PC1221 Fundamentals of
Physics I
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Energy and Energy Transfer
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1. If vectors A and B (collinear) pointing in the same 2. The site from which an airplane takes off is the origin. The
direction are added, the resultant has a magnitude equal to x-axis points east; the y-axis points straight up. The
4.0. If B is subtracted from A, the resultant has a magnitude position and velocity vectors of the plane at a later time
equal to 8.0. What is the magnitude of A? are given by
r = (1.61× 106 i
ˆ+ 9.14× 103 ˆ
j)m and v = +224i ˆm
A. 2.0 .
s
B. 3.0 The plane is most likely
C. 4.0 a. just touching down.
D. 5.0 b. in level flight in the air.
E. 6.0 c. ascending.
Answer: d. descending.
A and B are parallel. e. taking off.
|A| + |B| = 4 …(1)
|A| - |B| = 8 …(2) Answer:
(1) + (2) 2|A| = 12, so |A|= 6. The y value is not equal to 0 meaning the
airplane is above the ground. The airplane is
(If A and B are opposite, |A| can be |-2|, and cruising toward east at an altitude of about 9
|B| can be |6|.) km.
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3. If P = 6.0 N, what is the magnitude of the force exerted 4. A roller-coaster car has a mass of 500 kg when fully
on block 1 by block 2? loaded with passengers. The car passes over a hill of
A. 6.4 N 3 radius 15 m, as shown. At the top of the hill, the car has a
B. 5.6 N 2 speed of 8.0 m/s. What is the force of the track on the car
C. 4.8 N 6 1 at the top of the hill?
5.0 kg 8.0 m/s
D. 7.2 N P 3.0 kg A. 7.0 kN up
R
E. 8.4 N
2.0 kg
F2 F2 B. 7.0 kN down
F1 F1
Answer: C. 2.8 kN down
D. 2.8 kN up mg
15 m
Let F1 be the force in between block 1 and block 2, and F2 be the E. 5.6 kN down
force in between Block 2 and Block 3. Let a be the acceleration.
Answer:
6 - F1 = 2a …(1) 2
F1 - F2= 3a …(2) mg – R = m v /r, so
F2 = 5a …(3)
Substitute (3) in (2), F1-5a= 3a, i.e., R = mg - m v2/r
F1= 8a …(4) 2
= 500x9.8 – 500 x 8 /15 = 2766.66 N
Substitute (4) in (1), 6 - 8a=2a, i.e., 6 = 10a,
= 2.8 kN up
so a= 0.6 m/s2.
Using (1), F1 = 6 - 2a = 6 - 2x0.6 = 6 - 1.2 = 4.8N 5 6
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Systems Work
A system is a small portion of the The work, W, done on a
Universe system by an agent exerting a
constant force on the system
A valid system may is the product of the
be a single object or particle magnitude, F, of the force, the
be a collection of objects or particles magnitude Δr of the F
displacement of the point of θ
be a region of space application of the force, and
vary in size and shape cos θ, where θ is the angle F cosθ
between the force and the Δr
Energy in a system is conserved. displacement vectors.
W = F Δr cos θ
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Did you do any work if you were
F
Work, cont. θ
repelling along a rope down a
helicopter?
F cosθ
W = F Δr cos θ Δr
The displacement is that of the point of
application of the force
A force does no work on the object if the
force does not move through a
displacement
The work done by a force on a moving
object is zero when the force applied is
perpendicular to the displacement of its
point of application
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B = B x î + B y ĵ + B zk̂ W ≈ ∑ Fx Δx Displacement
xi
A ⋅ B = A xB x + A yB y + A zB z
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Work Done by a Varying
Force, cont Work Done By Multiple Forces
xf
lim
Δx →0 ∑ F Δx = ∫
x
xf
Fx dx Force If more than one force acts on a system
and the system can be modeled as a
xi
xi
Therefore, W = f Fx dx
x
∫ xi
particle, the total work done on the
system is the work done by the net
The work done is force
equal to the area
under the curve of
∑W = Wnet = ∫ ( ∑ F )dx
xf
force versus x
Displacement
displacement xi
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v is the speed of the particle
the expression ½ mv2 can be derived using F = ma, and
1 1 dv
∑W = 2mv 2
f − mvi2
2
ma dx = m
dt
dx = mv dv
Kinetic energy possessed by an
object of mass m and velocity v is
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K = ½ mv2 36
Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem Nonisolated System
The normal and A nonisolated system is one that interacts with
gravitational forces do no or is influenced by its environment, e.g., push a
work since they are block on a rough surface
perpendicular to the An isolated system would not interact with its
direction of the environment (e.g., push a block on a friction-less
displacement surface.)
