;the
which had been the causes why the censor the fear of Caligula, who aspired to the runs
had lawfully called him unqualified, and had of an eloquent speaker, and who cºnsº
challenged his opposition. The meeting of ly was jealous of his fame, deterred him fºr
the senate was often sudden, except the par. pursuing his favourite study, and he tº
ticular time already mentioned, upon any a safer employment in canvassing ºf thes.
emergency. After the death of J. Caesar, nours and offices of the state. [It is a
they were not permitted to meet on the ides that Caligula spared the life of Speak
of March, which were called parricidium, cause it was represented to him that ºn
because on that day the dictator had been ashealth was feeble and that he would tº
sassinated. The sons of senators, after they
short-lived.] He was made questor, b:
had put on the toga virilis, were permitted the aspersions which were thrown upº
to come into the senate, but this was after him on account of an alleged amour *
wards limited. (vid. Papirius.) The rank Julia Livilla, removed him from Rome, º
and authority of the senators, which were so the emperor banished him tº Cºſsa, D.
conspicuous in the first ages of the republic, ing his banishment the philosopher wº
and which caused the minister of Pyrrhus to some spirited epistles to his mother,”
declare that the Roman senate was a vener able for elegance of language and ºutinº
able assembly of kings, dwindled into nothing but he soon forgot his philosophy.”
under the emperors. Men of the lowest graced ror, andhimself by his
in wishing flatteries
to be recalled,toeven"
the *the
character were admitted into the senate; the expense of his innocence and charactº. The
emperors took pleasure in robbing this illus
trious body of their privileges and authority, disgrace of Messalina at Rome, and * º
and the senators themselves, by their mean riage of Agrippina with Claudius, ſº º
mess and servility, contributed as much as the vourable to Seneca, and after he had tº
tyranny of the sovereign to diminish their ed eight years in Corsica, he was real #
own consequence; and by applauding the fol. the empress to take care of the educatº
lies of a Nero and the cruelties of a Domitian, her son Nero who was destined toº."
they convinced the world that they no longer the empire. In the honourable duº "F".
possessed sufficient prudence or authority to ceptor, Seneca gained applause in :
be consulted on matters of weight and im. as Nero followed his advice, Rome *
portance. In the election of successors to the tranquility, and believed herselfsſº”
imperial purple after Augustus, the appro py under the administration of the *
bation of the senate was consulted, but it was Agrippina. Some, however, are dº
only a matter of courtesy, and the concur
against the philosopher, and observe that St.
rence of a body of men was little regarded neca initiated his pupil in those .
who were without power, and under the con vices, and abominable indulgences whº -

trol of a mercenary army. The title of Cla. graced him as a monarch and as **
russimus was given to the senators under the may be the language of malevolº."
emperors, and indeed this was the only distinc insinuation of jealousy. In the cº
tion they had in compensation for the loss of of Nero, the preceptor had to withº.
their independence. The senate was abolish. clamours of many wicked and prºtº.
ed by Justinian, 13 centuries after its first in. misters, and if he had been the favour”
stitution by Romulus. emperor, and shared his pleasure *
SENEcA, M. ANNA:Us, a native of Corduba bauchery, and extravagance, Nero" º
in Spain, who married Helvia, a woman of perhaps have been so anxious tº
• Spain, by whom he had three sons, Seneca man whose example, from viciousindi".
the philosopher, Annæus Novatus, and An he could not follow, and whose salutary º:
naeus Mela, the father of the poet Lucan. Se. cepts his licentious associates foºd?"
neca made himself known by some declama obey. [Whatever opinion we my form 0.
752
 SE SE

»ther parts of Seneca's conduct, it was of blood which she experienced before the *

aimly unpardonable in the affair of Agrip mandate to spare her life arrived.] Seneca's
's usurder. He appears not to have op veins bled but slowly, and it has been observ
d this horrid deed as he should have done; ed, that the sensible and animated conversa
Aſter is was perpetrated, he actually wrote tion of his dying moments was collected by
he senate in justification of it..] Seneca his friends, and that it has been preserved
too well acquainted with the natural dis among his works. To hasten his death he
tion of Nero to think himself secure; he drank a dose of poison, but it had no effect,
been accused of having amassed the most and therefore he ordered himself to be car
sle riches, and of having built sumptuous ried into a hot bath, to accelerate the opera
ses and adorned beautiful gardens dur tion of the draught, and to make the blood
the four years in which he had attended flow more freely. This was attended with
ro as a preceptor, and therefore he desired no better success, and as the soldiers were
imperial pupil to accept of the riches clamorous, he was carried into a stove, and
l the possessions which his attendance on suffocated by the steam, on the 12th of April,
person had procured, and to permit him in the 65th year of the Christian era, in his
retire to solitude and study. Nero refused 53d year. His body was burnt without pomp
h artful duplicity, and Seneca, to avoid or funeral ceremony, according to his will,
ther suspicions, kept himself at home for which he made when he enjoyed the most
me time as if labouring under a disease. In unbounded favours of Nero. The composi
* conspiracy of Piso, which happened some tions of Seneca are numerous, and chiefly
he after, and in which some of the most on moral subjects. He is so much admired
ble of the Roman senators were concerned, for his refined sentiments and virtuous pre
neca's name was mentioned by Natalis, and cepts, for his morality, his constancy, and his
ero, who was glad of an opportunity of sa innocence of manners, that St. Jerome has
ificing him to his secret jealousy, ordered not hesitated to rank him among Christian
m to destroy himself. Seneca very proba writers. His style is nervous, it abounds with
y was not accessary to the conspiracy, and ornament, and seems well suited to the taste
le only thing that could be produced against of the age in which he lived. The desire of
im as a crimination was trivial and unsatis recommending himself and his writings to the
ictory. Piso, as Natalis declared, had com world obliged him too often to depreciate
lained that he never saw Seneca, and the the merit of the ancients, and to sink into ob
hilosopher had observed in answer, that it scurity. [Concerning the character of Se
was not proper or conducive to their common neca, a candid judge who considers the vir
nterest to see one another often. He further tuous sentiments with which his writings
leaded indisposition,and said that his own life abounds, the temperate and abstemious life
lepended on the safety of Piso's person. Se which he led in the midst of a luxurious
neca was at table with his wife Paulina and court, and the fortitude with which he met
two of his friends when the messenger from his fate, will not hastily pronounce him to
Nero arrived. He heard the words which have been guilty of adultery upon the evi
commanded him to destroy himself with phi dence of the infamous Messalina, or conclude
losophical firmness, and even with joy, and his wealth to have been the reward of a ser
observed, that such a mandate might have long vile compliance with the base passions of his
been expected from a man who had mur prince. It has been questioned whether Se
dered his own mother and assassinated all his neca ought to be ranked among the Stoic
friends. He wished to dispose of his posses or Eclectic philosophers. It appears from
sions as he pleased, but this was refused, and the general tenor and spirit of his writings
when he heard this, he turned to his friends that he adhered in the main to the Stoic
who were weeping at his melancholy fate, and system. With regard to his literary merit,
told them, that since he could not leave them it may suffice to observe, that notwithstand
what he believed was his own, he would leave ing he is justly censured by Quintilian and
\hem at least his own life for an example, an other critics, as the first corrupter of style
innocentconduct which they might imitate,and among the Romans, his works, nevertheless,
by which they might acquire immortal fame.-- are very valuable on account of the number
Against their tears and wailings he exclaimed and beauty of the moral sentiments which
with firmness, and asked them whether they they contain, the extensive erudition which
had not learned better to withstand the attacks they discover, and the happy mixture of
ºf ſortune and the violence of tyranny ? As for freedom and urbanity with which they cen
his wife, he attempted to calm her emotions, sure vice and inculcate good morals.] His
and when she seemed resolved to die with him, treatises are de irá, de consolatione, de pro
hºaid he was glad to find his example follow videntiá, de tranquillitate animi, de clementiá.
ed with so much constancy. Their veins were de sapientis constantiá, de otio sapientis, de
ºpened at the same moment, but the life of brevitate mta, de beneficiis, de vilá beatá,
Paulina was preserved, and Nero, who was besides his naturales quastiones, ludus in
Partial to her," ordered the blood to be stop Claudium, moral letters, &c. There are also
Ped, and froms that moment, according to some tragedies ascribed to Seneca. Quinti
**hºlºhe philosopher's wife seemed lian supposes that the Medea is his compo
*****hat
forts of life.
she'could
[She neverstill enjoy the
recovered thecom
sition, and, according to others, the Troas and
loss the Hippolytus were also written by him.
r
o w. 753
 SE SE
—

and the Agamemnon, Hercules furens, Thy tain of Mauritania, now Gebel-Mousa ºn
estes & Hercules in Oeta by his father Sene 17. Maria, the entrauce of the -
ca the declaimer. [Lipsius has imagined mouths of the Po. ! |

that the JMedea, which he regards as the SEPTERIon, a festival observed tº

best of these tragedies, was written by Sene nine years at Delphi, in honour of Ape.
ca the philosopher, and that the rest were the It was a representation of the pur-anº
productions of another of the same name, who thon by Apollo, and of the victory cº
lived in the time of Trajan. Most critics, by the god.
following the first part of the hypothesis of Tit. SEPTIMIcs, a Roman knight E
Lipsius, assign the Medea to Seneca, but they guished by his poetical compositions, tººl
likewise aseribe to him the Huppolytus, Aga ric and tragic. He was intimate with 1.
memnon, and Troades; and some of them gustus as well as Horace, who has air
give this latter piece the preference to the |h. 6th Ode of the 2d book to him.— .
Medea. The remaining tragedies they con | native
of Africa, who distinguished bi
sider to be the productions of various wri at Rome as a poet. He wrote, anot; cº
ters, appended to the tragedies of Seneca by things, an hymn in praise of Janus. 0.
editors or copyists. As to these compositions, eleven of his verses are preserved. M. .
it is hardly possible to find a really good tra | rent.—Crinilus in cità.
gedy among them. All, even the JMedea, SE aušNA, a river of Gaul which ser:
are defective in plan and in the management rates the territories of the Belgae sudº
of the piece; they are all barren of action, |Celtae, and is now called la Seine. IT
and full of declamation. We find in them, course of this river extends 250 miles.] sº.
it is true, occasional bold thoughts, and ex 4.—Mela, 3, c. 2.-Lucan. 1, v. 425.
pressions approaching the sublime, but they SEaušN1, a people of Gaul near thete
are often misplaced. They are modelled af. ritories of the AEdui, between the Ssane at
ter the Greek tragedies, but are very far Mount Jura, famous for their wars agae
from being good copies, and are generally fa Rome, &c. (vid. AEdui.) Their country wº
tiguing by reason of the exaggeration and called before the revolution Franche Camp.
emphatic tone which reign throughout.] or Upper Burgundy.
The best editions of Seneca are those of Ant SERAP10, a surname given to one of tº
werp, fol. 1615, and of Gronovius, 3 vols. Scipios, because he resembled a swine-her
Amst. 1672; [to which may be added the of that name. A Greek poet who for
excellent edition of Ruhkopf. Lips. 1797 rished in the age of Trajan. He was intimat
1812, in 6 vols. 8vo;] and those of his trage with Plutarch. An Egyptian put to death
dies, are that of Schroeder's, 4to. Delph. 1728, by Achillas, when he came at the heal of as
the 8vo. of Gronovius, L. Bat. 1682, and that embassy from Ptolemy, who was a prisone:
of Baden, Lips. 1821, 2 vols. 8vo.] Tacit. in the hands of J. Caesar.
.Ann. 12, &c.—Dio.—Sueton. in JWer. &c.— SERApis, one of the Egyptian deities, ºf
Quintil. posed to be the same as Osiris. He had a
SENNA, or SENA, a river of Umbria. rid. magnificent temple at Memphis, another, rer,
Sena. Lucan. 2, v. 407. rich, at Alexandria, and a third at Canopº
SENöREs, an uncivilized nation of Gal The worship of Serapis was introduced a
lia Transalpina, who left their native pos. Rome by the emperor Antoninus Pins, A.
sessions [on the Sequana or Seine, about 70 D. 146, and the mysteries celebrated on the
miles from Paris.] and, under the conduct of 6th of May, but with so much licenticºsmes
Brennus, invaded Italy and pillaged Rome. that the senate were soon after obliged tº
They afterwards united with the Umbri, La abolish them. Herodotus, who in a
tins, and Etrurians, to make war against the very circumstantial manner of the deities, and
Romans, till they were totally destroyed by of the religion of the Egyptians, makes as
Dolabella. The chief of their towns in that mention of the god Serapis. Apollodorussays
part of Italy where they settled were Sena it is the same as the bull Apis. [rid. aleare
Gallica, Fanum Fortunae, Pisaurum, and ed and elaborate note in Dr. Clark's "Tri
Ariminum. (vid. Cimbri.) Lucan. 1, v. vels in Greece, Egypt, and the Holy Land.
254.—Sil. 8, v. 454.—Liv. 5, c. 35, &c.— vol. 2, page 129, in which the identity of Se:
Flor.—A people of Germany. [vid. Sem rapis with the patriarch Joseph is endeavour
mones.] ed to be proved.] Paus. 1, c. 18, 1.2, c. 31.
SENTIA LEx de senditu, by C. Sentius the –Tacit. Hist. 4, c. 83.-Strab. 17.-Martis'.
consul, A.U. C. 734, enacted the choosing of 9, ep. 30.
proper persons to fill up the number of se SERhônis, a lake between Egypt and Pi—
mators.
lestine, [and near Mount Casius. Pliny make
SENtius, CN. a Roman emperor. (vid. it to have been 150 miles long. Straboss.
Severus.) A writer in the reign of the signs it 200 stadia of length and 50 of breadth.
|
emperor Alexander, of whose life he wrote It had communicated with the Meditern
an account in Latin, or, according to others, nean by an opening which was filled up in
in Greek.
the time of Strabo. The fable makes Ty
Serias, a cape of Magnesia in Thessaly, phon to have laid at the bottom of this like
at the north of Euboea, now St. George. or morass, and the Egyptians called its open
Szrºy Aquae, a portion of the lake near ing, “the breathing-hole of Typhon." This
Reates Cic. 4..Alt. #P-Freirº, a noun lake has taken the name of Sebaket-Barded
54
 SE SE
:*
'm a king of Jerusalem of that name, who miles in circumference, according to Pliny
. . ºd at Rhinocolura, on his return from an ouly 12, very barren and uncultivated. [Its
... pedition into Egypt. mountains were so steep and rugged, that the
SERENA, a daughter of Theodosius who poets feigned the natives to have been chang
irried Stilicho. She was put to death, &c. ed into stone by Perseus. It contains mines
audian. of iron and loadstones.] The Romans ge
Srhesus SAMonicus, a physician in the herally sent their criminals there in banish
... e of the emperor Severius and Caracalla. ment, and it was there that Cassius Severus,
Pere remains a poem of his composition on the orator, was exiled, and there he died.
# ºicine, the last edition of which is that of According to Ælian, the frogs of this island
* 06, in 8vo. Amst. never croaked, but when they were removed
Series, a nation of Asia, according to Pto from the island to another place they were
my, between the Ganges and the eastern more noisy and clamorous than others; hence
ean in the modern Tàibet. [M. Malte the proverb of seriphia rana applied to a man
"un considers the ancient Serica to have who neither speaks nor sings. This, how
cluded the western parts of Thibet, Seri ever, is found to be a mistake by modern tra
* 3 ur, Cashmere, little Thibet, and perhaps vellers. It was on the coast of Seriphus that
* *mall part of little Buckharia. In a note, the chest was discovered in which Acrisius
wever, by the English translator, a sound had exposed his daughter Danae, and her
doctrine is recognized. The opinion ad son Perseus. Strab. 10.--AElian. Anim. 3,
scated by Malte-Brun is that of M. Gos c. 37.—Mela, 2, c. 7.-Apollod. 1, c. 9...—
lin. It has, however, been rendered less Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 21.-Ovid. Met. 5, v. 242,
. . 'obable by various subsequent discoveries l. 7, v. 65.
ade by British officers on the actual physi SERRANUs, a sufhame given to Cincinna
tl geography of the mountainous parts of tus, because he was found sowing his fields
sia, which lie immediately to the north of when told that he had been elected dictator.
dia. Accordingly the opinion of M. Gos Some, however, suppose that Serranus was
elin has been combated by Mr. Hugh Mur a different person from Cincinnatus. Plin.
ay, in a learned memoir, inserted in the 18, c. 3. –Liv. 3, c. 26.-Virg. JEn. 6, v.844.
Transactions of the Royal Society of Edin —A poet of some merit in Domitian's
Jurgh, vol. 8, p. 171, in which the Seres are reign. Juv. 7, v. 80.
maintained to be identical with the Chinese. Quintus SER toRIUs, a Roman general,
The arguments are partly founded on a con son of Quintus and Rhea, born at Nursia.
idence in the general correctness of Pto His first campaign was under the great Ma
emy,as confirmed by these discoveries, which, rius, against the Teutones and Cimbri. He
while they subvert the views recently enter visited the enemy's camp as a spy, and had
:ained, restore, so far as they go, the geogra the misfortune to lose one eye in the first
phy of that author. Mr. Murray has also re hattle he fought. When Marius, and Cinna
sently published a separate work, entitled entered Rome and slaughtered all their ene
“An Historical account of Discoveries and mies, Sertorius accompanied them, but he
Travels in Asia,” in 3 vols. 8vo. We learn expressed his sorrow and concern at the me
too from the Chinese historians, through M. lancholy death of so many of his country
De Guignes, that An-toun, i. e. Antoninus, men. He afterwards fled for safety into
2mperor of the west, sent a commercial em Spain, when Sylla had proscribed him, and
bassy to Oan-ti, who reigned in China about in this distant province he behaved himself
A. D. 150.] . The Seres were naturally of a with so much address and valour that he
meek disposition. Silk, of which the fabri was looked upon as the prince of the coun
cation was unknown to the ancients, who try. The Lusitanians universally revered
imagined that the materials were collected and loved him, and the Roman general did
from the leaves of trees, was brought to not show himself less attentive to their inte
Rome from their country, and on that ac rest, by establishing public schools, and edu
count it received the name of Sericum, and cating the children of the country in the po
thence a garment or dress of silk is called lite arts, and the literature of Greece and
serica vestis. Heliogabalus, the Roman em Rome. He had established a senate, over
peror, was the first who wore a silk dress, which he presided with consular authority,
which at that time sold ſor its weight in gold. and the Romans, who followed his standard,
It afterwards became very cheap, and con paid equal reverence to his person. They
sequently was the common dress among the were experimentally convinced of his valour
Romans. Ptol. 6, c. 16.-Horat. 1, od. 29, and magnanimity as a general, and the artful
v. 9.-Lucan. 1, v. 19, l. 10, v. i42 and 292. manner in which he imposed upon the cre
—Ovid. Am. 1, el. 14, v. 6.-Virg. G.2, v. 121. dulity of his adherents in the garb of religion,
SERGIus, one of the names of Catiline. did not diminish his reputation. He pretend
-A military tribune at the siege of Veii. ed to hold commerce with heaven by means
The family of the Sergii was patrician, and of a white hind which he had tamed with
branched out into the several families of the great success, and which followed him every
Fidemales, Sili, Catilina, Nattu, Ocellae, and
where, even in the field of battle. The suc
Planci. cess of Sertorius in Spain, and his popularity
SERiphus, an island in the Ægean Sea, among the natives, alarmed the Romºn.
[now Serpho, south-east ofCythnus,labout 36 They sent some troops to oppose him, but
* ºn
 SE SE

with little success. Four armies were found the words take it drunkarraf From ther
insufficient to crush or even hurt Sertorius;||macy which existed between Servilia -
and Pompey and Metellus, who never engaged Caesar, some have supposed that the ºr .
an enemy without obtaining the victory, was the father of M. Brutus. Pºt. -
were driven with dishonour from the field. —C. Nep. in Attic.
But the favourite of the Lusitanians was ex SERVILIA LEx de pectarii is repetrºte
posed to the dangers which usually attend C. Servilius the praetor, A. U.C. 653 E
greatness. Perpenna, one of his officers, who nished severely such as were guilty of per
was jealous of his ſame and tired of a supe lation and extortion in the province :
rior, conspired against him. At a banquet particulars are not precisely known
the conspirators began to open their inten Another, de judicibus, by Q- Servilius C+
tions by speaking with freedom and licenti the consul, A. U. C. 648.
ousness in the presence of Sertorius, whose right of judging between the seraten
It divided

age and character had hitherto claimed defe the equites, a privilege, which, though a
:
rence from others. Perpenna overturned ginally belonging to the senators, had te:
a glass of wine, as a signal to the rest of the taken from them and given to the egº
conspirators, and immediately Antonius, one Another, de cirilate, by C. Servilius, ºr
of his officers stabbed Sertorius, and the ex dained that if a Latin accused a Romans.
ample was followed by all the rest, 73 years nator, so that he was condemned, the sers
before Christ. Sertorius has been commend er should be honoured with the name at: tº
ed for his love of justice and moderation. privileges of a Roman citizen. Anºthe
The flattering description he heard of the .Agraria, by P. Servilius Rullus, the tritºrs
Fortunate Islands when he passed into the A. U. C. 690. It required the immetrº
west of Africa, almost tempted him to bid sale of certain houses and lands which tº
adieu to the world, and perhaps he would longed to the people, for the purchase tº
have retired from the noise of war, and the others in a different part of Italy. It reque
clamours of envy, to end his days in the bo ed that ten commissioners should be apper
som of a peaceful and solitary island, had ed to see it carried into execution, but Creº
not the stronger calls of ambition and the ro prevented its passing into a law by the
love of ſame prevailed over the intruding re three orations which he pronounced againstr.
flections of a moment. It has been observed, SERVILIU's Publius, a consul who sup
that in his latter days. Sertorius became in ported the cause of the people against the
dolent and fond of luxury and wanton cru nobles, and obtained a triumph in spite cº
elty; yet we must confess that in affability, the opposition of the senate, after defeating
clemency, complaisance, generosity, and mi. the Volsci. He afterwards changed his epi
litary valour, he not only surpassed his con nions, and very violently opposed the people.
temporaries, but the rest of the Romans. because they had illiberally treated him.—
[Of Sertorius it has been justly remarked Ahala, a master of horse to the dictatº
that his great qualities and military ta Cincinnatus. When Maelius refused to sp
lents would have undoubtedly raised him to pear before the dictator to answer the acrº
the first rank among the chieſs of his coun sations which were brought against him a
try had he been, not the leader of a party, suspicion of his aspiring to tyranny, Abaa
but the commander of a state; with nothing slew him in the midst of the people, whe
to support him but the resources of his own protection he claimed. Ahala was accused
mind, he created a powerful kingdom among for this murder, and banished, but his set
strangers, and defended it for a long time tence was afterwards repealed. He was run
against the arms of Rome, although wielded ed to the dictatorship. Publius, a proca
by the ablest generals of his time; and he sul of Asia during the age of Mithridate
displayed public and private virtues which He conquered lsauria, for which service he
would have rendered a people happy under wn, surnamed Isauricus, and rewarded with
his rule at a less turbulent period.) Plut. a triumph. A Roman general who de
in vità-Paterc.2, c. 30. &c.—Flor. 2, c. 21, feated an army of Etrurians.—Nomina
&c.—Appian. de Cit.—Val. Mar. 1, c. 2, 1. |a Latin historian who wrote an history a
7, c. 3.-Eutrop.–Mull. Gell. 15, c. 22. |Rome in the reign of Nero. There were
SERVILIA, a sister of Cato of Utica, great. |. than one writer of this name, as Pºrſ
ly enamoured of J. Caesar, though her bro speaks of a Servilius remarkable for his sº
ther was one of the most inveterate enemies quence and learning; and Quintilian mentº
of her lover. To convince Caesar of her af. |another also illustrious for his genius acd.i.
ſection, she sent him a letter filled with the |terary merit.—Casca, one of Cesar's st
most tender expressions of regard for his per derers.-The family of the Servilii was ºf
son. The letter was delivered to Caesar in patrician rank, and came to settle at Race
the senate-house, while they were debating after the destruction of Alba, where they
about punishing the associates of Catiline's were promoted to the highest offices of the
conspiracy; and when Cato saw it, he ex state. To the several branches of this family
claimed that it was a letter from the conspi were attached the different surnumes of.4%g-
rators, and insisted immediately on its being la, Arilla, Priscus, Carpio, Structus. Gemma,
made public. Upon this Caesar gave it to Puler, Vatia, Casca, Fidenas, Longu, and
Cato, and the stern senator had no sooner Tucca.
read its contents, than he threw it back with | Sºnvics Tellits, the sixth king tº
"56
 SE

ne, was son of Ocrisia, a slave of Corni about a century B. C. He cultivated polite
um, by Tullius, a man slain in the defence literature from a very early period, especially
his country against the Romans. Ocrisial philosophy and poetry. At an early age he
; given by Tarquin to Tanaquil his wife, appeared as a pleader at the bar. In conse
! she brought up her son in the king's fa quence of a reproof received from Quintus
y, and added the name of Servius to that Mucius, an eminent lawyer, grounded upon
ich he had inherited from his father, to his ignorance of the law, he applied himself
note his slavery. [It is not known who his with great industry to legal studies, and be
her was, and it was probably not till after came one of the most eminent lawyers of
elevation to the royal dignity that he was Rome. Cicero highly commends his legal
resented as having been the son of a per knowledge. Sulpitius passed through the
1 of rank who was killed in defence of his various civil offices of the Roman state, and
untry.] Young Servius was educated in was consul B. C. 51. Caesar made him go
e palace of the monarch with great care, vernor of Achaia after the battle o Pharsa
d, though originally a slave, he raised him lia, but when that chief was taken off, Sulpi
if so much to consequence, that Tarquin tius returned to Rome and acted with the re
ve him his daughter in marriage. His own publican party. He died in the camp of An
ivate merit and virtues recommended him tony under the walls of Modena, having been
notice not less than the royal favours, and sent on an embassy to that leader from the
arvius, become the favourite of the people Roman senate. Cicero, in his 9th Philippic,
ad the darling of the soldiers by his liberali pleads for a brazen statue to be erected to
7 and complaisance, was easily raised to the Sulpitius, which honour was granted by the
irone on the death of his father-in-law. senate.]—Claudius, a grammarian. Suet.
lome had no reason to repent of her choice. de cl. Gar.—Honoratus Maurus, a learned
ervius endeared himself still more as a war grammarian in the age of [Arcadius and Ho
ior and as a legislator. He defeated the norius.] He wrote Latin commentaries upon
Veientes and the Tuscans, and by a proper Virgil, still extant. [These are, however,
Act of policy he established the census which considered rather as a collection of ancient
old him that Rome contained about 84 thou remarks and criticisms on the poet than as
and inhabitants. He increased the number composed by himself. They contain many
of the tribes, he beautified and adorned the valuable notices of the geography and arts of
city, and enlarged its boundaries by taking antiquity. These commentaries are found
within its walls the hills Quirinalis, Vimina. annexed to some of the older editions of Vir
lis, and Esquilinus. He also divided the Ro gil. They are most correctly given in the
man people into tribes, and, that he might edition of Virgil, by Burman. Amst. 1746,
not seem to neglect the worship of the gods, 4 vols. 4to.] -

he built several temples to the goddess of for Sesostals, a celebrated king of Egypt
tune, to whom he deemed himself particu some ages before the Trojan war. Ivid, the
larly indebted for obtaining the kingdom. He end of this article.] His father ordered all
also built a temple to Diana on Mount Aven the children in his dominions who were born
tine, and raised himself a palace on the hill on the same day with him to be publicly
Esquilinus. Servius married his two daugh educated, and to pass their youth in the com
ters to the grandsons of his father-in-law ; pany of his son. This succeeded in the
the elder to Tarquin and the younger to highest degree, and Sesostris had the leasure
Aruns. This union would, as might be sup to find himself surrounded by a number of
posed, tend to ensure the peace of his family; faithful ministers and active warriors, whose
but if such were his expectations he was un education and intimacy with their prince ren
happily deceived. The wife of Aruns, na dered them inseparably devoted to his inte
turally fierce and impetuous, murdered her rest. When Sesostris had succeeded on his
own husband to unite herself to Tarquin, father's throne, he became ambitious of mili
who had likewise assassinated his wife. These tary fame, and after he had divided his king
bloody measures were no sooner pursued dom into 36 different districts, he matched at
than Servius was murdered by his own son the head of a numerous army to make the
in-law, and his daughter Tullia showed her. conquest of the world. Libya, Aºthiopia,
self so inimical to filial gratitude and piety, Arabia, with all the islands of the Red Sea,
that she ordered her chariot to be driven were conquered, and the victorious monarch
ºver the mangled body of her father, B. C. marched through Asia, and penetrated far
534. His death was universally lamented, ther into the east than the conqueror of Da
and the slaves annually celebrated a festival rius. He also invaded Europe, and subdued
in his honour, in the temple of Diana on the Thracians; and that the ſame ºf his
Mount Aventine, the day that he was murder conquests might long survive him, he placed
ed. Tarquinia, his wife, buried his remains columns in the several provinces he had sub
privately, and died the following day. Liv. dued ; and many ages after, this pompous
}.S. 41–Dionys. Hal. 4.—Flor. 1, c. 6– inscription was read in many parts of Asia,
Qie de Div. 1, c. 53–Pal. Mar. 1, c. 6.- Sesostris, the king of kings, has conquered
Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 601.-[Sulpitius Rufus, an this territory by his arms. . At his return
“minent Roman jurist and statesman, and de home the monarch employed his time, in en
*cended from an illustrious family. He was couraging the fine arts, and in improving the
°ontemporary with Cicero, and probably born revenues of his kingdom.
757
He erected 100
 SE SE

temples to the gods for the victories he had useless. From this wonderful circumst
obtained, and mounds of earth were heaped Sethon had a statue which represented a
up in several parts of Egypt, where cities with a rat in his hand, with the *:::::::
were built for the reception of the inhabitants Whoever fires his eyes upon me, let º
during the inundations of the Nile. Some ca pious. [“The Babylonian Talmud," obserº
nals were also dug near Memphis, to facili Prideaux, “states that the destruction sº i
tate navigation, and the communication of the army of the Assyrians was executed+
one province with another. In his old age, lightning, and some of the Targum" -
Sesostris, grown infirm and blind, destroyed quoted for saying the same thing : bººk
himself, after a reign of 44 years according seems most likely that it was affected tº
to some. His mildness towards the conquer bringing on them the hot wind which is in
ed has been admired, while some have up quent in those parts, and often when it lººr
braided him for his cruelty and insolence in among a multitude destroys great number
causing his chariot to be drawn by some of of them in a moment, as frequently harper
the monarchs whom he had conquered. The to caravans; and the words of Isaiah, tº
age of Sesostris is so remote from every au God would send a blast against Senacter
thentic record, that many have supported denote also the same thing. Herodotusgºs
that the actions and conquests ascribed to us some kind of a disguised account of the
this monarch are uncertain and totally fabu deliverance from the Assyrians in a fabulo
lous. [Historians are even divided as to the application of it to the city of Pelusius is
identity of the name of this monarch, with stead of Jerusalem, and to Setho the EFTP
that of some other similar names in the Egyp tian instead of Hezekiah.” The learned
tian history; and several hold him to be the Dean then remarks upon the strong coair
same with the Sesac or Shesac of the Hebrew mation given to the account in Scripture by
Scriptures. From the recent discovery of the statement of Herodotus, and his meatre+
M. Champollion, it would seem that Sesostris ing the very name of Senacherib.] Herºdºt.
was the first king of the 19th dynasty of 2, c. 141.
, Manetho. Champollion reads his name in SETIA, a town of Latium above the Por
hieroglyphics as Ramses or Rameses, agree time marshes, celebrated for its wines, which
ing with what is stated by Tacitus, Am. 2, c.Augustus is said to have preferred to all
60. Perizonius (Origin. JEgypt. c. 17,) had others. Plin. 14, c. 6.-Jut. 5, v. 34. Sut
previously contended for the identity of Se 10, v.27.—JMartial. 13, ep. 112.
sostris and Rhamses.] Herodot. 2A c. 102, SEvKRA, Julia Aquilia, a Roman lady
&c.—Diod. 1.—Val. Flacc. 5, v. 419–Plin. whom the emperor Heliogabalus married.
33, c. 3.-Lucan. 10, v. 276.-Strab. 16. She was soon after repudiated, though pos
SESSITEs, now Sessia, a river of Cisalpine sessed of all the charms of mind aud body
Gaul, falling into the Po. Plin. 3, c. 16. which could captivate the most virtuous —
SEstiAs, a name applied to Hero, as born Valeria, the wife of Valentinian, and the mo
at Sestos. Stat. 6, Theb. 547. ther of Gratian, was well known for her
SEstos, or SEstus, a town of Thrace on avarice and ambition. The emperor, her
the shores of the Hellespont, exactly oppo husband, repudiated her, and afterwards
site Abydos on the Asiatic side. It is cele took her again. Her prudent advice at but
brated for the bridge which Xerxes built ensured her son Gratian on the impetul
there across the Hellespont, as also for being throne. The wife of Philip the Rozza
the seat of the amours of Hero and Leander. emperor. -

{ vid. Abydos, Leander, Xerxes. The citySeverläNus, a governor of Macedonia,

of Sestos was the first place taken by the father-in-law to the enuperor Philip.-A
Turks after crossing over into Europe. The general of the Roman armies in the reign of
modern town is called Zermunic. Some re Valentinian, defeated by the Germans.—A
mains of the ancient city are easily traced on son of the emperor Severus.
the declivity of the hill.] Mela, 2, c. 2. — SEveRus, Lucius Septimius, a Roman
Strab. 13–Museus de L. & H. Virg. G. emperor born at Leptis in Africa, of a noble
3, v. 258–Ovid. Heroud. 18, v. 2. family. He gradually exercised all the cſ.
SETábus, a town of Spain between New fices of the state, and recommended himself
Carthage and Saguntum, famous for the ma to the notice of the world by an ambitious
nufacture of linen. There was also a small mind, and a restless activity that could, for
river of the same name in the neighbourhood. the gratification of avarice, endure the most
{The Arabians altered the name of the city complicated hardships. After the murder
to Xaliva; it is now, however, called San of Pertinax, Severus resolved to remove
Phelippe.] Sil. 16, v. 474.—Strab. 2.-Me Didius Julianus who had bought the imperial
la, 2, c. 6.-Plin. 3, c. 3, 1. 19, c. 1. purple when exposed to sale by the licen
Sethon, a priest of Vulcan, who made tiousness of the pretorians, and therefore be
himself king of Egypt after the death of proclaimed himself emperor on the borders
Anysiº (vid, the end of this article.] He of Illyricum, where he was stationed against
was attasked by the Assyrians, and delivered the Barbarians. To support himself in this
from this powerful enemy by an immense bold measure, he took as his partner in the
number of rats, which in one night gnaw empire, Albinus, who was at the head of the
ed their bow-strings and thongs, so that Roman forces in Britain, and immediately
on the morrow their arms were found to be marched towards Rome, to crush Didus and
7.58
 SE SE

