Power Transmission Shafting SHAFT DESIGN cowsisls peluslly of the determination of the comrect shaft dlameter to engure satis: Jactory slzongth aud rigidity wuen the shaft Is Lmnsaiiting power under various oper sting and Toading conditions. Shafts are usually circular in 7088 section, and cay be either bollow or sali DESIGN OF SHAFTS of ductile materiais. bused on streneth, 1s controlled by the maximum shear theory. The following presentation is besed on shatts of ductile ratecial and ‘eeu croas section. Shetts of brittle meterial would be designed on the basis of the maximum nor- tal stress theory. shafting is usually subjected to torsion, bonding und axial Inecs. For torstonal Juate, the torstonal stress 7, 18 xy © gl = AOM,/od® for gotta eimcte Foy = N6Mg d=) tor nollow sats or dending loads, the bending stess , (tension ot compregsion is 5 = Myr/l = 32M,/nd® for solid sdatts 5 = Maida) tor nallow statis axial loads, the tensile or comtnessive stress 5, 8 sa = 4R/md™ for solid shetts fo > Myinids= di) Sor Rollow aati ‘The ASNE Code equation fr hollow shaft cabloes torsion, bending, ard aslal loeds by apply- ing to waxtam shear equalice wodiled by lntodselag shock, tigi, and colun factors as follows: shaw - Kl + + katy os = RY [ “ 8 ma Per solid shaft having little or no axial loading. the Code equation reduces to 38. Joesayh + chant ‘wre, at the seotion under consideration, “hey = torsional shear stress, psi = shaft outside dlameter, in M, = torsiontL woment, ints dij = shaft inside diameter, tn M, = ending momeat, 1n-1b y= axial fond, 1b K = dla Ky combined shoot ond fatigue factor applied to Dending moment K,,= combined shock and fatigue factor applied to torsional momentFor stationary shafts: x, x, ‘Loed gradually applied 10 10 [Loed suddenly applied 15 to 20 15 to 20 For rotating shafts ‘Lond gradually epolied 1s 10 [Load suddoaly agpited (minor shoei) 1S to20 10 018 ‘Lond suddoniy applied (heavy shock) 20 to 2.0 15 #9 80 3 = bending stress (tension or compression), psi ‘fq ~ azlal stross (teasion ot comprosston). ns! ASME Code specifies that for commercial steel shatting sfellowable) = 8000 pol for shart wituouk KeyWay sfellowable) = 6000 pel for shart with keyway ASME Cade states that for steel purchased under definite speciticstions (allowable) = 30% of the elastic Minit but not over 195 of the ultimate ste or shafts without Keyways. ‘These values are lo be reduced by 255 if kay ‘ways ate present = coluunaction tuotor. The column-aetion fuctor is unity for a ta pression load, & may be computed by: ie load. Por a com for Lfk cus. for bk> ns n= 1 or hinged ead n= 2.38 for fixed ends = 1.6 for ende party restrained, e9 in bearings = euains of gyration = VTA in T= ceotengular moment of inertia, ant A= ross section aren of shat, in sy ~ yield etrose se compression, ant DESIGN OF SHAFTS FOR TORSIONAL RIGIDITY ix besed on the permissible anglo of twist. ‘the amount of twist pormissibie depenis ox the parto- tulsr application, and varies about 0.08 deg, per foo: for rene 1901 abafts to about 1.0 dex per foot fer lin shatting = 50476042 df) for « hollow clralar shat a 8 = S84M,L/Gd* for a gold eltontar shatt angle of twist, dog length of shaft in M, = torsional moment, tne = torsional modulus of elustiity, pot = shatt diameter, in.DESIGN OF SHAFTS FOR LATERAL RIGIDITY is bused on te permissible Isinral deflection for ‘proper bearing operation, accurate machine toct berfomance, satisfactory gear tooth action, shaft alignment, and other similar requirements. The a- Inout of deflection may be Cetermined by two successive Integrations of @yfde = M/E ware My ~ bending moment. in-tb nodalus of alasticity, pet 1 = rectangelar moment of inertia, in It the shaft is of varlable cross section, & graphical solution of the above expression is practical (see Chapter 5) STANDARD SIZES OF SHAFTING have beon tentetively standardized by the American Engineering Standatds Committee as follows: ‘Transmission shafling sizes ia inches 15/16, 1 3/16, 1 7/16, 111/16, 1 15/18, 2 9/18, 2 1/16, 215/16, 8 7/26, 8 15/16, 4 7/16, 415/18, 8 1/16, and 8 15/16, Machinery shafting sizes in inches : 1/2im. to 2 1/2 in. by 1/18 in. inererents 25/8 in. to 4 in. by 1/8 la. incromente Standard stock lengths are 18,20, and 26 ft 41/4 in, to 6 in. by 1/4 In. imorements. BENDING AND TORSIONAL MOMENTS are the main factors influencing shaft design. One of the frst steps in shaft design is lo draw the beoding mowent Giagram for the loaded shaft or the combined bonding moment @agram If the loads acting on the shaft te In more thax one axial plane. Prom the beading moment diagram, tho points of eritieal bending ‘tess ean be determined, ‘The torsional moment eoting on the shaft can be determined from Ypx38,000%12 _ 69,000 « bp ” ‘prom za TG For a belt devo, the torque 16 found from M = hte ere TT = Ugbt sido of bolt on pulley, 10 T, © loose side of belt on pulley. 1b R= radius of pulley, im, For n gear drive, the torque is foud from a, = OBR here FF, = tangential force at the pitch radius, 1b R= plioh radius, sn.