So, v =
k x
x = 500 x 0.05 = 0.79 m/s v = 0.53 m/s
m 2
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Example. The ball launcher in a pinball machine has a spring Example. You need to move a heavy crate by sliding it across a flat floor with a
that has a force constant of 1.20 N/cm. The surface on which the coefficient of sliding friction of 0.2. You can either push the crate horizontally or pull the
crate using an attached rope. When you pull on the rope, it makes 30° angle with the
ball moves is inclined 10.0° with respect to the horizontal. If the floor. Which way should you choose to move the crate so that you will do the least
spring is initially compressed 5.00 cm, find the launching speed of amount of work? How can you answer this question without knowing the weight of the
a 100-g ball when the plunger is released. Friction and the mass crate or the displacement of the crate?
Normal
of the plunger are negligible. Normal force
force
Answer:
Answer:
Initial energy stored in the spring When pushing the crate with a force parallel to the ground, the force of friction
acting to impede its motion is proportional to the normal force acting on the
= ½ k x2 = ½ x 1.20 N/(10-2m) x (5 cm x 10-2)2 = 0.15 J crate—in this situation, the normal force is equal to the crate’s weight. When
pulling the crate with a rope angled above the horizontal, the normal force on the
This 0.15 J is used to (i) move the ball up the slope of 10° crate is less than its weight—the force of friction is therefore reduced. To keep
the crate moving across the floor, the applied force in the parallel direction must
for a vertical distance of 5 cm x sin (10 °) = 0.87 cm, and (ii) be greater than or equal to the force of friction—pulling on the rope therefore
provide the ball with a muzzle speed of v. So we have requires a smaller parallel applied force. The work done in moving an object is
equal to the product of the displacement through which it has been moved and
0.1 kg x 9.8 m/s2 x 0.0087 m + ½ x 0.1 kg x v2 = 0.15 J the force component parallel to the direction of motion. The applied force
component parallel to the ground is smaller when pulling the crate with the
v = 1.68 m/s rope—thus, the work done to move the crate with the rope must be less,
43 regardless of the weight of the crate or the displacement. 44
s1
Slide 45
What if you pull at 0 °, i.e., in s1 scitaysc, 10/2/2007
Normal Normal
force Pull
Push force F2
F1
µ=1 µ=1
mg mg
Work done = F2 x d
= 0.732 F1 x d
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= ((kg x m/s2) x m ) / s = 1 kg . m2 / s3
Δt approaches zero
A unit of power in the US Customary system
W dW is horsepower
P = Δtlim
→0 =
Δt dt 1 hp = 746 W
Units of power can also be used to express
This can also be written as units of work or energy
dW dr 1 kWh = (1000 W)(3600 s) = 3.6 x106 J
P= = F ⋅ = F ⋅v Energy transferred in
dt dt Not 1 kilo-watt 1 hr at a constant rate
Power = force x velocity 50 per hour 51
Example. An energy-efficient light bulb, taking in 28.0 W of power, can produce
the same level of brightness as a conventional bulb operating at power 100 W.
The lifetime of the energy efficient bulb is 10 000 h and its purchase price is
$17.0, whereas the conventional bulb has lifetime 750 h and costs $0.420 per
bulb. Determine the total savings obtained by using one energy-efficient bulb
over its lifetime, as opposed to using conventional bulbs over the same time Energy and the Automobile
Answer: period. Assume an energy cost of $0.080 per kilowatt-hour.
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