-ll his partisans. He was received as he ad |ancient kingdom contains. The revolt of
ranced through the country with universal Britain recalled him from the east. After he
icclamations, and Julianus himself was soon had reduced it under his power, he built a
ieserted by his favourites, and assassinated by wall across the northern parts of the island
ais own soldiers. The reception of Severus to defend it against the frequent invasions of
At Rome was sufficient to gratify his pride; the Caledonians. Hitherto successful against
he streets were strewed with flowers, and his enemies, Severus now found the peace of
he submissive senate were ever ready to his family disturbed. Caracalla attempted
frant whatever honours or titles the conquer to murder his father as he was concluding a
»r claimed. In professing that he had assum treaty of peace with the Britons; and the
>d the purple only to revenge the death of emperor was so shocked at the undutifulness
the virtuous Pertinax, Severus gained many of his son, that on his return home he called
adherents, and was enabled not only to dis him into his presence, and after he had up
arm, but to banish the pretorians, whose in braided him for his ingratitude and perfidy,
solence and avarice were become alarming he offered him a drawn sword, adding. If
not only to the citizens, but to the emperor. yon are so ambitious of reigning alone, now
13 ut while he was victorious at Rome, Severus umbrue your hands in the blood of your father,
lid not forget that there was another com and let not the eyes of the world be witnesses
petitor for the imperial purple. Pescennius of your want of filial tenderness. If these
Niger was in the east at the head of a pow words checked Caracalla, yet he did not
erful army, and with the name and ensigns of show himself concerned, and Severus, worn
Augustus. Many obstinate battles were fought out with infirmities which the gout and the
between the troops and officers of the imperial uneasiness of his mind increased, soon after
rivals, till, on the plains of Issus, which had died, exclaiming he had been every thing
been above five centuries before covered with man could wish, but that he was then no
the blood of the Persian soldiers of Darius, thing. Some say that he wished to poison
Niger was totally ruined by the loss of 20,000 himself, but that when this was denied, he
men. The head of Niger was cut off and sent ate to great excess, and soon after expired at
to the conqueror, who punished in a most cruel York on the fourth of February, in the 211th
manner, all the partisans of his unfortunate year of the Christian era, in the 66th year
rival. Severus afterwards pillaged Byzan of his age, after a reign of 17 years 8 months
tium, which had shut her gates against him; and 3 days. Severus has been so much ad
and after he had conquered several nations mired for his military talents, that some have
in the east, he returned to Rome, resolved to called him the most warlike of the Roman
destroy Albinus, with whom he had hitherto emperors. As a monarch he was cruel, and
reluctantly shared the imperial power. He it has been observed that he never did fin
attempted to assassinate him by his emissa act of humanity or forgave a fault. is
ries; but when this had failed of success, Se
diet he was temperate, and he always show
verus had recourse to arms, and the fate of ed himself an open enemy to pomp and splen
the empire was again decided on the plains dour. He loved the appellation of a man of
of Gaul. Albinus was defeated, and the con letters, and he even composed an history of
queror was so elated with the recollection his own reign, which some have praised for
that he had now no longer a competitor for the its correctness and veracity. However cruel
purple, that he insulted the dead body of his Severus may appear in his punishments and
rival, and ordered it to be thrown into the in his revenge, many have endeavoured to ex
Rhone, after he had suffered it to putrify before culpate him, and observed that there was
the door of his tent, and to be torn to pieces need of severity in an empire whose morals
by the dogs. The family and the adherents were so corrupted, and where no less than
of Albinus shared his fate; and the return of 3000 persons were accused of adultery dur
Severus to the capital exhibited the bloody ing the space of 17 years. Of him, as of Au
triumphs of Marius and Sylla. The richest gustus, some were fond to say, that it would
of the citizens were sacrificed, and their mo have been better for the world if he had ne
ney becaume the property of the emperor. ver been born, or had never died. Dio.—
The wicked Commodus received divine ho Herodvan.—Victor,&c.—Alexander, (Mar
nours, and his murderers were punished in cus Aurelius,) a native of Phoenicia, adopt
the most wanton manner. Tired of the inac ed by Heliogabalus. His father's name was
tive life he led in Rome, Severus marched in Genesius Marcianus, and his mother's Julia
to the east, with his two sons, Caracalla and Mammaea, and he received the surname of
Geta, and with uncommon success made .Alexander because he was born in a temple
himself master of Seleucia, Babylon, and sacred to Alexander the Great. He was
Ctesiphon; and advanced without opposition carefully educated, and his mother, by pay
far into the Parthian territories. From Par ing particular attention to his morals, and the
thia the emperor marched towards the more character of his preceptors, preserved him
southern provinces of Asia; after he had vi from those infirmities and that licentiousness
sited the tomb of Pompey the Great, he enter which old age too often attributes to the de
ed Alexandria; and after he had granted a pravity of youth. At the death of Helioga
senate to that celebrated city, he viewed with balus, who had been jealous of his virtues,
the most criticizing and inquisitive curiosity, Alexander, though only in the 14th year of
the several monuments and ruins which that his age, was proclaiº emperor, and his no
59
 SE SE |
mination was approved by the universal than prudence. His writings were desº
shouts of the army and the congratulations by order of the senate. Suet. in Ort-–tº
of the senate. He had not long been on the —Sulpitius, an ecclesiastical historian."
throne before the peace of the empire was died A. D. 420. The best of his war.
disturbed by the incursions of the Persians. his Historia Sacra, from the creatica º –
Alexander marched into the east without de world to the consulship of Stilicho, of *
lay, and soon obtained a decisive victory ovel the style is elegant, and superior to that
the Barbarians. At his return to Rome he the age in which he lived. The bested.
was honoured with a triumph, but the revolt is in 2 vols. 4to. Patariz, 1741. Aquiº –
of the Germans soon after called him away a native of Spain, who wrote an accºun
from the indolence of the capital. His ex his own life in the reign of the emperºr's
pedition in Germany was attended with somº lens. A celebrated architect errapleye.
success, but the virtues and the amiable qua building Nero's golden palace at Rºme a
lities of Alexander were forgotten in the the burning of that city. A trasºtia’ai
stern and sullen strictness of the disciplina Italy, near the Fabaris. P'urg. -E-7."
rian. His soldiers, fond of repose, murmur 713.
ed against his severity: their clamours were Sevo, a ridge of mountains between M=
fomented by the artifice of Maximinus, and way and Sweden. [It assumes various===
Alexander was murdered in his tent, in the in different parts of its course; as, the Lºs
midst of his camp, after a reign of 13 years field mountains, the Doſrafield mountam
and 9 days, on the 18th of March, A. D. 235. &c. Some suppose the ridge of Sevo to brº
His mother Mammaea shared his fate with been the Riphaean mountains of antiquity.
all his friends; but this was no sooner known Plin. 4, c. 15.
than the soldiers punished with immediate Sruth Es, a Thracian king, who encours;
death all such as had been concerned in the ed his countrymen to revolt, &c. This name
murder, except Max minus. Alexander has is common to several of the Thracian prºcee
been admired for his many virtues, and eve SExtia Licinia LEx, de Magutriº
ry historian, except Herodian, is bold to as by C. Licinius and L. Sextius the tribates.
sert, that if he had lived, the Roman empire A. U. C. 386. It ordained that one cf the
might have been freed from those tumults consuls should be elected from among the
and abuses which continually disturbed her plebeians.—Another, de religione, by the
peace, and kept the lives of her emperors same, A.U. C. 385. It enacted that a de
and senators in perpetual alarms. His seve cemvirate should be chosen from the patri
rity in punishing offences was great, and cians and plebeians, instead of the deterrºrin
such as had robbed the public, were they sacris faciundis.
even the most intimate friends of the empe SExtie Aauž, now .4ir, [a town of Gal
ror, were indiscriminately sacrificed to the lia Narbonensis, and the metropolis of Nar
tranquillity of the state which they had vio honensis Secunda. It owed its foundatiua tº
lated. The great offices of the state, which Sextius Calvinus, who in the first expedition
had before his reign been exposed to sale, of the Romans hto Gaul, reduced the Sº
and occupied by favourites, were now be lyes, in whose territory it was situate. At
stowed upon merit, and Alexander could Aquae Sextiae, Marius and Catulus defeated
boast that all his officers were men of trust the Teutones. It was famous for its warm
and abilities. He was a patron of litera baths.] Liv. 61.—Well. Patere. 1, c. 15.
ture, and he dedicated the hours of relaxa SExtilius, a governor of Africa, who cº
tion to the study of the best Greek and La dered Marius, when he landed there, to de
tin historians, orators, and poets; and in the part immediately from his province. Maries
public schools, which his liberality and the heard this with some concern, and said to the
desire of encouraging learning had founded, messenger, “Go and tell your master that yes
he often heard with pleasure and satisfaction have seen the exiled.Marius sitting on the ruins
the eloquent speeches and declamations of of Carthage.” Plut. in Mar.
his subjects. The provinces were well sup SExtius Lucius, was remarkable for his
plied with provisions, and Rome was embel friendship with Brutus; he gained the cºnfl
lished with many stately buildings and mag dence of Augustus, and was consul. Horace.
nificent porticoes. Alez. vit.—Herodian.— who was in the number of his friends, dedi
Zosim.—Pietor. Flavius Valerius, a na rated 1 od. 4, to him.—The first plebeiau
tive of Illyricum, nominated Caesar by Ga consul.—One of the sons of Tarquin. tºd.
lerius. He was put to death by Maximia Tarquinius.
nus, A. D. 307.-Libius, a man proclaimed SExtus, a praenomen given to the sixth son
emperor of the west, at Ravenna, after the f a family.——A son of Pompey the Grest
death of Majorianus. He was soon after rid. Pompeius.--A Stoic philosopher, born
poisoned. Lucius Cornelius, a Latin poet at Cheronaea in Boeotia. Some suppose that
in the age of Augustus, for some time em he was Plutarch's nephew. He was precep
ployed in the judicial proceedings of the ſo tor to M. Aurelius and L. Verus. A phi
rum.—Cassius, an orator banished into the losopher in the age of Antoninus. He was
island of Crete by Augustus, for his illiberal one of the followers of the doctrines of Pyt
language. He was banished 17 years, and rho. Some of his works are still extant.
died in Seriphos. He is commended as an Sibyllae, certain women [supposed to
able orator,yet declaiming with more warmth be] inspired by heaven, who flourished in
760
 SI Si
ifferent parts of the world. [The name of Sylla, the Sibylline verses, which were de
supposed to be derived from a lot, an posited there, perished in the conflagration;
&olic form for 6tar, deus, and 320xn, con and, to repair the loss which the republic
:lium.] Their number is unknown. Plato seemed to have sustained, commissioners
>eaks of one, others of two, Pliny of were immediately sent to different parts of
iree, AElian of four, and Varro of ten, an Greece, to collect whatever verses could be
pinion which is universally adopted by the found of the inspired writings of the Sibyls.
earned. These ten Sibyls generally resided The ſate of these Sibylline verses, which
a the following places, Persia, Libya, Del were collected after the conflagration of the
1, Cumae in Italy, Erythraea, Samos, Cumae capitol, is unknown. [The emperor Hono
n AEolia, Marpessia on the Hellespont, An rius issued an order, A.D. 399, for destroying
yra in Phrygia, and Tiburtis. The most them; in pursuance of which, Stilicho burnt
telebrated of the Sibyls was that of Cumae in all these prophetic writings, and demolished
taly, whom some have called by the different the temple of Apollo in which they had been
lames of Amalthaea, Demophile, Herophile, deposited. Nevertheless, there are still pre
Daphne, Manto, Phemonoe, and Deiphobe. served, in eight books of Greek verse, a col
t is said that Apollo became enamoured of lection of oracles, pretended to be Sibylline.
her, and that, to make her sensible of his Dr. Cave, who is well satisfied that this col
passion, he offered to give her whatever she lection is a forgery, supposes that a large
should ask. The Sibyl demanded to live as part of it was composed in the time of Adri
many years as she had grains of sand in her an, about A. D. 130; that other parts were
hand, but unfortunately forgot to ask for the added in the time of the Antonines, and the
enjoyment of the health, vigour, and bloom, whole completed in the reign of Commodus.
of which she was then in possession. The Dr. Prideaux says that this collection must
god granted her request, but she refused to have been made between A. D. 138 and
gratify the passion of her lover, though he 167. Some of the Christian fathers, not ap
offered her perpetual youth and beauty. prized of the imposition, have often cited the
Some time after she became old and decrepid, books of the Sibyls in favour of the Christian
her form decayed, melancholy paleness and religion; and hence Celsus takes occasion to
haggard looks succeeded to bloom and cheer call the Christians Sibyllists. Dr. Lardner
fulness. She had already lived about 700 states his conviction that the Sibylline oracles
years when MEneas came to Italy, and, as quoted by St. Clement and other of the
some have imagined, she had three centuries Greek fathers, are the forgeries of some Chris
more to live before her years were as nume tian. Bishop Horsely has ably supported the
rous as the grains of sand which she had in opinion, however, that the Sibylline books
her hand. She gave AFneas instructions how contained records of prophecies vouchsafed
to find his father in the infernal regions, and to nations extraneous to the patriarchal fami
even conducted him to the entrance of hell. lies and the Jewish commonwealth, before
It was usual for the Sibyl to write her prophe the general defection to idolatry. Although
cies on leaves which she placed at the en the books were at last interpolated, yet, ac
trance of her cave, and it required particu cording to the views taken of the subject by
lar care in such as consulted her to take up the learned bishop, this was too late to throw
these leaves before they were dispersed by discredit on the confident appeal made to
the wind, as their meaning then became in them by Justin.] Plut. in Phaed.—Blian.
comprehensible. According to the most au W. H. 12, c. 35.-Paus. 10, c. 12, &c.—Diod.
thentic historians of the Roman republic, one 4.—Ovid. Met. 14, v. 109 and 140.-Virg.
of the Sibyls came to the palace of Tarquin JEn. 3, v.445, 1.6, v. 36.-Lucan. 1, v. 564.
the Second, with nine volumes, which she of. –Plin. 13, c. 13.-Flor. 4, c. 1.-Sallust.
fered to sell for a very high price. The mo —Cit. Catil. 3.-Val. Max. 1, c. 1, 1.8, c. 15,
narch disregarded her, and she immediately &c.
disappeared, and soon after returned, when SicAMBR1, or SYGAMBR1, a people of
she had burned three of the volumes. She Germany, conquered
by the Romans, [origi
asked the same price for the remaining six nally occupying what is now Guelderland.]
books; and when Tarquin refused to buy They revolted against Augustus, who march
them, she burned three more, and still per ed against them, but did not totally reduce
sisted in demanding the same sum of money them. Drusus conquered them. [Being
for the three that were left. This extraor pressed by the Catti, whom Caesar calls
dinary behaviour astonished Tarquin ; he Suevi, they were, together with the Ubii,
bought the books, and the Sibyl instantly va received into Gaul, on the left bank of the
wished, and never after appeared to the world. Rhine, under Augustus ; and there is reason
These books were preserved with great care to believe that the people who occupied this
by the monarch, and called the Sibylline position under the name of Gugerni were
terses. A college of priests was appointed Sicambrians.] Dio. 54.—Strab. 4.—Horat.
to have the care of them; [vid. Duumviri.] 4.—Od. 2, v. 36.-Od. 14, v. 51.-Tacit. 2,
and such reverence did the Romans entertain ...Ann. 26. -

for these prophetic books, that they were Sicam BRIA, the country of the Sicambri,
consulted with the greatest solemnity, and formed the modern province of Guelderland.
only when the state seemed to be in danger. Claud. in Eutrop. 1. v. 383.
When the capitol was burnt in the troubles
a-rº
Sicini, [an ancient nation of Sicily. They
-
 SI SI t
appear to have been of Iberian, and not, of breadth at 133. Its area contains 1:-
Spanish origin as is generally thought, and to square miles.] This island was celebrº
have come originally from Upper Asia. for its fertility, so much that it was als
They first descended into Italy, and took pos: one of the granaries of Rolne, and Pliny ºr
session of that district afterwards known by that it rewarded the husbandmen an humº
the name of Riviera di Genoa, whence in fold. Its most famous cities were Sy
process of time they spread themselves over Messana, Leontini, Lilybaeum, Agriferº
Etruria, Latium, and Campania. From the Gela, Drepanum, Eryx, &c. The highe
river Sicanus they took the name of Sicani, and most famous mountain in the Riata -
and when driven towards the south by the AEtna, whose frequent eruptions are daº
Ligurians, proceeded as far as Rhegium, rous, and often fatal to the country and itse
crossed the strait of Messana, and after a con habitants ; from which circumstance the tº
test with the Siculi, already established on the cients supposed that the forges of Wei
eastern part of Sicily, they finally settled on and the Cyclops were placed there. The tº
the western coast of that delightful island. feign that the Cyclops were the origital e
Edinburgh Review, No. 80, p. 381.]—Dio habitants of this island, and after them tº
mys. Hai. 1–Ovid. Met. 5 and 13–Wirg. came into the possession of the Sicani, a pee
Ecl. 10.-4En.
ep. 17, v. 32. 7, v. 795.-Diod. 5-Horat. ple of Spain, and at last of the Siculi, a tal.--
- w
of Italy. [vid. however, Sicani, and Siret.
SICANIA and SicaNIA, an ancient name The plains of Enna are well known for ther
of Sicily. [rud. Sicani.] excellent honey, and, according to Dicicrº
Sicca, a town of Numidia, [south-west of the hounds lost their scent in hunting, ºr c
Carthage, near the river Bagradas. It re count of the many odoriferous plants that
ceived the appellation of Venerea from a profusely perfumed the air. Ceres and Prº
temple of Venus which it contained. Its serpine were the chief deities of the place.
ruins are visible at a place called Keff.] Sal. and it was there, according to poetical trº
in Jug. 56. dition, that the latter was carried away by
Sicilis, (Sicklin Es, plur.) an epithet ap Pluto. The Phoenicians and Greeks settled
plied to the inhabitants of Sicily. The Muses some colonies here, and at last the Carthagi
are called Sicelides by Virgil, because Theo nians became masters of the whole island, till
critus was a native of Sicily, whom the Latin they were dispossessed of it by the Romans
poet, as a writer of Bucolic poetry, professed in the Punic wars. Some authors suppose that
to imitate. Virg. Ec. 4. Sicily was originally joined to the continent.
Sichaeus, called also Sicharbas and Aher and that it was separated from Italy by an
bas, was a priest of the temple of Hercules in earthquake, and that the straits of Charybdis
Phoenicia. His father’s name was Plisthenes. were formed. The inhabitants of Sicily were
He married Elisa, the daughter of Belus, so fond of luxury, that Sicular mense became
and sister of king Pygmalion, better known proverbial. The rights of citizens of Rome
by the name of Dido. He was so extr, me were extended to them by M. Antony. Cur.
ly rich, that his brother-in-law murdered 14.—Att. 12.-Verr. 2, c. 13.-Homer. Od.9,
him to obtain his possessions. This murder &c.—Justin. 4, c. 1, &c.—Wirg. .ºn. 3, v.
Pygmalion concealed from his sister Dido ; 414, &c.—Ital. 14, v. 11, &c.—Piin 3, c. 8,
and he amused her by telling her that her &c.—The island of Naxos, in the Æge
husband was gone upon an affair of import an, was called Little Sicily on account of its
ance, and that he would soon return. This fruitfulness.
would have perhaps succeeded had not the L. Sicinius DENTârus, a tribune ºf
shade of Sicaeus appeared to Dido, and Rome, celebrated for his valour and the bo
related to her the cruelty of Pygmalion, and nours he obtained in the field of battle during
advised her to fly from Tyre, after she had the period of 40 years in which he was en
previously secured some treasures, which, as gaged in the Roman armies. He was pre
he mentioned, were concealed in an obscure sent in 121 battles; he obtained 14 civic
and unknown place. According to Justin, crowns; 3 mural crowns; 8 crowns of gold:
Acerbas was the uncle of Dido. Virg. JEn. 83 golden collars; 60 bracelets ; 18 lances:
1, v. 347, &c.—Paterc. 1, c. 6.-Justin. 18, 23 horses with all their ornaments, and all as
c. 4. the reward of his uncommon services. He
Sicilia, the largest and most celebrated could show the scars of 45 wounds which he
island in the Mediterranean Sea, at the bot. had received, all in his breast, particularly:
tom of Italy. It was anciently called Sicanva, opposing the Sabines when they took the ca
[from the Sicani,) Trinacria, [from its three pitol. The popularity of Sicinius became
promontories, rest: angal,] and Triqueira, odious to Appius Claudius, who wished tº
[from its triangular shape. Its name Sicilia make himself absolute at Rome, and there.
was derived from the Siculi. vid. Siculi.) It fore, to remove him from the capital, be sent
is of a triangular form, and has three cele him to the army, by which, soon after his ar.
brated promontories, oue looking towards rival, he was attacked and murdered. Of
Africa, called Lilybaeum; Pachynum, looking 100 men who were ordered to fall upon him,
towards Greece; and Pelorum, towards Ita Sicinius killed 15 and wounded 30; and, ac
ly... [Sicily is about 170 British miles in length cording to Dionysius, the surviving number
and 70 in medial breadth. Swinburne reck had recourse to artifice to overpower him,
ons its greatest length at 210 miles, and its by killing him with a shower of stones and
 SI SI

larts thrown at a distance, about 405 years minacy. Apollod. 3, c. 5.—Lucret. 1, v.

Jefore the Christian era. For his uncom 1118.-Lir. 2, c.19, 1.33, c. 15.-Strab. 8.-
mon courage Sicinius has been called the JMela, 2, c. 3.-Plut. in Dem.—Paus. 2, c.
Roman Achilles. Val. Mar. 3, c. 2.- Dio 1, &c.—Cic. de Orat. 1, c. 54.—Virg. G. 2,
tys. 8. Vellutus was one of the first tri v. 519.
Punes, in Rome. He raised cabals against Sicyoni A, a province of Peloponnesus, on
Coriolanus, and was one of his accusers. Plut. the bay of Corinth, of which Sicyon was the
in Cor. Sabinus, a Roman general who capital. It was the most eminent kingdom of
lefeated the Volsci. Greece, and in its flourishing situation not
Sicorus, now Segre, a river of Hispania only its dependent states, but also the whole
Tarraconensis, rising in the Pyrenean moun Peloponnesus was called Sicyonia. The ter
tains, and ſalling into the lberus a little above ritory was said to abound with corn, wine,
its mouth. It was near this river that J. Cae and olives, and also with iron mines. It pro
-at- conquered Afranius and Petreius, the duced many celebrated men, particularly
partizans of Pompey. [vid. Ilerda.] artists. vid. Sicyon.
Sicº L1, [an Illyrian race, from the fron Side, a town of Pamphylia. Liv. 37, c.
tiers of Dalmatia. They first settled in cen 23.-Cic. 3, fam. 6.
ºral Italy, in what was subsequently called Sidicinum, a town of Campania, called
Latium, but being afterwards driven to the also Teanum. [vid. Teanum.] Virg. JEn.
extremity of the peninsula, they crossed over 7, v. 727. -

into Sicily, and gave name to that island, Sidon, [in Scripture Tzidon, the oldest
colonizing a part of it. They gave their and most powerful city of Phoenicia, five geo
name to the island. This, as some suppose, graphical miles north of Tyrus, on the sea
happened about 300 years before Greek co coast; it is now Sayda. Sidon was famed for
lonies settled in the island, or about 1059 its extensive commerce, and was for a long
years before the Christian era. Diod. 5.— time the metropolis of Phoenicia, until Tyre
Dionys. Pal.—Strab. became more powerful and reduced Sidon for
Sicº Lux, FRETum, [now the Straits of a time beneath its sway. Moses informs us
Faro or Messina,) the sea which separates that this city was built by Sidon, the eldest
Sicily from Italy is 15 miles long, but in son of Canaan, the father and founder of the
some places so narrow that the barking of Phoenicians. Justin, however, refers the
dogs can be heard from shore to shore. [Op uame to Sindon, which, in the Phoenician
Posite Messina, the distance across is only language, signifies a fish. From Joshua we
three miles.] This strait is supposed to have learn that Sidon was rich and powerful when
been formed by an earthquake, which sepa. the Israelites took possession of Canaan; and
rated the island from the continent. Plin. St. Jerome states that it fell to the lot of the
3, c. 8. tribe of Asher. In the year 1015 Sidon was
Sicyon, now Basilico, a town of Pelopon dependent on Tyre, but in 720 it shook off
nesus, the capital of Sicyonia. It is celebrat the yoke and surrendered to Salmanazar
ed as being the most ancient kingdom of when he entered Phoenicia. When the Per
Greece, under a succession of monarchs, of sians became masters of this city in the reign
whom little is known except the names. of Cyrus, they permitted the Sidonians to
Ægialeus was the first king. [From AEgia have kings of their own. Sidon was ruined
leus it took its original name of Ægialae. This in the year 351 B. C. by Ochus, king of Per
was afterwards changed to Apia, from the sia. When the inhabitants saw the enemy
name of its fourth king, Apis, and, in process in the city, they shut themselves up in their
of time, the name was again altered to Sicyon, houses with their wives and children, and
from its 19th king. He reigned about 740 perished in the flames of the place. Accord
years after its supposed foundation of the ci ing to Diodorus Siculus, those Sidonians
ty, and from this time, according to some, not who were absent from the city at the time,
only the kingdom, but the whole Peloponne returned and rebuilt it after the Persian forces
sus, was called Sicyonia, until the period of were withdrawn. Sidon afterwards passed
the dissolution of the former. If we follow the into the hands of the Macedonians, and lastly
computation which some have made from into those of the Romans.] The people of
Eusebius, this kingdom was founded B. C. Sidon are well known for their industry,
3089, and it would then be among the oldest in their skill in arithmetic, in astronomy, and
the world. Other chronologers, however. commercial affairs, and in sea-voyages.
have corrected this evident mistake, and They, however, have the character of being
have made the commencement of the reign very dishonest. Their women were pecu
of Ægialeus much later.] Some ages aſter, liarly happy in working embroidery. The
Agamemnon made himself master of the invention of glass, of linen, and of a beautiful
place, and afterwards it fell into the hands of
purple dye, is attributed to them. Lucan.
the Heraclidae. It became very powerful in the 3, v. 217, 1. 10, v. 141.-Duod. 16.-Justin.
time of the Achaean league, which it joined 11, c. 10.-Plin. 36, c. 26.—Homer. Od. 15,
B.C. 251, at the persuasion of Aratus. The v. 411.-Mela, 1, c. 12.
inhabitants of Sicyon are mentioned by some Srpontorum1 INsulæ, islands in the Per
authors as dissolute, and fond of luxury; sian Gulf. Strab.country 16.
hencecelebrated,
the Sicyonian shoes, which were once theSipóN1s, is the of which Sidon was
very are deemed marks of effe capital, situate at the west of Syria, on
 SI Si -

the coast of the Mediterranean. Ovid. Met. days in examining the charges of the Me.
2, fab. 19.—Dido, as a native of the country, donians, he pronounced on the third *- :
is often called Sidonis. Orid. Met. 14, v. 80. son guilty of extortion and unworº -
Siponius CA1us SoLLlus Apollin ARIs, a called a citizen of Rome. He also bas
Christian writer, born A. D. 430. He died him from his presence, and so struck "
in the 52d year of his age. There are re the son at the severity of his father, the
maining of his compositions some letters, and hanged himself on the following asht- 1
different poems, consisting chiefly of pane 54.—Cic. de Finib.-Pal. -Mar-5, c. 8
gyrics on the great men of his time, written C. Junius, a consul under Tiberius, acrº
in heroic verse, and occasionally in other me of extortion, and banished to the sº
tre, of which the best edition is that of Lab Cythera. Tacit. A propraetor in sº i
baeus, Paris, 4to. 1652.-The epithet of who routed the Carthaginian forces tº
Sidonius is applied not only to the natives while Annibal was in Italy. Turpiics.
of Sidon, but it is used to express the excel lieutenant of Metellus against Jugurtha i
lence of any thing, especially embroidery or was accused by Marius, though totally tº
dyed garments. Carthage is called Sudonia cent, and condemned by the malice of biº
wrbs, because built by Sidonians. Virg. JEn. ges.—Torquatus, a man put tº death -
1, v. 682. Nero.——Lucius, a man betrothed to Octive
SIENA Julia, a town of Etruria. Cic. Brut. the daughter of Claudius. Nero toºk Oe
18.-Tacit. 4, Hist. 45. via away from him, and on the day of herº
Siga, [a city in the western part of Numi. tials Silanus killed himself. An at-fºr
dia, or what was afterwards Mauretania Cae the army of the 10,000 Greeks at their rº
sariensis. It was situate at some distance turn from Cunaxa.
from the sea, and was the residence of Sy SilkRus, [a river of Italy separating Is
phax before the invasion of Masinissa's king cania from the territory of the Picentual. ii.
dom had put him in possession of Cirta. It banks were much infested by the gadfly. "
is now Ned-Roma.] Plin. 5, c. 11. is now the Silaro.] Its waters, as it is re
SIGAEUM, or SIGEUM, now Cape Ieneihisari, ported, petrified all leaves that fell into ther
where the Scamander falls into the sea. It Strab. 5-Mela, 2, c. 4.—Pirg. G. 3, v. 148
was near Sigaeum that the greatest part of —Plin. 2, c. 103.—Silv.2, v. 582.
the battles between the Greeks and Trojans Silênus, a demi-god, who became the
were fought, as Homer mentions, and there nurse, the preceptor, and attendant of the
Achilles was buried. [Patroclus and Anti god Bacchus. [rid. the end of this article.]
lochus were also buried on this promontory, He was, as some suppose, son of Pan, or, ac
and three large tumuli, or mounds of earth, cording to others, of Mercury, or of Terrº
are supposed to mark at the present day the Malea in Lesbos was the place of his birth
three tombs. According to a passage in After death he received divine honours, and
Homer, however, (Qd. 0, 75-77,) it would had a temple in Elis. Silenus is generally re.
seem that one tomb covered the ashes of all presented as a ſat and jolly old man, riding
three. The reader may see a learned and on an ass crowned with flowers, and always
full discussion of this and every other difficul intoxicated. He was once found by scº
ty relative to the scene of the Trojan war, in peasants in Phrygia, after he had lost his waſ,
“Hobhouse's Journey,” vol. 2, p. 128, &c. and could not follow Bacchus, and he was
and “Clarke's Travels in Greece,” &c. vol. 1, carried to king Midas, who received his
p. 36, &c.—On the sloping side of the pro with great attention. (According to *
montory was built in a period of remote and ther account, Midas mixed wine with the
tiquity the town of Sigaeum. It was report waters of a fountain to which Silenus was ac
ed to have been built by Archaeanax of Mity. customed to come, and so inebriated and
Bene out of the ruins of ancient Troy. After caught him.] He detained him for ten days.
a.variety of fortunes it was destroyed by the and afterwards restored him to Bacchus, fºr
inhabitants of New Ilium, and was a ruin in which he was rewarded with the power ci
the time of Strabo.] Virg. JEn. 2, v. 312. turning into gold whatever he touched. Some
l. 7, v. 294–Ovid. JMet. 12, v. 71.-Lucan. authors assert that Silenus was a philoso
9, v. 962–Mela, 1, c. 19.-Strab. 13.—Dic pher, who accompanied Bacchus in his ºn
tys. Cret. 5, c. 12. dian expedition, and assisted him by the sound.
SIGNIA, an ancient town of Latium, whose ness of his counsels. From this circumstance,
inhabitants were called Signini. The wine therefore, he is often introduced speaking
of Signia was used by the ancients for medi with all the gravity of a philosopher concert
cinal purposes. Martial. 13, ep. 116.-A ing the formation of the world and the na
mountain of Phrygia. Plin. 5, c. 29. ture of things. [The best ancient writersfi
SILA, or SY1A, a large wood in the coun vour this latter opinion, and make Silene,
try of the Brutii near the Appenines, abound. to have been a profound philosopher, whºse
ing with much pitch. Strab. 6.—Wirg. .42n. wisdom was equal to his knowledge. The
12, v. 715. drunkenness, of which mention is so often
D. SilāNUs, a son of T. Manlius Torqua made, was, according to them, merely mysti
tus, accused of extortion in the management cal, and signified that he was profoundly en
at the province of Macedonia. The father gaged in speculation. The fable of his riding
aimself, desired to hear the complaints laid on an ass is explained by supposing that he
*Fainst his son, and after he had spent two made slow but sure advances in philosophy;
 Sl SI

nd the asses ears, which he is sometimes re called the ape of Virgil. Silius starved
resented as wearing, indicate, according to himself when labouring under an impost
"ertullian, his great intelligence. Vossius hume, which his physicians were unable to
xplains the fable of the fountain of wine, by remove, in the beginning of Trajan's reign,
aying that it signified only the great desire about the 75th year of his age. There re
Iidas had to get Silenus into his possession, mains a poem of Italicus on the second Pu
nd to converse with him, on account of the nic war, divided into 17 books, greatly com
ame of his extraordinary talents. Silenus mended by Martial. The moderns have not
s represented also as having been distinguish been so favourable concerning its merit. The
d for his skill in music.] The Fauns in ge poetry is weak and inelegant, yet the author
eral, and the Satyrs, are often called Sileni. deserves to be commended for his purity, the
Patas. 3, c. 25, 1.6, c. 24.—Philost. 23.−Ovid. authenticity of his narrations, and his inte
Met. 4.—Hygin. fab. 191.-Diod. 3, &c.— resting descriptions. He has every where
'ir. Tusc. 1, c. 48.—JElian. V. H. 3, c. 18. imitated Virgil, but with little success. [Pliny
—Pirg. Ecl. 6, v. 13. A Carthaginian says that he wrote with more diligence than
historian who wrote an account of the affairs genius, and every reader of his poetry will
ºf his country in the Greek language. coincide in this opinion. His plan also is de
Silicis Mons, a town near Padua. fective, in his selecting an historical mode of
S11.1s, a river of Venetia in Italy, falling treating his subject. Had he transported his
nto the Adriatic. Plin. 3, c. 18. readers in the very outset to the latter years
C. Silius ITALIcus, a Latin poet [born of the war, he might have taken for his theme
about the 15th year of the Christian era. He Annibal's attempt to make himself master of
has been supposed to have been a native of Rome, and produced a far more spirited and
*talica in Spain, but his not being claimed as interesting production. He errs also in blend
a fellow-countryman by Martial, who has be ing mythological fictious with real narratives,
which gives a strange and varied aspect to
stowed upon him the highest praises, renders
this improbable. Some make him to have his poem. His imitations of preceding poets
been a native of Corfinium. a city of the are very apparent. Not only Virgil, but Lu
cretius, Horace, Homer, and Hesiod, have
Peligni in Italy, which, according to Strabo,
was called Italica in the time of the So been compelled to contribute their stores, a
cin1 war; but Velleius Paterculus informs circumstance which gives rise to a disagree
us that Corfinium merely intended to change ble inequality. Like Valerius Flaccus he
its name to Italica, and that the project was hides his inferiority under a display of erudi
never carried into effect. Whether, how tiºn, aud,by an affected and pompous manner,
ever, he were a native of Italica in Spain, or diffuses a frigid air over his poem.] Silius
of an Italica elsewhere, his surname certain was a great collector of antiquities. His son
ły does not show it, for in that event it would was honoured with the consulship during his
have been Italicensis. It is most probable lifetime. The best editions of Italicus will
that Italicus was a family name; and it may be found to be Drakenborch's in 4to. Uta.
have been given to one of his ancestors when 1717, that of Cellarius, 8vo. Lips. 1695, [that
residing in some province to show that he of Villebrune, 1782, 4 vols. 12mo, but, above
was of Italian origin..] He was originally all, that of Ruperti, Goetting. 1795, 2 vols.
at the bar, where he for some time distin 8vo.] Mart. 11, ep. 49, &c.—Caius, a man
guished himself, till he retired from Rome of consular dignity greatly loved by Messa
more particularly to consecrate his time to |lina for his comely appearance and elegant
study. He was consul the year that Nero address. Messalina obliged him to divorce
was murdered. [He afterwards made a dis his wife that she might enjoy his company
creet and humane use of the friendship of without intermission. Silius was forced to
Vitellius, and having acquired much honour comply, though with great reluctance, and
from his conduct in the proconsulship of Asia, he was at last put to death for the adulteries
he thenceforth withdrew from public life to which the empress obliged him to commit.
literary retirement.] Pliny has observed, Tacut. Suet.—Dio.
that when Trajan was invested with the im. Silphium, a part of Libya. -

perial purple, Silius refused to come to Rome SilvåNUs, a rural deity, son of an Italian
and congratulate him like the rest of his ſel shepherd by a goat. From this circumstance
low-citizens, a neglect which was never re he is generally represented as half a man and
sented by the emperor, or insolently mention half a goat. According to Virgil, he was son
ed by the poet. Silius was in possession of of Picus, or, as others report, of Mars, or,
Cicero's villa at Tusculum, and Virgil's near according to Plutarch, of Valeria Tusculana
Naples, where that poet was interred; and it ria, a young woman, who introduced herself
has been justly remarked, that he looked up into her father's bed, and became pregnant
on no temple with greater reverence than by him. The worship of Silvanus was esta
upon the sepulchre of the immortal poet, blished only in Italy, where, as some authors
whose steps he followed, but whose fame he have imagined, he reigned in the age of
eould not equal. The birth-day of Virgil Evander. This deity was sometimes repre
was yearly celebrated with unusual pomp sented holding a cypress in his hand, because
and solemnity by Silius; and for his partiali he became enamoured of a beautiful youth
ty, not only to the memory, but to the com called Cyparissus, who was changed intº *
positions, of the Mantuan poet, he has been tree of the same name. Silvanus presided -
_l-
 SI SI
- - - ---

over gardens and limits, and he is often con SinfóNIDEs, a celebrated poet of Caº
founded with the Fauns, Satyrs, and Silenus. flourished 538 years B. C. His fats -

Plut. in Parall.—Virg. Ecl. 10, G. 1, v. 20, 1.name was Leoprepis, or Theoprepis. |

2, v. 493.—AElian. Anim. 6, c. 42.-Orid. wrote elegies, epigrams, and dramatian
.Met. 10.-Horat. ep. 2.-Dionys. Hal. ces esteemed for their elegance and sweeta
An officer of Constantius, who revolted and and composed also epic poems, one on Ca"
made himself emperor. He was assassinated byses, king of Persia, &c. [He excelled, hº
by his soldiers. ever, in elegiac composition, for which
Silvium, a town of Apulia, now Gorgo was almost proverbially famous in autºr
lione. [It lay east of Venusia, and derived One of his most famous compositions was sº
its name from the woods in its vicinity.] titled “The Lamentations,” of which abº
Plin. 3, c. 11. tiful fragment is still extant. Simonides we
Silifkes, the people of South Wales in endowed with a most extraordinary memº
Britain, [occupying the counties of Hereford, and some have attributed to him the tº
JMonmouth, Radnor, Brecon, and Glamor tion of the art of recollecting by localin
gan. Their capital was laca Silurum, now ideas.] Simonides was universally courteº
Caerleon, on the river Isca or Uske, in Gla the princes of Greece and Sicily. He cºus
morganshire. Caractacus was a prince of ed a poetical prize in the 80th year aſ tº
the Silures.] age, and he lived to his 90th year. Be
Simbalvius, or SIMBRuvius, a lake of La became very avaricious and mercenary tº
tium, formed by the Anio. Tacit. 14, Ann. 22. wards the close of his life, and it is meat
SimEthus, or SYMāthus, a town and ri ed as a subject of dispraise, that be was the
ver at the east of Sicily, which served as a first who wrote verses for money. It wºu
boundary between the territories of the peo Simonides who gave that famous answer tº
ple of Catana and the Leontini. [It is now Hiero, when the latter asked him respectrº
the Giaretta. The nymph Thalia, after her the nature of God. The poet desired a *
amour with Jupiter, is supposed to have been to consider the question, then another, and it
converted into this stream, which, to avoid last many in succession. The monarchde
the rage of Juno, sunk, under ground near siring to know the reason of this proceeding.
Mount AEtna, and continued this subterra he replied that the longer he reflected on tº
neous course to the sea. In the time of the question the more difficult it appeared to be."
Romans, however, it was a navigable stream : The people of Syracuse, who had hospitably
nor does it now sink under ground, but throws honoured him when alive, erected a magnifi
up near its mouth great quantities of amber. cent monument to his memory. Simonides.
Purg. JEn. 9, v. 584. according to some, added the four letters:. .
Simi MIAs, a philosopher of Thebes who wrote o, x, to the alphabet of the Greeks. Soº's
dialogues.—A grammarian of Rhodes. fragments of his poetry are extant. According
SiMois. (entis,) a river of Troas which to some, the grandson of the elegiac poet
rises in Mount Ida and falls into the Xanthus. was also called Simonides. He flourished a
It is celebrated by Homer and most of the few years before the Peloponnesian war, and
ancient poets, as in its neighbourhood were was the author of some books of inventice.
fought many battles during the Trojan war. genealogies, &c. Quantul. 10, c. 1.--Piºt.
It is found to be but a small rivulet by mo 4, fab. 21 and 24.—Horat. 2, Od. I, v. 3.-
dern travellers, and even some have disput. Herodot. 5, c. 102.—Cic. de Orat. &c.—inst
ed its existence. [Mr. Hobhouse appears to —Pandar. Isth. 2.—Catuli. 1, ep. 39–Lº
think that the modern Thymbrek may be the can. de Macrob.-JElian. P. H. 8, c. 2 . .
ancient Simois. The confluence of the Si. SIMPLIcus, a Greek commentator on Ari
mois and Scamander has very little chance of totle, whose works were all edited in the 16th
being ascertained at the present day: its dis century and the latter part of the 15th, but
covery would be of the utmost importance in without a Latin version.
determining the site of ancient Troy, since Sinae, a people of India, called by Ptolemy
that city stood a very little distance above the most eastern nation of the world. [The
the confluence of the two rivers.] Homer. Sinae of India, who dwelt beyond the river
Il.–Pirg, .42n. 1, v. 104, l. 3, v. 302, &c.— Serus or Menan, are supposed to have occº
Ovid. Met. 13, v. 324.—Mela, 1, c. 18. pied what is now Cochin China—There
Simon, a courier of Athens, whom So. was another nation of the same name, tº
crates often visited on account of his great of Serica, who were probably settled in
sagacity and genius. He collected all the in Shensi, the most westerly province of China.
formation he could receive from the conver
sation of the philosopher, and afterwards immediately adjoining the great wall. In
this province was a kingdom called Tsu,
published it with his own observations in 33 which probably gave name to these Sine)
dialogues. He was the first of the disciples SINDAE, islands in the Indian Ocean, sup
of Socrates who attempted to give an ac posed to be the Nicabar islands.
count of the opinions of his master concern
ing viºle, justice, poetry, music, honour, SINGAE1, a people on the confines of Macs.
donia and Thrace.
&c. These dialogues were extant in the SINGARA, a city of Mesopotamia, now Sin
age of the biographer Diogenes, who has
preserved their title. Diog. 2, c. 14.— gar, [south-east of Nisibis, on the river My;
donius.]
- Another who wrote on rhetoric." id. SINgus, [a town of Macedonia, on the pro
766
 SI SI

»ntory of Sithoma, giving name to the —JMart. 6, ep. 42, l. 11, ep. 8.-Tacit. Ann.
nus Singiticus or Gulf of Monte Santo.] 12.
SINoN, a son of Sisyphus who accompani Sion, one of the hills on which Jerusalem
the Greeks to the Trojan war, and there was built. [vid. Jerusalem.]
tinguished himself by his cunning and fraud, Siphnos, now Sifanto, one of the Cyclades,
d his intimacy with Ulysses. When the situate at the west of Paros, twenty miles in
reeks had fabricated the famous wooden circumference, according to Pliny, or, accord
rse, Simon went to Troy with his hands ing to modern travellers, forty. Siphnos had
und behind his back, and by the most so many excellent harbours, and produced great
mn protestations, assured Priam that the plenty of delicious fruit. [It was famed also
reeks were gone from Asia, and that they for its pure and wholesome air, and the con
ld been ordered to sacrifice one of their sequent longevity of its inhabitants. This
ldiers, to render the wind favourable to island was reckoned one of the richest in the
eir return, and that because the lot had fal Archipelago, on account of the gold and silver
n upon him, at the instigation of Ulysses, mines which had been there discovered, and
had fled away from their camp not to be which paid a tenth to the temple of Apollo
uelly immolated. These false assertions at Delphi. The effect of these riches was to
ere immediately credited by the Trojans, render the inhabitants of this island corrupt
ld Simon advised Priam to bring into his and depraved in the extreme, and to make
ty the wooden horse which the Greeks had their name proverbial throughout all Greece
ft them, and to consecrate it to Minerva. for bad faith and licentiousness. The trea—
lis advice was followed and Sinon in the sures concealed within the bosom of the isl
ight, to complete his perfidy, opened the and are at present unknown, the discovery
de of the horse, from which issued a num of them is reserved no doubt for the time
er of armed Greeks who surprised the when Greece shall be completely freed from
Trojans and pillaged their city. Dares. the burden of the Turkish yoke J Paus. 10, r
°hryg.—Homer. Od. 8, v.492, l. 11, v. 521. c. 11.-Herodot. 8, c. 46.-Mela, 1, c. * --

–Pirg. .42n. 2, v. 79, &c.—Paus. 10, c. 27. Strab. 10.

-Q. Smyrn. 12, &c. Sipontum, or Smpus, a maritime town
SiNöPE, a daughter of the Asopus by Me in Apulia in Italy, founded by Diomedes
throne. She was beloved by Apollo, who after his return from the Trojan war. [There
carried her away to the borders of the Eux are traces of the ancient city near the mo
ine Sea, in Asia Minor, where she gave birth dern Manfredonia.] Strab. 6.-Lucan. 5, v.
to a son called Syrus. Diod. 4. A sea 377.-Mela, 2, c. 4.
port town of Asia Minor, [on the eastern Sipylum and SIPYLUs, a town of Lydia,
coast of Paphlagonia, now Sinub, at the mouth with a mountain of the same name near the
of the river Sinope. The antiquity of this Meander, formerly called Ceraunius. The
place is traced to the time when the Cim town was destroyed by an earthquake with
merians established themselves here, on being 12 others in the neighbourhood, in the reign
driven from their country by the Scythians. of Tiberius. Strab. I and 12.-Paus. 1, c. 20,
tº was a feeble place, however, until a colony —Apollod. 3, c. 5-Homer. Il. 24.—Hygin.
of Milesians came to it, when it became so fab. 9.—Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 47.
powerful in a short time as to send out colo Sirbo. [vid. Serbonis Palus.]
nies of its own.] It was long an independent SiRENEs, sea-nymphs who charmed so
state, till Pharnaces, king of Pontus, seized it. much with their melodious voice, that all for
It was the capital of Pontus under Mithri got their employments to listen with more
dates, and was the birth-place of Diogenes, attention, and at last died for want of food.
the Cypic philosopher. It received its name [vid, end of this article.] They were daugh
from Sinope, whom Apollo married there.ters of the Achelous by the muse Calliope,
Ovid. Pont. 1, el. 3, v. 67.-Strab. 2, &c. 12.
or, according to others, by Melpomene or
–Diod. 4.—Mela, 1, c. 19.-The original Terpsichore. They were three in number,
name of Sinuessa. called Parthenope, Ligeia, and Leucosia, or,
SINT11, a nation of Thracians, who inha according to others, Molpe, Aglaophonos, and
bited Lemnos, when Vulcan fell there from Thelxiope, or Thelxione, and they usually
heaven. [The Lemnians are called Sintii, lived in a small island near Cape Pelorus in
According to Damm, from vivºrºat, to injure, Sicily. Some authors suppose that they
because they were reputed to have been the were monsters, who had the form of a wo
inventors of missile weapons, or else because man above the waist and the rest of the bo
they were addicted to piracy.] Homer. Il. 1, dy like that of a bird; or rather that the
W. 594. whole body was covered with feathers, and
SINUEssa, a maritime town of Campania, had the shape of a bird, except the head,
º of Minturnac and the mouth of the which was that of a beautiful female. This
iris. It derived its name, according to monstrous form they had received from Ce
Strabo, from the sinuosity of the coast, which res, who wished to punish them, because they
at this place formed a small gulf.] It was ce had not assisted her daughter when carried
lebrated for its hot baths and mineral waters, away by Pluto. But, according to Ovid,
which cured people of insanity, and render they were so disconsolate at the rape of Prº
ed women prolific. Orid. Met. 15, v. 715. serpine, that they prayed the gods tº gº
them wings that they might seek her in the
 Sí SI

sea as well as by land. The Sirens were in Save and Bozzewt, very celebrated
formed by the oracle, that as soon as any per the reign of the Roman emperors. T
sons passed by them without suffering then jacent district is still called Sirmia.)
selves to be charmed by their songs they Sisam NEs, a judge flayed alive fºrts
should perish ; and their melody had pre tiality, by order of Cambyses. His sº
vailed in calling the attention of all passen nailed on the bench of the other judgal
gers, till Ulysses, informed of the power of cite them to act with candour and irº
their voice by Circe, stopped the ears of his |lity. Herodot. 5, c. 25.
companions with wax, and ordered himself Siskpo, a town of Spain, famous wº
to be tied to the mast of his ship, and no at mines. [It is thought to answer to ther
tention to be paid to his commands should he dern Almaden in La Mancha. A greatº
wish to stay and listen to the song. This was tity of quicksilver is obtained from the sº
a salutary precaution. Ulyssesmade signs fo at this place, even at the present day. Tº
his companions to stop, but they were disre Sisapone of Ptolemy, (probably the =
garded, and the fatal coast was passed with with the Cissalone of Antoninns,) wasa -
safety. Upon this artifice of Ulysses, the Si ferent place, and lay more to the north.”
rens were so disappointed that they threw of the former, among the Oretani.] fa
themselves into the sea and perished. Some 33, c.7.-Cic. Phil. 2, c. 19.
authors say, that the Sirens challenged the L. SiskNNA, an ancient historian irr
Muses to a trial of skill in singing, and that the Romans, 91 B. C. He wrote an *
the latter proved victorious, and plucked the of the republic, [from the taking of hº
feathers from the wings of their adversaries, by the Gauls to the wars of Sylla.] of ºut
with which they made themselves crowns. Cicero speaks with great warmth, aniº
The place where the Sirens destroyed them translated from the Greek the Milesian"
selves was afterwards called Sirenis, on the bles of Aristides. Some fragments tº 1.
coast of Sicily. Virgil, however, JEn. 5, v. compositions are quoted by different
Ovid. Trist. 2, v. 443.-Cie. in Brut. **
...)
864, places the Sirenum Scopuli on the coast
of Italy, near the island of Caprea. Some 67.—Paterc. 2, c. 9. Corn. a Roºl,
suppose that the Sirens were a number of las who, on being reprimanded in the semº.
civious women in Sicily, who prostituted the ill conduct and depraved mannerºſ,
themselves to strangers, and made them for wife, accused publicly Augustus of unli"
get their pursuits while drowned in unlawful commerce with her. Dio. 54. º

pleasures. [The etymology of Bochart, who SisigAM bus, or Sisy GAMBIs, the mate 1.
deduces the name from a Phoenician term de of Darius the last king of Persia. Shº"
noting a songstress, favours the explanation taken prisoner by Alexander the G*
given of this fable by Damm. This distin the battle of Issus, with the rest of the "F.
guished critic makes the Sirens to have been
family. The conqueror treated her with -
excellent singers, and divesting the fables re common tenderness and attention; he *
specting them of all their terrific features, he her as his own mother, and what * hº
supposes that by the charms of music and sternly denied to the petitions of his favourts
song they detained travellers, and made themand ministers, he often granted to the .
altogether forgetful of their native land.] cession of Sisygambis. The regard **
queen for Alexander was uncommon, and in
The Sirens are often represented holding,
one a lyre, a second a flute, and the third deed, she no sooner heard that he was "
singing. Paus. 10, c. 6.—Homer. Od. 12, v. than she killed herself, unwilling to .
167–Strab. 6.-Ammian. 29, c. 2.-Hygin.
fab. 141–4pollod. 2, c. 4.--Ovid. Met. 5, v. had seen
withgenerous an enemy; thºugº
the loss ofso
less concern the fall of her
555, de Art. Am. 3, v. 311.-Ital. 12, v. 33. son's kingdom, the ruin of his subjects, d
SirenusA2, three small rocky islands near himself murdered by his servants. She *
the coast of Campania, where the Sirens also lost in one day, her husband and *.*
were supposed to reside. her brothers, whom Ochus had assasº.
SiRIs, a town of Magna Grecia, ſounded to make himself master of the kingdº"
by a Grecian colony after the Trojan war, at Persia. Curt.4, c. 9, J. 10, c. 5. -

the mouth of a river of the same name. Sisimirthrie, a fortified place of Bacº
There was a battle fought near it between 15 stadia high, 80 in circumference, andplain
Pyrrhus and the Romans. Dionys. Perieg. at the top. Alexander married Roxana tºº"
v. 221.-The AEthiopians gave that name Strab. 11. n
Sisocostus, one of the friends of Alº
to the Nile before its divided streams united
into one current. Plin. 5, c. 9.—A town der, entrusted with the care of the rockAct J.
of Paeonia in Thrace. nus. Curt. 8, c. 11. Sal
SIRuus, or CANicula, the dog star, whose Sisyphus, a brother of Athamas”
appearance, as the ancients supposed, always moneus, son of Æolus and Enaretta, tº
caused great heat on the earth. [vid. Cami crafty princedaughter ages. or,He".
cula..] Virg. JEn. 3, v. 141. Merope the of the heroic
of Atlas, sº iſ:
SIRMio, now Sermione, a beautiful penin to others, of Pandareus, by whom .
sula in the lake Benacus, where Catullus had several children. He built Ephyſt.”
a villa. Carm. 29. -
afterwards Corinth, and he debaucº i
Sirmium, the capital of Pannonia at the the daughter of Salmoneus, becaus **
nfluence of the Savus and Bacuntius [or thathis chilltº
768 Ibeen told by an oracle
 ! SI SM

-- other's daughter would avenge the injuries 6, v. 588, l. 7, v. 466, l. 13, v. 571.-Hero
lich he had suffered from the malevolence dot. 7, c. 122.
Salmoneus. Tyro, however, as Hyginus Sirius, a Roman who assisted Caesar in Aſ.
, ys, destroyed the two sons whom she had rica, with great success. He was rewarded
her uncle. It is reported that Sisyphus, with a province of Numidia. (vid. Cirta.]
istrusting Autolycus, who stole the neigh Sallust. Jug. 21.
uring flocks, marked his bulls under the Sito Nrs, a nation of Germany, or modern
ºt, and when they had been carried away Norway, according to some. Tacit. de Germ.
the dishonesty of his friends, he confound 45.
- and astonished the thief by selecting from SMARAG bus, a mountain of Egypt on the
s numerous flocks those bulls which by Arabian gulf, where emeralds (smaragdi)
e mark he knew to be his own. The arti were dug. [The Smaragdus Mons appears
:e of Sisyphus was so pleasing to Autolycus, to have been a very short distance from the
ho had now found one more cunning than sea; being that called by the Arabs Manden
mself, that he permitted him to enjoy the 22umurud, or the Mine of Emeralds.] Strab,
impany of his daughter Anticlea, whom a 16.
w days after he gave in marriage to Laer. SMERDIs, a son of Cyrus, put to death by
s of Ithaca. After his death, Sisyphus was order of his brother Cambyses. As his exe
»ndemned in hell, to roll to the top of a hill cution was not public, and as it was only
large stone, which had no sooner reached known to one of the officers of the monarch,
le summit than it ſell back into the plain one of the Magi of Persia, who was himself
"ith impetuosity, and rendered his punish called Smerdis, and who greatly resembled
lent eternal. The causes of this rigorous the deceased prince, declared himself king
2ntence are variously reported. Some at at the death of Cambyses. This usurpation
ribute it to his continual depredationsin the would not perhaps have been known had
eighbouring country, and his cruelty in lay not he taken too many precautions to conceal
ng heaps of stones on those whom he had it. [Otanes, a Persian noble of the first
jlundered, and suffering them to expire in rank, suspecting at last that there was some
he most agonizing torments. Others, to the imposture, from the circumstance of Smer
nsult offered to Pluto, in chaining death in his dis never quitting the citadel, and from his
palace, and detaining her till Mars, at the re never inviting any of the nobility to his pre
quest of the king of hell, went to deliver her sence, discovered the whole affair through
from confinement. Others suppose that Ju his daughter Phaedyma. This female had
piter inflicted this punishment because he been the wiſe of Cambyses, and with the
told Asopus where his daughter Ægina had other wives of the late king, had been retain
been carried away by her ravisher. The ed by the usurper. At her father's request
more followed opinion, however, is, that Sisy she felt the head of Smerdis while he slept,
phus, on his death-bed, intreated his wife to and discovered that he had no ears. Otanes
leave his body unburied, and when he came on this was fully convinced that the pretend.
into Pluto's kingdom, he received the per ed monarch was no other than the Magus
mission of returning upon earth to punish Smerdis, he having been deprived of his ears
this seeming negligence of his wife, but, how by Cyrus on account of some atrocious cou
ever, on promise of immediately returning. duct. Upon this discovery the conspiracy
But he was no sooner out of the infernal re ensued which ended with the death of Smer
gions than he violated his engagements, and dis, and the elevation of Darius, son of Hys
when he was at last brought back to hell by taspes, to the vacant throne. The discovery
Mars, Pluto, to punish his want of fidelity of this imposture was long celebrated in Per
and honour, condemned him to roll a huge sia as a festival: by reason of the great
stone to the top of a mountain. The institu slaughter of the Magi, which was made when
tion of the Pythian games is attributed by Smerdis was put to death, it was called by a
some to Sisyphus. To be of the blood of Persian name which the Greeks render by
Sisyphus was deemed disgraceful among the Magophonia. Some suppose that the name
ancients. Homer. Od. v. 592. –Virg. JEn.6, of Magi was given them after this event,
v. 616,-Ovid. Met. 4, v. 459. l. 13, v. 32,- from a Persian word signifying cropſ-eared,
Fast. 4, v. 175, in Ibid. 191—Paus. 2, &c.— vid. Magi, where other etymologies are giv
Hygin. fab. 60.—Horal. 2, od. 14, v. 20.— en.]. Herodot. 3, c. 30–Justin. 1, c. 9.
•Apollod. 3, c. 4.—A son of M. Antony, who Smilax, a beautiful shepherdess who be
was born deformed, and received the name came enamoured of Crocus. She was chang
of Sisyphus, because he was endowed with ed into a flower, as also her lover. Ovid
geuius and an excellent understanding. Horat. !!et. 4, v. 283.
l, sat. 3, v. 47. SMINTHEus, one of the surnames of Apol
Sithonia, [the central one of the three lo. [He was worshipped under this name
promontories which lie at the southern extre in the city of Chrysa, in Troas, where he
inity of Chalcidice in Macedonia. As Chalci also had a temple.] The inhabitants raised
dice was originally a part of Thrace, the him this temple, because he had destroyed a
term Sithonia is often applied by the poets number of rats that infested the country
to the latter country; hence the epithet These rats were called arºundat, in the lau
Sithonis.]__It received its name from king guage of Phrygia, whence the surname.
Sithon. Horat. 1, od. 18, v. 9.-Ovid. Mei. There is another story similar to this relat
5 F. 769 -
 SM

ed by the Greek scholiast of Homer. Il. 1, v. Homerium. Some suppose that it

3. [Strabo gives a different account of the Smyrna from an Amazon of thes
origin of the temple from the old poet Cal. who took possession of it. Herodºlº
linos. According to him, the Teucri, migrat &c.—Strab. 12 and 14.—ital. 8, 1
ing from Crete, were told by an oracle to Paus. 5, c. 8.--Mela, 1, c. 17.-A
settle in that place where they should first of Thias, mother of Adonis-—An
be attacked by the original inhabitants of — The name of a poem which Cian
the land. Having halted for the night in tin poet, composed in nine years, is
this place, a large number of field-mice came was worthy of admiration, accordin;
and gnawed away the leathern straps of their tullus, 94
baggage and thongs of their armour. Deem. SMYRNAEU's, a Greek poet of the thrº.
ing the oracle fulfilled, they settled on the tury, called also Calaber. (rid. Calileº
spot, and raised a temple to Apollo Smin SoANA, a river of Albania. Pºl
theus. The town of Chrysa is sometimes SoANDA, a town of Armenia.
called Sminthium, rid. Chrysa.]—Strab. SoñNEs, a people of Colchis, newſ
13.--Ovid. Met. 12, v. 585. casus, in whose territories the riveri
SMYRNA, a celebrated sea-port town of with golden sands, which the inhabitº
Ionia in Asia Minor, built, as some suppose, ther in wool skins, whence, perhap,
by Tantalus, or, according to others, by the the fable of the golden fleece. Sº
AEolians. [The latter is the more correct Plin. 33, c. 3.
opinion. The AEolian colony which found. Söchites, the most celebrated
ed Smyrna is said to have come from Cumae. pher of all antiquity, was a native of 4.
The city took the name of Smyrna from the His father Sophroniscus was a stattºº
wife of the leader of the colony : it belonged his mother Phenarete was by Prº
therefore originally to the Æolian league. A midwife. [Upon the death of his ſº
party of Colophonian exiles, however, having was left with no other inheritance tº
been received into the city, requited the hos small sum of eighty mina, which, ſº
pitality of the inhabitants by shutting the the dishonesty of a relation to whom *
gates upon them while they were without miscus left the charge of his affain. sº
the walls celebrating a festival, and so made lost. This laid him under the tº
themselves masters of the place. They were supporting himself by labour; and **
besieged by the AEolians, but to no purpose; tinued to practice for some time tº
and at last it was agreed that they should sion of his father in Athens; at the * º
remain in possession of the place upon deli. time, however, devoting all the º ºt
vering up to the former inhabitants their pri could command to the study of Philºk
vate property. Smyrna after this was He is said to have formed statues cººl,
strengthened by an Ephesian colony, and be bited graces, which were allowed ºl.
came a member of the Ionian confederacy. the citadel of Athens.] He was calºº.
It was subsequently taken and destroyed by from this meaner employment, º º
Sardyattes, king of Lydia, and the inhabitants however, he never blushed, by º: tº
were scattered among the adjacent villages. admired his genius and courted º: |
They lived thus for the space of 400 years, ship. Philosophy soon became ... º
Socrates, and under Archelaus and t
until Antigonus, one of Alexander's generals. goras he laid the foundation ofthat tº |ºf.
charmed with the situation, founded, about
20 stadia from the site of the old, a new city virtue which succeeding ages hº
called Smyrna, on the southern shore of the ed and venerated. [Prodicus, * : º
gulf, Lysimachus completed what Antigonus was his preceptor in eloquence
had begun, and the new city became one of
the most beautiful in Lower Asia Another
poetry, Theodorus in geometry. ‘....,
in Music. Aspasia, a woman º'
account makes Alexander, the founder of this brated for her intellectual than º: -

city, and Pliny and Pausanias both adopt this accomplishments, whose house was ter, hº
opinion; but it is contradicted by the simple ed by the most celebrated chºr.
fact, that Alexander in his expedition against also some share in the educatº" of ºr ſº
Darius, never came to this spot, but passed He appeared like the fest of ...; º
on rapidly from Sardis to Ephesus.] The men in the field of battle ; * º º

inhabitants were given much to luxury and boldness and intrepidity, and º ſº
indolence, but they were universally esteem two of his friends and disciplº, sº ... lº
ed for their valour and intrepidity when Alcibiades, owed the pººl. --.
called to action. Marcus Aurelius repaired lives. But the character º: jºr lº
it after it had been destroyed by an earth more conspicuous as a philº
ralist than as that of a *.
wii º
tº
quake, about the 180th year of the Christian imself twº
era. Smyrna still continues to be a very fond of abour, he inured hiº.
commercial town. The river Meles flows hardships, and he acquired ... the |
near its walls. The inhabitants of Smyrna mind and firmness
most alarming of count.
dangers,” ſº I º ºf
ter,denſ,
believe that Homer was born among them.
and to confirm this opinion, they not only or the most sudden calam” º tº the º
paid him divine honours, but showed a place was poor, it was from ... º :
which bore the poet’s name, and also had a effects of vanity, or the wishºp t ºr tº
**ass coin in circulation, which was called gular. He bore injuries with pa
- -

770 -
 SO SO

** insults of unalice or resentment he not on much discouraged that he was forced to dis
- reated with contempt, but even received continue it..] A second and more successful
h a mind that expressed some concern, attempt to, injure the philosopher was made
felt compassion for the depravity of hu some years after by an open prosecution.
a nature. So single and so venerable a Melitus stood forth to criminate him, to
racter was admired by the most enlight gether with Anitus and Lycon, and the phi
d of the Athenians. Socrates was atten I losopher was summoned before the tribunal
by a number of illustrious pupils, whom of the five hundred. He was accused of cor
: instructed by his exemplary life, as well rupting the Athenian youth, of making inno
by his doctrines. He had no particular vations in the religion of the Greeks, and of
ce where to deliver his lectures, but as ridiculing the many gods which the Athe
good of his countrymen, and the reforma nians worshipped; yet false as this might ap
n of their corrupted morals, and not the pear, the accusers relied for the success oftheir
ºumulation of riches, was the object of his cause upon the perjury of false witnesses,
dy, he was present every where, and and the envy of the judges, whose ignorance
ºw the attention of his auditors either in would readily yield to misrepresentation, and
groves of Academus, the Lyceum, or on be influenced and guided by eloquence and
banks of the Ilyssus. He spoke with artifice. In this their expectations were
, edom on every subject, religious as well not frustrated, and while the judges expected
civil, and had the courage to condemn the submissiºn from Socrates, and that mean
lence of his countrymen, and to withstand ness of behaviour and servility of defence .
torrent of resentment by which the Athe which distinguished criminals, the philoso
in generals were capitally punished for not pher, perhaps, accelerated his own fall by the
trying the dead at the battle of Arginusae. firmness of his mind and his uncomplying in
le was at this time one of the senate of five tegrity. Lysias, one of the most celebrated
indred, and was president of the day when orators of the age, composed an oration in a
tº matter came first under consideration.] laboured and pathetic style, which he offered
his independence of spirit, and that visible to his friend to be pronounced as his defence
periority of mind and genius over the rest ºn the presence of his judges. Socrates read
f his countrymen, created many enemies it, but after he had praised the eloquence and
b Socrates : but as his character was irre the animation of the whole, he rejected it,
roachable, and his doctrines pure and void as neither manly nor expressive of fortitude,
f all obscurity, the voice of malevolence and, comparing it to Sicyonian shoes, which,
was silent. Yet Aristophanes soon undertook, though fitting, were proofs of effeminacy, he
a his comedy of the Clouds, to ridicule the observed, that a philosopher ought to be con
enerable character of Socrates on the stage. spicuous for magnanimity and for firmness of
rid. remarks under the article Aristophanes. soul. In his apology he spoke with great ani
t seems that Socrates, who seldom visited mation, and confessed that while others boast
he theatre except when the tragedies of Eu ed that they were acquainted with every
ipides were performed, attended the repre thing, he himself knew nothing. The whole
entation of this play at a time when the discourse was full of simplicity and noble gran
house was crowded with strangers, who hap deur, the energetic language of offended in
Yened to be at Athens during the celebration nocence. He modestly said, that what he
2f a Bacchanalian festival. When the per possessed was applied for the service of the
ormer who represented Socrates, appeared Athenians: it was his wish to make his fel
upon the stage, a general whisper passed low-citizens happy, and it was a duty he
along the benches where the strangers sat, to performed by the special command of the
enquire who the person was whom the poet gods, whose authority, said he emphatically
meant to satirize. Socrates, who had taken to his judges, I regard more than yours. Such
his station in one of the most public parts of language from a man who was accused of a
the theatre, observed this circumstance, and capital crime, astonished and irritated the
immediately with great coolness, rose up to judges. Socrates was condemned, but only
gratify the curiosity of the audience, and re by a majority of three voices; and when he
mained standing during the rest of the repre was demanded, according to the spirit of the
sentation. One of the spectators, astonished Athenian laws, to pass sentence on himself,
at the magnanimity which this action dis and to mention the death he preferred, the
covered, asked him whether he did not feel philosopher said, For my attempts to teach
himself much chagrined to be thus held up ihe Athenian youth justice and moderation,
to public derision. “By no means,” repli and to render the rest of my countrymen more
ed Socrates; “I am only a host at a public happy, let me be maintained at the public ex
festival, where I provide a large company pense the remaining years of my life in the
with entertainment.” The confidence which Prytaneum, an honour, O .4thenians, which
Socrates discovered in his own innocence and I deserve more than the victors of the Olym
merit, and the uniform consistency and dig. pic games. They make their countrymen made
nity of his conduct, screened him for the pre happy in appearance, but I hate 3you

sent from the assaults of envy and malice. inso in reality. This exasperated the judges
When Aristophanes attempted the follow the highest degree, and he was condemned
ing year to renew the piece with alterations to drink hemlock. Upon this he addressed
and additions, the representation was so the court, and more particularly the judges,
771
 SO SO

who had decided in his favour, in a pathetic son of Sophroniscus derided the ºr -
speech. He told them that to die was a struse inquiries and metaphysical re
pleasure, since he was going to hold converse of his predecessors, and by first intrº
with the greatest heroes of antiquity; he re moral philosophy, he induced maakiriº
commended to their paternal care his de sider themselves, their passions, ther -
fenceless children, and as he returned to nions, their duties, actions and faculties. F
the prison, he exclaimed : I go to die, you this it was said, that the founder of the ºr
to live , but which is the best the Dirinity cratic school drew philosophy down tº
alone can know. The solemn celebration of heaven upon the earth. In his attrº
the Delian festivals [vid. Delia,] prevented upon religious worship, Socrates was ºr
his execution for thirty days, and during that self an example ; he believed the hºrs =
time he was confined in the prison and load gin of dreams and omens, and publitº -
ed with irons. His friends, and particularly clared that he was accompanied by a demº
his disciples, were his constant attendants; or invisible conductor, whose frequest º a
he discoursed with them upon different sub position stopped him from the commers
jects with all his usual cheerfulness and se evil, and the guilt of misconduct. This a
renity. He reproved them for their sorrow, miliar spirit, however, according tº * l
and when one of them was uncommonly was nothing more than a sound judgreat
grieved because he was to suffer though in sisted by prudence and long experience, wi
necent, the philosopher replied, would you warned him at the approach of darger. -
then have me die guilly? With this com from a general speculation of manked sº
posure he spent his last days; he continued foresee what success would attend an erº
to be a preceptor till the moment of his death, prize, or what calamities would follow * :-
and instructed his pupils on questions of the managed administration. [Mr. Naretha
greatest importance; he told them his opi that Socrates, in the expressions usually --
mions in support of the immortality of the soul, derstood to refer to his demon, alludes --
and reprobated with acrimony the prevalent to some species of divination, perfectly as
custom of suicide. He disregarded the in logous to the omens of his age and cocatrº
tercession of his friends, and when it was in He called the sign, whatever it was tº
his power to make his escape out of prison, means of which he supposed intimation-tebº
he refused it, and asked with his usual plea communicated to him, a demoa or divinity.
santry, where he could escape death ; where, As a supporter of the immortality of the
says he to Crito, who had bribed the gaoler soul, he allowed the perfection of a supreme
and made his escape certain, where shall I knowledge, from which he deduced the gº
fly to avoid this irrevocable doom passed on vernment of the universe. From the resour
all mankund 2 When the hour to drink the ces of experience, as well as nature and cº
poison was come, the executioner presented servation, he perceived the indiscriminus
him the cup with tears in his eyes. Socrates dispensation of good and evil to mankind tº
received it with composure, and after he had the hand of heaven, and he was convince:
made a libation to the gods, he drank it with that nothing but the most inconsiderate wesi
an unaltered countenance, and a few moments incur the displeasure of their Creatortcarºl
after he expired. Such was the end of a poverty or sickness, or gratify a sensualsº
man whom the influenced answer of the ora petite, which must at the end harass ther
‘cle of Delphi had pronounced the wisest of soul with remorse and the consciousness a
mankind. Socrates died 400 years before guilt. From this natural view of thing, bº
Christ, in the 70th year of his age. He was perceived the relation of one nation with are
no sooner buried than the Athenians repent ther, and how much the tranquillity of at
ed of their cruelty, his accusers were univer society depended upon the proper dischargº
sally despised and shunned, one suffered death. of these respective duties. [Socrates mas
some were banished, and others, with their be regarded as the great parent ºf moral
‘own hands, put an end to the life which their philosophy. Hence he is said to have drawn
severity to the best of the Athenians had ren down philosophy from the skies to dwt.
dered insupportable. The actions, sayings, anong men.] The actions of men furnished
and opinions of Socrates have been faithfully materials also for his discourse : to instrad
ºrecorded by two of the most celebrated of them was his aim, and to render them haſ ºf
his pupils, Xenophon and Plato, and every was the ultimate object of his daily lessna
thing which relates to the life and circum From principles like these, which were tº
stances of this great philosopher is now mi. forced by the unparalleled example ºf an
autely known. To his poverty, his innocence, affectionate husband, a tender parent."
und his example, the Greeks were particu warlike soldier, and a patriotic citizes in
larly indebted for their greatness and splen Socrates, the celebrated sects of the Palº
loºr; and the learning which was universal nists, the Peripatetics, the Academics, Cyrt
ly disseminated by his pupils, gave the whole naics, Stoics, &c. soon after arose. Socrate
‘aation,
over thea West
consciousness
of the world,ofnot
their
onlysuperiority
in the po never wrote for the public eye, yet miſſ
support that the tragedies of his pupil E=-
ºite ºrtº, but in the more laborious exercise ripides were partly composed by him. He
which their writings celebrated. the jº was naturally of a licentious disposition; sº
osophy of Socrates forms an interesting a physiognomist observed, in looking in the
“noch in the history of the human mind. The face of the philosopher, that his heart wº
re
 SO SO

most depraved, immodest, and corrupted Sorinus, (C. Julius,) a grammarian at the
t ever was in the human breast. This end of the first century, who wrote a book
urly cost the satirist his life, but Socrates called Polyhistor, which is a collection of his
raided his disciples, who wished to punish torical remarks and geographical annotations
physiognomist, and declared that his as on the most celebrated places of every coun
tions were true, but that all his viciou try. He has been called Pliny’s ape, because
»pensities had been duly corrected anº “e imitated that well-known naturalist. [The
rbed by means of reason. Socrates made best editions of Solinus, are, that of Salmasius,
joetical version of Æsop's ſables while 1: Traj. 1689, 2 vols. 8vo. and that of Gesner,
son. WT..e. “* Memoirs of Socrates,” froun the Liºs. 1777.]
n of Xenophon, should be read by every Solis Foss, a celebrated ſountain in Li
e who is desirous of becoming thoroughly Łya. [vid. Animon.]
quainted with the character of this grea Solor or Soli, a town of Cyprus, built on
lilosopher. I Laert.—Xenoph-Plato.— the borders of the Glarius by an Athenian
aws. 1, c. 22. —Plut. de op. Phil. &c.—Cic. colony. It was osſginally called JEpeia, till
Oral. 1, c. 54.—Tusc. 1, c. 41, &c.—Wal Solon visited Cyprus, and advised Philocy
ſar. 3. c. 4. A leader of the Achaeans a ºrus, one of the princes of the island, to change
we battle of Cunaxa. He was scized and the situation of his capital, [the approaches
at to death by order of Artaxerxes. A
to which were steep and difficult, and the
thodian in the age of Augustus. He wrote an neighbourhood unfruitful..] His advice was
coount of the civil wars.--A scholiast born, followed, a new town was raised in a beauti
L. D. 380. at Constantinople. He wrote an ful plain, and called after the name of the
cclesiastical history from the year 309, where Athenian philosopher. [Solon mentions this
ºusebius ended, down to 440, with great incident in some verses addressed to Philocy
*xactness and judgment, of which the best prus, and preserved in Plutarch. Pococke
adition is that of Reading, fol. Cantab. 1720. found some remains of this ancient city, a por
Soemmas, (Julia) mother of the emperor tion of which still bears the name of Solea.]
Heliogabalus, was made president of a senate Strab. 14.—Plut. in Sol. A town of Cili
of women, which she had elected to deci e cia on the sea-coast, built by the Greeks and
\he quarrels and the affairs of the Roman Rhodians. It was afterwards called Pom
matrons. She at last provoked the people by peiopolis, from Pompey, who settled a colony
her debaucheries, extravagance, and cruelties, of pirates there. Plin. 5, c. 27.-Dionys.
and was murdered with her son and family. Some suppose that the Greeks, who settled
She was a mative of Apamea ; her father's in either of these two towns, forgot the purity
name was Julius Avitus, and her mother's of their native language, and thence arose the
Masa. Her sister Julia Mammaea married term Solecusmus,' applied to an inelegant or
the emperor Septimius Severus. improver expression. [Suidas. v. Zoast.]
SogdiANA, a country of Asia, bounded on Soloeis or SoloeNTIA, a promontory of
the north by Scythia, east by the Sacae, south Libya at the extremity of Mount Atlas, now
by Bactriana, and west by the Chorasm:1. Cape Cantim.— A town of Sicily, between
£and now known by the name of Al-Sogd.) Panormus and Himera, now Solanto. Cic.
The people are called Sogdiani. The capi Verr. 3, c. 43.—Thucyd. 6.
tal was called Marcanda, [the celebrated Solon, one of the seven wise men of Greece,
Sarmacand of Tartar history..] Herodot. 3. was born at Salamis and educated at Athens.
c. 93.-Curt. 7, c. 10. His father's name was Euphorion, or Exe.
Sogdi KNUs, a son of Artaxerxes Longi chestides, one of the descendants of king Cod
manus, who murdered his elder brother, king rus, and by his mother's side he reckoned
Xerxes, to make himself master of the Per among his relations the celebrated Pisistra
sian throne. He was but seven nonths in tus. After he had devoted part of his time
possession of the crown. His brother Ochus, to philosophical and political studies. Solon
who reigned under the name of Darius No travelled over the greatest part of Greece:
thus, conspired against him, and suffocated but at his return home he was distressed with
him in a tower full of warm ashes. the dissensions which were kindled among his
Sol, (the sun,) was an object of veneration countrymen. All fixed their eyes upon So
among the ancients. It was particularly lon as a deliverer, and he was unanimously
worshipped by the Persians, under the name elected archon and sovereign legislator. He
of Mithras; and was the Baal or Bel of the might have become absolute, but he refused
Chaldeans, the Belphegor of the Moabites. the dangerous office of king of Athens, and in
the Moloch of the Canaanites, the Osiris of he capacity of lawgiver he began to make a
!he Egyptians, and the Adonis of the Syrians. reform in every department. The complaints
º remarks to the article Hercules.] The
*Tassagetat sacrificed horses to the sun on
f the poorer citizens ſound redress, all debts
were remitted, and no one was permitted to
*ºunt of their swiftness. According to some seize the person of his debtor if unable to
ºfthe ancient poets, so and Apollowere two make a restoration of his money. After he
different persons. Apollo, however, and had made the most salutary regulations in the
Phoebus, and Sol, are universally supposed to state, and bound the Athenians by a solemn
be the same deity. oath that they would faithfully observe his
$olicism, Mr. town of Germany, now laws for the space of 10 years, Solon resign
Sultz, on the Neckar,
-

ed the office of legislator, and removed him

r13
 SO SO º

selſ from Athens. He visited Egypt, and in against the dead as well as the living. *
the court of Croesus, king of Lydia, he con made a crime, and the legislator wished tº
vinced the monarch of the instability of for the character of his fellow-citizens should
|
tune, and told him, when he wished to know freed from the aspersions of malevolence -
whether he was not the happiest of mor envy. A person that had no children we º
tals, that Tellus, an Athenian, who had permitted to dispose of his estates as be Pleº.
seen his country in a flourishing state, who ed, and the females were not allowed tº be
had seen his children lead a virtuous life, and extravagant in their dress or expenses. Tº
who had himself falled in defence of his coun be guilty of adultery was a capital cra
try, was more entitled to happiness than the and the friend and associate of lewdness and
possessor of riches and the master of empires. debauchery was never permitted to speak
After ten years' absence, Solon returned to public, for, as the philosopher observed a
Athens, but he had the mortification to find man who has no shame is not capable afte
the greatest part of his regulations disregard ing intrusted with the people. These crie
ed by the factious spirit of his countrymen, brated laws were engraved on several title.
and the usurpation of Pisistratus. Not to be and, that they might be better known sid
longer a spectator of the divisions that reign more familiar to the Athenians, they were
ed in his country, he retired to Cyprus, where written in verse. The indignation which
he died at the court of king Philocyprus, in the Solon expressed on seeing the tragical repre
80th year of his age, 556 years before the sentations of Thespis is well known, and he
Christian era. The salutary consequences of sternly observed, that iſ falsehood and frti =
the laws of Solon can be discovered in the were tolerated on the stage they wouldºon
length of time they were in force in the re find their way among the comunon occupa
public of Athens. For above 400 years they tions of men. According to Plutarch, Salsº
flourished in full vigour, and Cicero, who was was reconciled to Pisistratus, but this sees:
himself a witness of their benign influence, to be false, as the legislator refused to live =
passes the highest encomiums upon the le a country where the privileges of his ſellow
gislator, whose superior wisdom framed such citizens were trampled upon by the usurpa
a code of regulations. It was the intention of tion of a tyrant. (vid. Lycurgus.) Piuſ a
Solon to protect the poorer citizens, and by Sol.-Herodot. 1, c. 29.-Diog. 1.-Pau. 1,
dividing the whole body of the Athenians in: c. 40.-Ctc. -
to four classes, three of which were permit Solus, (untis,) a maritime town of Sicily.
ted to discharge the most important offices and (rid. Soloeis.) Strab. 14.
magistracies of the state, and the last to give Soly MA, or Soly MAE, [a people of Lycia.
their opiuion in the assemblies, but not have of whom an account is given under the bead
a share in the distinctions and honours of their of Lycia. Mention is there also made cf the
superiors, the legislator gave the populace a territory called Milyas, which the Sulyani in
privilege which, though at first small and in habited after being driven into the iuterior
considerable, soon rendered them masters of by a colony from Crete. The more northern
the republic, and of all the affairs of govern section of the district Milyas acquired in a
ment. He made a reformation in the Areo later age the name of Carballa, or Cartalhs.]
pagus, he increased the authority of the mem Strab. 14.—Homer. Il. 6.-Plin. 6, c. 27 and
bers, and permitted them yearly to inquire 29. An ancient name of Jerusalein- (tºd.
how every citizen maintained himself, and to Hierosolyma.) Juv. 6, v. 543.
punish such as lived in idleness, and were not SoMNUs, son of Erebus aud Nox, was cre
employed in some honourable and lucrative of the infernal deities, and presided over sleep.
profession. He also regulated the Prytane His palace, according to some mythologists,
um, and fixed the number of itsjudges to 400. is a dark cave, where the sun never pere
The sanguinary laws of Draco were all can trates. At the entrance are a number of pop
celled, except that against murder, and the pies and somniferous herbs. The god him
punishment denounced against every offend self is represented as asleep on a bed of ſea
er was proportioned to his crivne; but Solon thers with black curtains. The dreams stand
made no law against parricide or sacrilege. by him, and Morpheus, as his princial minis
The former of these crimes, he said, was too 'er, watches to prevent the noise from awak
horrible to human nature for a man to be ºng him. The Lacedæmonians always plas
guilty of it, and the latter could never bº ed the image of Somnus near that of death.
connitted, because the history of Athens had Hesiod. Theog.—Homer. Il. 14.—Virg. ...Ea.
never furnished a single instance. Such as 6, v. 893 —Ovid. Met. 11.
had died in the service of their country were Sonchis, an Egyptian priest in the age of
buried with great pomp, and their family was Solon. It was he who told that celebrated
maintained at the public expense ; but such philosopher a number of traditions, particu
as had squandered away their estates, such larly about the Atlantic isles, which he re
as refused to bear arms in defence of their presented as more extensive than the cont
country, or paid no attention to the infirm ment of Africa and Asia united. Plut. in Ind.
ties and distress of their parents, were brand &c.
ed with infamy. The laws of marriage were [SoNUs, a river of India, falling into the
newly regulated, it became an union of affec. Ganges, and now the Sonn-sou. As this ri
tion and tenderness, and no longer a mercever towards its origin is called .7ndo-nadi, it
nary contract. To speak with ill language appears that the name Andomatis, (given al
774
-
 - SO SO

so in Arrian) or rather Ando-natis, can de which Sophocles composed, only seven, are
note no other than it.] extant : Ajax, Electra, king (Edipus, Antigo
SorkTER, a philosopher of Apamea, in the ne, the Trachiniae, Philoctetes, and CEdipus
age of the emperor Constantine. He was at Colonos. [It is probable that, instead of
one of the disciples of Iamblicus, and after his120, Sophocles composed only about 70, tra
death he was at the head of the Platonic phi. gedies. Of the seven which remain, the
losophers. best is the GEdipus Rex, which may indeed
Sophºn E, a country of Armenia, [between be well supposed to have been the master
the principal stream of the Euphrates and piece of Sophocles: and yet it did not obtain
Mount Masius. It is now called Zoph.] Lu. the prize. It is certainly the finest tragedy
can. 2, v. 593. of antiquity, as far as we have it in our pow
SöpHöcLEs, a celebrated tragic poet of er to judge.] The ingratitude of the children
Athens, educated in the school of AEschylus, of Sophocles is well known. They wished to
[was born at Colone in Attica, about 497 BC. become immediate masters of their father's
He studied music and dancing under Lam possessions, and therefore, tired of his long
prus, and early distinguished himself in both life, they accused him before the Areopagus of
these arts, particularly after the battle of Sa insanity. The only defence the poet made was
lamis, when he led a chorus of youths around to read his tragedy of GEdipus at Colonos, which
a trophy, erected in honour of that victory, he had lately finished, and then he asked his
and attracted universal attention by the beau judges, whether the author of such a per
ty of his person aud the music of his lyre.] formance could be taxed with insanity ? The
He distinguished himself not only as a poet, father upon this was acquitted, and the child
but also as a statesman.
He commanded the ren returned home cevered with shame and
Athenian armies, and in several battles he confusion. Sophocles died in the 91st year of
shared the supreme command with Pericles, his age. 406 years before Christ, through
and exercised the office of archon with credit
excess of joy, as some authors report, of
and honour. [He first applied himself to ly having obtained a poetical prize at the Olym
ric poetry, in which, had he persevered, he pic games. [Sophocles increased the num.
would have eminently distinguished himself, ber of actors to three, added the decoration
as the choruses of his tragedies show; but of painted scenery, introduced more ease and
the reputation which AEschylus had acquired, elegance into the dialogue, and paid a strict
and the bent of his own genius, led him to er attention to probability and natural inci
cultivate the tragic muse..] His first ap dent. His style is remarkable for dignity
pearance as a tragic poet reflects great and beauty, approaching to the magnificence
honour on his abilities. The Athenians of the epic. It is always pure, perspicuous,
had taken the island of Scyros, and to and harmonious. He does not, like his rival
celebrate that memorable event, a year. Euripides, anticipate the subject and issue of
ly contest for tragedy was instituted. So his plots by any formal prologue, but evolves
phocles on this occasion obtained the prize every incident in a gradual and natural man
over many competitors, in the number of ner, and carries the mind in a state of sus
whom was Æschylus, his friend and his pense until the final catastrophe. He mana
master. [AEschylus and Sophocles contended ges his choruses also with better effect, by
more than once for the prize. The age of making their reflections and observations flow
Sophocles, when he was first declared the naturally from the characters which appear
conqueror of his former preceptor, was only and the events which occur. In abridging
twenty-nine years. The judges on this occa the part of the chorus, Sophocles augment
sion not being able to decide, the archon Ap ed the number of the episodes, or what are
sephion referred the matter to Cimon and his improperly called by us acts. As long as the
nine colleagues who had just come from the chorus had formed the principal part of a
battle of Eurymedon: these commanders ad tragedy, the actors had only occasionally in
judged the prize to Sophocles. The success terrupted their monologue. . But the im
ful tragedy was called Triptolemus.] This provement introduced by Sophocles had the
success contributed to encourage the poet; effect of making the action the more import
he wrote for the stage with applause, and ant part of the piece, which was now in turn
obtained the poetical prize 20 different times. occasionally interrupted by the chorus. So
Sophocles was the rival of Euripides tor phocles has been regarded as the most per
public praise, they divided the applause of ſect tragic poet of all antiquity, and he has
the populace, and while the former surpass in consequence been styled the Homer of
ed in the sublime and majestic, the other tragedy. His characters are great and he
was not inferior in the tender and pathetic. roic, and never, like those of Æschylus, rise
The Athenians were pleased with their con above the level of human nature. Sopho
tention, and as the theatre was at that time cles particularly excels in delineating the
an object of importance and magnitude, and passions. From the sweetness and harmony
deemed an essential and most magnificent part of his periods he was called by the ancients
of the religious worship, each had his admir the Attic bee.] The best editions of Sopho
cles are, that by Brunck, 4 vols. 8vo. 1786,
ers and adherents; but the two poets, capti [and
wated at last by popular applause, gave way that of Erfurdt, Lips. 1802:8, 5 vols.
to jealousy and rivalship. Of 120 tragedies 8vo.] Cic, in Cat. º Div. 1, c. 25.-Plut.
75
 SO SO -

in Cim. &c.—Quintil 1, c. 10, I. 10, c. 1.- day, and the year in which this teok pa
Pal. JMar. 8, c. 7, 1.9, c. 12.-Plin. 7, c. 53. styled Bissextile. This was the Julias -
—Athen. 10, &c. the reckoning by which commenced 45 B
SophonisbA, a daughter of Asdrubal the and continued till it gave place to seretº
Carthaginian, celebrated for her beauty. more accurate, and a still ſarther reformsº
She married Syphax, a prince of Numidia, under Pope Gregory 13th. Soeigenes wº
and when her husband was conquered by the author of a commentary upon Aristotle's hº
Romans and Masinissa, she fell a captive in “De Cell.”] Surt —Diod.—Pºin 18-c =
to the hands of the enemy. Masinissa be Sosii, celebrated booksellers at Rome, a
came enamoured of her, and married her. the age of Horace, 1, ep. 20, v. 2.
This behaviour displeased the Romans; and Sosii.us, a Lacedaemonian in the are -
Scipio, who at that time had the command of Annibal. He lived in great intimacy ºr
the armies of the republic in Africa, rebuk the Carthaginian, taught him Greek. --
ed the monarch severely, and commanded him wrote the history of his life. C. Wºr, a
to part with Sophonisba. This was an ardu ...Annib.
ous task for Masinissa, yet he dreaded the Ro Sosipitrn, a grammarian in the reigns
mans. He entered Sophonisba's tent with Honorius. He published five books ºf cº
tears in his eyes, and told her that as he could servations on grammar.
not deliver her from captivity and the jea Sosis tritus, a tyrant of Syracuse intº
lousy of the Romans, he recommended her as age of Agathocles. He invited Pyrrhasinº
the strongest pledge of his love and affection Sicily, and afterwards revolted from his
for her person, to die like the daughter of He was at last removed by Hermornia
Asdrubal. Sophonisba obeyed, and drank Polyan. 1.
with unusual composure and serenity, the Sosius, a Roman of consular dignify,t
cup of poison which Masinissa sent to her, whom Plutarch dedicated his lives.
about 203 years before Christ. Liv. 30, c. Sospita, a surname of Juno in Latium
12, &c.—Sallust. de Jug.—Justin. Her most famous temple was at Lanuvium
So PhRoN, a comic poet of Syracuse, son of She had also two at Rome, and her state:
Agathocles and Damasyllis. His compositions was covered with a goat-skin, with a buckie,
were so universally esteemed, that Plato is &c. Liv. 3, 6, 8, &c.—Festus de F. ry.
said to have read them with rapture. Val Sost HENEs, a general of Macedonia, whº
JMar. 8, c. 7.-Quintil 1, c. 10. flourished B.C. 281. He defeated the Gauls
Sophroniscus, the father of Socrates.
under Brennus, and was killed in the battle
Son Actres and SorActre, a mountain of Justin. 24, c. 5.
Etruria, near the Tiber, seen from Rome, at Sostritus, a grammarian in the are -
the distance of 26 miles. It was sacred to
Augustus. He was strabo's precepte:
Apollo, who is from thence surnamed Sorac Strab. 14.—An architect of Cnidos, B. C
tis, and it was said that the priests of the god 284, who built the white tower of Pharo". In
could walkover burning coals without hurting he bay of Alexandria. He inscribed
themselves. There was, as some report, a name his
ſountain on Mount Soracte, whose waters upon it. [rid. Pharºs.) Stral. 17
Plin. 30, c. 12.-A Greek historian whº
boiled at sun-rise, and instantly killed all such wrote an account of Etruria. A poet, whe
birds as drank of them. Strab. 5.-Plin. 2,
wrote a poem on the expedition of Xerxes
c. 93, l. 7, c. 2–Horat. 1, Od. 9.—Virg. into Greece. Jur. 10, v. 178.
.AEm. 11, v. 785.-Ital. 5. SoTADEs, an athlete. A Greek poet ºf
Sosiurus, a grammarian of Laconia, B.C. Thrace. He wrote verses against Philadel.
255. He was a great favourite of Ptolemy phus Ptolemy, for which he was thrown
Philopator, and advised him to murder his intº
brother, and the queen his wife, called Arsi the sea in a cage of lead. He was called
Cinaedus, not only because he was addicted
moe. He lived to a great age, and was on to the abominable crime which the surname
that account called Polychronos. He was indicates, but because he wrote a
afterwards permitted to retire from the court, poem in
commendation of it. Some suppose that in
and spend the rest of his days in peace and stead of the word Socraticos in the ºd satire.
tranquillity, after he had disgraced the name verse the 10th of Juvenal, the word Satadº
of minister by the most abominable crimes,
should be inserted, as the poet Sctade
and the murder of many of the royal family. cosand not the philosopher Socrates, deserved
His son of the same name was preceptor to the
king Ptolemy Epiphanes.—The preceptor wereappellation of Cinaedus. Obscene verse
generally called Sotadia carmina frºm
ſ Britannicus, the son of Claudius. Tacit.
-1. 11, c. 1. him. They could be turned and read diffe
SosigkNes, an Egyptian mathematician, rent ways without losing their measure or
who assisted J. Caesar in regulating the Ro sense, such as the following, which can be
read backwards:
man calendar. [The philosopher, by tolera
bly accurate observations, discovered that Roma tibi subito molibustbit amor.
the year was 365 days and 6 hours; and to St bene te tun laus Marat, sua lattite fens&is
make allowance for the odd hours, he invent
d the intercalation of one day in four years. Sole medere pede, ede, perede meios.
The duplication of the 6thday before the ca.
Quintil 1, c. 8, 1.9, c. 4.—Plin. 5, ep-3-
lends of March was called the intercalary Anson, ep. 17, v. 29.
776
 SP SP

rER, a surname of the first Ptolemy.— SPARTAcus, a king of Bosphorus, who

s also common to other monarchs. died B. C. 433. His son and successor of
reau.A, days appointed for thanksgivin the same name died B. C. 407.-Another,
he offerings of sacrifices for deliverance who died 284 B. C.—A Thracian shep
danger. One of these was observed herd, celebrated for his abilities and the
cyon, to commemorate the deliverance victories he obtained over the Romans.
at city from the hands of the Macedo Being one of the gladiators who were kept at
s by Aratus. Capua in the house of Lentulus, he escaped
TERI cus, a poet and historian in the age from the place of his confinement with 30 of
ioclesian. He wrote a panegyric on that his companions, and took up arms against
eror, as also a life of Apollonius Tyanae the Romans. He soon found himself with
His works, greatly esteemed, are now 10,000 men equally resolute with himself,
except some few fragments preserved by and though at first obliged to hide himself in
scholiast of Lycophron. the woods and solitary retreats of Campania,
oth Is, an Egyptian name of the constel he soon laid waste the country; and when his
>n called Sirius, which received divine followers were increased by additional num
ours in that country. bers, and better disciplined and more com
iotiſſ TEs, a people of Gaul conquered by pletely armed, he attacked the Roman gene
sar. [Their country, which formed part rals in the field of battle. Two consuls and
Aquitamia, extended along the Garumna, other officers were defeated with much loss ;
Garonne, and their chief town was Sotia and Spartacus, superior in counsel and abi
m, now Sos. Coes. Bell. G. 3, c. 20 and 21. lities, appeared more terrible, though often
Borion, a grammarian of Alexandria, pre deserted by his ſickle attendants. Crassus
ptor to Seneca, B.C. 204. Senec. ep. 49 was sent against him, but this celebrated ge
d 58. neral at first despaired of success. A bloody
SozóMEN, an ecclesiastical historian, [born, battle was fought, in which, at last, the gladi
cording to some, at Salamis in the island of ators were defeated. Spartacus behaved
y-prus, but, according to others, at Gaza or with great valour; when wounded in the leg,
ethulia, in Palestine.] He died 450 A. D. he fought on his knees, covering himself with
is history extends from the year 324 to 439, his buckler in one hand, and using his sword
a d is dedicated to Theodosius the younger, with the other: and when at last he fell, he
eing written in a style of inelegance and me fell upon a heap of Romans whom he had
iocrity. [He is chargeable with several no sacrificed to his fury, B.C. 71. In this bat
orious errors in the relation of facts, and has tle no less than 40,000 of the rebels were
racurred censure for his commendations of slain, and the war totally finished. Flor. 3,
Theodorus of Mopsuesta, with whom origi c. 20.—Liv. 95.—Eutrop. 6, c. 2.-Plut. in
nated the heresy of two persons in Christ. Crass.—Paterc. 2, c. 30.-Appian.
His history is usually printed with that of SPARTAE, or SrART1, a name given to those
Socrates and the other ecclesiastical histo men who sprang from the dragon's teeth
rians. The best edition is that of Reading, which Cadmus sowed. They all destroyed
Cantab. 1720, fol. A work of Sozomen, not one another, except five, who survived, and
now extant, containing in two books, a sum assisted Cadmus in building Thebes.
mary account of the affairs of the church SPARTANI, or SPART1ATAE, the inhabitants
from the ascension of our Saviour to the de of Sparta. [vid. Sparta and Lacedæmon.]
feat of Licinius, was written before his his SpArtIANUs AELlus, a Latim historian,
tory.] who wrote the lives of all the Roman emper
Śraco, the nurse of Cyrus. [rid. Cyno.] ors, from J. Caesar to Dioclesian. He dedi
Justin. 1, c. 4.—Herodot. cated them to Dioclesian, to whom, according
SPARTA, a celebrated city of Peloponne to some, he was related. ‘Of these composi
sus, the capital of Laconia, situate on the Eu tions, only the life of Adrian, Verus, Didius
rotas, at the distance of about 30 miles from Julianus, Septimus Severus, Caracalla, and
its mouth. It received its name from Sparta, Geta, are extant, published among the Scrip
the daughter of Eurotas, who married Lace tores Historiae Augustae. Spartianus is not
daemon. It was also called Lacedaemon. esteemed as an historian or biographer.
[Sparta boasted of having no need of walls; SPERchiA, a town of Thessaly on the banks
it would seem from the accounts of modern of the Sperchius. Ptol.
travellers, that by being situated on a chain SPERchius, a river of Thessaly, rising on
of eminences, which would, in those days, Mount CEta, and falling into the sea in the
have been rendered impregnable by the con bay of Malia, near Anticyra. The name is
tiguity of the habitations alone, and the supposed to be derived from its rapidity
long chain of rocks, which at once rendered (rriexuy, festinare.) Peleus vowed to the
unnecessary 880 yards of wall, she might god of this river, the hair of his son Achilles,
well indulge in this bonst. Epaminondas, if ever he returned safe from the Trojan war.
who was the first Grecian commander that Herodot. 7, c. 198.-Strab. 9.-Homer. Il.
led an army before Sparta, did not, on this 23, v. 144.—Apollod. 3, c. 13.—JMela, 2, c. 3.
account dare to attack the city. The small —Orid. Met. 1, v. 557, l.2, v.250, l. 7, v.230.
hamlet on part of the site of ancient Sparta SPERMAtophāgi, a people who lived in
is now called Palaio Chori. The modern the extremest parts of Egypt. They fed
town of Misira is about a mile to the south.] upon the fruits that ſººn the trees:
 SP . SP

Speusippus, an Athenian philosopher, ne the body of a lion, is a symbol of what a

phew, as also successor, of Plato. His father's pens in Egypt when the sun is in thºs
name was Eurymedon, and his mother's Po of Leo and Virgo, and the Nile over
tone. He presided in Plato's school for eight According to Herodotus, however, their
years, and disgraced himself by his extrava tians had also their Androsphynges. * *
gance and debauchery. Plato attempted to body of a lion and the face of a ran -
check him, but to no purpose. He died ot the present day there still remains, abºr -
the lousy sickness, or killed himself accord paces east of the second pyramid, a re-ºr
ing to some accounts, B. C. 339.-Plut. in ed statue of a sphinx, cut in the solid tº
Lys-Diog. 4.—Val. Mar. 4, c. 1. Formerly, nothing but the head, neck-six
Sphacteria, [an island off the coast of of the back were visible. the rest bein:-
Messenia, opposite Pylos. It was memora in the sand. It was, at an expense of tº
ble for the capture of many of the noblest or £900, (contributed by some Enrºe
Lacedaemonians by the Athenians during the gentlemen,) cleared from the accur air
Peloponnesian war.] sand in front of it under the superintelº
Sphraus, a Greek philosopher, disciple to of Captain Caviglia. This monstrees ºr
Zeno of Cyprus, 243 B. C. He came to duction consists of a virgin's head jos-e-
Sparta in the age of Agis and Cleomenes, the body of a quadruped. The body is prº
and opened a school there. Plut. in Ag.— cipally formed out of the solid rock: the ſº
Duog. are of masonary, extending forward fºr fee
Sphinx, a monster which had the head from the body; between the paws are sº
and breasts of a woman, the body of a dog, ral sculptured tablets so arranged as to fºra
the tail of a serpent, the wings of a bird, the a small temple; and farther forward a squart
paws of a lion, and an human voice. It altar with horns. The length of the states
sprang from the union of Orthos with the from the ſore-part of the neck to the tails
Chimaera, or of Typhon with Echidna. The 125 feet. The face has been disfigured tº
Sphinx had been sent into the neighbourhood
of Thebes by Juno, who wished to punish the
the arrows and lances of the Arabs, who ºr
taught by their religion to hold all images
|
family of Cadmus, which she persecuted with men or animals in detestation. In the art
immortal hatred, and it laid this part of Boeo cle Pyramides some remarks are offered upºn
tia under continual alarmsby proposing enig a sphinx's head and other ancient remaine
mas, and devouring the inhabitants if unable found on the banks of the Kuban-1 Piut–
to explain them. In the midst of their con Hesiod. Theog. v. 326.-Hygin fab. 68
sternation the Thebans were told by the ora Apollod. 3, c. 5–Diod. 4.—Ovid. un Ib. 378
cle, that the sphinx would destroy herself as —Strab. 9.-Sophocl. in CEdip. tyr.
soon as one of the enigmas sho proposed was Sphragidium, a retired cave on Moºrt
explained. In this enigma she wished to Cithaeron in Boeotia. The nymphs of the
know what animal walked on four legs in the place, called Sphragitides, were early bº.
morning, two at noon, and three in the even noured with a sacrifice by the Athenians, by
ing. Upon this Creon, king of Thebes, pro order of the oracle of Delphi, because they
mised his crown and his sister Jocasta in mar had lost few men at the battle of Platra.
riage to him who could deliver his country Plin. 35, c. 6.-Paus. 9, c.3.—Plut. in 3rd
from the monster by a successful explanation SPINA, now Primaro, a town on the (0.
of the enigma. It was at last happily ex tium Spineticum, or] most southern part ºf
plained by GEdipus, was observed that man the Po. [Spina was of Pelasgic origin. The
walked on his hands and feet when young or name Eridanus, afterwards applied to thef:
in the morning of life, at the noon of life he at large, is said by some to have belonge:
walked erect, and in the evening of his days originally to the Ostium Spineticum.] Pº
he supported his infirmities upon a stick. 3, c. 16.
[vid. QEdipus.] The Sphinx no sooner heard SPINTHKRus, a Corinthian architect whº
this explanation than she dashed her head built Apollo's temple at Delphi. Paul. 1".
against a rock, and immediately expired. c. 5.
Some mythologists wish to unriddle the fabu SpoLETUM, now Spoleto, a town of Uz
lous traditions ahout the Sphinx, by the sup bria, [north-east of Interamna, which bran
position that one of the daughters of Cadmus, ly withstood Annibal after the battle of tº
or Laius, infested the country of Thebes by lake Thrasymenus. It was, in after age
her continual depredations, because she had the residence of some of the Gothic kimº
been refused a part of her father's possessions. and, under the government of Longinus, e.
The lion's paw expressed, as they observe, arch of Ravenna, was made the capitals
her cruelty, the body of the dog her lasci Umbria.] The people were called Speless
viousness, her enigmas the snares she laid for Water is conveyed to the town from a ceigº
strangers and travellers, and her wings the bouring fountain by an aqueduct of such a
dispatch she used in her expeditions. TThe great height, that in one place the top:
Sphinx was a favourite emblem among the raised above the foundation 230 yards. As
ancient Egyptians, and served, according to inscription over the gates still commemorate
some, as a type of the enigmatic nature of the the repulse of Annibal. Mart. 13, ep. 120,
Egyptian theology.,
that the union of * Maillet
M.head of opinion,
of aisvirgin with
SpöRADEs, a number of islands in the
78
Ægean Sea, [off the coast of Caria.] They
 ST ST

•eived their name a a reuge, spargo, because He died a little after Ennius. Cic. de sen.
2y are scattered in the sea. Mela, 2, c. 7. P. Papinius, a poet born at Naples in the
Strab. 2. reign of the emperor Domitian. His father's
SPU Rin A, a mathematician and astrologer, name was Statiusof Epirus, and his mother's
to told J. Caesar to beware of the ides of Agelina. [He early displayed a lively dis
arch. As he went to the senate-house on position and good talents, and soon became a
* morning of the ides, Caesar said to Spuri votary of the muses, with so much success,
, the ides are at last come. Yes, replied that during his father’s life he obtained the
urina, but not yet past. Caesar was mur crown in the poetical contests of his native
red a few moments after. Suet. in Caps. place. He was also thrice a victor in the poe
-–Pal. Mar. 1 and 8. tical games celebrated at Alba. A piece
SPURI us, a praenomen common to many of which he recited at Rome, in the quinquennial
e Romans.—One of Caesar's murderers. games instituted by Nero and renewed by
–Lartius, a Roman who defended the Domitian, procured for him a golden crown
idge over the Tiber against Porsenna's ar from that emperor, and admission to his ta
w.
ble.] Statius has made himself known by
STABLE, a maritime town of Campania on two epic poems, the Thebais in 12 books, and
e bay of Puteoli. [Stabiae shared the fate the Achilleis in two books, which remain un
Herculaneum and Pompeii. rid. Hercu finished on account of his premature death.
neum and Pompeii.J Plin. 3, c. 5, ep. 6, c. There are besides other pieces compos
*-
ed on several subjects, which are ex
STAGIRA, [now Stagros, a city of Macedo tant, and well known under the name of
a, on the western shore of the Sinus Stry Sylva, divided into four books. The two
onicus or Gulf of Contessa.j It was found epic poems of Statius are dedicated to Domi
1665 years before Christ. Aristotle was tian, whom the poet ranks among the gods.
»rn there, from which circumstance he is Statius, as some suppose, was poor, and he
illed Stagirites, [or the Stagyrite. vid. Aris was obliged to maintain himself by writing
teles.] Thucyd. 4.—Paus. 6, c. 4.—Laert. for the stage. None of his dramatic pieces
* Sol.—.AEluan. V. H. 3, c. 46. are extant; and what Juvenal has written in
StAseas, a peripatetic philosopher, en his praise, some have interpreted as an illi
aged to instruct young M. Piso in philoso beral reflection upon him. [Juvenal rather
hy. Cic. in Orat. 1, c. 22. expresses commiseration for the poet. Sta
STAsicRATEs, a statuary and architect in tius, it seems, was vanquished in a contest at
he wars of Alexander, who offered to make the Roman games, on which occasion he re
statue of Mount Athos, which was rejected cited a part of his principal poem, the The
y the conqueror, &c. baid. According to Juvenal, he was heard
STAtilius, a young Roman celebrated with delight by a crowd of auditors in other
or his courage and constancy. He was an public recitations of his poem ; the satirist at
nveterate enemy to Caesar, and when Cato the same time intimating, that, notwithstand
murdered himself, he attempted to follow his ing this applause, the author might have
ºxample, but was prevented by his friends. starved, had he not sold a new composition,
The conspirators against Caesar wished him his Agave, to the actor Paris, Domitian's fa
o be in the number, but the answer which vourite. Statius died about the 100th year
he gave displeased Brutus. He was at last of the Christian era. The poems of Statius
tilled by the army of the triumvirs. Plut. display a considerable share of real genius
STATIRA, a daughter of Darius, who mar and talent, but are vitiated by the false taste
tied Alexander. The conqueror had former which then began to infest Latin poetry,
y refused her, but when she had fallen into and gave a turn to turgid and unnatural
his hands at Issus, the nuptials were celebrat thoughts and expressions. Several pieces in
2d with uncommon splendour. No less than the Sylvo, are, however, pleasing and ele
9000 persons attended, to each of whom gant. His principal work, the Thebaid, holds
Alexander gave a golden cup, to be offered to no mean rank among epic poems, and once it
the gods. Statira had no children by Alex was a great favourite among the remains of
ander. She was cruelly put to death by Rox antiquity. For this preſerence it was indebt
ana, after the conqueror's death. Justin. 12, ed to its swelling sentiments, verging to bom
c. 12.-A sister of Darius the last king of bast, and to the savage and sanguinary cha
Persia. She also became his wife according racter of its incidents which suited the times
to the manners of the Persians. She died af. of chivalrous turbulence. But still, even
ter an abortion, in Alexander's camp, where with these faults, it exhibits strokes of the
she was detained as a prisoner. She was real sublime, and considerable force and no
buried with great pomp by the conqueror. velty in natural description, especially in the
Plut. in Alez. –A wife of Artaxerxes similies.] The best editions of his works are
Mnemon, poisoned by her mother-in-law, that of Barthius, 2 vols. 4to. Cyg. 1664, that
queen Parysatis. Plut. in Art. A sister of the Variorum, 8vo. L. Bat. 1671, [that in
of Mithridates the Great. Plut. Usum Delphini, Paris, 1685, 2 vols. 4to. and
Statius, (Caecilius,) a comic poet in the that of Gronovius, Manh. 1783, 2 vols. 8vo.
age of Ennius. He was a native of Gaul, and and of the Thebais, separate, that of Mark
originally a slave. His latinity was bad, yet land, Lond. 1728, 4to.]
he acquired great reputation by his comedies. Stator, a surname of Jupiter, given him
770
. .
 :|
ST ST

by Romulus, because he stopped (sto) the preserved the characteristics of

flight of the Romans in a battle against the persons: and Quintilian represents –
Sabines. The conqueror erected him a tem having displayed the sublimity of biº
ple under that name, Liv. 1, c. 12. by the selection of weighty topics-----
STELLATIs, a field remarkable for its fer important wars and the actions of zer
tility in Campania. Cic. .4g. 1, c. 70.- the manders, in which he sustained with he
Suet. Caes. 20. º
dignity of epic poetry- Acrºriº
STELLIo, a youth turned into an elf by Alexander the Great ranks him amats:
Ceres, because he derided the goddess, who who were the proper study of ºrinces; sº
drank with avidity when tired and afflicted say he lost his eye-sight for writing = 1
in her vain pursuit of her daughter Proser tives against Helen, and that he rece-i
pine. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 445. only upon making a recantation of *** *
STEnohoe A. vid. Sthenoboea. had said. He was the inventor of that as
STENTon, one of the Greeks who went to of the horse and stag, which Horace andra
the Trojan war. His voice was louder than other poets have imitated. and this be ºr
that of 50 men together. Homer. Il. 5, v. to prevent his countrymen from Daaka; -
784.—Juv. 13, v. 112. alliance with Phalaris. According tº *
STENToris Lacus, a lake near Enos in he was the first who wrote an epithalam
Thrace. Herodot. 7, c. 58. He flourished 556 B.C. and died at Crº
STEPHånus, agrammarian who flourished, in the 85th year of his age. Isorra- a 5
as is conjectured, about the close of the 5th —Aristot. Rhet.—Strab. 3.-Lurºn-nº
century. He was professor in the imperial —Cic. in Verr. 2, c. 35.-Piur. * *-
college at Constantinople, and composed a Quintil. 10, c. 1.-Paus. 3, c. 19, 1. 10, tº
dictionary containing adjectives derived from STHENElus, a king of Mycene. * *
the names of places, and designating the in: Perseus and Andromeda. He married "
habitants of those places. Of this work there cippe the daughter of Pelops, by :::)
exists only an abridgment made by Hermo had two daughters, and a son called E=-
laus, and dedicated to the emperor Justinian. theus, who was born, by Juno's infaeta
This work was known by the title, Ilºg, ºro two months before the natural time, that be
asºv, De Urbibus, but that of the original was might obtain a superiority over Hercule
Eðvíza; hence it has been inferred that the as being older. Sthenelus made war again
author's intention was to write a geographi Amphitryon, who had killed Electryon, an:
cal work. It seems that Stephanus, who is seized his kingdom. He fought with succes
usually quoted by the title of Stephanus By and took his enemy prisoner, whom he trane
zantinus, or Stephanus of Byzantium, not mitted to Eurystheus. Homer. Il. 19, v. 91
only gave in his original work a catalogue of .Apollod. 2, c. 4.—A son of Capaneus. B.
countries, cities, nations, and colonies; but, was one of the Epigoni and of the suiters:
as opportunity offered, he described the cha |Helen. He went to the Trojan war, and wº
racters of different nations, mentioned the one of those who were shut up in the woode:
founders of cities, and related the mythological horse, according to Virgil. Paus. 2, c. 18
traditions connected with each place, min Virg. JEn. 2 and 10.
gled with grammatical and etymological re Sth ENoboeA, a daughter of Jobates kin;
marks. All this appears not in the meagre of Lycia, who married Proetus, king of A:
abridgment of Hermolaus. We have a frag gos. She became enamoured of Belleropha.
ment, however, remaining of the original who had taken refuge at her husband's cºur:
work relative to Dodona. The best edition after the murder of his brother, and when he
of Stephanus is that of Gronovius, L. Bat. refused to gratify her criminal passien.sº
1688, fol.] accused him before Proetus of attempts upº
STERörn, one of the Pleiades, daughters of her virtue. According to some she kille.
Atlas. She married GEnomaus, king of Pi herself after his departure. Homer. Il 6, 7
sae, by whom she had Hippodamia, &c. 162.-Hygin. fab. 57. Many mytholºgº
STEsichöRUs, [a Greek lyric poet, born called her Antaea.
at Himera, in Sicily, and who flourished Stilbo, a name given to the planet Me
about 612 B.C. To him we owe the first cury
ance. byCic.
thede
ancients forc.its
JN. D. 2, 20.shining apper
introduction of the triple division into strophe,
antistrophe, and epode, which are called in a Stilicho, a general of the emperor Thre:
Greek proverb, “The three things of Stesi dosius the Great. He behaved with End
chorus.” Hence he is said to have derived courage, but under the emperor Hononus ºt
his name of Stesichorus, “placer or arranger showed himself turbulent and disaffected. A
of the chorus.” His previous name was being of barbarian extraction, he wished tº
Tisias. His compositions were written in see the Roman provinces laid desolate by tº
the Doric dialect, and comprised in 26 books, countrymen, but in this he was disappointed
all now lost except a few fragments. These Honorius discovered his intrigues, and e.
amount to 50 or 60 lines, and are printed in dered him to be beheaded about the years
the collections of Fulvius Ursinus, Antv. 1568. Christ 408. His family were involved abs
Stesichorus possessed, according to Dionysius, ruin. [The apparent piety of Olympius, tº
all the excellencies and graces of Pindar and favourite of Honorius, has induced the eccle
Simonides, and surpassed them both in the siastical historians to treat the character tº
grandeur of his subjects, in which he well Stilicho with great severity; but Zosimº
780
s ST ST

is though upon the whole not favourable to him, A.D.] He first studied under Xenarchus the pe.
acquits him of the treason laid to his charge, ripatetic,and afterwards warmly embraced the
tº and the poetry of Claudian eulogises him as tenets of the Stoics [on leaving Xenarchus. He
the hero of his age.] was induced by Athenodorus of Tarsus to join
... Stilpo, a celebrated philosopher of Mega this latter sect. He visited, in the course of
ra.
who flourished 336 years before Christ, his travels, Asia Minor, Syria, Phoenicia, and
... and was greatly esteemed by Ptolemy Soter. Egypt as ſar as Syene and the cataracts of
He was naturally addicted to riot and de the Nile. He traversed also, Greece, Mace
• bauchery, but he reformed his manners when donia, and Italy, excepting Cisalpine Gaul
he opened a school at Megara. He was uni and Liguria. It is of importance to men
versally respected, his school was frequented, tion his travels, as it heightens the value of
* and Demetrius, when he plundered Megara, his geographical remarks in those countries
ordered the house of the philosopher to be where he was an eye-witness : for in the
* left safe and unmolested. [Stilpo excited rest he only compiles from others.] Of all
* prejudices by not paying respect to the Athe his compositions nothing remains but his
* nian superstitions, but there is no proof of his geography, divided into 17 books, a work
infidelity with respect to the existence of a justly celebrated for its elegance, purity, the
supreme divinity. On moral topics he is said erudition and universal knowledge of the
** to have taught that the highest felicity cen author. It contains an account, in Greek,
sists in a mind free from the dominions of of the most celebrated places of the world,
* passion, a doctrine similar to that of the Sto. the origin, the manners, religion, prejudices,
* ics. He lived to a great age, and is said to and government of nations; the foundation
* have hastened his final departure by a draught of cities, and the accurate history of each se
is of wine.] Plut. in Dem.—Diog. 2.-Seneca. parate province. In the two first books the
: de Comst. author wishes to show the necessity of geo
Stop A: Us, a Greek writer who flourished graphy. [The second contains a criticism
A. D. 405. [He was the author of several on the work of Eratosthenes, continued from
- works, none of which have reached our times the first book; after which he passes to an
2 except the fragments of a collection of ex examination of the works of Posidonius and
- tracts from ancient poets and philosophers. Polybius. The rest of the book is devoted to
* Fabricius thinks that he was not a Christian, the knowledge requisite for a geographer.]
since his extracts are exclusively from hea In the 3d he gives a description of Spain :
then authors. The best editions of Stobaeus in the 4th of Gaul and the British isles, [and
- are that of Heeren. Goett. 1792, and that of also of Thule, and the Alps.] The 5th and
Schow, Lips. 1797.] 6th contain an account of Italy and the neigh
Srobi, [the principal city of Paeonia in Ma bouring islands; the 7th, which is mutulated
cedonia, lying due north from Edessa. It be at the end, gives a full description of Germany,
came the metropolis of one of the two pro and the country of the Getae, lllyricum, Tau
vinces into which Macedonia was subsequent rica Chersonesus. and Epirus. The affairs of
ly divided.] Liv. 33, c. 19, 1.40, c. 21. Greece and the adjacent island are separately
Stoechädes, five small islands in the Me treated in the 8th, 9th, and 10th ; and in the
diterranean, on the coast of Gaul, now the four next, Asia within Mount Taurus ; and
Hieres, near Marseilles. They were called in the 15th and 16th, Asia without Taurus,
Ligustides by some, but Pliny speaks of them India, Persia, Syria, and Arabia; the last
as only three in number. [They were call book gives an account of Egypt, Æthiopia,
ed Stoechades from their being ranged on the Carthage, and other places of Africa. Among
same line, a toxo;..] Steph. Byzant.—Lucan. the books of Strabo which have been lost,
3, v. 516.-Strab. 4. were historical commentaries. This cele
Stojci, a celebrated sect of philosophers brated geographer died A. D. 25. [We have
founded by Zeno of Citium. They received also a Chrestomathy, or abridgment of this
the name from theportico, soa, where the phi writer, made about 980 A.D. by which the
losopher delivered his lectures. [This was text of the main work has often been cor
the “Poecile,” or porch adorned with vari rected. The main work has reached us in
ous paintings from the pencil of Polygnotus a very corrupt state, on account as well of
and other eminent masters, and hence was the numerous lacunae in the single manu
called by way of echinence, the porch. An script whence the rest have been copied, as
account of the Stoic doctrine will be found on account of the copyists having often at
at the end of the article Zeno.] tempted to supply what was illegible.]
StaAbo, a name among the Romans, giv The best editions of his geography are,
en to those whose eyes were naturally de those of Casaubon, fol. Paris, 1620; and
formed or distorted. Pompey's father was of Amst. 2 vols. fol. 1707. [To these may
distinguished by that name.— A native of he added the Leipsic edition of Siebenkees,
Amasea, a city of Pontus, but in what year continued after his death by Tschzucke: on
is uncertain. [From his acquaintance with the death of this latter editor the work was
Caius Gallus, prefect of Egypt, and from his continued by Friedeman as far as the 7th
having composed his geography in the fourth vol. where it has remained since the year
Year of the reign of Tiberius, it has been in 1818. The Oxford edition of Strabo by Fal
ferred that he flourished in the first century, coner, published in 1809, also deserves men
and Blair assigns his death to the year 25 tion, although it has not satisfied the expecta
781
 ST ST
tious that were formed of it. This is the wards called Caesarea by Herod in hauce
edition, a review of which gave rise in part Augustus. (vid. Caesarea.] |
to the controversy in 1809-10 between the STRAtos, a city of Æolia Ltr. 36, tº
Edinburgh Reviewers and the Oxford scho l. 38, c. 4.—Of Acarnania.
lars. The best Greek text of Strabo, how Strenua, a goddess at Rone who ºr
ever, is that of Coray, Paris, 1818, 4 vols. vigour and energy to the weak and indee.
8vo. It wants the Latin version, but is ac .Aug de Civ. D. 4, c. 11 and 16.
companied by an excellent commentary and Strong YLE, now Strombolo. 1 one ºf tº
many tables.]—A Sicilian, so clear-sighted Lipart isles, or the first of the AEolia less
that he could distinguish objects at the dis to the north-east. It was called Strºtº
tance of 130 miles with the same ease as if (Xrgºyyuan.) by the Greeks, on account ºf:
they had been near. round figure. It is celebrated for its extrº
STRAto, or Straton, a philosopher of dinary volcano, which is the only one knew:
Lampsacus, disciple and successor in the whose eruptions are continued and uniº
school of Theophrastus, [in the Peripatetic rupted. The island is, in fact, merely a re
school of which he took charge B. C. 286, gle mountain, whose base is about nine zººs
and continued over it for 18 years, with a in circumference. The crater is supposed tº
high reputation for learning and eloquence.] have been anciently situated on the suanº:
He applied himself with uncommon industry of the mountain, it is now on the side. Frºm
to the study of nature, and was surnamed various testimonies collected by Spallarre.
Physicus, and after the most mature investi he concludes that the volcano has burned fºr
gations, he supported that nature was inami. more than a century where it now does, wit:
mate, and that there was no God but nature. out any sensible change in its situation. Tre
He was appointed preceptor to Ptolemy same writer is of opinion that the materia:
Philadelphus, who not only revered his abi origin and increase of Stromboli is to be a:-
lities and learning, but also rewarded his tributed to porphyry, which, melted by ºut
labours with unbounded liberality. He wrote terraneous conflagrations, and rarified by tiss
different treatises, all now lost. [In his opinion tic gaseous substances, arose from the bottom
concerning matter, Strato departed essential of the sea, and extending itself on the sides
ly from the system both of Plato and Aristo in lavas and scoriae, has formed an island ci
tle, and he is said to have nearly approached its present size. The earliest eruptions of
that system of Atheism which excludes the Stromboli, authenticated by historical ar
deity from the formation of the world. Cice counts, are prior to the Christian era by at out
ro states that this philosopher conceived all 290 years, the date of the reign of Agatto
divine power to be seated in nature, which cles of Syracuse. It burned, likewise, in the
possesses the causes of production, increase, time of Augustus and Tiberius. After this
and diminution, but is wholly destitute of sen latter period, a long succession of ages et su
sation and figure. He taught, also, that the ed, during which, from the want of historical
seat of the soul is in the middle of the brain, documents, we are ignorant of the state of
and that it only acts by means of the senses.] Stromboli. In the 17th century we again
Diog. 5-Cic. Acad. 1, c. 9, l. 4, c. 38, &c. know that it ejected fire, which it has conti
—A physician. nued to do to the present time.] Mela, i.e
Straton. vid. Strato. 7.—Strab. 6.—Paus. 10, c. 11.
StratóNicE, a daughter of Ariarathes, STRophán Es, two islands in the Ionian
king of Cappadocia, who married Eumenes, Sea, on the western coasts of the Pelopes
king of Pergamus, and became mother of At nesus. They were anciently called Piºtr,
talus. Strab. 13.—A daughter of Deme and received the name of Strophades from
trius Poliorcetes, who married Seleucus, king a résqa’, verto, because Zethes and Calais, the
of Syria. Antiochus, her husband's son by a sons of Boreas, returned from thence by or
former wife, became enamoured of her, and der of Jupiter, after they had driven the
married her with his father's consent, when Harpies there from the tables of Phineus,
the physicians had told him that if he did not The fleet of Æneas stopped near the Stre
comply, his son's health would be impaired. phades. The largest of these two islands is
Plut. in Dem.—Wal...Mar. 5, c. 7.—A con not above five miles circumference. They
in
cubine of Mithridates, king of Pontus. Plut. are now called Strival.] Hygin. fab. 19.-
in Pomp. The wife of Antigonus, mo. Virg...En. 3, v. 210.
ther of Demetrius Poliorcetes. A town
Strophius, a son of Crisus, king of Pho
of Caria, [north-east of Mylassa, ] made a cis. He married a sister of Agamemnon,
Macedonian colony. Strab. 14.—Lir. 33, c. called Anaxabia, or Astyochia, or, according
18 and 33.−Another in Mesopotamia. to others, Cyndragora, by whom he had Py
And a third near Mount Taurus, (called Stra lades, celebrated for his friendship with Ores
tonicea ad Taurum by Strabo, in order to tes. After the murder of Agamemnon by
distinguish it from the Carian city of the same Clytemnestra and AEgysthus, the king of
name.] Phocis educated at his own house, with the
Stratonicus, an opulent person in the greatest care, his nephew whom Electra had
reign of Philip, and of his son Alexander. secretly removed from the power of his
whose riches became proverbial. Plut. mo
ther and her adulterer. Orestes was en
STRATöNIS *: city of Judea, after.
782 abled by means of Strophius, to revenge the
 ST SU
uth of his father. Paus. 2, c. 29.-Hygin.
all their original privileges. It is said that
. 1, 17. this veneration was shown to the Styx, be
rRY MA, a town of Thrace, founded by a cause it received its name from the nymph
rasian colony. Herodot. 7, c. 109. Styx, who with her three daughters assisted
rRivrao N, a river [rising in Mount Hae Jupiter in his war against the Titans. He
s.] which separates Thrace from Mace stod. Theog. v. 384, 775–Homer. Od. 10, v.
\a, and falls into a part of the AEgean Sea, 513.-Herodot. 6, c. 74.—Virg. JEn. 6, v.
ich has been called Strymonicus Sinus, or 323, 439, &c.—Apollod. 1, c. 3 —Ovid. JMet.
ºf of Contessa. A number of cranes, as 3, v. 29, &c.—Lucan. 6, v. 378, &c.—Paus.
* Poets say, resorted on its banks in the 8, c. 17 and 18.-Curt. 10, c. 10.
mmer time. Its eels were excellent. Me SUADA, the goddess of persuasion, called
2, c. 2.--Apollod. 2, c. 5.-Virg. G. 1, v. Pitho by the Greeks. She had a form of
O. M. 4, v. 508. JEn. 10, v. 265.-Ovid. worship established to her honour first by
ef. 2, v. 251. Theseus. She had a statue in the temple of
STY MIPHALLA, STYMPhälls, a part of Ma Venus Praxis at Megara. Cic. de El. Orat.
ūonia. Liv. 45, c. 30. A surname of 15.-Paus. 1, c. 22 and 43, 1.9, c. 35.
larata.
[Suastus, a river of India falling into the
STYMPHALUs, a king of Arcadia, son of Indus near the modern city of Attock. D'An
atus and Laodice. He made war against ville makes the modern name of the Suastus
*lops, and was killed in a truce. Apollod. to be the Suvat. Mannert supposes this to be
c. 9.-Paus. 8, c. 4.—A town, river. the same river with that called Choaspes by
ke, and fountain, [in the north-east part] of Strabo and Curtius, and the name Suastus,
rcadia, which receives its name from king which is used by Ptolemy in speaking of this
tymphalus. The neighbourhood of the lake stream, to be an error.]
tymphalus was infested with a number of Sublicius, the first bridge erected at
oracious birds, like cranes or storks, which Rome over the Tiber. vid. Pons.
2d upon human flesh, and which were called Subur RA, a street in Rome where all the
tymphalides. They were at last destroyed licentipus, dissolute, and lascivious Romans
y Hercules, with the assistance of Minerva. and &urtezans resorted. It was situate be
Some have confounded them with the Har tween Mount Viminalis and Quirinalis, and
lies, while others pretend that they never was remarkable as having been the residence
*xisted but in the imagination of the poets. of the obscurer years of J. Caesar. . [So far
Pausanias,however, supports, that there were from being the residence of the vile and aban
carnivorous birds, like the Stymphalides, in doned, the Suburra was on the contrary the
Arabia. [Some have explained the fable abode of the great and gay. Julius Caesar
by supposing that robbers laid waste the was born in that part of the Suburra which
country, and robbed passengers on the con was situate on the Esquiline hill.] Suet. in
fines of the lake. These Hercules and his Caºs.-Varro de L. L.4, c. 8, Martial. 6, ep.
companions destroyed, and hence it is said 66.—Juv. 3, v. 5.
sprung the fable of the birds Stymphalides.] Sucao, now Xucar, a river of Hispania
Paus. 8, c. 4.—Stat. Theb. 4, v. 298. Tarraconensis, celebrated for a battle fought
Styx, a daughter of Oceanus and Tethys. there between Sertorius and Pompey, in
She married Pallas, by whom she had three which the former obtained the victory. Plut.
laughters, Victory, Strength, and Valour. Suessa, a town of Campania, called also
Hesiod. Theog. 363 and 384–Apollod. 1, c. 2. .Aurunca, to distinguish it from Suessa Po
—A celebrated river of hell, round which metia, the capital of the Volsci. Strab. 5.--
it flows nine times. According to some Plin. 3, c. 5.-Dionys. Hal. 4.—Liv. 1 and
writers the Styx was a small river of Non: 2–Virg. JEn. 6, v. 775–Cic. Phil. 3, c. 4,
acris in Arcadia, whose waters were so cold 1.4, c. 2.
and deadly that they proved fatal to such as SuessionEs, [a people of Gallia Belgica,
tasted them. Among others, Alexander the whose country was bounded on the south by
Great is mentioned as a victim to their fatal Matrona, the Marne. Their capital, Augusta,
effects, in consequence of drinking them. afterwards Suessiones, now Soissons, stands
They even consumed iron, and broke all ves on Oxona, the Aisne. They were subdued
*ls. The wonderful properties ofthis water by Caesar.) Cats. Bell. G. 2.
suggested the idea that it was a river of hell, Suetonius, C. Paulinus, the first Roman
*pecially when it disappeared in the earth general who crossed Mount Atlas with an
*little below its fountain head. The gods army, of which expedition he wrote an ac
hºld the waters of the Styx in such venera count. He presided over Britain as a gover
\\on that they always swore by them : an
nor for about 20 years, and was afterwards
"ath which was inviolable. If any of the made consul. He forsook the interest of
#" had perjured themselves, Jupiter obliged Otho, and attached himself to Vitellius.
*m to drink the waters of the Styx, which C. Tranquillus, a Latin historian, son of a
!ºlled them for one whole year into a sense Roman knight of the same name, [born
º: stupidity; for the nine following years about the beginning of the reign of Vespasian,
** were deprived of the ambrosia and the and died after A. D. 117.] He was favoured
. ofthe gods, and after the expiration of by Adrian, and became his secretary, but he
*** ºf their punishment, they were re was afterwards banished from the court for
wità to the assembly of the deities, and to his indiscreet familiarity towards the empress
 SU
SU

Sabina. In his retirement Suetonius enjoyed a total want of judgment and critical tu
the friendship and correspondence of Pliny heHe cites from vitiated and corrupt reº
confounds individuals and authers.
the younger, and dedicated his time to
study. He wrote an history of the Roman oftentim es his citations do not prove wir
in whether the ºl.
kings, divided into three books; a catalogue intends. It is uncerta
lessness of copyists may not have been
of all the illustrious men of Rome, a book on
the games and spectacles of the Greeks, &c. cause of many of these errors.
which are all now lost. The only one of his standing its errors and imperfection, tº
s:
compositions extant is the lives of the twelve very useful book, and a storehouse of allº
of erudition. It ſurnishes an accountaire
first Caesars, and some fragments of his cata orators, historians, &c. with many Pasº
logue of celebrated grammarians. [His ac from ancient authors whose works are is
count of the lives of the emperors forms one of
The best edition is that of Kuster, 3 whº
the most interesting remains of ancient histo
ry; for, without being distinguished by style Cantab. 1705.]
Suiónes, a nation of ancient Scandiurah
. . ."
or sentiment, it abounds with anecdotes rela
tive to the manners, characters, and incidents supposed the modern Swedes. Tacit.de Gº!.
of those times which no where else occur. c. 44. -

Some of the facts which he relates have Sulcius, an informer whom Horº
, r scribes as hoarse with the number ºf * *
been doubted but his general characte and
mode of writing narratives, acquit him of mations he daily gave. Horat. I, Seº
any intentional misrepresentation.] His ex 65.
pressions, however, are often too indelicate; Sulga, now Sorgue, a small river ºf Bul
and it has been justly observed, that while he falling into the Rhone. Strab. 4.
exposed the vices of the Caesars, he wrote SULLA. vid. Sylla.
with all the licentiousness with which they Sulmo, now Sulmona, an ancient tº
lived. The best editions of Suetonius are the Peligmi, at the distance of about 90s"
from Rome. Ovid was born there, ſº
that of Pitiscus, 4to. 2 vols. Leovard. 1714;
that of Oudendo rp, vols. 8vo. L. Bat. 1751; passim.—Ital. 8, v. 511.-Strab. 5.
2 T
and that of Ernesti, 8vo. Lips. 1775. [The Sulpitia, a daughter of Paterculº,"
married Fulvius Flaccus. She was soliº. It
best now is that of Crusius, Lips. 1816. 18, 3 for her chastity, that she consecrated at"
vols. 8vo.] Plin. 1, ep. 18, l. 5, ep. 11, &c ple to Venus Verticordia, a goddess whº"
Sukvi, a people of Germany, between the
Elbe and the Vistula, [on the northern side implored to turn the hearts of the Raº
women to virtue. Plin. 7, c. 35-AP*
of the Hercynia Silva,) who made frequent
excursions upon the territories of Rome under ess in the age of Domitian, against whº, -

wrote a poem because he had banished tº

the emperors. . [Lucan calls them Flavi,
philosophers from Rome. This compº
from their having in general reddish hair, is still extant. She had also written "A"
which their name is likewise said to signify.]
Lucan. 2, v. 51. on conjugal affection, commended ºf *
Suffºnus, a Latin poet in the age of Ca tial, ep. 35, now lost. . . . .

tullus. He was but of moderate abilities, ś Lex, militaris, by C. Sº

but puffed up with a high idea of his own the tribune, A.U.C. 665, invested."
excellence, and therefore deservedly exposed with the full power of the war against”
to the ridicule of his contemporaries. Ca dates, of which Sylla was to be deprivel
full. 22. Another, de senatu, by Servius Suipº, tº
Suffetius, or SUFEtius. vid. Metius. tribune, A. U. C. 665. It
senators should owe more than 2000 dr.
rºl.
SuidAs, a Greek writer. [So little is
known of Suidas, that some have doubted mae. Another, de civitate, by P.Sººº. -

whether a person of this name ever existed. the tribune, A.U. C. 665. It
His name, however, is found in all the MSS. the new citizens who compos be dinkſ
º:
of his Lexicon, and is often mentioned by tribes lately created, should terhoº
Eustathius in his commentary on Homer. among the 35 old tribes, as a great a de rº
He seems to have flourished between 900 and —Another, called also Semprom P. Stº
1025 B.C. He is the author of a Lexicon gione, by P. Sulpicius Saverrio, ! º
compiled from various authors. It differs es pronius Sophus, consuls, A.U.9 º
sentially from other works of this kind, in forbad any person to consecrate" º
giving not only the explanation of words, altar without the permission ofthe “”
but, at the same time, an historical notice of the majority of the tribunes. an illunº
the most celebrated authors, and extracts Sulpitiss, or SULPicids,
icºla"
from their works. On account of the pecu family at Rome, of whom the mos djctatºr
liar uniformity of style which prevails in the are—Peticus, a man chos" utili
biographical notices, it has been conjectured against the Gauls. His troop” º
that Suidas borrowed them all from some when firstthe
engaged he took
enemy and totally,”.
the field l
Onomasticon; and from an expression which
he himself uses in the article Hesychius, them. Liv.º.—º. Pater".
sent against the Carthaginians. Heº
some have been led to believe that a work
of the latter furnished him with his chief ed Sardinia and Corsica, and ob" ºl. He |.
materials. In making his compilation, how plete victory over the enemy ...durn "
ver, Suidas has *::Feat negligence, and was honoured with a triumph" *

4
—º-
 Skſ SU

Rome. Id. 17.—Spurius, one of the in the Acropolis might be seen from Sunium,
2e commissioners whom the Romans sent a straight line of nearly 30 miles.] Plin. 4,
-ollect the best laws which could be found c. 7. —Strab. 9.-Paus. 1, c. i.-Cic. ad At
he different cities and republics of Greece. tic. 7, ep. 3, 1. 13, ep. 10.
3. c. 10. consuls
One of the first who
Suovet Aurilla, a sacrifice among the Ro
eived intelligence that a conspiracy was mans, which consisted of the immolation of
ned in Rome to restore the Tarquins to a sow (sus,) a sheep (oris,) and a bull (tau
ver, &c.--P. Galba, a Roman consul rus,) whence the name. It was generally
o signalized himself greatly during the observed every fifth year.
which his countrymen waged against SupéruM MARE, a name of the Adriatic
Achaeans and the Macedonians. Se Sea, because it was situate above Italy. The
us, a writer. vid. Severus.——Publius, name of Mare Inſerum was applied for the
of the associates of Marius, well known opposite reasons to the sea below Italy. Cic.
his intrigues and cruelty. He made some pro Cluent. &c.
's in favour of the allies of Rome, and he Sura, a writer in the age of the emperor
»t about 3000 young men in continual pay, Gallienus. He wrote an history of the reign
om he called his anti-senatorial band, and of the emperor. A city on the Euphrates,
h these he had often the impertinence to Another in Iberia. A river of Ger.
ack the consul in the popular assemblies. many whose waters fall into the Moselle.
became at last so seditious, that he was .Aue. in Mos.
»scribed by Sylla's adherents, and immedi SurºNA, a powerful officer in the armies
tly murdered. His head was fixed on a of Orodes, king of Parthia. His family had
le in the rostrum, where he had often the privilege of crowning the kings of Par
“le many seditious speeches in the capaci thia. He was appointed to conduct the war
of tribune. Liv.77.-C Longus, a Ro against the Romans, and to protect the king
an consul, who defeated the Samnites, and dom of Parthia against Crassus, who wished
lled 30,000 of their men. He obtained a to conquer it. He defeated the Roman tri
iumph for this celebrated victory. e was
umvir, and after he had drawn him perfi
terwards made dictator to conduct a war diously to a conference, he ordered his head
;ainst the Etrurians.—Gallus, a celebrat to be cut off. He afterwards returned to
1 astrologer in the age of Paulus. [vid. Parthia, mimicking the triumphs of the Ro
rallus.] Apollinaris, a grammarian in mans. Orodes ordered him to be put to
he age of the emperor M. Aurelius. He death, B.C. 52. Surena has been admired
•ft some letters and a few grammatical ob for his valour, his sagacity as a general, and
•rvations now lost. Cic.—Liv.–Plut.— his prudence and firmness in the execution of
'olyb.—Flor.—Eutrop. his plans ; but his perfidy, his effeminate
SuMMANus, a surname of Pluto, as prince manners, and his lasciviousness, have been
f the dead, summus manium. He had a deservedly censured. Polyten. 7.-Plut. in
emple at Rome erected during the wars Crass.
with Pyrrhus, and the Romans believed that SURRENTUM, a town of Campania, on the
he thunderbolts of Jupiter were in his power bay of Naples, famous for the wine which
luring the night. Cic. de div.–Ovid. Fast. was made in the neighbourhood. Mela, 2, c.
i., v. 731. 4.—Strab. 5-Horat. 1, ep. 17, v. 52.-Ovid.
Sunium, a promontory of Attica, about 30 JMet. 15, v. 710.-Mart. 13, ep. 110.
miles distant from the Piraeus. There was Susa, (orum,) a celebrated city of Asia, the
here a small harbour, as also a town. Mi chief town of Susiana, and the capital of the
terva had there a beautiful temple, whence Persian empire. [It is called in Scripture
he was called Sunias. There are still ex Shushan, and was built on the banks of the
ant some ruins of this temple. [Nine co Eulaeus, called, by the prophet Daniel, Ulai.
umns, without their entablatures, front the Some ascribe its erection to Memnon, but see
lea, in a line from west-north-west to east remarks under that article. It was called
south-east ; three are standing on the side Susa from the number of lilies in its vicinity,
towards the land, on the north ; and two, which, in the Persian language, bore that
with a pilaster, next to the corner-one of the name.] Cyrus took it. The walls of Susa
northern columns, towards the sea on the were above 120 stadia in circumference. The
east : and there is a solitary one on the south treasures of the king of Persia were ge
eastern side. This last has obtained for the nerally kept there, and the royal palace was
Promontory, the name of Cape Colonn, or the built with white marble, and its pillars were
*pe of the column. Sunium was considered covered with gold and precious stones. [Alex
by the Athenians an important post, and as auder found in it 50,000 talents of gold,
much a town as the Piraeus, but could not have besides jewels of inestimable value, and an
been very large, according to Hobhouse, who immense quantity of gold and silver vessels.]
is of opinion that when Euripides styles it the It was usual with the kings of Persia to spend
“rich rock of Sunium” in his Cyclops, he al the summer at Ecbatana, and the winter at
ludes to the wealth of the temple, not to the Susa, because the climate was more warm
fertility of the soil. The same writer justly there than at any other royal residence.
considers the assertion of Pausanias to be un Some have supposed that the present city of
worthy of belief, when he states that the Shuster arose from the ruins of the ancient
 SY SY

—Strab. 15.-Xenoph. Cyr.—Propert. 2, el. of the earth by Eratosthenes. In the

13.-Claudian. according to Strabo, a well was suck. "
Susarion, a Greek poet of Megara, who marked the summer-solstice, and the irº
is supposed with Dolon to have been the in known when the style of the sun-diala:
ventor of comedy, and to have first introduced shade at noon; at that instant the ter.
it at Athens on a moveable stage, B. C. 562. sun darted his rays to the bottom of the v
SusläN1, or Susis, a country of Asia, of The observations of the French astrºs
which the capital was called Susa, situate at place Assuan in Lat. 24° 5' 23 of tº
the east of Assyria. Lilies grow in great titude. If this place was formerly smas
abundance in Susiana, and it is from that under the tropic, the position of the ºri
plant that the province received its name, must be a little altered, and the obliq=n.
according to some, as Shushan is the name of the ecliptic diminished. But we shºe
a lily in Persian. aware of the vagueness of observatier-sº
SusinA: PYLAE, narrow passes over moun by the ancients, which have coaferre: e.
tains, from Susiana into Persia. Curt. 5, c. 3. much celebrity on these places. The pººl
SUT HUL, a town of Numidia where the nomenon of the extinction of the **
king's treasures were kept. Sall. Jug. 37. whether within a deep pit, or round . Fl
SUTRIUM, a town of Etruria, about 24 pendicular gnomon, is not confined tº
miles north-west of Rome. Some suppose exact mathematical position of the sº
that the phrase Ire Sutrium, to act with dis is common to a certain extent cf intº
patch, arises from the celerity with which corresponding to the visible diameter ºf a
Camillus recovered the place, but Festus ex luminary, which is more than half a dº
plains it differently. Plaut. Caes. 3, 1, v. 10. It would be sufficient, therefore, tha: t
—Liv. 26, c. 34.—Paterc. 1, c. 14.—Liv. 9, northern margin of the sun's dise º
c. 32. reach the zenith of Syene on the day aſ tº
SYāghus, an ancient poet, the first who summer-solstice, to abolish all laters; es |
wrote on the Trojan war. He is called Sa dow of a perpendicular object. Mow, intº
garis, by Diogenes Laertius, who adds, that second"century, the obliquity ofthe eclipt:
he lived in Homer's age, of whom he was reckoned from the observations of Hippº
the rival. AClian. V. H. 14, c. 21. chus, was 23° 49'25". If weadd the semi
SYBARIs, a river of Lucania in Italy, whose ameter of the sun, which is 1557, we fadiº
waters were said to render men more strong the northern margin 24°52′, which -
and robust. Strab. 6.-Plin. 3, c. 11, 1.31, within a second of the actuallatitude ºf Syee
c. 2. There was a town of the same name, At present, when the obliquity ºf the eclipt.
on its banks on the bay of Tarentum, which is 23° 28′, the northern limboithesºn core
had been ſounded by a colony of Achaeans. no nearer the latitude of Syene than ºf J
Sybaris became very powerful, and in its most yet the shadow is scarcely perceptible. *
flourishing situation it had the command of have, therefore, no imperious reasºn ºf *
four neighbouring nations, of 25 towns, and mitting a greater diminution in the tº
could send an army of 30,000 men into the of the ecliptic than that which is hºs”
field. The walls of the city were said to ex by real astronomical observation ºf tº
tend six miles and a half in circumference, most authentic and exact kind. That *
and the suburbs covered the banks of the the well of Syene is not among the annº
Crathis for the space of seven miles. It of these last, and can give us no assiºn
made a long and vigorous resistance against ascertaining the position of the trºpº”.
the neighbouring town of Crotona, till centuries ago, as some respectable tº *
it was at last totally reduced by the disciples science seem to have believed—Naº Pº
of Pythagoras, B. C. 308. Sybaris was de sents a peculiar spectacle around Sº
stroyed no less than five times, and always Here are the terraces of reddish gº
repaired. Its downfall was owing to the ex a particular character, hence calledº
treme corruption which seized upon the mo a term applied to those rock, whº
rals of its inhabitants. Their character in from granite in containing particleº
this respect was such, that the word Sybarite blende, these mighty terrate, hº
became proverbial to intimate a man devoted peaks, cross the bed of the Nilº and gºt
to pleasure. [The city of Thurium was them the river rolls majestically ***
afterwards founded on or near the site of Sy tuous and ſoaming waves. He "ºf
baris. vid. Thurium.] Diod 12.—Strab. 6. quarries from which the obeliº id:
—JElian. W. H. 9, c. 24.—Martial. 12, ep. sal statues of the Egyptian templº
96.—Plut. in Pelop. &c.—Plin. 3, c. 10. An obelisk, partially formed tº *.*.
SYBARita, an inhabitant of Sybaris. [rid. maining attached to the native .
Sybaris.] testimony to the laborious and Pº
SY ENE, now Assuan, a town of Thebais, of human art.” Strab. 1 and i-ºº:
on the extremities of Egypt. Juvenal the 9–Plin. 26, c. 8–orid tº Pº
poet was banished there on pretence of com v. 79, Tºſº. 5, v. 74-Lucan.***
manding a praetorian cohort stationed in the 8, v. 851, l. 10, v. 234. - -

neighbourhood. | is famous for being the SynEsius, a Cilician, who, with º:

place where the first attempt was made to of Babylon, concluded a peace".
ascertain the measure of the circumference attes, king of Lydia, and Cyana". kin;
786
 SY SY

va, while both armies were terrified by a ſcrates and Plato had often disputed, spared
en eclipse of the sun, B.C. 585. Hero the city of Athens, which he had devoted to
I - c. 74. destruction, and forgave the living for the
isis Nºsts, a satrap of Cilicia, when Cy sake of the dead. Two celebrated battles at
nade war against his brother Artaxerxes. Cheronaea and Orchomenos rendered him
vished to favour both the brothers by master of Greece. He crossed the Helles
\og one of his sons in the army of Cyrus pont, and attacked Mithridates in the very
another to Artaxerxes. heart of his kingdom. The artful monarch,
x L.L.A., (L. Cornelius,) a celebrated Ro who well knew the valour and perseverance
of a noble family. The poverty of his of his adversary, made proposals of peace;
y years was relieved by the liberality of and Sylla, whose interest at home was then
courtezan Nicopolis, who left him heir decreasing, did not hesitate to put an end to
. Yarge fortune ; and, with the addition of a war which had rendered him master of so
immense wealth of his mother-in-law, much territory, and which enabled him to
soon appeared one of the most opulent of return to Rome like a conqueror, and to dis
Romans. He first entered the army un pute with his rival the sovereignty of the re
the great Marius, whom he accompa public with a victorious army. Muraena was
1 in Numidia in the capacity of questor. left at the head of the Roman forces in Asia,
rendered himself conspicuous in military and Sylla hastened to Italy. In the plains of
irs ; and Bocchus, one of the princes of Campania he was met by a few of his adhe
midia, delivered Jugurtha into his hands rents, whom the success of his rivals had ba
the Roman consul. The rising fame of nished from the capital, and he was soon in
..la gave umbrage to Marius, who was al. formed, that if he wished to contend with
ys jealous of an equal, as well as of a su Marius he must encounter fifteen generals,
rior ; but the ill language which he might followed by 25 well-disciplined legions. In
2, rather inflamed than extinguished the these critical circumstances he had recourse
abition of Sylla. He left the conqueror of to artifice, and while he proposed terms of
gurtha, and carried arms under Catulus. accommodation to his adversaries he secret
me time after he obtained the praetorship, ly strengthened himself, and saw with plea
ld was appointed by the Roman senate to sure his armies daily increase by the revolt
ace Ariobarzanes on the throne of Cappa of soldiers whom his bribes or promises had
scia, against the views and interest of Mi corrupted. Pompey, who afterwards merit
\ridates king of Pontus. This he easily eſ ed the surname of Great, embraced his
cted, one battle left him victorious; and be. cause, and marched to his camp with three
»re he quitted the plains of Asia, the Roman legions. Soon after he appeared in the field
ractor had the satisfaction to receive in his with advantage ; the confidence of Marius
amp the ambassadors of the king of Parthia, decayed with his power, and Sylla entered
who wished to make a treaty of alliance with Rome like a tyrant and a conqueror. The
he Romans. Sylla received them with haugh streets were daily filled with dead bodies,
iness, and behaved with such arrogance, that and 7000 citizens, to whom the conqueror
ine of them exclaimed, Surely this man vs had promised pardon, were suddenly massa
master of the world, or doomed, to be such cred in the circus. The senate, at that time
At his return to Rome, he was commissioned assembled in the temple of Bellona, heard
to finish the war with the Marsi, and when the shrieks of their dying countrymen; and
this was successfully ended, he was rewarded when they inquired into the cause of it, Sylla
with the consulship, in the 50th year of his replied: They are only a few rebels whom
age. In this capacity he wished to have the I have ordered to be chastised. If this had
administration of the Mithridatic war; but he been the last and most dismal scene, Rome
found an obstinate adversary in Marius, and might have been called happy ; but it was
he attained the summit of his wishes only only the beginning of her misfortunes, each
when he had entered Rome sword in hand. succeeding day exhibited a greater number of
After he had slaughtered all his enemies, set slaughtered bodies, and when one of the se
a price upon the head of Marius, and put to nators had the boldness to ask the tyrant
Weath the tribune Sulpitius, who had continu when he meant to stop his cruelties, Sylla,
ally opposed his views, he marched towards with an air of unconcern, answered, that he
Asia, and disregarded the flames of discord had not yet determined, but that he would
which he left behind him unextinguished. Mi take it into his consideration. The slaughter
thridates was already master of the greatest was continued, a list of such as were proscrib
part of Greece; and Sylla, when he reached ed was daily stuck in the public streets. The
*coast of Peloponnesus, was delayed by the slave was rewarded to bring his master's head,
siege of Athens and of the Piraeus. His ope and the son was not ashamed to imbrue his
rations were carried on with vigour, and when hands in the blood of his father for money.
*ſound his money fail, he made no scruple No less than 4700 of the most powerful and
*ake the riches of the temples of the gods opulent were slain, and Sylla wished the
**be his soldiers and render them devoted Romans to forget his cruelties in aspiring to
***ervice. His boldness succeeded, the the title of perpetual dictator. In this capa
*us surrendered ; and the conqueror, as if city he made new laws, abrogated such as
*with reverence at the beautiful porti. were inimical to his views, and changed
* where the philosophic followers of So every regulation where his ambition was ob"
 SY, SY
-
-

structed. After he had finished whatever SylvåNus, a god of the woods- (-

the most absolute sovereign may do, from vanus.) -

his own will and authority, Sylla abdicated Sylvia, or IL1A, the mother of H---
the dictatorial power and retired to a solita (rid. Rhea.)
ry retreat at Puteoli, where he spent the rest Sylvius, a son of Æneas by Lavina -
of his days, if not in literary ease and tran whom afterwards all the kings of Aita -
called Sylvii. Virg. AEn-6. v. 7 tº
quillity, yet far from the noise of arms, in the
midst of riot and debauchery. The compa SYMMAchus [a Roman senator - -
nions of his retirement were the most base fourth century, who became prefect on hº
and licentious of the populace, and Sylla nontiff, augur, and proconsul ºf Afrº- *
took pleasure still to wallow in voluptuous vigorously resisted the changes that wrº
ness, though on the verge of life, and cover made in the national religion by the triº:
ed with infirmities. His intemperance has of christianity, and headed a deputsºº-º-
tened his end, his blood was corrupted, and the senate to the emperor Valeutinian --r
an imposthume was bred in his bowels. He questing the re-establishment of prº
at last died in the greatest torments of the Vestals, and of the altar of victory. The sº
lousy disease, about 78 years before Christ, plication was resisted by St. Ambrose, tº
of Milan, who composed an answer tatter
in the 60th year of his age; and it has been
tition of Symmachus, as did also the Pºe
observed, that like Marius, on his death-bed,
Prudentius. Symmachus lost his ease ini
he wished to drown the stings of conscience
for some reason was banished by Valent
and remorse by continual intoxication. His
or Theodosius, the latter of whom reas:
funeral was very magnificent; his body was
him, and raised him to the consulship, A.I.
attended by the senate and the vestal virgins,
and hymns were sung to celebrate his ex 391. The petition above mentiºned, is prº
ploits and to honour his memory. A mo served in the ten books of Symºsetº
nument was erected in the field of Mars, on epistles still extant. His oratory was ºr
which apppeared an inscription written by kind which characterized the decline of H
himself, in which he said, the good services man literature. “The luxuriancy of Sº
he had received from his friends, and the in machus,” says Gibbon, “ consists of barres
juries of his enemies had been returned with leaves without fruit, and even without flow
unexampled usury. The character of Sylla ers. Few facts and few sentiºnents can be
is that of an ambitious, dissimulating, credu. extracted from his verbose correspondence."
lous, tyrannical, debauched, and resolute Of these epistles the best edition is that of
commander. He was revengeful in the high Scioppius, Mogunt. 1608, 4to.)
est degree, and the surname of Felir, or the Symple:GKDEs or CY ANEE, two islati
fortunate, which he assumed, showed that he or rocks, at the entrance of the Euxine Sea
was more indebted to fortune than to valour (vid. Cyaneae.)
for the great ſame he had acquired. But in SYN cellus, ſome of the Byzantine histor
the midst of all this, who cannot admire the ans, who derived his name from his being
moderation and philosophy of a man, who, syncellus, or “ constant resident” with Ti
when absolute master of a republic which rassias, patriarch of Constantinople. Sº
he has procured by his cruelty and avarice, cellus lived in the time of Charlenazi.e., sº
silently abdicates the sovereign power, chal began to write his history in 792, but was
lenges a critical examination of his adminis prevented by death from extending it beyond
tration, and retires to live securely in the the times of Maximian and Maximit tº
midst of thousands whom he has injured and is valuable for the account of the Egy tas
offended? The Romans were pleased and as dynastics. It was published by Goar, Fans
tonished at his abdication; and when the in 1652, fol.]
solence of a young man had been vented Synesius, [a native of Cyrene, of table
against the dictator, he calmly answered, extraction, who, on his conversion to Christ
This usage may perhaps deter another to re anity, was made bishop of Ptolemais. Seve
sign his power to follow my example, if ever ral of his writings, and 155 of his epistles are
he becomes absolute. Sylla has been com extant. His style is characterized as bei;
mended for the patronage he gave to the arts lofty and dignified, and inclining to the pºet
and sciences. He brought to Rome the ex cal and rhetorical.] The last edition is in
tensive library of Apellicon, the Peripatetic 8vo. Paris, 1605; inferior, however, to the
philosopher, in which were the works of editio princeps by Petavius, fol. Paris, 1612.
Aristotle and Theophrastus, and he himself SYNNAs, (adis,) or SYNNADA, (plur) ſº
composed 22 books of memoirs concern. town of Phrygia, north west of the plan &
ing himself. Cie. in Kerr. &c.—C. Nep. In Ipsus. Between this place and Docimarum,
-4ttie.-Palerc. 2, c. 17, &c.—Lin. 75. &c.— which lay to the north-west, were famous
Paus. 1, c. 20-Flor. 3, c. 5, &c. l. 4, c. 2, marble-quarries, whence a beautiful kind a
&º--ºl. Mar. 12, &c.—Polyb. 5–Justin. white marble, with red spots, was obtaited.
37 and 38.-Europ. 5, c. 2.--Plut. in vità. This was held in very high repute by the Re
-**phew of the dictator, who conspired mans, and much used in buildings. The
against his country, because he had been Romans named this marble after the town aſ
Another of his consulship
deprivedrelation for bribery.
who also joined Synnada,
in the same of lapis called
the country Synnadicus ; theAºxurts;
it at8s: inhabitants
tr.
•onspiracy. |Aoxtuator, from Docimaeum. Strabo speaks
788
s SY SY
iii.; - --——
of the high degree of value attached to it, In the age of the elder Dionysius, an army
us and of slabs and columns of it having been of 100,000 foot and 10,000 horse, and 400
transported to Rome at a vast expense.] ships were kept in constant pay. It fell into
tº Strab. 12.—Claudian. in Eutr. 2.-Martia . the hands of the Romans, under Marcellus,
st 9, ep. 77.—Stat. 1, Sylr. 5, v. 41. after a siege of three years, B.C. 212. Of the
SYPHAx, a king of the Masaesyli in Li four ancient quarters of Syracuse, Ortygia
bya, who married Sophonisba, the daughter alone is now remaining; it is about two miles
; , of Asdrubal, and forsook the alliance of the round, and supposed to contain about 17,000
... Romans to join himself to the interest of his inhabitants. There are some remains, how
father-in-law, and of Carthage. [Encamping ever, still visible of the ancient Syracuse, in
... his army apart from that of Asdrubal, both the ruins of porticoes, temples, and palaces.
camps were in the night surprised and burnt The famous fountain of Arethusa rose in the
º, by Scipio. Afterwards, in a general engage island of Ortygia, but its spring is now dried
ment, the united Carthaginian and Numidian up.] Cie. in Verr. 4, c. 52 and 53.—Strab.
armies were defeated. Syphax, upon this, 1 and 8-C. Nep.–Mela, 2, c. 7.—Liv. 23,
... hastened back to his own country, but, be &c.—Plut. in JMarcell. &c.—Flor. 2, c. 6.-
ing pursued by Laelius and Masinissa, he, to Ital. 14, v. 278.
gether with his son Vermina, was taken pri Synia, a large country of Asia, whose
. soner, and brought back to Scipio.] The boundaries are not accurately ascertained by
conqueror carried him to Rome, where he the ancients. Syria, generally speaking, was
adorned his triumph. Syphax died in prison, bounded on the east by the Euphrºtes [and
201 years before Christ, and his possessions a small portion of Arabia,] north by Mount
were given to Masinissa. According to some, Taurus, west by the Mediterranean, and
the descendants of Syphax reigned for some south by Egypt and Arabia Petraea. It
time over a part of Numidia, and continued was divided into several districts and provin
to make opposition to the Romans. Lav. 24, ces, among which were Phoenicia, Seleucis,
&c.—Plut. in Scip.–Flor. 2, c.6.-Polyb – Judea or Palestine, Mesopotamia, Babylon,
Jtal. 16, v. 171 and 118.-Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 769. and Assyria. [Syria is called in Scripture
SYRAcosia, festivals at Syracuse, celebrat Aram, and the inhabitants Aramaeans, a name
ed during ten days, in which women were derived from Aram the fifth son of Shem, the
" busily employed in offering sacrifices. – father of the Syrians. Mesopotamia is also
* Another, yearly observed near the lake of called Aram in the sacred text, but the appel
Syracuse, where, as they supposed, Pluto lation Naharim, i.e. “between the rivers,” is
had disappeared with Proserpine. always added for distinction sake to the latter.
SYRAcúsà, a celebrated city of Sicily, The name which has been transmitted to us
founded about 732 years before the Christian by the Greeks is a corruption or abridgment
era, by Archias a Corinthian, and one of the of Assyria, which was first adopted by the
Heraclidae. In its flourishing state it extend Ionians who frequented these coasts after the
ed 22% English miles in circumference, and Assyrians of Nineveh had reduced this coun
was divided into 4 districts, Ortygia, Acra. try to be a province of their empire about
dina, Tyche, and Neapolis, to which some 750 B.C. The Greeks, however, were not
add a fifth division, Epipolae, a district little unacquainted with the term Aramaeans, but
inhabited. These were themselves separate they gave it a wide appellation, making it
cities. [The whole was encompassed by a comprehend the Syrians, the inhabitants of
triple wall, so flanked with towers and castles Mesopotamia, the Assyrians, and the White
at proper distances, as to be almost impreg Syrians or Leuco-Syrii, as far as Pontus, be
nable.] Syracuse had two capacious har cause they saw that all these nations used a
bours, separated from one another by the isl common language, the same customs, and the
and of Ortygia. The greatest harbour was same religious faith..] Syria was subjected
above 5000 paces in circumference. and its to the monarchs of Persia; but after the death
entrance 500 paces wide. The people of Sy of Alexander the Great, Seleucus, surnamed
racuse were very opulent and powerful, and Nicator, who had received this province as
though subject to tyrants, they were masters his lot in the division of the Macedonian do
of vast possessions and dependent states. The minions, raised it into an empire, known in
city of Syracuse was well built, its houses history by the name of the kingdom of Syria
were stately and magnificent; and it has been or Babylon, B. C. 312. Seleucus died after
said, that it produced the best and most ex a reign of 32 years, and his successors, sur
cellent of men when they were virtuous, but named the Seleucidae, ascended the throne in
the most wicked and depraved when addict the following order; Antiochus, surnamed So
ed to vicious pursuits. The women of Syra. ter, 280 B.C.; Antiochus Theos, 261 ; Se
cuse were not permitted to adorn themselves leucus Callinicus, 246; Seleucus Ceraunus,
with gold, or wear costly garments, ex. 226; Antiochus the Great, 223; Seleucus
cept such as prostituted themselves. Syra Philopator, 187; Antiochus Epiphanes, 175;
cuse gave birth to Theocritus and Archime Antiochus Eupator, 164; Demetrius Soter,
des. It was under different governments; and 162; Alex. Balas, 150; Demetrius Nicator,
after being freed from the tyranny of Thra. 146; Antiochus the Sixth, 144; Diodotus
, sybulus, B.C. 446, it enjoyed security for Tryphon, 143; Antiochus Sidetes, 139;
61 years, till the usurpation of the Dionysii, Demetrius Nicator restored, 130; Alexan
who were expelled by Timoleon, B. c.343. der Zebina, 127, who was dethroned by
*
739
 TA TA

Antiochus Grypus, 123; Antiochus Cyzice SYRTEs, [two gulfs on the northern a
nus, 112, who takes part of Syria, which he of Africa, one called Syrtis Miner, cº
calls Coelesyria; Philip and Demetrius Eu coast of Byzacium, and now the Gulf of Cº |
cerus, 93, and in Coelesyria, Antiochus Pius; the other called Syrtis Major, on the ºr
Aretas was king of Coelesyria. 85; Tigranes, of Cyrenaica, now the Gulf of Sidra. T
king of Armenia, 83; and Antiochus Asia former is supposed to derive its sº
ticus, 69, who was dethroned by Pompey, name from the city of Tacape, which was
B. C. 65; in consequence of which Syria the head of it, that of the latter is a cºrrº
became a Roman province. He odot. 2, 3 tion from the ancient name Syrtis. Tº
and 7 –Apellon. 1...A. g.—Strab. 12 and 16.- term Syrtis, if it has not a more ancient ºr "
C. Nep. in Dat.—Mela. 1, c. 2.-Ptol. 5, c. ental etymology, seems to be derived in
6.—Curt. 6.—Dionys. Perieg. the Greek rve uv, trahere, and has refereº
SYRIAcu M MARE, that part of the Medi to the effect of the winds and waves ºn
terranean Sea which is on the coast of Phoe the quicksands in these two gulfs. The
nicia and Syria. Syrtis Minor is about 45 geographical me
SYRINx, a nymph of Arcadia, daughter in breadth, and runs up into the casuse:
of the river La lon. Pan became enamour about 75 miles. It is still an object ºf º
ed of her, and attempted to offer her violence; prehension to sailors, in consequence cf the
but Syrinx escaped, and at her own request variations and uncertainties of the tides º
was changed by the gods into a reed called a flat and shelvy coast. The Syrtis Mºr
Syrinx by the Greeks. The god made him is about 180 geographical miles between the
self a pipe with the reeds into which his two capes, and penetrates 100 miles intº tº
favourite nymph had been changed. Ovid. land.] The word has been used to decº
JMet. 1, v 691.-Martial. 9, ep. 63. any part of the sea of which the navigatº
Sy Rophoenix, the name of an inhabitant was attended with danger either from whº
of the maritime coast of Syria. Juv. 8. pools or hidden rocks. Mela, 1, c. 7.1.2 t
SYRos, one of the Cyclades in the AEgean 7.—Virg. JEn. 4, v.41.-Lucan. 9, 303–
Sea, at the [west] of Delos, about 20 miles in Sallurt. in Jug.
circumference, very fruitful in wine and corn SYRus, an island. (rid. Syros.)—A
of all sorts. The inhabitants lived to a great writer. (vid Publius.)
old age, because the air was wholesome. Ho SysigAMBIs, the mother of Darius. (rºd
mer. Od. 15, v.504.—Strab. 10.—Mela. 2, c. 7. (Sisygambis,)
*

TA TA
TAAUTEs, a Phoenician deity, the same This plain is of an oblong figure, like the
as the Saturn of the Latins, and probably the mountain itself, and three thousand paces in
Thoth or Thaut, the Mercury of the Fgyp circuit. On this plain there once stººd a
tians. Cuc. de N. D. 3, c. 22–Varro. city, probably the same with the city later
TABELLARIA LEGEs, [laws passed at va. in the tribe of Zabulon, mentioned ºn 1
rious times for the purpose of enabling the Chron. 5, c. 77. There is a small height a
Roman commons to vote by ballot, and no the eastern side, which is the place, where,
longer vivá voce. The object of these laws according to tradition, our Lord was transf
was to diminish the power of the nobility. gured. St. Helena built a handsome church
Voting by ba'lot was allowed by the Gabinian on this spot in memory of that event, but it
iaw A. U. C. 614, in conferring honours: is now in ruins. Some writers maintair,
two years after, at all trials except for treahowever, that the scene of the transfiguration
son, by the Cassian law : in passing laws, by was upon Mount Panium, near Caesarea Ph.
the Papirian law, A. U. C. 622; and lastly. lippi.]
in trials for treason, also by the Caelian law, TABRACA, a maritime town of Africa, near
A. U. C. 630.] Hippo, made a Roman colony. The negº
TABERNA: Novae, a street in Rome where bouring forests abounded with monkeys. Jur.
shops were built. Liv. 3, c. 48. –Rhena 10, v. 194.—Plin. 5, c. 3.--Mela, 1, c. 7–
nac, a town of Germany on the confluence of Ital. 3, v. 256.
the Felbach and the Rhine, now Rhin-Za TABURNus; a mountain of Campania.
bern. Rigua, now Bern-Castel, on the
which abounded with olives. Pirg. G. : :
Mºselle. Triboccorum, a town of Alsace 38. JEn. 12, v. 715.
in France, now Saverne. TAcAPE, a town of Africa, 9.
the head of
..Tabor, [a mountain of Gallilee, west of the Syrtis Minor. It is now Cabes; near it
Tiberias, and south-east of Dio-Cesarea. It
was called Itabyrius by the Greeks. Jose. were some medicinal waters, called Agus
Tacapina, now El-Hamma.]
phus makes it .30 furlongs in height anºi 26 Tacfarinas, a Numidian who command.
ºn compass. It is an insulated mountain, ed an army against the Romans in the reign
(whence its name, Tabor in Hebrew signify of Tiberius. He had formerly served in tº
ing separate J and is situate in the plain of
Roman legions, but in the character of an
Esdraelon, having a level and extensive area enemy, he displayed the most inveterate
* the summit, very fertile and pleasant hatred against his benefactor. After he had
790 -
 TA
º
**
TA
*-
everally defeated the officers of Tiberius, he college of Quindecimviri. In A. D. 78, he
"was at last routed and killed in the field of married the daughter of Julius Agricola. On
ºattle, fighting with uncommon fury, by Do. the death of his father-in-law in A. D. 93, he
abella. Tacit. Ann. 2, &c. quitted Rome, but returned to it in the year
" Tachos, or Taohus, a king of Egypt, in 97 when Nerva was on the throne. This
* he reign of Artaxerxes Ochus, against prince named him successor in the consulship
whom he sustained a long war. He was as to Virginius Rufus, who had Just died. Sub
sisted by the Greeks, but his confidence in sequently, however, he quitted public affairs,
* Agesilaus, king of Lacedæmon, proved fatal and gave himself up in private to his histori
* to him. Chabrias, the Athenian, had been cal compositions. The period of his death
* intrusted with the fleet of the Egyptian mo is not known.] The friendly intercourse of
narch, and Agesilaus was left with the com Pliny and Tacitus has often been admired,
tº mand of the mercenary army. The Lace and many have observed, that the familiari
daemonian disregarded his engagements, and ty of these two great men arose from similar
by joining with Nectanebus, who had revolt principles, and a perfect conformity of man
sed from Tachus, he ruined the affairs of the ners and opinions. Yet Tacitus was as much
monarch, and obliged him to save his life by the friend of a republican government as
ºflight. Some observe that Agesilaus acted Pliny was an admirer of the imperial power,
with that duplicity to avenge himself upon and of the short-lived virtues of his patron
Tachus, who had insolently ridiculed his short Trajan. Pliny gained the hearts of his ad
and deformed stature. The expectations of herents by affability, and all the elegant gra
Tachus had been raised by the ſame of Age ces which became the courtier and the fa
silaus ; but when he saw the lame monarch, vourite, while Tacitus conciliated the esteem
he repeated on the occasion the fable of the of the world by his virtuous conduct, which
mountain which brought forth a mouse, upon prudence and love of honour ever guided.
which Agesilaus replied with asperity, The friendship of Tacitus and of Pliny al
though he called him a mouse yet he soon most became proverbial, and one was scarce
should find him to be a lion. C. Nep. in mentioned without the other, as the follow
...Agnes. ing instance may indicate. At the exhibition
TAcitA, a goddess who presided over si of the spectacles in the circus, Tacitus had a
lence. Numa, as some say, paid particular long conversation on different subjects with
veneration to this divinity. a Roman kuight with whom he was unac
TAcitus, (C. Cornelius,) a celebrated quainted ; and when the knight asked him
- Latin historian, born towards the beginning whether he was a native of Italy, the histo
of the reign of Nero. [The exact year can rian told him that he was not unknown to
not be ascertained, but as Pliny the young him, and that for their distant acquaiulance
er informs us that he and Tacitus were near he was indebted to literature. Then you are,
ly of the same age, it is supposed that Taci replied the kni ht, either Tacitus or Pliny.
tus was born A. U. C. 809 or 810, about the The time of Tacitus was not employed in
6th year of Nero's reign. The place of his trivial pursuits, the orator might have been
nativity is no where mentioned.] His father now forgotten if the historian had not flou
was a Roman knight, who had been appoint rished. Tacitus wrote a treatise on the man
ed governor of Belgic Gaul. The native ners of the Germans, a composition admired
genius, and the rising talents of Tacitus, were for the fidelity and exactness with which it
beheld with rapture by the emperor Vespa is executed, though some have declared that
sian, and as he wished to protect and patro the historian delineate manners and customs
nize merit, he raised the young historian to with which he was not acquainted, aud which
places of trust and honour. The succeeding never existed. [In this treatise but little
emperors were no less partial to Tacitus, and reliance can be placed on the geographical
Domitian seemed to forget his cruelties, when notices of Tacitus, which are very defective.
virtue and innocence claimed his patronage. His remarks on the manners, usages, and
[Tacitus himself ſurmishes a solution of this political institutions of this people are, on the
strange conduct on the part of Domitian. other hand, peculiarly valuable. The histo
Agricola, he tells us, had the address to re rian is supposed by the best critics to have
strain the headlong violence of the tyrant by derived his principal information relative to
his prudence and moderation. Tacitus imi the Germans from persons who had served
tated this line of conduct, and instead of giv against them, and in particular from Virgi
ing umbrage to the prince and provoking the nus Rufus, who, as we learn from the letters
tools of power, he was content to display his of Pliny, was the friend oi Tacitus. The
eloquence at the bar. Tacitus had a talent great work also of the elder Pliny on Ger
for poetry, and his verses most probably many, now lost, must have been an import
served to ingratiate him with the tyrant who ant aid. As to the object of the historian in
affected to be a votary of the muses. If in composing this work, some have even gone
addition to this he was the author of a book so far as to suppose that his sole intention
of apophthegms called Facetia, that very was to satirize the corrupt morals of his con
amusement could not fail to prove successful temporaries by holding forth to view an ideal
in gaining for him the notice of Domitian. and highly coloured picture of barbarian vir
By this emperor Tacitus was made praetor, tue. According to these same writers his
A. D. 88; he was
----
one of the object was to bring * his countrymen tº
also appointed vºw
- -----rrve-vºws
 TA TA --

- st

their ancient simplicity of manners, and thus to us of this work, the first four book,
oppose an effectual barrier to those enemies of the fifth, and from the eleventh tothº
which menaced the safety of their descend teenth inclusive, excepting the end ºt
ants. But a perusal of the work in question fourteenth. The portion that we have4*
destroys all this fanciful hypothesis. The annals, contains the reign of Tiberia a
analogy between many of the rude manners close of that of Claudius, and almºst a
of the early Germans and those of the abol whole of Nero's. We want the regrº
gines of our own country, at once stamps the Caligula and the beginning of that ºf C*
work with the seal of truth. What if Taci dius ) The history of the reign of Tº
tus dwells with a certain predilection upou Caius, Claudius, and Nero, was treated ºn 1 r.
the simple manners of Germany it surely accuracy and attention, yet we are tº
is natural in one who had become disgusted ment the loss of the history of the ſt:
with the excesses of Italy. We are not to Caius, and the beginning of that of Călie
suppose, however, that this work of Tacitus Tacitus had reserved for his old age tº *
is free from errors. The very manner in tory of the reign of Nerva and Trºjana
which he acquired his information on this he also proposed to give to the world uk
subject must have led to misconceptions and count of the interesting administrationals a
mistakes. Religious prejudices also served gustus; but these important subjects ºf
occasionally to mislead the historian, who be employed the pen of the historian. Tº tº
held the traces of Greek and Roman mytho style of Tacitus has always been almº
logy even in the north.] His life of Cn. Ju tor peculiar beauties; the thought º
lius Agricola, whose daughter he had mar great; there is sublimity, force, wrºta
ried, is celebrated ſor its purity, elegance, and energy; every thing is treated with Preciº
the many excellent instructions and import and dignity; yet many have called hiaº
ant truths which it relates. [In this work scure, because he was fond of expresis"
we know not which most to admire, the no ideas in few words. This was the rºº
ble and amiable character of Agricola, or the experience and judgment, the history ºffº
truth, the sensibility, and the calm and manly copious and diffusive, while theannah.”
tone of the biography. The misfortunes of were written in his old age, are le fems;
the age had impressed on the style of Tacitus as to style, more concise, and sº "",
a character of melancholy, which gives to laboured. [The
pears to have concisenes
been modelledºftº
Tacº
*"P.ºf
the work a sombre and enchanting air. The
friendship which he felt for Agricola never Sallust. He is rich in ideas, wife.”
leads Tacitus to violate the claims of histori
his language does not suffice ºthº
cal accuracy; while at the same time he does siou of all that he thinks. His phrase.”
not attempt to conceal his indignation at the times imply far more than they expº.
policy of the Roman government, of which scurity is the natural result of all thº
Agrippa himself was sometimes the instru yet the language of Tacitus is leº
ment. The work is a model of biography.] very closeisattention.
obscurity Frequently
the offspring of design;tºº
the hi
His history of the Roman emperors is imper
fect; of the 28 years of which it treated, torian does not, from motives ºf P**
that is from the 69th to the 96th year of the press himself fully, but leaves nº
Christian era, nothing remains but the year
sagacity of the reader.] His Latinº -

69 and part of the 70th. [The history of able for being pure and classical; and t
Tacitus began with the accession of Galba, a writer in the decline of the Rºman *.
and extended to the death of Domitian. It he has not used obsolete words, ºn
phrases, or barbarous expressiºnſ." with
embraced consequently a period of 29 years. him every thing is sanctioned by * agº. w!
He had proposed to himself to add the history
of Nerva and Traian ; there is reason, how rity of the writers of the Auguº º
ever, to think that Tacitus never executed [“Who,” exclaims Muretus," arº".
this design. The number of books into which derns, even if all, who have acqui sº
the history was divided is unknown; it must skill in the Latin language, were assembº
have been considerable, since the first four in a body; who are we that presumº
books and the commencement of the fifth, nounce against an author (Tº
which are all that remains to us, embrace when the Roman language stillº" tº
merely the period of little more than one in all its splendour, (and it flourished"
year.] His annals were the most extensive time of Hadrian,) was deemed the .
and complete of his works. [The annals of quent orator of his time 2 when "".
Tacitus were in sixteen books. They em on the number of ancient auth"." st
braced the history of the events which trans works have been destroyed, whº º:
pired from the death of Augustus to that of pretend to say that the words whº j
Nero, as well as those which preceded the new in tacitus were not known º'" sº
epoch which formed the subject of the His the ancients? and yet, at the distº
tory. They must not, however, be regarded well
whennigh
the extinguished,
productions ofwegenius.”
of this day
as forming the first part of the History, since
they constitute a separate work, and are upon us a decisive tone, to condem" the ſlit.
composed on a different plan, more suitable celebrated writers, whose cooks andm m
to the recital of events of which the historian drivers understood the Latin lang”. :
had not been an eye-witness.
* Qo
There remain spoke it better than the most
- ***
 TA
liriºnolar of the present age.” To these re this production; a great number of com
*ºrks of Muretus aregard for truth compels mentators, however, ascribe it to Quintilian,
Rºstony, that iſ barbarous Latin was spoken and some to Pliny the younger. They who
the palace of Augustus, it would be no argue from the language of manuscripts,
ing very surprising ſor unclassical Latin to allege in their favour Pomponius Sabinus, a
pear in the pages of Tacilus.] In his bio grammarian who states that Tacitus had
ſº aphical sketches he displays an uncom given to the works of Maecenas the epithet
on knowledge of human nature, he paints of calamistri. Now, the passage to which the
... ery scene with a masterly hand, and gives grammarian alludes is actually found in the
lºss "ich object its proper size aud becoming 26th chapter of the dialogue under conside
lours, Affairs of importance are treated ration. The author of the dialogue, more
ith dignity, the secret causes of events over, informs us in the first chapter, that he
*ist. revolutions areinvestigated ſrom their was a very young man (juvenis j
imeval source, and the historian every when he wrote it, or at least, at the peri
here shows his reader that he was a when he supposes it to have been held in
ſend of public liberty and national inde his presence. This point of time is clearly
**ndence, a lover of truth, and of the gene determined in the 17th chapter; it was the
*al good and welfare of mankind, and an in. sixth year of the reign of Vespasian, A. D.
**terate enemy to oppression and to a ty 75. Tacitus at this period would be about
**unnical government. The history of the sixteen years of age. From what has been
º Haign of Tiberius is his master-piece: the said then it will be perceived that, as far as
- ep policy, the dissimulation and various chronology is concerned, nothing prevents
ºutrigues of this celebrated prince, are paintour regarding Tacitus as the author of the
| igºd with all the fidelity of the historian ; and
dialogue in question. It is true we find a
|Jºacitus boasted in saying that he neither marked difference between the style of the
ºngſould flatter the ſollies, or maliciously or writer of this dialogue and that of the histo
rºi artially represent the extravagance of the rian : but would not the intervening period
*everal characters he delineated. Candour of forty years sufficiently account for this
in nd impartiality where his standard, and his discrepancy, and the language of the man be
im to these essential qualifications of an different from the tone of early youth Might
ſistorian have never been disputed. It is not, too, the same writer have varied his
aid that the emperor Tacitus, who boasted style in order to adapt it to different sub
ºn being one of the descendants of the histo jects? Ought he not to assimilate his style
ian, ordered the works of his ancestor to to the various characters who bear a part
º” placed in all public libraries, and direct in the dialogue? Induced by these and other
... ºd that copies well ascertained for accuracy reasons, Pithou, Dodwell, Schulze, and many
and exactness, should be written every ten others, have given their opinion in favour of
rears, at the public expense, that so great our adhering to the titles of the manuscripts,
ind so valuable a work might not be lost. and have ascribed the dialogue to Tacitus.
The emperor Tacitus reigned only six or Rhenanus was the first who entertained
ſeven months, and his order respecting the doubts respecting the claim of Tacitus to
listorian was most probably neglected after the authorship of this production, and since
ais death. The manuscripts of the annals his time Dousa, Stephens, Freinshenius, and
ad become so scarce, that when Windelinus others no less celebrated, have contended
f Spires published his edition in 1468 or that Quintilian, not Tacitus, must be regard
'69, the last books of the work had alone ed as the true writer of the work. They
en found. Leo 10th promised a pecunia place great reliance on two passages of Quin.
recompense and indulgences to any one tilian, where that writer says expressly that
2 should find the lost portions of the work. he had composed a seperate treatise on the
of his agents, Angelo Archomboldi, dis causes of the corruption of eloquence (Inst.
red in the monastery of Corvey in West Or. 6, proën, et. 8, c. 6), as well as on many
a, a manuscript which had belonged to other passages in which this same work is
naire, a bishop, and the founder of the cited, without the author's indicating the
nt, which contained the first five books title. How can we suppose, it is asked.
aanals, the last book imperfect. Bero that either Tacitus or Pliny would be inclin
published them at Rome in 1515, by ed to treat of a subject which had already
2f the pope.] Sonne ecclesiastical been discussed by Quintilian 2 These same
flave exclaimed against Tacitus for critics observe, moreover, that there appears
ial manner in which he speaks of the to be a great analogy not only between the
! the Christians; but it should be re matters treated of in this dialogue, and those
d, that he spoke the language of the which form the subject of Quintilian's writ
and that the peculiarities of the ings, but also between his style and that of
s could not but draw upon them the work in question. But it may be replied
m and the ridicule of the Pagans, i the first place, that at the time when the
nputation of superstition. [There dialogue was written, Quintihan was already
down to us, a dialogue entitled thirty-three years of age, a period of life to
ris oratoribºes, size de causis cor which the expression juvenis admodum can
ºverifiaº.” The manuscripts and with no propriety whatever be made to ap
ns name Tacitus as the author of ply. In the next place, the argument de
5 Hº 703:
 TA TA

licia, as he was on his expedition, “ſº

duced from analogy of style is not the most distemper, |
or, according to some, he was
conclusive, since those critics who assign the |
work to Pliny or Tacitus, adduce a similar stroyed by the secret dagger of an * |
argument in support of their claims. On the on the 13th of April, in the 276th ya”- |
other hand, the argument which has been Christian era. Tacitus has been cº |
drawn from identity of title, would be a very ed for his love of learning, and it ha |
strong one, if it were not a fact that the se observed, that he never passed a dº |
cond title, which is found in modern editions, out consecrating some part of his tº
“De causis corrupta eloquentiſt," owes its reading or writing. He has been attºº
existence entirely to Lipsius, who thought fit superstition, and authors have recorder
to add this second title which he had found in he never studied on the second day ºf el
Quintilian. All the manuscripts, and the month, a day which he deemed inaupº
early editions, merely have the title “De and unlucky. Tacit. vilă.-Zozim.
claris oratoribus,” or else this one, “Dialogus TADER, a river of Spain, near Newſ.
an sui sacult oratores et quare concedant.” thage.
Another circumstance very much against the TAENARus, a promontory of Laconia ſtºl
idea of Quintilian's being the author of the now called Cape Matapan, which is a mºder
piece, is the fact of his more than once re Greek corruptionſrom the ancient=s***'.
ferring the reader to his other work for mat front,” the promontory boldy projectiº
ters of which the dialogue we are consider the Mediterranean.] There was thereakº
ing makes not the slightest mention; such, and deep cavern, whence issued a bari
for example, are the hyperbole, and exaggera: unwholesome vapour, from which cº
tion, of which he speaks in the 3d book, ch. 3 stance the poets have inagined that * *
and 6. The latest editor of Quintilian, Spald one of the entrances of hell, through *-
ing, has carefully collected all these passages, Hercules dragged Cerberus from the tº
which, in his opinion, show that Quintilian regions. This fabulous tradition arº, sº
was not the author of the dialogue.] Among cording to Pausanias, irom the coctuitº
the many excellent editions of Tacitus, these sort of a large serpent near the cavernº I
may pass for the best; that of Rome, fol. narus, whose bite was mortal. This seriº
1515; that in 8vo.2 vols. L. Bat. 1673; that in as the geographer observes, was at last kir
Usum Delphini, 4 vols.4to. Paris, 1682; that of by Hercules, and carried to Eurysther
Lips, 2 vols. 8vo, 1714; of Gronovius, 2 vols. [There was a temple on the promontorſ, sº
4to. 1721; that of Brotier, 7 vols. 12mo. Paris, cred to Neptune, and which was accounted
1776; that of Ernesti, 2 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1777 ; an inviolable asylum. It seems we ha"
Barbou's, 3 vols. 12mo. Paris, 1760; [and that been a species of cavern. On the promºtº
of Oberlinus, Lips. 1801, 2 vols. 8vo. in 4 parts; ry also was a statue of Arion sealedon adol.
reprinted at Oxford, in 1813, in 4 vols.] phin. About 40 stadia from the Prº
M. Claudius, a Roman, chosen emperor by the stood the city of Taenarum, afterwardsº
senate after the death of Aurelian. He would Caene or Caenepolis.] Both the townsºlº
have refused this important and dangerous of. promontory received theirname iron ſº
fice, but the pressing solicitations of the senate narus, a son of Neptune, and there wº"
prevailed, and in the 70th year of his age he tivals celebrated here, called Tenaria, nº
complied with the wishes of his countrymen, nour of Neptune. This promontory *:
and accepted the purple. The time of his mous for a beautiful species of green mart”
administration was very popular, the good of found in its quarries. Homer. Hº:*
the people was his care, and, as a pattern of Apoll. 413–Paus. 3, c. 14-Lurº. # ,
moderation, economy, temperance, regulari 648.—Ovid. Met. 2, v. 247, l. 10, º, nº
ty, and impartiality, Tacitus found no equal. 83.-Paus, 3, c. 25—Apollod, 2, 2. 5-Mt
He abolished the several brothels which un la, 2, c. 3.-Strab. 8. -

der the preceding reigns had filled Rome TAGEs, a son of Genius, gºlº
with licentiousness and obscenity; and, by piter, was the first who taught the tºmbº
ordering all the public baths to be shut at sun of the Etrurians the science of auf".”
set, he prevented the commission of many ir divination." it is said that he was ſº
regularities which the darkness of the night Tuscan ploughman in the form of adºl -

had hitherto sanctioned. The senators un that he assumed an human shape."

der Tacitus seemed to have recovered their this nation, which became so sº
ancient dignity and long-lost privileges. their knowledge of omens and º:
They were not only the counsellors of the Cic. de Div. 2. c. 23.—Ovid. Mellº"
emperor, but they even seemed to be his —Lucan. 1, v. 673. *H
masters ; and when Florianus, the brother TAgus, [a river of Spain, risin; amºngº
Celtiberiin Monsidubeda. itpuru”
in-law of Tacitus, was refused the consulship, nearly
the emperor said, that the senate no doubt, due west, verging slightly to the º
could fix upon a more deserving object. As and traverses the territories of the tº.
a warrior, Tacitus is inferior to ſew of the Carpetani, Vettones, and Luitº...
Romans, and during a short reign of about reaches the Atlantic Ocean. Th: 3.
six months, he not only repelled the barbari. the largest river in Spain, though." fººt
ans who had invaded the territories of Rome siders the Minius as such, an evil”
in Asia, but he prepared to make war against The sands of this stream produce º:
the Persians and Scythians. He died in Ci gold, and, according to Mela, predº"
794
 TA
º
*ſ, ºf
TA
...is now called bythe Portuguese, the Tajo, lake, and falling into the Palus Maeotis. He
wº
ough its ancient name still remains in gene rodotus appears to have confounded the Ta
tººl use.] The course is 450 miles, during nais in the upper part of its course with the
º pºly 100 of which it is navigable, on account of Rha, or Wolga. Of the course of the latter,
..ºe rocks, rapids, and shallows. [At the and its falling into the Caspian, he appears to
... outh of this river stood Olisipo, now Lis have known nothing. The Tanais rises in
...ºn.] Mela, 3, c. 1–Orid. Met. 2, v. 251. the valuai hills, in the government of Tula,
... 'Sil. 4, v.234.—Lucan. 7, v. 755.-Martial. and is about 800 miles in length. This river
*ep. 55, &c. separated in ancient times Furopean and Asia
.*Talasius. [vid. Thalasius.] tic Sarmatia. In voyages written more than
!';*TAlthybius, a herald in the Grecian half a century ago, it is called the Tane; at
" *mp during the Trojan war, the particular the same time communicating this name to
**inister and friend of Agamemnon. He the Palus Maeotis; the modern name Don is
ought away Briseis from the tent of Achil only a corrupt abbreviation of the ancient
**s by order of his master. Talthybius died appellation. A city named Tanais, situate
* ALgium in Achaia. Homer. Il. 1, v. 320, at its mouth, and which was the emporium of
c.-Paus. 7, c. 23. the commerce of the country, is celebrated
ºr TALUs, a youth, son of the sister of Dae in tradition by the Slavons, under the name
* alus, who invented the saw, compasses, and of Aas-grad, or the city of Aas, and it is re
a her mechanical instruments. His uncle be markable to find the name of Azof subsisting
ºr sºme jealous of his growing fame, and mur on the same site. It may moreover be re
shºred him privately; or, according to others. marked, that this name contributes to com
* = threw him down from the citadel of pose that of Tanais, formed of two members,
thens. Talus was changed into a partridge the first of which expresses the actual name
tº y the gods. He is also called Calus, Aca of the river. The Greeks in the age of Alex
- is, Perduz, and Taliris. Apollod. 3, c. 1– ander confounded the Tanais with the laxartes.
'atts. 1, c. 21.-Ovid. Met. 8. —A son of vid. Iaxartes.) A town at its mouth bore
'res, the founder of the Cretan nation. Paus. the same name. Mela, 1, c. 19.-Strab. 11
sº. 9. 53. and 16.—Curt. 6, c. 2.-Lucan. 3, 8, &c.
º [TAMARus, a river of Britain, now the A deity among the Persians and Armenians
Tamar; the Tamari ostia is Plymouth who patronized slaves; supposed to be the
ound.] same as Venus. The daughters of the noblest
TAMAsíA, a beautiful plain of Cyprus, of the Persians and Armenians prostituted
acred to the goddess of beauty. It was in themselves in honour of this deity and were
his place that Venus gathered the golden received with greater regard and affection by
ºpples with which Hippomanes was enabled their suitors. Artaxerxes, the son of Darius,
o overtake Atalanta. Ovid. Met. 10, v. 644. was the first who raised statues to Tanais in
–Plin. 5.-Strab. 14. the different provinces of his empire, and
TAMEsis, a river of Britain, now the taught his subjects to pay her divine honours.
Thames. [Caesar is generally supposed to Curt. 5, c. 1.-Strab. 11.
have crossed this river at Coway Stakes, 7 or TANKquir, called also Caia Caecilia, was
3 miles above Kingston; but Horsely seems the wife of Tarquin the fifth king of Rome.
to be of opinion that he forded it near that She was a native of Tarquinia, where she
own.] Caes. G. 5, c. 11. married Lucumon, better known by the name
TAMos, a native of Memphis, made go of Tarquin, which he assumed after he had
'ernor of Ionia, by young Cyrus. After the come to Rome, at the representation of his
leath of Cyrus, Tamos fled into Egypt, wife, whose knowledge of augury promised
where he was murdered on account of his him something uncommon. Her expecta
mmense treasures. Diod. 14.-A promon tions were not frustrated; her husband was
ory of India near the Ganges. raised to the throne, and she shared with him
Taxi or A, a town of Boeotia, [situate on an the honours of royalty. After the murder of
minence at some distance inland from the Tarquin, Tanaquil raised her son-in-law Ser
mouth of the Asopus, but near the northern vius Tullius to the throne, and ensured him
ank of that river.] It was founded by Poe the succession. She distinguished herself by
landros, a son of Chaeresilaus, the son of Ja her liberality; and the Romans in succeeding
us, who married Tanagra, the daughter of ages had such a veneration for her character,
Eolus, or, according to some, of the Asopus. thal the embroidery she had made, her gir
orinna was a native of Tanagra. [Her tomb dle, as also the robe of her son-in-law, which
ood in the most conspicuous part of the ci she had worked with her own hands, were
...] Strab. 9.—Paus. 9, c. 20 and 23.− preserved with the greatest sanctity. Juve
Ciian. P. H. 13, v. 25. nal bestows the appellation of Tanaquilon all
TANRG Rus, or TanâGER, now Negro, a such women as were imperious, and had the
wer of Lucania in Italy, remarkable for its command of their husbands. Lir. 1, c. 34,
scades, and the beautiful meanders of its &c.—Dionys. Hal. 3, c. 59–Flor. 1, c. 5
-eams through a fine picturesque country. and 8.-Ital 13, v. 818.
urg. G. 3, v. 151; -
TANETUM, a town of Italy, now Tonedo,
TANA is, ſnow the Don, a large river of in the duchy of Modena.
urope, rising: according to Herodotus, in TARIs, [a cityto,ofthe
name Egypt at themouth
Tanitic entrance of
... territory of the Thyssagetes, from a large aud giving
of the
 TA TA

Nile, between the Mendesian and Pelusiac. Od. 1, v. 181 and 419, l. 15, W. 426.--
This city is the Zoan of the Scriptures, and 2, c. 4.—Plin. 4, c. 12.
its remains are still called San. The Ostium TAPHIus, a son of Neptune by Hippº
Taniticum is now the Eummè Fareggé the daughter of Nestor. He was king a
mouth.] Taphiae, to which he gave his name. *
TANTALídes, a patronymic applied to the 16.—Apollod. 2, c. 4.
descendants of Tamtalus, such as Niobe, TAPH1Us, or TAPH1Assus, a ºncerta
Hermione, &c.—Agamemnon and Mene Locris on the confines of Ætolia
laus, as grandson of Tantalus, are called TAPH1üsA, a place near Leucas. **
Tantalidae fratres. Ovid. Heroid. 8, v. 45 stone is found called Taphiusaur. Piz
and 122. c. 21.
TANTáLUs, a king of Lydia, son of Ju Taphrae, a town on the Isthmus s -
piter, by a nymph called Pluto. He was Taurica Chersonesus, now Prerºp. II:
father of Niobe, Pelops, &c. by Dione, one ancient name is derived from Taegº. = <!--
of the Atlantides, called by some Euryanassa. or trench, one having been cut cluse tº
Tantalus is represented by the poets as pu town to defend the extrance into the Cºr
mished in hell with an insatiable thirst, and somese.] Mela, 2, c 1.-Plin. 4. e. ii.
placed up to the chin in the midst of a pool TAphnos, the strait between Corsaw.
of water, which, however, flows away as soon Sardinia, now Bonifacio.
as he attempts to taste it. There hangs TAPRoaiNE, [an island in the Indian Dess
also above his head, a bough, richly loaded now called Ceylon. The Greeks first lear:
with delicious fruits; which, as soon as he the existence of this island after the exped
attempts to seize, is carried away from his tion of Alexander, when ambassaders wer
reach by a sudden blast of wind. According sent by them to the court of Palimbºn
to some mythologists, his punishment is to sit The account then received wss ampiº
under a huge stone hung at some distance so much, that this island was deemed tº :
over his head, and, as it seems every moment commencement of another world, inhibre:
ready to fall, he is kept under continual alarms by Antichthones, or men in a position oppose
and never-ceasing fears. The causes of this to those in the known hemisphere Ptºlemy.
eternal punishment are variously explained. better informed, makes it an island: fire triae
Some declare that it was mflicted upon him greater, however, than it really is. Strab:
because he stole a favourite dog, which Jupi speaks of it as though it lay off the hither
ter had intrusted to his care to keep his tem coast of India, looking towards the continea:
ple in Crete. Others say that he stole away the of Africa. The name of Salice, which welear:
nectar and ambrosia from the tables of the from Ptolemy to have been the native decº
gods when he was admitted into the assemblies mination of the island, is preserved in that a
of heaven, and that he gave it to mortals on Selen-dire, compounded of the proper care
'earth. Others support, that this proceeds Selen and the appellative for an island is the
from his cruelty and impiety in killing his son Indian language, and it is apparest that the
Pelops, and in serving his limbs as food be name of Ceilan or Ceylon, according tº the
fore the gods, whose divinity and power he European usage, is only an alteration in ar.
wished to try, when they had stopped at his thography. Ptolemy speaks of it as a ter.
house as they passed over Phrygia. There fertile island, and mentions, as its prºduce
were also others who impute it to his lasci. rice, honey (or rather perhaps sugar), gate,
viousness in carrying away Ganymedes to and also precious stones, with all sorts of ºne
gratify the most unnatural of passions. Pin tals; he speaks too of its elephants and tº
dar. Olymp. 1.-Homer. Od. 11, v.581.-Cic. gers. It is surprising, however, that neithe
Tusc. 1, c. 5.1.4, c. 16.-Eurip. in Iphig– Ptolemy nor those who preceded him, ºr
Propert. 2, el. 1, v. 66.-Horat. 1, Sat. 1, v. any thing of the cinnamon which now fºrms
£8. A son of Thyestes, the first husband the chief produce of the island. The ascett,
of Clytemnestra. Paus. 2.--—One of Nio could not be ignorant of the nature at the
he's children. Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 6. article, especially as they called a portiºnal
TANUsius GEMINUs, a Latin historian in the eastern coast of Aſrica by the name ºf
timate with Cicero. Seneca. 93.—Suet. Caes. Regio Cinnamomifera.] Ptol. 6.-Stra
9. -—Ovid. ear Pont. 8, el. 5. v. 80.
TAPHIAE, islands in the Ionian Sea, be TAPsus, a town of Africa. [vid. Thapsa,
tween Acarnania and Leucadia. They were Sil. It. 3. A small and lowly situated pe
also called Teleboides. They received these ninsula on the eastern coast of Sicily. [Ib
names from Taphius and Telebous, the sons name has reference to its low situation; from
of Neptune, who reigned there. The Ta Barra, sepelie. It layoff Hybla. The tax
phians made war against Flectryon king of of land connecting it with the main islandel
Argos, and killed all his sons; upon which Sicily was so low that Servius calls the prº
the monarch promised his kingdom and his montory itself an island; and it is even nºr
daughter in marriage to whoever could styled Isola delli Ajanghisi.] Pirg...Ex.3,
avenge the death of his children upon the W. 689.
Taphians: Amphictryon did it with success. TARAs, a son of Neptune, who built Ia
and obtained the promised reward. The rentum as some suppose.
Taphians were expert sailors, but too fond TARAsco, a town of Gaul, now Tºrtres
ºf plunder and piratical excursions. Homer. in Provence,
796
 TA TA
TARAxMPPus, a deity worshipped at Elis. TARichaeum, [a strong city of Palestine,
s statue was placed near the race-ground. south of Tiberias, and lying at the southern
d his protection was implored, that no extremity of the lake of Gennesareth, or Sea
rm might happen to the horses during the of Tiberias. Its situation was well adapted
nes. Paus. 6, c. 20, &c.—Dionys Hal. 2 for fisheries, and from the process of puckling
TARBELL1, a people of Gaul, at the foot of fish, which was carried on here upon a very
* Pyrenees, which from thence are some extensive scale, the town derived its name.
nes called Tarbellae. Tibull. 1, el. 7, v Cuc. ad Div. 12, c. 11.--—Several towns on
--Lucan. 4, v. 121 –Cats. G. 3, c. 27. he coast of Egypt bore this uame from their
TARENTURI, TARENtus or TARAs, a pickling fish.] Herodot. 2, c. 15, &c.
wn of Calabria, situate on a bay of the same TARPA, Spurius Maetius, a critic at Rome
me, near the mouth of the river Galesus in the age of Augustus. He was appointed
- was founded, according to some, by a Cre with four others in the temple of Apollo, to
n colony before the Trojan war. In the “xamin the merit of every poetical compo
st Olympiad a powerful body of emigrant sition which was to be deposited in the tem
rived under Phalanthus from Laconia, so ple of the Muses. In this office he acted
at is seemed to be re-founded. This new with great impartiality, though many taxed
lony established themselves upon an aris him with want of candour. All the pieces
cratical plan, enlarged the fortifications of that were represented on the Roman stage
he city, and formed it into a near resemblance previously received his approbation. Ho
f Sparta. Most of the nobles having subse rat. 1. Sat. 10, v. 38.
uently perished in a war with the Iapyges, TARPEIA, the daughter of Tarpeius, the
emocracy was introduced. The favourable governor of the citadel of Rome, promised
tuation of the place contributed to its ra. to open the gates of the city to the Sabines,
id prosperity. Placed in the centre as it provided they gave her their gold bracelets,
were, it obtained the whole commerce of or, as she expressed it, what they carried on
he Adriatic, Ionian, and Tyrrhenian seas. their left arms. Tatius, the king of the Sa
The adjacent country was fertile in grain bines, consented, and as he entered the gates,
and fruit, the pastures were excellent, the t punish her, erfidy, he threw not only his
locks afforded a very fine wool. It is no bracelet but is shield upon Tarpeia. His
surprising that under such circumstances followers imitated his example, and Tarpeia
Tarentum should become a wealthy, and in was crushed under the weight of the brace
consequence of its wealth, a luxurious, city.] lets and shields of the Sabine army. She was
Long independent, it maintained its superi huried in the capitol, which from her has been
ority over 13 tributary cities ; and could called the Tarpeian rock, and there after
once arm 100,000 foot and 3,000 horse. The wards many of the Roman malefactors were
people of Tarentºm were very indolent. and thrown down a deep precipice Plut. in Rom.
as they were easily supplied with all neces –0, id. Fast. 1, v.261. Amor. , ei. 10, v.
saries as well as luxuries from Greece, they 50.--Liv. 1, c. 11.-Propert. 4, el. 4.—A
gave themselves up to voluptuousness, so that vestal virgin in the reign of Numa. One
the delights of Tarentum became proverbial. of the warlike female attendants of Camilla
The war which they supported against the in the Rutuliºn war. Virg. .42n. 11, v. 665.
Romans, with the assistance of Pyrrhus, king TAR PE1A Lex, was enacted A. U. C. 269,
of Epirus, and which has been called the by Sp. Tar, eius, to empower aſ the magis
Tarentine war, is greatly celebrated in his. trates of the republic to lay fines on offenders.
tory. This war, which had been undertaken This power belonged before only to the con
B. C. 281, by the Romans to punish the suls. The fine was not to exceed two sheep
Tarentines for an unprovoked attack on some and thirty oxen.
of their galleys, was terminated after ten Sp. TARPE10s, the governor of the citadel
years; 20,000 prisoners were taken, and Ta of Rome, under Romulus. His descendants
rentum became subject to Rome. The go were called Montani and Capitolina.
vernment of Tarentum was democratical; TARPEius, Mons, a hill at Rome about 80
there were, however, some monarchs who feet in perpendicular height, from whence
reigned there. It was for some time the re the Romans threw down their con emined
sidence of Pythagoras, who inspired the ci criminals. It received its name from Tar
tizens with the love of virtue, and rendered peia, who was buried there, and is the same
them superior to their neighbours in the ca as the Capitoline hill [Vasi, in his “Picture
The of Rome,” makes the Tarpeian rock still 55
binet as well as in the field of battle.
large, beautiful, and capacious harbour of feet high. A modern tourist, the Rev. W.
Tarentum is greatly commended by ancient Berrian, speaking of this rock, observes,
historians. Tarentum, now called Tarento, “The Tarpeian rock is at prºsent covered
is inhabited by about 18,000 souls, who still with a garden. This circumstance, together
maintain the character of their forefathers with the accumulation of the soil below, had
in idleness and effeminacy, and live chiefly so softened the terrors of the place, that it
by fishing, Flor. 1, c. 18.-Val. Mar. 2, c. bore no resemblance to the terrific features
2.—Plut, in Pyr.—Plin. 8, c. 6, 1.15, c. 10, in which fancy had pourtrayed it.” A fe
1.34, c. 7–Liv. 12, c. 13, &c.—Mela, 2, c. male traveller remarks: “Though it is cer
4.—Strab. 9.—Horat. 1, ep. 7, v. 45.- tain that the Tarpeian rock was on the west
..ºttam. W. H. 5, c. 20. ern side of the Capitoline Mount, it would
797
 TA TA

be in vain now to enquire where was the deration and popularity. He increase
precise spot of execution;–whether Man number of the senate, and made
lius was hurled down that part of the preci friends by electing 100 new senators, v
pice at the extremity of Monte Caprino, or he distinguished by the appellation of P
that behind the Palazzo de' Conservatori. minorum gentium, from those of the
There is still height enough in either to make cian body, who were called Patres nº
the punishment both tremendous and fatal; gentium. The glory of the Roman iſ
although not only have the assaults of time, which was supported with so much is
war, and violence, but the very convulsions by the former monarchs, was not be;
of nature, contributed to lower it; for re in this reign, and Tarquin showed the
peated earthquakes have shattered the fri possessed vigour and military prudebat:
able tufo of which it is composed, and large the victories which he obtained oreſ
fragments of it fell as late as the middle of the united forces of the Latins and Sabines, tº
15th century. The fall of these masses has in the conquest of the 12 nations of Bºº.
diminished the elevation in two ways—by ria. He repaired, in the time of peace, tº
lowering the actual height, and filling up walls of the capitol, the public place wº
the base, to which the ruins of the over adorned with elegant buildings and usefuls
thrown buildings that once stood upon it naments, and many centuries after, sºdº
have materially contributed. Still the ave were spectators of the stately manº =
rage of various measurements and computa golden palaces of Nero, viewed with **
tions of its present elevation makes it above admiration and greater pleasure theº
60 feet; nor do I think it overrated. Cer simple, though not less magnificent, edified
tainly those who have maintained that thereTarquin. He laid the foundations oftº:
would be no danger in leaping from its sum pitol, and to the industry and the Pº
mit, would not, I imagine, be bold enough to spirit of this monarch, the Romans wereº
try the experiment themselves. The en debted for their aqueducts and subterrºº
trance to it is through a mean filthy passage sewers, which supplied the city with *
which leads to an old wooden door.”] Liv. and wholesome water, and removed at
6, c. 20.-Lucan. 7, v. 758.-Virg. JEn. 8, filth and ordure, which in a great capitºl"
v. 347 and 652. often breed pestilence and diseases. Tº
TARQUINII, now Tarchina, a town of Ftru quin was the first who introduced amº"
ria, built by Tarchon, who assisted Eneas Romans the custom of canvassing ſorofº"
against Turnus. Tarquinius Priscus was trust and honour; he distinguished theº
born or educated there, and he made it a arch, the senators, and other inferior *
Roman colony when he ascended the throne. trates, with particular
with ivory chairs at robes and ornamº
spectacles... and th:
Strab. 5–Plin. 2, c. 95.—Liv. 1, e. 34, l.
27, c. 4 hatchets carried before the public **
TARauinIA, a daughter of Tarquinius trates were by his order surrounded "*
Priscus, who married Servius Tullius. When bundles of sticks, to strike more terrºr.”
her husband was murdered by Tarquinius to be viewed with greater reverence. ".
Superbus, she privately conveyed away his quin was assassinated by the two sº".
body by night and buried it. This preyed predecessor, in the 80th year of hiº.
upon her mind, and the following night she of which he had sat on the throne, ſº
died. Some have attributed her death to ex before Christ." Dionys. Hai 3. c. *-*
cess of grief, or suicide, while others, perhaps Mar. 1, c. 4, 1.3, c. 3–Flor. 1,8.5 °.
more justly, have suspected Tullia, the wife Liv. 1, c. 31.-Virg...En. 6, v. 817
of young Tarquin, of the murder.—A ves second Tarquin, surnamed Super”
tal virgin, who, as some suppose, gave the his pride and insolence, was grandsºn
Roman people a large piece of land, which Tarquinius Priscus. He ascended theº.
was afterwards called the Campus Martius. of Rome after his father-in-law Sº
Tarauinius PRIscus, the 9th king of
Tullius, and was the seventh anº". king
Rome, was son of Demaratus, a native of of Rome. He married Tullia, the *
Greece. His first name was Lucumon, but ter of Tullius, and it was at her *:::
this he changed when by the advice of his that he murdered his father-in-law º: hid
wife Tanaquil he had come to Rome. He ed the kingdom. The erown whicº".
called himself Lucius, and assumed the sur obtained with violence he endea" ſº
name of Tarquinius, because born in the town keep by a continuation of tyranº
of Tarquinii in Etruria. At Rome he dis like his royal predecessors, he paid porº.
tinguished himself so much by his liberality to the decisions of the senate, orth"º:
and engaging manners, that Ancus Martius, tion of the public assemblies, and '7".
the reigning monarch, nominated him at his to disregard both, he incurred thejealouſ!
death, the guardian of his children. This the one and the odium of the º
was insufficient to gratify the ambition of public treasury was soon exhaustedand tº -

Tarquin; the princes were young, and an continual extravagance of Tarqº r r.

artful oration delivered to the people imme lence the murmurs of his subject” *. ºis
diately transferred the crown of the deceased ed to call their attention to wº". ".
monarch to the head of Lucumon. - The successful in his military *.
people had every reason to be satisfied with neighbouring cities submitted; ".wnſ
their choice. Tarquin reigned with me the siege of Ardea was continue"
708
 TA TA

less of the son of Tarquin for ever stop was at last killed, bravely fighting in a battle
the progress of his arms; and the Ro during the war which the Latins sustained
is, whom a series of barbarity and oppres against Rome in the attempt of re-establish
had hitherto provoked, no sooner saw ing the Tarquins on their throne. Ovid. Fast.
virtuous Lucretia stab herself not to sur —Liv.—A Roman senator who was acces
the loss of her honour, (vid. Lucretia,) sary to Catiline's conspiracy.
a the whole city and camp arose with TARRAco, now, Tarragona, [a town of
gnation against the monarch. The gates the Cosetani in Hispania Citerior, on the
tome were shut against him, and Tarquin coast of the Mediterranean, and north-east
forever banished from his throne, in of the mouth of the Baetis. This was the
year of Rome 244. Unable to find sup first place where the Scipios landed in the
t from even one of his subjects, Tarquin second Punic war; and which, after having
red among the Etrurians, who attempted fortified it, they made their place of arms.
rain to replace him on his throne. The Tarraco, in consequence of this, soon rose to
ublican government was established at importance, and in time became the rival of
me, and all Italy refused any longer to sup Carthago Nova. It was the usual place of
t the cause of an exiled monarch against residence for the Roman praetors. On the di
ation, who heard the name of Tarquin, of vision of Spain, which took place in the
g, and tyrant, mentioned with equal hor reign of Augustus, (vid. Hispania,) this city
and indignation. Tarquin died in the gave the name of Tarraconensis to what had
h year of his age, about 14 years after his been previously called Hispania Citerior.]
julsion from Rome. He had reigned about Martial. 10, ep. 104, l. 13, ep. 118.—Mela,
years. Though Tarquin appeared so 2, c. 6.-Sil. 3, v. 369, l. 15, v. 177.
ous among the Romans, his reign was not TARRUTIus. vid. Acca Laurentia.
thout its share of glory; his conquests were TARsius, [a river of Troas, near Zeleia,
merous; to beautiſy the buildings and por which, according to Strabo, had to be cross
oes at Rome was his wish, and with great ed, on account of its meandering route, twen
Agnificence and care he finished the capitol ty times by those who followed the road
nich his predecessor of the same name had along its banks. Homer styles it Heptapo
gun. He also bought the Sibylline books rus, referring to its being crossed seventimes.]
hich the Romans consulted with such reli. Strab.
ous solemnity. (vid Sibyllae.) Cir.pro Rab. TARsus, [a celebrated city of Cicilia Cam
Tutc. 3, c.27.—Lir. 1, c. 46, &c.— Dionys pestris, on the river Cydnus, not far from its
al. 3, c. 48, &c.—Flor. 1, c. 7 and 8– mouth. Xenophon gives its name a plural
lin. 8, c. 41–Plut. Val. Mar. 9, c. 11.- form, Tagro. : later writers, however, adopt
-Orid. Fast. 2, c. 687.— Virg. AEn. 6. v. the singular, Tagºros. This city was, from
17.--Eutrop. Collatinus, one of the re the earliest authentic records that we have
tions of Tarquin the Proud, who married of it, the capital of Cilicia ; and, during the
*reta. (vid. Collatinus.)—Sextius, the Persian dominion, was the residence of a de
ldest of the sons of Tarquin the Proud, ren pendent king. The people of Tarsus ascrib
ered himself known by a variety of adven ed the origin of their city to Sardanapalus,
ures. ... When his father besieged Gabii, who is said to have built it, together with An
fºung Tarquin publicly declared that he was chiale, in one day. When, however, the
* variance with the monarch, and the report Greeks established themselves here, after the
** the more easily believed when he came conquest of Alexander, they discarded the
*fore Gabii with his body all mangled and old account of the origin of Tarsus, and in
"loody with stripes. This was an agree its stead adopted one of a more poetic cast.
ment between the father and the son, and Tarsus (Tagºoc) in their language, signified
*quin had no sooner declared that this a heel, and also a hoof. This name they
Pºeded from the tyranny and oppression connected with the old legend, that Bellero
ºf his father, than the people of Gabii in phon had been conveyed, in the course of
**ted him with the command of their ar. his wanderings, by the winged horse Pegasus
* fully convinced that Rome could never to the country of Cilicia. Upon this they
have a more inveterate enemy. When he ſounded the fable that the horse Pegasus
* thus succeeded, he dispatched a private had stumbled here, and left behind a deep
*nger to his father, but the monarch impression of one of his feet. According to
* no answer to be returned to his son. another account, he lost a hoof in this
. inquired more particularly about quarter; while a third made Bellerophon
""ther, and when he heard from the mes. to have been unhorsed in this place, and,
:*:that, when the message wasdelivered, in falling, to have struck the earth violently
*A* ºut of with a stick the tallest pop with his heel. Strabo, however, makes
*.*, his garden, the son followed the ex the city to have been founded by Trip
ample, by Putting to death the most noble and tolemus and his Argive followers, who, in
*. Citizens of Gabii. The town soon seeking for information of the wandering Io,
le * the hands of the Romans. The vio found here the traces of her hoofs. The
. which some time after Tarquinius of. Greeks, upon their first coming hither, found
ther's . #". was the cause of his fa Tarsus a large and flourishing city, traversed
famil . e and the total expulsion of his by the Cydnus, a stream 200 feet broad. It
7 *om Rome. (rid, Lucretia.) Sextius continued to touriº, along period after,
99
 TA TA |

and became so celebrated for learniug and cording to the most general, though tº
refinement, as to be the rival of Athens and most correct, opinion, in an island ofthes
Alexandria. Alexander nearly lost his life name at the mouth of the Baetis, forme!!
by bathing, when overheated, in the cold the two branches of the river. No trace".
stream of the Cydnus, and it was here that this island now remain, as one of the arrº"
Cleopatra paid her celebrated visit to Anto the river has disappeared. With regrº,
ny, in all the pomp and pageantry of eastern the actual position of the town itself a
luxury, herself attired like Venus, and her difference of opinion exists both in ancies:
attendants like Cupids, in a galley covered modern writers. Mannert is in fºrcº
with gold, whose sails were of purple, the making Hispalis the Tartessus of Herolº
oars of silver, and cordage of silk; a fine de and opposes the idea of its being the sz
scription of which may be seen in Shake either with Carteia or Gades, as many ºl
speare's play of Antony and Cleopatra, Act 2, cient writers maintain. It could not, sº
Scene 2. In the civil wars Tarsus sided ing to him, correspond with Carteia, ºn
with Caesar, and the inhabitants called their Tartessus lay without the straits of Hertial
city, out of compliment to him, Juliopolis nor could it be the same as Gades, since E.
Tarsus was the birth-place of St. Paul. It rodotus speaks of both Gades and Tirst
still survives, but only as the shadow of its by their respective names, and the late: nº.
foruler self. It is now called Tarsous, and is not subject to the Phoenicians, but had lºi,
in subjection to Adana, an adjacent city.] of its own. According to Strabo, the tº
Lucan. 3, v. 225.-Mela, 1, c. 13.-Strab. 14. itself was anciently called Tartessus, intº
TARTARus, pl. a. orum) one of the regions adjacent country Tartessis. Bochart.*
of hell, where, according to the ancients, the ever, makes Tartessus to have been tº ſº.
most impious and guilty am ng mankind shish of Scripture, and the same with Gºe
where punished. It was surrounded with a Sil. 3, v. 399 and 411, 1.10, v. 538–Wilt-1.
brazen wall, and its entrance was continually c 6–Paus. 6, c. 19.—Ovid. Met. 14, 1.45
hidden from the sight by a cloud of darkness, —Strab. 3.
which is represented three times more gloomy TARuANA, a town of Gaul, now Tºrº
than the obscurest night. According to He in Artois.
siod it was a separate prison, at a greater dis L. TARUNtius, SPUR INA, a mathematº”
tance from the earth than the earth is from who flourished 61 years B. C. Cº. alº
the heavens. Virgil says, that it was sur 2, c. 47. -

rounded by three impenetrable walls, and by Tarusites, a people of Gaul, nºw ſº

the impetuous and burning streams of the san. Cars. G. 3. c. 23 and 27.
river Phlegethon. The entrance is by a large Tarvisium, a town of Italy, now Tº
and lofty tower, whose gates are supported in the Venetian states. -

by columns of adamant, which neither gods Tatian, one of the Greek fathem.”
nor men can open. In Tartarus, according 172. The best edition of his works is tºº
to Virgil, were punished such as had been Worth, 8vo Oxon. 1700. th:
disobedient to their parents, traitors, adulter TATIENSEs, a name given to one ſ-
ers, faithless ministers, and such as had un tribes of the Roman people by º
dertaken unjust and cruel wars, or had be honour of Tatius, king of the Sabine."
trayed their friends for the sake of noney. Tatienses, who were partly the anciº
It was also the place where Ixion, Tityus, the jects of the king of the Šabites, h"*
Danaides, Tantalus, Sisyphus, &c. were pun Mount Capitolinus and Quirinalis. tº:
ished, ºccording to Ovid. [The origin of the TAtrus, (Titus) king of Cures .
fable of Tartarus is traced in Hesiod's ac Sabines, made war again-t the º th
counts of the wars of Saturn with the Titans, the rape of the Sabines. The gates'.”
and of Jupiter with the Giants; these being ty were betrayed into his hand brº
vanquished, were condemned to the bottom of and the army of the Sabines advant” º
Tartarus, in the extremities of the earth. The as the Roman forum, where a bloºr º
Abbé Banier explains the fable of Tartarus was fought. The cries of the Sabinº º
as follows: the Greeks, he says, regarded at last stopped the fury of the º:
the places situated to the east of them as and an agreement was made between"
higher than those which lay to the west; and nations. Tatius consented to leavehº"
hence they placed heaven in the former, and possessions, and with his subjects ºf 9.
bell in the latter. According to this notion, come and live in Rome, which, as *P*
the earliest Greeks placed their hell either in was permitted still to bear the nº.
Spain, the residence of Pluto, or in Italy; coun founder, whilst the inhabitants adº' ne
name of Quirites in compliment to the g
tries situate to the west of them, and at that
time but little known. Now, as the Titans, in citizens. After he had º: . º
the several conspiracies which they formed, the royal authority with Romu -

were compelled to enter Italy and Spain, the *::::: union, ºw: º:
murdered a
Poets fabled that they were precipitated into vium, B.C. 742, for an act of gº
the gulfof Tartarus.j Hesiod. Theog. v. 720. ambassadors of the Laurentes, "...
-Sil. 13, V. 591.-Virg. JEn. 6.-Homer. done by order of his royal colºgº.
Od. 11.-Orid. Met. 4, fab. 13. A small ri ing to some authors.
ver,of Italy, near Verona. Tacit. H.3, e.g. Plut. in Rom.–Cic. pro Balb-0.
Lir. 1, º
TARTEssus, [a “ºf Spain, situate, ac 14, v. 804.—Flor. 1, c. 1.
 TA TA

ºrTA, [a lake in the north-east part of other. Caucasus seems to have formed part
'gia, now Tuzla, or “the salt.”] of this line, according to Pliny: but, accord
. UNUs, a mountain in Germany, now ing to Strabo, who was better informed, the
ich or Hoche, opposite Mentz. Tacit. 1, principal chain of Taurus runs between the
c. 56. basins of the Euphrates and the Araxes; and
UR1, a people of European Sarmatia, the geographer observes that a detached chain
inhabited Taurica Chersonesus, and sa of Caucasus, that of the Moschin mountains,
ed all strangers to Diana. The statue runs in a southern direction, and joins the
is goddess, which they believed to have Taurus. Modern accounts represent this
a down from heaven, was carried away junction as not very marked. Strabo, who
parta by Iphigenia and Orestes. Strab. was born on the spot, and who had travelled
-Herodot. 4, c. 99, &c.—Mela, 2, c. 1.- as far as Armenia, considers the entire centre
s. 3, c. 16.-Eurip, Iphig.—Ovid. ex: of Asia Minor, together with all Armenia.
‘. 1, el. 2, v. 80.-Sil. 14, v.260.-Juv. Media, and Gordyene, or Koordistan, as a
v. 116. very elevated country, crowned with several
* usic.A. CHERsonisus, a large peninsu chains of mountains, all of which are so close
Europe, at the south-west of the Palus ly Joined together, that they may be regarded
tis, now called the Crimea. It was join as one. “Armenia and Media,” says he, “are
y an isthmus to Scythia, and was bound situated upon Taurus.” This plateau seems
3y the Cimmerian Bosphorus, the Eux also to comprehend Koordistan, and the
Sea, and the Palus Maeotis. The inha branches which it sends out extend into Per
nts, called Tauri, were a savage and un |sia as far as the great desert of Kerman on
ized nation. Strab. 4.—Plin. 4, c. 12. one side, and towards the sources of the Gi
. Tauri.) | hon and the Indus on the other. By thus
AURfcA, the surname of Diana, because considering the vast Taurus of the ancients
was worshipped by the inhabitants of Tau as an upland plain, and not as a chain, the
Chersonesus. testinomies of Strabo and Pliny may be re
AURIN 1, [a people of Gallia Cisalpina, conciled with the accounts of modern travel
alling at the foot of the Cottian Alps. lers. Two chains of mountains are detached
ºir capital was Augusta Taurimorum, now from the plateau of Armenia to enter the
rin, called after Augustus, who planted a peninsula of Asia; the one first confines and
Say there.] Sil. 3, v. 646.-Plan. 3, c. 17. then crosses the channel of the Euphrates
'Aubiscus, a sculptor. [rid. Apollonius.] near Samosata; the other borders the Pontus
"Au Rominium, [now Taormino, a town of Euxinus, leaving only narrow plains between
ily, between Messana and Catana. [An it and that sea. These two chains, one of
sieut city named Naxos previously occu which is in part the Anti-Taurus, and the
id the site of Taurominium. There were other the Paryadres, of the ancients, or the
'act two cities of the name of Naxos, both mountain Tcheldir or Kelder of the moderns,
:cted in succession on the same spot. are united to the west of the Euphrates, be
he first was destroyed by Dionysius the ty tween the towns of Siwas, Tocat, and Kaisa
at, and the inhabitants scattered over Sici rich, by means of the chain of Argaeus, now
The Siculi, instigated by the Carthagi named Argis-Dag, whose summit is covered
ins, subsequently rebuilt the city; but with perpetual snows, a circumstance which,
ionysius again reduced it. Instead of de "under so low a latitude, shows an elevation of
roying, however, he colonized it with a from 9 to 10,000 feet. The centre of Asia
imber of his mercenary soldiers: in pro resembles a terrace supported on all sides by
* of time Syracuse regained her ſreedom, chains of mountains. The chain which,
ld Andromachus, a rich inhabitant of Nax. breaking off at once from Mount Argaeus and
º, having invited the old inhabitants of the from Anti-Taurus, bounds the ancient Cilicia
*ter city to return to their home, they ac to the north, is more particularly known by .
epted the offer. The city now changed its the name of Taurus, a name which in several
ame to Tauromenium, from Taurus, the languages appears to have one common root,
*me of an adjacent mountain, and wown, “a and simply signifies mountain. The elevation
*ce ofdesignating
abode,” the more
appellation being select. of this chain must be considerable, since Ci
d as particularly their cero affirms that it was impassible to armies
*w, place of residence.] The hills in the before the month of June on account of the
*ghbourhood were famous for the fine grapes snow. Diodorus details the frightful ravines
"ch they produced, and they surpassed al and precipices which it was necessary to cross
*l the whole world for the extent and in going from Cilicia into Cappadocia. Mo
beauty of their prospects. There is a small dern travellers who have crossed more to the
ºr near it called Taurominius. Diod. 16. west of this chain, now called Alah-Dag, re
TAURus. [The mountains of Taurus, ac present it as similar to that of the Appenines
“ording to all the descriptions of the ancients, and Mount Haemus. It sends off to the west
*uded from the frontiers of India to the Æ. several branches, some of which terminate on
the shores of the Mediterranean, as the Cra
$ºa. Their principal chain, as it shot out gus, and the Masicystes of the ancients, in
ºn Mountimals towards the sources of the
Lycia; the others, greatly inferior in eleva
"wound, like animmenseserpent between tion,
º **pian Sea and the Euxine on the one opposite
extend to the coasts of the Archipelago
the islands º and Rhodes. To
**nd the sources of the Euphrates on the
5 I
 TA TE |
the east, Mount Amanus, now the Alma-Dag, blage and luxuriant multiplicity of lite
a detached branch of the Taurus, separates tints, and shades, which render it tº
Cilicia from Syria, having only two narrow locality in Greece. All the plains and 1
passes, the one towards the Euphrates, the tains that I have seen are surpastdºº
other close by the sea; the first answers to variety of their combinations, and u ,
the Pylae Amanica of the ancients, the other beauty of their appearance, by the Fº
to the Pylae Syriae. Two other chains of Lacedaemon and Mount Taygetus. "A
mountains are sent off from the western part landscape may be exceeded in the tº
of the central plateau. The one is the Baba sions of its objects, but what can exce:
Dag of the moderns, which formed the Tmo in beauty of form and richness of cis
lus, the Messogis, and the Sipylus of the an ing 2") Mela, 2, c. 5.—Paus. 3, e :-
cients, and which terminates towards the isl Strab. 8,-Lucan. 5, v. 52.-Purg. G. tº
ands of Samos and Chios; the other, extend 448. t

ing in a north-west direction, presents more TEANUM, a town of Campania, as tº

elevated summits, among which are the cele. pian road, at the east of the Liris aire
brated Ida, and the Mysian Olympus. Lastly, Sidicinum, to be distinguished frºm ººz:
the northern side of the plateau is propelled town of the same name at the west aſ Area;
towards the Euxine, and gives rise to the at a small distance from the coast of the * *
chain of the Olgassys, now Elkas-Dag, a chain atic. The rights of citizenship were ere:
which fills with its branches all the chain ed to it under Augustus. Cie. Cºntº
between the Sangarius and the Halys. 69.-Phil. 12, c. 11.—Horat. 1, ep. 1-fºr
Throughout the range of mountains just de 31, c. 2.—Lir. 22, c. 27.
scribed, limestone-rocks appear to predomi TEARus, a river of Thrace, risin; D =
nate.] Mela, 1, c. 15, 1.3, c. 7 and 8.-Plin. same rock from 38 different source.º
5, c. 27.--Titus Statilius, a consul distin which are hot and others cold. [Itsscure a
guished by his intimacy with Augustus, as well cording to Herodotus, were equidiºsº ºr
as by a theatre which he built, and the triumph Heraelum, a city near Perinthus, and in
he obtained after a prosperous campaign in Apollonia on the Euxine, being two ºr
Africa. He was made prefect of Italy by journey from each.] Darius raised a tºke:
his imperial friend.—A pro-consul of Afri there when he marched against theScythe
ca, accused by Agrippina, who wished him to commemorate the sweetness and salatºr
to be condemned, that she might become of the waters of that river. Herºdeº. 4, c.9
mistress of his gardens. Tacit. Ann. 12, c &c.—Plin. 4, c. 11.
59. An officer of Minos, king of Crete. Trches, a mountain of Pontus, frº
He had an amour with Pasiphae, whence which the 10,000 Greeks had first a view
arose the fable of the Minotaur, from the the sea. [It was situate at the north-easter
son who was born some time after. [vid. extremity of Pontus, near the river Ophs . .
Minotaurus.] Taurus was vanquished by is called also Tesqua, and is now Tº
Theseus, in the games which Minos exhibit Xenoph. Anab. 4.
ed in Crete. Plut. in Thes. TechMEssa, the daughter of a Phrygº
TAxilla, (plur.) a large country in India. prince, called by some Teuthras, and by the
between the Indus and the Hydaspes. Strab. Teleutas. When her father was killed sº
15. by Ajax, son of Telamon, the young Prº
TAxiLUs, or TAxiles, a king of Taxila became the property of the conquerºr, and!"
in the age of Alexander, called also Omphis. him she had a son called Eurºsace. **
He submitted to the conqueror, who reward cles, in one of his tragedies, represent, º
ed him with great liberality. Diod. 17.— messa as moving her husband to Pº *The
Plut. in Alez.--AElian. V. H. 5, c. 6.-Curt. tears and entreaties when he wished”
8, c. 14. himself. Horal. 2. Od.1, 7.6—Duºſ"
- TAxgåTE, or TAY GETA, a daughter of —Sophocl. in Ajac.
Atlas and Pleione, mother of Lacedæmon by TÉctosiges, or Tecrosiº, º Pº
Jupiter. She became one of the Pleiades of Gallia Narbonensis, whose capº, -
after death. Hygin. fab. 155 and 192.- the modern Toulouse. º ...:
Paus. in Cic. 1 and 18. name of Tectosagae quod lºgº ºs
Taygºtus, or Taygºta, (orum.) a moun Some of them : into Germany, *
tain of Laconia, in Peloponnesus, at the west they settled near the Hercyniºn **
of the river Eurotas. It hung over the city another colony passed into A*.***
of Lacedæmon, and it is said that once apart ing laid under contribution *.*.*
of it ſell down by an earthquake, and destroythis side of Mount Taurus, º are:
ed the suburbs. It was on this mountain themselves in a part of Phryg". *.
that the Lacedæmonian women celebrated the confines of Cappadocia', . º:
the orgies of Bacchus. [“From the west. This nation was separated º º:
ern side of the plain,” observes Mr. Dod. the Tolistoboii, on the cº. of cº
well, “rise the grand and abrupt precipices Epictetus, the Trocmi on thº.
of Taygetus, which is broken into many docia, and the tectosages tº usage **-
summits. The bases also of the mountain termediate territory.) The Tect
are formed by several projections distinct among those Gauls who pillº
from each other, which branch into the der Brennus, and who atten”
plain, and hence produce that rich assem aftertoplunder the temple ºf AP jo attle;
802
 TE TE

heir return home from Greece they were Paus. 9, c. 19.—Also a surname of Juno
ed by a pestulence, and ordered, to stop in Rhodes, where she had a statue at lalysus,
> throw into the river all the riches and raised by the Telchinians, who settled there.
der they had obtained in their distant Also an ancient name of Crete, as the
*rsions. Caes. Bell. G. 6, c. 23.-Strab. place from whence the Telchines of Rhodes
Cac. de JNat. D. 3.-Liv. 38, c. 16.-Flor. were descended. Stat. 6, Sylv. 6, v.47.
I 1 - –Justin. 32. TELChinius, a surname of Apollo among
is GEA, or TEGAEA, now Moklia, a town the Rhodians. Diod. 5.
Arcadia in the Peloponnesus, [east of the TELChis, a son of Europs, the son of Ægia
hern part of the Maenalian ridge, found leus. He was one of the first kings of the
»y Tegeates, a son of Lycaon, or, accord Peloponnesus.
to others, by Altus. The gigantic bones TELEbóAE, or TELEBoes, a people of Æto
Drestes were found buried there, and re lia, called also Taphians; some of whom
wed to Sparta. Apollo and Pan were wor left their native country, and settled in the
pped there, and there also Ceres, Proser island of Capreae. Virg...ºn. 7, v. 715. [vid.
e, and Venus, had each a temple. The Taphiae.]
abitants were called Tegeates; and the TELE BoidEs, islands opposite Leucadia.
het Tegara is given to Atalanta, as a na [vid. preceding article.] Plin. 4, c. 12.
2 of the place. Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 7. Fast. TELEcLiDEs, an Athenian comic poet in
v. 531.-Virg. JEn. 5, v.293.–Strab. 8. the age of Pericles, one of whose plays, called
*aus. 8, c. 45, &c. the Amphictyons, is mentioned by aucient
TEros. vid. Teos. authors. Plut. in JNicia.—Athen. 8.
TELAMon, a king of the island of Salamis, TELEGóNus, a son of Ulysses and Circe,
of Æacus and Endeis. He was brother born in the island of Æaea, where he was
Peleus, and father to Teucer and Ajax, educated. When arrived to the years of
to on that account is often called Telamo manhood, he went to Ithaca to make him
as heros. He fled from Megara, his na self known to his father, but he was ship
e country, after he had accidentally mur wrecked on the coast, and being destitute of
red his brother Phocus in playing with the provisions, he plundered some of the inhabit
loit, and he sailed to the island of Salamis, ſtants of the island. Ulysses and Telema
here he soon after married Glauce, the |chus came to defend the property of their
ughter of Cychreus, the king of the place. subjects against this unknown invader; a
t the death of his father-in-law, who had quarrel arose, and Telegonus killed his fa
male issue, Telamon became king of ther without knowing who he was. He af.
alamis. He accompanied Jason in his ex terwards returned to his native country, and,
edition to Colchis, and was arm-bearer to |according to Hyginus, he carried thither his
tercules when that hero took Laomedon father's hody, where it was buried. Tele
risoner and destroyed Troy. Telam.on machus and Penelope also accompanied him
was rewarded by Hercules for his services in his return, and soon after the nuptials of
with the hand of Hesione, whom the con Telegonus and Penelope were celebrated by
ſueror had obtained among the spoils of order of Minerva. Penelope had by Tele
Troy, and with her he returned to Greece. gonus a son, called Italus, who gave his name
tle also married Periboea, whom some call to Italy. Telegonus founded Tusculum and
Eriboea. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 151—Sophocl. Tibur, or Praeneste, in Italy, and, according to
in Aj.–Pindar. Isthm. 6.-Stat. Theb. 6.- some, he left one daughter, called Mamilia,
Apollod. 1, 2, &c.—Paus. in Cor.—Hygin. from whom the patrician family of the Ma
fab.97, &c.—A sea-port town of Etruria. mulii at Rome were descended. Horat. 3,
JMela, 2, c. 4. - od. 29, v. 8.—Orid. Fast. 3 and 4. Trist. 1,
TELAMonikors, a patronymic given to el. 1.-Plut. in Par.—Hygin. fab. 127.-Di
the descendants of Telamon. od. 7.—A son of Proteus killed by Hercu
Tsl.chines, a people of Rhodes, said to les. Apollod.—A king of Egypt who mar
we been originally from Crete. They ried Io after she had been restored to her
were the inventors of many useful arts, and, original form by Jupiter. Id.
*çcording to Diodorus, passed for the sons TELEMAchus, a son of Ulysses and Pene
of the sea. They were the first who raised lope. He was still in the cradle when his fa
*atues to the gods. They had the power of ther went with the rest of the Greeks to the
‘hanging themselves into whatever shape Trojan war. At the end of this celebrated
*y pleased, and, according to Ovid, they war, Telemachus, anxious to see his father,
ºuld poison and fascinate all objects with went to seek him, and as the place of his re
their eyes, and cause rain and hail to fall at sidence, and the cause of his long absence
Peasure. The Telchinians insulted Venus, were then unknown, he visited the court of
*..which the goddess inspired them with a Menelaus and Nestor to obtain information.
*dden fury, so that they committed the He afterwards returned to Ithaca, where
§ºsest crimes, and offered violence even to the suitors of his mother Penelope had con
their ºwn mothers. Jupiter destroyed them spired to murder him, but he avoided their
! by a deluge. Diod—Ovid. Met. 7, v.365, snares, and by means of Minerva, he discov
C.
ered his father who had arrived in the island
Tºlchisia, a surname of Minerva at Teu two days before him, and was then in the
** in Boeotia, where she had a temple. !house of Eumaeus. With this faithful ser
803
 TE TE

vant and Ulysses Telemachus concerted how Greeks, suddenly raised a vine from th:
to deliver his mother from the importunities which entangled the feet of the mean
of her suitors, and it was effected with suc laid him flat on the ground. Achille,
cess. After the death of his father, Tele diately rushed upon him, and wounde
machus went to the island of AEaca, where so severely that he was carried aws:
he married Circe, or, according to others, the battle. The wound was mortal, and
Cassiphone, the daughter of Circe, by phus was informed by the oracle, thath
whom he had a son called Latinus. He who had inflicted it could totally tº
some time after had the misfortune to kill his Upon this applications were made to Aº
mother-in-law Circe, and fled to Italy, where but in vain; the hero observed that “
he founded Clusium. Telemachus was ac no physician, till Ulysses. who knºw
companied in his visit to Nestor and Menelaus, Troy could not be taken without the
by the goddess of wisdom, under the ſorm of ance of one of the sons of Hercules, at
Mentor. It is said, that when a child, Tele wished to make Telephus the friendſ
machus fell into the sea, and that a dolphin Greeks, persuaded Achilles to obey tº
brought him safe to shore aſter he had re rections of the oracle. Achilles cº
mained some time under water. From this and as the weapon which had give
circumstance Ulysses had the figure of a dol wound could alone cure it, the hero ºn
phin engraved on the seal which he wore on the rust from the point of his spear, al"
his ring. Hygin. fab. 95 and 125.-Ovid. applying it to the sore, gave it imme”
Heroid. 1, v. 98.-Horat. 1, ep. 7, v. 41.-
lief. It is said that Telephus showed
Homer. Od. 2, &c.—Lycophr. in Cass. so grateful to the Greeks, that he sº
TELEPHus, a king of Mysia, son of Her nied them to the Trojan war, and ºi
cules and Auge, the daughter of Aleus. He with them against his father-in-law. Fº
was exposed as soon as born on Mount Par ſab. 101.-Paus. 8, c. 48.--4polioliº
thenius, but his life was preserved by a goat, &c.—.Elian. P. H. 12, c. 42–Dºº
and by some shepherds. According to Apol Orid. Fast. 1, el. 1, &c.—Philºuſ."
lodorus, he was exposed, not on a mountain, Plin. A friend of Horace. renº
but in the temple of Minerva, at Tegea, or, for his beauty and the elegance of his!”
according to a tradition mentioned by Pausa He was the favourite of Lydin, the tº
nias, he was left to the mercy of the waves of Horace, &c. Horat. 1, od. 12.1. 4.2.
with his mother, by the cruelty of Aleus, and v. 21. L. Verus wrote a book out” lº
carried by the winds to the mouth of the toric of Homer, as also a compº:
Caycus, where he was found by Teuthras, that poet with Plato, and other treat”
king of the country, who married, or rather lost. -

adopted as his daughter, Auge, and educated TELEsilla, a lyric poetess of Añº
her son. Some, however, suppose that Auge bravely defended her country against bel.
fled to Teuthras to avoid the anger of her fa cedaemonians, and obliged them tº **
ther on account of her amour with Hercules. siege. A statue was raised to her bºº"
Yet others declare that Aleus gave her to the temple of Venus. Paus. 2, c.;"
Nauplius to be severely punished for her in TELEsinus, a general of the sº
continence, and that Nauplius, unwilling to who joined the interest of Marius an º
injure her, sent her to Teuthras, king of Bi against the generals of Sylla. He marº
thynia, by whom she was adopted. Telephus, towards Rome, and defeated sylla wº.
according to the more received opinions, was loss. He was afterwards routed in **
ignorant of his origin, and he was ordered by battle, and left in the number ofthe lºº.
the oracle, if he wished to know his parents. ter he had given repeated proof ºl.".
to go to Mysia. Obedient to this injunction, and courage. [Telesinus appears º:
he came to Mysia, where Teuthras offered been an able commander. Previou'".
him his crown and his adopted daughter Auge
in marriage, if he would deliver his country
conflict, he had it in his power, sº.
Plutarch, to make himself master dº
from the hostilities of Idas, the son of Apha of Rome had he been so inclined, "º.
reus. Telephus readily complied, and at the tented himself, however, with pººl
head of the Mysians he soon routed the ene might under the walls. In the batt" f.
my and received the promised reward. As ensued, sylla's left wing was enti". º
he was going to unite himself to Auge, the ed: the right commanded by Crassus:"
sudden appearance of an enormous serpent the victory..] put in Mar. &c.--"
separated the two lovers; Auge implored the of considerable merit in Domitian’”
assistance of Hercules, and was soon informed Juv. 7, v. 25.
by the god that Telephus was her own son. Tellus, a divinity, the same *
When this was known, the nuptials were not the most ancient of all the gods al" Hy
º:
celebrated, and Telephus some time after She was mother by Caelus of Qº.
married one of the daughters of king Priam. perion, Ceus, Rhea, Japetus, Them”
As one of the sons of the Trojan monarch, Phoebe, Tethys, &c. Tellus is tºº.
Telephus prepared to assist Priam against the the divinity who is honoured unde!”.
Greeks, and with heroic valour he attacked ral names of Cybele, Rhea, Vela".
them when they had landed on his coast. The thea, Bona Dea, Proserpine, &c. º:
carnage was great, and Telephus was victo generally represented in the chariº.
rious, had not **, who protected the fus, as a woman with many bºº"
4
 TE TE

As with milk, to express the fecundity of the for their situation or the mildness of their
diºarth. She also appeared crowned with tur climate, are called Tempe by the poets.
*sets, holding a sceptre in one hand, and a key Strab. 9.--Mela, 2, c. 3–Diod. 4.—Dionys.
ºf ºn the other, while at her feet was lying a Perieg. 219–JElian. W. H. 3, c. 1.-Plut.de
* This ame lion without chains, as if intimate that .Mus.-Virg. G. 2, v. 469.-Ovid. Met. 1.
a very part of the earth can be made fruitful v. 569.
riº, y means of cultivation. Hesiod. Theog. v. TENchthèR1, a nation of Germany, [con
(30. Wirg. JEn. 7, v. 137.—Apollod. 1, c. tiguous to the Sicambri.] who frequently
ºl-A man, whom Solon called happier changed the place of their habitation. Tacit.
sº han Croesus, the rich and ambitious king of .4mm. 13, c. 56. H. 4, c. 21.
º, 2 ydia. Tellus had the happiness to see a TENEDos, a small and fertile island of the
a trºng and healthy family of children, and at AEgean Sea, opposite Troy, at the distance of
ast to fall in the defence of his country. He about 12 miles from Sigaeum. and 56 miles
ſº. oºt. 1, c. 30. north from Lesbos. It was anciently called
* -: TELMEssus, or , TELMIssus, [a name Leucophrys, till Tenes, the son of Cycnus,
. . . ;iven to three towns in Asia Minor. "One was settled there, and built a town, which he
º ºn Lycia, on the Sinus Glaucus vel Telmissi called Tenedos, from which the whole island
.."is. Its inhabitants were famous for their received its name. lt became famous during
***kill in augury. This town had a fine thea the Trojan war; it was there that the Greeks
*re, remains of which are still visible. The concealed themselves the more effectually to
***second was in Caria, and the third in Pisi make the Trojans believe that they were re
*lia.] Cic. de dir. 1.--Strab. 14—Liv. 37, c. turned home without finishing the siege.
** 16.-Another in Lycia.-A third in Pi (Tenedos declined in power after the fall of
ºr sidia. Troy, and became subject to the city of Alex
** TELo MARTuus, a town at the south of andria Troas, on the continent. It was one
Gaul, now Toulon. of the first conquests of the Persians, who
‘. . . TELPHÚs A, a nymph of Arcadia, daughter made themselves masters of it after having
... of the Ladon, who gave her name to a town defeated the Ionians at the isle of Lada. In
is and fountain of that place. The waters of the Peloponnesian war it sided with the Athe
the fountain Telphusa were so cold that nians, and was in consequence laid under
Tiresias died by drinking them. Diod. 4.— contribution by a Lacedæmonian admiral.
Stra6.9. —Lycophron. 1040. When under the Roman power, its temple
TEMENITEs, a surname of Apollo, which was pillaged by Verres, who carried away
he received at Temenos, a small place near thestatue of Tenes. The position ofTenedos,
Syracuse, where he was worshipped. Cic. so near the mouth of the Hellespont, has al
in Perr. ways rendered it a place of importance in
TE MÉNos, a place of Syracuse, where both ancient and modern times. Bochart de
Apollo, called Temenites, had a statue. Cuc. rives the name from the Phoenician word
in Perr. 4, c. 53.—Suet. Tib. 74. Tinedum, red clay, which was found here
TEM ENUs, the son of Aristomachus, as and used for earthen ware.] Homer. Od.
the first of the Heraclidae who returned to 3, v. 59.-Diod. 5.-Strab. 13.-Virg. JEn.
Peloponnesus with his brother Ctesiphontes 2. v. 21.-Ovid. Met. 1, v. 540, l. 12, v. 109.
in the reign of Tisamenes, king of Argos. —JMela, 2, c. 7.
Temenus made himself master of the throne TEN Es, a son of Cycnus and Proclea. He
of Argos. from which he expelled the reign was exposed on the sea on the coast of Troas
ing sovereign. After death he was succeed by his father, who credulously believed his
ed by his son-in-law Deiphon, who had mar wife Philonome, who had fallen in love with
-ied his daughter Hyrnetho, and this succes Cycnus, and accused him of attempts upon
ion was in preference to his own son. Apol her virtue when he refused to gratify her
ocł. 2. c. 7. —Paus. 2, c. 18 and 19. passion. Tenes arrived safe in Leucophrys,
TEM Es A, a town of Cyprus. Another which he called Tenedos, and of which he
a Calabria in Italy, famous for its mines of became the sovereign. Some time after,
opper, which were exhausted in the age of Cycnus discovered the guilt of his wife Phi
trabo. Cic. Verr. 5, c. 15.-Liv. 34, c. 35. lonome, and as he wished to be reconciled to
–Horner. Od. 1, v. 184.—Ovid. Fast. 5, v. his son whom he had so grossly injured, he
41. Met. 7. v. 207.-Mela, 2, c. 4.—Strab. 6. went to Tenedos. But when he had tied his
TEMPE, (plur.) a valley in Thessaly, be ship to the shore, Tenes cut off the cable with
veen Mount Olympus at the north, and Ossa a hatchet, and suffered his father's ship to be
the south, through which the river Peneus tossed about in the sea. From this circum
, ws into the Ægean. The poets have de stance the hatchet of Tenes is become prover
ribed it as the most delightful spot on the bial to intimate a resentment that cannot be
rth. with continually cool shades, and ver pacified. Some, however, suppose that the
nt walks, which the warbling of birds ren. proverb arose from the severity of a law
red more pleasant and romantic, and which made by a king of Tenedos against adultery,
e gods often honoured with their presence. by which the guilty were both put to death
empe extended about five miles in length, with a hatchet. The hatchet of Tenes was
t varied in the dimensions of its breadth, so carefully preserved at Tenedos, and after
to be in some places scarce one acre and a wards deposited by Periclytus, son of Euty
ºf wide. All vallies that are pleasant, either machus, in the temple of Delphi, where it
- 805
 TE TE

was still seen in the age of Pausanias. Tenes, —Mela, 1, c. 17-paus. 7, cº-ºº:
as some suppose, was killed by Achilles, as H. 8, c. 5–Horat. 1, Od. 17, 7.18-h
he defended his country against the Greeks, 5, c. 31. - -

and he received divine honours after death. traentia, the wife of Cicerº º'
His statue at Tenedos was carried away by came mother of M. Cicero.and of ****
Verres. Strab. 12.-Paus. 10, c. 14. called Tulliola. Cicero repudiated bºr."
TEnos, a small island in the AEgean, near cause she had been faithless to histº"
Andros, called Ophiussa, and also Hydrussa. he was banished. Terentia marned -
from the number of its fountains. It was lust, Cicero's enemy, and alterwards *
very mountainous, but it produced excellent sala Corvinus. She lived to her 1034 ºr .
wines, universally esteemed by the ancients. cording to Pliny, to her 117th year. Phºtº
Tenos was about 15 miles in extent. The Cic.—Val. Max. 8, c. 13–Cie. ad-in-l.
capital was also called Tenos. Strab. 10.- ep. 16, &c.
.Mela, 2, c. 7.-Ovid. Met. 7, v. 469. TERENTIA LEx, called also Casa º
Tº nt; RA, (plur.) and Tentyris, [a city of mentaria, by M. Terentius Varro Luciº
Egypt in the Thebaid, situate on the Nile, to and C. Cassius, A.U. C. 680. It sºn.
the north-west of Koptos. This city was that the same price should be given º' tº
at variance with Ombos, the former killing, corn bought in the provinces, to hideº
the latter adoring the crocodile; a horrid in exactions of the quaestors.-Apºthº
stance of religious fury, which took place in Terentius the tribune, A. U.C. 291, tºta:
consequence of this quarrel, forms the sub five persons to define the power of the *
ject of the 15th satire of Juvenal. About suls, lest they should abuse the public
half a league from the ruins of this city dence by violence or rapine.
stands the modern village of Denderah. TEREntiñNus, a Roman to whº is
Among the remains of Tentyra, is a temple ginus dedicated his treatise on the schº
of Isis, one of the largest structures in the —[Maurus, a grammarian, rid. Maº
Thebaid, and by far the most beautiful and in TERENtrus Publius, a native of Carº.
the best preservation. It contained un in Africa, [born about the 580th yº”
til lately the famous zodiac which was Rome.] celebrated for the comedies**
framed in the ceiling of the temple. This He was sold as a slave to Terentius Luciº
interesting monument of former ages was a Roman senator, who educated him "tº
taken down by a French traveller, M. Lelor. great care, and manumitted him fºr the ".
rain, after the most persevering exertions fiancy of his genius, Hebre the sº."
for 20 days, and transported down the Nile his master and benefactor, ºnlvue” 1.
to Alexandria, whence it was shipped to rentius. He applied himself to the ***
France. The king of France has purchased Greek comedy with uncommon sºlº"
it for 150,000 francs. The dimensions of the and merited the friendship and patrº"
stone are 12 feet in length by 8 in breadth, in the learned and powerful...Sººº..."
cluding some ornaments which were 2 feet in younger Africanus, and his friend lºº
length on each side. In thickness it is three have been suspected, on account ºf tº
feet. The planisphere and the square in timacy, of assisting the poetinhis compº
which it was contained were alone remov of his comedies; and the fine languº *
ed, the side ornaments being allowed to re pure expressions, and delicatesentimº”
main. To obtain this relic of former ages which the plays of Terence abound *
proved a work of immense labour, as it had perhaps to favour the supposition. ſt
both probable
actually to be cut out of the ceiling and low been
ered to the ground. Many conjectures have
in aitself,
credited as fact by anciº *
andtheappear” thiſ

been advanced by the learned, especially of he was assisted in his composition tº

France, on the antiquity of this Zodiac; and Scipio, as amateur crities.] Terº
Wisconti, however, has shown in Larcher's was in the 25th year of his age whº
Herodotus, that it could not have been prior play appeared on the Roman tº .
to the conquest of Alexander. The subject Gompositions were received with "*
of the antiquity of this monument will be plause, but when the words
found ably discussed also in the 24th, 25th
and 26th volumes of the Oxford Classical Homo sum, humani nil a media”
were relen's
Journal.] Seneca. N. Q.4, c. 2–Strab. 17. were repeated, the plaudits tdoſſottº
—Juv. 15.—Plin 25, c. 8. and the audience, though compº".
TENty Ra, (melius Tempyra.) a place of ers, conquered nations, allies,” .
Thrace opposite Samothrace.
1, el. 9, v. 21.
Ovid. Trist. Rome, were unanimous in
poet, who spoke with such elegan” º
ºr.
.
Teos, or Teios, now Sigagik, a maritime plicity the language of nature, and º
town on the coast of Ionia in Asia Minor, the native independence of man.
opposite Samos. of Terence were employed rather"."
It was one of the 12 cities
º: :
of the Ionian confederacy, and gave birth to tion than in the effusions of original'ſ --
*
th
Anacreon and Hecataeus, who is by some said that he translated 108 of the
deemed a native of Miletus. According to of the poet Menander, six of whº alſº
Pliny, Teos was an island. Augustus re extant, his Andria, Eunuch, Haº.
puired Teos, whence he is often called the rumenos, Adelphi, Phormio, and .
founder of it on ancient medals, Strab. 14. [Erasmus, one of the best judges' "
806
 | TE TE
=s=
ºn iterature at the revival of learning, says, productions, without reference to the circum
5-lit, hat there is no author from whom we can stances or situation of the authors, still Plau
yetter learn the pure Roman style than from tus will be accounted superior in that viva
Tll, ºn he poet Terence. It has been further re city of action, and variety of incident, which
ºrs, marked of him, that the Romans thought inflame curiosity and hurry on the mind to
sh shemselves in conversation, when they heard the conclusion. Wedelight, on the contrary,
hºst is comedies. Terence in fact gave to the to dwell on every scene, almost on every sen
º: Roman tongue its highest perfection, in point tence of Terence. Sometimes there are
ºts ºf elegance and grace, combined with the chasms in Plautus's fables, and the incidents
do not properly adhere; in Terence all the
nº ºnost perfect simplicity. For this ineffabilis
links of the action depend on each other.
ſhºw imanitas, as it is called by Heinsius, he was
Hill qually admired by his own contemporaries Plautus has more variety in his exhibition of
and the writers in the golden period of Ro characters and manners, and more art in
as man literature. He is called by Caesa working up materials from the different em
, ouri sermonis amator, and Cicero characte ployments and pursuits of men; but his
alºrizes him, as— pictures are often overcharged, while those
of Terence are never more highly coloured
**** Quicquid come loquens, ac omnia dulcio than becomes the modesty of nature. The
In tº ducens.”
language of Plautus is more rich and luxu
**Even in the last age of Latin poetry, and riant than that of Terence, but is far from be
** when his pure simplicity was so different ing so equal, uniform, and chaste. It is often
**from the style affected by the writers of the stained with vulgarity, and sometimes swells
day, he continued to be regarded as the mo beyond the limits of comic dialogue, while
*del of correct composition. Ausonius, in his that of Terence is purosimilimus amni. The
** beautiful poem addressed to his grandson, verses of Plautus are, as he himself calls
** hails him, on account of his style, as the or them, numeri innumeri; and Herman de
* nament of Latium. Among all the Latin clares, that, at least as now printed, they are
Łº writers, indeed, from Ennius to Ausonius, full of every kind of error. Terence attends
tº we meet with nothing so simple, so full of more to elegance and delicacy in the expres
tº grace and delicacy—in fine, nothing that can sion of passion, Plautus to comic expression.
* be compared to his comedies for elegance of In fact, the great object of Plautus seems to
dialogue—presenting a constant flow of easy, have been to excite laughter among his au
genteel, unaffected conversation, which never dience, and in this object he completely suc
A subsides into vulgarity or grossness, and ne ceeded ; but for its attainment he has sacri
ver rises higher than the ordinary level of ficed many graces and beauties of the drama.
polite conversation. Of this, indeed, he was The humour of Plautus consists chiefly in
so careful, that when he employed any sen words and actions, that of Terence in matter.
tence which he had ſound in the tragic poets, The pleasantries of Plautus, which were so
he stripped it of that air of grandeur and ma often flat, low, or extravagant, finally drew
jesty which rendered it unsuitable for com. down the censure of Horace, while Terence
mon life and comedy. The narratives iu was extolled by that poetical critic as the
particular, possess a beautiful and pictures. most consummate master of dramatic art.
que simplicity. As to what may be called In short, Plautus was more gay, Terence
the poetical style of Terence, it has been ge. more chaste; the first has more genius and
nerally allowed that he has used very great fire, the latter more manners and solidity.
license in his versification. Politian is thought Plautus excels in low comedy and ridicule,
to have been the first who at all divided his Terence in drawing just characters, and in
plays into lines, but a separation was after maintaining them to the last. The plots of
wards more correctly executed by Erasmus. both are artful, but Terence's are more apt
Priscian says that Terence uses more licen to languish, while Plautus's spirit maintains
ces than any other writer. Bentley, after the action with vigour. His invention was
Priscian, admitted every variety of lamhic greatest; Terence's art and management.
and Flochaic measure ; and such were the Plautus gives the stronger, Terence a more
apparent number of licences and mixture of elegant delight. Plautus appears the bet
iifferent species of verse, that, according to ter comedian of the two, Terence the bet
Westerhovius, in order to reduce the lines to ter poet. Plautus shone most on the stage,
heir original accuracy,it would be necessary Terence pleases best in the closet. vid. Dun
o evoke Laelius and Scipio from the shades. lop's History of Roman Literature, Vol. 1,
is regards the respective merits of Terence p. 334, seq.—Malkin's Classical Disquisitions,
nd Plautus it may be observed, that the for. p. 5, seq.] The time and the manner of his
ner was chiefly desirous of recommending death are unknown. He left Rome in
imself to the approbation of a select few, the 35th year of his age, and never after ap
'ho were possessed of true wit and judgment, peared there. Some suppose that he was
2d the dread of whose censure always kept drowned in a storm as he returned from
m within the bounds of good taste; while Greece, about 159 years before Christ, though
i.e. sole object of Plautus, on the other hand, others imagine he died in Arcadia or Leuca
as to excite the merriment of an audience dia, and that his death was accelerated by
dued with little refinement. If, then, we the loss of his property, and particularly of
arºly consider the intrinsic merit of their his plays, which perished
807
in a shipwreck.
 TE TE

The best editions of Terence are those of TERMILE, a name given to the Ly
Westerhovius, 2 vols. 4to. Amst. 1726 ; of [vid. Lycia.]
Edinb. 12mo. 1758; of Cambridge, 4to. 1723; TERMINALIA, annual festivals at B
Hawkey's 12mo, Dublin, 1745; and that of observed in honour of the god Termine
Zeunius, 8vo. Lips. 1774. [A beautiful re the month of February. It was than ºr
print of Zeunius's edition, with additions, for the peasants to assemble near the ºr
appeared from the London press in 1820, in pal land-marks which separated their firi.
2 vols. 8vo.] Cic. ad Attic. ... ep. 3.-Paterc. and after they had crowned them with a
1, c. 17.—Quintul. 10, c. 1.-Horat. 2, ep. 1, lands and flowers, to make libations of E
v. 59.-Culeo, a Roman senator, taken by and wine, and sacrifice a lamb or a youn: Pe
the Carthaginians, and redeemed by Africa They were originally established by Naz
mus. When Africanus triumphed, Culeo ſolº and though at first it was forbidden tº ºr
lowed his chariot with a pileus on his head. the blood of victims, yet in process of tº
He was some time after appointed judge be land-marks were plentifully sprinkled ºn
tween his deliverer and the people of Asia,
it. Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 641.-Cic. Phil B.
and had the meanness to condemn him and c. 10.
his brother Asiaticus, though both innocent. TERMINALIs, a surname of Jupitr, le.
Liv. 30, c. 45. A tribune who wished the cause he presided over the boundaries a.
number of the citizens of Rome to be increas lands of individuals, before the worship ºf
ed.—Evocatus, a man who, as it was sup the god Terminus was introduced. Dº
posed, murdered Galba. Ticit. Hist. 1, c. Hal. 2.
41.-Lentinus, a Roman knight condemn TERMINUs, a divinity at Rome whº wº
ed for perjury.—Varro, a writer, (vid. supposed to preside over bounds and lºi
Varro.) A consul with AEmilius Paulus at and to punish all unlawful usurpation cfhºl
the battle of Cannae. He was the son of a His worship was first introduced at Rºetſ
butcher, and had followed for some time the Numa, who persuaded his subjects that the
profession of his father. He placed himself limits of their lands and estates were under
totally in the power of Hanuibal, by making the immediate inspection of heaves. He
an improper disposition of his army. After temple was on the Tarpeian rock, and he wº
he had been defeated, and his colleague slain, represented with an human head withºut
he retired to Camusium, with the remains o feet or arms, to imitate that henever moved,
his slaughtered countrymen, and sent word wherever he was placed. The people of the
to the Roman senate of his defeat. He re country assembled once a year with their fa
ceived the thanks of this venerable body, be milies, and crowned with garlands and flowers
cause he had engaged the enemy, however the stones which separated their differen:
improperly, and not despaired of the affairs possessions, and offered victims to the ºd
of the republic. He was offered the dictator who presided over their boundaries. It is
ship, which he declined. Plut.—Liv. 22, &c. said that when Tarquin the proud wished tº
TERENtus, a place in the Campus Mar build a temple on the Tarpeian rock to Jupi
tius near the capitol, where the infernal del ter, the god Terminus refused to give *ſ.
ties had an altar. Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 504. though the other gods resigned their ºn
TEREus, a king of Thrace, son of Mars with cheerfulness; whence Ovid has said,
and Bistonis. He married Progne, the daugh
ter of Pandion, king of Athens, whom he had Restitut, & magno cum Jore temple tre.
assisted in a war against Megara. He offer Dionys. Hal. 2–Ovid. Fast. 2, v. $41
ed violence to his sister-in-law Philomela, Plut. in Num.—Lir. 5.-Virg...En 3. .
whom he conducted to Thrace by desire of TERPANDER, a lyric poet and musº
Progne. (vid. Philomela and Progne.) of Lesbos, 675 B.C. It is said that he ºf
TER GEstE andT ERGEsrum, now Trieste, peased a tumult at Sparta by the melº"
a town of Italy, [situate on the Adriatic, at sweetness of his notes. He added threerinº
the north-eastern extremity of the Sinus to the lyre, which before his time had ºf
Tergestinus or Gulf of Trieste,) made a Ro four. [Terpander is celebrated as hº
man colony. Mela, 2, c. 3, &c.—Dionys. been the inventor of characters to expº
Perieg. v. 380.-Palerc. 2, c. 110–Plin. 3. musical sounds in the several genera. ""
c. 18. - regard to the addition of three string to"
TERINA, a town of the Brutii, [on the coast lyre, if the hymn to Mercury, which " "
of the Mare Tyrrhenum. It is now St. Eu cribed to Homer, be genuine, it robs Ter
femia. The adjacent bay was called Sinus pander of this glory; doubts, however.”
Terinaeus.] been entertained respecting its authentº
TERioLi, now Tirul, a fortified town at If, however, the lyre had been bºrº
the north of Italy, in the country of the time furnished with seven string, it *
Grisons. [This military post, situate in the that Terpander was the first who playºf
valley where the Adige takes its rise, has on them at Lacedaemon. Terpanº"
given the modern name to the Tyrol.] provement was displeasing to the Hºº
TERMERUs, a robber of Peloponnesus, who nians, and he was fined by the Ephor, sº
killed people by crushing their head against cording to Plutarch. He is themos!"
his own. He was slain by Hercules in the author of Scolia that we know ***
same manner. Plut. in Thes, said also to have brought to perſed”"
608
 TE TE

ner of reciting the verses of Homer.] church, and those which he composed aiter
an. P. H. 12, c. 50.-Plut. de Mus. wards, when he had ranged himself among
ERPsic HoRE, one of the Muses, daugh the followers of Montanus. The former are
ºf Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided four in number, his Apologeticus, and those
dancing, of which she was reckoned the which treat of baptism, of penitence, and
ntrees, as her name intimates, and with prayer. The last of these is regarded as his
:h she delighted her sisters. She is re first production. Some authors add a work
: ented like a young virgin crowned with in two volumes, addressed to his wife, in
el, and holding in her hand a musical in which he gives her directions as to the course
ment. [Her name is derived from rigºu: of conduct which she should pursue in the
tatio, and x262; chorus.] Juv. 7, v. 35. state of widowhood. Most critics consider
a pollod. 1.-Eustat. in Il. 10. this to have been composed by him at an ad
ERRA, one of the most ancient deities in vanced age. The works written by Tertul
-hology, wife of Uranus, and mother of lian after he had becotos Montanist, are Apo
anus, the Titans, Cyclops, Giants, Thea, logies for Christianity, Treatises on ecclesiasti
_a, Themis, Phoebe, Thetys, and Mnemo cal discipline, aud two species of polemical
!. By the Air she had Grieſ, Mourning, works, the one directed against heretics, the
ivion, Vengeance, &c. According to Hy other against Catholics. The latter are four
1s, she is the same as Tellus. [vid. Tel in number, “De pudicilia,” “De fuga in
persecutione,” “De jejunio,” “De monoga
"ERRAciNA, [a town of Italy, the same as nia. His principal work is the “..Apologeti
xur. vid. Anxur. It was situate in the cus adversus gentes,” mentioned above. It is
ntry of the Volsci, north-east of Circeii. addressed to the governors of the provinces :
e Greeks called it Trachyna, which was it refutes the calumnies which had been ut
sequently corrupted into Terracina. It tered against the religion of the Gospel, and
1 once a harbour, but that is now choked shows that its professors were faithful and
Near Terracina are considerable re obedient subjects. It is the best work writ
ains of the Appian way.] ten in favour of Christianity during the early
TERRoR, an emotion of the mind which ages of the church. It contains a number of
e ancients made a deity, and one of the very curious historical passages on the cere
.endants of the god Mars, and of Bellona. monies of the Christian church; as, for exam
TERTulliánus, (J. Septimius Florens.) ple, a description of the agapſe, or love
celebrated Christian writer of Carthage, feasts. Tertullian re-moulded this work,
ho flourished A. D. 196. He was originally and it appeared under the new title, “Ad
Pagan, but afterwards embraced Christiani nationes.” In its altered state it possesses
!, of which he became an able advocate by more method, but less fire, than at first. The
is writings, which showed that he was pos writings of Tertullian show an ardent and
issed of a lively imagination, impetuous elo impassioned spirit, a brilliant imagination, a
uence, elevated style, and strength of reason high degree of natural talent, and profound
*g, [It is not known at what period of life erudition. His style, however, is obscure,
e became a Christian. He himself informs though animated, and betrays the foreign ex
is that he was originally a Pagan, and of cor traction of the writer. The perusal of Ter
upt morals; but the latter phrase must ne tullian is very important for the student of
‘essarily be taken in a child sense, with refe ecclesiastical history. He informs us, more
"ence to one who practised such rigid morali correctly than any other writer, respecting
ty as Tertullian subsequently did. It is pro the Christian doctrine of his time, the con
bable that before his conversion he taught stitution of the church, its ceremonies, and
rhetoric, and followed the profession of an the attacks of heretics against Christianity.
advocate; at least, his works show a great Tertullian was held in very high esteem by
acquaintance with the principles of law. He the subsequent fathers of the church. St.
*came bishop of Carthage, or, according to Cyprian read his works incessantly, and
the vulgar opinion, of Rome. He soon, how used to call him, by way of eminence, “The
*Ver, separated from the Catholic church to JMaster.” Vincent of Lerius used to say
throw himself into the errors of the Montanists, “That every word of Tertullian was a sen
who, exaggerating Christian purity, regarded tence, and every sentence a triumph overer
*** sin all participation in the pleasures of ror.”] The best edition of Tertullian is that
the world, all communication with individuals of Semlerus, 4 vols. 8vo. Hal. 1770; and of
ºuached to idolatry, and even the study of his Apology, that of Havercamp, 8vo. L.
** sciences of the day. St. Jerome says Bat. 1718. ...
that the envy and the calumnies of the Ro Tethys, the greatest of the sea-deities,
*an clergy against Tertullian were the occa was wife of Oceanus, and daughter of Uranus
*n of this step on his part; and from this and Terra. She was mother of the chief
**ark some have concluded, though without rivers of the universe, such as the Nile, the
*cient grounds, that he was expelled from Alpheus, the Maeander, Simois. Peneus, Eve
*Church of Rome by the intolerant spirit nus,Scamander, &c. and about 3000 daughters
" his clerical brethren. However this may called Oceanides. Tethys is confounded by
º: been, a distinction is carefully observed some mythologists with her grand-daughter
hetis, the wife of Peleus, and the mother of
*ween the works which Tertullian wrote
Previous to his separation from the Catholic Achilles. The word Tethys is poetically used
5 K 9
 TE TE

to express the sea. Apollod. 1, c. 1, &c.— an ercursus to the passage of Virgii ==

Wirg. G. 1, v. 31.-Ovid. Met. 2, v. 509, 1.9, ed above, gives the preference to the late
v. 498. Fast. 2, v. 191.-Hesiod. Theogn. count. It is probable that the Teuer. "
v. 336.—Il. 14, y. 302. only a branch of the inhabitants of T
TETRApólis, a name given to the city of and originally of Thracian descent. S
Antioch, the capital of Syria, because it was least is the opinion of Mannert.] Virg. 4
divided into four separate districts, each of 1. v. 42 and 239
which resembled a city. Some apply the word Truckia, a name given to Trey, ºr
to Seleucis, which contained the four large Teucer one of its kings. Pºrg. -En. 2. ". .
cities of Antioch near Daphne, Laodicea, Apa TructER1, a people of Germany. * *
mea, and Seleucia in Pieria. The name of east of the Rhine. Tae it. de Germ. c. :
Doris in Greece, from its four cities. vid. TEUM Essus, a mountain of Baecus Teº
oris.] Strab. 8. village of the same name, where Herrºr
TÉritica, a mountain of the Sabines near when young, killed an enormous lice. 5*
the river Fabaris. It was very rugged and Theb. 1, v. 331.
difficult of access, whence the epithet Tetri Teuta, a queen of Illyricum, B.C. :
cus was applied to persons of a morose and who ordered some Roman ambassadºrs tº be
melancholy disposition. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 713. put to death. This unprecedented mºre
Tetricus, a Roman senator, saluted em was the cause of a war, which ended in ºr
peror in the reign of Aurelian. He was led
disgrace. Flor. 2, c. 5.—Plin. 34, c.f.
in triumph by his successful adversary, whoTEUTAs, or TEUTATEs, a name a Mr
afterwards heaped the most unbounded ho cury among the Gauls. The people ºff
mours upon him and his son of the same name human victims to this deity. [He was ºr
TEucer, a king of Phrygia, son of the Sca shipped by the Britons also. Some dº
mander by Idea. According to some authors, the name from two British words "Drs ºf
he was the first who introduced among his which signify God, the parent or creas. *
subjects the worship of Cybele, and the oame properly due only to the Suprere sº
dances of the Corybantes. The country where ing, who was originally intended by tº:
he reigned was from him called Teucria, and name.] Lucan. 1, v.445–Cesar. Beii. 5
his subjects Teueri. His daughter Butea TEuth RAs, a king of Mysis on the border
married Dardanus, a Samothracian prince,
of the Caycus. He adopted as his daughter,
who succeeded him in the government of or, according to others, married Auge the
Teucria. Apollod. 3, c. 12.—Virg...En. 3. daughter of Aleus, when the fled away intº
v. 108.—A son of Telamon, king of Sala. Asia, from her father, who wished to puuº
mis, by Hesione, the daughter of Laomedon. her for her amours with Hercules. Sometime
He was one of Helen's suitors, and accord after his kingdom was invaded by lºss the
ingly accompanied the Greeks to the Trojan son of Aphareus, and to remove this ereº.
war, where he signalized himself by his va. he promised Auge and his crown tº anyº
lour and intrepidity. It is said that his fa. who could restore tranquillity to his subject.
ther refused to receive him into his kingdon, This was executed by Telephus, whº shºt
because he had left the death of his brother wards proved to be the son of Auge, wbe."
Ajax unrevenged. This severity of the fa promised in marriage to him by rift ºf "
ther did not dishearten the son ; he left Sa successful expedition. The 50 daughter"
lamis, and retired to Cyprus, where, with the Teuthras, who became mothers by Herº
assistance of Belus, king of Sidon, he built a are called Teuthrantia turba. Apºlled tº
town, which he called Salamis, after his na 7, &c.—Paus. 3, c. 25.-Orid. Tutº"
tive country. He attempted to no purpose 9.—Heroid. 9, v. 51.-Hygin fab. 19.
to recover the island of Salamis, after his fa TEuroBURGIENsis Saltus, a fºre" "
ther's death. He built a temple to Jupiter Germany, between Ems and Lippa, whº
in Cyprus, in which a man was annually sa Varus and his legions were cut tº Pº
crificed till the reign of the Antonines. Some [The Saltus Teutobergiensis is tº"
suppose that Teucer did not return to Cy. Bishopric of Paderborn rid. Arminiº
prus, but that, according to a less received Varus.] Tacit. Ann. 1, c. 60.
opinion, he went to settle in Spain, where TEuróN1, and Teutones, [a nanº
new Carthage was afterwards built, and to several united tribes of Germanſ.]"
thence into Gaul. Homer. Il. 1, v. 281. with the Cimbri, made incursions upon
—Virg. JEn. 1, v. 623.—Apollod. 3, c. 12.-- and cut to pieces two Roman armie:
Paus. 2, c. 29.-Jus